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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Adolphson | Kristina Adolphson | ["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"] | Swedish actress
Kristina AdolphsonKristina Adolphson (2014)Born (1937-09-02) 2 September 1937 (age 86)Stockholm, SwedenOccupationActressYears active1951–1996SpouseErland Josephson (1959–1989)ParentsEdvin Adolphson (father)Mildred Mehle (mother)RelativesOlle Adolphson
Kristina Adolphson (born 2 September 1937) is a Swedish film actress. She was born in Stockholm, Sweden. She is the daughter of the actor Edvin Adolphson and the actress Mildred Mehle, and the sister of the singer Olle Adolphson. She was married to the actor Erland Josephson.
Selected filmography
The Beat of Wings in the Night (1953)
Young Summer (1954)
The Unicorn (1955)
The Dance Hall (1955)
When the Mills are Running (1956)
Brink of Life (1958)
The Devil's Eye (1960)
The Pleasure Garden (1961)
Face to Face (1976)
Marmalade Revolution (1980)
Fanny and Alexander (1982)
Private Confessions (1996)
References
^ "Kristina Adolphson". The Swedish Film Database. 2 September 1937. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
External links
Kristina Adolphson at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Catalonia
Germany
Netherlands
This article about a Swedish actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Edvin Adolphson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvin_Adolphson"},{"link_name":"Mildred Mehle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Mehle"},{"link_name":"Olle Adolphson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olle_Adolphson"},{"link_name":"Erland Josephson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erland_Josephson"}],"text":"Kristina Adolphson (born 2 September 1937) is a Swedish film actress.[1] She was born in Stockholm, Sweden. She is the daughter of the actor Edvin Adolphson and the actress Mildred Mehle, and the sister of the singer Olle Adolphson. She was married to the actor Erland Josephson.","title":"Kristina Adolphson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Beat of Wings in the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beat_of_Wings_in_the_Night"},{"link_name":"Young Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Summer_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Unicorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unicorn_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"The Dance Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dance_Hall"},{"link_name":"When the Mills are Running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Mills_are_Running"},{"link_name":"Brink of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brink_of_Life"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Eye"},{"link_name":"The Pleasure Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_Garden_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"Face to Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_to_Face_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"Marmalade Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmalade_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Fanny and Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_and_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Private Confessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Confessions"}],"text":"The Beat of Wings in the Night (1953)\nYoung Summer (1954)\nThe Unicorn (1955)\nThe Dance Hall (1955)\nWhen the Mills are Running (1956)\nBrink of Life (1958)\nThe Devil's Eye (1960)\nThe Pleasure Garden (1961)\nFace to Face (1976)\nMarmalade Revolution (1980)\nFanny and Alexander (1982)\nPrivate Confessions (1996)","title":"Selected filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kristina Adolphson\". The Swedish Film Database. 2 September 1937. Retrieved 16 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=PERSON&itemid=64355","url_text":"\"Kristina Adolphson\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=PERSON&itemid=64355","external_links_name":"\"Kristina Adolphson\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0012358/","external_links_name":"Kristina Adolphson"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000060434864","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/87595013","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvHghhFWDVMfJGpfVRMyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1797033","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515164706706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/173997848","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p276327942","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristina_Adolphson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ock_Voivodeship_(1495%E2%80%931793) | Płock Voivodeship (1495–1793) | ["1 Municipal government","2 Administrative division","3 Cities and towns[1]","3.1 Bielsk County","3.2 Mława County","3.3 Niedzbórz County","3.4 Płock County","3.5 Płońsk County","3.6 Raciąż County","3.7 Sierpc County","3.8 Szreńsk County","4 Voivodes","5 References","6 Sources"] | Coordinates: 52°33′00″N 19°42′00″E / 52.550000°N 19.700000°E / 52.550000; 19.700000Płock VoivodeshipWojewództwo płockiePalatinatus PlocensisVoivodeship of Poland¹1495–1793
Coat of arms
The Płock Voivodeship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1635.CapitalPłockArea • 3,591 km2 (1,386 sq mi)History • Established 1495• Second partition 25 September 1793
Political subdivisionscounties: 8, including three counties of Zawkrze Land
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Duchy of Masovia
South Prussia
Today part ofPoland¹ Voivodeship of the Kingdom of Poland. The kingdom was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569.
Płock Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo Płockie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from 1495 until the partitions of Poland in 1795. Together with the Rawa Voivodeship and Masovian Voivodeship it formed the historical region of Mazovia, and with several other voivodeships it formed part of the Greater Poland Province.
Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of Płock Voivodeship:
"After childless death of Janusz II, Duke of Łomża, Ciechanów, Wizna and Płock, which took place on February 16, 1495, the Duchy of Płock, except for the Land of Wyszogród, was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland, and turned into a voivodeship (...) In the 16th century, it had the area of 701 square miles, divided into eight small counties: those of Płock, Bielsk, Raciąż, Sierpc, Płońsk, Szrensk, Niedzborz, and Mława. The three last counties, located between the Wkra river and Prussian border, made the so-called Zawkrze Land (...) The voivodeship had 67 Roman-Catholic parishes, 63 towns and 1,115 villages. Most densely populated was Bielsk County (...)
Local sejmiks for the voivodeship took place at Raciąż, the town located in the middle of the province. During the reign of King Stanisław II Augustus, the sejmiks were moved to Płock. The voivodeship had five senators: the Bishop of Płock, the Voivode of Płock, the Castellan of Płock, and Castellans of Raciaz and Sierpc. Land courts were located in Płock, Bielsk and Sierpc (since 1726, also in Mława)".
Municipal government
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
Płock
Regional council (sejmik) seats:
Raciaz, later Płock
Administrative division
Płock County,
Bielsk County,
Raciąż County,
Sierpc County,
Płońsk County,
Zawkrze Land, divided into the following counties
Szreńsk County,
Niedzbórz County,
Mława County.
Cities and towns
Bielsk County
Bielsk
Drobin
Mława County
Mława
Niedzbórz County
Niedzbórz
Płock County
Płock
Płońsk County
Płońsk
Raciąż County
Raciąż
Radzanów
Sierpc County
Bieżuń
Sierpc
Szreńsk County
Karniszyn
Kuczbork
Lubowidz
Poniatowo
Stare Dłutowo
Szreńsk
Żuromin
Voivodes
Krzywosąd (1299)
Ziemak (1303)
Stanisław Krasiński (since 1600)
Jan Stanisław Karnkowski (1617–1647)
Jan Kazimierz Krasiński (since 1650)
Jan Dobrogost Krasiński (since 1688)
References
^ Mazowsze w drugiej połowie XVI wieku; Cz.1, Mapy, plany (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. pp. 3–4.
^ Kazimierz Pacuski, Możnowładztwo i rycerstwo ziemi gostynińskiej w XIV i XV wieku, Warszawa 2009, p. 30.
Sources
Płock Voivodeship, description by Zygmunt Gloger
vteAdministrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthProvince of Greater Poland
Brześć Kujawski
Chełmno
Gniezno
Inowrocław
Kalisz
Łęczyca
Malbork
Masovian
Płock
Pomeranian
Poznań
Rawa
Sieradz
Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
Province of Lesser Poland
Bełz
Bracław
Chernihów
Kiev
Kraków
Lublin
Podlaskie
Podolian
Ruthenian
Sandomierz
Volhynia
Duchy of Siewierz
Duchy of Siveria (1619–1635)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Brest Litovsk
Minsk
Mstsislaw
Nowogródek
Połock
Smolensk
Trakai
Vilnius
Vitebsk
Duchy of Samogitia
Polish Livonia
Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621): Dorpat, Parnawa, Wenden
Inflanty (1621–1772)
Fiefs
Lauenburg and Bütow Land
Duchy of Prussia
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
52°33′00″N 19°42′00″E / 52.550000°N 19.700000°E / 52.550000; 19.700000 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"partitions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Rawa Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Masovian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Mazovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazovia"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Province,_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Gloger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Gloger"},{"link_name":"Łomża","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa"},{"link_name":"Ciechanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Wizna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizna"},{"link_name":"Wyszogród","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyszogr%C3%B3d"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)"},{"link_name":"voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Bielsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsk,_Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Raciąż","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raci%C4%85%C5%BC"},{"link_name":"Sierpc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpc"},{"link_name":"Płońsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82o%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Szrensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szrensk"},{"link_name":"Niedzborz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedzborz"},{"link_name":"Mława","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%82awa"},{"link_name":"Wkra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wkra"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"sejmiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejmik"},{"link_name":"Raciąż","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raci%C4%85%C5%BC"},{"link_name":"Stanisław II Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_Augustus"},{"link_name":"Castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"}],"text":"Płock Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo Płockie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from 1495 until the partitions of Poland in 1795. Together with the Rawa Voivodeship and Masovian Voivodeship it formed the historical region of Mazovia, and with several other voivodeships it formed part of the Greater Poland Province.Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of Płock Voivodeship:\"After childless death of Janusz II, Duke of Łomża, Ciechanów, Wizna and Płock, which took place on February 16, 1495, the Duchy of Płock, except for the Land of Wyszogród, was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland, and turned into a voivodeship (...) In the 16th century, it had the area of 701 square miles, divided into eight small counties: those of Płock, Bielsk, Raciąż, Sierpc, Płońsk, Szrensk, Niedzborz, and Mława. The three last counties, located between the Wkra river and Prussian border, made the so-called Zawkrze Land (...) The voivodeship had 67 Roman-Catholic parishes, 63 towns and 1,115 villages. Most densely populated was Bielsk County (...)Local sejmiks for the voivodeship took place at Raciąż, the town located in the middle of the province. During the reign of King Stanisław II Augustus, the sejmiks were moved to Płock. The voivodeship had five senators: the Bishop of Płock, the Voivode of Płock, the Castellan of Płock, and Castellans of Raciaz and Sierpc. Land courts were located in Płock, Bielsk and Sierpc (since 1726, also in Mława)\".","title":"Płock Voivodeship (1495–1793)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wojewoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojewoda"},{"link_name":"Płock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ock"},{"link_name":"sejmik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejmik"},{"link_name":"Raciaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raciaz"}],"text":"Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:PłockRegional council (sejmik) seats:Raciaz, later Płock","title":"Municipal government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Płock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ock"},{"link_name":"Bielsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsk,_Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Raciąż","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raci%C4%85%C5%BC"},{"link_name":"Sierpc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpc"},{"link_name":"Płońsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82o%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Zawkrze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawkrze"},{"link_name":"Szreńsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szre%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Niedzbórz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedzb%C3%B3rz"},{"link_name":"Mława","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%82awa"}],"text":"Płock County,\nBielsk County,\nRaciąż County,\nSierpc County,\nPłońsk County,Zawkrze Land, divided into the following countiesSzreńsk County,\nNiedzbórz County,\nMława County.","title":"Administrative division"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cities and towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bielsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsk,_Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Drobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drobin"}],"sub_title":"Bielsk County","text":"Bielsk\nDrobin","title":"Cities and towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mława","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%82awa"}],"sub_title":"Mława County","text":"Mława","title":"Cities and towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niedzbórz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedzb%C3%B3rz"}],"sub_title":"Niedzbórz County","text":"Niedzbórz","title":"Cities and towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Płock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ock"}],"sub_title":"Płock County","text":"Płock","title":"Cities and towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Płońsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82o%C5%84sk"}],"sub_title":"Płońsk County","text":"Płońsk","title":"Cities and towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raciąż","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raci%C4%85%C5%BC"},{"link_name":"Radzanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radzan%C3%B3w,_M%C5%82awa_County"}],"sub_title":"Raciąż County","text":"Raciąż\nRadzanów","title":"Cities and towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bieżuń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bie%C5%BCu%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Sierpc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpc"}],"sub_title":"Sierpc County","text":"Bieżuń\nSierpc","title":"Cities and towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karniszyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karniszyn"},{"link_name":"Kuczbork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuczbork-Osada"},{"link_name":"Lubowidz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubowidz"},{"link_name":"Poniatowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poniatowo,_%C5%BBuromin_County"},{"link_name":"Stare 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1600)\nJan Stanisław Karnkowski (1617–1647)\nJan Kazimierz Krasiński (since 1650)\nJan Dobrogost Krasiński (since 1688)","title":"Voivodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Płock Voivodeship, description by Zygmunt Gloger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0025.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Administrative_division_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_division_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_division_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Province of Greater 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of Warmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia#Within_the_Territory_of_Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg"},{"link_name":"Province of Lesser Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Province_of_the_Polish_Crown"},{"link_name":"Bełz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belz_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Bracław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brac%C5%82aw_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Chernihów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(14th_century_%E2%80%93_1795)"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship_(1474%E2%80%931795)"},{"link_name":"Podlaskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship_(1513%E2%80%931795)"},{"link_name":"Podolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Ruthenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Sandomierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynian_Voivodeship_(1569%E2%80%931795)"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Siewierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Siveria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Brest Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_Litovsk_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Mstsislaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstsislaw_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Nowogródek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowogr%C3%B3dek_Voivodeship_(1507%E2%80%931795)"},{"link_name":"Połock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82ock_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Trakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakai_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Samogitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Samogitia"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia"},{"link_name":"Dorpat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorpat_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Parnawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnawa_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Wenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenden_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Inflanty (1621–1772)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Fiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"Lauenburg and Bütow Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Courland and Semigallia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia"},{"link_name":"52°33′00″N 19°42′00″E / 52.550000°N 19.700000°E / 52.550000; 19.700000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=P%C5%82ock_Voivodeship_(1495%E2%80%931793)¶ms=52.55_N_19.7_E_type:landmark"}],"text":"Płock Voivodeship, description by Zygmunt GlogervteAdministrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthProvince of Greater Poland\nBrześć Kujawski\nChełmno\nGniezno\nInowrocław\nKalisz\nŁęczyca\nMalbork\nMasovian\nPłock\nPomeranian\nPoznań\nRawa\nSieradz\nPrince-Bishopric of Warmia\nProvince of Lesser Poland\nBełz\nBracław\nChernihów\nKiev\nKraków\nLublin\nPodlaskie\nPodolian\nRuthenian\nSandomierz\nVolhynia\nDuchy of Siewierz\nDuchy of Siveria (1619–1635)\nGrand Duchy of Lithuania\nBrest Litovsk\nMinsk\nMstsislaw\nNowogródek\nPołock\nSmolensk\nTrakai\nVilnius\nVitebsk\nDuchy of Samogitia\nPolish Livonia\nDuchy of Livonia (1561–1621): Dorpat, Parnawa, Wenden\nInflanty (1621–1772)\nFiefs\nLauenburg and Bütow Land\nDuchy of Prussia\nDuchy of Courland and Semigallia52°33′00″N 19°42′00″E / 52.550000°N 19.700000°E / 52.550000; 19.700000","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mazowsze w drugiej połowie XVI wieku; Cz.1, Mapy, plany (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. pp. 3–4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Scientific_Publishers_PWN","url_text":"Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=P%C5%82ock_Voivodeship_(1495%E2%80%931793)¶ms=52.55_N_19.7_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°33′00″N 19°42′00″E / 52.550000°N 19.700000°E / 52.550000; 19.700000"},{"Link":"http://rcin.org.pl/Content/63802/WA303_83296_II12380_Pacuski.pdf","external_links_name":"Możnowładztwo i rycerstwo ziemi gostynińskiej w XIV i XV wieku"},{"Link":"http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0025.htm","external_links_name":"Płock Voivodeship, description by Zygmunt Gloger"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=P%C5%82ock_Voivodeship_(1495%E2%80%931793)¶ms=52.55_N_19.7_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°33′00″N 19°42′00″E / 52.550000°N 19.700000°E / 52.550000; 19.700000"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bienes_de_Inter%C3%A9s_Cultural_in_the_Province_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife | List of Bienes de Interés Cultural in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife | ["1 List","2 References"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Bienes de Interés Cultural in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This is an incomplete list of Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
List
Basilica of Candelaria
Casa Anchieta
Castillo de Santa Catalina (La Palma)
Castle of San Andrés
Castle of St John the Baptist
Cave of Chinguaro
Caves of Don Gaspar
Guía de Isora
Icod de los Vinos
Iglesia de la Concepción (San Cristóbal de La Laguna)
Iglesia de la Concepción (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)
Iglesia de San Francisco de Asís (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)
Iglesia de Santo Domingo de Guzmán (San Cristóbal de La Laguna)
La Laguna Cathedral
Lago Martiánez
Los Silos
Masonic Temple of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología
Old road of Candelaria
Parroquia Matriz del Apóstol Santiago
Shrine of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Los Realejos)
Teatro Guimerá
References
vteBienes de Interés CulturalTopics
Bien de Interés Cultural
National monuments of Spain
Patrimonio histórico español
Categories
Conjunto histórico
Jardín histórico
Monumento
Sitio histórico
Zona arqueológica
Lists by province
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Girona
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Huelva
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León
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Segovia
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Zamora
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Other areas
Ceuta
Melilla | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bien de Interés Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bien_de_Inter%C3%A9s_Cultural"},{"link_name":"Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"}],"text":"This is an incomplete list of Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.","title":"List of Bienes de Interés Cultural in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basilica of Candelaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Candelaria"},{"link_name":"Casa Anchieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Anchieta"},{"link_name":"Castillo de Santa Catalina (La Palma)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_de_Santa_Catalina_(La_Palma)"},{"link_name":"Castle of San Andrés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Castle of St John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_St_John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Cave of Chinguaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Chinguaro"},{"link_name":"Caves of Don Gaspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_Don_Gaspar"},{"link_name":"Guía de Isora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%ADa_de_Isora"},{"link_name":"Icod de los Vinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icod_de_los_Vinos"},{"link_name":"Iglesia de la Concepción (San Cristóbal de La Laguna)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_(San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Laguna)"},{"link_name":"Iglesia de la Concepción (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_(Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife)"},{"link_name":"Iglesia de San Francisco de Asís (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs_(Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife)"},{"link_name":"Iglesia de Santo Domingo de Guzmán (San Cristóbal de La Laguna)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Santo_Domingo_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_(San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Laguna)"},{"link_name":"La Laguna Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Laguna_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Lago Martiánez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Marti%C3%A1nez"},{"link_name":"Los Silos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Silos"},{"link_name":"Masonic Temple of Santa Cruz de Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_Temple_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife"},{"link_name":"Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Municipal_de_Bellas_Artes_de_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife"},{"link_name":"Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_la_Naturaleza_y_Arqueolog%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Old road of Candelaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_road_of_Candelaria"},{"link_name":"Parroquia Matriz del Apóstol Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parroquia_Matriz_del_Ap%C3%B3stol_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Shrine of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Los Realejos)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel_(Los_Realejos)"},{"link_name":"Teatro Guimerá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Guimer%C3%A1"}],"text":"Basilica of Candelaria\nCasa Anchieta\nCastillo de Santa Catalina (La Palma)\nCastle of San Andrés\nCastle of St John the Baptist\nCave of Chinguaro\nCaves of Don Gaspar\nGuía de Isora\nIcod de los Vinos\nIglesia de la Concepción (San Cristóbal de La Laguna)\nIglesia de la Concepción (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)\nIglesia de San Francisco de Asís (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)\nIglesia de Santo Domingo de Guzmán (San Cristóbal de La Laguna)\nLa Laguna Cathedral\nLago Martiánez\nLos Silos\nMasonic Temple of Santa Cruz de Tenerife\nMuseo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife\nMuseo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología\nOld road of Candelaria\nParroquia Matriz del Apóstol Santiago\nShrine of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Los Realejos)\nTeatro Guimerá","title":"List"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Bienes+de+Inter%C3%A9s+Cultural+in+the+Province+of+Santa+Cruz+de+Tenerife%22","external_links_name":"\"List of Bienes de Interés Cultural in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Bienes+de+Inter%C3%A9s+Cultural+in+the+Province+of+Santa+Cruz+de+Tenerife%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Bienes+de+Inter%C3%A9s+Cultural+in+the+Province+of+Santa+Cruz+de+Tenerife%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Bienes+de+Inter%C3%A9s+Cultural+in+the+Province+of+Santa+Cruz+de+Tenerife%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Bienes+de+Inter%C3%A9s+Cultural+in+the+Province+of+Santa+Cruz+de+Tenerife%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Bienes+de+Inter%C3%A9s+Cultural+in+the+Province+of+Santa+Cruz+de+Tenerife%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_113th_United_States_Congress | List of new members of the 113th United States Congress | ["1 Senate","1.1 Took office January 3, 2013","1.2 Took office during the 113th Congress","2 House of Representatives","2.1 Took office January 3, 2013","2.2 Took office during the 113th Congress","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | The 113th United States Congress began on January 3, 2013. There were 12 new senators (eight Democrats, three Republicans, one independent) and 81 new representatives (47 Democrats, 34 Republicans) at the start of its first session. Additionally, five senators (four Democrats, one Republican) and 11 representatives (four Democrats, seven Republicans) took office on various dates in order to fill vacancies during the 113th Congress before it ended on January 3, 2015.
Due to redistricting after the 2010 census, 19 representatives were elected from newly established congressional districts.
The co-presidents of the House Democratic freshman class were Matt Cartwright of Pennsylvania, Joaquin Castro of Texas, John Delaney of Maryland, and Michelle Lujan Grisham of New Mexico, while the president of the House Republican freshman class was Luke Messer of Indiana. Additionally, the Republican's freshmen liaison was Ann Wagner of Missouri.
Senate
Took office January 3, 2013
State
Image
Senator
Seniority
Switched party
Prior background
Birth year
Ref
Arizona
Jeff Flake (R)
2nd(90th overall)
NoOpen seat; replaced Jon Kyl (R)
U.S. House of Representatives
1962
Connecticut
Chris Murphy (D)
4th(92nd overall)
YesOpen seat; replaced Joe Lieberman (I)
U.S. House of RepresentativesConnecticut State SenateConnecticut House of Representatives
1973
Hawaii
Mazie Hirono (D)
5th(93rd overall)
NoOpen seat; replaced Daniel Akaka (D)
U.S. House of RepresentativesLieutenant Governor of HawaiiHawaii House of Representatives
1947
Indiana
Joe Donnelly (D)
3rd(91st overall)
YesReplaced Richard Lugar (R), who lost renomination
U.S. House of Representatives
1955
Maine
Angus King (I)
7th(95th overall)
YesOpen seat; replaced Olympia Snowe (R)
Governor of Maine
1944
Massachusetts
Elizabeth Warren (D)
10th(98th overall)
YesDefeated Scott Brown (R)
Special advisor to the CFPBProfessor
1949
Nebraska
Deb Fischer (R)
11th(99th overall)
YesOpen seat; replaced Ben Nelson (D)
Nebraska Legislature
1951
New Mexico
Martin Heinrich (D)
6th(94th overall)
NoOpen seat; replaced Jeff Bingaman (D)
U.S. House of RepresentativesAlbuquerque City Council
1971
North Dakota
Heidi Heitkamp (D–NPL)
12th(100th overall)
NoOpen seat; replaced Kent Conrad (D–NPL)
North Dakota Attorney GeneralNorth Dakota Tax CommissionerDakota Gasification Company
1955
Texas
Ted Cruz (R)
9th(97th overall)
NoOpen seat; replaced Kay Bailey Hutchison (R)
Solicitor General of TexasPolicy advisor for President George W. Bush
1970
Virginia
Tim Kaine (D)
8th(96th overall)
NoOpen seat; replaced Jim Webb (D)
Governor of VirginiaLieutenant Governor of VirginiaMayor of RichmondRichmond City Council
1958
Wisconsin
Tammy Baldwin (D)
1st(89th overall)
NoOpen seat; replaced Herb Kohl (D)
U.S. House of RepresentativesWisconsin State AssemblyDane County Board of SupervisorsMadison Common Council
1962
Took office during the 113th Congress
State
Image
Senator
Took office
Switched party
Prior background
Birth year
Ref
Massachusetts
Mo Cowan (D)
February 1, 2013
NoAppointed; replaced John Kerry (D)
Chief of staff to Governor Deval Patrick
1969
New Jersey
Jeffrey Chiesa (R)
June 10, 2013
YesAppointed; replaced Frank Lautenberg (D)
New Jersey Attorney GeneralAssistant U.S. Attorney
1965
Massachusetts
Ed Markey (D)
July 16, 2013
NoOpen seat; replaced Mo Cowan (D)
U.S. House of RepresentativesMassachusetts House of RepresentativesU.S. Army Reserve Specialist
1946
New Jersey
Cory Booker (D)
October 31, 2013
YesOpen seat; replaced Jeffrey Chiesa (R)
Mayor of NewarkMunicipal Council of Newark
1969
Montana
John Walsh (D)
February 9, 2014
NoAppointed; replaced Max Baucus (D)
Lieutenant Governor of MontanaMontana Adjutant GeneralU.S. Army Brigadier General
1960
House of Representatives
Took office January 3, 2013
District
Image
Representative
Switched party
Prior background
Birth year
Ref
Arizona 1
Ann Kirkpatrick (D)
New seat
U.S. House of RepresentativesArizona House of Representatives
1950
Arizona 5
Matt Salmon (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Jeff Flake (R)
U.S. House of RepresentativesChair of the Arizona Republican PartyArizona Senate
1958
Arizona 9
Kyrsten Sinema (D)
New seat
Arizona SenateArizona House of Representatives
1976
Arkansas 4
Tom Cotton (R)
YesOpen seat; replaced Mike Ross (D)
LawyerU.S. Army Captain
1977
California 1
Doug LaMalfa (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Wally Herger (R)
California State SenateCalifornia State Assembly
1960
California 2
Jared Huffman (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Lynn Woolsey (D)
California State AssemblyMarin Municipal Water District
1964
California 7
Ami Bera (D)
YesDefeated Dan Lungren (R)
CMO for Sacramento CountyPhysician
1965
California 8
Paul Cook (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Jerry Lewis (R)
California State AssemblyYucca Valley Town CouncilU.S. Marine Corps Colonel
1943
California 15
Eric Swalwell (D)
NoDefeated Pete Stark (D)
Dublin City CouncilAlameda County deputy district attorney
1980
California 21
David Valadao (R)
New seat
California State Assembly
1977
California 26
Julia Brownley (D)
YesOpen seat; replaced Elton Gallegly (R)
California State AssemblySanta Monica–Malibu School Board
1952
California 29
Tony Cárdenas (D)
New seat
Los Angeles City CouncilCalifornia State Assembly
1963
California 35
Gloria Negrete McLeod (D)
NoDefeated Joe Baca (D)
California State SenateCalifornia State AssemblyChaffey College Board
1941
California 36
Raul Ruiz (D)
YesDefeated Mary Bono (R)
Physician
1971
California 41
Mark Takano (D)
New seat
Riverside Community College District Board
1960
California 47
Alan Lowenthal (D)
New seat
California State SenateCalifornia State AssemblyLong Beach City Council
1941
California 51
Juan Vargas (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Bob Filner (D)
California State SenateCalifornia State AssemblySan Diego City Council
1961
California 52
Scott Peters (D)
YesDefeated Brian Bilbray (R)
President of the San Diego City CouncilSan Diego County deputy attorney
1958
Connecticut 5
Elizabeth Esty (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Chris Murphy (D)
Connecticut House of RepresentativesCheshire Town Council
1959
Florida 3
Ted Yoho (R)
NoReplaced Cliff Stearns (R), who lost renomination
Veterinarian
1955
Florida 6
Ron DeSantis (R)
New seat
U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps
1978
Florida 9
Alan Grayson (D)
New seat
U.S. House of Representatives
1958
Florida 18
Patrick Murphy (D)
YesDefeated Allen West (R)
Construction executive
1983
Florida 19
Trey Radel (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Connie Mack IV (R)
Radio talk show host
1976
Florida 22
Lois Frankel (D)
New seat
Mayor of West Palm BeachFlorida House of Representatives
1948
Florida 26
Joe Garcia (D)
YesDefeated David Rivera (R)
U.S. Department of Energy officialChair of the Florida Public Service Commission
1963
Georgia 9
Doug Collins (R)
New seat
Georgia House of RepresentativesU.S. Air Force Reserve Colonel
1966
Hawaii 2
Tulsi Gabbard (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Mazie Hirono (D)
Honolulu City CouncilHawaii House of RepresentativesU.S. Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel
1981
Illinois 8
Tammy Duckworth (D)
YesDefeated Joe Walsh (R)
Assistant Secretary of Veterans AffairsIllinois Director of Veterans' AffairsU.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel
1968
Illinois 10
Brad Schneider (D)
YesDefeated Bob Dold (R)
Businessman
1961
Illinois 11
Bill Foster (D)
YesDefeated Judy Biggert (R)
U.S. House of RepresentativesPhysicist
1955
Illinois 12
William Enyart (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Jerry Costello (R)
Adjutant General of IllinoisU.S. Air Force Major General
1949
Illinois 13
Rodney Davis (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Tim Johnson (R)
Staffer for U.S. Representative John ShimkusStaffer for Secretary of State George Ryan
1970
Illinois 17
Cheri Bustos (D)
YesDefeated Bobby Schilling (R)
East Moline City CouncilHealthcare executive
1961
Indiana 2
Jackie Walorski (R)
YesOpen seat; replaced Joe Donnelly (D)
Indiana House of Representatives
1963
Indiana 5
Susan Brooks (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Dan Burton (R)
U.S. Attorney for Southern Indiana
1960
Indiana 6
Luke Messer (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Mike Pence (R)
Indiana House of Representatives
1969
Kentucky 6
Andy Barr (R)
YesDefeated Ben Chandler (D)
Lawyer
1973
Maryland 6
John Delaney (D)
YesDefeated Roscoe Bartlett (R)
Business owner
1963
Massachusetts 4
Joe Kennedy III (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Barney Frank (D)
Middlesex County assistant district attorney
1980
Michigan 5
Dan Kildee (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Dale Kildee (D)
Genesee County TreasurerGenesee County Board of Commissioners
1958
Michigan 11
Kerry Bentivolio (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Thaddeus McCotter (R)
EducatorMichigan National Guard Sergeant First Class
1951
Minnesota 8
Rick Nolan (DFL)
YesDefeated Chip Cravaack (R)
President of the Minnesota World Trade CenterU.S. House of RepresentativesMinnesota House of Representatives
1943
Missouri 2
Ann Wagner (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Todd Akin (R)
U.S. Ambassador to LuxembourgCo-chair of the Republican National CommitteeChair of the Missouri Republican Party
1962
Montana at-large
Steve Daines (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Denny Rehberg (R)
Businessman
1962
Nevada 1
Dina Titus (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Shelley Berkley (D)
U.S. House of RepresentativesNevada SenatePolitical science professor
1950
Nevada 4
Steven Horsford (D)
New seat
Nevada Senate
1973
New Hampshire 1
Carol Shea-Porter (D)
YesDefeated Frank Guinta (R)
U.S. House of Representatives
1952
New Hampshire 2
Annie Kuster (D)
YesDefeated Charles Bass (R)
Attorney
1956
New Mexico 1
Michelle Lujan Grisham (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Martin Heinrich (D)
New Mexico Secretary of HealthNew Mexico Secretary of Aging
1959
New York 6
Grace Meng (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Gary Ackerman (D)
New York State Assembly
1975
New York 8
Hakeem Jeffries (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Edolphus Towns (D)
New York State Assembly
1970
New York 18
Sean Patrick Maloney (D)
YesDefeated Nan Hayworth (R)
White House Staff SecretaryCOO of Klodex
1966
New York 24
Dan Maffei (D)
YesDefeated Ann Marie Buerkle (R)
U.S. House of RepresentativesCongressional staffer
1968
New York 27
Chris Collins (R)
YesDefeated Kathy Hochul (D)
Erie County Executive
1950
North Carolina 8
Richard Hudson (R)
YesDefeated Larry Kissell (D)
Congressional staffer
1971
North Carolina 9
Robert Pittenger (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Sue Myrick (R)
North Carolina Senate
1948
North Carolina 11
Mark Meadows (R)
YesOpen seat; replaced Heath Shuler (D)
Real estate developer
1959
North Carolina 13
George Holding (R)
YesOpen seat; replaced Brad Miller (D)
U.S. Attorney for Eastern North CarolinaAssistant U.S. Attorney
1968
North Dakota at-large
Kevin Cramer (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Rick Berg (R)
North Dakota Public Service CommissionChair of the North Dakota Republican Party
1961
Ohio 2
Brad Wenstrup (R)
NoReplaced Jean Schmidt (R), who lost renomination
Podiatric physicianU.S. Army Reserve Colonel
1958
Ohio 3
Joyce Beatty (D)
New seat
Senior vice president of Ohio State UniversityOhio House of Representatives
1950
Ohio 14
David Joyce (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Steve LaTourette (R)
Geauga County Prosecutor
1957
Oklahoma 1
Jim Bridenstine (R)
NoReplaced John Sullivan (R), who lost renomination
U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander
1975
Oklahoma 2
Markwayne Mullin (R)
YesOpen seat; replaced Dan Boren (D)
Plumbing business ownerMixed martial artist
1977
Pennsylvania 4
Scott Perry (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Todd Platts (R)
Pennsylvania House of RepresentativesPennsylvania National Guard Brigadier General
1962
Pennsylvania 12
Keith Rothfus (R)
YesDefeated Mark Critz (D)
Director of the OFBCIU.S. Department of Homeland Security official
1962
Pennsylvania 17
Matt Cartwright (D)
NoReplaced Tim Holden (D), who lost renomination
Lawyer
1961
South Carolina 7
Tom Rice (R)
New seat
Horry County Council
1957
Texas 14
Randy Weber (R)
NoOpen seat; replaced Ron Paul (R)
Texas House of RepresentativesPearland City Council
1953
Texas 16
Beto O'Rourke (D)
NoReplaced Silvestre Reyes (D), who lost renomination
El Paso City Council
1972
Texas 20
Joaquin Castro (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Charlie Gonzalez (D)
Texas House of Representatives
1974
Texas 23
Pete Gallego (D)
YesDefeated Quico Canseco (R)
Texas House of Representatives
1961
Texas 25
Roger Williams (R)
New seat
Secretary of State of TexasCar dealership ownerCollege baseball coach
1949
Texas 33
Marc Veasey (D)
New seat
Texas House of Representatives
1971
Texas 34
Filemon Vela Jr. (D)
New seat
Civil attorney
1963
Texas 36
Steve Stockman (R)
New seat
U.S. House of Representatives
1956
Utah 2
Chris Stewart (R)
New seat
Business executiveU.S. Air Force Major
1960
Washington 6
Derek Kilmer (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Norm Dicks (D)
Washington State SenateWashington House of Representatives
1974
Washington 10
Denny Heck (D)
New seat
Washington House of Representatives
1952
Wisconsin 2
Mark Pocan (D)
NoOpen seat; replaced Tammy Baldwin (D)
Wisconsin State AssemblyDane County Board of Supervisors
1964
Took office during the 113th Congress
District
Image
Representative
Took office
Switched party
Prior background
Birth year
Ref
Illinois 2
Robin Kelly (D)
April 11, 2013
NoSucceeded Jesse Jackson Jr. (D)
Chief of staff for Treasurer Alexi GiannouliasIllinois House of Representatives
1956
South Carolina 1
Mark Sanford (R)
May 15, 2013
NoSucceeded Tim Scott (R)
Governor of South CarolinaU.S. House of RepresentativesU.S. Air Force Captain
1960
Missouri 8
Jason Smith (R)
June 4, 2013
NoSucceeded Jo Ann Emerson (R)
Missouri House of Representatives
1980
Louisiana 5
Vance McAllister (R)
November 16, 2013
NoSucceeded Rodney Alexander (R)
Business ownerLouisiana National Guard
1974
Massachusetts 5
Katherine Clark (D)
December 12, 2013
NoSucceeded Ed Markey (D)
Massachusetts SenateMassachusetts House of RepresentativesMelrose School Board
1963
Alabama 1
Bradley Byrne (R)
January 8, 2014
NoSucceeded Jo Bonner (R)
Chancellor of the Alabama Community College SystemAlabama SenateAlabama State Board of Education
1955
Florida 13
David Jolly (R)
March 13, 2014
NoSucceeded Bill Young (R)
Staffer for U.S. Representative Bill Young
1972
Florida 19
Curt Clawson (R)
June 25, 2014
NoSucceeded Trey Radel (R)
Manufacturing businessmanCollege basketball player
1959
New Jersey 1
Donald Norcross (D)
November 12, 2014
NoSucceeded Rob Andrews (D)
New Jersey SenateNew Jersey General Assembly
1958
North Carolina 12
Alma Adams (D)
November 12, 2014
NoSucceeded Mel Watt (D)
North Carolina House of RepresentativesGreensboro City Council
1946
Virginia 7
Dave Brat (R)
November 12, 2014
NoSucceeded Eric Cantor (R)
Professor
1964
See also
List of United States senators in the 113th Congress
List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 113th Congress by seniority
Notes
^ Elected to the 107th Congress, serving from 2001 to 2003 in Arizona's 1st district and from 2003 to 2013 in Arizona's 6th district.
^ Elected to the 110th Congress, serving from 2007 to 2013 in Connecticut's 5th district.
^ Elected to the 110th Congress, serving from 2007 to 2013 in Hawaii's 2nd district.
^ Elected to the 110th Congress, serving from 2007 to 2013 in Indiana's 2nd district.
^ Elected to the 111th Congress, serving from 2009 to 2013 in New Mexico's 1st district.
^ Elected to the 106th Congress, serving from 1999 to 2013 in Wisconsin's 2nd district.
^ Elected to the 94th Congress, serving from 1976 to 2013 in Massachusetts's 7th district.
^ Previously elected to the 111th Congress, serving from 2009 to 2011.
^ Previously elected to the 104th Congress, serving from 1995 to 2001 in the 1st district.
^ Previously elected to the 111th Congress, serving from 2009 to 2011 in the 8th district.
^ Previously elected to the 110th Congress, serving from 2008 to 2011 in the 14th district.
^ Previously elected to the 94th Congress, serving from 1975 to 1981 in the 6th district.
^ Previously elected to the 111th Congress, serving from 2009 to 2011 in the 3rd district.
^ Previously elected to the 110th Congress, serving from 2007 to 2011.
^ Previously elected to the 111th Congress, serving from 2009 to 2011 in the 25th district.
^ Previously elected to the 104th Congress, serving from 1995 to 1997 in the 9th district.
^ Previously elected to the 104th Congress, serving from 1995 to 2001.
References
^ "Freshman Class Leaders". Office of the House Historian.
^ "FLAKE, Jeff". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "MURPHY, Christopher". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "HIRONO, Mazie". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "DONNELLY, Joe". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "KING, Angus Stanley, Jr". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "WARREN, Elizabeth". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "FISCHER, Debra (Deb)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "HEINRICH, Martin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "HEITKAMP, Mary Kathryn (Heidi)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "CRUZ, Rafael Edward (Ted)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "KAINE, Timothy Michael (Tim)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BALDWIN, Tammy". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "COWAN, William (Mo)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "CHIESA, Jeffrey Scott". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "MARKEY, Edward John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BOOKER, Cory Anthony". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "WALSH, John E." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "KIRKPATRICK, Ann". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "SALMON, Matthew James". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "SINEMA, Kyrsten". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "COTTON, Thomas Bryant (Tom)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "LAMALFA, Doug". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "HUFFMAN, Jared". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BERA, Ami". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "COOK, Paul". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "SWALWELL, Eric". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "VALADAO, David G." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BROWNLEY, Julia". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "CÁRDENAS, Tony". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "NEGRETE MCLEOD, Gloria". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "RUIZ, Raul". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "TAKANO, Mark". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "LOWENTHAL, Alan". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "VARGAS, Juan". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "PETERS, Scott". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "ESTY, Elizabeth". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "YOHO, Ted". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "DESANTIS, Ron". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "GRAYSON, Alan". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "MURPHY, Patrick". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "RADEL, Trey". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "FRANKEL, Lois". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "GARCIA, Joe". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "COLLINS, Doug". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "GABBARD, Tulsi". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "DUCKWORTH, Tammy". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "SCHNEIDER, Brad". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "FOSTER, Bill". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "ENYART, Bill". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "DAVIS, Rodney". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BUSTOS, Cheri". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "WALORSKI, Jackie". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BROOKS, Susan". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "MESSER, Luke". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BARR, Garland H. (Andy), IV". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "DELANEY, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "KENNEDY, Joseph P., III". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "KILDEE, Dan". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BENTIVOLIO, Kerry". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "NOLAN, Richard Michael". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "WAGNER, Ann". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "DAINES, Steve". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "TITUS, Alice Constandina (Dina)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "HORSFORD, Steven". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "SHEA-PORTER, Carol". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "KUSTER, Ann McLane". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "LUJAN GRISHAM, Michelle". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "MENG, Grace". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "JEFFRIES, Hakeem". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "MALONEY, Sean Patrick". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "MAFFEI, Daniel B." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "COLLINS, Chris". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "HUDSON, Richard". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "PITTENGER, Robert". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "MEADOWS, Mark". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "HOLDING, George E.B." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "CRAMER, Kevin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "WENSTRUP, Brad". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BEATTY, Joyce". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "JOYCE, David". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BRIDENSTINE, Jim". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "MULLIN, Markwayne". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "PERRY, Scott". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "ROTHFUS, Keith". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "CARTWRIGHT, Matt". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "RICE, Tom". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "WEBER, Randy". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "O'ROURKE, Beto". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "CASTRO, Joaquin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "GALLEGO, Pete P." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "WILLIAMS, Roger". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "VEASEY, Marc". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "VELA, Filemon". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "STOCKMAN, Steve". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "STEWART, Chris". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "KILMER, Derek". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "HECK, Denny". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "POCAN, Mark". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "KELLY, Robin L." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "SANFORD, Mark". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "SMITH, Jason". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "MCALLISTER, Vance M." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "CLARK, Katherine M." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BYRNE, Bradley". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "JOLLY, David W." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "CLAWSON, Curt". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "NORCROSS, Donald". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "ADAMS, Alma". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "BRAT, David A." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
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United States Capitol cornerstone laying | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"redistricting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"congressional districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts"},{"link_name":"Matt Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cartwright"},{"link_name":"Joaquin Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin_Castro"},{"link_name":"John Delaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Delaney_(Maryland_politician)"},{"link_name":"Michelle Lujan Grisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Lujan_Grisham"},{"link_name":"Luke Messer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Messer"},{"link_name":"Ann Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Wagner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Due to redistricting after the 2010 census, 19 representatives were elected from newly established congressional districts.The co-presidents of the House Democratic freshman class were Matt Cartwright of Pennsylvania, Joaquin Castro of Texas, John Delaney of Maryland, and Michelle Lujan Grisham of New Mexico, while the president of the House Republican freshman class was Luke Messer of Indiana. 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district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"111th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"104th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"1st district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"111th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"8th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"110th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"14th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_14th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"94th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"6th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"111th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"3rd district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-79"},{"link_name":"110th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-86"},{"link_name":"111th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"25th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_25th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-110"},{"link_name":"104th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"9th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-117"},{"link_name":"104th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"^ Elected to the 107th Congress, serving from 2001 to 2003 in Arizona's 1st district and from 2003 to 2013 in Arizona's 6th district.\n\n^ Elected to the 110th Congress, serving from 2007 to 2013 in Connecticut's 5th district.\n\n^ Elected to the 110th Congress, serving from 2007 to 2013 in Hawaii's 2nd district.\n\n^ Elected to the 110th Congress, serving from 2007 to 2013 in Indiana's 2nd district.\n\n^ Elected to the 111th Congress, serving from 2009 to 2013 in New Mexico's 1st district.\n\n^ Elected to the 106th Congress, serving from 1999 to 2013 in Wisconsin's 2nd district.\n\n^ Elected to the 94th Congress, serving from 1976 to 2013 in Massachusetts's 7th district.\n\n^ Previously elected to the 111th Congress, serving from 2009 to 2011.\n\n^ Previously elected to the 104th Congress, serving from 1995 to 2001 in the 1st district.\n\n^ Previously elected to the 111th Congress, serving from 2009 to 2011 in the 8th district.\n\n^ Previously elected to the 110th Congress, serving from 2008 to 2011 in the 14th district.\n\n^ Previously elected to the 94th Congress, serving from 1975 to 1981 in the 6th district.\n\n^ Previously elected to the 111th Congress, serving from 2009 to 2011 in the 3rd district.\n\n^ Previously elected to the 110th Congress, serving from 2007 to 2011.\n\n^ Previously elected to the 111th Congress, serving from 2009 to 2011 in the 25th district.\n\n^ Previously elected to the 104th Congress, serving from 1995 to 1997 in the 9th district.\n\n^ Previously elected to the 104th Congress, serving from 1995 to 2001.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of United States senators in the 113th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_in_the_113th_Congress"},{"title":"List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 113th Congress by seniority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_in_the_113th_Congress_by_seniority"}] | [{"reference":"\"Freshman Class Leaders\". Office of the House Historian.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.house.gov/People/Freshman-Class-Leaders/Freshman-Class-Leaders/","url_text":"\"Freshman Class Leaders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives","url_text":"Office of the House Historian"}]},{"reference":"\"FLAKE, Jeff\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/F000444","url_text":"\"FLAKE, Jeff\""}]},{"reference":"\"MURPHY, Christopher\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/M001169","url_text":"\"MURPHY, Christopher\""}]},{"reference":"\"HIRONO, Mazie\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H001042","url_text":"\"HIRONO, Mazie\""}]},{"reference":"\"DONNELLY, Joe\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/D000607","url_text":"\"DONNELLY, Joe\""}]},{"reference":"\"KING, Angus Stanley, Jr\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/K000383","url_text":"\"KING, Angus Stanley, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"WARREN, Elizabeth\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/W000817","url_text":"\"WARREN, Elizabeth\""}]},{"reference":"\"FISCHER, Debra (Deb)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/F000463","url_text":"\"FISCHER, Debra (Deb)\""}]},{"reference":"\"HEINRICH, Martin\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H001046","url_text":"\"HEINRICH, Martin\""}]},{"reference":"\"HEITKAMP, Mary Kathryn (Heidi)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H001069","url_text":"\"HEITKAMP, Mary Kathryn (Heidi)\""}]},{"reference":"\"CRUZ, Rafael Edward (Ted)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001098","url_text":"\"CRUZ, Rafael Edward (Ted)\""}]},{"reference":"\"KAINE, Timothy Michael (Tim)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/K000384","url_text":"\"KAINE, Timothy Michael (Tim)\""}]},{"reference":"\"BALDWIN, Tammy\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001230","url_text":"\"BALDWIN, Tammy\""}]},{"reference":"\"COWAN, William (Mo)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001099","url_text":"\"COWAN, William (Mo)\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHIESA, Jeffrey Scott\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001100","url_text":"\"CHIESA, Jeffrey Scott\""}]},{"reference":"\"MARKEY, Edward John\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/M000133","url_text":"\"MARKEY, Edward John\""}]},{"reference":"\"BOOKER, Cory Anthony\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001288","url_text":"\"BOOKER, Cory Anthony\""}]},{"reference":"\"WALSH, John E.\" Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/W000818","url_text":"\"WALSH, John E.\""}]},{"reference":"\"KIRKPATRICK, Ann\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/K000368","url_text":"\"KIRKPATRICK, Ann\""}]},{"reference":"\"SALMON, Matthew James\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S000018","url_text":"\"SALMON, Matthew James\""}]},{"reference":"\"SINEMA, Kyrsten\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S001191","url_text":"\"SINEMA, Kyrsten\""}]},{"reference":"\"COTTON, Thomas Bryant (Tom)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001095","url_text":"\"COTTON, Thomas Bryant (Tom)\""}]},{"reference":"\"LAMALFA, Doug\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/L000578","url_text":"\"LAMALFA, Doug\""}]},{"reference":"\"HUFFMAN, Jared\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H001068","url_text":"\"HUFFMAN, Jared\""}]},{"reference":"\"BERA, Ami\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001287","url_text":"\"BERA, Ami\""}]},{"reference":"\"COOK, Paul\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001094","url_text":"\"COOK, Paul\""}]},{"reference":"\"SWALWELL, Eric\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S001193","url_text":"\"SWALWELL, Eric\""}]},{"reference":"\"VALADAO, David G.\" Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/V000129","url_text":"\"VALADAO, David G.\""}]},{"reference":"\"BROWNLEY, Julia\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001285","url_text":"\"BROWNLEY, Julia\""}]},{"reference":"\"CÁRDENAS, Tony\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001097","url_text":"\"CÁRDENAS, Tony\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEGRETE MCLEOD, Gloria\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/N000187","url_text":"\"NEGRETE MCLEOD, Gloria\""}]},{"reference":"\"RUIZ, Raul\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/R000599","url_text":"\"RUIZ, Raul\""}]},{"reference":"\"TAKANO, Mark\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/T000472","url_text":"\"TAKANO, Mark\""}]},{"reference":"\"LOWENTHAL, Alan\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/L000579","url_text":"\"LOWENTHAL, Alan\""}]},{"reference":"\"VARGAS, Juan\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/V000130","url_text":"\"VARGAS, Juan\""}]},{"reference":"\"PETERS, Scott\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/P000608","url_text":"\"PETERS, Scott\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESTY, Elizabeth\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/E000293","url_text":"\"ESTY, Elizabeth\""}]},{"reference":"\"YOHO, Ted\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/Y000065","url_text":"\"YOHO, Ted\""}]},{"reference":"\"DESANTIS, Ron\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/D000621","url_text":"\"DESANTIS, Ron\""}]},{"reference":"\"GRAYSON, Alan\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/G000556","url_text":"\"GRAYSON, Alan\""}]},{"reference":"\"MURPHY, Patrick\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/M001191","url_text":"\"MURPHY, Patrick\""}]},{"reference":"\"RADEL, Trey\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/R000596","url_text":"\"RADEL, Trey\""}]},{"reference":"\"FRANKEL, Lois\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/F000462","url_text":"\"FRANKEL, Lois\""}]},{"reference":"\"GARCIA, Joe\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/G000573","url_text":"\"GARCIA, Joe\""}]},{"reference":"\"COLLINS, Doug\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001093","url_text":"\"COLLINS, Doug\""}]},{"reference":"\"GABBARD, Tulsi\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/G000571","url_text":"\"GABBARD, Tulsi\""}]},{"reference":"\"DUCKWORTH, Tammy\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/D000622","url_text":"\"DUCKWORTH, Tammy\""}]},{"reference":"\"SCHNEIDER, Brad\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S001190","url_text":"\"SCHNEIDER, Brad\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOSTER, Bill\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/F000454","url_text":"\"FOSTER, Bill\""}]},{"reference":"\"ENYART, Bill\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/E000292","url_text":"\"ENYART, Bill\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAVIS, Rodney\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/D000619","url_text":"\"DAVIS, Rodney\""}]},{"reference":"\"BUSTOS, Cheri\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001286","url_text":"\"BUSTOS, Cheri\""}]},{"reference":"\"WALORSKI, Jackie\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/W000813","url_text":"\"WALORSKI, Jackie\""}]},{"reference":"\"BROOKS, Susan\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001284","url_text":"\"BROOKS, Susan\""}]},{"reference":"\"MESSER, Luke\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/M001189","url_text":"\"MESSER, Luke\""}]},{"reference":"\"BARR, Garland H. (Andy), IV\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001282","url_text":"\"BARR, Garland H. (Andy), IV\""}]},{"reference":"\"DELANEY, John\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/D000620","url_text":"\"DELANEY, John\""}]},{"reference":"\"KENNEDY, Joseph P., III\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/K000379","url_text":"\"KENNEDY, Joseph P., III\""}]},{"reference":"\"KILDEE, Dan\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/K000380","url_text":"\"KILDEE, Dan\""}]},{"reference":"\"BENTIVOLIO, Kerry\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001280","url_text":"\"BENTIVOLIO, Kerry\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOLAN, Richard Michael\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/N000127","url_text":"\"NOLAN, Richard Michael\""}]},{"reference":"\"WAGNER, Ann\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/W000812","url_text":"\"WAGNER, Ann\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAINES, Steve\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/D000618","url_text":"\"DAINES, Steve\""}]},{"reference":"\"TITUS, Alice Constandina (Dina)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/T000468","url_text":"\"TITUS, Alice Constandina (Dina)\""}]},{"reference":"\"HORSFORD, Steven\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H001066","url_text":"\"HORSFORD, Steven\""}]},{"reference":"\"SHEA-PORTER, Carol\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S001170","url_text":"\"SHEA-PORTER, Carol\""}]},{"reference":"\"KUSTER, Ann McLane\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/K000382","url_text":"\"KUSTER, Ann McLane\""}]},{"reference":"\"LUJAN GRISHAM, Michelle\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/L000580","url_text":"\"LUJAN GRISHAM, Michelle\""}]},{"reference":"\"MENG, Grace\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/M001188","url_text":"\"MENG, Grace\""}]},{"reference":"\"JEFFRIES, Hakeem\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/J000294","url_text":"\"JEFFRIES, Hakeem\""}]},{"reference":"\"MALONEY, Sean Patrick\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/M001185","url_text":"\"MALONEY, Sean Patrick\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAFFEI, Daniel B.\" Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/M001171","url_text":"\"MAFFEI, Daniel B.\""}]},{"reference":"\"COLLINS, Chris\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001092","url_text":"\"COLLINS, Chris\""}]},{"reference":"\"HUDSON, Richard\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H001067","url_text":"\"HUDSON, Richard\""}]},{"reference":"\"PITTENGER, Robert\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/P000606","url_text":"\"PITTENGER, Robert\""}]},{"reference":"\"MEADOWS, Mark\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/M001187","url_text":"\"MEADOWS, Mark\""}]},{"reference":"\"HOLDING, George E.B.\" Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H001065","url_text":"\"HOLDING, George E.B.\""}]},{"reference":"\"CRAMER, Kevin\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001096","url_text":"\"CRAMER, Kevin\""}]},{"reference":"\"WENSTRUP, Brad\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/W000815","url_text":"\"WENSTRUP, Brad\""}]},{"reference":"\"BEATTY, Joyce\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001281","url_text":"\"BEATTY, Joyce\""}]},{"reference":"\"JOYCE, David\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/J000295","url_text":"\"JOYCE, David\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRIDENSTINE, Jim\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001283","url_text":"\"BRIDENSTINE, Jim\""}]},{"reference":"\"MULLIN, Markwayne\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/M001190","url_text":"\"MULLIN, Markwayne\""}]},{"reference":"\"PERRY, Scott\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/P000605","url_text":"\"PERRY, Scott\""}]},{"reference":"\"ROTHFUS, Keith\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/R000598","url_text":"\"ROTHFUS, Keith\""}]},{"reference":"\"CARTWRIGHT, Matt\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001090","url_text":"\"CARTWRIGHT, Matt\""}]},{"reference":"\"RICE, Tom\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/R000597","url_text":"\"RICE, Tom\""}]},{"reference":"\"WEBER, Randy\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/W000814","url_text":"\"WEBER, Randy\""}]},{"reference":"\"O'ROURKE, Beto\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/O000170","url_text":"\"O'ROURKE, Beto\""}]},{"reference":"\"CASTRO, Joaquin\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001091","url_text":"\"CASTRO, Joaquin\""}]},{"reference":"\"GALLEGO, Pete P.\" Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/G000572","url_text":"\"GALLEGO, Pete P.\""}]},{"reference":"\"WILLIAMS, Roger\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/W000816","url_text":"\"WILLIAMS, Roger\""}]},{"reference":"\"VEASEY, Marc\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/V000131","url_text":"\"VEASEY, Marc\""}]},{"reference":"\"VELA, Filemon\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/V000132","url_text":"\"VELA, Filemon\""}]},{"reference":"\"STOCKMAN, Steve\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S000937","url_text":"\"STOCKMAN, Steve\""}]},{"reference":"\"STEWART, Chris\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S001192","url_text":"\"STEWART, Chris\""}]},{"reference":"\"KILMER, Derek\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/K000381","url_text":"\"KILMER, Derek\""}]},{"reference":"\"HECK, Denny\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H001064","url_text":"\"HECK, Denny\""}]},{"reference":"\"POCAN, Mark\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/P000607","url_text":"\"POCAN, Mark\""}]},{"reference":"\"KELLY, Robin L.\" Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/K000385","url_text":"\"KELLY, Robin L.\""}]},{"reference":"\"SANFORD, Mark\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S000051","url_text":"\"SANFORD, Mark\""}]},{"reference":"\"SMITH, Jason\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrafluoroboric_acid | Fluoroboric acid | ["1 Structure and production","1.1 Acidity","2 Applications","2.1 Organic chemistry","2.2 Electroplating","3 Safety","4 Other fluoroboric acids","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Fluoroboric acid
Hydronium tetrafluoroborate
Hydronium cation
Tetrafluoroborate anion
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Tetrafluoroboric acid
Other names
Fluoboric acidFluoroboric acidHydrogen tetrafluoroborateOxonium tetrafluoroboranuideOxonium tetrafluoridoborate(1-)Oxonium tetrafluoroborate
Identifiers
CAS Number
14219-41-1 (+−) N16872-11-0 (solvent free) Y80628-99-5 (+−) N
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive imageInteractive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:38902 Y
ChemSpider
26156 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.037.165
EC Number
240-898-3
Gmelin Reference
21702
MeSH
Fluoroboric+acid
PubChem CID
28118
RTECS number
ED2685000
UNII
H429WZ9FBQ Y
UN number
1775
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID8029739
InChI
InChI=1S/BF4H/c2-1(3,4)5/h2H NKey: YKRRMQXMWYXWJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N
SMILES
F(F)(F).F(F)(F)F
Properties
Chemical formula
H
Molar mass
87.81 g·mol−1
Appearance
Colourless liquid
Melting point
−90 °C (−130 °F; 183 K)
Boiling point
130 °C (266 °F; 403 K)
Acidity (pKa)
~1.8 (MeCN solution)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements
H314
Precautionary statements
P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
3
0
0
Safety data sheet (SDS)
External MSDS
Related compounds
Related compounds
Hydrogen fluorideTriflic acidHexafluorophosphoric acid
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Fluoroboric acid or tetrafluoroboric acid (archaically, fluoboric acid) is an inorganic compound with the simplified chemical formula H+−. Solvent-free tetrafluoroboric acid (H) has not been reported. The term "fluoroboric acid" usually refers to a range of compounds including hydronium tetrafluoroborate (+−), which are available as solutions. The ethyl ether solvate is also commercially available, where the fluoroboric acid can be represented by the formula +−, where n is 2.
It is mainly produced as a precursor to other fluoroborate salts. It is a strong acid. Fluoroboric acid is corrosive and attacks the skin. It is available commercially as a solution in water and other solvents such as diethyl ether. It is a strong acid with a weakly coordinating, non-oxidizing conjugate base. It is structurally similar to perchloric acid, but lacks the hazards associated with oxidants.
Structure and production
Pure H has not been described. The same holds true for the superacids that are known by the simplified formulas H and H. However, a solution of BF3 in HF is highly acidic, having an approximate speciation of +− (fluoronium tetrafluoroborate) and a Hammett acidity function of −16.6 at 7 mol % BF3, easily qualifying as a superacid. Although the solvent-free H has not been isolated, its solvates are well characterized. These salts consist of protonated solvent as a cation, e.g., H3O+ and H5O+2, and the tetrahedral BF−4 anion. The anion and cations are strongly hydrogen-bonded.
Subunit of crystal structure of +− highlighting the hydrogen bonding between the cation and the anion
Aqueous solutions of H are produced by dissolving boric acid in aqueous hydrofluoric acid. Three equivalents of HF react to give the intermediate boron trifluoride and the fourth gives fluoroboric acid:
B(OH)3 + 4 HF → H3O+ + BF−4 + 2 H2O
An anhydrous fluoroboric acid solution can be prepared by adding aqueous fluoroboric acid to an excess of acetic anhydride at 0°C, which produces a solution of fluoroboric acid, acetic acid, and residual acetic anhydride.
Acidity
The acidity of fluoroboric acid is complicated by the fact that its name refers to a range of different compounds, e.g. +− (dimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate), +− (oxonium tetrafluoroborate), and HF·BF3 (hydrogen fluoride-boron trifluoride 1:1 adduct) – each with a different acidity. The aqueous pKa is quoted as −0.44. Titration of +− (tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate) in acetonitrile solution indicates that H, i.e., HF·BF3, has a pKa of 1.6 in that solvent. Its acidity is thus comparable to that of fluorosulfonic acid.
Applications
Fluoroboric acid is the principal precursor to fluoroborate salts, which are typically prepared by treating the metal oxides with fluoroboric acid. The inorganic salts are intermediates in the manufacture of flame-retardant materials and glazing frits, and in electrolytic generation of boron. H is also used in aluminum etching and acid pickling.
Organic chemistry
H is used as a catalyst for alkylations and polymerizations. In carbohydrate protection reactions, ethereal fluoroboric acid is an efficient and cost-effective catalyst for transacetalation and isopropylidenation reactions. Acetonitrile solutions cleave acetals and some ethers. Many reactive cations have been obtained using fluoroboric acid, e.g. tropylium tetrafluoroborate (C7H7+−), triphenylcarbenium tetrafluoroborate (Ph3C]+−), triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (Et3O]+−), and benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (+−).
Electroplating
Solutions of H are used in the electroplating of tin and tin alloys. In this application, methanesulfonic acid is displacing the use of H. Fluoroboric acid is also used for high-speed electroplating of copper in fluoroborate baths.
Safety
Fluoroboric acid is toxic and attacks skin and eyes. It attacks glass. It hydrolyzes, releasing corrosive, volatile hydrogen fluoride.
Other fluoroboric acids
A series of fluoroboric acids is known in aqueous solutions. The series can be presented as follows:
H+− (hydrogen tetrahydroxyborate) (not a fluoroboric acid)
H+− (hydrogen fluoro(trihydroxy)borate)
H+− (hydrogen difluoro(dihydroxy)borate)
H+− (hydrogen trifluoro(hydroxy)borate)
H+− (hydrogen tetrafluoroborate)
See also
Fluorosulfuric acid
Fluoroantimonic acid
References
^ IUPAC. "Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry". Retrieved 2021-04-08.
^ a b c Kütt, A., et al., "Equilibrium Acidities of Superacids", J. Org. Chem. 2010, volume 76, pp. 391-395. doi:10.1021/jo101409p
^ a b c Gregory K. Friestad, Bruce P. Branchaud "Tetrafluoroboric Acid" E-Eros Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rt035
^ Juhasz, Mark; Hoffmann, Stephan; Stoyanov, Evgenii; Kim, Kee-Chan; Reed, Christopher A. (2004-10-11). "The Strongest Isolable Acid". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 43 (40): 5352–5355. doi:10.1002/anie.200460005. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 15468064.
^ Reed, Christopher A. (2005). "Carborane Acids. New "strong yet gentle" acids for organic and inorganic chemistry" (PDF). Chem. Commun. (13): 1669–1677. doi:10.1039/B415425H. ISSN 1359-7345. PMID 15791295.
^ Olah, George A.; Surya Prakash, G. K.; Sommer, Jean; Molnar, Arpad (2009-02-03). Superacid chemistry. Olah, George A. (George Andrew), 1927-2017,, Olah, George A. (George Andrew), 1927-2017. (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J. ISBN 9780471596684. OCLC 191809598.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Mootz, D.; Steffen, M. "Crystal structures of acid hydrates and oxonium salts. XX. Oxonium tetrafluoroborates H3OBF4, BF4, and BF4", Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 1981, vol. 482, pp. 193-200. doi:10.1002/zaac.19814821124
^ Brotherton, R. J.; Weber, C. J.; Guibert, C. R.; Little, J. L. "Boron Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_309. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Flood, D. T. (1933). "Fluorobenzene" (PDF). Organic Syntheses. 13: 46; Collected Volumes, vol. 2, p. 295.
^ Wudl, F.; Kaplan, M. L., "2,2′-Bi-1,3-Dithiolylidene (Tetrathiafulvalene, TTF) and its Radical Cation Salts" Inorg. Synth. 1979, vol. 19, 27. doi:10.1002/9780470132500.ch7
^ a b Balaji, R.; Pushpavanam, Malathy (2003). "Methanesulphonic acid in electroplating related metal finishing industries". Transactions of the Imf. 81 (5): 154–158. doi:10.1080/00202967.2003.11871526. S2CID 91584456.
^ Barauskas, Romualdas "Ron" (January 1, 2000). "Copper plating". Metal Finishing. 98 (1): 234–247. doi:10.1016/S0026-0576(00)80330-X. ISSN 0026-0576. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Further reading
Albert, R.; Dax, K.; Pleschko, R.; Stütz, A. E. (1985). "Tetrafluoroboric acid, an efficient catalyst in carbohydrate protection and deprotection reactions". Carbohydrate Research. 137: 282–290. doi:10.1016/0008-6215(85)85171-5.
Bandgar, B. P.; Patil, A. V.; Chavan, O. S. (2006). "Silica supported fluoroboric acid as a novel, efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines under solvent-free conditions". Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 256 (1–2): 99–105. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2006.04.024.
Heintz, R. A.; Smith, J. A.; Szalay, P. S.; Weisgerber, A.; Dunbar, K. R. (2002). Homoleptic Transition Metal Acetonitrile Cations with Tetrafluoroborate or Trifluoromethanesulfonate Anions. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 33. pp. 75–83. doi:10.1002/0471224502. ISBN 9780471208259.
Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-13-039913-7.
Meller, A. (1988). "Boron". Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 3. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 301–310.
Perry, D. L.; Phillips, S. L. (1995). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 1203. ISBN 9780849386718.
Wamser, C. A. (1948). "Hydrolysis of Fluoboric Acid in Aqueous Solution". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 70 (3): 1209–1215. doi:10.1021/ja01183a101.
Wilke-Dörfurt, E.; Balz, G. (1927). "Zur Kenntnis der Borfluorwasserstoffsäure und ihrer Salze". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 159 (1): 197–225. doi:10.1002/zaac.19271590118.
External links
"Fluoroboric Acid ICSC: 1040". INCHEM.
vteHydrogen compounds
H3AsO3
H3AsO4
HArF
HAt
HSO3F
H
HBr
HBrO
HBrO2
HBrO3
HBrO4
HCl
HClO
HClO2
HClO3
HClO4
HCN
HCNO
H2CrO4/H2Cr2O7
H2CO3
H2CS3
HF
HFO
HI
HIO
HIO2
HIO3
HIO4
HMnO4
H2MnO4
H2MoO4
HNC
NaHCO3
HNCO
HNO
HNO2
HNO3
H2N2O2
HNO5S
H3NSO3
H2O
H2O2
H2O3
H2O4
H2O5
H3PO2
H3PO3
H3PO4
H4P2O7
H5P3O10
H2
H2S
H2S2
H2Se
H2SeO3
H2SeO4
H4SiO4
H2
HSCN
HNCS
H2SO3
H2SO4
H2SO5
H2S2O3
H3O
H2S2O6
H2S2O7
H2S2O8
CF3SO3H
H2Te
H2TeO3
H6TeO6
H4TiO4
H2Po
H
vteFluorine compounds
HF
He
LiF
BeF2
BFBF3B2F4
CF4CxFy
NF3N2F4
OFOF2O2F2O2F
F−
Ne
NaF
MgF2
AlFAlF3
SiF4
P2F4PF3PF5
S2F2SF2S2F4SF4S2F10SF6
ClFClF3ClF5
HArFArF2
KF
CaF2
ScF3
TiF3TiF4
VF2VF3VF4VF5
CrF2CrF3CrF4CrF5CrF6
MnF2MnF3MnF4
FeF2FeF3
CoF2CoF3
NiF2NiF3
CuFCuF2
ZnF2
GaF3
GeF4
AsF3AsF5
SeF4SeF6
BrFBrF3BrF5
KrF2KrF4KrF6
RbF
SrF2
YF3
ZrF4
NbF4NbF5
MoF4MoF5MoF6
TcF6
RuF3RuF4RuF5RuF6
RhF3RhF5RhF6
PdF2Pd PdF4PdF6
AgFAgF2AgF3Ag2F
CdF2
InF3
SnF2SnF4
SbF3SbF5
TeF4TeF6
IFIF3IF5IF7
XeF2XeF4XeF6XeF8
CsF
BaF2
*
LuF3
HfF4
TaF5
WF4WF6
ReF6ReF7
OsF4OsF5OsF6OsF7OsF8
IrF3IrF5IrF6
PtF2Pt PtF4PtF5PtF6
AuFAuF3Au2F10AuF5·F2
HgF2Hg2F2HgF4
TlFTlF3
PbF2PbF4
BiF3BiF5
PoF4PoF6
At
RnF2RnF6
Fr
RaF2
**
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
↓
*
LaF3
CeF3CeF4
PrF3PrF4
NdF3
PmF3
SmF2SmF3
EuF2EuF3
GdF3
TbF3TbF4
DyF3
HoF3
ErF3
TmF2TmF3
YbF2YbF3
**
AcF3
ThF4
PaF4PaF5
UF3UF4UF5UF6
NpF3NpF4NpF5NpF6
PuF3PuF4PuF5PuF6
AmF3AmF4AmF6
CmF3
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
PF6−, AsF6−, SbF6− compounds
AgPF6
KAsF6
LiAsF6
NaAsF6
HPF6
HSbF6
NH4PF6
KPF6
KSbF6
LiPF6
NaPF6
NaSbF6
TlPF6
AlF6− compounds
Cs2AlF5
Li3AlF6
K3AlF6
Na3AlF6
chlorides, bromides, iodides and pseudohalogenides
BaClF
SiIBrClF
CFN
ClFO2
SiF62-, GeF62- compounds
BaSiF6
BaGeF6
(NH4)2SiF6
Na2
K2
Li2GeF6
Li2SiF6
Oxyfluorides
BrOF3
BrO2F
BrO3F
LaOF
ThOF2
VOF3
TcO3F
WOF4
YOF
ClOF3
ClO2F3
Organofluorides
CBrF3
CBr2F2
CBr3F
CClF3
CCl2F2
CCl3F
CF2O
CF3I
CHF3
CH2F2
CH3F
C2Cl3F3
C2H3F
C6H5F
C7H5F3
C15F33N
C3H5F
C6H11F
with transition metal, lanthanide, actinide, ammonium
VOF3
CrOF4
CrF2O2
NH4F
(NH4)2ZrF6
CsXeF7
Li2TiF6
Li2ZrF6
K2TiF6
Rb2TiF6
Na2TiF6
Na2ZrF6
K2NbF7
K2TaF7
K2ZrF6
UO2F2
nitric acids
FNO
FNO2
FNO3
bifluorides
KHF2
NaHF2
NH4HF2
thionyl, phosphoryl, and iodosyl
F2OS
F3OP
PSF3
IOF3
IO3F
IOF5
IO2F
IO2F3
Chemical formulas | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"chemical formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine"},{"link_name":"hydronium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronium"},{"link_name":"ethyl ether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_ether"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eEROS-3"},{"link_name":"acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid"},{"link_name":"solvents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent"},{"link_name":"diethyl ether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_ether"},{"link_name":"weakly coordinating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoordinating_anion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esti-2"},{"link_name":"perchloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perchloric_acid"},{"link_name":"oxidants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidant"}],"text":"Chemical compoundFluoroboric acid or tetrafluoroboric acid (archaically, fluoboric acid) is an inorganic compound with the simplified chemical formula H+[BF4]−. Solvent-free tetrafluoroboric acid (H[BF4]) has not been reported. The term \"fluoroboric acid\" usually refers to a range of compounds including hydronium tetrafluoroborate ([H3O]+[BF4]−), which are available as solutions. The ethyl ether solvate is also commercially available, where the fluoroboric acid can be represented by the formula [H((CH3CH2)2O)n]+[BF4]−, where n is 2.It is mainly produced as a precursor to other fluoroborate salts.[3] It is a strong acid. Fluoroboric acid is corrosive and attacks the skin. It is available commercially as a solution in water and other solvents such as diethyl ether. It is a strong acid with a weakly coordinating, non-oxidizing conjugate base.[2] It is structurally similar to perchloric acid, but lacks the hazards associated with oxidants.","title":"Fluoroboric acid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H[PF6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexafluorophosphoric_acid"},{"link_name":"H[SbF6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexafluoroantimonic_acid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hammett acidity function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_acidity_function"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H3OBF4subunit.png"},{"link_name":"boric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid"},{"link_name":"hydrofluoric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"acetic anhydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_anhydride"},{"link_name":"acetic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Pure H[BF4] has not been described. The same holds true for the superacids that are known by the simplified formulas H[PF6] and H[SbF6].[4][5] However, a solution of BF3 in HF is highly acidic, having an approximate speciation of [H2F]+[BF4]− (fluoronium tetrafluoroborate) and a Hammett acidity function of −16.6 at 7 mol % BF3, easily qualifying as a superacid.[6] Although the solvent-free H[BF4] has not been isolated, its solvates are well characterized. These salts consist of protonated solvent as a cation, e.g., H3O+ and H5O+2, and the tetrahedral BF−4 anion. The anion and cations are strongly hydrogen-bonded.[7]Subunit of crystal structure of [H3O]+[BF4]− highlighting the hydrogen bonding between the cation and the anionAqueous solutions of H[BF4] are produced by dissolving boric acid in aqueous hydrofluoric acid.[8][9] Three equivalents of HF react to give the intermediate boron trifluoride and the fourth gives fluoroboric acid:B(OH)3 + 4 HF → H3O+ + BF−4 + 2 H2OAn anhydrous fluoroboric acid solution can be prepared by adding aqueous fluoroboric acid to an excess of acetic anhydride at 0°C, which produces a solution of fluoroboric acid, acetic acid, and residual acetic anhydride.[10]","title":"Structure and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrogen fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride"},{"link_name":"boron trifluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trifluoride"},{"link_name":"pKa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eEROS-3"},{"link_name":"Titration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration"},{"link_name":"acetonitrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetonitrile"},{"link_name":"fluorosulfonic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorosulfonic_acid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esti-2"}],"sub_title":"Acidity","text":"The acidity of fluoroboric acid is complicated by the fact that its name refers to a range of different compounds, e.g. [H(CH3CH2)2O]+[BF4]− (dimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate), [H3O]+[BF4]− (oxonium tetrafluoroborate), and HF·BF3 (hydrogen fluoride-boron trifluoride 1:1 adduct) – each with a different acidity. The aqueous pKa is quoted as −0.44.[3] Titration of [N((CH2)3CH3)4]+[BF4]− (tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate) in acetonitrile solution indicates that H[BF4], i.e., HF·BF3, has a pKa of 1.6 in that solvent. Its acidity is thus comparable to that of fluorosulfonic acid.[2]","title":"Structure and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fluoroborate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroborate"},{"link_name":"frits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frit"},{"link_name":"boron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron"}],"text":"Fluoroboric acid is the principal precursor to fluoroborate salts, which are typically prepared by treating the metal oxides with fluoroboric acid. The inorganic salts are intermediates in the manufacture of flame-retardant materials and glazing frits, and in electrolytic generation of boron. H[BF4] is also used in aluminum etching and acid pickling.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"alkylations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylation"},{"link_name":"polymerizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerizations"},{"link_name":"Acetonitrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetonitrile"},{"link_name":"acetals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetals"},{"link_name":"ethers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethers"},{"link_name":"tropylium tetrafluoroborate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropylium_tetrafluoroborate"},{"link_name":"C7H7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropylium"},{"link_name":"triphenylcarbenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenylcarbenium"},{"link_name":"Ph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyl"},{"link_name":"triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethyloxonium_tetrafluoroborate"},{"link_name":"Et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_group"},{"link_name":"benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenediazonium_chloride"}],"sub_title":"Organic chemistry","text":"H[BF4] is used as a catalyst for alkylations and polymerizations. In carbohydrate protection reactions, ethereal fluoroboric acid is an efficient and cost-effective catalyst for transacetalation and isopropylidenation reactions. Acetonitrile solutions cleave acetals and some ethers. Many reactive cations have been obtained using fluoroboric acid, e.g. tropylium tetrafluoroborate (C7H7+[BF4]−), triphenylcarbenium tetrafluoroborate (Ph3C]+[BF4]−), triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (Et3O]+[BF4]−), and benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate ([PhN2]+[BF4]−).","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"methanesulfonic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanesulfonic_acid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electrol-11"},{"link_name":"electroplating of copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_electroplating"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Electroplating","text":"Solutions of H[BF4] are used in the electroplating of tin and tin alloys. In this application, methanesulfonic acid is displacing the use of H[BF4].[11] Fluoroboric acid is also used for high-speed electroplating of copper in fluoroborate baths.[12]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eEROS-3"},{"link_name":"hydrogen fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electrol-11"}],"text":"Fluoroboric acid is toxic and attacks skin and eyes. It attacks glass.[3] It hydrolyzes, releasing corrosive, volatile hydrogen fluoride.[11]","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A series of fluoroboric acids is known in aqueous solutions. The series can be presented as follows:[13]H+[B(OH)4]− (hydrogen tetrahydroxyborate) (not a fluoroboric acid)\nH+[BF(OH)3]− (hydrogen fluoro(trihydroxy)borate)\nH+[BF2(OH)2]− (hydrogen difluoro(dihydroxy)borate)\nH+[BF3(OH)]− (hydrogen trifluoro(hydroxy)borate)\nH+[BF4]− (hydrogen tetrafluoroborate)","title":"Other fluoroboric acids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0008-6215(85)85171-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0008-6215%2885%2985171-5"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.molcata.2006.04.024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcata.2006.04.024"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/0471224502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2F0471224502"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780471208259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471208259"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-13-039913-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-039913-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780849386718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849386718"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ja01183a101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01183a101"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/zaac.19271590118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19271590118"}],"text":"Albert, R.; Dax, K.; Pleschko, R.; Stütz, A. E. (1985). \"Tetrafluoroboric acid, an efficient catalyst in carbohydrate protection and deprotection reactions\". Carbohydrate Research. 137: 282–290. doi:10.1016/0008-6215(85)85171-5.\nBandgar, B. P.; Patil, A. V.; Chavan, O. S. (2006). \"Silica supported fluoroboric acid as a novel, efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines under solvent-free conditions\". Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 256 (1–2): 99–105. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2006.04.024.\nHeintz, R. A.; Smith, J. A.; Szalay, P. S.; Weisgerber, A.; Dunbar, K. R. (2002). Homoleptic Transition Metal Acetonitrile Cations with Tetrafluoroborate or Trifluoromethanesulfonate Anions. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 33. pp. 75–83. doi:10.1002/0471224502. ISBN 9780471208259.\nHousecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-13-039913-7.\nMeller, A. (1988). \"Boron\". Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 3. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 301–310.\nPerry, D. L.; Phillips, S. L. (1995). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 1203. ISBN 9780849386718.\nWamser, C. A. (1948). \"Hydrolysis of Fluoboric Acid in Aqueous Solution\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 70 (3): 1209–1215. doi:10.1021/ja01183a101.\nWilke-Dörfurt, E.; Balz, G. (1927). \"Zur Kenntnis der Borfluorwasserstoffsäure und ihrer Salze\". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 159 (1): 197–225. doi:10.1002/zaac.19271590118.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hydronium-3D-vdW.png/110px-Hydronium-3D-vdW.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tetrafluoroborate_anion_3D_spacefill.png/110px-Tetrafluoroborate_anion_3D_spacefill.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Subunit of crystal structure of [H3O]+[BF4]− highlighting the hydrogen bonding between the cation and the anion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/H3OBF4subunit.png/220px-H3OBF4subunit.png"}] | [{"title":"Fluorosulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorosulfuric_acid"},{"title":"Fluoroantimonic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroantimonic_acid"}] | [{"reference":"IUPAC. \"Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry\". Retrieved 2021-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC","url_text":"IUPAC"},{"url":"https://moam.info/nomenclature-of-inorganic-chemistry-iupac_59c16afb1723ddd2fb171db1.html","url_text":"\"Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry\""}]},{"reference":"Juhasz, Mark; Hoffmann, Stephan; Stoyanov, Evgenii; Kim, Kee-Chan; Reed, Christopher A. (2004-10-11). \"The Strongest Isolable Acid\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 43 (40): 5352–5355. doi:10.1002/anie.200460005. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 15468064.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200460005","url_text":"10.1002/anie.200460005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1433-7851","url_text":"1433-7851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15468064","url_text":"15468064"}]},{"reference":"Reed, Christopher A. (2005). \"Carborane Acids. New \"strong yet gentle\" acids for organic and inorganic chemistry\" (PDF). Chem. Commun. (13): 1669–1677. doi:10.1039/B415425H. ISSN 1359-7345. PMID 15791295.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt90p8v05h/qt90p8v05h.pdf?t=o9pbfh","url_text":"\"Carborane Acids. New \"strong yet gentle\" acids for organic and inorganic chemistry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB415425H","url_text":"10.1039/B415425H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1359-7345","url_text":"1359-7345"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15791295","url_text":"15791295"}]},{"reference":"Olah, George A.; Surya Prakash, G. K.; Sommer, Jean; Molnar, Arpad (2009-02-03). Superacid chemistry. Olah, George A. (George Andrew), 1927-2017,, Olah, George A. (George Andrew), 1927-2017. (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J. ISBN 9780471596684. OCLC 191809598.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471596684","url_text":"9780471596684"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191809598","url_text":"191809598"}]},{"reference":"Brotherton, R. J.; Weber, C. J.; Guibert, C. R.; Little, J. L. \"Boron Compounds\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_309. ISBN 978-3527306732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry","url_text":"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a04_309","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a04_309"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732","url_text":"978-3527306732"}]},{"reference":"Flood, D. T. (1933). \"Fluorobenzene\" (PDF). Organic Syntheses. 13: 46","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orgsyn.org/Content/pdfs/procedures/CV2P0295.pdf","url_text":"\"Fluorobenzene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Syntheses","url_text":"Organic Syntheses"}]},{"reference":"Collected Volumes, vol. 2, p. 295","urls":[]},{"reference":"Balaji, R.; Pushpavanam, Malathy (2003). \"Methanesulphonic acid in electroplating related metal finishing industries\". Transactions of the Imf. 81 (5): 154–158. doi:10.1080/00202967.2003.11871526. S2CID 91584456.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00202967.2003.11871526","url_text":"10.1080/00202967.2003.11871526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91584456","url_text":"91584456"}]},{"reference":"Barauskas, Romualdas \"Ron\" (January 1, 2000). \"Copper plating\". Metal Finishing. 98 (1): 234–247. doi:10.1016/S0026-0576(00)80330-X. ISSN 0026-0576. Retrieved July 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0576(00)80330-X","url_text":"\"Copper plating\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0026-0576%2800%2980330-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0026-0576(00)80330-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-0576","url_text":"0026-0576"}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood","url_text":"Greenwood, Norman N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann","url_text":"Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8","url_text":"978-0-08-037941-8"}]},{"reference":"Albert, R.; Dax, K.; Pleschko, R.; Stütz, A. E. (1985). \"Tetrafluoroboric acid, an efficient catalyst in carbohydrate protection and deprotection reactions\". Carbohydrate Research. 137: 282–290. doi:10.1016/0008-6215(85)85171-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0008-6215%2885%2985171-5","url_text":"10.1016/0008-6215(85)85171-5"}]},{"reference":"Bandgar, B. P.; Patil, A. V.; Chavan, O. S. (2006). \"Silica supported fluoroboric acid as a novel, efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines under solvent-free conditions\". Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 256 (1–2): 99–105. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2006.04.024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcata.2006.04.024","url_text":"10.1016/j.molcata.2006.04.024"}]},{"reference":"Heintz, R. A.; Smith, J. A.; Szalay, P. S.; Weisgerber, A.; Dunbar, K. R. (2002). Homoleptic Transition Metal Acetonitrile Cations with Tetrafluoroborate or Trifluoromethanesulfonate Anions. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 33. pp. 75–83. doi:10.1002/0471224502. ISBN 9780471208259.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471224502","url_text":"10.1002/0471224502"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471208259","url_text":"9780471208259"}]},{"reference":"Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-13-039913-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-039913-7","url_text":"978-0-13-039913-7"}]},{"reference":"Meller, A. (1988). \"Boron\". Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 3. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 301–310.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Perry, D. L.; Phillips, S. L. (1995). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 1203. ISBN 9780849386718.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849386718","url_text":"9780849386718"}]},{"reference":"Wamser, C. A. (1948). \"Hydrolysis of Fluoboric Acid in Aqueous Solution\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 70 (3): 1209–1215. doi:10.1021/ja01183a101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01183a101","url_text":"10.1021/ja01183a101"}]},{"reference":"Wilke-Dörfurt, E.; Balz, G. (1927). \"Zur Kenntnis der Borfluorwasserstoffsäure und ihrer Salze\". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 159 (1): 197–225. doi:10.1002/zaac.19271590118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19271590118","url_text":"10.1002/zaac.19271590118"}]},{"reference":"\"Fluoroboric Acid ICSC: 1040\". INCHEM.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1040.htm","url_text":"\"Fluoroboric Acid ICSC: 1040\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=14219-41-1","external_links_name":"14219-41-1"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=16872-11-0","external_links_name":"16872-11-0"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=80628-99-5","external_links_name":"80628-99-5"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=F%5BB-%5D%28F%29%28F%29%5BFH%2B%5D","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BH%2B%5D.F%5BB-%5D%28F%29%28F%29F","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=38902","external_links_name":"CHEBI:38902"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.26156.html","external_links_name":"26156"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.037.165","external_links_name":"100.037.165"},{"Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Fluoroboric+acid","external_links_name":"Fluoroboric+acid"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/28118","external_links_name":"28118"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/H429WZ9FBQ","external_links_name":"H429WZ9FBQ"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8029739","external_links_name":"DTXSID8029739"},{"Link":"http://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/f2608.htm","external_links_name":"External MSDS"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=476998855&page2=Fluoroboric+acid","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://moam.info/nomenclature-of-inorganic-chemistry-iupac_59c16afb1723ddd2fb171db1.html","external_links_name":"\"Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo101409p","external_links_name":"10.1021/jo101409p"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F047084289X.rt035","external_links_name":"10.1002/047084289X.rt035"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200460005","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.200460005"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1433-7851","external_links_name":"1433-7851"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15468064","external_links_name":"15468064"},{"Link":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt90p8v05h/qt90p8v05h.pdf?t=o9pbfh","external_links_name":"\"Carborane Acids. New \"strong yet gentle\" acids for organic and inorganic chemistry\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB415425H","external_links_name":"10.1039/B415425H"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1359-7345","external_links_name":"1359-7345"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15791295","external_links_name":"15791295"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191809598","external_links_name":"191809598"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19814821124","external_links_name":"10.1002/zaac.19814821124"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a04_309","external_links_name":"10.1002/14356007.a04_309"},{"Link":"http://www.orgsyn.org/Content/pdfs/procedures/CV2P0295.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fluorobenzene\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470132500.ch7","external_links_name":"10.1002/9780470132500.ch7"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00202967.2003.11871526","external_links_name":"10.1080/00202967.2003.11871526"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91584456","external_links_name":"91584456"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0576(00)80330-X","external_links_name":"\"Copper plating\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0026-0576%2800%2980330-X","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0026-0576(00)80330-X"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-0576","external_links_name":"0026-0576"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0008-6215%2885%2985171-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/0008-6215(85)85171-5"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcata.2006.04.024","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.molcata.2006.04.024"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471224502","external_links_name":"10.1002/0471224502"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01183a101","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja01183a101"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19271590118","external_links_name":"10.1002/zaac.19271590118"},{"Link":"http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1040.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fluoroboric Acid ICSC: 1040\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank_independence | Central bank independence | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Central bank independence refers to the degree of autonomy and freedom a central bank has in conducting its monetary policy and managing the financial system. It is a key aspect of modern central banking, and has its roots in the recognition that monetary policy decisions should be based on the best interests of the economy as a whole, rather than being influenced by short-term political considerations.
The concept of central bank independence emerged in the late 20th century, as many countries were struggling with high inflation and a growing recognition that monetary policy needed to be independent from political influence. The idea was that central banks should be free to make monetary policy decisions that were in the best interest of the economy, rather than being swayed by short-term political considerations.
The purpose of central bank independence is to enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy and ensure the stability of the financial system. Independent central banks are better able to carry out their mandates, which include maintaining price stability, ensuring the stability of the financial system, and implementing monetary policy. By being free from political influence, central banks can focus on long-term goals, such as controlling inflation and ensuring stability, rather than responding to short-term political pressures.
Central bank independence can be classified in various ways. One common classification is based on the extent of the central bank's autonomy, which can be either formal or actual. Formal independence refers to the legal provisions that guarantee the central bank's autonomy, such as its mandate, its organizational structure, and the procedures for appointing its leaders. Actual independence refers to the practical independence that the central bank enjoys in practice, taking into account factors such as its political and institutional environment, its relationship with the government, and the level of transparency and accountability in its operations.
Another common classification of central bank independence is based on the extent to which the central bank is free from government control. This can be either formal or actual, and ranges from complete independence to significant government control, with several intermediate levels in between. The People's Bank of China is an example of a central bank subject to Chinese Communist Party control.
See also
Central bank
Inflation targeting
Monetarism
References
^ "Central Bank Accountability, Independence, and Transparency". IMF. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
^ "Central Bank Independence: Issues and Evidence." Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 47, no. 3, 2001, pp. 523–550., doi:10.1016/s0304-3932(00)00090-x.
^ "The Theory of Central Bank Independence." Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 24, no. 2, 1989, pp. 177–197., doi:10.1016/0304-3932(89)90034-6.
^ Central Bank Independence, Accountability, and Transparency. 2009-07-15. doi:10.5089/9780230201071.071. ISBN 9780230201071.
^ Gersbach, Hans; Hahn, Volker (August 2009). "Voting Transparency in a Monetary Union". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 41 (5): 831–853. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00235.x.
^ Wei, Lingling (2021-12-08). "Beijing Reins In China's Central Bank". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2023-08-31. Beijing has little tolerance for any talk of central-bank independence; the monetary authority, just like any other part of the government, answers to the party. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"price stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_stability"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"People's Bank of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"text":"The concept of central bank independence emerged in the late 20th century, as many countries were struggling with high inflation and a growing recognition that monetary policy needed to be independent from political influence. The idea was that central banks should be free to make monetary policy decisions that were in the best interest of the economy, rather than being swayed by short-term political considerations.[2]The purpose of central bank independence is to enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy and ensure the stability of the financial system. Independent central banks are better able to carry out their mandates, which include maintaining price stability, ensuring the stability of the financial system, and implementing monetary policy. By being free from political influence, central banks can focus on long-term goals, such as controlling inflation and ensuring stability, rather than responding to short-term political pressures.[3]Central bank independence can be classified in various ways. One common classification is based on the extent of the central bank's autonomy, which can be either formal or actual. Formal independence refers to the legal provisions that guarantee the central bank's autonomy, such as its mandate, its organizational structure, and the procedures for appointing its leaders. Actual independence refers to the practical independence that the central bank enjoys in practice, taking into account factors such as its political and institutional environment, its relationship with the government, and the level of transparency and accountability in its operations.[4]Another common classification of central bank independence is based on the extent to which the central bank is free from government control. This can be either formal or actual, and ranges from complete independence to significant government control, with several intermediate levels in between.[5] The People's Bank of China is an example of a central bank subject to Chinese Communist Party control.[6]","title":"Central bank independence"}] | [] | [{"title":"Central bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank"},{"title":"Inflation targeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_targeting"},{"title":"Monetarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetarism"}] | [{"reference":"\"Central Bank Accountability, Independence, and Transparency\". IMF. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2019/11/25/central-bank-accountability-independence-and-transparency","url_text":"\"Central Bank Accountability, Independence, and Transparency\""}]},{"reference":"Central Bank Independence, Accountability, and Transparency. 2009-07-15. doi:10.5089/9780230201071.071. ISBN 9780230201071.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9780230201071.071","url_text":"Central Bank Independence, Accountability, and Transparency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5089%2F9780230201071.071","url_text":"10.5089/9780230201071.071"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230201071","url_text":"9780230201071"}]},{"reference":"Gersbach, Hans; Hahn, Volker (August 2009). \"Voting Transparency in a Monetary Union\". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 41 (5): 831–853. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00235.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00235.x","url_text":"\"Voting Transparency in a Monetary Union\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-4616.2009.00235.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00235.x"}]},{"reference":"Wei, Lingling (2021-12-08). \"Beijing Reins In China's Central Bank\". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2023-08-31. Beijing has little tolerance for any talk of central-bank independence; the monetary authority, just like any other part of the government, answers to the party.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-reins-in-chinas-central-bank-11638981078","url_text":"\"Beijing Reins In China's Central Bank\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2019/11/25/central-bank-accountability-independence-and-transparency","external_links_name":"\"Central Bank Accountability, Independence, and Transparency\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9780230201071.071","external_links_name":"Central Bank Independence, Accountability, and Transparency"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5089%2F9780230201071.071","external_links_name":"10.5089/9780230201071.071"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00235.x","external_links_name":"\"Voting Transparency in a Monetary Union\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-4616.2009.00235.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00235.x"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-reins-in-chinas-central-bank-11638981078","external_links_name":"\"Beijing Reins In China's Central Bank\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island | List of United States senators from Rhode Island | ["1 List of senators","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Current delegationJack Reed (D)Sheldon Whitehouse (D)
Rhode Island ratified the United States Constitution on May 29, 1790 and elects its U.S. senators to class 1 and class 2. The state's current U.S. senators are Democrats Jack Reed (since 1997) and Sheldon Whitehouse (since 2007). Claiborne Pell was Rhode Island's longest-serving senator (1961–1997).
List of senators
Class 1Class 1 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle that has recently been contested in 2000, 2006, 2012, and 2018. The next election will be in 2024.
C
Class 2Class 2 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle that has recently been contested in 2002, 2008, 2014, and 2020. The next election will be in 2026.
#
Senator
Party
Dates in office
Electoral history
T
T
Electoral history
Dates in office
Party
Senator
#
Vacant
May 29, 1790 –Jun 7, 1790
Rhode Island did not elect its U.S. senators until Jun 7, 1790.
1
1st
1
Rhode Island did not elect its U.S. senators until Jun 7, 1790.
May 29, 1790 –Jun 7, 1790
Vacant
1
Theodore Foster
Pro-Admin.
Jun 7, 1790 –Mar 3, 1803
Elected in 1790.
Elected in 1790.
Jun 7, 1790 –Mar 3, 1793
Anti-Admin.
Joseph Stanton Jr.
1
Re-elected in 1791.
2
2nd
3rd
2
Elected in 1793.Resigned.
Mar 4, 1793 –Oct 1797
Pro-Admin.
William Bradford
2
Federalist
4th
Federalist
Re-elected in 1797.Retired.
3
5th
Oct 1797 –Nov 13, 1797
Vacant
Elected in 1797 to finish Bradford's term.
Nov 13, 1797 –Mar 5, 1801
Federalist
Ray Greene
3
6th
3
Re-elected in 1798.Resigned.
7th
Mar 5, 1801 –May 6, 1801
Vacant
Elected in 1801 to finish Greene's term.Lost re-election.
May 6, 1801 –Mar 3, 1805
Democratic-Republican
Christopher Ellery
4
2
Samuel J. Potter
Democratic-Republican
Mar 4, 1803 –Oct 14, 1804
Elected in 1802.Died.
4
8th
Vacant
Oct 14, 1804 –Oct 29, 1804
3
Benjamin Howland
Democratic-Republican
Oct 29, 1804 –Mar 3, 1809
Elected in 1804 to finish Potter's term.Retired.
9th
4
Elected in 1804.Resigned.
Mar 4, 1805 –Sep 1807
Democratic-Republican
James Fenner
5
10th
Sep 1807 –Oct 26, 1807
Vacant
Elected to finish Fenner's term.
Oct 26, 1807 –Mar 3, 1811
Democratic-Republican
Elisha Mathewson
6
4
Francis Malbone
Federalist
Mar 4, 1809 –Jun 4, 1809
Elected in 1808.Died.
5
11th
Vacant
Jun 4, 1809 –Jun 26, 1809
5
Christopher G. Champlin
Federalist
Jun 26, 1809 –Oct 12, 1811
Elected in 1809 to finish Malbone's term.Resigned.
12th
5
Elected in 1810.Retired.
Mar 4, 1811 –Mar 3, 1817
Democratic-Republican
Jeremiah B. Howell
7
Vacant
Oct 12, 1811 –Oct 28, 1811
6
William Hunter
Federalist
Oct 28, 1811 –Mar 3, 1821
Elected in 1811 to finish Malbone's term.
13th
Re-elected in 1814.
6
14th
15th
6
Elected in 1816.Died.
Mar 4, 1817 –Dec 25, 1820
Federalist
James Burrill Jr.
8
16th
Dec 25, 1820 –Jan 9, 1821
Vacant
Elected in 1821 to finish Burrill's term.
Jan 9, 1821 –Mar 3, 1841
Democratic-Republican
Nehemiah R. Knight
9
7
James DeWolf
Democratic-Republican
Mar 4, 1821 –Oct 31, 1825
Election date unknown.Resigned.
7
17th
18th
7
Re-elected in 1823.
NationalRepublican
19th
NationalRepublican
8
Asher Robbins
NationalRepublican
Oct 31, 1825 –Mar 3, 1839
Elected in 1825 to finish DeWolf's term.
Re-elected in 1827.
8
20th
21st
8
Re-elected in 1829.
22nd
Re-elected in 1833.
9
23rd
24th
9
Re-elected in 1835.
Whig
25th
Whig
9
Nathan F. Dixon I
Whig
Mar 4, 1839 –Jan 29, 1842
Election date unknown.Died.
10
26th
27th
10
Elected in 1841.Lost re-election.
Mar 4, 1841 –Mar 3, 1847
Whig
James F. Simmons
10
Vacant
Jan 29, 1842 –Feb 18, 1842
10
William Sprague III
Whig
Feb 18, 1842 –Jan 17, 1844
Elected in 1842 to finish Dixon's term.Resigned.
28th
Vacant
Jan 17, 1844 –Jan 25, 1844
11
John Brown Francis
Law and Order
Jan 25, 1844 –Mar 3, 1845
Elected in 1844 to finish Sprague's term.Retired.
12
Albert C. Greene
Whig
Mar 4, 1845 –Mar 3, 1851
Election date unknown.Retired.
11
29th
30th
11
Election date unknown.
Mar 4, 1847 –Mar 3, 1853
Whig
John Hopkins Clarke
11
31st
13
Charles T. James
Democratic
Mar 4, 1851 –Mar 3, 1857
Election date unknown.Retired.
12
32nd
33rd
12
Mar 4, 1853 –Jul 20, 1853
Vacant
Elected late.Retired.
Jul 20, 1853 –Mar 3, 1859
Democratic
Philip Allen
12
34th
14
James F. Simmons
Republican
Mar 4, 1857 –Aug 15, 1862
Elected in 1856.Resigned.
13
35th
36th
13
Elected in 1858.
Mar 4, 1859 –Sep 2, 1884
Republican
Henry B. Anthony
13
37th
Vacant
Aug 15, 1862 –Dec 1, 1862
15
Samuel G. Arnold
Republican
Dec 1, 1862 –Mar 3, 1863
Elected in 1862 to finish Simmons's term.
16
William Sprague IV
Republican
Mar 4, 1863 –Mar 3, 1875
Elected in 1862.
14
38th
39th
14
Re-elected in 1864.
40th
Re-elected in 1868.Retired.
15
41st
42nd
15
Re-elected in 1870.
43rd
17
Ambrose Burnside
Republican
Mar 4, 1875 –Sep 13, 1881
Elected in 1874.
16
44th
45th
16
Re-elected in 1876.
46th
Re-elected in 1880.Died.
17
47th
Vacant
Sep 13, 1881 –Oct 5, 1881
18
Nelson W. Aldrich
Republican
Oct 5, 1881 –Mar 3, 1911
Elected in 1881 to finish Burnside's term.
48th
17
Re-elected in 1882.Died.
Sep 2, 1884 –Nov 19, 1884
Vacant
Appointed to continue Anthony's term.
Nov 19, 1884 –Jan 20, 1885
Republican
William P. Sheffield
14
Elected in 1885 to finish Anthony's term.
Jan 20, 1885 –Apr 9, 1889
Republican
Jonathan Chace
15
49th
Re-elected in 1886.
18
50th
51st
18
Re-elected in 1888.Resigned.
Elected in 1889 to finish Chace's term.Retired.
Apr 10, 1889 –Mar 3, 1895
Republican
Nathan F. Dixon III
16
52nd
Re-elected in 1892.
19
53rd
54th
19
Elected in 1894.
Mar 4, 1895 –Mar 3, 1907
Republican
George P. Wetmore
17
55th
Re-elected in 1898.
20
56th
57th
20
Re-elected in 1900.
58th
Re-elected Jan 18, 1905.Retired.
21
59th
60th
21
Legislature failed to elect.
Mar 4, 1907 –Jan 22, 1908
Vacant
Elected in 1908 to finish the vacant term.Retired.
Jan 22, 1908–Mar 3, 1913
Republican
George P. Wetmore
61st
19
Henry F. Lippitt
Republican
Mar 4, 1911 –Mar 3, 1917
Elected in 1910.Lost re-election.
22
62nd
63rd
22
Elected in 1913.
Mar 4, 1913 –Aug 18, 1924
Republican
LeBaron Bradford Colt
18
64th
20
Peter G. Gerry
Democratic
Mar 4, 1917 –Mar 3, 1929
Elected in 1916.
23
65th
66th
23
Re-elected in 1918.Died.
67th
Re-elected in 1922.Lost re-election.
24
68th
Aug 18, 1924 –Nov 4, 1924
Vacant
Elected in 1924 to finish Colt's term.
Nov 4, 1924 –Jan 3, 1937
Republican
Jesse H. Metcalf
19
69th
24
Elected in 1924.
70th
21
Felix Hebert
Republican
Mar 4, 1929 –Jan 3, 1935
Elected in 1928.Lost re-election.
25
71st
72nd
25
Re-elected in 1930Lost re-election.
73rd
22
Peter G. Gerry
Democratic
Jan 3, 1935 –Jan 3, 1947
Elected in 1934.
26
74th
75th
26
Elected in 1936.
Jan 3, 1937 –Jan 3, 1961
Democratic
Theodore F. Green
20
76th
Re-elected in 1940.Retired.
27
77th
78th
27
Re-elected in 1942.
79th
23
J. Howard McGrath
Democratic
Jan 3, 1947 –Aug 23, 1949
Elected in 1946.Resigned to become U.S. Attorney General.
28
80th
81st
28
Re-elected in 1948.
24
Edward L. Leahy
Democratic
Aug 24, 1949 –Dec 10, 1950
Appointed to continue McGrath's term.Retired.
Vacant
Dec 10, 1950 –Dec 19, 1950
25
John Pastore
Democratic
Dec 19, 1950 –Dec 28, 1976
Elected in 1950 to finish McGrath's term.
82nd
Re-elected in 1952.
29
83rd
84th
29
Re-elected in 1954.Retired.
85th
Re-elected in 1958.
30
86th
87th
30
Elected in 1960.
Jan 3, 1961 –Jan 3, 1997
Democratic
Claiborne Pell
21
88th
Re-elected in 1964.
31
89th
90th
31
Re-elected in 1966.
91st
Re-elected in 1970.Retired and resigned earlyto give successor preferential seniority.
32
92nd
93rd
32
Re-elected in 1972.
94th
26
John Chafee
Republican
Dec 29, 1976 –Oct 24, 1999
Appointed to finish Pastore's term, having been elected to the next term.
Elected in 1976.
33
95th
96th
33
Re-elected in 1978.
97th
Re-elected in 1982.
34
98th
99th
34
Re-elected in 1984.
100th
Re-elected in 1988.
35
101st
102nd
35
Re-elected in 1990.Retired.
103rd
Re-elected in 1994.Announced retirement, then died.
36
104th
105th
36
Elected in 1996.
Jan 3, 1997 –present
Democratic
Jack Reed
22
106th
Vacant
Oct 24, 1999 –Nov 2, 1999
27
Lincoln Chafee
Republican
Nov 2, 1999 –Jan 3, 2007
Appointed to finish his father's term.
Elected in 2000 to a full term.Lost re-election.
37
107th
108th
37
Re-elected in 2002.
109th
28
Sheldon Whitehouse
Democratic
Jan 3, 2007 –present
Elected in 2006.
38
110th
111th
38
Re-elected in 2008.
112th
Re-elected in 2012.
39
113th
114th
39
Re-elected in 2014.
115th
Re-elected in 2018.
40
116th
117th
40
Re-elected in 2020.
118th
To be determined in the 2024 election.
41
119th
120th
41
To be determined in the 2026 election.
#
Senator
Party
Years in office
Electoral history
T
C
T
Electoral history
Years in office
Party
Senator
#
Class 1
Class 2
See also
Rhode Island portalUnited States portalPolitics portal
List of United States representatives from Rhode Island
United States congressional delegations from Rhode Island
Elections in Rhode Island
References
^ "Rhode Island 1808 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 18, 2018., citing United States' Gazette (Philadelphia, PA). Jan 14, 1809.
^ The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1906. New York: The Press Publishing Co. New York World. 1905.
External links
Congressional Biographical Directory
vteUnited States senators from Rhode IslandClass 1
Foster
Potter
Howland
Malbone
Champlin
Hunter
DeWolf
Robbins
Dixon I
Sprague III
Francis
A. Greene
James
Simmons
Arnold
Sprague IV
Burnside
Aldrich
Lippitt
Gerry
Hebert
Gerry
McGrath
Leahy
Pastore
J. Chafee
L. Chafee
Whitehouse
Class 2
Stanton
Bradford
R. Greene
Ellery
Fenner
Mathewson
Howell
Burrill
Knight
Simmons
Clarke
Allen
Anthony
Sheffield
Chace
Dixon III
Wetmore
Colt
Metcalf
Green
Pell
Reed
vteLists of United States congressional delegationsStates
Alabama
H
S
Alaska
H
S
Arizona
H
S
Arkansas
H
S
California
H
S
Colorado
H
S
Connecticut
H
S
Delaware
H
S
Florida
H
S
Georgia
H
S
Hawaii
H
S
Idaho
H
S
Illinois
H
S
Indiana
H
S
Iowa
H
S
Kansas
H
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Kentucky
H
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Louisiana
H
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Maine
H
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Maryland
H
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Massachusetts
H
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Michigan
H
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Minnesota
H
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Mississippi
H
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Missouri
H
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Montana
H
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Nebraska
H
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Nevada
H
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New Hampshire
H
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New Jersey
H
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New Mexico
H
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New York
H
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North Carolina
H
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North Dakota
H
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Ohio
H
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Oklahoma
H
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Oregon
H
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Pennsylvania
H
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Rhode Island
H
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South Carolina
H
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South Dakota
H
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Tennessee
H
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Texas
H
S
Utah
H
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Vermont
H
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Virginia
H
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Washington
H
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West Virginia
H
S
Wisconsin
H
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Wyoming
H
S
Others
American Samoa
District of Columbia
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Proposed (Cherokee)
Obsolete
Dakota Territory
Northwest Territory
Orleans Territory
Philippines
Southwest Territory
Lists of former House members
List of former senators
vteRhode Island's current delegation to the United States CongressSenators
▌Jack Reed (D)
▌Sheldon Whitehouse (D)
Representatives (ordered by district)
▌Gabe Amo (D)
▌Seth Magaziner (D) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senator_Jack_Reed_official_photo_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jack Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheldon_Whitehouse,_official_portrait,_116th_congress_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Whitehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"U.S. senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"class 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"class 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"Jack Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Whitehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse"},{"link_name":"Claiborne Pell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell"}],"text":"Current delegationJack Reed (D)Sheldon Whitehouse (D)Rhode Island ratified the United States Constitution on May 29, 1790 and elects its U.S. senators to class 1 and class 2. The state's current U.S. senators are Democrats Jack Reed (since 1997) and Sheldon Whitehouse (since 2007). Claiborne Pell was Rhode Island's longest-serving senator (1961–1997).","title":"List of United States senators from Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of senators"}] | [] | [{"title":"Rhode Island portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rhode_Island"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Rhode_Island"},{"title":"United States congressional delegations from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Rhode_Island"},{"title":"Elections in Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Rhode_Island"}] | [{"reference":"\"Rhode Island 1808 U.S. Senate\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:ri.ussenator.1808","url_text":"\"Rhode Island 1808 U.S. Senate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1906. New York: The Press Publishing Co. New York World. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldalmanacand00unkngoog","url_text":"The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_World","url_text":"New York World"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:ri.ussenator.1808","external_links_name":"\"Rhode Island 1808 U.S. Senate\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/worldalmanacand00unkngoog","external_links_name":"The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1906"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100423082228/http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp","external_links_name":"Congressional Biographical Directory"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Award_for_Best_R%26B/Soul_Female_Artist | Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female Artist | ["1 Winners and nominees","1.1 2000s","1.2 2010s","1.3 2020s","2 See also","3 References"] | Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female ArtistCountryUnited StatesPresented byBETFirst awarded2009Currently held bySZAMost awardsBeyoncé (4)
This page lists the winners and nominees for the Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female Artist, which was first given in 2009. Beyoncé holds the record of most wins in this category, with four.
Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.
2000s
Year
Artist
Ref
2009
Beyoncé
Whitney Houston
Jennifer Hudson
Ledisi
Chrisette Michele
2010s
Year
Artist
Ref
2010
Alicia Keys
Erykah Badu
Mary J. Blige
Fantasia
Monica
2011
Jill Scott
Marsha Ambrosius
Beyoncé
Mary J. Blige
Jennifer Hudson
Kelly Rowland
2012
Beyoncé
Mary J. Blige
Keyshia Cole
Estelle
Fantasia
2013
Tamar Braxton
Fantasia
Alicia Keys
Chrisette Michele
Janelle Monáe
Kelly Rowland
2014
Beyoncé
Jhené Aiko
Marsha Ambrosius
Jennifer Hudson
Ledisi
Janelle Monáe
2015
Jill Scott
Beyoncé
Tamar Braxton
Janet Jackson
Janelle Monáe
2016
Beyoncé
Fantasia
Alicia Keys
Rihanna
Jill Scott
2017
SZA
Lalah Hathaway
Ledisi
Mary J. Blige
Solange
Kehlani
2018
Ella Mai
Mariah Carey
Beyoncé
H.E.R.
SZA
2019
H.E.R.
Ari Lennox
Beyoncé
Lizzo
Mary J. Blige
Summer Walker
2020s
Year
Artist
Ref
2020
H.E.R.
Beyoncé
Alicia Keys
Jhené Aiko
Brandy
Summer Walker
2021
Jazmine Sullivan
Alicia Keys
Doja Cat
H.E.R.
Jhené Aiko
SZA
2022
Jazmine Sullivan
Ari Lennox
Beyoncé
H.E.R.
Lizzo
Mary J. Blige
SZA
Tems
2023
SZA
Ari Lennox
Beyoncé
Coco Jones
H.E.R.
Janelle Monáe
Summer Walker
Victoria Monét
See also
List of music awards honoring women
References
^ "2009 Soul Train Music Awards". Awards and Winners. Retrieved 2016-07-12.
^ soultrain awards
^ Soul Train Awards 2011|Nominees & Winners.BET Entertainment
^ Moraski, Lauren (2012-11-26). "Soul Train Awards 2012 honor New Edition, Beyoncé". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
^ "Soul Train Awards 2013, Hosted by Anthony Anderson". BET. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
^ "Centric Announces 'Soul Train Awards 2014' Nominees Including Beyoncé & Pharrell". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. October 13, 2014. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
^ "2015 Soul Train Awards Nominees Include The Weeknd, Bruno Mars, Beyoncé & More". The Boombox. October 16, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
^ "Erykah Badu Returns to Host the 2016 Soul Train Music Awards as Drake, Beyoncé Lead Nominations". Billboard. October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
^ "Solange, Bruno Mars Lead 2017 Soul Train Awards Nominations". Billboard. October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
^ "Soul Train Awards 2020 Winners".
^ "Soul Train Awards 2020 Winners".
^ Grein, Paul. "H.E.R. & Chris Brown Lead 2020 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Here's the Complete List". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
^ "H.E.R. Is Top Nominee at 2021 Soul Train Awards; Maxwell & Ashanti to Receive Special Awards: Exclusive". Billboard. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
^ "Beyoncé & Mary J. Blige Lead Soul Train Awards 2022 Nominations: Full List". Billboard. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
^ "SZA, Usher & Summer Walker Lead 2023 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Full List". Billboard. November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
vteSoul Train Music AwardsCategories
Album of the Year
Song of the Year
Video of the Year
The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award
New Artist
R&B/Soul Male Artist
R&B/Soul Female Artist
Soul Train Certified Award
Rhythm & Bars Award
Gospel/Inspirational Song
Dance Performance
Collaboration
Discontinued
R&B/Soul Album – Female
R&B/Soul Album – Male
R&B/Soul Album – Group, Band or Duo
R&B/Soul of Rap Dance Cut
R&B/Soul Single – Female
R&B/Soul Single – Male
R&B/Soul Single – Group, Band or Duo
Rap Single
Gospel Album – Solo
Gospel Album – Group or Band
Jazz Album – Solo
Jazz Album – Group, Band or Duo
Gospel Album
Jazz Album
Rap Album
Special awards
Quincy Jones Award
Heritage Award
Sammy Davis Jr. Award
Artist of the Decade Award
Stevie Wonder Award
Awards ceremonies
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soul Train Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"}],"text":"This page lists the winners and nominees for the Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female Artist, which was first given in 2009. Beyoncé holds the record of most wins in this category, with four.","title":"Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female Artist"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000s","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010s","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020s","title":"Winners and nominees"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of music awards honoring women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_awards_honoring_women"}] | [{"reference":"\"2009 Soul Train Music Awards\". Awards and Winners. Retrieved 2016-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://awardsandwinners.com/category/soul-train-music-awards/2009/","url_text":"\"2009 Soul Train Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Moraski, Lauren (2012-11-26). \"Soul Train Awards 2012 honor New Edition, Beyoncé\". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-207_162-57554043/soul-train-awards-2012-honor-new-edition-beyonce/","url_text":"\"Soul Train Awards 2012 honor New Edition, Beyoncé\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"\"Soul Train Awards 2013, Hosted by Anthony Anderson\". BET. Retrieved October 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bet.com/shows/soul-train-awards/2013.html","url_text":"\"Soul Train Awards 2013, Hosted by Anthony Anderson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Centric Announces 'Soul Train Awards 2014' Nominees Including Beyoncé & Pharrell\". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. October 13, 2014. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016153335/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/13/centric-announces-soul-train-awards-2014-nominees-including-beyonce-pharrelll/313758/","url_text":"\"Centric Announces 'Soul Train Awards 2014' Nominees Including Beyoncé & Pharrell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Media_Services","url_text":"Tribune Media Services"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/13/centric-announces-soul-train-awards-2014-nominees-including-beyonce-pharrelll/313758/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Soul Train Awards Nominees Include The Weeknd, Bruno Mars, Beyoncé & More\". The Boombox. October 16, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://theboombox.com/2015-soul-train-awards-nominees-the-weeknd-bruno-mars-beyonce/","url_text":"\"2015 Soul Train Awards Nominees Include The Weeknd, Bruno Mars, Beyoncé & More\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erykah Badu Returns to Host the 2016 Soul Train Music Awards as Drake, Beyoncé Lead Nominations\". Billboard. October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7541060/erykah-badu-2016-soul-train-music-awards-host","url_text":"\"Erykah Badu Returns to Host the 2016 Soul Train Music Awards as Drake, Beyoncé Lead Nominations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solange, Bruno Mars Lead 2017 Soul Train Awards Nominations\". Billboard. October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8005601/soul-train-awards-2017-nominees-solange-bruno-mars-bet","url_text":"\"Solange, Bruno Mars Lead 2017 Soul Train Awards Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Soul Train Awards 2020 Winners\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bet.com/shows/soul-train-awards/nominees.html","url_text":"\"Soul Train Awards 2020 Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soul Train Awards 2020 Winners\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bet.com/shows/soul-train-awards/nominees.html","url_text":"\"Soul Train Awards 2020 Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Grein, Paul. \"H.E.R. & Chris Brown Lead 2020 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Here's the Complete List\". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/9481713/2020-soul-train-awards-nominations","url_text":"\"H.E.R. & Chris Brown Lead 2020 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Here's the Complete List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"H.E.R. Is Top Nominee at 2021 Soul Train Awards; Maxwell & Ashanti to Receive Special Awards: Exclusive\". Billboard. Retrieved November 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/9654359/her-2021-soul-train-awards-nominees","url_text":"\"H.E.R. Is Top Nominee at 2021 Soul Train Awards; Maxwell & Ashanti to Receive Special Awards: Exclusive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Beyoncé & Mary J. Blige Lead Soul Train Awards 2022 Nominations: Full List\". Billboard. Retrieved October 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/soul-train-awards-2022-nominations-list-1235158345/","url_text":"\"Beyoncé & Mary J. Blige Lead Soul Train Awards 2022 Nominations: Full List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"SZA, Usher & Summer Walker Lead 2023 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Full List\". Billboard. November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-soul-train-awards-nominations-list-sza-usher-summer-walker-1235459621/","url_text":"\"SZA, Usher & Summer Walker Lead 2023 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Full List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://awardsandwinners.com/category/soul-train-music-awards/2009/","external_links_name":"\"2009 Soul Train Music Awards\""},{"Link":"http://soultrain.com/2010/11/29/2010-soul-train-awards-winners/","external_links_name":"soultrain awards"},{"Link":"http://www.bet.com/shows/soul-train-awards/2011/nominees.html","external_links_name":"Soul Train Awards 2011|Nominees & Winners"},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-207_162-57554043/soul-train-awards-2012-honor-new-edition-beyonce/","external_links_name":"\"Soul Train Awards 2012 honor New Edition, Beyoncé\""},{"Link":"http://www.bet.com/shows/soul-train-awards/2013.html","external_links_name":"\"Soul Train Awards 2013, Hosted by Anthony Anderson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016153335/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/13/centric-announces-soul-train-awards-2014-nominees-including-beyonce-pharrelll/313758/","external_links_name":"\"Centric Announces 'Soul Train Awards 2014' Nominees Including Beyoncé & Pharrell\""},{"Link":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/13/centric-announces-soul-train-awards-2014-nominees-including-beyonce-pharrelll/313758/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://theboombox.com/2015-soul-train-awards-nominees-the-weeknd-bruno-mars-beyonce/","external_links_name":"\"2015 Soul Train Awards Nominees Include The Weeknd, Bruno Mars, Beyoncé & More\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7541060/erykah-badu-2016-soul-train-music-awards-host","external_links_name":"\"Erykah Badu Returns to Host the 2016 Soul Train Music Awards as Drake, Beyoncé Lead Nominations\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8005601/soul-train-awards-2017-nominees-solange-bruno-mars-bet","external_links_name":"\"Solange, Bruno Mars Lead 2017 Soul Train Awards Nominations\""},{"Link":"https://www.bet.com/shows/soul-train-awards/nominees.html","external_links_name":"\"Soul Train Awards 2020 Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.bet.com/shows/soul-train-awards/nominees.html","external_links_name":"\"Soul Train Awards 2020 Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/9481713/2020-soul-train-awards-nominations","external_links_name":"\"H.E.R. & Chris Brown Lead 2020 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Here's the Complete List\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/9654359/her-2021-soul-train-awards-nominees","external_links_name":"\"H.E.R. Is Top Nominee at 2021 Soul Train Awards; Maxwell & Ashanti to Receive Special Awards: Exclusive\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/soul-train-awards-2022-nominations-list-1235158345/","external_links_name":"\"Beyoncé & Mary J. Blige Lead Soul Train Awards 2022 Nominations: Full List\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-soul-train-awards-nominations-list-sza-usher-summer-walker-1235459621/","external_links_name":"\"SZA, Usher & Summer Walker Lead 2023 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Full List\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwam%C3%A9 | Kwamé | ["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 Discography (as artist)","3.1 Albums","3.2 Singles","4 References","5 External links"] | American rapper
For Australian rapper, see Kwame (Australian rapper).
For other uses, see Kwame (disambiguation).
KwaméHolland at a panel on hip hop and comics at the 2014 New York Comic ConBackground informationBirth nameKwaméAlso known asK-1 MillionK1 MilBorn (1973-03-28) 28 March 1973 (age 51)East Elmhurst, New York, United StatesGenresHip hopR&BpopOccupation(s)
Rapper
singer
songwriter
record producer
Years active1987–1995, 2001–presentLabelsWrapAtlanticMusical artist
Kwamé Holland (born 28 March 1973) is an American rapper and record producer from Queens, New York. Starting as a rapper in the late 1980s, he later saw success as a producer.
Biography
In 1989, aged 16, Kwamé released his debut album, Kwamé the Boy Genius: Featuring a New Beginning, which he produced with Hurby "Luv Bug" Azor. The title refers to his backing band, which was unusual for emcees at the time. The music videos featured a polka-dot motif in the costumes and production design. This became Kwamé's trademark and a hip hop fashion fad, as his fans began wearing it. In 1990, Kwamé released his second album A Day in the Life: a Pokadelick Adventure, a concept album about a day in the life of a high school student. The album spawned singles "Oneovdabigboiz" and "Ownlee Eue.", the latter of which was part of the new jack swing genre.
In 1992, at the age 18, he released his third album, Nastee. This album was a departure for him, discarding the polka-dots and writing more sexually charged lyrics, in contrast to his previously playful, intellectual persona. The title track was a minor hit, but the album quickly fell from the chart. His fourth album, 1994's Incognito, failed to chart.
In 2000, Kwamé reemerged as a record producer, sometimes working under the name K-1 Million. He produced for artists such as LL Cool J, Mary J. Blige, Keyshia Cole, Missy Elliott, and Christina Aguilera. In 2004, he co-produced (with Eminem) Lloyd Banks' hit song "On Fire." The single has been certified Gold by the RIAA. In 2005, he co-wrote and co-produced Tweet's single "Turn da Lights Off and Will Smith's single "Switch". As a producer, Kwamé has sold over 30 million records.
In 2012, Kwamé teamed up with Vin Diesel to help score his web series The Ropes. He also formed the boutique label Make Noise, and released an instrumental album, Break Beat Diaries.
Kwamé has also written scores and music for film and TV, including Drumline, Step Up 1 & 2, Freedom Writers, Coach Carter, and Fantastic Four and recently produced Vivian Green's fifth album Vivid. He has joined the hip hop group the Alumni, alongside Chubb Rock, Dana Dane, Special Ed, and Monie Love.
In 2015, Kwamé formed Make Noise Recordings. Distributed by Caroline / Capitol records, Kwamé signed R&B singer Vivian Green and released her fifth album, Vivid. Also garnered a top 2 R&B hit "Get Right Back To My Baby" & top 15 R&B Hit "Grown Folks Music (Work)" .
In 2016, TV One aired an episode of Unsung featuring Kwamé, in which he scored all the music for his episode.
In 2017, Make Noise released Vivian Green's sixth album VGVI reaching No. 38 on the Billboard R&B albums chart. The single "I Don't Know" reached the top 10 on the Billboard adult R&B chart. In 2018, Make Noise released "Vibes", the second single from VGVI. This reached No. 12 on the Adult R&B chart.
Personal life
Kwamé is a cousin of Vin Diesel, who danced in some of his early music videos.
Discography (as artist)
Albums
Kwamé the Boy Genius: Featuring a New Beginning (1989)
A Day in the Life: A Pokadelick Adventure (1990)
Nastee (1992)
Incognito (1994, Ichiban Records)
Break Beat Diaries (Instrumental Album) (2012, MAKE NOISE Recordings)
Singles
Year
Title
Chart positions
Album
US Hot R&B
US Hot Rap
1989
"The Man We All Know and Love"
33
2
Kwamé the Boy Genius featuring A New Beginning
"The Rhythm"
—
7
"Sweet Thang"
—
20
1990
"Ownleeeue"
33
3
A Day in the Life: A Pokadelick Adventure
"Oneovdabigboiz"
40
3
1991
"Hai Love"
94
17
1992
"Nastee"
68
16
Nastee
"Can U Feel It"
—
—
1994
"? It Like"
—
20
Incognito
References
^ a b c Colin Larkin, ed. (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Dance Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 191. ISBN 0-7535-0252-6.
^ a b c d e Hall, Rashaun (2004-10-07). "Lloyd Banks, Eminem Help Kwame Set The Polka Dots 'On Fire'". MTV.com. Archived from the original on 2005-02-05. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
^ The Fly Guy (2007-07-20). "Express Yourself: The Genius Of Kwamé". AllHipHop. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
^ "Nastee - Kwamé & A New Beginning". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
^ a b Paine (2004-07-07). "Kwame: Nobody's Laughing". AllHipHop.com. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
^ "In Tha Background: Kwame - Once dissed by Biggie... But Now?". HipHopDX.com. 2002-09-06. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012.
External links
Media related to Kwame Holland at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases: Artists
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He produced for artists such as LL Cool J, Mary J. Blige, Keyshia Cole, Missy Elliott, and Christina Aguilera. In 2004, he co-produced (with Eminem) Lloyd Banks' hit song \"On Fire.\"[2] The single has been certified Gold by the RIAA. In 2005, he co-wrote and co-produced Tweet's single \"Turn da Lights Off and Will Smith's single \"Switch\".[2] As a producer, Kwamé has sold over 30 million records.In 2012, Kwamé teamed up with Vin Diesel to help score his web series The Ropes. He also formed the boutique label Make Noise, and released an instrumental album, Break Beat Diaries.Kwamé has also written scores and music for film and TV, including Drumline, Step Up 1 & 2, Freedom Writers, Coach Carter, and Fantastic Four and recently produced Vivian Green's fifth album Vivid. He has joined the hip hop group the Alumni, alongside Chubb Rock, Dana Dane, Special Ed, and Monie Love.In 2015, Kwamé formed Make Noise Recordings. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Bin_Shakaran | Ibrahim Bin Shakaran | ["1 Association with Mana Shaman Allabardi Al Tabi","1.1 Formerly secret Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment","2 Moroccan arrest","3 Defense Intelligence Agency claims he \"returned to terrorism\"","4 Death","5 References"] | Moroccan Guantanamo Bay detainee (1979–2014)
Ibrahim Bin ShakaranBorn (1979-08-04) August 4, 1979 (age 44)Casablanca, MoroccoDiedApril 2, 2014SyriaCitizenshipMoroccoDetained at GuantanamoOther name(s) Brahim BenchekrounISN587Charge(s)No charge, extrajudicial detentionStatusDied in fighting
Ibrahim Bin Shakaran (August 4, 1979 – April 2, 2014) was a citizen of Morocco who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States's Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba.
His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 587.
Ibrahim Bin Shakaran was repatriated to Moroccan custody on July 31, 2004, on the eve of the first
Combatant Status Review Tribunals.
The three other men were Mohammed Ibrahim Awzar, Mohammed Mizouz, and Radwan al Shakouri.
The four were all charged by Moroccan authorities; then released on bail.
The BBC reports a fifth man, Abdellah Tabarak was repatriated with the four others.
He was reported to have led an anti-Assad group, in Syria, named Sham al Islam, which was staffed mainly by fellow Moroccans. He was reported to have died, fighting in Syria, in 2014.
Association with Mana Shaman Allabardi Al Tabi
The Summary of Evidence memo prepared for Mana Shaman Allabardi Al Tabi's
first annual Administrative Review Board,
on July 18, 2005, stated:
One of the individuals the detainee was arrested with was named Ibrahim Bin Shakaran.
Ibrahim Bin Shakran trained at the al Farouk training camp and fought on the Taliban front lines.
Formerly secret Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment
On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts.
His 2-page Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment was drafted on December 13, 2003. It was signed by camp commandant Major General Geoffrey D. Miller. He recommended continued detention.
Moroccan arrest
According to Fox News
"Brahim Benchekroun" and Mohammed Mazouz, and fifteen other Moroccans who were not former Guantanamo captives, were rounded up on November 11, 2005.
Defense Intelligence Agency claims he "returned to terrorism"
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Former GTMO Detainee Terrorism Trends
The Defense Intelligence Agency asserted Ibrahim Bin Shakaran had "returned to terrorism".
The DIA reported:
that in September 2007 he was convicted in a Moroccan court for recruiting fighters for Al Qaida in Iraq in 2005;
that he was working to create an al Qaida in the Lands of the Maghreb;
that he was coordinating "sleeper cells" to go for training and return to Morocco.
Death
Bin Shakaran, under the transliteration of his name "Brahim Benchekroun", was killed in Syria in 2014. He was killed by Syrian Army sniper in a rebel offensive.
References
^
OARDEC. "List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2006.
Works related to List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006 at Wikisource
^
OARDEC (October 9, 2008). "Consolidated chronological listing of GTMO detainees released, transferred or deceased" (PDF). Department of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
^
"Guantanamo sends Moroccans home". BBC. August 2, 2004. Archived from the original on May 29, 2011.
^
Bill Roggio (April 4, 2014). "Former Guantanamo detainee killed while leading jihadist group in Syria". Long War Journal. Retrieved February 28, 2017. Bin Shakaran, who is also known as Abu Ahmad al Maghribi, Abu Ahmad al Muhajir, and Brahim Benchekroune, was "martyred, Insha'Allah, in battles for Hilltop # 45 in Latakia," according to Kavkaz Center, a propaganda arm of the Islamic Caucasus Emirate.
^ Bill Roggio "Former Guantanamo detainee killed while leading jihadist group in Syria" Long War Journal April 4, 2014. "Bin Shakaran, who is also known as Abu Ahmad al Maghribi, Abu Ahmad al Muhajir, and Brahim Benchekroune, was "martyred, Insha'Allah, in battles for Hilltop # 45 in Latakia," according to Kavkaz Center, a propaganda arm of the Islamic Caucasus Emirate."
^
OARDEC (July 18, 2005). "Unclassified Summary of Evidence for Administrative Review Board in the case of Al Tabi, Mana Shaman Allabardi" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. pp. 55–56. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
^
Christopher Hope; Robert Winnett; Holly Watt; Heidi Blake (April 27, 2011). "WikiLeaks: Guantanamo Bay terrorist secrets revealed -- Guantanamo Bay has been used to incarcerate dozens of terrorists who have admitted plotting terrifying attacks against the West – while imprisoning more than 150 totally innocent people, top-secret files disclose". The Telegraph (UK). Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012. The Daily Telegraph, along with other newspapers including The Washington Post, today exposes America's own analysis of almost ten years of controversial interrogations on the world's most dangerous terrorists. This newspaper has been shown thousands of pages of top-secret files obtained by the WikiLeaks website.
^
"WikiLeaks: The Guantánamo files database". The Telegraph (UK). April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
^ "Ibrahim Bin Shakaran - Guantanamo Bay detainee file on Ibrahim Bin Shakaran, US9MO-000587DP, passed to the Telegraph by Wikileaks". -The Telegraph. April 27, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
^
"Morocco Dismantles Terror Network, Arrests 17". Fox News. November 20, 2005. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
^
"Fact Sheet: Former GTMO Detainee Terrorism Trends" (PDF). Defense Intelligence Agency. June 13, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2008. According to testimony presented at the trial, Bin Shakaran had already recruited other jihadists when Moroccan authorities broke up the plot in November 2005. Bin Shakaran received a 10-year sentence for his role in the plot, while Mizouz received a two-year sentence.
^
Ilhem Rachidi (April 11, 2017). "Return of the radicals: The fate awaiting Moroccan militants". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017. Benchekroun - who was killed in Syria in 2014 - was accused of fighting in Afghanistan following his arrest in 2002 in Pakistan and imprisoned in Bagram, Kandahar, then Guantanamo in 2004, from where he was transferred to Morocco. He was released in 2005, only to be arrested again months later accused of recruiting combatants for Iraq.
^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "The Latakia Front: An Interview on the Rebel Side". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
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The Report | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"extrajudicial detention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_detention"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay detention camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoDList2-1"},{"link_name":"Internment Serial Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_Serial_Number"},{"link_name":"Combatant Status Review Tribunals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConsolidatedReleaseList-2"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Ibrahim Awzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Ibrahim_Awzar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Mizouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Mizouz"},{"link_name":"Radwan al Shakouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radwan_al_Shakouri"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Abdellah Tabarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdellah_Tabarak"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bbc2005-08-02-3"},{"link_name":"Sham al Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sham_al_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lwj2014-04-04-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ibrahim Bin Shakaran (August 4, 1979 – April 2, 2014) was a citizen of Morocco who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States's Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba.[1]\nHis Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 587.Ibrahim Bin Shakaran was repatriated to Moroccan custody on July 31, 2004, on the eve of the first\nCombatant Status Review Tribunals.[2]\nThe three other men were Mohammed Ibrahim Awzar, Mohammed Mizouz, and Radwan al Shakouri.\nThe four were all charged by Moroccan authorities; then released on bail. \nThe BBC reports a fifth man, Abdellah Tabarak was repatriated with the four others.[3]He was reported to have led an anti-Assad group, in Syria, named Sham al Islam, which was staffed mainly by fellow Moroccans.[4] He was reported to have died, fighting in Syria, in 2014.[5]","title":"Ibrahim Bin Shakaran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Summary of Evidence memo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_of_Evidence_(ARB)"},{"link_name":"Mana Shaman Allabardi Al Tabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_Shaman_Allabardi_Al_Tabi"},{"link_name":"Administrative Review Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Review_Board"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArbSummaryOfEvidenceManaShamanAllabardiAlTabi-6"},{"link_name":"al Farouk training camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Farouk_training_camp"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"}],"text":"The Summary of Evidence memo prepared for Mana Shaman Allabardi Al Tabi's\nfirst annual Administrative Review Board, \non July 18, 2005, stated:[6]One of the individuals the detainee was arrested with was named Ibrahim Bin Shakaran.\nIbrahim Bin Shakran trained at the al Farouk training camp and fought on the Taliban front lines.","title":"Association with Mana Shaman Allabardi Al Tabi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WikiLeaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks"},{"link_name":"Joint Task Force Guantanamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_Guantanamo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegraphWikiLeaksRevealed2011-04-25-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTelegraphDabDatabase-8"},{"link_name":"Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Task_Force_Guantanamo_assessment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTelegraphDabIsn587-9"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey D. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_D._Miller"}],"sub_title":"Formerly secret Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment","text":"On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts.[7][8]\nHis 2-page Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment was drafted on December 13, 2003.[9] It was signed by camp commandant Major General Geoffrey D. Miller. He recommended continued detention.","title":"Association with Mana Shaman Allabardi Al Tabi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Mazouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Mazouz"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox20051120-10"}],"text":"According to Fox News \n\"Brahim Benchekroun\" and Mohammed Mazouz, and fifteen other Moroccans who were not former Guantanamo captives, were rounded up on November 11, 2005.[10]","title":"Moroccan arrest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Former GTMO Detainee Terrorism Trends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Former_GTMO_Detainee_Terrorism_Trends"},{"link_name":"Defense Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dia20080613-11"},{"link_name":"Al Qaida in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaida_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"al Qaida in the Lands of the Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaida_in_the_Lands_of_the_Maghreb"},{"link_name":"sleeper cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_cell"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nFormer GTMO Detainee Terrorism TrendsThe Defense Intelligence Agency asserted Ibrahim Bin Shakaran had \"returned to terrorism\".[11]\nThe DIA reported:that in September 2007 he was convicted in a Moroccan court for recruiting fighters for Al Qaida in Iraq in 2005;\nthat he was working to create an al Qaida in the Lands of the Maghreb;\nthat he was coordinating \"sleeper cells\" to go for training and return to Morocco.","title":"Defense Intelligence Agency claims he \"returned to terrorism\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MiddleEastEye2017-04-11-12"},{"link_name":"offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Bin Shakaran, under the transliteration of his name \"Brahim Benchekroun\", was killed in Syria in 2014.[12] He was killed by Syrian Army sniper in a rebel offensive.[13]","title":"Death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"OARDEC. \"List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006\" (PDF). 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The Telegraph (UK). Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012. The Daily Telegraph, along with other newspapers including The Washington Post, today exposes America's own analysis of almost ten years of controversial interrogations on the world's most dangerous terrorists. 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According to testimony presented at the trial, Bin Shakaran had already recruited other jihadists when Moroccan authorities broke up the plot in November 2005. Bin Shakaran received a 10-year sentence for his role in the plot, while Mizouz received a two-year sentence.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100228235613/http://www.defense.gov/news/d20080613Returntothefightfactsheet.pdf","url_text":"\"Fact Sheet: Former GTMO Detainee Terrorism Trends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency","url_text":"Defense Intelligence Agency"},{"url":"http://www.defense.gov/news/d20080613Returntothefightfactsheet.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ilhem Rachidi (April 11, 2017). \"Return of the radicals: The fate awaiting Moroccan militants\". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017. Benchekroun - who was killed in Syria in 2014 - was accused of fighting in Afghanistan following his arrest in 2002 in Pakistan and imprisoned in Bagram, Kandahar, then Guantanamo in 2004, from where he was transferred to Morocco. He was released in 2005, only to be arrested again months later accused of recruiting combatants for Iraq.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/returning-radicals-morocco-791399407","url_text":"\"Return of the radicals: The fate awaiting Moroccan militants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Eye","url_text":"Middle East Eye"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20170411121125/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/returning-radicals-morocco-791399407","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. \"The Latakia Front: An Interview on the Rebel Side\". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napuc_Chi | Napuc Chi | ["1 Notes","2 References","3 External links"] | Napuc Chi (died ca. 1541), often known by his title Ah Kin Chi (where Ah Kin, or in modern orthography Aj K'in is a title meaning "priest" or "sacerdote") was a Yucatec Maya noble from Maní. Other names used in source texts for this individual include Chi Ah Kin and Kinchil Coba. He was general-in-chief of the army of Tutul-Xiu, king of Maní, and won a good military reputation during the war against the Spaniards, whom he defeated in several battles. When Tutul Xiu submitted to the Spanish conquerors, he sent envoys to all the caciques in Yucatan, to invite them to make peace also; and for this purpose Ah Kin Chi and other noblemen were directed to visit King Cocóm at Zotuta, and this chief received them with apparent regard, entertaining them with a splendid hunting party and banquet, at the end of which all the envoys were beheaded by order and in presence of Cocóm. Ah Kin Chi was the only one spared, in order to make him suffer what they considered the most ignominious punishment, that of cutting his eyes out and scalping him. In this condition he was taken to the Mani frontier and left there until some Indians took him before his king. He died a few months afterward. In 1599 the king of Spain gave a pension of $200 to Gaspar Antonio Chi, son of Ah Kin Chi and grandson of Tutul Xiu.
Notes
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References
Blom, Frans (April–June 1928). "Gaspar Antonio Chi, Interpreter". American Anthropologist. 30 (2). Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association and affiliated societies: 250–262. doi:10.1525/aa.1928.30.2.02a00050. ISSN 0002-7294. OCLC 481268139. Archived from the original (article summary at Public Anthropology) on 2008-05-16.
Hanks, William F. (2000). Intertexts: writings on language, utterance, and context (Google Books). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 235–236. ISBN 0-8476-8740-6. OCLC 41580402.
Restall, Matthew (1998). Maya Conquistador (1st ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-5506-9. OCLC 38746810.
External links
"Chi-Ah-Kin" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
This article related to indigenous Mesoamerican culture is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Napuc Chi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Blom, Frans (April–June 1928). \"Gaspar Antonio Chi, Interpreter\". American Anthropologist. 30 (2). Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association and affiliated societies: 250–262. doi:10.1525/aa.1928.30.2.02a00050. ISSN 0002-7294. OCLC 481268139. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betong_Airport | Betong Airport | ["1 History","1.1 Construction","1.2 Inauguration and operations","1.3 Future","2 Airlines and destinations","3 Features","3.1 Infrastructure","3.2 Architecture","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Airport in southern Thailand
Betong International Airportท่าอากาศยานเบตงIATA: BTZICAO: VTSYSummaryAirport typePublicOwner/OperatorDepartment of AirportsServesBetongLocationYarom, Betong, Yala, ThailandOpened14 March 2022; 2 years ago (2022-03-14)Elevation AMSL765 ft / 233 mCoordinates5°47′10.637″N 101°08′51.082″E / 5.78628806°N 101.14752278°E / 5.78628806; 101.14752278Websiteminisite.airports.go.th/betongMapRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
07/25
5,906
1,800
Concrete
Betong International Airport (IATA: BTZ, ICAO: VTSY) is in Yarom subdistrict, Betong district, Yala province in southern Thailand. The airport is 12 km (7.5 mi) east of Betong, 85 km (53 mi) southeast from Yala city and 20 km (12 mi) via the Malaysian border. The airport covers an area of 1.47 million sq.m. (15,800,000 sq.ft.)
History
Construction
In 2015, the Department of Airports gave a proposal to the Government of Thailand for an airport in Yala province. The airport will help to boost tourism, revenue, employment and spur the overall socio-economic development of the region. It will also generate more than three billion baht for the district's economy. So, the Government approved the proposal in 2016 and started the construction in December 2017. The airport was expected to be completed by mid-2021 but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused lack of labour and restrictions, it resulted in a delay for another year, and the completion date was pushed to 2022. The airport was completed in January 2022 and began operations from March 2022.
Inauguration and operations
Betong Airport received its first passenger operations on 29 January 2022. A chartered flight operated by Nok Air from Bangkok’s Don Mueang International Airport.
In March 2022, Nok Air opened the bookings for the Bangkok-Betong route. The first scheduled flight to the airport was launched on 14 March 2022 and it was attended by the Prime Minister of Thailand, Prayut Chan-o-cha for the airport's inauguration ceremony. However, the future bookings for route was cancelled two days later by the airline, citing the low passenger demand for the destination.
Despite the then-ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the operations to Betong was relaunched by the carrier on 29 April 2022, following the cooperation between Nok Air, Tourism Authority of Thailand and tour operators on developing travel packages to the area. Additionally, Nok Air also planned to attract Malaysian tourist to use the route due to the accessible location of the airport near the Malaysian border. Direct flights to Betong was conducted in two phases — the first between 29 April to 29 July 2022 and the second phase was continued on 31 July to 28 October 2022. The Bangkok Don Mueang-Betong route was operated by a 86-seater Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.
Following the conclusion of the second phase on 28 October, Nok Air decided not to renew the route due to the high operational cost to Betong. Despite achieving about 90% passenger load factor, the airline was encountered with financial obstacle and losses for the route, especially due to the high aviation fuel expenditure.
Future
A proposal has been bought to the Ministry of Transport to introduce a flight between Hat Yai International Airport to Betong after the end of the Bangkok-Betong flights on 28 October. The Tourism Association in Betong has been in discussion with Bangkok Airways on the strong possibility to link the two areas in southern Thailand.
Airlines and destinations
There are currently no scheduled flights to Betong.
Features
Infrastructure
The airport is built at a cost of 1.9 billion baht and covers an area of 1.47 million sq. m. It consists of a 7,000 sq.m. passenger terminal, capable of handling over 300 passengers at peak hours and over 300,000 passengers per year, an apron area for parking of four ATR-72 and Airbus A319 type aircraft, an Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower, a 1,800 m runway along with a taxiway connecting the western side of it among other ancillary facilities. The runway will be expanded to 2,100 m for handling Airbus A320 and Boeing 737 type aircraft. It is connected with the help of provincial highway 4032, which acts as a bypass for the town. It leads to Highway 410 which leads to Yala and Malaysia. In the future, the airport will be upgraded to handle international traffic, which will increase the airport's capacity to serve over one million passengers per year.
Architecture
As the town's name derived from the Malay word Betong — a species of Giant Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper), also known as Phai Tong in the Thai language. Strong elements of the flora is being extensively incorporated in the airport, being inspired from the name and the local bamboo forest. The airport sourced natural bamboos for both its exterior and interior architecture. The yellow colour scheme is being designed to replicate the matured bamboo foliage.
The mountainous landscape of Betong is also visible in its architecture, with marble floorings symbolizes the native terrain surrounding the town.
Gallery
See also
List of airports in Thailand
Notes
References
^ Mariano, Kristin (2022-03-17). "Thai PM launches Betong's new international airport". Travel Daily. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
^ "Betong Airport New Airport Profile | CAPA". centreforaviation.com. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
^ Mariano, Kristin (2022-03-17). "Thai PM launches Betong's new international airport". Travel Daily. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
^ "Thailand's Betong Airport set to open for commercial flights on March 14". The Star. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
^ "Newly opened Betong airport spurs high hopes for tourism". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
^ "Prayut hails new Betong Airport as door to development in Thailand's deep South". The Star. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ "Bangkok Airways in talks over Betong-Hat Yai route". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ "Nok Air asks for time to promote routes to new Betong airport after cancelling flights". The Thaiger. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ "Nok Air asks for time to promote routes to new Betong airport after cancelling flights". The Thaiger. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ "Nok Air to cease Yala's Betong flights by end of October". Pattaya Mail. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ "Nok Air to cease Yala's Betong flights by end of October". Pattaya Mail. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ "Bangkok Airways in talks over Betong-Hat Yai route". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ Nanuam, Wassana (7 December 2022). "Betong airport runway will be extended, says army chief". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
^ "Betong Airport New Airport Profile | CAPA". centreforaviation.com. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
^ "Betong airport to reflect local flora". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2022-12-13.
External links
Portals: Asia Thailand Aviation
vteAirports in ThailandInternational
Suvarnabhumi (BKK)
Don Mueang (DMK)
U-Tapao (UTP)
Phuket (HKT)
Chiang Mai (CNX)
Chiang Rai (CEI)
Hat Yai (HDY)
Krabi (KBV)
Samui (USM)
Surat Thani (URT)
Udon Thani (UTH)
Domestic
Buriram (BFV)
Chumphon (CJM)
Hua Hin (HHQ)
Khon Kaen (KKC)
Lampang (LPT)
Loei (LOE)
Mae Hong Son (HGN)
Mae Sot (MAQ)
Nakhon Phanom (KOP)
Nakhon Si Thammarat (NST)
Nan (NNT)
Narathiwat (NAW)
Phitsanulok (PHS)
Ranong (UNN)
Roi Et (ROI)
Sakhon Nakhon (SNO)
Sukhothai (THS)
Trang (TST)
Trat (TDX)
Ubon Ratchathani (UBP)
Unscheduled
Betong (BTZ)
Nakhon Ratchasima (NAK)
Pai (PYY)
Pattani (PAN)
Phetchabun (PHY)
Phrae (PRH)
Tak (TKT)
Surin (PXR)
Closed
Old Chiang Rai
Planned
Nakhon Pathom
Phang Nga–Andaman
New Chiang Mai
Bueng Kan
Kalasin
Mukdahan
Phatthalung
Phayao
Satun
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A chartered flight operated by Nok Air from Bangkok’s Don Mueang International Airport.[6]In March 2022, Nok Air opened the bookings for the Bangkok-Betong route. The first scheduled flight to the airport was launched on 14 March 2022 and it was attended by the Prime Minister of Thailand, Prayut Chan-o-cha for the airport's inauguration ceremony.[7] However, the future bookings for route was cancelled two days later by the airline, citing the low passenger demand for the destination.[8]Despite the then-ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the operations to Betong was relaunched by the carrier on 29 April 2022, following the cooperation between Nok Air, Tourism Authority of Thailand and tour operators on developing travel packages to the area. Additionally, Nok Air also planned to attract Malaysian tourist to use the route due to the accessible location of the airport near the Malaysian border.[9] Direct flights to Betong was conducted in two phases — the first between 29 April to 29 July 2022 and the second phase was continued on 31 July to 28 October 2022.[10] The Bangkok Don Mueang-Betong route was operated by a 86-seater Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.Following the conclusion of the second phase on 28 October, Nok Air decided not to renew the route due to the high operational cost to Betong. Despite achieving about 90% passenger load factor, the airline was encountered with financial obstacle and losses for the route, especially due to the high aviation fuel expenditure.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Thailand)"},{"link_name":"Hat Yai International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_Yai_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bangkok Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Airways"},{"link_name":"southern Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Future","text":"A proposal has been bought to the Ministry of Transport to introduce a flight between Hat Yai International Airport to Betong after the end of the Bangkok-Betong flights on 28 October. The Tourism Association in Betong has been in discussion with Bangkok Airways on the strong possibility to link the two areas in southern Thailand.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are currently no scheduled flights to Betong.","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Baht"},{"link_name":"ATR-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATR-72"},{"link_name":"Airbus A319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A319"},{"link_name":"Air Traffic Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Traffic_Control"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Infrastructure","text":"The airport is built at a cost of 1.9 billion baht and covers an area of 1.47 million sq. m. It consists of a 7,000 sq.m. passenger terminal, capable of handling over 300 passengers at peak hours and over 300,000 passengers per year, an apron area for parking of four ATR-72 and Airbus A319 type aircraft, an Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower, a 1,800 m runway along with a taxiway connecting the western side of it among other ancillary facilities. The runway will be expanded to 2,100 m for handling Airbus A320 and Boeing 737 type aircraft.[13] It is connected with the help of provincial highway 4032, which acts as a bypass for the town. It leads to Highway 410 which leads to Yala and Malaysia.[14] In the future, the airport will be upgraded to handle international traffic, which will increase the airport's capacity to serve over one million passengers per year.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Giant Bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrocalamus_asper"},{"link_name":"Thai language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"foliage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Architecture","text":"As the town's name derived from the Malay word Betong — a species of Giant Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper), also known as Phai Tong in the Thai language. Strong elements of the flora is being extensively incorporated in the airport, being inspired from the name and the local bamboo forest. The airport sourced natural bamboos for both its exterior and interior architecture. The yellow colour scheme is being designed to replicate the matured bamboo foliage.The mountainous landscape of Betong is also visible in its architecture, with marble floorings symbolizes the native terrain surrounding the town.[15]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of airports in Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Thailand"}] | [{"reference":"Mariano, Kristin (2022-03-17). \"Thai PM launches Betong's new international airport\". Travel Daily. Retrieved 2022-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.traveldailymedia.com/thai-pm-launches-betongs-new-international-airport/","url_text":"\"Thai PM launches Betong's new international airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Betong Airport New Airport Profile | CAPA\". centreforaviation.com. Retrieved 2022-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/betong-airport","url_text":"\"Betong Airport New Airport Profile | CAPA\""}]},{"reference":"Mariano, Kristin (2022-03-17). \"Thai PM launches Betong's new international airport\". Travel Daily. Retrieved 2022-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.traveldailymedia.com/thai-pm-launches-betongs-new-international-airport/","url_text":"\"Thai PM launches Betong's new international airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thailand's Betong Airport set to open for commercial flights on March 14\". The Star. Retrieved 2022-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2022/03/07/thailand039s-betong-airport-set-to-open-for-commercial-flights-on-march-14","url_text":"\"Thailand's Betong Airport set to open for commercial flights on March 14\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newly opened Betong airport spurs high hopes for tourism\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2022-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2278619/newly-opened-betong-airport-spurs-high-hopes-for-tourism","url_text":"\"Newly opened Betong airport spurs high hopes for tourism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prayut hails new Betong Airport as door to development in Thailand's deep South\". The Star. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2022/01/31/prayut-hails-new-betong-airport-as-door-to-development-in-thailand039s-deep-south","url_text":"\"Prayut hails new Betong Airport as door to development in Thailand's deep South\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangkok Airways in talks over Betong-Hat Yai route\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2427765/bangkok-airways-in-talks-over-betong-hat-yai-route","url_text":"\"Bangkok Airways in talks over Betong-Hat Yai route\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nok Air asks for time to promote routes to new Betong airport after cancelling flights\". The Thaiger. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://thethaiger.com/hot-news/transport/nok-air-asks-for-time-to-promote-routes-to-new-betong-airport-after-cancelling-flights","url_text":"\"Nok Air asks for time to promote routes to new Betong airport after cancelling flights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nok Air asks for time to promote routes to new Betong airport after cancelling flights\". The Thaiger. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://thethaiger.com/hot-news/transport/nok-air-asks-for-time-to-promote-routes-to-new-betong-airport-after-cancelling-flights","url_text":"\"Nok Air asks for time to promote routes to new Betong airport after cancelling flights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nok Air to cease Yala's Betong flights by end of October\". Pattaya Mail. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pattayamail.com/thailandnews/nok-air-to-cease-yalas-betong-flights-by-end-of-october-410766","url_text":"\"Nok Air to cease Yala's Betong flights by end of October\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nok Air to cease Yala's Betong flights by end of October\". Pattaya Mail. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pattayamail.com/thailandnews/nok-air-to-cease-yalas-betong-flights-by-end-of-october-410766","url_text":"\"Nok Air to cease Yala's Betong flights by end of October\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangkok Airways in talks over Betong-Hat Yai route\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2427765/bangkok-airways-in-talks-over-betong-hat-yai-route","url_text":"\"Bangkok Airways in talks over Betong-Hat Yai route\""}]},{"reference":"Nanuam, Wassana (7 December 2022). \"Betong airport runway will be extended, says army chief\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 5 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1707590/betong-airport-runway-will-be-extended-says-army-chief","url_text":"\"Betong airport runway will be extended, says army chief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Betong Airport New Airport Profile | CAPA\". centreforaviation.com. Retrieved 2022-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/betong-airport","url_text":"\"Betong Airport New Airport Profile | CAPA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Betong airport to reflect local flora\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2022-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1672504/betong-airport-to-reflect-local-flora","url_text":"\"Betong airport to reflect local flora\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betong_Airport¶ms=5_47_10.637_N_101_08_51.082_E_type:airport","external_links_name":"5°47′10.637″N 101°08′51.082″E / 5.78628806°N 101.14752278°E / 5.78628806; 101.14752278"},{"Link":"http://minisite.airports.go.th/betong","external_links_name":"minisite.airports.go.th/betong"},{"Link":"https://www.traveldailymedia.com/thai-pm-launches-betongs-new-international-airport/","external_links_name":"\"Thai PM launches Betong's new international airport\""},{"Link":"https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/betong-airport","external_links_name":"\"Betong Airport New Airport Profile | CAPA\""},{"Link":"https://www.traveldailymedia.com/thai-pm-launches-betongs-new-international-airport/","external_links_name":"\"Thai PM launches Betong's new international airport\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2022/03/07/thailand039s-betong-airport-set-to-open-for-commercial-flights-on-march-14","external_links_name":"\"Thailand's Betong Airport set to open for commercial flights on March 14\""},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2278619/newly-opened-betong-airport-spurs-high-hopes-for-tourism","external_links_name":"\"Newly opened Betong airport spurs high hopes for tourism\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2022/01/31/prayut-hails-new-betong-airport-as-door-to-development-in-thailand039s-deep-south","external_links_name":"\"Prayut hails new Betong Airport as door to development in Thailand's deep South\""},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2427765/bangkok-airways-in-talks-over-betong-hat-yai-route","external_links_name":"\"Bangkok Airways in talks over Betong-Hat Yai route\""},{"Link":"https://thethaiger.com/hot-news/transport/nok-air-asks-for-time-to-promote-routes-to-new-betong-airport-after-cancelling-flights","external_links_name":"\"Nok Air asks for time to promote routes to new Betong airport after cancelling flights\""},{"Link":"https://thethaiger.com/hot-news/transport/nok-air-asks-for-time-to-promote-routes-to-new-betong-airport-after-cancelling-flights","external_links_name":"\"Nok Air asks for time to promote routes to new Betong airport after cancelling flights\""},{"Link":"https://www.pattayamail.com/thailandnews/nok-air-to-cease-yalas-betong-flights-by-end-of-october-410766","external_links_name":"\"Nok Air to cease Yala's Betong flights by end of October\""},{"Link":"https://www.pattayamail.com/thailandnews/nok-air-to-cease-yalas-betong-flights-by-end-of-october-410766","external_links_name":"\"Nok Air to cease Yala's Betong flights by end of October\""},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2427765/bangkok-airways-in-talks-over-betong-hat-yai-route","external_links_name":"\"Bangkok Airways in talks over Betong-Hat Yai route\""},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1707590/betong-airport-runway-will-be-extended-says-army-chief","external_links_name":"\"Betong airport runway will be extended, says army chief\""},{"Link":"https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/betong-airport","external_links_name":"\"Betong Airport New Airport Profile | CAPA\""},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1672504/betong-airport-to-reflect-local-flora","external_links_name":"\"Betong airport to reflect local flora\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwritten_biometric_recognition | Handwritten biometric recognition | ["1 Static and dynamic recognition","2 Difference from OCR","3 References"] | Process of identifying the author of a given text from the handwriting style
Not to be confused with Optical character recognition.Example of handwritting of a sequence of digits. Its dynamic information is shown on the right. It is interesting to enphasize that movements in the air are also acquired by the digitizing tablet. These movements can be identified because pressure is equal to zero.
Example of dynamic information of handwritting.Handwritten biometric recognition is the process of identifying the author of a given text from the handwriting style. Handwritten biometric recognition belongs to behavioural biometric systems because it is based on something that the user has learned to do.
Static and dynamic recognition
Handwritten biometrics can be split into two main categories:
Static: In this mode, users writes on paper, digitize it through an optical scanner or a camera, and the biometric system recognizes the text analyzing its shape. This group is also known as "off-line".
Dynamic: In this mode, users writes in a digitizing tablet, which acquires the text in real time. Another possibility is the acquisition by means of stylus-operated PDAs. Dynamic recognition is also known as "on-line". Dynamic information for handwriting movement analysis usually consists of the following information:
spatial coordinate x(t)
spatial coordinate y(t)
pressure p(t)
azimuth az(t)
inclination in(t)
Better accuracies are achieved by means of dynamic systems. Some technological approaches exist.
Difference from OCR
Handwritten biometric recognition should not be confused with optical character recognition (OCR). While the goal of handwritten biometrics is to identify the author of a given text, the goal of an OCR is to recognize the content of the text, regardless of its author.
References
^ Chapran, J. (2006). "Biometric Writer Identification: Feature Analysis and Classification". International Journal of Pattern Recognition & Artificial Intelligence. 20 (4): 483–503. doi:10.1142/S0218001406004831.
^ Schomaker, L. (2007). "Advances in Writer Identification and Verification". Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. ICDAR: 1268–1273. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
^ Said, H. E. S.; TN Tan; KD Baker (2000). "Personal identification based on handwriting". Pattern Recognition. 33 (2000): 149–160. Bibcode:2000PatRe..33..149S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.408.9131. doi:10.1016/S0031-3203(99)00006-0.
^ Schlapbach, A.; M Liwicki; H Bunke (2008). "A writer identification system for on-line whiteboard data". Pattern Recognition. 41 (7): 2381–2397. Bibcode:2008PatRe..41.2381S. doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2008.01.006.
^ Sesa-Nogueras, Enric; Marcos Faundez-Zanuy (2012). "Biometric recognition using online uppercase handwritten text". Pattern Recognition. 45 (1): 128–144. Bibcode:2012PatRe..45..128S. doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2011.06.002.
This computer security article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vtevteBiometrics
Biometric passports
Biometric points
Biometrics in schools
Biometric tokenization
Biometric voter registration
Eye vein verification
Face recognition
Forensic podiatry
Gait analysis
Hand geometry
Handwritten biometric recognition
Iris recognition
Keystroke dynamics
Mouse tracking
Private biometrics
Retinal scan
Signature recognition
Speaker recognition
Soft biometrics
Vein matching | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Optical character recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Numeros_dinamicos.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Info_numeros.jpg"},{"link_name":"handwriting style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwriting"},{"link_name":"biometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometric"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Optical character recognition.Example of handwritting of a sequence of digits. Its dynamic information is shown on the right. It is interesting to enphasize that movements in the air are also acquired by the digitizing tablet. These movements can be identified because pressure is equal to zero.Example of dynamic information of handwritting.Handwritten biometric recognition is the process of identifying the author of a given text from the handwriting style. 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This group is also known as \"off-line\".Dynamic: In this mode, users writes in a digitizing tablet, which acquires the text in real time. Another possibility is the acquisition by means of stylus-operated PDAs. Dynamic recognition is also known as \"on-line\". Dynamic information for handwriting movement analysis usually consists of the following information:spatial coordinate x(t)\nspatial coordinate y(t)\npressure p(t)\nazimuth az(t)\ninclination in(t)Better accuracies are achieved by means of dynamic systems. Some technological approaches exist.[1][2][3][4][5]","title":"Static and dynamic recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"optical character recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition"}],"text":"Handwritten biometric recognition should not be confused with optical character recognition (OCR). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmelina_bigoti | Emmelina bigoti | ["1 References"] | Species of plume moth
Emmelina bigoti
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Pterophoridae
Genus:
Emmelina
Species:
E. bigoti
Binomial name
Emmelina bigotiGibeaux, 1990
Emmelina bigoti is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Kenya.
References
^ Afro Moths
Taxon identifiersEmmelina bigoti
Wikidata: Q5373416
Wikispecies: Emmelina bigoti
AfroMoths: EMMEBIGO
CoL: 39H3Z
EoL: 922189
GBIF: 1859038
IRMNG: 10687720
LepIndex: 585
This article on a moth of tribe Oidaematophorini is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Pterophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterophoridae"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"}],"text":"Emmelina bigoti is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Kenya.","title":"Emmelina bigoti"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.afromoths.net/species_by_code/EMMEBIGO","external_links_name":"Afro Moths"},{"Link":"http://www.afromoths.net/species_by_code/EMMEBIGO","external_links_name":"EMMEBIGO"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/39H3Z","external_links_name":"39H3Z"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/922189","external_links_name":"922189"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1859038","external_links_name":"1859038"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10687720","external_links_name":"10687720"},{"Link":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=585","external_links_name":"585"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmelina_bigoti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birtamod_Municipality | Birtamod Municipality | ["1 History","2 Transportation","2.1 Major cities nearby","3 Demography","3.1 Caste And Ethnic groups","3.2 Languages","4 Climate","5 Industry and agriculture","6 Business","7 Culture","8 Education","9 Incidents","10 Images","11 Footnotes"] | Coordinates: 26°38′N 87°59′E / 26.633°N 87.983°E / 26.633; 87.983Municipality of Jhapa district, Nepal
Municipality in NepalBirtamod Municipality
बिर्तामोडMunicipalityNickname: BTMBirtamod MunicipalityLocation of Birtamod in Koshi ProvinceShow map of Koshi ProvinceBirtamod MunicipalityBirtamod Municipality (Nepal)Show map of NepalCoordinates: 26°38′N 87°59′E / 26.633°N 87.983°E / 26.633; 87.983Country NepalProvinceKoshiDistrictJhapaGovernment • MayorPabitra Devi Mahatara (CPN-UML) • Deputy MayorNagendra Prasad Sangroula (CPN-UML)Area • Total78.24 km2 (30.21 sq mi)Elevation300 m (1,000 ft)Population (2019) • Total146,795 • Density1,900/km2 (4,900/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+05:45 (NST)Postal code57204Area code023Websitewww.birtamodmun.gov.np
A view of Mukti Chowk in Birtamod, Jhapa
Birtamod (Nepali: बिर्तामोड नगरपालिका) is a municipality in Jhapa District of Nepal. It is the commercial, educational and transport hub of Jhapa District. Sarnamati Bazar, Dhulabari Bazar, Dhaijan Bazar, Charali Bazar, Shivasatakshi Bazar, Kamatoli Bazar, Chakchaki Bazar and Surunga Bazar are some of the nearest local towns/settlements connected to Birtamod. It is one of the fastest growing cities in Nepal and one of the largest cities of Jhapa.
History
The town was under the Anarmani Village Development Committee and was transformed into a municipality in May 2014. It merged with Charpane VDC and then merged with Garamani VDC in 2017.
Birtamod was originally part of a great forest. Due to the presence of mosquitoes and the threat of malaria, very few people lived there. Later, the forests were cleared off for cultivating the fertile lands. Slowly, people of the hills started to migrate to Birtamod. These people were accompanied by the Nepalese who returned home from the Indian territories of Assam and West Bengal. The ethnic communities, Rajbanshi, Dhimal, etc. are the indigenous people of Birtamod and Jhapa as a whole. Birtamod started to rise when the East West Highway passed through it. Being at the physical center of the district, it started to rise as a center for commercial activities. Birtamod took a greater rise at the time of the Maoist insurgency when trade and banking of the whole Jhapa district became concentrated in Birtamod.
Transportation
Birtamod is connected to all parts of the country by a central highway, the Mahendra Highway which runs throughout the length of the country from east to west. Chandragadhi (Bhadrapur) Airport is located in Bhadrapur (about 12 km from Birtamod) and serves 5 to 6 daily flights to and from Kathmandu. Buddha Air, Yeti Airlines, Shree Airlines and Saurya Airlines are some of the airlines that have daily flights to and from Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. There are various means of transportation in Birtamod but the major means of transportation is via local bus.
Major cities nearby
Damak
Mechinagar
Surunga
Bhadrapur
Arjundhara
Charali
Demography
Religion in Birtamod (2011)
Religion
Percent
Hinduism
83%
Kiratism
6%
Buddhism
4%
Islam
4%
Others
3%
Caste And Ethnic groups
Caste and Ethnic groups in Birtamod
Hill Brahman (28%) Chhetri (13%) Rajbanshi (10%) Limbu (6%) Rai (4%) muslim (4%) others (35%)
Languages
language in Birtamod
Nepali (58%) Rajbansi (10%) Maithili (6%) Limbu (4%) Others (22%)
Climate
The climate of Birtamod is hot and humid during summer, and mild and dry during winter. During the summer, temperatures can reach 38 degree Celsius, and the low in winter is about 2 degrees Celsius. Rainfall is abundant during the monsoon season (June–September). There is little or no rainfall during winter, which makes it ideal for harvesting crops such as rice, wheat and mustard.
Climate data for Birtamod
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
21.9(71.4)
24.6(76.3)
29.3(84.7)
31.5(88.7)
30.6(87.1)
29.8(85.6)
29.3(84.7)
29.7(85.5)
29.2(84.6)
28.4(83.1)
26.2(79.2)
23.3(73.9)
27.8(82.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)
15.9(60.6)
18.6(65.5)
29.3(84.7)
26(79)
26.5(79.7)
26.7(80.1)
26.6(79.9)
26.8(80.2)
26.1(79.0)
23.9(75.0)
20.5(68.9)
17.2(63.0)
23.7(74.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
21.9(71.4)
24.6(76.3)
29.3(84.7)
31.5(88.7)
30.6(87.1)
29.8(85.6)
29.3(84.7)
29.7(85.5)
29.2(84.6)
28.4(83.1)
26.2(79.2)
23.3(73.9)
27.8(82.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
15(0.6)
20(0.8)
27(1.1)
71(2.8)
202(8.0)
494(19.4)
790(31.1)
605(23.8)
388(15.3)
96(3.8)
11(0.4)
7(0.3)
2,726(107.4)
Source:
Industry and agriculture
Because of the fertile soil, the land around Birtamod is well suited for agriculture. Rice, wheat, mustard and tea are some of the crops that are grown seasonally. Rice and Wheat is cultivated during the monsoon season when there is abundant rainfall, and harvested during the dry winter months. Several large tea estates and processing factories are located just east of Birtamod. Giri Bandhu Tea Estate (गिरी बन्धु चिया बगान), New Giri Bandhu and Sons Tea Estate, and Buttabari Tea Processing are the major ones. Apart from agriculture the industrial trends are growing. Various cement factories are present to fulfill local requirement of cements at small scale production capacity.
The revolution of information technology in Nepal has effects in Birtamod. The establishment of an IT industry in Birtamod take more effective in Human Resource in Birtamod for outsourcing business.
Bitamod has a shopping mall called Hanuman Central.
Lot of new ecommerce delivery companies are now delivering products to local residents too along with supporting local retailers. Most prominent are pathibhara online shopping and sanohaat.com.
Business
Birtamod got its business identity as trading hub with the passage of Mahendra Highway and Mechi Highway. Production of hills started being collected and distributed from Birtamod. In the similar fashion, imported products started being sent to hills via Birtamod. Shorty, after being a trading hub, manufacturing activities started at about Birtamod. Alongside, started the rise of service sectors. One can get almost everything at retail and wholesale market of Birtamod that is imported into Nepal. Major products manufactured about Birtamod are: Steel, Cement, Ply, Concrete blocks, Plastic Pipes, Tea, Bricks, alike. Major services available at Birtamod are: School and College Education, Accounting, Business Consultation, Audit, Banking, Transportation, etc.
Culture
The culture of Birtamod is a mix of cultures of various ethnicities, but these two festival seasons are the most important, partly because of 68% of Nepal's population being Hindu and 18% of the population being Buddhist.
Lhosar:(ल्होसार) This festival is celebrated three times once a year. The various combination of Buddhism community such as major community of Tamang celebrate Sonam Lhosar in Marga, Sherpa Community celebrate Gyalpo Lhosar in Falgun as well as Gurung Community celebrate Tamu Lhosar in Poush.
Dashain: (दशै) Dashain is celebrated by the Hindu's and is an exciting time for families to get together and meet relatives and each other. This festival lasts for 15 days. Celebrations and shopping are common during this time and so are religious ceremonies.
Tihar and Dipawali: (तिहार) Tihar lasts five days, including a day called Laksmi Puja which coincides with Dipawali. Dipawali is a Hindu festival of lights and colors. People light up their house with little lamps called diya, generally fueled with mustard oil, and burst firecrackers all night long during the five days of Tihar.
Education
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2023)
Manakamana Multiple College
Incidents
March 22, 2006: Nine policemen and three Maoist rebels were killed during a clash at Birtamod police station and traffic office. A group of Maoists, loaded in three trucks attacked the office at around 7:00 am. In the attack, 20 policemen and two civilians were injured. The injured civilians were under detention and were being held in police custody when the attack took place. Most of the injured policemen were airlifted to Kathmandu for immediate medical treatment because the local hospitals where not able to handle severe trauma victims. Several Maoist rebels were also killed and injured when the truck carrying the rebels overturned during retreat.
October 27, 2017: Locals started a rebellion against the government for not investigating a child's unknown death a week prior. The police were forced to control the rebellion using weapons and gas. Three of the rebels were killed on the spot and six others including some policeman were fatally injured. The injured were treated in a local hospital. Locals in rage struck the whole eastern part of Nepal for three days. The debate was settled by a discussion between government officials and the victims.
Images
Footnotes
^ 72 new municipalities announced Archived June 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine My Republica
^ Govt announces 72 new municipalities Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine The Kathmandu Post
^ "NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality". NepalMap. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
^ "NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality". NepalMap. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
^ "NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality". NepalMap. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
^ "Birtamod climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Birtamod weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
^ "Nepalnews.com - 9 policemen, three rebels killed in Birtamode clash (March 22, 2006)". Archived from the original on November 15, 2006. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
vteMunicipalities of Koshi ProvinceMetropolitan cities
Biratnagar
Sub-metropolitan cities
Itahari
Dharan
Largest municipalities(by population)
Mechinagar
Sundar Haraicha
Birtamod
Damak
Triyuga
Baraha
Arjundhara
Belbari
Inaruwa
Shivasatakshi
Pathari Shanischare
Urlabari
Bhadrapur
Duhabi
Ramdhuni
Ratuwamai
Gauradaha
Largest Rural municipalities(by population)
Kamal
Buddha Shanti
Budi Ganga
Harinagara
Bhokraha
Koshi
Katahari
Jahada
Dhanpalthan
Kanepokhari
Kachankawal
Gadhi
Jhapa
Dewangunj
Barhadashi
Barju
Gramthan
Gaurigunj
Kerabari
Miklajung | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muktinath_Chowk,_Birtamod.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Jhapa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhapa_District"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Jhapa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhapa_District"},{"link_name":"Bazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bazaar#Noun"},{"link_name":"Surunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surunga"}],"text":"Municipality of Jhapa district, NepalMunicipality in NepalA view of Mukti Chowk in Birtamod, JhapaBirtamod (Nepali: बिर्तामोड नगरपालिका) is a municipality in Jhapa District of Nepal. It is the commercial, educational and transport hub of Jhapa District. Sarnamati Bazar, Dhulabari Bazar, Dhaijan Bazar, Charali Bazar, Shivasatakshi Bazar, Kamatoli Bazar, Chakchaki Bazar and Surunga Bazar are some of the nearest local towns/settlements connected to Birtamod. It is one of the fastest growing cities in Nepal and one of the largest cities of Jhapa.","title":"Birtamod Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anarmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarmani"},{"link_name":"Charpane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charpane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"East West Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendra_Highway"},{"link_name":"Maoist insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist_insurgency"}],"text":"The town was under the Anarmani Village Development Committee and was transformed into a municipality in May 2014. It merged with Charpane VDC and then merged with Garamani VDC in 2017.[1][2]Birtamod was originally part of a great forest. Due to the presence of mosquitoes and the threat of malaria, very few people lived there. Later, the forests were cleared off for cultivating the fertile lands. Slowly, people of the hills started to migrate to Birtamod. These people were accompanied by the Nepalese who returned home from the Indian territories of Assam and West Bengal. The ethnic communities, Rajbanshi, Dhimal, etc. are the indigenous people of Birtamod and Jhapa as a whole. Birtamod started to rise when the East West Highway passed through it. Being at the physical center of the district, it started to rise as a center for commercial activities. Birtamod took a greater rise at the time of the Maoist insurgency when trade and banking of the whole Jhapa district became concentrated in Birtamod.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahendra Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendra_Highway"},{"link_name":"Chandragadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragadhi"},{"link_name":"Bhadrapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrapur,_Mechi"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"Buddha Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Air"},{"link_name":"Yeti Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Shree Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shree_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Saurya Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurya_Airlines"}],"text":"Birtamod is connected to all parts of the country by a central highway, the Mahendra Highway which runs throughout the length of the country from east to west. Chandragadhi (Bhadrapur) Airport is located in Bhadrapur (about 12 km from Birtamod) and serves 5 to 6 daily flights to and from Kathmandu. Buddha Air, Yeti Airlines, Shree Airlines and Saurya Airlines are some of the airlines that have daily flights to and from Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. There are various means of transportation in Birtamod but the major means of transportation is via local bus.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damak"},{"link_name":"Mechinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechinagar"},{"link_name":"Surunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surunga"},{"link_name":"Bhadrapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrapur,_Mechi"},{"link_name":"Arjundhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjundhara"},{"link_name":"Charali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charali_(Nepal)"}],"sub_title":"Major cities nearby","text":"Damak\nMechinagar\nSurunga\nBhadrapur\nArjundhara\nCharali","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Kiratism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiratism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Religion in Birtamod (2011)\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nHinduism\n \n83%\n\n\nKiratism\n \n6%\n\n\nBuddhism\n \n4%\n\n\nIslam\n \n4%\n\n\nOthers\n \n3%[3]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hill Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahun"},{"link_name":"Chhetri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhetri"},{"link_name":"Rajbanshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajbanshi_people"},{"link_name":"Limbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_people"},{"link_name":"Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_people"},{"link_name":"muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Caste And Ethnic groups","text":"Caste and Ethnic groups in Birtamod\n\n Hill Brahman (28%) Chhetri (13%) Rajbanshi (10%) Limbu (6%) Rai (4%) muslim (4%) others (35%)[4]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"language in Birtamod\n\n Nepali (58%) Rajbansi (10%) Maithili (6%) Limbu (4%) Others (22%)[5]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The climate of Birtamod is hot and humid during summer, and mild and dry during winter. During the summer, temperatures can reach 38 degree Celsius, and the low in winter is about 2 degrees Celsius. Rainfall is abundant during the monsoon season (June–September). There is little or no rainfall during winter, which makes it ideal for harvesting crops such as rice, wheat and mustard.Climate data for Birtamod\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n27.8(82.1)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n26(79)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n23.7(74.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n27.8(82.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n15(0.6)\n\n20(0.8)\n\n27(1.1)\n\n71(2.8)\n\n202(8.0)\n\n494(19.4)\n\n790(31.1)\n\n605(23.8)\n\n388(15.3)\n\n96(3.8)\n\n11(0.4)\n\n7(0.3)\n\n2,726(107.4)\n\n\nSource: [6]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_plant"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"},{"link_name":"Giri Bandhu Tea Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giri_Bandhu_Tea_Estate"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Because of the fertile soil, the land around Birtamod is well suited for agriculture. Rice, wheat, mustard and tea are some of the crops that are grown seasonally. Rice and Wheat is cultivated during the monsoon season when there is abundant rainfall, and harvested during the dry winter months. Several large tea estates and processing factories are located just east of Birtamod. Giri Bandhu Tea Estate (गिरी बन्धु चिया बगान), New Giri Bandhu and Sons Tea Estate, and Buttabari Tea Processing are the major ones. Apart from agriculture the industrial trends are growing. Various cement factories are present to fulfill local requirement of cements at small scale production capacity.The revolution of information technology in Nepal has effects in Birtamod. The establishment of an IT industry in Birtamod take more effective in Human Resource in Birtamod for outsourcing business.[clarification needed]Bitamod has a shopping mall called Hanuman Central.[citation needed]Lot of new ecommerce delivery companies are now delivering products to local residents too along with supporting local retailers. Most prominent are pathibhara online shopping and sanohaat.com.","title":"Industry and agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahendra Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendra_Highway"},{"link_name":"Mechi Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechi_Highway"}],"text":"Birtamod got its business identity as trading hub with the passage of Mahendra Highway and Mechi Highway. Production of hills started being collected and distributed from Birtamod. In the similar fashion, imported products started being sent to hills via Birtamod. Shorty, after being a trading hub, manufacturing activities started at about Birtamod. Alongside, started the rise of service sectors. One can get almost everything at retail and wholesale market of Birtamod that is imported into Nepal. Major products manufactured about Birtamod are: Steel, Cement, Ply, Concrete blocks, Plastic Pipes, Tea, Bricks, alike. Major services available at Birtamod are: School and College Education, Accounting, Business Consultation, Audit, Banking, Transportation, etc.","title":"Business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonam Lhosar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar"},{"link_name":"Gyalpo Lhosar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar"},{"link_name":"Tamu Lhosar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar"},{"link_name":"Dashain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashain"},{"link_name":"Tihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihar_(festival)"},{"link_name":"Dipawali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"}],"text":"The culture of Birtamod is a mix of cultures of various ethnicities, but these two festival seasons are the most important, partly because of 68% of Nepal's population being Hindu and 18% of the population being Buddhist.Lhosar:(ल्होसार) This festival is celebrated three times once a year. The various combination of Buddhism community such as major community of Tamang celebrate Sonam Lhosar in Marga, Sherpa Community celebrate Gyalpo Lhosar in Falgun as well as Gurung Community celebrate Tamu Lhosar in Poush.\nDashain: (दशै) Dashain is celebrated by the Hindu's and is an exciting time for families to get together and meet relatives and each other. This festival lasts for 15 days. Celebrations and shopping are common during this time and so are religious ceremonies.\nTihar and Dipawali: (तिहार) Tihar lasts five days, including a day called Laksmi Puja which coincides with Dipawali. Dipawali is a Hindu festival of lights and colors. People light up their house with little lamps called diya, generally fueled with mustard oil, and burst firecrackers all night long during the five days of Tihar.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manakamana Multiple College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakamana_Multiple_College"}],"text":"Manakamana Multiple College","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Incident_March_22-7"}],"text":"March 22, 2006: Nine policemen and three Maoist rebels were killed during a clash at Birtamod police station and traffic office. A group of Maoists, loaded in three trucks attacked the office at around 7:00 am. In the attack, 20 policemen and two civilians were injured. The injured civilians were under detention and were being held in police custody when the attack took place. Most of the injured policemen were airlifted to Kathmandu for immediate medical treatment because the local hospitals where not able to handle severe trauma victims. Several Maoist rebels were also killed and injured when the truck carrying the rebels overturned during retreat.[7]\nOctober 27, 2017: Locals started a rebellion against the government for not investigating a child's unknown death a week prior. The police were forced to control the rebellion using weapons and gas. Three of the rebels were killed on the spot and six others including some policeman were fatally injured. The injured were treated in a local hospital. Locals in rage struck the whole eastern part of Nepal for three days. The debate was settled by a discussion between government officials and the victims.","title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birtamode_city_of_jhapa_district.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birtamode_city_of_jhapa_district1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birtamode_city_of_jhapa_district2.JPG"}],"title":"Images"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"72 new municipalities announced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=74336"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140618191026/http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=74336"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Govt announces 72 new municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2014/05/08/news/govt-announces-72-new-municipalities/262559.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141006084717/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2014/05/08/news/govt-announces-72-new-municipalities/262559.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nepalmap.org/profiles/local-4004-birtamod/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nepalmap.org/profiles/local-4004-birtamod/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nepalmap.org/profiles/local-4004-birtamod/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Birtamod climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Birtamod weather averages - Climate-Data.org\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.climate-data.org/asia/nepal/eastern-development-region/birtamod-47719/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Incident_March_22_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Nepalnews.com - 9 policemen, three rebels killed in Birtamode clash (March 22, 2006)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061115005924/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/mar/mar22/news02.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/mar/mar22/news02.php"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Municipalities_of_Koshi_Province"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_of_Koshi_Province"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_of_Koshi_Province"},{"link_name":"Koshi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshi_Province"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_in_Koshi_Province#Metropolitan_City"},{"link_name":"Biratnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biratnagar"},{"link_name":"Sub-metropolitan cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_in_Koshi_Province#Sub-Metropolitan_City"},{"link_name":"Itahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itahari"},{"link_name":"Dharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharan"},{"link_name":"Largest municipalities(by population)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_in_Koshi_Province#Municipalities"},{"link_name":"Mechinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechinagar"},{"link_name":"Sundar Haraicha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Haraicha"},{"link_name":"Birtamod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birtamod"},{"link_name":"Damak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damak"},{"link_name":"Triyuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triyuga"},{"link_name":"Baraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraha_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Arjundhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjundhara_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Belbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belbari"},{"link_name":"Inaruwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaruwa,_Kosi"},{"link_name":"Shivasatakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivasatakshi_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Pathari Shanischare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathari-Sanischare_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Urlabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urlabari"},{"link_name":"Bhadrapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrapur,_Mechi"},{"link_name":"Duhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhabi,_Kosi"},{"link_name":"Ramdhuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramdhuni"},{"link_name":"Ratuwamai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratuwamai"},{"link_name":"Gauradaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauradaha"},{"link_name":"Largest Rural municipalities(by population)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_in_Koshi_Province#Rural_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Kamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Rural_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Buddha Shanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Shanti"},{"link_name":"Budi Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budi_Ganga"},{"link_name":"Harinagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harinagara"},{"link_name":"Bhokraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhokraha_Rural_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Koshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshi_Rural_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Katahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katahari_Rural_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Jahada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahada,_Morang"},{"link_name":"Dhanpalthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanpalthan"},{"link_name":"Kanepokhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanepokhari_Rural_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Kachankawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachankawal"},{"link_name":"Gadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadhi,_Sunsari"},{"link_name":"Jhapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhapa_Rural_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Dewangunj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewangunj"},{"link_name":"Barhadashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barhadashi"},{"link_name":"Barju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barju"},{"link_name":"Gramthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramthan"},{"link_name":"Gaurigunj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurigunj"},{"link_name":"Kerabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerabari_Rural_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Miklajung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miklajung,_Morang"}],"text":"^ 72 new municipalities announced Archived June 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine My Republica\n\n^ Govt announces 72 new municipalities Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine The Kathmandu Post\n\n^ \"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\". NepalMap. Retrieved 1 August 2022.\n\n^ \"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\". NepalMap. Retrieved 1 August 2022.\n\n^ \"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\". NepalMap. Retrieved 1 August 2022.\n\n^ \"Birtamod climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Birtamod weather averages - Climate-Data.org\". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.\n\n^ \"Nepalnews.com - 9 policemen, three rebels killed in Birtamode clash (March 22, 2006)\". Archived from the original on November 15, 2006. Retrieved February 15, 2008.vteMunicipalities of Koshi ProvinceMetropolitan cities\nBiratnagar\nSub-metropolitan cities\nItahari\nDharan\nLargest municipalities(by population)\nMechinagar\nSundar Haraicha\nBirtamod\nDamak\nTriyuga\nBaraha\nArjundhara\nBelbari\nInaruwa\nShivasatakshi\nPathari Shanischare\nUrlabari\nBhadrapur\nDuhabi\nRamdhuni\nRatuwamai\nGauradaha\nLargest Rural municipalities(by population)\nKamal\nBuddha Shanti\nBudi Ganga\nHarinagara\nBhokraha\nKoshi\nKatahari\nJahada\nDhanpalthan\nKanepokhari\nKachankawal\nGadhi\nJhapa\nDewangunj\nBarhadashi\nBarju\nGramthan\nGaurigunj\nKerabari\nMiklajung","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"A view of Mukti Chowk in Birtamod, Jhapa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Muktinath_Chowk%2C_Birtamod.jpg/220px-Muktinath_Chowk%2C_Birtamod.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\". NepalMap. Retrieved 1 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-4004-birtamod/","url_text":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\""}]},{"reference":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\". NepalMap. Retrieved 1 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-4004-birtamod/","url_text":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\""}]},{"reference":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\". NepalMap. Retrieved 1 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-4004-birtamod/","url_text":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birtamod climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Birtamod weather averages - Climate-Data.org\". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/nepal/eastern-development-region/birtamod-47719/","url_text":"\"Birtamod climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Birtamod weather averages - Climate-Data.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nepalnews.com - 9 policemen, three rebels killed in Birtamode clash (March 22, 2006)\". Archived from the original on November 15, 2006. Retrieved February 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061115005924/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/mar/mar22/news02.php","url_text":"\"Nepalnews.com - 9 policemen, three rebels killed in Birtamode clash (March 22, 2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/mar/mar22/news02.php","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birtamod_Municipality¶ms=26_38_N_87_59_E_type:city_region:NP","external_links_name":"26°38′N 87°59′E / 26.633°N 87.983°E / 26.633; 87.983"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birtamod_Municipality¶ms=26_38_N_87_59_E_type:city_region:NP","external_links_name":"26°38′N 87°59′E / 26.633°N 87.983°E / 26.633; 87.983"},{"Link":"https://www.birtamodmun.gov.np/","external_links_name":"www.birtamodmun.gov.np"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birtamod_Municipality&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=74336","external_links_name":"72 new municipalities announced"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140618191026/http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=74336","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2014/05/08/news/govt-announces-72-new-municipalities/262559.html","external_links_name":"Govt announces 72 new municipalities"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084717/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2014/05/08/news/govt-announces-72-new-municipalities/262559.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-4004-birtamod/","external_links_name":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\""},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-4004-birtamod/","external_links_name":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\""},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-4004-birtamod/","external_links_name":"\"NepalMap profile: Birtamod Municipality\""},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/nepal/eastern-development-region/birtamod-47719/","external_links_name":"\"Birtamod climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Birtamod weather averages - Climate-Data.org\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061115005924/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/mar/mar22/news02.php","external_links_name":"\"Nepalnews.com - 9 policemen, three rebels killed in Birtamode clash (March 22, 2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/mar/mar22/news02.php","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecser | Ecser | ["1 Situation","2 History","3 Notable","4 Notable people","5 Gallery","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°26′40″N 19°19′34″E / 47.44437°N 19.32605°E / 47.44437; 19.32605
Large village in Pest, HungaryEcserLarge village
Coat of armsEcserLocation of EcserCoordinates: 47°26′40″N 19°19′34″E / 47.44437°N 19.32605°E / 47.44437; 19.32605Country HungaryCountyPestDistrictVecsésArea • Total13.1 km2 (5.1 sq mi)Population (2007) • Total3,471 • Density248.05/km2 (642.4/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code2233Area code(+36) 29
Ecser (Hungarian: ; Slovak: Ečer) is a village in Pest county, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary.
Situation
Ecser is situated southeast from Budapest, near Ferihegy International Airport. The neighbouring settlements are Maglód, Vecsés, Gyömrő and Üllő. The M0 motorway runs near the village. The village is situated on the railway-line 120a (Budapest-Újszász-Szolnok). It has a Slovak minority population.
History
The first written account of Ecser is from December 15, 1315, although the village already existed as of 896, when the Magyars arrived into their present-day country. According to one legend, the name of the village was given by Grand Prince Árpád of the Hungarian tribes. When he asked the name of the settlement where he stopped to have a little rest, the local people could not tell him the name, so Árpád said them: call this place after this ‘oak’ (Hungarian cser).
During the period of Ottoman Turkish dominance (1526–1686) the village died out, particularly after the siege of nearby Buda. The inhabitants returned only in 1699. Eleven soldiers from Ecser fought in Rákóczi's War for Independence (1703–1711). In the early 18th century years the owner of the village, Count Antal Grassalkovich brought in Slovak settlers.
Notable
The largest monument in the village is the Roman Catholic church from 1740.
In the village there is a world-famous folk dance called ‘Wedding at Ecser’ (Ecseri lakodalmas).
On the coat of arms is seen the church, the folk dance and the oak tree, the three most important sign of the village.
Notable people
Zoltán Trepák (*1977), basketball player
Gallery
The Catholic church of Ecser
A bilingual welcome-sign on the border of Ecser
The Slovakian chapel
The monument of the Second World War
The historical house of Ecser
Court of an old house
The park with the church
A streetname-table in the Kálvária Hill
The "burg" of Ecser, playhouse for children
Some block house in Ecser
The newest part of Ecser, the Kálvária Hill
The main street, Széchenyi utca
External links
Media related to Ecser at Wikimedia Commons
Official website in Hungarian
vteTowns and villages of Vecsés DistrictTowns (3)
Maglód
Üllő
Vecsés (district seat)
Large village (1)
Ecser
vtePest CountyCity with county rights
Budapest (county seat, but not part of the county)
Érd
Towns
Abony
Albertirsa
Aszód
Biatorbágy
Budakalász
Budakeszi
Budaörs
Cegléd
Dabas
Diósd
Dunaharaszti
Dunakeszi
Dunavarsány
Fót
Göd
Gödöllő
Gyál
Gyömrő
Halásztelek
Isaszeg
Kerepes
Kistarcsa
Maglód
Monor
Nagykáta
Nagykőrös
Nagymaros
Ócsa
Őrbottyán
Örkény
Pécel
Pilis
Piliscsaba
Pilisvörösvár
Pomáz
Ráckeve
Sülysáp
Százhalombatta
Szentendre
Szigethalom
Szigetszentmiklós
Szob
Tápiószele
Tököl
Törökbálint
Tura
Újhartyán
Üllő
Vác
Vecsés
Veresegyház
Visegrád
Zsámbék
Large villages
Alsónémedi
Bag
Bugyi
Csömör
Dömsöd
Ecser
Felsőpakony
Hernád
Inárcs
Kartal
Kiskunlacháza
Leányfalu
Nagykovácsi
Nyáregyháza
Solymár
Szada
Taksony
Táborfalva
Tápiószecső
Tápiószentmárton
Tárnok
Valkó
Villages
Acsa
Apaj
Áporka
Bernecebaráti
Bénye
Budajenő
Ceglédbercel
Csemő
Csévharaszt
Csobánka
Csomád
Csörög
Csővár
Dánszentmiklós
Dány
Délegyháza
Domony
Dunabogdány
Erdőkertes
Farmos
Galgagyörk
Galgahévíz
Galgamácsa
Gomba
Herceghalom
Hévízgyörk
Iklad
Ipolydamásd
Ipolytölgyes
Jászkarajenő
Kakucs
Káva
Kemence
Kismaros
Kisnémedi
Kisoroszi
Kocsér
Kosd
Kóspallag
Kóka
Kőröstetétlen
Letkés
Lórév
Majosháza
Makád
Márianosztra
Mende
Mikebuda
Mogyoród
Nagybörzsöny
Nagytarcsa
Nyársapát
Pánd
Páty
Penc
Perbál
Perőcsény
Péteri
Pilisborosjenő
Pilisjászfalu
Pilisszántó
Pilisszentiván
Pilisszentkereszt
Pilisszentlászló
Pócsmegyer
Pusztavacs
Pusztazámor
Püspökhatvan
Püspökszilágy
Rád
Remeteszőlős
Sóskút
Szentlőrinckáta
Szentmártonkáta
Szigetbecse
Szigetcsép
Szigetmonostor
Szigetszentmárton
Szigetújfalu
Szokolya
Sződ
Sződliget
Tahitótfalu
Tatárszentgyörgy
Tápióbicske
Tápiógyörgye
Tápióság
Tápiószőlős
Telki
Tésa
Tinnye
Tóalmás
Tök
Törtel
Újlengyel
Újszilvás
Úri
Üröm
Vasad
Vácduka
Vácegres
Váchartyán
Váckisújfalu
Vácrátót
Vácszentlászló
Vámosmikola
Verőce
Verseg
Zebegény
Zsámbok | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈɛt͡ʃɛr]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Pest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(county)"},{"link_name":"Budapest metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"Large village in Pest, HungaryEcser (Hungarian: [ˈɛt͡ʃɛr]; Slovak: Ečer) is a village in Pest county, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary.","title":"Ecser"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Ferihegy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferihegy_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Maglód","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magl%C3%B3d"},{"link_name":"Vecsés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecs%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Gyömrő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6mr%C5%91"},{"link_name":"Üllő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cll%C5%91"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"}],"text":"Ecser is situated southeast from Budapest, near Ferihegy International Airport. The neighbouring settlements are Maglód, Vecsés, Gyömrő and Üllő. The M0 motorway runs near the village. The village is situated on the railway-line 120a (Budapest-Újszász-Szolnok). It has a Slovak minority population.","title":"Situation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magyars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyars"},{"link_name":"Árpád","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Buda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda"},{"link_name":"Rákóczi's War for Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_for_Independence"},{"link_name":"Antal Grassalkovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antal_Grassalkovich"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"}],"text":"The first written account of Ecser is from December 15, 1315, although the village already existed as of 896, when the Magyars arrived into their present-day country. According to one legend, the name of the village was given by Grand Prince Árpád of the Hungarian tribes. When he asked the name of the settlement where he stopped to have a little rest, the local people could not tell him the name, so Árpád said them: call this place after this ‘oak’ (Hungarian cser).\nDuring the period of Ottoman Turkish dominance (1526–1686) the village died out, particularly after the siege of nearby Buda. The inhabitants returned only in 1699. Eleven soldiers from Ecser fought in Rákóczi's War for Independence (1703–1711). In the early 18th century years the owner of the village, Count Antal Grassalkovich brought in Slovak settlers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The largest monument in the village is the Roman Catholic church from 1740.In the village there is a world-famous folk dance called ‘Wedding at Ecser’ (Ecseri lakodalmas).On the coat of arms is seen the church, the folk dance and the oak tree, the three most important sign of the village.","title":"Notable"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zoltán Trepák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Trep%C3%A1k"}],"text":"Zoltán Trepák (*1977), basketball player","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_151.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_154.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_158.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_171.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_159.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_156.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_168.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_175.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_178.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_180.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_173.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecseri_166.jpg"}],"text":"The Catholic church of Ecser\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bilingual welcome-sign on the border of Ecser\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Slovakian chapel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe monument of the Second World War\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe historical house of Ecser\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCourt of an old house\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe park with the church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA streetname-table in the Kálvária Hill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe \"burg\" of Ecser, playhouse for children\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSome block house in Ecser\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe newest part of Ecser, the Kálvária Hill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe main street, Széchenyi utca","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ecser¶ms=47.44437_N_19.32605_E_region:HU_type:city(3471)","external_links_name":"47°26′40″N 19°19′34″E / 47.44437°N 19.32605°E / 47.44437; 19.32605"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ecser¶ms=47.44437_N_19.32605_E_region:HU_type:city(3471)","external_links_name":"47°26′40″N 19°19′34″E / 47.44437°N 19.32605°E / 47.44437; 19.32605"},{"Link":"http://www.ecser.hu/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuji_Nunokawa | Yuji Nunokawa | ["1 Life and career","2 References","3 External links"] | Japanese anime producer, animator and director (1947–2022)
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Yuji Nunokawa布川ゆうじNunokawa in 2015Born11 February 1947 (1947-02-11)Sakata, Yamagata Prefecture, JapanDied25 December 2022 (2022-12-26) (aged 75)Other namesYû SakataEmployers
TCJ (1967-1968)
Nakamura Production (1968-1969)
Mushi Production (1969-1970)
Wako Productions (1970-1971)
Tatsunoko Production (1971-1979)
Pierrot (1979-2022)
Yuji Nunokawa (Japanese: 布川ゆうじ; 11 February 1947 – 25 December 2022) was a Japanese anime producer, animator and director.
Life and career
Born in Sakata, Yamagata to a family of tailors, Nunokawa studied at the Nippon Design Welfare College, graduating in 1967. He made his professional debut as a colorist for an Eiken subsidiary. He then worked as a freelancer animator and a technical director at several anime production companies, notably Mushi Production and Tatsunoko Production. He was key animator for Robotan, and he made his directorial debut in 1975 with the series Time Bokan.
In 1979 Nunokawa decided to establish his own company, and founded Studio Pierrot, which in a few years got a string of successes, including Creamy Mami, Kimagure Orange Road, Naruto, YuYu Hakusho, Bleach, Tokyo Ghoul. He also served as chairman of the Association of Japanese Animations from 2009 to 2014.
During his career Nunokawa received various awards and honours, notably the Commissioner for Cultural Affairs Award and the Blue Ribbon Medal of Honor. He died on 25 December 2022, at the age of 75.
References
^ a b c d e Alexa, Laurén (28 December 2022). "Famed 'Naruto' Producer and Studio Pierrot Founder Yuji Nunokawa Dies at 75". Animation World Network. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
^ a b c d e Lang, Jamie (27 December 2022). "Yuji Nunokawa, Founder Of 'Naruto' Studio Pierrot, Dies At 75". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
^ a b c d Suzuki, Miki (26 December 2022). "Yūji Nunokawa, Studio Pierrot Founder, Dies at 75". CBR. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
External links
Yuji Nunokawa at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
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Spain
Japan
Academics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst | Ludwig Windthorst | ["1 Biography","2 Death and legacy","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Further reading","5.1 Historiography","5.2 Primary sources","6 References","7 External links"] | 19th-century German Catholic politician
Ludwig WindthorstWindthorst in 1872Leader of the Centre PartyIn office26 May 1874 – 14 March 1891Preceded byHermann von MallinckrodtSucceeded byFranz von BallestremMember of the ReichstagIn office21 March 1871 – 14 March 1891ConstituencyHanover 3
Personal detailsBorn(1812-01-17)17 January 1812Ostercappeln, Ems-Supérieur, FranceDied14 March 1891(1891-03-14) (aged 79)Berlin, Prussia, GermanyPolitical partyCentre Party
Baron Ludwig von Windthorst (17 January 1812 – 14 March 1891) was a German politician and leader of the Catholic Centre Party and the most notable opponent of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck during the Prussian-led unification of Germany and the Kulturkampf. Margaret L. Anderson argues that he was "Imperial Germany's greatest parliamentarian" and bears comparison with Irishmen Daniel O'Connell and Charles Stewart Parnell "in his handling of party machinery and his relation to the masses."
He entered politics during the revolutionary years of 1848 and 1849 in the Protestant Kingdom of Hanover, where his legal and political skills overcame the handicap of near blindness and being in an unpopular minority. He supported Hanoverian independence ("particularism") and was loyal to monarchism. He was not a Liberal but they admired his opposition to the king's reactionary policies and his strong support for an independent judiciary and the rights of the accused. He served in 1851 and 1862 as minister of justice.
When Prussia absorbed Hanover and then set up the German Empire in 1871, Windthorst dealt with the new state of affairs and became a leader of the all-Catholic Centre Party. It won over 80% of the Catholic vote in a new nation that was one-third Catholic. He opposed Bismarck's harassment of minorities such as Catholics, Hanoverian Guelphs, Poles, Danes, and Alsatians. He argued for natural law as the basis of political rights. He perfected the arts of opposition, forming alliances that could win majorities. The Centre party became what Anderson calls "a liberal party manque." That is, it kept its distance from the anti-Catholic National Liberal Party but championed the rights of minorities, the powers of parliament, and the rule of law against Bismarck's moves.
In the 1870s, he was a vigorous enemy of the Bismarck's Kulturkampf, which persecuted the Catholic Church in Prussia in an effort to destroy papal control. Bismarck eventually lost, but it was Pope Leo XIII who negotiated with Bismarck in the end, cutting out Windthorst.
Biography
Windthorst was born at Kaldenhof manor in the present-day municipality of Ostercappeln, in the lands of the former Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück, which had been secularised to the Electorate of Hanover under the Protestant Welf dynasty in 1803. The growth-restricted boy was raised in a Roman Catholic family, which for some generations had held important posts in the bishopric's civil service. Windthorst became a half-orphan at the age of ten, when his father died in 1822. He was educated at the Gymnasium Carolinum, an endowed school at Osnabrück which he left with excellent Abitur exams, and from 1830 studied law at the universities of Göttingen and Heidelberg. Influenced by the rise of liberalism during the Vormärz era and the 1832 Hambach Festival as well as by the Catholic theologian Georg Hermes, Windthorst tried to bring his Catholic confession in accordance with the ideals of liberty, civil rights and national unity.
Centre Party Member of Reichstag (First line sitting from left to right: Paul Letocha, Dr. Ludwig Windthorst, Graf v. Johann Anton von Chamaré, Anton von Dejanicz-Gliszczynski, Albert Horn second line-standing-left to right: Graf v. Friedrich von Praschma, Philipp Schmieder (not Centre party), Dr. Felix Porsch, Dr. Frhr. Clemens Heereman von Zuydwyck, Julius Szmula)
Memorial at Kaldenhof
In 1836, Windthorst settled down as an advocate in Osnabrück: his abilities soon procured him a considerable practice, and he was appointed president of the Catholic consistory in 1842. Though socially disadvantaged, the Catholics had remained loyal to the ruling House of Hanover during the 1837 insurrection of the Göttingen Seven against King Ernest Augustus, and in 1848 Windthorst received an appointment at the supreme court of appeal (Oberappellationsgericht) for the Kingdom of Hanover at Celle. The March Revolution opened for him—as for so many of his contemporaries—the way to public life and though he failed to gain a mandate for the Frankfurt Assembly, he was elected representative for his native district in the second chamber of the reformed Hanoverian parliament in 1849. He belonged to what was called the Greater German party, and opposed the project of reconstituting Germany under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia. He defended the government against the liberal and democratic opposition; and, at this time, he began his struggle against the secularization of schools, which continued throughout his life.
In 1851, he was elected president of the chamber and, in the same year, minister of justice, the first Catholic who had held so high an office in Hanover. As minister, he carried through an important judicial reform—which had been prepared by his predecessor—but had to retire from office because he was opposed to the reactionary measures for restoring the influence and privileges of the nobility. Though he was always an enemy to liberalism, his natural independence of character prevented him from acquiescing in the reactionary measures of the king. In 1862, he again was appointed minister, but with others of his colleagues, he resigned when the king refused his assent to a measure for extending the franchise. Windthorst took no part in the critical Austro-Prussian War; contrary to the opinion of many of his friends, after the annexation of Hanover by Prussia, he accepted the fait accompli, took the oath of allegiance, and was elected a member both of the Prussian parliament and of the North German diet.
At Berlin, he found a wider field for his abilities. He acted as representative of his exiled king in the negotiations with the Prussian government concerning his private property, and opposed the sequestration, and for the first time was placed in a position of hostility to Otto von Bismarck. He was recognized as the leader of the Hanoverians and of all those above who opposed the revolution. He took a leading part in the formation of the party of the Center in 1870–1871, but he did not become a member of it, for he feared that his reputation as a follower of the king of Hanover would injure the party; that is, until the leaders formally requested that he join them.
Memorial at the Meppen Windthorst school
After the death of Hermann von Mallinckrodt (1821–1874) in 1874, Windthorst became leader of the party and maintained that position until his death. It was chiefly owing to his skill and courage as a parliamentary debater and his tact as a leader, that the party held its own and constantly increased in numbers during the great struggle with the Prussian government. He was especially exposed to the attacks of Bismarck, who attempted, personally, to discredit him and to separate him from the rest of the party. And, he was by far the ablest and most dangerous critic of Bismarck's policy. The change of policy in 1879 led to a great alteration in his position: he was reconciled to Bismarck and even sometimes attended receptions at Bismarck's house. Never, however, was his position so difficult as during the negotiations which led to a repeal of the May laws.
On the background of rising anti-Semitism, he stood up for the Jews and enforced the expulsion of anti-Semitic members from the Center Party.
In 1887, Bismarck appealed to the Pope to use his authority to order the Center to support the military proposals of the government. Windthorst took the responsibility of keeping the papal instructions secret from the rest of his party and of disobeying the instructions. In a great meeting at Cologne in March 1887, he defended and justified his action, and claimed for the Center full independence of action in all purely political questions. In the social reform, he supported Bismarck, and as the undisputed leader of the largest party in the Reichstag, he was able to exercise influence over the action of the government after Bismarck's retirement. His relations with the emperor William II became very cordial, and in 1891 he achieved a great parliamentary triumph by defeating the School bill and compelling Gossler to resign.
Death and legacy
Rebuilt Marienkirche, Hanover
Windthorst died of pneumonia, on 14 March 1891, in Berlin. Two days before, Emperor Wilhelm II paid him a visit at his deathbed. He was buried in the Marienkirche in Hannover, which had been erected from the money subscribed as a testimonial to him. The church was destroyed by bombing raids which occurred from July 1943-March 1945 during the Second World War, though his grave was spared, and reconstructed in 1953/4. His funeral was a most remarkable display of public esteem, in which nearly all the ruling princes of Germany joined, and was a striking sign of the position to which, after twenty years of incessant struggle, he had raised his party.
According to historian Golo Mann, Windthorst was one of the greatest of German parliamentary leaders: no one equaled him in his readiness as a debater—his defective eyesight compelling him to depend entirely upon his memory. It was his misfortune that nearly all his life was spent in opposition, and he had no opportunity of showing his abilities as an administrator. He enjoyed unbounded popularity and confidence among the German Catholics, but he was in no way an ecclesiastic: he was at first opposed to the Vatican decrees of 1870, but quickly accepted them after they had been proclaimed. He was a very agreeable companion and a thorough man of the world, singularly free from arrogance and pomposity—owing to his small stature, he was often known as "die kleine Excellenz".
Windthorst married Juliane (Julie) Sybille Caroline Engelen (12/09/1805 Oedingberge – 26/01/1898, Hanover) on May 29, 1839: of his four living children, three died before him. They were Maria (26/09/1841 – 2/02/1933), Anna (12/04/1843 – 19/03/1867), Julius (15/11/1844 – 18/11/1872), and Eduard (7/07/1846 – 24/04/1860).
Windthorst's Ausgewählte Reden were published in three volumes (Osnabrück, 1901–1902).
See also
Windthorst, Texas, Windthorst, Kansas, and Windthorst, Saskatchewan were named in honor of Ludwig Windthorst
Notes
^ Anderson 1981, p. 3.
^ a b c d e f g h Headlam 1911, p. 716.
Further reading
Anderson, Margaret Lavinia (1981). Windthorst: A Political Biography. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822578-2. OCLC 7197184.
Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. Practicing Democracy: Elections and Political Culture in Imperial Germany (2000) excerpt and text search
Bennette, Rebecca Ayako. Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification (Harvard University Press; 2012)
Blackbourn, David. "The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg," Historical Journal Vol. 18, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 821–850 in JSTOR
Cary, Noel D. Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics & the Party System from Windthorst to Adenauer (1996)
Evans, Ellen Lovell. The German Center Party 1870-1933: A Study in Political Catholicism (1981)
Ross, Ronald J. "Critic of the Bismarckian Constitution: Ludwig Windthorst and the Relationship Between Church and State in Imperial Germany," Journal of Church & State (1979) 21#3 pp 483–506. online
Zeender, John. "Ludwig Windthorst, 1812-1891," History (1992) 77#290 pp 237–54 online
Zeender, John K. "The German Center Party, 1890-1906." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (1976) 66#1 pp 1–125.
Historiography
Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "Confessions of a Fellow Traveler," Catholic Historical Review (2013) 99#4 pp 623–648.
Zeender, John K. "Recent Literature on the German Center Party," Catholic Historical Review (1984) 70#3 pp 428–441.
Primary sources
"Dr. Windthorst on Germany," The American Advocate of Peace and Arbitration (1890) 52#2 p. 45; interview; in JSTOR
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Headlam, James Wycliffe (1911). "Windthorst, Ludwig". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 715–716.
Spahn, Martin (1912). "Ludwig Windthorst" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ludwig Windthorst.
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Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"unification of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kulturkampf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturkampf"},{"link_name":"Margaret L. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_L._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Daniel O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell"},{"link_name":"Charles Stewart Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19813-1"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"National Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Kulturkampf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturkampf"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII"}],"text":"Baron Ludwig von Windthorst (17 January 1812 – 14 March 1891) was a German politician and leader of the Catholic Centre Party and the most notable opponent of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck during the Prussian-led unification of Germany and the Kulturkampf. Margaret L. Anderson argues that he was \"Imperial Germany's greatest parliamentarian\" and bears comparison with Irishmen Daniel O'Connell and Charles Stewart Parnell \"in his handling of party machinery and his relation to the masses.\"[1]He entered politics during the revolutionary years of 1848 and 1849 in the Protestant Kingdom of Hanover, where his legal and political skills overcame the handicap of near blindness and being in an unpopular minority. He supported Hanoverian independence (\"particularism\") and was loyal to monarchism. He was not a Liberal but they admired his opposition to the king's reactionary policies and his strong support for an independent judiciary and the rights of the accused. He served in 1851 and 1862 as minister of justice.When Prussia absorbed Hanover and then set up the German Empire in 1871, Windthorst dealt with the new state of affairs and became a leader of the all-Catholic Centre Party. It won over 80% of the Catholic vote in a new nation that was one-third Catholic. He opposed Bismarck's harassment of minorities such as Catholics, Hanoverian Guelphs, Poles, Danes, and Alsatians. He argued for natural law as the basis of political rights. He perfected the arts of opposition, forming alliances that could win majorities. The Centre party became what Anderson calls \"a liberal party manque.\" That is, it kept its distance from the anti-Catholic National Liberal Party but championed the rights of minorities, the powers of parliament, and the rule of law against Bismarck's moves.In the 1870s, he was a vigorous enemy of the Bismarck's Kulturkampf, which persecuted the Catholic Church in Prussia in an effort to destroy papal control. Bismarck eventually lost, but it was Pope Leo XIII who negotiated with Bismarck in the end, cutting out Windthorst.","title":"Ludwig Windthorst"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ostercappeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostercappeln"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"secularised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Mediatisation"},{"link_name":"Electorate of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Welf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Welf"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium Carolinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_Carolinum_(Osnabr%C3%BCck)"},{"link_name":"Osnabrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716-2"},{"link_name":"liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Vormärz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz"},{"link_name":"Hambach Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambach_Festival"},{"link_name":"Georg Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hermes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-121-052,_Mitglieder_des_Deutschen_Reichstages.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Letocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Letocha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johann Anton von Chamaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Anton_von_Harbuval-Chamar%C3%A9-Stolz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anton von Dejanicz-Gliszczynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_von_Dejanicz-Gliszczynski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albert Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Friedrich von Praschma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_von_Praschma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philipp Schmieder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Schmieder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Felix Porsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix_Porsch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clemens Heereman von Zuydwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Heereman_von_Zuydwyck"},{"link_name":"Julius Szmula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Szmula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windthorst-Gedenkstaette.jpg"},{"link_name":"House of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Göttingen Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Seven"},{"link_name":"Ernest Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Celle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle"},{"link_name":"March Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Greater German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_question"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716-2"},{"link_name":"Austro-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(assembly)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716-2"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"party of the Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windhorstdenkmal_Meppen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Meppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meppen"},{"link_name":"Hermann von Mallinckrodt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Mallinckrodt"},{"link_name":"May laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturkampf"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716-2"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Gossler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Gossler"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716-2"}],"text":"Windthorst was born at Kaldenhof manor in the present-day municipality of Ostercappeln, in the lands of the former Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück, which had been secularised to the Electorate of Hanover under the Protestant Welf dynasty in 1803. The growth-restricted boy was raised in a Roman Catholic family, which for some generations had held important posts in the bishopric's civil service. Windthorst became a half-orphan at the age of ten, when his father died in 1822. He was educated at the Gymnasium Carolinum, an endowed school at Osnabrück which he left with excellent Abitur exams, and from 1830 studied law at the universities of Göttingen and Heidelberg.[2] Influenced by the rise of liberalism during the Vormärz era and the 1832 Hambach Festival as well as by the Catholic theologian Georg Hermes, Windthorst tried to bring his Catholic confession in accordance with the ideals of liberty, civil rights and national unity.Centre Party Member of Reichstag (First line sitting from left to right: Paul Letocha, Dr. Ludwig Windthorst, Graf v. Johann Anton von Chamaré, Anton von Dejanicz-Gliszczynski, Albert Horn second line-standing-left to right: Graf v. Friedrich von Praschma, Philipp Schmieder (not Centre party), Dr. Felix Porsch, Dr. Frhr. Clemens Heereman von Zuydwyck, Julius Szmula)Memorial at KaldenhofIn 1836, Windthorst settled down as an advocate in Osnabrück: his abilities soon procured him a considerable practice, and he was appointed president of the Catholic consistory in 1842. Though socially disadvantaged, the Catholics had remained loyal to the ruling House of Hanover during the 1837 insurrection of the Göttingen Seven against King Ernest Augustus, and in 1848 Windthorst received an appointment at the supreme court of appeal (Oberappellationsgericht) for the Kingdom of Hanover at Celle. The March Revolution opened for him—as for so many of his contemporaries—the way to public life and though he failed to gain a mandate for the Frankfurt Assembly, he was elected representative for his native district in the second chamber of the reformed Hanoverian parliament in 1849. He belonged to what was called the Greater German party, and opposed the project of reconstituting Germany under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia. He defended the government against the liberal and democratic opposition; and, at this time, he began his struggle against the secularization of schools, which continued throughout his life.[2]In 1851, he was elected president of the chamber and, in the same year, minister of justice, the first Catholic who had held so high an office in Hanover. As minister, he carried through an important judicial reform—which had been prepared by his predecessor—but had to retire from office because he was opposed to the reactionary measures for restoring the influence and privileges of the nobility. Though he was always an enemy to liberalism, his natural independence of character prevented him from acquiescing in the reactionary measures of the king. In 1862, he again was appointed minister, but with others of his colleagues, he resigned when the king refused his assent to a measure for extending the franchise. Windthorst took no part in the critical Austro-Prussian War; contrary to the opinion of many of his friends, after the annexation of Hanover by Prussia, he accepted the fait accompli, took the oath of allegiance, and was elected a member both of the Prussian parliament and of the North German diet.[2]At Berlin, he found a wider field for his abilities. He acted as representative of his exiled king in the negotiations with the Prussian government concerning his private property, and opposed the sequestration, and for the first time was placed in a position of hostility to Otto von Bismarck. He was recognized as the leader of the Hanoverians and of all those above who opposed the revolution. He took a leading part in the formation of the party of the Center in 1870–1871, but he did not become a member of it, for he feared that his reputation as a follower of the king of Hanover would injure the party;[2] that is, until the leaders formally requested that he join them.Memorial at the Meppen Windthorst schoolAfter the death of Hermann von Mallinckrodt (1821–1874) in 1874, Windthorst became leader of the party and maintained that position until his death. It was chiefly owing to his skill and courage as a parliamentary debater and his tact as a leader, that the party held its own and constantly increased in numbers during the great struggle with the Prussian government. He was especially exposed to the attacks of Bismarck, who attempted, personally, to discredit him and to separate him from the rest of the party. And, he was by far the ablest and most dangerous critic of Bismarck's policy. The change of policy in 1879 led to a great alteration in his position: he was reconciled to Bismarck and even sometimes attended receptions at Bismarck's house. Never, however, was his position so difficult as during the negotiations which led to a repeal of the May laws.[2]On the background of rising anti-Semitism, he stood up for the Jews and enforced the expulsion of anti-Semitic members from the Center Party.[citation needed]In 1887, Bismarck appealed to the Pope to use his authority to order the Center to support the military proposals of the government. Windthorst took the responsibility of keeping the papal instructions secret from the rest of his party and of disobeying the instructions. In a great meeting at Cologne in March 1887, he defended and justified his action, and claimed for the Center full independence of action in all purely political questions. In the social reform, he supported Bismarck, and as the undisputed leader of the largest party in the Reichstag, he was able to exercise influence over the action of the government after Bismarck's retirement. His relations with the emperor William II became very cordial, and in 1891 he achieved a great parliamentary triumph by defeating the School bill and compelling Gossler to resign.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marienkirche_church_Marschnerstrasse_Nordstadt_Hannover_Germany_.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716-2"},{"link_name":"Golo Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golo_Mann"},{"link_name":"Vatican decrees of 1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716-2"}],"text":"Rebuilt Marienkirche, HanoverWindthorst died of pneumonia, on 14 March 1891, in Berlin. Two days before, Emperor Wilhelm II paid him a visit at his deathbed. He was buried in the Marienkirche in Hannover, which had been erected from the money subscribed as a testimonial to him. The church was destroyed by bombing raids which occurred from July 1943-March 1945 during the Second World War, though his grave was spared, and reconstructed in 1953/4.[citation needed] His funeral was a most remarkable display of public esteem, in which nearly all the ruling princes of Germany joined, and was a striking sign of the position to which, after twenty years of incessant struggle, he had raised his party.[2]According to historian Golo Mann, Windthorst was one of the greatest of German parliamentary leaders: no one equaled him in his readiness as a debater—his defective eyesight compelling him to depend entirely upon his memory. It was his misfortune that nearly all his life was spent in opposition, and he had no opportunity of showing his abilities as an administrator. He enjoyed unbounded popularity and confidence among the German Catholics, but he was in no way an ecclesiastic: he was at first opposed to the Vatican decrees of 1870, but quickly accepted them after they had been proclaimed. He was a very agreeable companion and a thorough man of the world, singularly free from arrogance and pomposity—owing to his small stature, he was often known as \"die kleine Excellenz\".[2]Windthorst married Juliane (Julie) Sybille Caroline Engelen (12/09/1805 Oedingberge – 26/01/1898, Hanover) on May 29, 1839: of his four living children, three died before him. They were Maria (26/09/1841 – 2/02/1933), Anna (12/04/1843 – 19/03/1867), Julius (15/11/1844 – 18/11/1872), and Eduard (7/07/1846 – 24/04/1860).Windthorst's Ausgewählte Reden were published in three volumes (Osnabrück, 1901–1902).","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19813_1-0"},{"link_name":"Anderson 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAnderson1981"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911716_2-7"},{"link_name":"Headlam 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHeadlam1911"}],"text":"^ Anderson 1981, p. 3.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Headlam 1911, p. 716.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-822578-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822578-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7197184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/7197184"},{"link_name":"excerpt and text search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Practicing-Democracy-Elections-Political-Imperial/dp/0691048541/"},{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2638516"}],"text":"Anderson, Margaret Lavinia (1981). Windthorst: A Political Biography. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822578-2. OCLC 7197184.\nAnderson, Margaret Lavinia. Practicing Democracy: Elections and Political Culture in Imperial Germany (2000) excerpt and text search\nBennette, Rebecca Ayako. Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification (Harvard University Press; 2012)\nBlackbourn, David. \"The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg,\" Historical Journal Vol. 18, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 821–850 in JSTOR\nCary, Noel D. Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics & the Party System from Windthorst to Adenauer (1996)\nEvans, Ellen Lovell. The German Center Party 1870-1933: A Study in Political Catholicism (1981)\nRoss, Ronald J. \"Critic of the Bismarckian Constitution: Ludwig Windthorst and the Relationship Between Church and State in Imperial Germany,\" Journal of Church & State (1979) 21#3 pp 483–506. online\nZeender, John. \"Ludwig Windthorst, 1812-1891,\" History (1992) 77#290 pp 237–54 online\nZeender, John K. \"The German Center Party, 1890-1906.\" Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (1976) 66#1 pp 1–125.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Historiography","text":"Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. \"Confessions of a Fellow Traveler,\" Catholic Historical Review (2013) 99#4 pp 623–648.\nZeender, John K. \"Recent Literature on the German Center Party,\" Catholic Historical Review (1984) 70#3 pp 428–441.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/27897987"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"\"Dr. Windthorst on Germany,\" The American Advocate of Peace and Arbitration (1890) 52#2 p. 45; interview; in JSTOR","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Centre Party Member of Reichstag (First line sitting from left to right: Paul Letocha, Dr. Ludwig Windthorst, Graf v. Johann Anton von Chamaré, Anton von Dejanicz-Gliszczynski, Albert Horn second line-standing-left to right: Graf v. Friedrich von Praschma, Philipp Schmieder (not Centre party), Dr. Felix Porsch, Dr. Frhr. Clemens Heereman von Zuydwyck, Julius Szmula)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-121-052%2C_Mitglieder_des_Deutschen_Reichstages.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-121-052%2C_Mitglieder_des_Deutschen_Reichstages.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial at Kaldenhof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Windthorst-Gedenkstaette.jpg/170px-Windthorst-Gedenkstaette.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial at the Meppen Windthorst school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Windhorstdenkmal_Meppen.jpg/170px-Windhorstdenkmal_Meppen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rebuilt Marienkirche, Hanover","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Marienkirche_church_Marschnerstrasse_Nordstadt_Hannover_Germany_.jpg/220px-Marienkirche_church_Marschnerstrasse_Nordstadt_Hannover_Germany_.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Windthorst, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windthorst,_Texas"}] | [{"reference":"Anderson, Margaret Lavinia (1981). Windthorst: A Political Biography. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822578-2. OCLC 7197184.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822578-2","url_text":"978-0-19-822578-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7197184","url_text":"7197184"}]},{"reference":"Headlam, James Wycliffe (1911). \"Windthorst, Ludwig\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 715–716.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wycliffe_Headlam-Morley","url_text":"Headlam, James Wycliffe"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Windthorst,_Ludwig","url_text":"Windthorst, Ludwig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Spahn, Martin (1912). \"Ludwig Windthorst\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu | Nicolae Pătrașcu | ["1 Name","2 Biography","2.1 Origins and early life","2.2 Becoming Prince","2.3 In Moldavia","2.4 As hostage","2.5 In exile","2.6 Final years","3 Legacy","4 Arms","5 Notes","6 References"] | Prince of Wallachia
Nicolae PătrașcuNicolae Pătrașcu as ktitor. Fragment from a Căluiu Monastery frescoPrince of WallachiaReignDecember 1599–September 1601 (de facto October 1600)PredecessorMichael the BraveSuccessorSimion Movilă (1600)Radu Șerban (1601)Bornca. 1580Diedlate 1627 (aged 47 or younger)Archduchy of Austria or Pressburg, Habsburg HungaryBurialComana MonasterySpouseAna (Ancuța) RaduleaIssueGavril PătrașcuMihai PătrașcuIlinca LeurdeancaDynastyDrăculești?FatherMichael the BraveMotherLady StancaReligionOrthodoxSignature
Nicolae Pătrașcu, Petrașco, or Petrașcu, also styled Nicolae Vo(i)evod (Church Slavonic and Romanian Cyrillic: Нєколає or Николає Воєвод; ca. 1580 – late 1627), was the titular Prince of Wallachia, an only son of Michael the Brave and Lady Stanca, and a putative grandson of Pătrașcu the Good. His early childhood coincided with Michael's quick rise through the ranks of boyardom, peaking in 1593, when Michael became Prince and Nicolae his heir apparent. As he began a quest to emancipate Wallachia from the Ottoman Empire, Michael used his son as a party to alliances with the Holy Roman Empire and the Principality of Transylvania, proposing him as either a hostage or a matrimonial guarantee. While entering the Long Turkish War on the Christian side, Michael also negotiated a settlement with the Ottomans, again offering Nicolae as a guarantee.
With the strengthening of Michael's alliance with the Habsburg monarchy in 1599, Nicolae participated in Michael's conquest of Transylvania. In December 1599 he was sent back to Wallachia to rule as Prince, while Michael took direct charge of Transylvania and then conquered Moldavia. Some records suggest that Nicolae was considered, or considered himself, a Prince of Moldavia, though that title was more likely held by a cousin, Marcu Cercel. In late 1600, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Moldavia invaded Wallachia and chased out Nicolae, replacing him with Simion Movilă. Michael was also chased out of Transylvania by his former ally Giorgio Basta and a large faction of the Hungarian nobility. In negotiating his peace with the latter, he sent Nicolae and Stanca as hostages. They were assigned ownership of Gilău, but, following clashes between Basta and the Hungarians, were taken by the latter to a harsher imprisonment in Făgăraș Citadel. Basta assassinated Michael in August 1601, but then liberated the family, with the ostensibly pro-Habsburg Nicolae still vying for the Wallachian throne.
In 1602, the Wallachian crown went to Radu Șerban of Coiani, who had previously been Nicolae's Paharnic. Mutilated by his rival, Nicolae settled in the Archduchy of Austria, joining the regional court of Ferdinand Habsburg. He later moved to Habsburg Hungary, living mostly in Tyrnau with his own retinue. He litigated over his father's assets, which had been confiscated by the Empire, and set out to redeem his memory, while also involving himself in conspiracies for the recovery of Wallachia. From 1610, he reconciled with Radu Șerban, becoming his Postelnic and assisting with his expedition into Burzenland. He welcomed the older Prince in exile, after he was deposed by the Ottomans in 1611, and two years later married his daughter, Ana. From then until 1620, the two former Princes participated in anti-Ottoman projects that also involved the Duke of Nevers, the Movilești, and Gaspar Graziani.
During the Thirty Years' War, which began after Ferdinand took the imperial throne in 1619, Nicolae and Radu Șerban joined a Habsburg coalition against Gabriel Bethlen's Transylvania. They themselves were chased out of Tyrnau by Bethlen's offensive, and both died of gout within seven years of each other, leaving the family in destitution. In the 1640s, Nicolae's son Mihai was asked by Wallachian Prince Matei Basarab to become his crown prince, but this request did not suit Habsburgs policies, and was dropped. Nicolae's widow and his daughter Ilinca were allowed passage, and repatriated both Princes' remains, which were buried together at Comana Monastery. Ilinca went on to marry a high-ranking boyar, Istratie Leurdeanu.
Name
In a document which uses the courtly language, Church Slavonic, Nicolae describes himself as: Млстію Вжією Іѡ Нєколає Воєвода и гспднь въсою зємлє ꙋггровлахискоє ("By the Grace of God Io Niecolaie Voivode and Hospodar of the Entire Hungro-Wallachian Country"). Historian Nicolae Iorga highlights the exotic nature of Nicolae's baptismal name, in its temporal context. The last Prince of Wallachia to have been crowned under that name was the 14th-century Nicolae Alexandru, whose memory had faded, and it was only used since by the pretender Nicolaus Bassaraba. The latter, a scion of the Craiovești, had made his most successful bid for the throne in 1563–1564. Iorga proposes that both Bassaraba and Pătrașcu were in fact named in honor of their supposed common ancestor, Neagoe Basarab, both of them with a synophone. Scholar Ștefan Mihăilescu believes that Michael the Brave may have named his son in direct homage to Saint Nicholas, whom he credited as his personal protector. A period witness and biographer, Balthasar Walther, contrarily reports that Pătrașcu celebrated his name day on the Feast of Saint Peter (June 29).
In Moldavia, the Prince was generally known as Neculai or Nicola, although one Moldavian document of 1600 refers to him as Petru Vodă ("Peter the Voivode"). The derivative Pătrașcu appears in Nicolae's signatures in Neo-Latin, which style him as Nicolaus Petrasko Waiwoda or Nicolaus Petrascus Waiwoda. The registers of the Hof-Bibliothek, also kept in Latin, name him as Nicolaus Petrascus or Nicolaas Petrash. In Tuscan sources, his name appeared more simply as Petraschi Vaivoda. Some of the Romanian writs issued after his departure refer to him as Pătrașco Voevod, or merely as Jupan Necula. Another early Romanian record, preserved by Nicolae's tombstone, cites him as Petrașco Niculae.
Biography
Origins and early life
Legend of Michael the Brave miraculously escaping his executioner, as depicted in an 1872 lithograph
Various scholarly disputes surround the origins of Nicolae's father Michael the Brave, or Mihai Viteazul, who passed himself off as a son of Pătrașcu the Good, from the Drăculești princely clan, and therefore also as a half-brother of Petru Cercel. Some historians accept that he was Prince Pătrașcu's son, or at least a member of his house. Others simply list Michael's paternal roots as disputed. Nicolae's grandmother was Teodora (Tudora), Pătrașcu's alleged mistress. A native or resident of Orașul de Floci, she was of Greek ethnicity and reportedly worked as a barmaid.
In the 16th century, Wallachia was a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, which had an important say in its political life. From beginnings as an itinerant merchant, Michael joined the boyar aristocracy in 1588, when he served as lesser Ban in Mehedinți County, then as Stolnic. According to contemporary writers such as Germanico Malaspina, Nicolae looked to be aged 12 or 13 in 1599–1600, meaning that he was born in 1586 or 1587. Mihăilescu has "year unknown". According to his research, the only reliable date to go by is 1584, the year of Michael's marriage to Lady Stanca; Nicolae was the couple's eldest child. Historian Radu Mârza gives Nicolae's birth year as "approx. 1584", while other documentary evidence pushes the date back to ca. 1575.
Stanca, who had been previously married to Postelnic Dumitru of Vâlcănești, was a relative of the Buzești boyars. She was also mother of Michael's daughter, Florica, who may have been born to another woman. Historians disagree on whether Florica was born ca. 1585 or much earlier. She was promised in marriage to several European monarchs, but eventually wed boyar Preda "Floricoiu" of Cepturoaia. Stanca's brother was Dragomir of Cârțoclești, who was briefly Michael's Stolnic; this made her aunt of another boyar, Spatharios Balea, who acted as her caretaker. Historians have often assumed that Stanca was the sister of Vornic Dragomir Dobromirescu, but later research proved that there was no relation between them. Genealogist Constantin Gane also describes Stanca as the daughter of Logothete Radu of Drăgoești and a niece of Dobromirescu, though other historians reject that hypothesis.
Michael, rising to become Great Ban of Oltenia, fell afoul of the ruling Prince, Alexander the Wicked. According to legend, he miraculously evaded execution, then left into self-exile. It is probable that Nicolae and Stanca remained behind in Oltenia. Walther reports that Pătrașcu went into hiding with a band of Gypsies, while Stanca was sent to live with the "women of the land". Michael eventually took the throne in 1593, with crucial backing from the Ottoman potentate Andronikos Kantakouzenos. The latter is often assumed to have been a brother of Teodora, which would establish a genealogical link between Nicolae and the emerging Cantacuzino family. The interpretation remains controversial.
Nicolae followed his family to Bucharest, and probably lived with them in the princely court of Piața cu Flori. An oral tradition records that he owned two pet deer, which he raised on the castle grounds. Michael grew somewhat estranged from his wife, and kept several official mistresses. One of these was Tudora, wife of the scribe Fiera Leurdeanu, who gave birth to a daughter. Named Marula, she later became wife of Clucer Socol Cornățeanu. One tradition refers to another Wallachian, the alleged son of Michael and brother of Nicolae, who ended up serving the Ottoman Empire as Hazar Pasha.
Nicolae's stay in Bucharest ended in 1594, when Michael rebelled against the Ottoman Empire. Wallachia joined the Holy League and the Holy Roman Empire, opening a new theater in the Long Turkish War. The Ottoman Army responded to the revolt by ransacking Bucharest, during which time one of Nicolae's deer was killed and the other lost. The princely family fled to the fortress town of Gherghița, although rumor soon spread that they had been sent as hostages to the Principality of Transylvania. According to Mârza, the new developments had pushed Michael into using his own family as pawns in a "complexity of diplomatic games".
Becoming Prince
Marie of Prussia, who, in 1598, was considered as a suitable wife for Nicolae
Michael eventually defeated the Ottoman intruders at Călugăreni in August 1595. Sources differ as to what Nicolae and Stanca were doing during that interval. Some authors believe that they remained in Gherghița until autumn 1596, when they finally moved to the second capital, Târgoviște. Walther visited the place in June 1597, in time for Pătrașcu's name day, and composed an epigram for the occasion. From such accounts, scholar Nicolae Bălcescu deduces that he was Pătrașcu's tutor—a claim seen as inaccurate by historian Dan Simonescu, who finds it more likely that Walther was a diplomatic envoy. In 1599, Walther wrote that the Prince sent "his woman, his children and all that he held dear" to safety in Hermannstadt. Other reports of the period suggests that Michael began negotiating a truce with the Ottomans, during which he offered to send Nicolae as a hostage to Istanbul. According to this narrative, Nicolae was still in Transylvania. Upon receiving news of Wallachia's rapprochement with the Ottomans, Transylvanian Princess Maria Christina ordered Michael's entire family to be quietly arrested. They remained hostages until January or February 1596.
Walther also suggests that Maria Christina's returning husband, Sigismund Báthory, adhered to Michael's conciliatory lines. In July 1597, both were more openly negotiating with Sultan Mehmed III. The latter promised recognition for Michael, and for Nicolae as his rightful successor. Around that time, Michael also negotiated the terms of a new alliance with Transylvania, promising that he would marry Nicolae to a sister of Transylvanian magnate István Jósika; Florica, meanwhile, was to marry Jósika's son. The project was suppressed when Sigismund Báthory refused to commit to the Holy League, prompting Michael to seek a matrimonial alliance with the Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns. Michael was especially worried when Mehmed asked for Nicolae to be sent as hostage, pushing him back into rebellion. In 1598, he proposed that Florica marry Emperor Rudolf, and also tried to arrange Nicolae's wedding to Marie of Prussia. That year, Nicolae was given his first official assignment, which involved greeting Imperial envoys as they arrived in Târgoviște. In late 1597, Michael had also sent for Marcu Cercel, his alleged nephew, who had spent his childhood in Transylvania. According to the chronicler Ciro Spontone, Marcu was virtually adopted by the Prince, and was also being considered a suitor for Marula or Florica.
Some scholars argue that, at some point in 1598 or 1599, Nicolae was dispatched to Transylvania, enrolling at the Jesuit Academy in Clausenburg. Mihăilescu believes that the school gave him his proficiency in Neo-Latin. However, Mârza cautions, no document shows whether Nicolae actually attended courses, but only that Michael had wanted him to enroll. In any case, this period ended with a sudden worsening of relations between the Holy League and Transylvania, with Andrew Báthory taking over as the latter country's Prince. The deterioration prompted Michael to begin his conquest of Transylvania. Nicolae was by his father's side during the victory at Șelimbăr (October 1599), and was then present for the fealty ceremonies at Alba Iulia.
For several months, Michael oscillated between the Habsburgs, who demanded his total submission, and the Ottomans, from whom he could expect recognition as Transylvanian Prince. In his dealings with either side, he offered to send Nicolae as a hostage. Meanwhile, Michael's reign in Wallachia was under threat, with a new offensive started by the Ottoman Army, which again tried to penetrate into Wallachia. The expedition notably included a pretender known as Cremonese Basarab, who was probably Nicolaus Bassaraba's son. In early December, Michael ordered Nicolae back to Târgoviște by way of Bran, assigning him a 6,000-strong guard under the command of Pongrác Szennyey. According to Gane, Stanca was made a regent, which allowed Michael to spend more time with his Transylvanian mistress, Velica Genga.
Nicolae Pătrașcu was the reigning Prince of Wallachia between December 1599 and September 1601. For this reason, Michael's unification of Wallachia and Transylvania is described by various historians as mostly a dynastic union. According to Constantin Rezachevici, Nicolae was a full lord of his country, but his father was the "higher point of reference". As noted by Iorga, Nicolae's "full and uncontested" rule over Wallachia was meant to free Michael's had in claiming the throne of Transylvania (where he was formally governor on behalf of the Habsburgs). He was also using the separation of offices as an instrument against Rudolf's demands. In early 1600, when Rudolf demanded Nicolae as a hostage, Michael replied that this would mean statelessness for Wallachia. Nicolae's reign over Wallachia was assisted by a Boyar Council. Andronikos Kantakouzenos, Nicolae's putative uncle, was reportedly his tutor; he also managed the country's fiscal affairs, as Vistier, while Miroslav of Râfov was Logothete. Șerban of Coiani, who would later play a significant role in Wallachian history, was Nicolae's Paharnic. At least one document confirms that Radu Buzescu was the acting Postelnic.
In Moldavia
Moldavian battle scene of ca. 1600, depicted as a struggle between Saul and David. Illustration to a manuscript ordered by Anastasie Crimca and kept at Dragomirna Monastery
From his campsite in Transylvania, Michael set his sights on Moldavia, which was governed by a hostile Movilești regime, closely allied with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Initially, Michael pursued matrimonial diplomacy: Nicolae was to marry a daughter of the Moldavian Prince Ieremia Movilă. The latter refused the offer, as he was instead pushing for his brother, Simion Movilă, to take the Wallachian throne. Michael began preparing for war, but could only hope to succeed if he created a rift between Poland and the Movilești. Around December 1599, he was considering a matrimonial alliance with the Szlachta, through both Nicolae and Florica. Early the following year, he offered to send Nicolae as a hostage to Kraków. King Sigismund Vasa refused to accept, and informed Michael that he could still expect retaliation.
Michael led his combined Wallachian–Transylvanian force into a storming of Moldavia. His son reportedly joined in the effort, traveling with the Wallachian army along the Trotuș River on May 5, 1600. Some twenty days later, Ieremia fled Moldavia, leaving the Wallachians in control; Nicolae had regained Târgoviște by that time. Various historians agree that Nicolae was selected by Michael to be the new Moldavian ruler. Rezachevici nuances this verdict, arguing that Michael in fact groomed Nicolae and his heirs to rule as a single dynasty over all three countries. A contemporary testimony by the Polish diplomat Andrzej Tarnowski argues the same, namely that Michael expected Sigismund Vasa to recognize "Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania to his son Nicolae, and to his heirs of the male gender." In June, as he rearranged the Moldavian Orthodox Church, placed under Archbishop Dionysus Rallis, Michael received the oath of office from other hierarchs. The group, including Anastasie Crimca, who took over as Bishop of Rădăuți, swore his allegiance not just to Michael, but also to Nicolae. This also appears in one oath by the newly appointed pârcălab of Suceava.
An interpretation of Nicolae's role in Moldavia is found in 18th-century variant of Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc, which claims that Michael ordered Radu Buzescu to arrange Nicolae's departure for Iași. The same source reports that Michael changed his mind as the expedition was starting, and instead placed Moldavia under a regency. According to historian N. Grigoraș, the Moldavian move may have been vetoed by Stanca, although some of the Moldavian boyars had proved welcoming. One contemporary account claims that Michael no longer wanted "his little son" as ruler of a "a borderland, for he was still fearful of Ieremia Voivode". As noted by Rezachevici, this may in fact refer to his awareness that the Polish army of Stanisław Żółkiewski was preparing the reconquest of Moldavia. Under this Wallachian ascendancy, Moldavia's throne was most probably being prepared for Marcu Cercel. The regency council which then emerged is generally believed to have comprised Andronikos, Hetman Udrea Băleanu, Spatharios Negrea, and Armaș Sava.
By June 1600 Nicolae was also styling himself "ruler over the whole Country of Transylvania". In July, Michael requested from Rudolf that he and Nicolae be recognized as joint rulers of all three countries, and that their dynasty, including female descendants, be left to rule "to the end of time". On September 12, Rudolf finally issued a writ recognizing Michael and Nicolae as lifetime governors of Transylvania and as Princes of the other two countries. Over those months, however, Michael had lost Transylvania to an insurgency headed by the Imperial warlord Giorgio Basta, and assisted by the Hungarian nobility; Moldavia was also reconquered by the Poles and the Movilești (see Battle of Mirăslău, Moldavian Magnate Wars). He was forced back into Wallachia when the Poles began their march on Bucharest. Shortly before the battle of Bucov, he pledged to send Stanca and his children, including Nicolae, as hostages to Transylvania, hoping to secure a truce with Basta. Michael obtained guarantees that his family would not be imprisoned by his enemies, the Transylvanian Saxons, but Basta denied his other requests, including that they would be dispatched to Făgăraș Citadel.
As hostage
Despite the pledge, Michael was also very unwilling to send his family abroad, and procrastinated to October 1600. Florica only arrived on December 30, and Teodora, also promised as a hostage, never left Wallachia. Nicolae finally presented himself at Lécfalva on October 16, accompanied by Archbishop Dionysus and Vistier Stoica Rioșeanu. All three pledged their loyalty to Rudolf and expressed criticism of Michael's policies. On October 17, Nicolae and his mother were honored guests at Corona, on their way to a gilded imprisonment in the castle of Gilău (Gela). In their dialogue with Michael, the Hungarians offered Gilău as a permanent family demesne.
After Bucov, Simion Movilă took over Nicolae's throne, in what was in practice an alternative dynastic union between Wallachia and Moldavia. Michael remained an exile, seeking to renew his fealty toward the Habsburgs. He departed for Vienna, where he was to seek additional support from Rudolf and made peace with Basta. This interval presented an opportunity for the Hungarian nobles, who denounced Basta and took control over much of Transylvania. Nicolae and Stanca, now their prisoners, were removed from Gilău and dispatched to the more secluded Făgăraș. Some of Michael's supporters in Transylvania acknowledged in March 1601 that the family was healthy and satisfied, but a Mantuan report of April claimed otherwise. Stanca later complained to her mother-in-law that the entire family had been mistreated, and other records suggest that their mobile possession were arbitrarily confiscated. Michael tried to have them released into Rudolf's custody, and proposed that Nicolae become his ambassador in Prague.
Despite his revival of the Holy League, Michael was having secret dealings with the Ottomans, to whom he sent a number of peace offerings in exchange for recognition as Prince. Again during the early months of 1601, he offered to send his son, "who is now kept under lock at Făgăraș", to Istanbul. The Ottomans demanded Nicolae from the Hungarian nobles, their nominal allies. The request was denied, because Nicolae's captors expected to hold him as a leverage against Michael, and also because of Stanca's passionate opposition to the plan. In August 1601, with Imperial backing, Michael was able to defeat the rebels at Guruslău. News of this pushed the Wallachian boyars into a successful anti-Movilești rebellion, which technically restored Nicolae on the throne. They sent envoys to Michael's camp, who also reached Făgăraș on their way.
Michael's killing at Câmpia Turzii, in a 1694 illustration of the events
Nicolae's fortunes were overturned within a month, following Michael's killing on Basta's orders, at Câmpia Turzii. Rumors of the period claimed that the two clashed over Michael's intent to divert his forces toward Făgăraș, in order to free Stanca and his children. Others even suggested that Basta framed Michael, first by agreeing to the offensive on Făgăraș, and then by withdrawing support and claiming that Michael was off to join the Ottomans. With Michael dead, Basta took control of the offensive into Transylvania, which eventually included the capture of Făgăraș. An avviso of October 6 claims that Basta's troops ran into Michael's family not at Făgăraș, but at Huszth, which indicates that they had been moved to Partium by the retreating Hungarians, probably through Moldavia. As reported by Gane, Stanca and Nicolae remained harshly critical of Michael in their interviews with Basta and David Ungnad, accepting that he may have been guilty of conspiracy against the Holy League. Nicolae "cried and trembled, informing the German that, whatever his father's fault, he himself remained blameless and prostrated in front of the Emperor". According to Iorga, the young heir, a "gentle creature", was "blessing his patron Basta, though the latter's hands were drenched in a blood that should have been dear to the princelet."
Marcu Cercel also pledged his loyalties to the Empire. He followed Basta to Făgăraș, hoping to emerge as the Habsburg favorite for the Wallachian throne. A delegation of boyars supported him, while others noted that, at age eighteen, he was hardly competent; they preferred Șerban of Coiani for that position. An avviso from May 1602 claims that Nicolae's candidacy was probably considered by a boyar faction, namely that supporting Wallachia's incorporation within the Empire. By then, Nicolae had been moved to Făgăraș, and was faced with Moldavian demands for his extradition. These were ignored by Basta, who instead asked the Hungarian nobles that they return Nicolae's stolen assets.
In exile
A Cozia Monastery record details the meeting between Stanca and Teodora, who was by then a nun. According to Gane, this would suggest that Nicolae traveled back to Wallachia to meet his paternal grandmother, while others indicate that he was forced to stay behind in Transylvania until the second half of 1602. In August, Nicolae addressed the Emperor a letter which reaffirmed his loyalty and asked to be received at the court in Prague, while also issuing a claim to Michael's confiscated assets. On September 28, Nicolae was at Șcheii Brașovului, where he donated various assets to St. Nicholas Church, in exchange for regular memorial services honoring his late father. The Wallachian assets he bequeathed included the entire village of Micșunești. In December, Nicolae, Stanca and Florica had reached Vienna, and were asking for Rudolf's assistance.
Between 1602 and 1611, the Wallachian throne was held by Șerban of Coiani, who took the regnal name of Radu Șerban. By 1608, Nicolae had returned to Transylvania, hoping to seal an alliance with its Prince, Gabriel Báthory, against their common Wallachian rival. According to Gane, Nicolae sketched an attempt to topple his rival, leading a "small army he had improvised". Radu Șerban captured him and cut off part of his nose, which technically invalidated Nicolae's candidacy. Despite usurping Nicolae, he was a close follower of Michael's political line. Stanca returned to Wallachia with Florica, but died there in late 1603, a victim of the recurring plague. Balea of Cârțoclești assisted the family with various matters, including Stanca's funeral. Meanwhile, Nicolae obtained an imperial monthly pension worth 100 Goldgulden. He was also assigned to the retinue of Ferdinand Habsburg, the Archduke of Austria, which required his presence in Graz ca. 1603, and, on May 30, 1606, was made Cup-bearer (Mundschenk) of the Holy Roman Empire. Nevertheless, his funding was irregular, and overall viewed as insufficient by Nicolae and his retinue, who were increasingly dependent on pawnbrokers.
The former Prince eventually settled in Tyrnau, to the west of Habsburg Hungary (in present-day Slovakia). From Tyrnau, he litigated over his father's remaining assets, which were still in the Empire's custody, and also demanded Kynsburg Castle, in Lower Silesia, which had been promised to Michael. In 1605, the Geheimrat recognized that Nicolae was owed 15,000 thaler from his father's possessions, but failed to enforce this ruling, leaving Nicolae to issue a formal protest to the Hungarian Diet of Pressburg. In 1606, the Aulic Council settled his outstanding debt of 20,000 thaler, but he continued to be pressed by his creditors; six years later, he resold to Emperor Rudolf his father's golden necklace. He had earlier declared this artifact lost. Meanwhile, the burghers of Tyrnau issued complaints against their guest, accusing his retinue of excessive luxury and resource depletion.
Hans von Aachen's allegory of the battle of Brașov (1608), in which Radu Șerban and the Habsburg defeated the Principality of Transylvania and its Ottoman allies
In 1610, Radu Șerban recognized Nicolae as a Postelnic. In this interval, Nicolae exchanged deeds over his father's village of Ciulnița with Logothete Oancea, receiving instead Glina, though he never took possession of the latter. In July 1611, he fought alongside the Wallachian Prince as he defeated Báthory in Burzenland. Later that year, Radu Șerban was chased out of Bucharest by another Ottoman invasion, and replaced with Radu Mihnea. An 18th-century compilation by Franjo Ksaver Pejačević suggests that both Princes escaped Wallachia together, heading for Vienna. Eventually, Radu Șerban also settled at Tyrnau. From there, he began plotting Radu Mihnea's downfall, profiting from the Ottomans' focus on a parallel war in Persia. The expedition, finally started in 1616, was blocked by the hostile Transylvanian regime of Gabriel Bethlen, who joined with Iskender Pasha and defeated the Wallachian returnees in Moldavia.
Șerban's effort was also assisted by Moldavia's Princess Elisabeta, on behalf of the Movilești. This final reconciliation ended badly for the Moldavians, as Elisabeta and her son Alexandru were dethroned and imprisoned by the Ottomans. Nicolae remained close to Gabriel Movilă, who became Prince of Wallachia in June 1618. During that episode, Nicolae and Marcu Cercel again found themselves on opposite sides: frustrated in his attempts to obtain a Wallachian or Moldavian crown, Marcu had turned against his Habsburg backers. In his final years, he was one of Bethlen's trusted supporters.
Final years
Nicolae ultimately married Radu Șerban's daughter, known as Ana or Ancuța Radulea, on July 10, 1618. The wedding was blessed by a new Emperor, Matthias, who presented the couple with a silver chalice. The scandal over Michael's inheritance peaked the same year, when Matthias ordered an Hofkriegsrat investigation into Michael's killing. The news were poorly received by Nicolae, who complained that the inquiry would open the record to "calumnies" against his father and cement Basta's depiction of the Prince as a "traitor".
The issue was put on hold by the accession of Archduke Ferdinand to the imperial throne, an event which also sparked the Thirty Years' War. In 1619, Bethlen, joining the anti-Habsburg coalition, attacked Ferdinand's possessions in Hungary. Nicolae, Ana, and Radu Șerban fled Tyrnau ahead of a siege, moving to Modern, then to Eisenstadt. During that interval, both former Princes became involved in the project to assist the Maniot revolt in Ottoman Greece, with the Duke of Nevers asking them to support his "Christian Militia", which also fought against Bethlen. Although criticized as Orthodox "Schismatics", they were eventually accepted as allies, alongside the ephemeral Catholic Prince of Moldavia, Gaspar Graziani. In November 1619, Nicolae and Graziani assisted George Druget's attack on Bethlen's Transylvania, also transferring exorbitant sums to Sigismund Vasa in exchange for his Lisowczycy (see Battle of Humenné). Nicolae became Druget's favorite for the Wallachian crown, his father-in-law having since retired from the race. Eventually, Nicolae and Radu Șerban became aware that Graziani wanted the crown of Wallachia for himself, and were resentful, taking their distance from the Militia.
In February 1620, after having moved to Vienna, Nicolae lost his father-in-law to gout, and inherited from him the assets of the Coiani boyars. By then, Nicolae was again emerging as Ferdinand's favorite: the Empire would not assign him more money, but Michael's inheritance was paid up in land, houses, and salt. Following the Habsburg–Transylvanian rapprochement, he began writing of his plan to regain Bucharest with Bethlen's help. Nevertheless, he himself was immobilized by gout, turning his attention to less material pursuits, in particular reading. By 1626, attempting to alleviate his symptoms, he sought specialized care in Vienna. In his correspondence with Sebastian Tengnagel, he asked to receive books of grammar and theology from the Hof-Bibliothek, noting that he had "no other pleasure left". He complained to Ferdinand's court of his insolvency, receiving backing from the Count Esterházy.
Nicolae died of gout in 1627, either somewhere "in Austria" or at Pressburg. As noted by Ștefan Mihăilescu, his date of death was between June 19 and September 7. According to the same author, he was probably aged 40 or 41. The body was assigned for burial to the Orthodox church of Raab. Ana survived on a 50-Goldgulden pension, also finding employment as a seamstress; Ferdinand refused to let her return home. By 1635, she was able to pay off her debt to the citizens of Tyrnau, but protested that they would not return her collateral. She also took up her husband's inheritance claim, and, as early as 1627, complained to Ferdinand that Count Esterházy, as Palatine of Hungary, was blocking her litigation. The Emperor intervened and ordered the procedures to be carried out with some expediency. Parts of Michael the Brave's estate were also being requested by some of the prominent Hungarian families, including Bánffy, Héderváry, and Esterházy.
Legacy
Elias Wiedemann's engraving of Michael Vaivoda, which may depict Mihai Pătrașcu
Nicolae's remains were finally exhumed by Ana in 1640, and taken to Wallachia together with Radu Șerban's (recovered from St. Stephen's Cathedral). The reigning Prince Matei Basarab welcomed them in Bucharest, then buried them together in the shared necropolis of Comana Monastery. The epitaph, which probably dates from the late 18th century, commemorates both as heroes of the defense against Islam and "the Hungarian heretic". Unusually, Nicolae and his family were regularly commemorated by a Moldavian church at Golia Monastery. Their likeness remains preserved at Căluiu Monastery, in Oboga, which Michael furbished in 1593–1594. His heir is shown alongside his mother on the Căluiu naos, painted by a Master Mina. Mihăilescu, who also writes that Prince Nicolae was a Wallachian version of Napoleon II, laments that his fate was otherwise "nearly entirely forgotten."
The marriage of Nicolae and Ana produced two sons, Gavril and Mihai Pătrașcu, and a daughter, Ilinca (Elena). Gavril died in 1622, an infant or young child. Nicolae's daughter stayed with her mother in Austria until 1640. Both returned to settle in Filipeștii de Târg, alongside the Cantacuzinos, before recovering their family estates. They could resume ownership of Bârca and Mircești-Simileasca, but not of their serfs, who were recognized as manumitted by Prince Matei. Florica had died shortly after her brother, in or around 1629, while Marula was still alive in 1647.
Mihai, who was also recognized as a Cup-bearer, stated a claim to his share of the Coiani inheritance, demanding in particular 4,000 Goldgulden pledged by the Empire to his maternal grandmother, Elena Șerban. He was still attached to Vienna, with Ferdinand III forcefully keeping him on his entourage and considering him for the throne of Transylvania. In 1643, he was trying to instigate a pro-Habsburg rebellion among the Romanians of Transylvania. This prevented Prince Matei, whose sons Matei II and Mateiaș had both died, from adopting Michael the Great's grandson. In 1654, formally released from Austrian service, Mihai made a final effort to regain Wallachia, counting on assistance from the Cossack rebels. He fell ill with the plague upon reaching Bohdan Khmelnytsky's court in Chyhyryn, and was recorded as dead by 1656. One tradition suggests that he was the suitor for Domnița Ruxandra, daughter of Moldavian Prince Vasile Lupu and widow of Tymofiy Khmelnytsky. Some scholars also argue that he is the Michael Vaivoda depicted in a 1651 engraving by Elias Wiedemann.
By then, Ilinca had married Postelnic Istratie Leurdeanu. He was Fiera Leurdeanu's grandson, and son of the Logothete Stroe Leurdeanu. After his failure with Mihai Pătrașcu, Prince Matei hoped to adopt Istratie, but met opposition from the other boyars, and was ultimately discarded in favor of Diicul Buicescul. Both Istratie and Stroe rose to prominence later in the 1650s, under the rule of Radu Șerban's natural son, Constantin Șerban, and then became noted as enemies of the Cantacuzinos. Ilinca was still mentioned in 1656, and died childless some time after; Istratie was executed in December 1658 by a new Prince, Mihnea III. His father survived him by twenty years. Tried for his role in the unlawful execution of Constantin I Cantacuzino (Nicolae's alleged cousin), he was pardoned and sent to a monastery, ending his life as Silvestru the Monk.
Nicolae Pătrașcu enjoys recognition in modern-day Romania. Research into his biography was inaugurated by Alexandru Roman, on behalf of the Romanian Academy. In the 1880s, Roman obtained essential biographical documents relating to Pătrașcu and Ana Radulea, from the estate of György Majláth. The Prince's tunic and cape were recovered from Comana and, by 1978, were on display at the National Military Museum. Posthumous depictions include Constantin Vaeni's 1977 film, Buzduganul cu trei peceți, with Constantin Fugașin as a rambunctious Nicolae Pătrașcu (Victor Rebengiuc is Michael the Brave).
Arms
Like all Wallachian Princes of the period, Nicolae used as his primary symbol the Wallachian bird, which was by then a cross between golden eagle and raven. As noted by heraldist Dan Cernovodeanu, this "hybrid" was represented with "very elegant" form under Nicolae's alleged grandfather, Pătrașcu the Good. A 1616 roll of arms, created by Valentin Franck, puts Nicolae's arms alongside those of his father-in-law, showing them to be nearly identical: they both have oval shields supported by lions affrontés, and "hybrid" birds displayed. In Franck's version, Nicolae's arms feature the bird over a cross potent, and holding a ring in its beak, while Radu Șerban's has a closed beak and no cross. Cernovodeanu proposes that this heraldic distinction highlighted the difference of weight in dynastic claims: Nicolae saw himself as descending from the original House of Basarab, whereas his ally was only related to the Craiovești. However, all seals used by Nicolae, Radu Șerban and Mihai Pătrașcu feature the same display, including lions in supporters and the cross (either behind the bird or in its beak), but without a ring.
Michael the Brave and Nicolae are both associated with another seal, first used on July 27, 1600. Its complex field has the Wallachian bird alongside the Moldavian aurochs, two lions affrontés, and a variant of the nova plantatio theme, with both Princes in supporters. An enduring controversy surrounds the two lions, opposing historians who view them as a variant coat of arms of Transylvania to those who read them as Michael's personal arms; secondary debates range over whether they are shown holding up a sword or rather the trunk of a tree. Among the specialists involved, archivist Aurelian Sacerdoțeanu proposed that the seal was designed by Nicolae in a bid to cement his claim as Michael's successor on the Moldavian throne.
Coat of arms of Nicolae Pătrașcu in the Franck version, 1616
Coat of arms of Radu Șerban in the same Franck version
One variant of the 1600 seal, featuring lions with sword; Nicolae and his father as supporters
Seal of Mihai Pătrașcu, 1651
Notes
^ Iorga (1934), pp. 76–77
^ Iorga (1934), p. 77
^ Neagoe, p. 197; Rezachevici (1998), p. 55
^ Iorga (1934), p. 77
^ Mihăilescu, p. 41
^ Simonescu, pp. 14–15
^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 10
^ Grigoraș, p. 9
^ Iorga (1934), p. 79
^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 219, 221
^ Tabvlae codicvm manv scriptorvm praeter graecos et orientales in Bibliotheca palatina vindobonensi asservatorvm, Vol. VI, pp. 79, 416. Vienna: Venum dat Caroli Geroldi Filius, 1873
^ Göllner, p. 77; Theodorescu, p. 206
^ Donat, pp. 217, 220, 225
^ Mihăilescu, p. 50
^ Gane, pp. 106–107, 138–139; Neagoe, pp. 200–201; Mihăilescu, p. 41; Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1989–1990; Stoicescu, pp. 64–65, 100; Theodorescu, pp. 8, 29–30
^ Mârza, p. 73; Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1989–1990; Stoicescu, p. 70
^ Gane, pp. 138–139; Ionașcu, p. 166. See also Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1989–1991; Stoicescu, p. 70
^ Gane, pp. 140–141; Stoicescu, pp. 70–71
^ Gane, p. 144; Iorga (1934), p. 77; Mihăilescu, p. 42. See also Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1990, 1991 & (2000), p. 10
^ Mihăilescu, p. 41
^ Mârza, p. 73
^ Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1990, 1991
^ Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1990, 1991; Stoicescu, pp. 35, 38, 40, 70, 172
^ Rezachevici (1976), p. 1990
^ Mârza, p. 73
^ Rezachevici (1976), p. 1990
^ Ionașcu, pp. 233–234; Neagoe, pp. 196, 201; Stoicescu, pp. 57, 108, 232. See also Gane, pp. 143–144, 146, 211; Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1990, 1991
^ Ionașcu, pp. 60, 125, 167; Stoicescu, pp. 30, 31, 53, 69, 70, 82, 99, 103, 254
^ Stoicescu, pp. 170, 171
^ Gane, pp. 138, 140–141
^ Ionașcu, pp. 165–167; Stoicescu, pp. 53, 82
^ Mihăilescu, p. 41
^ Mihăilescu, p. 41; Simonescu, p. 36
^ Simonescu, p. 36
^ Cazacu, p. 176; Gane, pp. 138–139; Neagoe, p. 201; Stoicescu, pp. 41, 64–65
^ Mihăilescu, pp. 41–42
^ Stoicescu, pp. 203–204
^ Gane, p. 142; Neagoe, pp. 196, 201; Stoicescu, pp. 161–162, 203–204, 206
^ Maria Frunză, "Începuturile publicisticii lui B. P. Hasdeu (România, 18 noiembrie 1858—26 ianuarie 1859)", in Anuar de Lingvistică și Istorie Literară, Vol. 20, 1969, p. 159
^ Mihăilescu, p. 42
^ Mihăilescu, p. 42
^ Mârza, p. 74
^ Mihăilescu, p. 42
^ Simonescu, pp. 14–15, 19
^ Simonescu, pp. 14–15
^ Mârza, p. 74
^ Mârza, p. 75
^ Mârza, pp. 74–75
^ Georgiță, p. 160
^ Georgiță, p. 159; Neagoe, p. 201
^ Georgiță, p. 163
^ Neagoe, p. 201. See also Gane, pp. 143–144
^ Mihăilescu, p. 42
^ Rădulescu, pp. 55–56
^ Mihăilescu, p. 42
^ Mârza, p. 75
^ Mihăilescu, p. 42
^ Mârza, pp. 74, 76–77
^ Rezachevici (1998), p. 58
^ Mihăilescu, p. 42
^ Gane, pp. 142–143
^ Mihăilescu, p. 42
^ Iorga (1934), p. 77; Neagoe, p. 196; Rezachevici (2000), pp. 5–6
^ Rezachevici (2000), pp. 6, 9, 10–11
^ Iorga (1934), p. 77
^ Mârza, p. 77
^ Cazacu, p. 178
^ Iorga (1934), pp. 76–78; Stoicescu, pp. 41, 72
^ Iorga (1934), pp. 76–78; Mihăilescu, p. 47; Stoicescu, p. 94
^ Iorga (1934), pp. 76–78
^ Gane, p. 159; Neagoe, p. 201
^ Grigoraș, p. 7; Neagoe, p. 201; Rezachevici (2000), pp. 6–7
^ Mârza, p. 76
^ Mârza, p. 76. See also Grigoraș, pp. 7–8
^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 8
^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 10
^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 70–72; Grigoraș, p. 9; Rezachevici (2000), pp. 9–10
^ Rezachevici (2000), pp. 6, 8
^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 8
^ Mircea Păcurariu, Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe Române. Vol. 2 (Sec. XVII și XVIII), pp. 5, 15. Bucharest: Editura Institutului Biblic și de Misiune Ortodoxă, 1994. ISBN 973-9130-18-6; Rezachevici (2000), p. 9
^ Grigoraș, p. 9
^ Rădulescu, p. 56; Stoicescu, p. 36. See also Grigoraș, p. 9
^ Grigoraș, p. 9
^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 10
^ Grigoraș, p. 10; Mihăilescu, p. 47; Rădulescu, pp. 56–57; Rezachevici (2000), pp. 5, 10; Stoicescu, p. 37
^ Stoicescu, pp. 41, 75, 86, 100. See also Rădulescu, p. 56; Rezachevici (2000), p. 10
^ Mihăilescu, p. 42
^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 11
^ Gane, p. 144; Mârza, pp. 75–76, 77–80; Mihăilescu, pp. 42–43
^ Mârza, p. 78
^ Mârza, pp. 79–80
^ Mârza, p. 79
^ Mârza, pp. 79–80; Mihăilescu, pp. 42–43
^ Mârza, pp. 78, 80
^ Neagoe, p. 202
^ Mârza, pp. 77, 80; Mihăilescu, p. 43
^ Mârza, p. 80
^ Mihăilescu, pp. 43–44
^ Mârza, p. 77
^ Mârza, p. 76
^ Mârza, p. 76
^ Mihăilescu, p. 43
^ Mârza, p. 81
^ Mârza, p. 81
^ Gane, pp. 144, 210
^ Gane, p. 144
^ Iorga (1902), pp. VI–VII
^ Rădulescu, p. 57
^ Mârza, p. 82
^ Iorga (1934), p. 78
^ Gane, pp. 145–146, 211
^ Mârza, pp. 81–82; Mihăilescu, p. 43
^ Mârza, pp. 80–81
^ Mârza, p. 81; Mihăilescu, p. 43
^ Donat, p. 229; Mihăilescu, p. 43
^ Iorga (1934), p. 79; Mârza, p. 82
^ Iorga (1902), pp. LXXIII–LXXV
^ Gane, p. 211
^ Gane, pp. 201–209; Stoicescu, p. 94; Theodorescu, pp. 205, 207
^ Gane, p. 145; Ionașcu, p. 166; Mihăilescu, p. 43
^ Stoicescu, p. 31
^ Mârza, p. 82
^ Iorga (1934), pp. 79–80
^ Iorga (1934), pp. 78–80; Mihăilescu, pp. 43–46
^ Mihăilescu, pp. 43–46. See also Iorga (1934), pp. 78–80
^ Mihăilescu, pp. 44–45, 46
^ Iorga (1934), p. 79
^ Mihăilescu, p. 47
^ Donat, pp. 220, 225
^ Iorga (1902), p. CIV
^ Damaschin Mioc, "Știri de istorie a românilor în Letopisețul Brancovicesc", in Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, Vol. IX, 1978, pp. 136, 141
^ Gane, p. 211; Mihăilescu, pp. 47–48
^ Iorga (1902), pp. CXXVI–CXXXVI; Mihăilescu, pp. 47–48
^ Gane, pp. 179–181, 183; Mihăilescu, p. 48
^ Iorga (1902), pp. CXXXI, CXXXIII–CXXXIV, CXXXLX, CXL; Rădulescu, pp. 57–61
^ Mihăilescu, pp. 43, 47, 48. See also Cazacu, pp. 178–179; Gane, pp. 146–147, 210–212; Iorga (1902), p. CXXXIII; Neagoe, p. 196; Stoicescu, pp. 94, 206; Theodorescu, p. 205
^ Mihăilescu, p. 48
^ Mihăilescu, pp. 46–47
^ Mihăilescu, p. 48
^ Göllner, pp. 76–80; Theodorescu, pp. 205–207
^ Göllner, pp. 80–81
^ Iorga (1902), pp. CXXXLX–CXL
^ Göllner, p. 82
^ Mihăilescu, p. 48
^ Gane, p. 211
^ Mihăilescu, p. 48
^ Mihăilescu, p. 49
^ Mihăilescu, p. 49
^ Mihăilescu, p. 49
^ Gane, p. 212
^ Cazacu, p. 179
^ Mihăilescu, p. 49
^ Gane, p. 212
^ Slavici, p. 386
^ Slavici, pp. 385–386
^ Slavici, p. 386
^ Gane, pp. 211–213; Mihăilescu, pp. 48, 49. See also Theodorescu, pp. 206–207
^ Theodorescu, p. 207. See also Mihăilescu, p. 50
^ Grigoraș, p. 10
^ Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1990, 1991
^ Mihăilescu, p. 41
^ Gane, p. 212
^ Gane, pp. 212–213, 239
^ Donat, pp. 217, 229–230
^ Mârza, p. 74
^ Slavici, p. 386
^ Gane, pp. 213, 239; Slavici, pp. 387–390
^ Iorga (1902), p. CCIX
^ Gane, pp. 238–240; Ionașcu, p. 13; Iorga (1902), pp. CXIX, CCLIV; Slavici, pp. 386–387
^ Slavici, pp. 388–390
^ Gane, p. 301
^ Theodorescu, pp. 168–169
^ Gane, p. 240
^ Gane, pp. 213, 331–348; Ionașcu, pp. 18, 51; Stoicescu, pp. 181, 203–206
^ Stoicescu, pp. 206–207
^ Gane, pp. 344–345; Stoicescu, pp. 204–205
^ Gelu Neamțu, "Alexandru Roman, gînditor și istoriograf", in Marisia. Anuarul Muzeului Județean Mureș. Studii și Materiale, II: Arheologie, Istorie, Etnografie, Vol. VII, 1977, p. 160
^ "Aspecte din Muzeul Militar Central", in Revista Muzeelor și Monumentelor. Muzee, Issue 6/1978, p. 73
^ Eva Sîrbu, "În premieră. Buzduganul cu trei peceți", in Cinema, Vol. XV, Issue 8, August 1977, p. 24
^ Cernovodeanu, p. 45
^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 46, 218–219
^ Cernovodeanu, p. 46
^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 46–47, 220–223
^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 69–73. See also Grigoraș, p. 9
^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 70–71. See also Grigoraș, p. 9; Rezachevici (2000), p. 10
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Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Michael the Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Brave"},{"link_name":"Lady Stanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doamna_Stanca"},{"link_name":"Pătrașcu the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu_the_Good"},{"link_name":"boyardom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyars_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"Long Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"Christian side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_of_Pope_Clement_VIII"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Prince of Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Marcu Cercel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcu_Cercel"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Simion Movilă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simion_Movil%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Basta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Basta"},{"link_name":"Hungarian nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_nobility"},{"link_name":"Gilău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%C4%83u,_Cluj"},{"link_name":"Făgăraș Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99_Citadel"},{"link_name":"Radu Șerban of Coiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_%C8%98erban"},{"link_name":"Paharnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paharnic"},{"link_name":"Archduchy of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)"},{"link_name":"Tyrnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnava"},{"link_name":"Postelnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postelnic"},{"link_name":"Burzenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burzenland"},{"link_name":"the Duke of Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua_and_Montferrat"},{"link_name":"Movilești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movile%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Graziani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Graziani"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Bethlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen"},{"link_name":"gout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout"},{"link_name":"Matei Basarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_Basarab"},{"link_name":"Comana Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comana_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Istratie Leurdeanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istratie_Leurdeanu&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Nicolae Pătrașcu, Petrașco, or Petrașcu, also styled Nicolae Vo(i)evod (Church Slavonic and Romanian Cyrillic: Нєколає or Николає Воєвод; ca. 1580 – late 1627), was the titular Prince of Wallachia, an only son of Michael the Brave and Lady Stanca, and a putative grandson of Pătrașcu the Good. His early childhood coincided with Michael's quick rise through the ranks of boyardom, peaking in 1593, when Michael became Prince and Nicolae his heir apparent. As he began a quest to emancipate Wallachia from the Ottoman Empire, Michael used his son as a party to alliances with the Holy Roman Empire and the Principality of Transylvania, proposing him as either a hostage or a matrimonial guarantee. While entering the Long Turkish War on the Christian side, Michael also negotiated a settlement with the Ottomans, again offering Nicolae as a guarantee.With the strengthening of Michael's alliance with the Habsburg monarchy in 1599, Nicolae participated in Michael's conquest of Transylvania. In December 1599 he was sent back to Wallachia to rule as Prince, while Michael took direct charge of Transylvania and then conquered Moldavia. Some records suggest that Nicolae was considered, or considered himself, a Prince of Moldavia, though that title was more likely held by a cousin, Marcu Cercel. In late 1600, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Moldavia invaded Wallachia and chased out Nicolae, replacing him with Simion Movilă. Michael was also chased out of Transylvania by his former ally Giorgio Basta and a large faction of the Hungarian nobility. In negotiating his peace with the latter, he sent Nicolae and Stanca as hostages. They were assigned ownership of Gilău, but, following clashes between Basta and the Hungarians, were taken by the latter to a harsher imprisonment in Făgăraș Citadel. Basta assassinated Michael in August 1601, but then liberated the family, with the ostensibly pro-Habsburg Nicolae still vying for the Wallachian throne.In 1602, the Wallachian crown went to Radu Șerban of Coiani, who had previously been Nicolae's Paharnic. Mutilated by his rival, Nicolae settled in the Archduchy of Austria, joining the regional court of Ferdinand Habsburg. He later moved to Habsburg Hungary, living mostly in Tyrnau with his own retinue. He litigated over his father's assets, which had been confiscated by the Empire, and set out to redeem his memory, while also involving himself in conspiracies for the recovery of Wallachia. From 1610, he reconciled with Radu Șerban, becoming his Postelnic and assisting with his expedition into Burzenland. He welcomed the older Prince in exile, after he was deposed by the Ottomans in 1611, and two years later married his daughter, Ana. From then until 1620, the two former Princes participated in anti-Ottoman projects that also involved the Duke of Nevers, the Movilești, and Gaspar Graziani.During the Thirty Years' War, which began after Ferdinand took the imperial throne in 1619, Nicolae and Radu Șerban joined a Habsburg coalition against Gabriel Bethlen's Transylvania. They themselves were chased out of Tyrnau by Bethlen's offensive, and both died of gout within seven years of each other, leaving the family in destitution. In the 1640s, Nicolae's son Mihai was asked by Wallachian Prince Matei Basarab to become his crown prince, but this request did not suit Habsburgs policies, and was dropped. Nicolae's widow and his daughter Ilinca were allowed passage, and repatriated both Princes' remains, which were buried together at Comana Monastery. Ilinca went on to marry a high-ranking boyar, Istratie Leurdeanu.","title":"Nicolae Pătrașcu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"By the Grace of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God"},{"link_name":"Io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(voievodal_title_particle)"},{"link_name":"Voivode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Hospodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospodar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Iorga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Alexandru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Alexander_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Bassaraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_Bassaraba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Craiovești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiove%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Neagoe Basarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neagoe_Basarab"},{"link_name":"synophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Balthasar Walther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Walther"},{"link_name":"name day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_day"},{"link_name":"Feast of Saint Peter (June 29)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_29_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Neo-Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Latin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hof-Bibliothek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Library"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tuscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_dialect"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jupan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDupan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In a document which uses the courtly language, Church Slavonic, Nicolae describes himself as: Млстію Вжією Іѡ Нєколає Воєвода и гспднь въсою зємлє ꙋггровлахискоє (\"By the Grace of God Io Niecolaie Voivode and Hospodar of the Entire Hungro-Wallachian Country\").[1] Historian Nicolae Iorga highlights the exotic nature of Nicolae's baptismal name, in its temporal context. The last Prince of Wallachia to have been crowned under that name was the 14th-century Nicolae Alexandru, whose memory had faded, and it was only used since by the pretender Nicolaus Bassaraba.[2] The latter, a scion of the Craiovești, had made his most successful bid for the throne in 1563–1564.[3] Iorga proposes that both Bassaraba and Pătrașcu were in fact named in honor of their supposed common ancestor, Neagoe Basarab, both of them with a synophone.[4] Scholar Ștefan Mihăilescu believes that Michael the Brave may have named his son in direct homage to Saint Nicholas, whom he credited as his personal protector.[5] A period witness and biographer, Balthasar Walther, contrarily reports that Pătrașcu celebrated his name day on the Feast of Saint Peter (June 29).[6]In Moldavia, the Prince was generally known as Neculai or Nicola,[7] although one Moldavian document of 1600 refers to him as Petru Vodă (\"Peter the Voivode\").[8] The derivative Pătrașcu appears in Nicolae's signatures in Neo-Latin, which style him as Nicolaus Petrasko Waiwoda[9] or Nicolaus Petrascus Waiwoda.[10] The registers of the Hof-Bibliothek, also kept in Latin, name him as Nicolaus Petrascus or Nicolaas Petrash.[11] In Tuscan sources, his name appeared more simply as Petraschi Vaivoda.[12] Some of the Romanian writs issued after his departure refer to him as Pătrașco Voevod, or merely as Jupan Necula.[13] Another early Romanian record, preserved by Nicolae's tombstone, cites him as Petrașco Niculae.[14]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mihai_Viteazul_%C8%99i_c%C4%83l%C4%83ul,_1872.png"},{"link_name":"Michael the Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Brave"},{"link_name":"Pătrașcu the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu_the_Good"},{"link_name":"Drăculești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%83cule%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Petru Cercel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petru_Cercel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Teodora (Tudora)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teodora_Cantacuzino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orașul de Floci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora%C8%99ul_de_Floci"},{"link_name":"Greek ethnicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"tributary state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"boyar aristocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyars_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_(title)"},{"link_name":"Mehedinți County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehedin%C8%9Bi_County"},{"link_name":"Stolnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolnic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Germanico Malaspina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanico_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lady Stanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doamna_Stanca"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Postelnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postelnic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Spatharios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatharios"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Vornic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vornic"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Constantin Gane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Gane"},{"link_name":"Logothete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logothete"},{"link_name":"Radu of Drăgoești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radu_of_Dr%C4%83goe%C8%99ti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Great Ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Banship_of_Craiova"},{"link_name":"Oltenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltenia"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Wicked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_cel_R%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Gypsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Andronikos Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Kantakouzenos_(1553%E2%80%931601)"},{"link_name":"Cantacuzino family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantacuzino_family"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Fiera Leurdeanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiera_Leurdeanu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Clucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clucer"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Holy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_of_Pope_Clement_VIII"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Long Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Army"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Gherghița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherghi%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Origins and early life","text":"Legend of Michael the Brave miraculously escaping his executioner, as depicted in an 1872 lithographVarious scholarly disputes surround the origins of Nicolae's father Michael the Brave, or Mihai Viteazul, who passed himself off as a son of Pătrașcu the Good, from the Drăculești princely clan, and therefore also as a half-brother of Petru Cercel. Some historians accept that he was Prince Pătrașcu's son, or at least a member of his house.[15] Others simply list Michael's paternal roots as disputed.[16] Nicolae's grandmother was Teodora (Tudora), Pătrașcu's alleged mistress. A native or resident of Orașul de Floci, she was of Greek ethnicity and reportedly worked as a barmaid.[17]In the 16th century, Wallachia was a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, which had an important say in its political life. From beginnings as an itinerant merchant, Michael joined the boyar aristocracy in 1588, when he served as lesser Ban in Mehedinți County, then as Stolnic.[18] According to contemporary writers such as Germanico Malaspina, Nicolae looked to be aged 12 or 13 in 1599–1600, meaning that he was born in 1586 or 1587.[19] Mihăilescu has \"year unknown\". According to his research, the only reliable date to go by is 1584, the year of Michael's marriage to Lady Stanca; Nicolae was the couple's eldest child.[20] Historian Radu Mârza gives Nicolae's birth year as \"approx. 1584\",[21] while other documentary evidence pushes the date back to ca. 1575.[22]Stanca, who had been previously married to Postelnic Dumitru of Vâlcănești, was a relative of the Buzești boyars.[23] She was also mother of Michael's daughter, Florica, who may have been born to another woman.[24] Historians disagree on whether Florica was born ca. 1585[25] or much earlier.[26] She was promised in marriage to several European monarchs, but eventually wed boyar Preda \"Floricoiu\" of Cepturoaia.[27] Stanca's brother was Dragomir of Cârțoclești, who was briefly Michael's Stolnic; this made her aunt of another boyar, Spatharios Balea, who acted as her caretaker.[28] Historians have often assumed that Stanca was the sister of Vornic Dragomir Dobromirescu, but later research proved that there was no relation between them.[29] Genealogist Constantin Gane also describes Stanca as the daughter of Logothete Radu of Drăgoești and a niece of Dobromirescu,[30] though other historians reject that hypothesis.[31]Michael, rising to become Great Ban of Oltenia, fell afoul of the ruling Prince, Alexander the Wicked. According to legend, he miraculously evaded execution,[32] then left into self-exile. It is probable that Nicolae and Stanca remained behind in Oltenia.[33] Walther reports that Pătrașcu went into hiding with a band of Gypsies, while Stanca was sent to live with the \"women of the land\".[34] Michael eventually took the throne in 1593, with crucial backing from the Ottoman potentate Andronikos Kantakouzenos. The latter is often assumed to have been a brother of Teodora, which would establish a genealogical link between Nicolae and the emerging Cantacuzino family. The interpretation remains controversial.[35]Nicolae followed his family to Bucharest, and probably lived with them in the princely court of Piața cu Flori. An oral tradition records that he owned two pet deer, which he raised on the castle grounds.[36] Michael grew somewhat estranged from his wife, and kept several official mistresses. One of these was Tudora, wife of the scribe Fiera Leurdeanu,[37] who gave birth to a daughter. Named Marula, she later became wife of Clucer Socol Cornățeanu.[38] One tradition refers to another Wallachian, the alleged son of Michael and brother of Nicolae, who ended up serving the Ottoman Empire as Hazar Pasha.[39]Nicolae's stay in Bucharest ended in 1594, when Michael rebelled against the Ottoman Empire. Wallachia joined the Holy League and the Holy Roman Empire, opening a new theater in the Long Turkish War. The Ottoman Army responded to the revolt by ransacking Bucharest, during which time one of Nicolae's deer was killed and the other lost.[40] The princely family fled to the fortress town of Gherghița,[41] although rumor soon spread that they had been sent as hostages to the Principality of Transylvania. According to Mârza, the new developments had pushed Michael into using his own family as pawns in a \"complexity of diplomatic games\".[42]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MariePreu%C3%9FenBayreuth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marie of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Prussia,_Margravine_of_Brandenburg-Bayreuth"},{"link_name":"at Călugăreni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%83lug%C4%83reni"},{"link_name":"Târgoviște","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Bălcescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu"},{"link_name":"Dan Simonescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Simonescu"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Hermannstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Maria Christina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Sigismund Báthory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Sultans"},{"link_name":"Mehmed III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_III"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"István Jósika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_J%C3%B3sika"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Hohenzollerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Emperor Rudolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Marie of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Prussia,_Margravine_of_Brandenburg-Bayreuth"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Marcu Cercel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcu_Cercel"},{"link_name":"Ciro Spontone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciro_Spontone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Jesuit Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_Academy_of_Cluj"},{"link_name":"Clausenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"Neo-Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Latin"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Andrew Báthory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_B%C3%A1thory"},{"link_name":"victory at Șelimbăr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C8%98elimb%C4%83r"},{"link_name":"fealty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fealty"},{"link_name":"Alba Iulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Iulia"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Bassaraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_Bassaraba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Bran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bran,_Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"Pongrác Szennyey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pongr%C3%A1c_Szennyey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Velica Genga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doamna_Velica"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"dynastic union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastic_union"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Boyar Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sfatul_boieresc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andronikos Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Kantakouzenos_(1553%E2%80%931601)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Vistier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vistier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Șerban of Coiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_%C8%98erban"},{"link_name":"Paharnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paharnic"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Radu Buzescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_Buzescu"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Becoming Prince","text":"Marie of Prussia, who, in 1598, was considered as a suitable wife for NicolaeMichael eventually defeated the Ottoman intruders at Călugăreni in August 1595. Sources differ as to what Nicolae and Stanca were doing during that interval. Some authors believe that they remained in Gherghița until autumn 1596, when they finally moved to the second capital, Târgoviște.[43] Walther visited the place in June 1597, in time for Pătrașcu's name day, and composed an epigram for the occasion.[44] From such accounts, scholar Nicolae Bălcescu deduces that he was Pătrașcu's tutor—a claim seen as inaccurate by historian Dan Simonescu, who finds it more likely that Walther was a diplomatic envoy.[45] In 1599, Walther wrote that the Prince sent \"his woman, his children and all that he held dear\" to safety in Hermannstadt.[46] Other reports of the period suggests that Michael began negotiating a truce with the Ottomans, during which he offered to send Nicolae as a hostage to Istanbul.[47] According to this narrative, Nicolae was still in Transylvania. Upon receiving news of Wallachia's rapprochement with the Ottomans, Transylvanian Princess Maria Christina ordered Michael's entire family to be quietly arrested. They remained hostages until January or February 1596.[48]Walther also suggests that Maria Christina's returning husband, Sigismund Báthory, adhered to Michael's conciliatory lines. In July 1597, both were more openly negotiating with Sultan Mehmed III. The latter promised recognition for Michael, and for Nicolae as his rightful successor.[49] Around that time, Michael also negotiated the terms of a new alliance with Transylvania, promising that he would marry Nicolae to a sister of Transylvanian magnate István Jósika; Florica, meanwhile, was to marry Jósika's son.[50] The project was suppressed when Sigismund Báthory refused to commit to the Holy League, prompting Michael to seek a matrimonial alliance with the Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns. Michael was especially worried when Mehmed asked for Nicolae to be sent as hostage,[51] pushing him back into rebellion. In 1598, he proposed that Florica marry Emperor Rudolf, and also tried to arrange Nicolae's wedding to Marie of Prussia.[52] That year, Nicolae was given his first official assignment, which involved greeting Imperial envoys as they arrived in Târgoviște.[53] In late 1597, Michael had also sent for Marcu Cercel, his alleged nephew, who had spent his childhood in Transylvania. According to the chronicler Ciro Spontone, Marcu was virtually adopted by the Prince, and was also being considered a suitor for Marula or Florica.[54]Some scholars argue that, at some point in 1598 or 1599, Nicolae was dispatched to Transylvania, enrolling at the Jesuit Academy in Clausenburg. Mihăilescu believes that the school gave him his proficiency in Neo-Latin.[55] However, Mârza cautions, no document shows whether Nicolae actually attended courses, but only that Michael had wanted him to enroll.[56] In any case, this period ended with a sudden worsening of relations between the Holy League and Transylvania, with Andrew Báthory taking over as the latter country's Prince. The deterioration prompted Michael to begin his conquest of Transylvania. Nicolae was by his father's side during the victory at Șelimbăr (October 1599), and was then present for the fealty ceremonies at Alba Iulia.[57]For several months, Michael oscillated between the Habsburgs, who demanded his total submission, and the Ottomans, from whom he could expect recognition as Transylvanian Prince. In his dealings with either side, he offered to send Nicolae as a hostage.[58] Meanwhile, Michael's reign in Wallachia was under threat, with a new offensive started by the Ottoman Army, which again tried to penetrate into Wallachia. The expedition notably included a pretender known as Cremonese Basarab, who was probably Nicolaus Bassaraba's son.[59] In early December, Michael ordered Nicolae back to Târgoviște by way of Bran, assigning him a 6,000-strong guard under the command of Pongrác Szennyey.[60] According to Gane, Stanca was made a regent, which allowed Michael to spend more time with his Transylvanian mistress, Velica Genga.[61]Nicolae Pătrașcu was the reigning Prince of Wallachia between December 1599 and September 1601.[62] For this reason, Michael's unification of Wallachia and Transylvania is described by various historians as mostly a dynastic union.[63] According to Constantin Rezachevici, Nicolae was a full lord of his country, but his father was the \"higher point of reference\".[64] As noted by Iorga, Nicolae's \"full and uncontested\" rule over Wallachia was meant to free Michael's had in claiming the throne of Transylvania (where he was formally governor on behalf of the Habsburgs).[65] He was also using the separation of offices as an instrument against Rudolf's demands. In early 1600, when Rudolf demanded Nicolae as a hostage, Michael replied that this would mean statelessness for Wallachia.[66] Nicolae's reign over Wallachia was assisted by a Boyar Council. Andronikos Kantakouzenos, Nicolae's putative uncle, was reportedly his tutor;[67] he also managed the country's fiscal affairs, as Vistier, while Miroslav of Râfov was Logothete.[68] Șerban of Coiani, who would later play a significant role in Wallachian history, was Nicolae's Paharnic.[69] At least one document confirms that Radu Buzescu was the acting Postelnic.[70]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anastasie_Crimca_-_David_Battling_Saul.png"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Anastasie Crimca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasie_Crimca"},{"link_name":"Dragomirna Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragomirna_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Movilești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movile%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Moldavian Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Moldavian_rulers"},{"link_name":"Ieremia Movilă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieremia_Movil%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Simion Movilă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simion_Movil%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Sigismund Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Wallachian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachian_military_forces"},{"link_name":"Trotuș River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotu%C8%99_River"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Tarnowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Tarnowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Moldavian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_of_Moldavia_and_Bukovina"},{"link_name":"Dionysus Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dionysus_Rallis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"oath of office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office"},{"link_name":"Anastasie Crimca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasie_Crimca"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Rădăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Suceava"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"pârcălab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgrave"},{"link_name":"Suceava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceava"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letopise%C8%9Bul_Cantacuzinesc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Polish army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Żółkiewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman"},{"link_name":"Udrea Băleanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udrea_B%C4%83leanu"},{"link_name":"Armaș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arma%C8%99&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Basta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Basta"},{"link_name":"Hungarian nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_nobility"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mirăslău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mir%C4%83sl%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Moldavian Magnate Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars"},{"link_name":"battle of Bucov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bucov"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons"},{"link_name":"Făgăraș Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99_Citadel"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"In Moldavia","text":"Moldavian battle scene of ca. 1600, depicted as a struggle between Saul and David. Illustration to a manuscript ordered by Anastasie Crimca and kept at Dragomirna MonasteryFrom his campsite in Transylvania, Michael set his sights on Moldavia, which was governed by a hostile Movilești regime, closely allied with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Initially, Michael pursued matrimonial diplomacy: Nicolae was to marry a daughter of the Moldavian Prince Ieremia Movilă.[71] The latter refused the offer, as he was instead pushing for his brother, Simion Movilă, to take the Wallachian throne.[72] Michael began preparing for war, but could only hope to succeed if he created a rift between Poland and the Movilești. Around December 1599, he was considering a matrimonial alliance with the Szlachta, through both Nicolae and Florica.[73] Early the following year, he offered to send Nicolae as a hostage to Kraków. King Sigismund Vasa refused to accept, and informed Michael that he could still expect retaliation.[74]Michael led his combined Wallachian–Transylvanian force into a storming of Moldavia. His son reportedly joined in the effort, traveling with the Wallachian army along the Trotuș River on May 5, 1600.[75] Some twenty days later, Ieremia fled Moldavia, leaving the Wallachians in control; Nicolae had regained Târgoviște by that time.[76] Various historians agree that Nicolae was selected by Michael to be the new Moldavian ruler.[77] Rezachevici nuances this verdict, arguing that Michael in fact groomed Nicolae and his heirs to rule as a single dynasty over all three countries.[78] A contemporary testimony by the Polish diplomat Andrzej Tarnowski argues the same, namely that Michael expected Sigismund Vasa to recognize \"Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania [as belonging] to his son Nicolae, and to his heirs of the male gender.\"[79] In June, as he rearranged the Moldavian Orthodox Church, placed under Archbishop Dionysus Rallis, Michael received the oath of office from other hierarchs. The group, including Anastasie Crimca, who took over as Bishop of Rădăuți, swore his allegiance not just to Michael, but also to Nicolae.[80] This also appears in one oath by the newly appointed pârcălab of Suceava.[81]An interpretation of Nicolae's role in Moldavia is found in 18th-century variant of Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc, which claims that Michael ordered Radu Buzescu to arrange Nicolae's departure for Iași. The same source reports that Michael changed his mind as the expedition was starting, and instead placed Moldavia under a regency.[82] According to historian N. Grigoraș, the Moldavian move may have been vetoed by Stanca, although some of the Moldavian boyars had proved welcoming.[83] One contemporary account claims that Michael no longer wanted \"his little son\" as ruler of a \"a borderland, for he was still fearful of Ieremia Voivode\". As noted by Rezachevici, this may in fact refer to his awareness that the Polish army of Stanisław Żółkiewski was preparing the reconquest of Moldavia.[84] Under this Wallachian ascendancy, Moldavia's throne was most probably being prepared for Marcu Cercel.[85] The regency council which then emerged is generally believed to have comprised Andronikos, Hetman Udrea Băleanu, Spatharios Negrea, and Armaș Sava.[86]By June 1600 Nicolae was also styling himself \"ruler over the whole Country of Transylvania\".[87] In July, Michael requested from Rudolf that he and Nicolae be recognized as joint rulers of all three countries, and that their dynasty, including female descendants, be left to rule \"to the end of time\". On September 12, Rudolf finally issued a writ recognizing Michael and Nicolae as lifetime governors of Transylvania and as Princes of the other two countries.[88] Over those months, however, Michael had lost Transylvania to an insurgency headed by the Imperial warlord Giorgio Basta, and assisted by the Hungarian nobility; Moldavia was also reconquered by the Poles and the Movilești (see Battle of Mirăslău, Moldavian Magnate Wars). He was forced back into Wallachia when the Poles began their march on Bucharest. Shortly before the battle of Bucov, he pledged to send Stanca and his children, including Nicolae, as hostages to Transylvania, hoping to secure a truce with Basta.[89] Michael obtained guarantees that his family would not be imprisoned by his enemies, the Transylvanian Saxons, but Basta denied his other requests, including that they would be dispatched to Făgăraș Citadel.[90]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Lécfalva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro%C8%99neu_Mare"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"Gilău (Gela)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%C4%83u,_Cluj"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"demesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demesne"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Mantuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"at Guruslău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gurusl%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MihaiViteazulDeath-GiovanniSagredo%26Ricaut1694.jpg"},{"link_name":"Câmpia Turzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mpia_Turzii"},{"link_name":"Câmpia Turzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mpia_Turzii"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"avviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avviso"},{"link_name":"Huszth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khust"},{"link_name":"Partium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partium"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"As hostage","text":"Despite the pledge, Michael was also very unwilling to send his family abroad, and procrastinated to October 1600. Florica only arrived on December 30, and Teodora, also promised as a hostage, never left Wallachia.[91] Nicolae finally presented himself at Lécfalva on October 16, accompanied by Archbishop Dionysus and Vistier Stoica Rioșeanu. All three pledged their loyalty to Rudolf and expressed criticism of Michael's policies.[92] On October 17, Nicolae and his mother were honored guests at Corona, on their way to a gilded imprisonment in the castle of Gilău (Gela).[93] In their dialogue with Michael, the Hungarians offered Gilău as a permanent family demesne.[94]After Bucov, Simion Movilă took over Nicolae's throne, in what was in practice an alternative dynastic union between Wallachia and Moldavia.[95] Michael remained an exile, seeking to renew his fealty toward the Habsburgs. He departed for Vienna, where he was to seek additional support from Rudolf and made peace with Basta. This interval presented an opportunity for the Hungarian nobles, who denounced Basta and took control over much of Transylvania. Nicolae and Stanca, now their prisoners, were removed from Gilău and dispatched to the more secluded Făgăraș.[96] Some of Michael's supporters in Transylvania acknowledged in March 1601 that the family was healthy and satisfied, but a Mantuan report of April claimed otherwise.[97] Stanca later complained to her mother-in-law that the entire family had been mistreated, and other records suggest that their mobile possession were arbitrarily confiscated.[98] Michael tried to have them released into Rudolf's custody, and proposed that Nicolae become his ambassador in Prague.[99]Despite his revival of the Holy League, Michael was having secret dealings with the Ottomans, to whom he sent a number of peace offerings in exchange for recognition as Prince. Again during the early months of 1601, he offered to send his son, \"who is now kept under lock at Făgăraș\", to Istanbul.[100] The Ottomans demanded Nicolae from the Hungarian nobles, their nominal allies. The request was denied, because Nicolae's captors expected to hold him as a leverage against Michael, and also because of Stanca's passionate opposition to the plan.[101] In August 1601, with Imperial backing, Michael was able to defeat the rebels at Guruslău. News of this pushed the Wallachian boyars into a successful anti-Movilești rebellion, which technically restored Nicolae on the throne. They sent envoys to Michael's camp, who also reached Făgăraș on their way.[102]Michael's killing at Câmpia Turzii, in a 1694 illustration of the eventsNicolae's fortunes were overturned within a month, following Michael's killing on Basta's orders, at Câmpia Turzii. Rumors of the period claimed that the two clashed over Michael's intent to divert his forces toward Făgăraș, in order to free Stanca and his children. Others even suggested that Basta framed Michael, first by agreeing to the offensive on Făgăraș, and then by withdrawing support and claiming that Michael was off to join the Ottomans.[103] With Michael dead, Basta took control of the offensive into Transylvania, which eventually included the capture of Făgăraș. An avviso of October 6 claims that Basta's troops ran into Michael's family not at Făgăraș, but at Huszth, which indicates that they had been moved to Partium by the retreating Hungarians, probably through Moldavia.[104] As reported by Gane, Stanca and Nicolae remained harshly critical of Michael in their interviews with Basta and David Ungnad, accepting that he may have been guilty of conspiracy against the Holy League.[105] Nicolae \"cried and trembled, informing the German [Ungnad] that, whatever his father's fault, [...] he himself remained blameless and prostrated in front of the Emperor\".[106] According to Iorga, the young heir, a \"gentle creature\", was \"blessing his patron Basta, though the latter's hands were drenched in a blood that should have been dear to the princelet.\"[107]Marcu Cercel also pledged his loyalties to the Empire. He followed Basta to Făgăraș, hoping to emerge as the Habsburg favorite for the Wallachian throne. A delegation of boyars supported him, while others noted that, at age eighteen, he was hardly competent; they preferred Șerban of Coiani for that position.[108] An avviso from May 1602 claims that Nicolae's candidacy was probably considered by a boyar faction, namely that supporting Wallachia's incorporation within the Empire.[109] By then, Nicolae had been moved to Făgăraș, and was faced with Moldavian demands for his extradition. These were ignored by Basta, who instead asked the Hungarian nobles that they return Nicolae's stolen assets.[110]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cozia Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozia_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Șcheii Brașovului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98cheii_Bra%C8%99ovului"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"memorial services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_service_(Orthodox)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Micșunești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuci"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Báthory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_B%C3%A1thory"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"recurring plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_plague_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Goldgulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldgulden"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Archduke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Cup-bearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup-bearer"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"pawnbrokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnbroker"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Tyrnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnava"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Kynsburg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno_Castle_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Geheimrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geheimrat"},{"link_name":"thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaler"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Pressburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Aulic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulic_Council"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"resource depletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_depletion"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_von_Aachen_-_Allegory_of_the_Turkish_war-_Battle_of_Kronstadt_(Bra%C5%9Fov).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans von Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Aachen"},{"link_name":"battle of Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"Radu Șerban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_%C8%98erban"},{"link_name":"Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"Ciulnița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciulni%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Glina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glina,_Ilfov"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Burzenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burzenland"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Radu Mihnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_Mihnea"},{"link_name":"Franjo Ksaver Pejačević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franjo_Ksaver_Peja%C4%8Devi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"parallel war in Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1603%E2%80%9318)"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Bethlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen"},{"link_name":"Iskender Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskender_Pasha_(governor_of_Ozi)"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Princess Elisabeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeta_Movil%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Alexandru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Movil%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Movilă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Movil%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"}],"sub_title":"In exile","text":"A Cozia Monastery record details the meeting between Stanca and Teodora, who was by then a nun. According to Gane, this would suggest that Nicolae traveled back to Wallachia to meet his paternal grandmother,[111] while others indicate that he was forced to stay behind in Transylvania until the second half of 1602.[112] In August, Nicolae addressed the Emperor a letter which reaffirmed his loyalty and asked to be received at the court in Prague, while also issuing a claim to Michael's confiscated assets.[113] On September 28, Nicolae was at Șcheii Brașovului, where he donated various assets to St. Nicholas Church, in exchange for regular memorial services honoring his late father.[114] The Wallachian assets he bequeathed included the entire village of Micșunești.[115] In December, Nicolae, Stanca and Florica had reached Vienna, and were asking for Rudolf's assistance.[116]Between 1602 and 1611, the Wallachian throne was held by Șerban of Coiani, who took the regnal name of Radu Șerban. By 1608, Nicolae had returned to Transylvania, hoping to seal an alliance with its Prince, Gabriel Báthory, against their common Wallachian rival.[117] According to Gane, Nicolae sketched an attempt to topple his rival, leading a \"small army he had improvised\". Radu Șerban captured him and cut off part of his nose, which technically invalidated Nicolae's candidacy.[118] Despite usurping Nicolae, he was a close follower of Michael's political line.[119] Stanca returned to Wallachia with Florica, but died there in late 1603, a victim of the recurring plague.[120] Balea of Cârțoclești assisted the family with various matters, including Stanca's funeral.[121] Meanwhile, Nicolae obtained an imperial monthly pension worth 100 Goldgulden. He was also assigned to the retinue of Ferdinand Habsburg, the Archduke of Austria, which required his presence in Graz ca. 1603,[122] and, on May 30, 1606, was made Cup-bearer (Mundschenk) of the Holy Roman Empire.[123] Nevertheless, his funding was irregular, and overall viewed as insufficient by Nicolae and his retinue, who were increasingly dependent on pawnbrokers.[124]The former Prince eventually settled in Tyrnau, to the west of Habsburg Hungary (in present-day Slovakia). From Tyrnau, he litigated over his father's remaining assets, which were still in the Empire's custody, and also demanded Kynsburg Castle, in Lower Silesia, which had been promised to Michael. In 1605, the Geheimrat recognized that Nicolae was owed 15,000 thaler from his father's possessions, but failed to enforce this ruling, leaving Nicolae to issue a formal protest to the Hungarian Diet of Pressburg.[125] In 1606, the Aulic Council settled his outstanding debt of 20,000 thaler, but he continued to be pressed by his creditors; six years later, he resold to Emperor Rudolf his father's golden necklace.[126] He had earlier declared this artifact lost.[127] Meanwhile, the burghers of Tyrnau issued complaints against their guest, accusing his retinue of excessive luxury and resource depletion.[128]Hans von Aachen's allegory of the battle of Brașov (1608), in which Radu Șerban and the Habsburg defeated the Principality of Transylvania and its Ottoman alliesIn 1610, Radu Șerban recognized Nicolae as a Postelnic. In this interval, Nicolae exchanged deeds over his father's village of Ciulnița with Logothete Oancea, receiving instead Glina, though he never took possession of the latter.[129] In July 1611, he fought alongside the Wallachian Prince as he defeated Báthory in Burzenland.[130] Later that year, Radu Șerban was chased out of Bucharest by another Ottoman invasion, and replaced with Radu Mihnea. An 18th-century compilation by Franjo Ksaver Pejačević suggests that both Princes escaped Wallachia together, heading for Vienna.[131] Eventually, Radu Șerban also settled at Tyrnau.[132] From there, he began plotting Radu Mihnea's downfall, profiting from the Ottomans' focus on a parallel war in Persia. The expedition, finally started in 1616, was blocked by the hostile Transylvanian regime of Gabriel Bethlen, who joined with Iskender Pasha and defeated the Wallachian returnees in Moldavia.[133]Șerban's effort was also assisted by Moldavia's Princess Elisabeta, on behalf of the Movilești. This final reconciliation ended badly for the Moldavians, as Elisabeta and her son Alexandru were dethroned and imprisoned by the Ottomans. Nicolae remained close to Gabriel Movilă, who became Prince of Wallachia in June 1618.[134] During that episode, Nicolae and Marcu Cercel again found themselves on opposite sides: frustrated in his attempts to obtain a Wallachian or Moldavian crown, Marcu had turned against his Habsburg backers. In his final years, he was one of Bethlen's trusted supporters.[135]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Matthias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Hofkriegsrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofkriegsrat"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modra"},{"link_name":"Eisenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstadt"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Maniot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniots"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Greece"},{"link_name":"the Duke of Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua_and_Montferrat"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Graziani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Graziani"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"George Druget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Druget&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sigismund Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa"},{"link_name":"Lisowczycy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisowczycy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Humenné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"gout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Habsburg–Transylvanian rapprochement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1626)"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Tengnagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Tengnagel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hof-Bibliothek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Library"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"the Count Esterházy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus,_Count_Esterh%C3%A1zy"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Raab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raab,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Palatine of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Bánffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nffy"},{"link_name":"Héderváry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9derv%C3%A1ry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Esterházy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterh%C3%A1zy"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"}],"sub_title":"Final years","text":"Nicolae ultimately married Radu Șerban's daughter, known as Ana or Ancuța Radulea, on July 10, 1618.[136] The wedding was blessed by a new Emperor, Matthias, who presented the couple with a silver chalice.[137] The scandal over Michael's inheritance peaked the same year, when Matthias ordered an Hofkriegsrat investigation into Michael's killing. The news were poorly received by Nicolae, who complained that the inquiry would open the record to \"calumnies\" against his father and cement Basta's depiction of the Prince as a \"traitor\".[138]The issue was put on hold by the accession of Archduke Ferdinand to the imperial throne, an event which also sparked the Thirty Years' War. In 1619, Bethlen, joining the anti-Habsburg coalition, attacked Ferdinand's possessions in Hungary. Nicolae, Ana, and Radu Șerban fled Tyrnau ahead of a siege, moving to Modern, then to Eisenstadt.[139] During that interval, both former Princes became involved in the project to assist the Maniot revolt in Ottoman Greece, with the Duke of Nevers asking them to support his \"Christian Militia\", which also fought against Bethlen. Although criticized as Orthodox \"Schismatics\", they were eventually accepted as allies, alongside the ephemeral Catholic Prince of Moldavia, Gaspar Graziani.[140] In November 1619, Nicolae and Graziani assisted George Druget's attack on Bethlen's Transylvania, also transferring exorbitant sums to Sigismund Vasa in exchange for his Lisowczycy (see Battle of Humenné).[141] Nicolae became Druget's favorite for the Wallachian crown, his father-in-law having since retired from the race.[142] Eventually, Nicolae and Radu Șerban became aware that Graziani wanted the crown of Wallachia for himself, and were resentful, taking their distance from the Militia.[143]In February 1620, after having moved to Vienna, Nicolae lost his father-in-law to gout,[144] and inherited from him the assets of the Coiani boyars.[145] By then, Nicolae was again emerging as Ferdinand's favorite: the Empire would not assign him more money, but Michael's inheritance was paid up in land, houses, and salt.[146] Following the Habsburg–Transylvanian rapprochement, he began writing of his plan to regain Bucharest with Bethlen's help.[147] Nevertheless, he himself was immobilized by gout, turning his attention to less material pursuits, in particular reading. By 1626, attempting to alleviate his symptoms, he sought specialized care in Vienna. In his correspondence with Sebastian Tengnagel, he asked to receive books of grammar and theology from the Hof-Bibliothek, noting that he had \"no other pleasure left\".[148] He complained to Ferdinand's court of his insolvency, receiving backing from the Count Esterházy.[149]Nicolae died of gout in 1627, either somewhere \"in Austria\"[150] or at Pressburg.[151] As noted by Ștefan Mihăilescu, his date of death was between June 19 and September 7. According to the same author, he was probably aged 40 or 41.[152] The body was assigned for burial to the Orthodox church of Raab. Ana survived on a 50-Goldgulden pension, also finding employment as a seamstress; Ferdinand refused to let her return home.[153] By 1635, she was able to pay off her debt to the citizens of Tyrnau, but protested that they would not return her collateral.[154] She also took up her husband's inheritance claim, and, as early as 1627, complained to Ferdinand that Count Esterházy, as Palatine of Hungary, was blocking her litigation. The Emperor intervened and ordered the procedures to be carried out with some expediency.[155] Parts of Michael the Brave's estate were also being requested by some of the prominent Hungarian families, including Bánffy, Héderváry, and Esterházy.[156]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Vaivoda-Widemann.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Stephen's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Matei Basarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_Basarab"},{"link_name":"Comana Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comana_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Golia Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golia_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Căluiu Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83luiu_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oboga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboga"},{"link_name":"naos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cella"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Napoleon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_II"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Filipeștii de Târg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipe%C8%99tii_de_T%C3%A2rg"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Bârca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2rca"},{"link_name":"Mircești-Simileasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buz%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"manumitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumitted"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Cossack rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Bohdan Khmelnytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky"},{"link_name":"Chyhyryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyhyryn"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Domnița Ruxandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domni%C8%9Ba_Ruxandra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vasile Lupu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Lupu"},{"link_name":"Tymofiy Khmelnytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymofiy_Khmelnytsky"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Istratie Leurdeanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istratie_Leurdeanu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fiera Leurdeanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiera_Leurdeanu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stroe Leurdeanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroe_Leurdeanu"},{"link_name":"Diicul Buicescul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diicul_Buicescul"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Constantin Șerban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_%C8%98erban"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Mihnea III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihnea_III"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Constantin I Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantin_I_Cantacuzino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Roman"},{"link_name":"Romanian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy"},{"link_name":"György Majláth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Majl%C3%A1th_(1818%E2%80%931883)"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"National Military Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Military_Museum,_Romania"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Constantin Vaeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Vaeni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Victor Rebengiuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Rebengiuc"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"}],"text":"Elias Wiedemann's engraving of Michael Vaivoda, which may depict Mihai PătrașcuNicolae's remains were finally exhumed by Ana in 1640, and taken to Wallachia together with Radu Șerban's (recovered from St. Stephen's Cathedral).[157] The reigning Prince Matei Basarab welcomed them in Bucharest, then buried them together in the shared necropolis of Comana Monastery. The epitaph, which probably dates from the late 18th century, commemorates both as heroes of the defense against Islam and \"the Hungarian heretic\".[158] Unusually, Nicolae and his family were regularly commemorated by a Moldavian church at Golia Monastery.[159] Their likeness remains preserved at Căluiu Monastery, in Oboga, which Michael furbished in 1593–1594. His heir is shown alongside his mother on the Căluiu naos, painted by a Master Mina.[160] Mihăilescu, who also writes that Prince Nicolae was a Wallachian version of Napoleon II, laments that his fate was otherwise \"nearly entirely forgotten.\"[161]The marriage of Nicolae and Ana produced two sons, Gavril and Mihai Pătrașcu, and a daughter, Ilinca (Elena). Gavril died in 1622, an infant or young child.[162] Nicolae's daughter stayed with her mother in Austria until 1640. Both returned to settle in Filipeștii de Târg, alongside the Cantacuzinos, before recovering their family estates.[163] They could resume ownership of Bârca and Mircești-Simileasca, but not of their serfs, who were recognized as manumitted by Prince Matei.[164] Florica had died shortly after her brother, in or around 1629, while Marula was still alive in 1647.[165]Mihai, who was also recognized as a Cup-bearer, stated a claim to his share of the Coiani inheritance, demanding in particular 4,000 Goldgulden pledged by the Empire to his maternal grandmother, Elena Șerban.[166] He was still attached to Vienna, with Ferdinand III forcefully keeping him on his entourage and considering him for the throne of Transylvania.[167] In 1643, he was trying to instigate a pro-Habsburg rebellion among the Romanians of Transylvania.[168] This prevented Prince Matei, whose sons Matei II and Mateiaș had both died, from adopting Michael the Great's grandson.[169] In 1654, formally released from Austrian service, Mihai made a final effort to regain Wallachia, counting on assistance from the Cossack rebels. He fell ill with the plague upon reaching Bohdan Khmelnytsky's court in Chyhyryn, and was recorded as dead by 1656.[170] One tradition suggests that he was the suitor for Domnița Ruxandra, daughter of Moldavian Prince Vasile Lupu and widow of Tymofiy Khmelnytsky.[171] Some scholars also argue that he is the Michael Vaivoda depicted in a 1651 engraving by Elias Wiedemann.[172]By then, Ilinca had married Postelnic Istratie Leurdeanu. He was Fiera Leurdeanu's grandson, and son of the Logothete Stroe Leurdeanu. After his failure with Mihai Pătrașcu, Prince Matei hoped to adopt Istratie, but met opposition from the other boyars, and was ultimately discarded in favor of Diicul Buicescul.[173] Both Istratie and Stroe rose to prominence later in the 1650s, under the rule of Radu Șerban's natural son, Constantin Șerban, and then became noted as enemies of the Cantacuzinos.[174] Ilinca was still mentioned in 1656, and died childless some time after; Istratie was executed in December 1658 by a new Prince, Mihnea III.[175] His father survived him by twenty years. Tried for his role in the unlawful execution of Constantin I Cantacuzino (Nicolae's alleged cousin), he was pardoned and sent to a monastery, ending his life as Silvestru the Monk.[176]Nicolae Pătrașcu enjoys recognition in modern-day Romania. Research into his biography was inaugurated by Alexandru Roman, on behalf of the Romanian Academy. In the 1880s, Roman obtained essential biographical documents relating to Pătrașcu and Ana Radulea, from the estate of György Majláth.[177] The Prince's tunic and cape were recovered from Comana and, by 1978, were on display at the National Military Museum.[178] Posthumous depictions include Constantin Vaeni's 1977 film, Buzduganul cu trei peceți, with Constantin Fugașin as a rambunctious Nicolae Pătrașcu (Victor Rebengiuc is Michael the Brave).[179]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wallachian bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"golden eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagle"},{"link_name":"raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvus_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Pătrașcu the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu_the_Good"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"roll of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_of_arms"},{"link_name":"supported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporters"},{"link_name":"lions affrontés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"cross potent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_potent"},{"link_name":"House of Basarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Basarab"},{"link_name":"Craiovești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiove%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Moldavian aurochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nicolae_P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu_as_Wallachian_pretender_(based_on_Valentin_Franck,_1616).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Radu_%C8%98erban_as_Wallachian_pretender_(based_on_Valentin_Franck,_1616).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Mihai_P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu,_1651.png"}],"text":"Like all Wallachian Princes of the period, Nicolae used as his primary symbol the Wallachian bird, which was by then a cross between golden eagle and raven. As noted by heraldist Dan Cernovodeanu, this \"hybrid\" was represented with \"very elegant\" form under Nicolae's alleged grandfather, Pătrașcu the Good.[180] A 1616 roll of arms, created by Valentin Franck, puts Nicolae's arms alongside those of his father-in-law, showing them to be nearly identical: they both have oval shields supported by lions affrontés, and \"hybrid\" birds displayed.[181] In Franck's version, Nicolae's arms feature the bird over a cross potent, and holding a ring in its beak, while Radu Șerban's has a closed beak and no cross. Cernovodeanu proposes that this heraldic distinction highlighted the difference of weight in dynastic claims: Nicolae saw himself as descending from the original House of Basarab, whereas his ally was only related to the Craiovești.[182] However, all seals used by Nicolae, Radu Șerban and Mihai Pătrașcu feature the same display, including lions in supporters and the cross (either behind the bird or in its beak), but without a ring.[183]Michael the Brave and Nicolae are both associated with another seal, first used on July 27, 1600. Its complex field has the Wallachian bird alongside the Moldavian aurochs, two lions affrontés, and a variant of the nova plantatio theme, with both Princes in supporters. An enduring controversy surrounds the two lions, opposing historians who view them as a variant coat of arms of Transylvania to those who read them as Michael's personal arms; secondary debates range over whether they are shown holding up a sword or rather the trunk of a tree.[184] Among the specialists involved, archivist Aurelian Sacerdoțeanu proposed that the seal was designed by Nicolae in a bid to cement his claim as Michael's successor on the Moldavian throne.[185]Coat of arms of Nicolae Pătrașcu in the Franck version, 1616\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms of Radu Șerban in the same Franck version\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne variant of the 1600 seal, featuring lions with sword; Nicolae and his father as supporters\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeal of Mihai Pătrașcu, 1651","title":"Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipe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Iorga (1934), pp. 76–77\n\n^ Iorga (1934), p. 77\n\n^ Neagoe, p. 197; Rezachevici (1998), p. 55\n\n^ Iorga (1934), p. 77\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 41\n\n^ Simonescu, pp. 14–15\n\n^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 10\n\n^ Grigoraș, p. 9\n\n^ Iorga (1934), p. 79\n\n^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 219, 221\n\n^ Tabvlae codicvm manv scriptorvm praeter graecos et orientales in Bibliotheca palatina vindobonensi asservatorvm, Vol. VI, pp. 79, 416. Vienna: Venum dat Caroli Geroldi Filius, 1873\n\n^ Göllner, p. 77; Theodorescu, p. 206\n\n^ Donat, pp. 217, 220, 225\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 50\n\n^ Gane, pp. 106–107, 138–139; Neagoe, pp. 200–201; Mihăilescu, p. 41; Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1989–1990; Stoicescu, pp. 64–65, 100; Theodorescu, pp. 8, 29–30\n\n^ Mârza, p. 73; Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1989–1990; Stoicescu, p. 70\n\n^ Gane, pp. 138–139; Ionașcu, p. 166. See also Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1989–1991; Stoicescu, p. 70\n\n^ Gane, pp. 140–141; Stoicescu, pp. 70–71\n\n^ Gane, p. 144; Iorga (1934), p. 77; Mihăilescu, p. 42. See also Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1990, 1991 & (2000), p. 10\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 41\n\n^ Mârza, p. 73\n\n^ Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1990, 1991\n\n^ Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1990, 1991; Stoicescu, pp. 35, 38, 40, 70, 172\n\n^ Rezachevici (1976), p. 1990\n\n^ Mârza, p. 73\n\n^ Rezachevici (1976), p. 1990\n\n^ Ionașcu, pp. 233–234; Neagoe, pp. 196, 201; Stoicescu, pp. 57, 108, 232. See also Gane, pp. 143–144, 146, 211; Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1990, 1991\n\n^ Ionașcu, pp. 60, 125, 167; Stoicescu, pp. 30, 31, 53, 69, 70, 82, 99, 103, 254\n\n^ Stoicescu, pp. 170, 171\n\n^ Gane, pp. 138, 140–141\n\n^ Ionașcu, pp. 165–167; Stoicescu, pp. 53, 82\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 41\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 41; Simonescu, p. 36\n\n^ Simonescu, p. 36\n\n^ Cazacu, p. 176; Gane, pp. 138–139; Neagoe, p. 201; Stoicescu, pp. 41, 64–65\n\n^ Mihăilescu, pp. 41–42\n\n^ Stoicescu, pp. 203–204\n\n^ Gane, p. 142; Neagoe, pp. 196, 201; Stoicescu, pp. 161–162, 203–204, 206\n\n^ Maria Frunză, \"Începuturile publicisticii lui B. P. Hasdeu (România, 18 noiembrie 1858—26 ianuarie 1859)\", in Anuar de Lingvistică și Istorie Literară, Vol. 20, 1969, p. 159\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 42\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 42\n\n^ Mârza, p. 74\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 42\n\n^ Simonescu, pp. 14–15, 19\n\n^ Simonescu, pp. 14–15\n\n^ Mârza, p. 74\n\n^ Mârza, p. 75\n\n^ Mârza, pp. 74–75\n\n^ Georgiță, p. 160\n\n^ Georgiță, p. 159; Neagoe, p. 201\n\n^ Georgiță, p. 163\n\n^ Neagoe, p. 201. See also Gane, pp. 143–144\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 42\n\n^ Rădulescu, pp. 55–56\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 42\n\n^ Mârza, p. 75\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 42\n\n^ Mârza, pp. 74, 76–77\n\n^ Rezachevici (1998), p. 58\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 42\n\n^ Gane, pp. 142–143\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 42\n\n^ Iorga (1934), p. 77; Neagoe, p. 196; Rezachevici (2000), pp. 5–6\n\n^ Rezachevici (2000), pp. 6, 9, 10–11\n\n^ Iorga (1934), p. 77\n\n^ Mârza, p. 77\n\n^ Cazacu, p. 178\n\n^ Iorga (1934), pp. 76–78; Stoicescu, pp. 41, 72\n\n^ Iorga (1934), pp. 76–78; Mihăilescu, p. 47; Stoicescu, p. 94\n\n^ Iorga (1934), pp. 76–78\n\n^ Gane, p. 159; Neagoe, p. 201\n\n^ Grigoraș, p. 7; Neagoe, p. 201; Rezachevici (2000), pp. 6–7\n\n^ Mârza, p. 76\n\n^ Mârza, p. 76. See also Grigoraș, pp. 7–8\n\n^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 8\n\n^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 10\n\n^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 70–72; Grigoraș, p. 9; Rezachevici (2000), pp. 9–10\n\n^ Rezachevici (2000), pp. 6, 8\n\n^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 8\n\n^ Mircea Păcurariu, Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe Române. Vol. 2 (Sec. XVII și XVIII), pp. 5, 15. Bucharest: Editura Institutului Biblic și de Misiune Ortodoxă, 1994. ISBN 973-9130-18-6; Rezachevici (2000), p. 9\n\n^ Grigoraș, p. 9\n\n^ Rădulescu, p. 56; Stoicescu, p. 36. See also Grigoraș, p. 9\n\n^ Grigoraș, p. 9\n\n^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 10\n\n^ Grigoraș, p. 10; Mihăilescu, p. 47; Rădulescu, pp. 56–57; Rezachevici (2000), pp. 5, 10; Stoicescu, p. 37\n\n^ Stoicescu, pp. 41, 75, 86, 100. See also Rădulescu, p. 56; Rezachevici (2000), p. 10\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 42\n\n^ Rezachevici (2000), p. 11\n\n^ Gane, p. 144; Mârza, pp. 75–76, 77–80; Mihăilescu, pp. 42–43\n\n^ Mârza, p. 78\n\n^ Mârza, pp. 79–80\n\n^ Mârza, p. 79\n\n^ Mârza, pp. 79–80; Mihăilescu, pp. 42–43\n\n^ Mârza, pp. 78, 80\n\n^ Neagoe, p. 202\n\n^ Mârza, pp. 77, 80; Mihăilescu, p. 43\n\n^ Mârza, p. 80\n\n^ Mihăilescu, pp. 43–44\n\n^ Mârza, p. 77\n\n^ Mârza, p. 76\n\n^ Mârza, p. 76\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 43\n\n^ Mârza, p. 81\n\n^ Mârza, p. 81\n\n^ Gane, pp. 144, 210\n\n^ Gane, p. 144\n\n^ Iorga (1902), pp. VI–VII\n\n^ Rădulescu, p. 57\n\n^ Mârza, p. 82\n\n^ Iorga (1934), p. 78\n\n^ Gane, pp. 145–146, 211\n\n^ Mârza, pp. 81–82; Mihăilescu, p. 43\n\n^ Mârza, pp. 80–81\n\n^ Mârza, p. 81; Mihăilescu, p. 43\n\n^ Donat, p. 229; Mihăilescu, p. 43\n\n^ Iorga (1934), p. 79; Mârza, p. 82\n\n^ Iorga (1902), pp. LXXIII–LXXV\n\n^ Gane, p. 211\n\n^ Gane, pp. 201–209; Stoicescu, p. 94; Theodorescu, pp. 205, 207\n\n^ Gane, p. 145; Ionașcu, p. 166; Mihăilescu, p. 43\n\n^ Stoicescu, p. 31\n\n^ Mârza, p. 82\n\n^ Iorga (1934), pp. 79–80\n\n^ Iorga (1934), pp. 78–80; Mihăilescu, pp. 43–46\n\n^ Mihăilescu, pp. 43–46. See also Iorga (1934), pp. 78–80\n\n^ Mihăilescu, pp. 44–45, 46\n\n^ Iorga (1934), p. 79\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 47\n\n^ Donat, pp. 220, 225\n\n^ Iorga (1902), p. CIV\n\n^ Damaschin Mioc, \"Știri de istorie a românilor în Letopisețul Brancovicesc\", in Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, Vol. IX, 1978, pp. 136, 141\n\n^ Gane, p. 211; Mihăilescu, pp. 47–48\n\n^ Iorga (1902), pp. CXXVI–CXXXVI; Mihăilescu, pp. 47–48\n\n^ Gane, pp. 179–181, 183; Mihăilescu, p. 48\n\n^ Iorga (1902), pp. CXXXI, CXXXIII–CXXXIV, CXXXLX, CXL; Rădulescu, pp. 57–61\n\n^ Mihăilescu, pp. 43, 47, 48. See also Cazacu, pp. 178–179; Gane, pp. 146–147, 210–212; Iorga (1902), p. CXXXIII; Neagoe, p. 196; Stoicescu, pp. 94, 206; Theodorescu, p. 205\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 48\n\n^ Mihăilescu, pp. 46–47\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 48\n\n^ Göllner, pp. 76–80; Theodorescu, pp. 205–207\n\n^ Göllner, pp. 80–81\n\n^ Iorga (1902), pp. CXXXLX–CXL\n\n^ Göllner, p. 82\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 48\n\n^ Gane, p. 211\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 48\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 49\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 49\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 49\n\n^ Gane, p. 212\n\n^ Cazacu, p. 179\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 49\n\n^ Gane, p. 212\n\n^ Slavici, p. 386\n\n^ Slavici, pp. 385–386\n\n^ Slavici, p. 386\n\n^ Gane, pp. 211–213; Mihăilescu, pp. 48, 49. See also Theodorescu, pp. 206–207\n\n^ Theodorescu, p. 207. See also Mihăilescu, p. 50\n\n^ Grigoraș, p. 10\n\n^ Rezachevici (1976), pp. 1990, 1991\n\n^ Mihăilescu, p. 41\n\n^ Gane, p. 212\n\n^ Gane, pp. 212–213, 239\n\n^ Donat, pp. 217, 229–230\n\n^ Mârza, p. 74\n\n^ Slavici, p. 386\n\n^ Gane, pp. 213, 239; Slavici, pp. 387–390\n\n^ Iorga (1902), p. CCIX\n\n^ Gane, pp. 238–240; Ionașcu, p. 13; Iorga (1902), pp. CXIX, CCLIV; Slavici, pp. 386–387\n\n^ Slavici, pp. 388–390\n\n^ Gane, p. 301\n\n^ Theodorescu, pp. 168–169\n\n^ Gane, p. 240\n\n^ Gane, pp. 213, 331–348; Ionașcu, pp. 18, 51; Stoicescu, pp. 181, 203–206\n\n^ Stoicescu, pp. 206–207\n\n^ Gane, pp. 344–345; Stoicescu, pp. 204–205\n\n^ Gelu Neamțu, \"Alexandru Roman, gînditor și istoriograf\", in Marisia. Anuarul Muzeului Județean Mureș. Studii și Materiale, II: Arheologie, Istorie, Etnografie, Vol. VII, 1977, p. 160\n\n^ \"Aspecte din Muzeul Militar Central\", in Revista Muzeelor și Monumentelor. Muzee, Issue 6/1978, p. 73\n\n^ Eva Sîrbu, \"În premieră. Buzduganul cu trei peceți\", in Cinema, Vol. XV, Issue 8, August 1977, p. 24\n\n^ Cernovodeanu, p. 45\n\n^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 46, 218–219\n\n^ Cernovodeanu, p. 46\n\n^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 46–47, 220–223\n\n^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 69–73. See also Grigoraș, p. 9\n\n^ Cernovodeanu, pp. 70–71. See also Grigoraș, p. 9; Rezachevici (2000), p. 10","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Legend of Michael the Brave miraculously escaping his executioner, as depicted in an 1872 lithograph","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mihai_Viteazul_%C8%99i_c%C4%83l%C4%83ul%2C_1872.png/270px-Mihai_Viteazul_%C8%99i_c%C4%83l%C4%83ul%2C_1872.png"},{"image_text":"Marie of Prussia, who, in 1598, was considered as a suitable wife for Nicolae","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MariePreu%C3%9FenBayreuth.jpg/250px-MariePreu%C3%9FenBayreuth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moldavian battle scene of ca. 1600, depicted as a struggle between Saul and David. Illustration to a manuscript ordered by Anastasie Crimca and kept at Dragomirna Monastery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Anastasie_Crimca_-_David_Battling_Saul.png/360px-Anastasie_Crimca_-_David_Battling_Saul.png"},{"image_text":"Michael's killing at Câmpia Turzii, in a 1694 illustration of the events","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MihaiViteazulDeath-GiovanniSagredo%26Ricaut1694.jpg/330px-MihaiViteazulDeath-GiovanniSagredo%26Ricaut1694.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hans von Aachen's allegory of the battle of Brașov (1608), in which Radu Șerban and the Habsburg defeated the Principality of Transylvania and its Ottoman allies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hans_von_Aachen_-_Allegory_of_the_Turkish_war-_Battle_of_Kronstadt_%28Bra%C5%9Fov%29.jpg/330px-Hans_von_Aachen_-_Allegory_of_the_Turkish_war-_Battle_of_Kronstadt_%28Bra%C5%9Fov%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elias Wiedemann's engraving of Michael Vaivoda, which may depict Mihai Pătrașcu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Michael_Vaivoda-Widemann.jpg/270px-Michael_Vaivoda-Widemann.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/469825245","external_links_name":"469825245"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/935559527","external_links_name":"935559527"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895358710","external_links_name":"895358710"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/822954574","external_links_name":"822954574"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/159900650","external_links_name":"159900650"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/133683/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8743793","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr3vYwhBjt7dg6YVQhWDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1166470741","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82210557","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810590304505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1166470741.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRBQ-FM | WRBQ-FM | ["1 History","1.1 WPKM and WEZX (1954–1973)","1.2 Top 40 (1973–1993)","1.3 Country (1993–2002)","1.4 Oldies (2002–2005)","1.5 Classic Hits (2005–present)","1.6 Buccaneers broadcasts","2 References","3 External links"] | Classic hits radio station in Tampa, Florida
WRBQ-FMTampa, FloridaBroadcast areaTampa Bay AreaFrequency104.7 MHz (HD Radio)BrandingTampa Bay's Q105ProgrammingFormatClassic HitsSubchannelsHD2: WJBR simulcastOwnershipOwnerBeasley Broadcast Group(Beasley Media Group Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsWPBB, WJBR, WLLD, WQYK-FM, WYUUHistoryFirst air dateJune 1954; 70 years ago (1954-06) (as WPKM)Former call signsWPKM (1954–1972)WEZX (1972–1973)Call sign meaningRalph Beaver (station engineer) QualityTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID11943ClassC1ERP100,000 wattsHAAT174 meters (571 ft)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen liveWebsitemyq105.com
WRBQ-FM (104.7 MHz, "Q105") is a commercial radio station licensed to Tampa, Florida, airing a classic hits radio format. Owned by the Beasley Broadcast Group, its studios are on Executive Center Drive North, near Gandy Boulevard in St. Petersburg.
WRBQ is a Class C1 FM station with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations. The transmitter is on South 50th Street off South Tamiami Trail in Palm River-Clair Mel. WRBQ broadcasts using HD Radio technology. Its HD2 subchannel airs an all-podcast format, simulcasting sister station WJBR 1010 AM.
History
WPKM and WEZX (1954–1973)
The station signed on the air in June 1954; 70 years ago (1954-06). Its original call sign was WPKM. It was a rare stand-alone FM station, not associated with an AM or TV station. It was owned by Frank Knorr, Jr. The studios were in the Bayshore Royal Hotel. Its power was only 10,500 watts, a fraction of its current output.
By the 1960s, it was airing a beautiful music format, playing quarter-hour sweeps of soft instrumental cover songs of popular adult music, along with Broadway and Hollywood show tunes. It switched its call letters in 1972 to WEZX to reflect its easy listening sounds.
Top 40 (1973–1993)
104.7 switched to a Top 40 format as WRBQ ("Q105") on December 13, 1973. The first song on "Q105" was "If You're Ready (Come Go with Me)" by The Staple Singers. Beginning in 1977, popular disc jockey Cleveland Wheeler served as the morning host.
The station hired Scott Shannon as program director in 1981. Shannon and Wheeler soon developed the first morning zoo radio show in the U.S. The two decided to work up a wilder show together, with plenty of comedy and characters. It was founded on their own playful, irreverent, and provocative interaction, with spontaneous bits of parody leavened with straight news. They called the show the Q Morning Zoo, and it quickly became a hit. At its height, it had 85 people working to produce it. Dave Saint, Jack Harris, Bill Garcia, Uncle Johnny, Alan O’Brien, Tedd Webb, Pat McKay, Steve Kelly, and Mason Dixon were all involved with the station as on-air personalities. Q105 quickly overtook WLCY-FM, which had signed on three years earlier with an automated contemporary hits format.
The WRBQ-FM, Q105 team (left to right, Andy, Stephen, and Andrew) at the Gasparilla Distance Classic Expo in February 2020.
According to engineer Ralph Beaver, the station's call sign was created when they were looking for a set of unique call letters and tossing out ideas, he suggested ‘RB’ (which happened to be his initials). Southern Broadcasting, which then owned the station, had just signed on WRVQ in Richmond, Virginia, and ‘RB’ was available, creating a call sign that sounded similar to its sister station.
When it began its Top 40 format, WRBQ-FM was owned by Southern Broadcasting. In 1978, the station was purchased by Harte-Hanks, then in 1983, by Edens Broadcasting, headed by former Southern Broadcasting and Harte-Hanks executive Gary Edens. WRBQ added an AM simulcast on 1380 AM that same year.
For 20 years, Q105 was a Mainstream Top 40/CHR station and dominated the ratings in Tampa. The station maintained its popularity until September 1989, when crosstown Oldies station WFLZ-FM changed to an aggressive Top 40/CHR format called Power 93, The Power Pig. Part of WFLZ's plan was to mock and belittle Q105. WFLZ had billboards all over Tampa saying "Screw The Q" with the letter "Q" and a large red screw through it. Q105 had faced competition beforehand against crosstown WZNE (Z98) for a short period of time during the mid-1980s, but it prevailed.
Q105 continued on against The Power Pig for a few more years, but was unable to regain the ratings the station once enjoyed. WRBQ tried moving slightly in a rhythmic direction (much like WFLZ) in April 1990, and then moved towards an adult lean in February 1993. In addition, Edens was also running into financial trouble, partially related due to the fallout from WFLZ's competition. In January 1992, WRBQ (AM) split from the simulcast and flipped to the satellite-fed urban AC service "The Touch". Also in 1992, Edens decided to sell all of its stations. WRBQ-AM-FM were purchased by Clear Channel Communications in July of that year.
Country (1993–2002)
At 1:05 p.m. on April 2, 1993, after playing "Real Love" by Jody Watley and "Happy Trails" by Roy Rogers, WRBQ-FM flipped to a country format, which began with a weekend of all-Garth Brooks music. The country station kept the "Q105" name and logo (albeit colored in a red, white and blue motif). The switch to country was an immediate ratings success, climbing from 13th place to 2nd, beating every station except then-rival (now sister station) country competitor WQYK-FM. WRBQ was briefly renamed "105 The Bee" in the late 1990s. It continued as a successful country radio station until the early 2000s.
In February 1999, as a result of the merger of Clear Channel and Jacor, WRBQ was sold to Infinity Broadcasting, later CBS Radio, and became WQYK's sister station. (Its AM counterpart was sold to ABC and flipped to "Radio Disney".)
Oldies (2002–2005)
Former WRBQ Program Director Mason Dixon was Program Director of sister station WYUU, an oldies station, with a weaker signal than WRBQ and most other Tampa FM stations. Dixon lobbied Infinity management to move the oldies format to WRBQ. On April 18, 2002, WRBQ and WYUU swapped formats. WYUU became "Country 92.5", while WRBQ became an oldies station as “Oldies 104.7”, playing many of the 1970s and 80s hits it once played when they were current. (WYUU has since flipped to Spanish-language contemporary hits.)
Classic Hits (2005–present)
The station returned to the "Q105" branding in July 2005. By 2010, the station removed songs from the 1960s and added more 1980s titles, making the transition to classic hits ("The Greatest Hits of All Time").
In 2008, Scott Walker was hired to be WRBQ's on-air Program Director and midday host. This was done to allow Mason Dixon to focus entirely on his morning show duties. In 2013, Brian Thomas programmed WRBQ and sister station WQYK for a short period of time. Tee Gentry later took over programming duties on an interim basis. Ted Cannarozzi became the official PD in January 2016.
In recent years, WRBQ-FM has brought back jingles from its Top 40 days. These include cuts from the "Positron", "Outstanding", "The Rock", "FM", "The Flame Thrower", "Warp Factor,", "Red Hot", "Power Station", "Skywave," "Turbo Z," and "Z World" packages, all from JAM Creative Productions. The Q105 jingle melody, in its present incarnation, was modeled after that of "Z100," WHTZ in New York. (The jingles have since been discontinued.)
On October 2, 2014, CBS Radio announced that it would trade all of the company's radio stations in Charlotte and Tampa (including WRBQ), as well as WIP in Philadelphia, to the Beasley Broadcast Group. This was in exchange for five stations in Miami and Philadelphia. The swap was completed on December 1, 2014.
On October 5, 2020, the station announced the return of the MJ Morning Show, which originally aired on WFLZ from 1994 until 2012. The MJ in the show's title is MJ Kelli, who is also known as conservative talk radio host Todd Schnitt, his real name. The addition of the MJ Morning Show resulted in Mason Dixon moving back to the afternoon drive time slot. In October 2022, Dixon departed the station as part of nation-wide layoffs by Beasley Media Group.
Buccaneers broadcasts
At one time, WRBQ was the flagship radio station for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League. That may have made it the first Top 40 station in the U.S. to carry live play-by-play sporting events. Jesse Ventura, the former professional wrestler and actor who later became governor of Minnesota, was one of the team's color analysts.
Buccaneers broadcasts are now heard on WXTB, an active rock station owned by iHeartMedia.
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for WRBQ-FM". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ Radio-Locator.com/WRBQ
^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1960 page A-135. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
^ Belcher, Walt (July 21, 2011). "Recalling the days of Q Morning Zoo". The Tampa Tribune.
^ "WRBQ Taps Brian Thomas As New PD" (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
^ "Vox Jox" (PDF). p. 75. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
^ "Q-105, sister station are sold", St. Petersburg Times (April 1, 1992) Archived January 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
^ Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1992-07-11.
^ "Struggling Q-105 drops Top 40 to head for the country", St. Petersburg Times (April 3, 1993) Archived January 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Street Talk" (PDF). 1993-04-09. p. 18. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
^ "WRBQ Tampa - Q105 Format Change to Country - 1993". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05.
^ "Radio Years.com". www.radioyears.com. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
^ "Billboard". 1997-02-08.
^ Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1999-02-27.
^ "Two stations to switch locations, letters", St. Petersburg Times (April 16, 2002)
^ "WRBQ, WYUU Swap Formats in Tampa" (PDF). p. 5. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
^ "Good 'Ol Times: Mason Dixon Marks 30 Years On The Air". TBO.com. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
^ "Scott Walker To WRBQ PD Post". All Access. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
^ "Brian Thomas Named VP of Programming for CBS Radio Tampa". Radiofacts.com - Music, DJs, Radio Stations, R&B, Hip Hop. 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
^ "Ted Cannarozzi Named WRBQ Program Director". RadioInsight. 19 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
^ CBS And Beasley Swap Philadelphia/Miami For Charlotte/Tampa from Radio Insight (October 2, 2014)
^ Venta, Lance (December 1, 2014). "CBS Beasley Deal Closes". RadioInsight. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
^ "MJ Morning Show returns to Tampa Bay radio". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
^ "More Names from the Beasley Media Layoffs as Additional Markets Affected". 12 October 2022.
External links
Q105 official website
WRBQ in the FCC FM station database
WRBQ in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
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W256CT
W262CP
W265BJ
W266CW
W270AU
W270DH
W271DL
W275AZ
W276CX
W280DK
W280DW
W282CC
W282CI
W290BJ
W291CW
W295CF
W299CI
WAMA
WBPU-LP
WBTP
HD2
WBVM
HD2
HD3
WCIE
WDAE
WDCF
WDUV
HD2
WFLA
WFLZ
HD2
HD3
WFUS
HD2
WGES
WGGF-LP
WGHR
WGUL
WHBO
WHNZ
WHOT
WHPT
HD2
WJBR
WKES
WLCC
WLLD
WMGG
WMNF
HD2
HD3
HD4
WMTB-LP
WMTX
HD2
HD3
WPBB
WPBW-LP
WPHC-LP
WPSO
WQBN
WQYK-FM
HD2
WRBQ-FM
HD2
WRUB
HD2
HD3
WSCQ-LP
WSDX-LP
WSUN
WTAN
WTBN
WTWD
WTBV
HD2
WTEC-LP
WTIS
WTMP
WTMP-FM
HD2
WUBP-LP
WUJM-LP
WURK-LP
WUSF
HD2
WVVD-LP
WVVF-LP
WWBA
WWFH-LP
WWJB
WWMI
WWRM
HD2
WWZT-LP
WXGL
WXJB
WXTB
HD2
WXYB
WYFE
WYUU
HD2
WZHR
WZIG-LP
WZPH-LP
WYPW-LP
Defunct
WFTI-FM (91.7 FM)
"WKID" (96.7 FM)1
WPCQ-LP (96.3 FM)
WSUN (620 AM)
Satellite radio local traffic/weather
XM Channel 228
Sirius Channel 158
Radio stations in Central Florida
Daytona Beach
Lakeland-Winter Haven
Melbourne
Orlando
Tampa Bay
Other nearby regions
Gainesville/Ocala
Sarasota
Sebring-Arcadia
See also
List of radio stations in Florida
Notes
1. Part 15 station with notability.
2. Station is silent.
vteClassic Hits radio stations in FloridaBy frequency
1130
1170
1340
94.3
95.1
95.3
96.9
98.5
98.9
99.5
100.7
100.9
102.7
103.7
104.1
104.1
104.7
104.7
105.9
106.3
107.3
107.9
107.9
By callsign
WBPC
WEAT
WGHR
WGLF
WITG-LP
WITS
WJGL
WJTQ
WLOV-FM
WMMO
WMXJ
WNFB
WOCL
WOLZ
WQOL
WRBQ-FM
WSBH
WSOS
WSRZ-FM
WWBF
WWUS
WXGL
WXJZ
By city
Bartow
Big Pine Key
Coral Cove
Deland/Orlando
Daytona Beach Shores
Ebro
Fort Myers
Gainesville
Hobe Sound
Jacksonville
Lake City
Ocala
Orlando
Pensacola
Pompano Beach
Saint Augustine Beach
Saint Petersburg
Satellite Beach
Sebring
Spring Hill
Tallahassee
Tampa
Vero Beach
West Palm Beach
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Florida
See also
Oldies
Classic Hits
vteBeasley Broadcast GroupArizona
KCYE
KOAS
Florida
WBCN
WJBR
WJPT
WLLD
WPBB
WQYK-FM
WRBQ-FM
WRXK-FM
WWCN
WXKB
WYUU
Georgia
WAEC
WCHZ-FM
WDRR
WGAC
WGAC-FM
Massachusetts
WBOS
WBQT
WBZ-FM
WKLB-FM
WRCA
WROR-FM
Michigan
WCSX
WDMK
WMGC-FM
WRIF
New Jersey
WCTC
WDHA-FM
WJRZ-FM
WMGQ
WMTR
WPEN
WRAT
WTMR
Nevada
KKLZ
KVGS
KXTE
North Carolina
WAZZ
WBAV-FM
WFLB
WKML
WKQC
WNKS
WPEG
WSOC-FM
WUKS
WZFX
Pennsylvania
WBEN-FM
WMGK
WMMR
WTEL
WWDB
WXTU
South Carolina
WGUS-FM
WHHD
WKXC-FM | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"classic hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_hits"},{"link_name":"radio format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format"},{"link_name":"Beasley Broadcast Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beasley_Broadcast_Group"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Class C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"Palm River-Clair Mel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_River-Clair_Mel,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"simulcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"sister station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_station"},{"link_name":"WJBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJBR_(AM)"},{"link_name":"1010 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1010_AM"}],"text":"WRBQ-FM (104.7 MHz, \"Q105\") is a commercial radio station licensed to Tampa, Florida, airing a classic hits radio format. Owned by the Beasley Broadcast Group, its studios are on Executive Center Drive North, near Gandy Boulevard in St. Petersburg.WRBQ is a Class C1 FM station with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations. The transmitter is on South 50th Street off South Tamiami Trail in Palm River-Clair Mel.[2] WRBQ broadcasts using HD Radio technology. Its HD2 subchannel airs an all-podcast format, simulcasting sister station WJBR 1010 AM.","title":"WRBQ-FM"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"beautiful music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_music"},{"link_name":"cover songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_song"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"show tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_tune"},{"link_name":"easy listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_listening"}],"sub_title":"WPKM and WEZX (1954–1973)","text":"The station signed on the air in June 1954; 70 years ago (1954-06).[3] Its original call sign was WPKM. It was a rare stand-alone FM station, not associated with an AM or TV station. It was owned by Frank Knorr, Jr. The studios were in the Bayshore Royal Hotel. Its power was only 10,500 watts, a fraction of its current output.By the 1960s, it was airing a beautiful music format, playing quarter-hour sweeps of soft instrumental cover songs of popular adult music, along with Broadway and Hollywood show tunes. It switched its call letters in 1972 to WEZX to reflect its easy listening sounds.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"If You're Ready (Come Go with Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You%27re_Ready_(Come_Go_with_Me)"},{"link_name":"The Staple Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Staple_Singers"},{"link_name":"disc jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"Scott Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Shannon"},{"link_name":"morning zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_zoo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jack Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Harris_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"WLCY-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWRM"},{"link_name":"automated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_automation"},{"link_name":"contemporary hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WRBQ-FM_Q105.jpg"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"WRVQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRVQ"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Harte-Hanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harte-Hanks"},{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"1380 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWMI"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40/CHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"WFLZ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFLZ-FM"},{"link_name":"screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw"},{"link_name":"WZNE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXTB"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"urban AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_AC"},{"link_name":"The Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Touch_(radio_network)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Clear Channel Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Top 40 (1973–1993)","text":"104.7 switched to a Top 40 format as WRBQ (\"Q105\") on December 13, 1973. The first song on \"Q105\" was \"If You're Ready (Come Go with Me)\" by The Staple Singers. Beginning in 1977, popular disc jockey Cleveland Wheeler served as the morning host.The station hired Scott Shannon as program director in 1981. Shannon and Wheeler soon developed the first morning zoo radio show in the U.S. The two decided to work up a wilder show together, with plenty of comedy and characters. It was founded on their own playful, irreverent, and provocative interaction, with spontaneous bits of parody leavened with straight news. They called the show the Q Morning Zoo, and it quickly became a hit. At its height, it had 85 people working to produce it.[4] Dave Saint, Jack Harris, Bill Garcia, Uncle Johnny, Alan O’Brien, Tedd Webb, Pat McKay, Steve Kelly, and Mason Dixon were all involved with the station as on-air personalities. Q105 quickly overtook WLCY-FM, which had signed on three years earlier with an automated contemporary hits format.The WRBQ-FM, Q105 team (left to right, Andy, Stephen, and Andrew) at the Gasparilla Distance Classic Expo in February 2020.According to engineer Ralph Beaver, the station's call sign was created when they were looking for a set of unique call letters and tossing out ideas, he suggested ‘RB’ (which happened to be his initials). Southern Broadcasting, which then owned the station, had just signed on WRVQ in Richmond, Virginia, and ‘RB’ was available, creating a call sign that sounded similar to its sister station.When it began its Top 40 format, WRBQ-FM was owned by Southern Broadcasting. In 1978, the station was purchased by Harte-Hanks, then in 1983, by Edens Broadcasting, headed by former Southern Broadcasting and Harte-Hanks executive Gary Edens. WRBQ added an AM simulcast on 1380 AM that same year.For 20 years, Q105 was a Mainstream Top 40/CHR station and dominated the ratings in Tampa. The station maintained its popularity until September 1989, when crosstown Oldies station WFLZ-FM changed to an aggressive Top 40/CHR format called Power 93, The Power Pig. Part of WFLZ's plan was to mock and belittle Q105. WFLZ had billboards all over Tampa saying \"Screw The Q\" with the letter \"Q\" and a large red screw through it. Q105 had faced competition beforehand against crosstown WZNE (Z98) for a short period of time during the mid-1980s, but it prevailed.Q105 continued on against The Power Pig for a few more years, but was unable to regain the ratings the station once enjoyed. WRBQ tried moving slightly in a rhythmic direction (much like WFLZ) in April 1990, and then moved towards an adult lean in February 1993.[5] In addition, Edens was also running into financial trouble, partially related due to the fallout from WFLZ's competition. In January 1992, WRBQ (AM) split from the simulcast and flipped to the satellite-fed urban AC service \"The Touch\".[6] Also in 1992, Edens decided to sell all of its stations. WRBQ-AM-FM were purchased by Clear Channel Communications in July of that year.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Love_(Jody_Watley_song)"},{"link_name":"Jody Watley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Watley"},{"link_name":"Happy Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Trails_(song)"},{"link_name":"Roy Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rogers"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Garth Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Brooks"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"WQYK-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQYK-FM"},{"link_name":"Infinity Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Radio Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Disney"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Country (1993–2002)","text":"At 1:05 p.m. on April 2, 1993, after playing \"Real Love\" by Jody Watley and \"Happy Trails\" by Roy Rogers, WRBQ-FM flipped to a country format, which began with a weekend of all-Garth Brooks music. The country station kept the \"Q105\" name and logo (albeit colored in a red, white and blue motif).[9][10][11][12][13] The switch to country was an immediate ratings success, climbing from 13th place to 2nd, beating every station except then-rival (now sister station) country competitor WQYK-FM. WRBQ was briefly renamed \"105 The Bee\" in the late 1990s. It continued as a successful country radio station until the early 2000s.In February 1999, as a result of the merger of Clear Channel and Jacor, WRBQ was sold to Infinity Broadcasting, later CBS Radio, and became WQYK's sister station. (Its AM counterpart was sold to ABC and flipped to \"Radio Disney\".)[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WYUU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYUU"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Spanish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-language"}],"sub_title":"Oldies (2002–2005)","text":"Former WRBQ Program Director Mason Dixon was Program Director of sister station WYUU, an oldies station, with a weaker signal than WRBQ and most other Tampa FM stations. Dixon lobbied Infinity management to move the oldies format to WRBQ. On April 18, 2002, WRBQ and WYUU swapped formats.[15][16][17] WYUU became \"Country 92.5\", while WRBQ became an oldies station as “Oldies 104.7”, playing many of the 1970s and 80s hits it once played when they were current. (WYUU has since flipped to Spanish-language contemporary hits.)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classic hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_hits"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"jingles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle"},{"link_name":"JAM Creative Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAM_Creative_Productions"},{"link_name":"WHTZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHTZ"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_NC"},{"link_name":"WIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIP_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Beasley Broadcast Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beasley_Broadcast_Group"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radio-cbsbeasley-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ri-cbsbeasleycomplete-22"},{"link_name":"conservative talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_talk"},{"link_name":"Todd Schnitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Schnitt"},{"link_name":"drive time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_time"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Classic Hits (2005–present)","text":"The station returned to the \"Q105\" branding in July 2005. By 2010, the station removed songs from the 1960s and added more 1980s titles, making the transition to classic hits (\"The Greatest Hits of All Time\").In 2008, Scott Walker was hired to be WRBQ's on-air Program Director and midday host.[18] This was done to allow Mason Dixon to focus entirely on his morning show duties. In 2013, Brian Thomas programmed WRBQ and sister station WQYK for a short period of time.[19] Tee Gentry later took over programming duties on an interim basis. Ted Cannarozzi became the official PD in January 2016.[20]In recent years, WRBQ-FM has brought back jingles from its Top 40 days. These include cuts from the \"Positron\", \"Outstanding\", \"The Rock\", \"FM\", \"The Flame Thrower\", \"Warp Factor,\", \"Red Hot\", \"Power Station\", \"Skywave,\" \"Turbo Z,\" and \"Z World\" packages, all from JAM Creative Productions. The Q105 jingle melody, in its present incarnation, was modeled after that of \"Z100,\" WHTZ in New York. (The jingles have since been discontinued.)On October 2, 2014, CBS Radio announced that it would trade all of the company's radio stations in Charlotte and Tampa (including WRBQ), as well as WIP in Philadelphia, to the Beasley Broadcast Group. This was in exchange for five stations in Miami and Philadelphia.[21] The swap was completed on December 1, 2014.[22]On October 5, 2020, the station announced the return of the MJ Morning Show, which originally aired on WFLZ from 1994 until 2012. The MJ in the show's title is MJ Kelli, who is also known as conservative talk radio host Todd Schnitt, his real name. The addition of the MJ Morning Show resulted in Mason Dixon moving back to the afternoon drive time slot.[23] In October 2022, Dixon departed the station as part of nation-wide layoffs by Beasley Media Group.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"play-by-play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-play"},{"link_name":"sporting events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_event"},{"link_name":"Jesse Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Ventura"},{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestler"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"governor of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"color analysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_analyst"},{"link_name":"WXTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXTB"},{"link_name":"active rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_rock"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"}],"sub_title":"Buccaneers broadcasts","text":"At one time, WRBQ was the flagship radio station for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League. That may have made it the first Top 40 station in the U.S. to carry live play-by-play sporting events. Jesse Ventura, the former professional wrestler and actor who later became governor of Minnesota, was one of the team's color analysts.Buccaneers broadcasts are now heard on WXTB, an active rock station owned by iHeartMedia.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"The WRBQ-FM, Q105 team (left to right, Andy, Stephen, and Andrew) at the Gasparilla Distance Classic Expo in February 2020.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WRBQ-FM_Q105.jpg/220px-WRBQ-FM_Q105.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WRBQ-FM\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=11943","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WRBQ-FM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"Belcher, Walt (July 21, 2011). \"Recalling the days of Q Morning Zoo\". The Tampa Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://tbo.com/news/recalling-the-days-of-q-morning-zoo-245349","url_text":"\"Recalling the days of Q Morning Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"WRBQ Taps Brian Thomas As New PD\" (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1993/RR-1993-02-05.pdf#page=3","url_text":"\"WRBQ Taps Brian Thomas As New PD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vox Jox\" (PDF). p. 75. Retrieved 2023-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-02-01.pdf#page=75","url_text":"\"Vox Jox\""}]},{"reference":"Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1992-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LRIEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Street Talk\" (PDF). 1993-04-09. p. 18. Retrieved 2023-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1993/RR-1993-04-09.pdf#page=18","url_text":"\"Street Talk\""}]},{"reference":"\"WRBQ Tampa - Q105 Format Change to Country - 1993\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gr0i4FiAvMM","url_text":"\"WRBQ Tampa - Q105 Format Change to Country - 1993\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/gr0i4FiAvMM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Years.com\". www.radioyears.com. Retrieved 2016-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radioyears.com/other/memorabilia_details.cfm?mem=2451&id=13","url_text":"\"Radio Years.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard\". 1997-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wA4EAAAAMBAJ&q=Q104+St.+Louis&pg=PA72","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1999-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AQ4EAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"WRBQ, WYUU Swap Formats in Tampa\" (PDF). p. 5. Retrieved 2023-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2002/RR-2002-04-19.pdf#page=5","url_text":"\"WRBQ, WYUU Swap Formats in Tampa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Good 'Ol Times: Mason Dixon Marks 30 Years On The Air\". TBO.com. Retrieved 2016-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tbo.com/lifestyles/life/2008/mar/23/good-ol-times-mason-dixon-marks-30-years-on-the-ai-ar-137400/","url_text":"\"Good 'Ol Times: Mason Dixon Marks 30 Years On The Air\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scott Walker To WRBQ PD Post\". All Access. Retrieved 2016-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/48769/scott-walker-to-wrbq-pd-post","url_text":"\"Scott Walker To WRBQ PD Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Thomas Named VP of Programming for CBS Radio Tampa\". Radiofacts.com - Music, DJs, Radio Stations, R&B, Hip Hop. 2012-05-09. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilford_Scypion | Wilford Scypion | ["1 Amateur career","2 Pro career","3 Death","4 Professional boxing record","5 References","6 External links"] | American boxer
Wilford Scypion (July 18, 1958 – February 27, 2014) was an American professional boxer.
Amateur career
Scypion was the National Golden Gloves Middleweight Champion in 1978.
Pro career
In February 1983, Scypion beat Frank Fletcher by a twelve round decision to take the USBA's regional Middleweight title. This victory guaranteed him a world championship fight, against Marvelous Marvin Hagler. The two competitors met on May 27, in a fight televised by HBO Boxing, which was considered by many to show only the best fights available at the time. Scypion was knocked out in the fourth round in his only world title attempt, which was held in Providence, Rhode Island. It was the first bout to simultaneously decide the WBA, WBC and IBF titles in history. In the ninth round of a bout at Madison Square Garden on November 23, 1979, Scypion made his 13th knockout in 13 pro fights, but inadvertently caused the fatal injury of Willie Classen, who died five days later without having regained consciousness.
Death
Scypion died on February 27, 2014, from complications of pneumonia. He was 55.
Professional boxing record
32 Wins (24 knockouts, 8 decisions), 9 Losses (5 knockouts, 4 decisions)
Result
Record
Opponent
Type
Round
Date
Location
Notes
Loss
33-9
Billy Wayne Lewis
KO
2
31/01/1991
Bayfront Auditorium, Pensacola, Florida, U.S.
Scypion knocked out at 0:26 of the second round.
Win
33-8
James Campbell
PTS
6
10/10/1990
Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.
Win
32-8
Robert Green
KO
4
17/07/1990
Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.
Green knocked out at 1:51 of the fourth round.
Win
31-8
James Tarver
KO
1
27/04/1990
Rayne, Louisiana, U.S.
Loss
30-8
Iran Barkley
KO
8
01/11/1985
Felt Forum, New York City,U.S.
Scypion knocked out at 2:59 of the eighth round.
Loss
30-7
Dwight Walker
UD
10
17/09/1985
Tropicana Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
Win
30-6
Tyler Dupuy
UD
8
14/05/1985
Beaumont, Texas, U.S.
Loss
29-6
Murray Sutherland
TKO
12
08/12/1984
Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
IBF USBA Super Middleweight Title. Referee stopped the bout at 0:30 of the 12th round.
Win
29-5
Mauricio Hernandez da Cruz
TKO
4
03/11/1984
Midtown Neighborhood Center, Kingston, New York, U.S.
Referee stopped the bout at 0:29 of the fourth round.
Win
28-5
Doug Holiman
TKO
8
29/09/1984
Sullivan Arena, Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.
Loss
27-5
Leroy Hester
TKO
10
05/08/1983
Beaumont Civic Center, Beaumont, Texas, U.S.
Referee stopped the bout at 0:45 of the tenth round.
Loss
26-5
Marvin Hagler
KO
4
27/05/1983
Providence Civic Center, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.
IBF Middleweight Title. Scypion knocked out at 2:47 of the fourth round.
Win
26-4
Frank Fletcher
UD
12
13/02/1983
Sands Atlantic City, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
IBF USBA Middleweight Title.
Win
25-4
Bobby West
TKO
5
14/12/1982
Gilley's Club, Pasadena, Texas, U.S.
Win
24-3
Irving Hines
PTS
10
16/09/1982
Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.
Win
23-3
José Mireles
TKO
2
06/08/1982
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Win
22-3
Mark Frazie
UD
10
11/07/1982
Oasis Ballroom, Tampa, Florida, U.S.
Loss
21-3
James Green
PTS
10
14/03/1982
Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
Win
21-2
Siaosi George Tanoa
UD
10
28/11/1981
Caesars Tahoe, Stateline, Nevada, U.S.
Loss
20-2
Dwight Davison
PTS
10
08/08/1981
Kiamesha Lake, New York, U.S.
Win
20-1
Curtis Parker
PTS
10
03/05/1981
Brighton Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
Win
19-1
Willie Ray Taylor
KO
5
13/12/1980
Jai Alai Fronton, Miami, Florida, U.S.
Win
18-1
Mike Herron
TKO
4
24/10/1980
Nassau Coliseum, Uniondale, New York, U.S.
Win
17-1
Fermín Guzmán
TKO
8
02/10/1980
Long Island Arena, Commack, New York, U.S.
Loss
16-1
Mustafa Hamsho
DQ
10
15/06/1980
Clarkston, Michigan, U.S.
Win
16-0
Bob Patterson
TKO
6
25/05/1980
Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
Win
15-0
Jerome Jackson
UD
8
23/02/1980
Resorts Atlantic City, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
Win
14-0
Norris McKinney
KO
3
09/01/1980
Beaumont Civic Center, Beaumont, Texas, U.S.
McKinney knocked out at 2:47 of the third round.
Win
13-0
Willie Classen
KO
10
23/11/1979
Felt Forum, New York City, New York, U.S.
Classen died of injuries sustained in the fight 5 days later
Win
12-0
Manuel Torres
KO
2
10/10/1979
Beaumont Civic Center, Beaumont, Texas, U.S.
Win
11-0
Jose Gamez
KO
6
14/09/1979
Houston Summit, Houston, Texas, U.S.
Win
10-0
German Marquez
KO
2
15/08/1979
Beaumont Civic Center, Beaumont, Texas, U.S.
Win
9-0
Arnell Thomas
KO
2
26/06/1979
Beaumont Civic Center, Beaumont, Texas, U.S.
Win
8-0
Jesse Edwards
KO
2
22/05/1979
Beaumont, Texas, U.S.
Win
7-0
Johnny Heard
KO
2
10/04/1979
Beaumont Civic Center, Beaumont, Texas, U.S.
Win
6-0
Fred Johnson
KO
8
16/01/1979
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Win
5-0
Miguel Garcia
TKO
4
28/11/1978
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Win
4-0
Oscar Rios
KO
1
12/10/1978
Pasadena, Texas, U.S.
Win
3-0
Carlos Terrazas
KO
2
19/09/1978
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Win
2-10
Calvin Todd
KO
4
15/08/1978
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Win
1-0
Dennis Haggerty
KO
1
18/07/1978
Houston, Texas, U.S.
References
^ "Port Arthur pro fighter Wilford Scypion passes away at 55". 12newsnow.com. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
^ "Classen Dies 5 Days After Knockout at Forum", The New York Times, November 29, 1979, p.D17
^ "Ellensburg Daily Record - Google News Archive Search".
External links
Boxing record for Wilford Scypion from BoxRec (registration required) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Wilford Scypion (July 18, 1958 – February 27, 2014) was an American professional boxer.[1]","title":"Wilford Scypion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Golden Gloves Middleweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Golden_Gloves_Middleweight_Champion"}],"text":"Scypion was the National Golden Gloves Middleweight Champion in 1978.","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Boxing_Association"},{"link_name":"Marvelous Marvin Hagler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvelous_Marvin_Hagler"},{"link_name":"HBO Boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Boxing"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In February 1983, Scypion beat Frank Fletcher by a twelve round decision to take the USBA's regional Middleweight title. This victory guaranteed him a world championship fight, against Marvelous Marvin Hagler. The two competitors met on May 27, in a fight televised by HBO Boxing, which was considered by many to show only the best fights available at the time. Scypion was knocked out in the fourth round in his only world title attempt, which was held in Providence, Rhode Island. It was the first bout to simultaneously decide the WBA, WBC and IBF titles in history. In the ninth round of a bout at Madison Square Garden on November 23, 1979, Scypion made his 13th knockout in 13 pro fights, but inadvertently caused the fatal injury of Willie Classen, who died five days later without having regained consciousness. [2]","title":"Pro career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"}],"text":"Scypion died on February 27, 2014, from complications of pneumonia. He was 55.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Port Arthur pro fighter Wilford Scypion passes away at 55\". 12newsnow.com. Retrieved 2014-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.12newsnow.com/story/24845859/port-arthur-pro-fighter-wilford-scypion-passes-away-at-55","url_text":"\"Port Arthur pro fighter Wilford Scypion passes away at 55\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ellensburg Daily Record - Google News Archive Search\".","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jnhUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Zo8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3669%2C4534495","url_text":"\"Ellensburg Daily Record - Google News Archive Search\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=3055&cat=boxer","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.12newsnow.com/story/24845859/port-arthur-pro-fighter-wilford-scypion-passes-away-at-55","external_links_name":"\"Port Arthur pro fighter Wilford Scypion passes away at 55\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jnhUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Zo8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3669%2C4534495","external_links_name":"\"Ellensburg Daily Record - Google News Archive Search\""},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/3055","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Wilford Scypion"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Walker | Wally Walker | ["1 Collegiate career","2 Playing career","3 Front office","4 Popular culture references","5 References"] | American basketball player (born 1954)
Wally WalkerWalker with the Portland Trail Blazers in 1976Personal informationBorn (1954-07-18) July 18, 1954 (age 69)Millersville, Pennsylvania, U.S.Listed height6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)Listed weight191 lb (87 kg)Career informationHigh schoolPenn Manor(Millersville, Pennsylvania)CollegeVirginia (1972–1976)NBA draft1976: 1st round, 5th overall pickSelected by the Portland Trail BlazersPlaying career1976–1985PositionSmall forwardNumber42Career history1976–1977Portland Trail Blazers1977–1982Seattle SuperSonics1982–1984Houston Rockets1984–1985Simac Milano
Career highlights and awards
Italian League champion (1985)
2× NBA champion (1977, 1979)
Second-team All-ACC (1976)
ACC tournament MVP (1976)
No. 41 retired by Virginia Cavaliers
Career NBA statisticsPoints3,968 (7.0 ppg)Rebounds1,759 (3.1 rpg)Assists844 (1.5 apg)
Stats at NBA.comStats at Basketball-Reference.com
Walter Frederick Walker (born July 18, 1954) is an American former professional basketball player. He is best known for his National Basketball Association (NBA) career – both as a player and as a front office executive for the Seattle SuperSonics.
Collegiate career
A prolific frontcourt scorer while in college, Walker led the Virginia Cavaliers to their first Atlantic Coast Conference Tournament championship and its first NCAA tournament berth in 1976.
He was the only Cavalier to receive the Everett Case Award as the ACC Tournament's Most Valuable Player following Virginia's championship run, until Joe Harris in 2014. Enjoying one of the finest individual seasons ever by a Cavalier player during the 1975–76 season, Walker scored 21 points and grabbed seven rebounds in the 1976 tournament championship game against the University of North Carolina.
Walker's scoring average of 22.1 points during the 1975–76 season ranks as the sixth best in Virginia history and his 1,849 career points is sixth on the all-time Cavalier list. He was a first-team Academic All American in 1976. His number 41 was retired by the school. The Portland Trail Blazers took him in the first round of the 1976 draft, the fifth overall pick.
Playing career
His playing career averages were 7.0 points and 3.1 rebounds during eight years with Portland, Seattle and Houston. He won two championship rings (with Portland and Seattle) in his first and third seasons. He was a starter for the Sonics in 1981–82 and the next season for the Houston Rockets. After ending his NBA career in 1984, Walker played 11 matches in Italian Pro League in Milan and then enrolled in Stanford Graduate School of Business, graduating in 1987 with an MBA. He worked for seven years at Goldman Sachs and also started his own money management business, Walker Capital, before returning to the NBA in the early 90s as a part-time television announcer and consultant for his former team, the Seattle SuperSonics, owned by Barry Ackerley.
Front office
Following the 1993-94 NBA season, Walker was named by Ackerley to be President and General Manager of the team. The Sonics continued their run of success for the next four seasons with a roster built primarily around Gary Payton, Shawn Kemp, Detlef Schrempf, Sam Perkins, Nate McMillan and Hersey Hawkins, with Hawkins as a Walker acquisition. In 1997–98, the Sonics won the Pacific Division with a record of 61-21 and Walker finished second in Executive of the Year voting.
The Sonics average cost per win was 6th best in the league at $850 thousand per victory for the 1999–2000 season.
During the 2003 season, Walker engineered a trade with the Bucks for star guard Ray Allen, along with Flip Murray, Kevin Ollie and a first-round pick that became Luke Ridnour, to the Sonics for Gary Payton and Desmond Mason. In 2004-05 the Sonics won the Northwest Division with a record of 52-30, the fourth Division Title that the Sonics won while Walker was team President, with a roster composed exclusively of players he acquired.
During his 12 years as president, the Sonics selected future NBA starters and reserves Eric Snow, Mark Blount and Earl Watson, all in the second round. He signed free agents including Terry Cummings, Aaron Williams, Ruben Patterson, Reggie Evans, Antonio Daniels, Damien Wilkins and Jim McIlvaine, who despite fan derision helped the Sonics win its division in each of his first two years. Walker supervised the drafting of Rashard Lewis, who became an All-Star in 2005. He also served as President of the WNBA Seattle Storm, who won the WNBA championship in 2004.
During the 2005 offseason, following the franchise's first 50-win season in 7 years, popular head coach and former Sonic player Nate McMillan signed a contract with a Northwest rival, the Portland Trail Blazers. A month earlier with the blessing of the Sonics organization, long-time assistant Dwayne Casey, a potential successor as head coach if McMillan were not to re-sign, agreed to be the coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves. Walker and then-GM Rick Sund eventually filled the vacancy with assistant Bob Weiss. Weiss was fired in January of the following season, after going only 13-17. Walker and Sund replaced Weiss with assistant Bob Hill, who coached the team to a 22-30 record.
Walker was part of five of the Sonics' six division-winning teams: one as a player (1978–79); four as team president (1995–96, 1996–97 1997–98, 2004–05). And he is one of only two people—player, coach, and/or member of the front office or staff—to be part of all three of the Sonics' Western Conference Championship seasons (1977–78, 1978–79 and 1995–96); the other person is trainer Frank Furtado.
Popular culture references
Walker is one of five 1970s Seattle SuperSonics players whose names are featured on characters in "The Exterminator," the third episode of Season 1 of iZombie. The other four are Freddie Brown, Gus Williams, Marvin Webster and Don Watts.
References
^ "Wally Walker Past Stats, Playoff Stats, Statistics, History, and Awards". Basketballreference.com. July 18, 1954. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
^ Archived August 29, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
^ "1999-2000 NBA Salaries". Patricia Bender. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
^ "McMillan leaves Seattle for Portland – NBA – ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. July 7, 2005. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ "Basketball News Releases Archive | THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE OKLAHOMA CITY THUNDER". Nba.com. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ Nussbaum, Danielle. "iZombie recap: 'The Exterminator,'" Entertainment Weekly, Wednesday, April 1, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
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Don Richman (1967-1968)
Dick Vertlieb (1968–1969)
Zollie Volchok (1969)
Bob Houbregs (1969–1973)
Bill Russell (1973–1977)
Zollie Volchok (1977–1983)
Les Habegger (1983–1985)
Lenny Wilkens (1985–1986)
Bob Whitsitt (1986–1994)
Wally Walker (1994–2001)
Rick Sund (2001–2007)
Sam Presti (2007–present)
vte1976 NBA draftFirst round
John Lucas
Scott May
Richard Washington
Leon Douglas
Wally Walker
Adrian Dantley
Quinn Buckner
Robert Parish
Armond Hill
Ron Lee
Bob Wilkerson
Terry Furlow
Mitch Kupchak
Larry Wright
Chuckie Williams
Norm Cook
Sonny Parker
Second round
Willie Smith
Bayard Forrest
Major Jones
Earl Tatum
Johnny Davis
Alex English
Scott Lloyd
Lonnie Shelton
Jacky Dorsey
Phil Hicks
Bob Carrington
Dennis Johnson
Al Fleming
Joe Pace
Mo Howard
Butch Feher
Marshall Rogers
vtePortland Trail Blazers 1976–77 NBA champions
3 Gilliam
10 Calhoun
13 Twardzik
14 Hollins
15 Steele
16 Davis
20 Lucas
30 Gross
32 Walton (Finals MVP)
34 Jones
36 Neal
42 Walker
Head coach: Ramsay
Assistant coach: McKinney
Regular season
Playoffs
vteSeattle SuperSonics 1978–79 NBA champions
1 Williams
8 Shelton
10 Hassett
11 Snyder
21 Awtrey
22 Robinson
23 LaGarde
24 D. Johnson (Finals MVP)
27 J. Johnson
32 Brown
35 Silas
42 Walker
43 Sikma
Head coach: Wilkens
Assistant coach: Habegger
Regular season
Playoffs | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Seattle SuperSonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics"}],"text":"Walter Frederick Walker (born July 18, 1954) is an American former professional basketball player. He is best known for his National Basketball Association (NBA) career – both as a player and as a front office executive for the Seattle SuperSonics.","title":"Wally Walker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Joe Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Harris_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Portland Trail Blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers"}],"text":"A prolific frontcourt scorer while in college, Walker led the Virginia Cavaliers to their first Atlantic Coast Conference Tournament championship and its first NCAA tournament berth in 1976.He was the only Cavalier to receive the Everett Case Award as the ACC Tournament's Most Valuable Player following Virginia's championship run, until Joe Harris in 2014. Enjoying one of the finest individual seasons ever by a Cavalier player during the 1975–76 season, Walker scored 21 points and grabbed seven rebounds in the 1976 tournament championship game against the University of North Carolina.Walker's scoring average of 22.1 points during the 1975–76 season ranks as the sixth best in Virginia history and his 1,849 career points is sixth on the all-time Cavalier list. He was a first-team Academic All American in 1976. His number 41 was retired by the school. The Portland Trail Blazers took him in the first round of the 1976 draft, the fifth overall pick.","title":"Collegiate career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stanford Graduate School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"television announcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_announcer"},{"link_name":"Seattle SuperSonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics"}],"text":"His playing career averages were 7.0 points and 3.1 rebounds [1] during eight years with Portland, Seattle and Houston. He won two championship rings (with Portland and Seattle) in his first and third seasons. He was a starter for the Sonics in 1981–82 and the next season for the Houston Rockets. After ending his NBA career in 1984, Walker played 11 matches in Italian Pro League in Milan and then enrolled in Stanford Graduate School of Business, graduating in 1987 with an MBA. He worked for seven years at Goldman Sachs[2] and also started his own money management business, Walker Capital, before returning to the NBA in the early 90s as a part-time television announcer and consultant for his former team, the Seattle SuperSonics, owned by Barry Ackerley.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1993-94 NBA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993-94_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"General Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Manager"},{"link_name":"Gary Payton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Payton"},{"link_name":"Shawn Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Detlef Schrempf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlef_Schrempf"},{"link_name":"Sam Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Nate McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_McMillan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ruben Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Rashard Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Following the 1993-94 NBA season, Walker was named by Ackerley to be President and General Manager of the team. The Sonics continued their run of success for the next four seasons with a roster built primarily around Gary Payton, Shawn Kemp, Detlef Schrempf, Sam Perkins, Nate McMillan and Hersey Hawkins, with Hawkins as a Walker acquisition. In 1997–98, the Sonics won the Pacific Division with a record of 61-21 and Walker finished second in Executive of the Year voting.The Sonics average cost per win was 6th best in the league at $850 thousand per victory for the 1999–2000 season.[3]During the 2003 season, Walker engineered a trade with the Bucks for star guard Ray Allen, along with Flip Murray, Kevin Ollie and a first-round pick that became Luke Ridnour, to the Sonics for Gary Payton and Desmond Mason. In 2004-05 the Sonics won the Northwest Division with a record of 52-30, the fourth Division Title that the Sonics won while Walker was team President, with a roster composed exclusively of players he acquired.During his 12 years as president, the Sonics selected future NBA starters and reserves Eric Snow, Mark Blount and Earl Watson, all in the second round. He signed free agents including Terry Cummings, Aaron Williams, Ruben Patterson, Reggie Evans, Antonio Daniels, Damien Wilkins and Jim McIlvaine, who despite fan derision helped the Sonics win its division in each of his first two years. Walker supervised the drafting of Rashard Lewis, who became an All-Star in 2005. He also served as President of the WNBA Seattle Storm, who won the WNBA championship in 2004.During the 2005 offseason, following the franchise's first 50-win season in 7 years, popular head coach and former Sonic player Nate McMillan signed a contract with a Northwest rival, the Portland Trail Blazers.[4] A month earlier with the blessing of the Sonics organization, long-time assistant Dwayne Casey, a potential successor as head coach if McMillan were not to re-sign, agreed to be the coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves. Walker and then-GM Rick Sund eventually filled the vacancy with assistant Bob Weiss.[5] Weiss was fired in January of the following season, after going only 13-17. Walker and Sund replaced Weiss with assistant Bob Hill, who coached the team to a 22-30 record.Walker was part of five of the Sonics' six division-winning teams: one as a player (1978–79); four as team president (1995–96, 1996–97 1997–98, 2004–05). And he is one of only two people—player, coach, and/or member of the front office or staff—to be part of all three of the Sonics' Western Conference Championship seasons (1977–78, 1978–79 and 1995–96); the other person is trainer Frank Furtado.","title":"Front office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle SuperSonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics"},{"link_name":"The Exterminator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_iZombie_episodes"},{"link_name":"iZombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZombie_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Freddie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Brown_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Gus Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Williams_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Marvin Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Webster"},{"link_name":"Don Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slick_Watts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Walker is one of five 1970s Seattle SuperSonics players whose names are featured on characters in \"The Exterminator,\" the third episode of Season 1 of iZombie. The other four are Freddie Brown, Gus Williams, Marvin Webster and Don Watts.[6]","title":"Popular culture references"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Wally Walker Past Stats, Playoff Stats, Statistics, History, and Awards\". Basketballreference.com. July 18, 1954. Retrieved April 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.basketballreference.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=WALKEWA01","url_text":"\"Wally Walker Past Stats, Playoff Stats, Statistics, History, and Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"1999-2000 NBA Salaries\". Patricia Bender. Retrieved April 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eskimo.com/~pbender/misc/salaries00.txt","url_text":"\"1999-2000 NBA Salaries\""}]},{"reference":"\"McMillan leaves Seattle for Portland – NBA – ESPN\". Sports.espn.go.com. July 7, 2005. Retrieved April 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2101994","url_text":"\"McMillan leaves Seattle for Portland – NBA – ESPN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Basketball News Releases Archive | THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE OKLAHOMA CITY THUNDER\". Nba.com. Retrieved April 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/sonics/news/weisspc050718.html","url_text":"\"Basketball News Releases Archive | THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE OKLAHOMA CITY THUNDER\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nba.com/player/78442","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/walkewa01.html","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"http://www.basketballreference.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=WALKEWA01","external_links_name":"\"Wally Walker Past Stats, Playoff Stats, Statistics, History, and Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.nba.com/sonics/community/Wally_Walker__President_and_C-39974-51.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050829065817/http://www.nba.com/sonics/community/Wally_Walker__President_and_C-39974-51.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.eskimo.com/~pbender/misc/salaries00.txt","external_links_name":"\"1999-2000 NBA Salaries\""},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2101994","external_links_name":"\"McMillan leaves Seattle for Portland – NBA – ESPN\""},{"Link":"http://www.nba.com/sonics/news/weisspc050718.html","external_links_name":"\"Basketball News Releases Archive | THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE OKLAHOMA CITY THUNDER\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/recap/izombie-season-1-episode-3/","external_links_name":"Nussbaum, Danielle. \"iZombie recap: 'The Exterminator,'\" Entertainment Weekly, Wednesday, April 1, 2015."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Coublon | DJ Coublon | ["1 Early life and career","2 Production credits","3 Awards and nominations","4 References"] | Nigerian record producer
DJ CoublonBirth nameAkwuba Charles UgochukwuBorn (1989-11-04) November 4, 1989 (age 34)Akure, Ondo State, NigeriaOriginAnambra State, Anaocha Local GovernmentGenres
Afro pop
Hip hop
Afrobeats
R&B
Occupation(s)Record Producer, Sound EngineerInstrument(s)Piano, Bass guitar, Keyboard, Ableton, FL Studio, CubaseYears active2012–presentLabelsMade Men Music Group (2014-2016), Three Guard Records (2017 to date)Websitedjcoublon.comMusical artist
Akwuba Charles Ugochukwu // ⓘ (born November 4, 1989), professionally known as DJ Coublon, is a Nigerian record producer and sound engineer. He is best known for producing hit songs with several prominent artists in the Nigerian music industry, including Kiss Daniel, Iyanya, Yemi Alade, Tekno Miles, Patoranking, Seyi Shay, among others.
Early life and career
Born on November 4, 1989, he began his interest in music at the age of 7. He is a graduate of Physics with Electronics from Veritas University in Abuja, the federal capital territory of Nigeria. DJ Coublon began his music career in Onitsha, Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria. In 2013, he moved to Lagos State, southwest Nigeria where he met other artists like Iyanya and Kiss Daniel. He was signed onto Made Men Music Group between September 2014 to 2016.
Production credits
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2015)
Year
Month
Artist
Song
Album
2013
Oct
Iyanya
Le Kwa Ukwu
Le Kwa Ukwu - Single
2014
March
DIL
Pretty Girls ft. Iyanya
Pretty Girls - Single
April
MMMG
Yudala ft. Iyanya, Tekno, Selebobo, Baci & Mystro
Yudala - Single
May
Kiss Daniel
Laye
Laye - Single
May
MMMG
Dreaming ft Iyanya and Emma Nyra
The Evolution
May
Tuti
Aunty Bukky
Aunty Bukky - Single
Aug
Iyanya
Story Story ft. Oritse Femi
Story Story - Single
Aug
B-Red
Iwotago ft Phyno
Iwotago - Single
Sept
Kiss Daniel
Woju
Woju - Single
Sept
Ric Hassani
Double Double
Double Double - Single
2015
Feb
Axterix
Opeke
Opeke - Single
Feb
Sunny Mackson
Oh Baby ft Mc Galaxy
Oh Baby - Single
March
T Spize
I Miss You
I Miss You - Single
March
Lardy'D
Packaging ft. Reminisce
Packaging - Single
June
Skoolboi
Ezigbonwa
Ezigbonwa - Single
Sept
Iyanya
Applaudise
Applaudise (Bonus Track Version)
Mama
Macoma ft. Efya x Sarkodie
Again ft. Seyi Shey
Mogbe ft. Patoranking
"Yoga ft. Victoria Kimani"
Tekno Miles
"Duro"
Duro - Single
"Duro Remix"
Duro (Remix) - Single
"Wash"
Wash - Single
Feb
Kiss Daniel
Woju (Remix)
Woju (Remix) - Single
MC Galaxy
"Hello"
Hello - Single
Patoranking
"My Woman My Everything"
My Woman My Everything - Single
Kiss Daniel
"Woju (Remix) ft. Davido, Tiwa Savage"
Woju (Remix)
2016
Kiss Daniel
"Napo ft. Sugarboy"
New Era
"Good Time"
"Laye"
"Are You Alright?"
"Alone"
"Duro"
"Nothing Dey"
Yemi Alade
"Baby's Back"
Mama Africa
"Ferrari"
Emma Nyra
"Once Chance"
Love Versus Money, Vol 1
"Sakarin" ft. Dammy Krane
"For My Matter" ft. Patoranking
"For My Matter" ft. Banky W
Premium Music ft. Iyanya,Yemi Alade, Tekno Miles,Olamide and Selebobo
"Mama Oyoyo"
Mama Oyoyo - Single
2017
Sugarboy
"Dada Omo"
Dada Omo - Single
Seyi Shay
"Yolo Yolo"
Yolo Yolo - Single
Yemi Alade
"Knack Am"
Knack Am - Single
Dj Coublon
"My Way ft Iyanya"
My Way - Single
Dj Coublon
"Shokotoyokoto ft Klem"
Shokotoyokoto - Single
2018
Yemi Alade
"Oh My Gosh"
Oh My Gosh - Single
2019
Yemi Alade
"Oh My Gosh remix ft Rick Ross"
Woman of Steel
"Shekere"
2020
Fiokee
"Ósan X Teni (singer) X DJ Coublon
Osan - Single
Dj Coublon
''Holla Me ft Klem"
Holla Me - Single
Awards and nominations
Year
Award ceremony
Prize
Recipient
Result
Ref
2015
2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
Music Producer of the Year
Himself
Nominated
2016
2016 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
Nominated
2016 AFRIMMA Awards
Nominated
The Headies 2016
Nominated
The BEATZ Awards
New Discovery Producer
Nominated
The BEATZ Awards 2.0
Best Producer
Nominated
Best Afro Beat Producer 2016
Won
2017
All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA) 2017
Producer of The Year
Himself
Won
References
^ Solanke, Abiola. "DJ Coublon: The talented DJ talks about his creative process, work flow with artistes and more". pulse.ng. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
^ ""I Had My Works Discredited In The Past" - DJ Coublon - Tush Magazine". Tush Magazine. 19 August 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
^ O, Ovie. "Emma Nyra Set To Drop Debut EP "Love vs Money" - View Tracklist". Not Just Ok. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
^ "With Mama Oyoyo, Premium Music Celebrates Mothers". The Guardian Nigeria. 23 January 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
^ "Dada Omo, Sugarboy – Dada Omo (Prod. DJ Coublon)". Jaguda. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ DonBoye. "Seyi Shay – Yolo Yolo". Not Just Ok. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ DonBoye. "Yemi Alade – Knack Am". Not Just Ok. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ lalaboiy. "DJ Coublon – My way ft. Iyanya". Not Just Ok. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ "Shokotoyokoto (feat. KLEM) - Single". Apple Music. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ Osan - Single by Fiokee, Teni & DJ Coublon, retrieved 2020-02-10
^ Holla Me - Single by DJ Coublon, Fiokee & Klem, retrieved 2020-02-10
^ Onyeji, Ebuka. "AFRIMMA 2016: Phyno, Olamide shine as Nigerian Artistes dominate". Premium Times, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
^ "Headies Award 2016: Complete list of Nominees - Nigerian Entertainment Today - Nigeria's Top Website for News, Gossip, Comedy, Videos, Blogs, Events, Weddings, Nollywood, Celebs, Scoop and Games". thenet.ng. 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
^ "THE BEATZ AWARDS NOMINEES 2015". The Beatz Awards. 30 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ "THE BEATZ AWARDS NOMINEES 2016". The Beatz Awards. 30 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ "THE BEATZ AWARDS WINNERS 2016". The Beatz Awards. 30 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ "AFRIMA 2017 WINNERS' LIST". All Africa Music Awards. 14 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"//","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Ig-Akwuba_Charles_Ugochukwu.ogg/Ig-Akwuba_Charles_Ugochukwu.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ig-Akwuba_Charles_Ugochukwu.ogg"},{"link_name":"record producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"sound engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_engineer"},{"link_name":"Kiss Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Iyanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyanya"},{"link_name":"Yemi Alade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemi_Alade"},{"link_name":"Tekno Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekno_Miles"},{"link_name":"Patoranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoranking"},{"link_name":"Seyi Shay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyi_Shay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Musical artistAkwuba Charles Ugochukwu // ⓘ (born November 4, 1989), professionally known as DJ Coublon, is a Nigerian record producer and sound engineer. He is best known for producing hit songs with several prominent artists in the Nigerian music industry, including Kiss Daniel, Iyanya, Yemi Alade, Tekno Miles, Patoranking, Seyi Shay, among others. [1]","title":"DJ Coublon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veritas University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritas_University"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Onitsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsha"},{"link_name":"Anambra State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambra_State"},{"link_name":"Lagos State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"Iyanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyanya"},{"link_name":"Kiss Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Daniel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Born on November 4, 1989, he began his interest in music at the age of 7. He is a graduate of Physics with Electronics from Veritas University in Abuja, the federal capital territory of Nigeria. DJ Coublon began his music career in Onitsha, Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria. In 2013, he moved to Lagos State, southwest Nigeria where he met other artists like Iyanya and Kiss Daniel. He was signed onto Made Men Music Group between September 2014 to 2016.[2]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Solanke, Abiola. \"DJ Coublon: The talented DJ talks about his creative process, work flow with artistes and more\". pulse.ng. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040948/http://www.pulse.ng/buzz/dj-coublon-the-talented-dj-talks-about-his-creative-process-work-flow-with-artistes-and-more-id4931003.html","url_text":"\"DJ Coublon: The talented DJ talks about his creative process, work flow with artistes and more\""},{"url":"http://www.pulse.ng/buzz/dj-coublon-the-talented-dj-talks-about-his-creative-process-work-flow-with-artistes-and-more-id4931003.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"I Had My Works Discredited In The Past\" - DJ Coublon - Tush Magazine\". Tush Magazine. 19 August 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. 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Retrieved 26 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161024035406/http://notjustok.com/2016/07/18/emma-nyra-set-to-drop-debut-ep-love-vs-money-view-tracklist/","url_text":"\"Emma Nyra Set To Drop Debut EP \"Love vs Money\" - View Tracklist\""},{"url":"http://notjustok.com/2016/07/18/emma-nyra-set-to-drop-debut-ep-love-vs-money-view-tracklist/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"With Mama Oyoyo, Premium Music Celebrates Mothers\". The Guardian Nigeria. 23 January 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://guardian.ng/features/with-mama-oyoyo-premium-music-celebrates-mothers/","url_text":"\"With Mama Oyoyo, Premium Music Celebrates Mothers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dada Omo, Sugarboy – Dada Omo (Prod. DJ Coublon)\". Jaguda. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051125/http://jaguda.com/music-mp3/sugarboy-dada-omo-prod-dj-coublon/","url_text":"\"Dada Omo, Sugarboy – Dada Omo (Prod. DJ Coublon)\""},{"url":"http://jaguda.com/music-mp3/sugarboy-dada-omo-prod-dj-coublon/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"DonBoye. \"Seyi Shay – Yolo Yolo\". Not Just Ok. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051224/http://notjustok.com/video-download/video-seyi-shay-yolo-yolo/","url_text":"\"Seyi Shay – Yolo Yolo\""},{"url":"http://notjustok.com/video-download/video-seyi-shay-yolo-yolo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"DonBoye. \"Yemi Alade – Knack Am\". Not Just Ok. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923050825/http://notjustok.com/video-download/video-yemi-alade-knack-am/","url_text":"\"Yemi Alade – Knack Am\""},{"url":"http://notjustok.com/video-download/video-yemi-alade-knack-am/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"lalaboiy. \"DJ Coublon – My way ft. Iyanya\". Not Just Ok. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923050856/http://notjustok.com/video-download/dj-coublon-my-way-ft-iyanya/","url_text":"\"DJ Coublon – My way ft. Iyanya\""},{"url":"http://notjustok.com/video-download/dj-coublon-my-way-ft-iyanya/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shokotoyokoto (feat. KLEM) - Single\". Apple Music. Retrieved 26 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/ng/album/shokotoyokoto-feat-klem-single/1296974354","url_text":"\"Shokotoyokoto (feat. KLEM) - Single\""}]},{"reference":"Osan - Single by Fiokee, Teni & DJ Coublon, retrieved 2020-02-10","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/ng/album/osan-single/1491355670","url_text":"Osan - Single by Fiokee, Teni & DJ Coublon"}]},{"reference":"Holla Me - Single by DJ Coublon, Fiokee & Klem, retrieved 2020-02-10","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/ng/album/holla-me-single/1496699348","url_text":"Holla Me - Single by DJ Coublon, Fiokee & Klem"}]},{"reference":"Onyeji, Ebuka. \"AFRIMMA 2016: Phyno, Olamide shine as Nigerian Artistes dominate\". Premium Times, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/music/212940-afrimma-2016-phyno-olamide-shine-nigerian-artistes-dominate.html","url_text":"\"AFRIMMA 2016: Phyno, Olamide shine as Nigerian Artistes dominate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Headies Award 2016: Complete list of Nominees - Nigerian Entertainment Today - Nigeria's Top Website for News, Gossip, Comedy, Videos, Blogs, Events, Weddings, Nollywood, Celebs, Scoop and Games\". thenet.ng. 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170910220850/http://thenet.ng/2016/11/headies-award-2016-complete-list-of-nominees/","url_text":"\"Headies Award 2016: Complete list of Nominees - Nigerian Entertainment Today - Nigeria's Top Website for News, Gossip, Comedy, Videos, Blogs, Events, Weddings, Nollywood, Celebs, Scoop and Games\""},{"url":"http://thenet.ng/2016/11/headies-award-2016-complete-list-of-nominees/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THE BEATZ AWARDS NOMINEES 2015\". The Beatz Awards. 30 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095459/http://www.thebeatzawards.com/nominees.html","url_text":"\"THE BEATZ AWARDS NOMINEES 2015\""},{"url":"http://www.thebeatzawards.com/nominees.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THE BEATZ AWARDS NOMINEES 2016\". The Beatz Awards. 30 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051111/http://www.thebeatzawards.com/nominees-2016.html","url_text":"\"THE BEATZ AWARDS NOMINEES 2016\""},{"url":"http://www.thebeatzawards.com/nominees-2016.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THE BEATZ AWARDS WINNERS 2016\". The Beatz Awards. 30 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051113/http://www.thebeatzawards.com/winners-2016.html","url_text":"\"THE BEATZ AWARDS WINNERS 2016\""},{"url":"http://www.thebeatzawards.com/winners-2016.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AFRIMA 2017 WINNERS' LIST\". All Africa Music Awards. 14 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035519/https://www.afrima.org/blog/afrima-2017-winners-list/","url_text":"\"AFRIMA 2017 WINNERS' LIST\""},{"url":"https://www.afrima.org/blog/afrima-2017-winners-list/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://djcoublon.com/","external_links_name":"djcoublon.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DJ_Coublon&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040948/http://www.pulse.ng/buzz/dj-coublon-the-talented-dj-talks-about-his-creative-process-work-flow-with-artistes-and-more-id4931003.html","external_links_name":"\"DJ Coublon: The talented DJ talks about his creative process, work flow with artistes and more\""},{"Link":"http://www.pulse.ng/buzz/dj-coublon-the-talented-dj-talks-about-his-creative-process-work-flow-with-artistes-and-more-id4931003.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210805105047/https://tushmagazine.com.ng/works-discredited-past-dj-coublon/","external_links_name":"\"\"I Had My Works Discredited In The Past\" - DJ Coublon - Tush Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://tushmagazine.com.ng/works-discredited-past-dj-coublon/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161024035406/http://notjustok.com/2016/07/18/emma-nyra-set-to-drop-debut-ep-love-vs-money-view-tracklist/","external_links_name":"\"Emma Nyra Set To Drop Debut EP \"Love vs Money\" - View Tracklist\""},{"Link":"http://notjustok.com/2016/07/18/emma-nyra-set-to-drop-debut-ep-love-vs-money-view-tracklist/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://guardian.ng/features/with-mama-oyoyo-premium-music-celebrates-mothers/","external_links_name":"\"With Mama Oyoyo, Premium Music Celebrates Mothers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051125/http://jaguda.com/music-mp3/sugarboy-dada-omo-prod-dj-coublon/","external_links_name":"\"Dada Omo, Sugarboy – Dada Omo (Prod. 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Iyanya\""},{"Link":"http://notjustok.com/video-download/dj-coublon-my-way-ft-iyanya/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/ng/album/shokotoyokoto-feat-klem-single/1296974354","external_links_name":"\"Shokotoyokoto (feat. KLEM) - Single\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/ng/album/osan-single/1491355670","external_links_name":"Osan - Single by Fiokee, Teni & DJ Coublon"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/ng/album/holla-me-single/1496699348","external_links_name":"Holla Me - Single by DJ Coublon, Fiokee & Klem"},{"Link":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/music/212940-afrimma-2016-phyno-olamide-shine-nigerian-artistes-dominate.html","external_links_name":"\"AFRIMMA 2016: Phyno, Olamide shine as Nigerian Artistes dominate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170910220850/http://thenet.ng/2016/11/headies-award-2016-complete-list-of-nominees/","external_links_name":"\"Headies Award 2016: Complete list of Nominees - Nigerian Entertainment Today - Nigeria's Top Website for News, Gossip, Comedy, Videos, Blogs, Events, Weddings, Nollywood, Celebs, Scoop and Games\""},{"Link":"http://thenet.ng/2016/11/headies-award-2016-complete-list-of-nominees/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095459/http://www.thebeatzawards.com/nominees.html","external_links_name":"\"THE BEATZ AWARDS NOMINEES 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.thebeatzawards.com/nominees.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051111/http://www.thebeatzawards.com/nominees-2016.html","external_links_name":"\"THE BEATZ AWARDS NOMINEES 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.thebeatzawards.com/nominees-2016.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051113/http://www.thebeatzawards.com/winners-2016.html","external_links_name":"\"THE BEATZ AWARDS WINNERS 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.thebeatzawards.com/winners-2016.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035519/https://www.afrima.org/blog/afrima-2017-winners-list/","external_links_name":"\"AFRIMA 2017 WINNERS' LIST\""},{"Link":"https://www.afrima.org/blog/afrima-2017-winners-list/","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_leaf_(music) | Album leaf | ["1 List of Album leaves","2 References"] | Title of numerous minor compositions by a wide variety of classical composers
For the musical project by Jimmy LaValle, see The Album Leaf.
Album leaf is the title of numerous minor compositions by a wide variety of classical composers. It also appears in the French version, Feuille d'album or Feuillet d'album; the German version Albumblatt (pl. Albumblätter); the Russian version Листок из альбома (pl. Листки из альбома); the Spanish and Latin-American versions Hoja de álbum; and other languages.
Many of these pieces are for piano solo, but the title has also been used for other instrumental pieces in the salon music genre, and for vocal pieces. They tend to be short, pleasant, and not particularly demanding on the performer. There is no standard form or structure; the title Album leaf is quite arbitrary, and these pieces could just as easily have been called Prelude, Impromptu, Romance, Humoresque or other names.
Originally, the term "Album leaf" was used for pieces written in dedication to a friend or admirer, to be inserted into their album or autograph book, and not intended for publication. It later lost any association with a particular dedicatee.
List of Album leaves
The following pieces are for piano solo unless otherwise indicated.
Joachim Andersen:
Albumblatt, Op. 19
Ludovic Lamothe
Album Leaf No. 1 in F-sharp minor
Album Leaf No. 2 in D-flat major
Béla Bartók:
Albumblatt: Andante in A major for violin and piano
Friedrich Baumfelder:
Feuille d'Album, Op. 51 (1854)
Albumblätter: Drei Präludienartige Stücke für Piano, Op. 175 (1850)
Ludwig van Beethoven:
Für Elise, usually classified as a bagatelle, is sometimes referred to as an Albumblatt
Hector Berlioz:
Feuillets d'album - 6 songs (Zaide; Les champs; Le Chant des chemins de fer; Prière du matin; La belle Isabau; Le chasseur danois), Op. 19 (1850)
Georges Bizet:
Feuilles d'album - 6 songs (À une fleur (de Musset), Adieux à Suzon (de Musset), Sonnet (Ronsard), Guitare (Hugo), Rose d'amour (Millevoye), Le grillon (Lamartine)) (1866)
August de Boeck:
Feuillet d'album for viola and piano (ca. 1892)
Johannes Brahms:
Albumblatt (1853)
Louis Brassin:
Feuillet d'album
Ignaz Brüll:
7 Albumblätter, Op.33 (undated; c.1880)
August Bungert:
Album leaf (1885)
Ferruccio Busoni:
Albumblatt in E minor for flute (or muted violin) and piano (1916)
Albumblatt in E minor for piano (1917)
André Caplet:
Feuillets d'album for flute and piano (1901)
Emmanuel Chabrier:
Feuillet d'album
Cécile Chaminade:
6 Feuillets d'album (Promenade; Scherzetto; Élégie; Valse arabesque; Chanson russe; Rondo allegre), Op. 98 (1900)
Carlos Chávez:
Feuille d'album for guitar (1974)
Frédéric Chopin:
Album Leaf (Moderato) in E major, B. 151
Ernő Dohnányi:
Albumblatt (1899)
Gabriel Dupont:
Feuillets d'Album (1897)
Antonín Dvořák:
4 Album leaves, B. 109 (1880)
Album leaf, B. 158 (1888)
Gabrielle Ferrari:
Feuilles d'album, Op. 76
Zdeněk Fibich:
5 Feuillets d'album, Op. 2
Wilhelm Fitzenhagen:
Album Leaf for cello and piano, Op. 26
Niels Gade:
Albumsblade (1852)
Albumblad in C major (1860)
Sir Edward German:
Album Leaf (1892)
Album Leaf for violin and piano
Alexander Glazunov:
Albumblatt for trumpet and piano (1899)
Reinhold Glière:
12 Album Leaves for cello and piano, Op. 51 (1910)
Mikhail Goldstein:
"Albumblatt (Листок из Альбома) by Glazunov", a musical hoax
Edvard Grieg:
4 Album Leaves, Op. 28
Album Leaf (1878)
Album Leaf No. 2 from Lyric Pieces, Book IV, Op. 47
Album Leaf No. 7 (Lyric Pieces), Op. 12
Friedrich Grützmacher:
Albumblatt, Op. 66 (1897)
Stephen Heller:
Feuillet d'album, Op. 118/2
3 Feuillets d'album, Op. 157
Bertold Hummel:
Albumblatt for viola and piano, Op. 87a (1897)
Engelbert Humperdinck:
Albumblatt in F major for violin and piano (1910)
Salomon Jadassohn:
Albumblatt, Op. 7 (1862)
Albumblatt, Op. 39 (1872)
5 Albumblätter, Op. 63 (1881)
Albumblatt (1881; unpublished)
Dmitry Kabalevsky:
Album Leaves (Albumstücke) for violin and piano
Friedrich Kiel:
Albumblatt
Theodor Kirchner:
Albumleaves, Op. 7
New Album Leaves: 2 Character Pieces, Op. 49
Albumblätter (Neue Folge), Op. 80
Albumblatt for violin and piano
Conradin Kreutzer:
Album Leaf (1882)
Lowell Liebermann
Album Leaf for cello and piano, Op. 66 (1999)
Franz Liszt:
S.158c, Adagio in C major (Dante Sonata Albumleaf) (1844–45)
S.163a/1, Album-Leaf in F-sharp minor (1828)
S.163b, Album-Leaf (Ah vous dirai-je, maman) (1833)
S.163c, Album-Leaf in C minor (Pressburg) (1839)
S.163d, Album-Leaf in E major (Leipzig) (1840)
S.164, Feuille d'album No. 1 (1840)
S.164a, Album-Leaf in E major (Vienna) (1840)
S.164b, Album-Leaf in E-flat major (Leipzig) (1840)
S.164c, Album-Leaf: Exeter Preludio (1841)
S.164d, Album-Leaf in E major (Detmold) (1840)
S.164e, Album-Leaf: Magyar (1841)
S.164f, Album-Leaf in A minor (Rákóczi-Marsch) (1841)
S.164g, Album-Leaf: Berlin Preludio (1842)
S.165, Feuilles d'album in A-flat major (1841)
S.166, Albumblatt in waltzerform (1841)
S.166a, Album-Leaf in E major (1843)
S.166b, Album-Leaf in A-flat major (Portugal) (1844)
S.166c, Album-Leaf in A-flat major (1844)
S.166d, Album-Leaf: Lyon prélude (1844)
S.166e, Album-Leaf: Prélude omnitonique (1844)
S.166f, Album-Leaf: Braunschweig preludio (1844)
S.166g, Album-Leaf: Serenade (1840–49)
S.166h, Album-Leaf: Andante religioso (1846)
S.166k, Album-Leaf in A major: Friska (ca. 1846–49)
S.166l/1, Album-Leaf in A-flat major: Andante con moto (ca. 1840)
S.166l/2, Album-Leaf in G minor: Weimar III (ca. 1840)
S.166m-n, Albumblätter für Prinzessin Marie von Sayn-Wittgenstein (1847)
S.166y/2, Album-Leaf in A minor: Introduction à la Grande Étude de Paganini (ca. 1884)
S.167, Feuille d'album No. 2 (1843)
S.167c, Album-Leaf (from the Agnus Dei of the Missa Solennis, S9) (1860–69)
S.167d, Album-Leaf (from the symphonic poem Orpheus, S98) (1860)
S.167e, Album-Leaf (from the symphonic poem Die Ideale, S106) (1861)
S.167f, Album-Leaf in G major (ca. 1860)
S.167r, Album-Leaf: Andante (1850–59; unfinished)
S.171b, Album Leaf or Consolation No. 1 (1870–79)
Henri Marteau:
Feuillet d'Album No. 2 in D minor for viola and piano, Op. 2
Joseph Marx
Albumblatt in E major (1916)
Albumblatt in F major (alternative names: "Romanze", "Moderne Klavierstudie"; undated)
Nikolai Medtner:
Album Leaf (Листок из альбома) (1900)
Felix Mendelssohn:
Album-leaf in E minor, Op. 117 (1837)
Moritz Moszkowski:
Albumblatt, Op. 2
Feuillet d'album No. 2 from "Trois Morceaux". Op. 86 (1911)
Modest Mussorgsky:
Méditation (feuillet d'album) (1880)
Tivadar Nachéz:
Albumblatt (1884)
Friedrich Nietzsche:
Albumblatt
Thomas Pasatieri:
Album Leaves (Volume 1) for voice and piano
Album Leaves (Volume 2) for voice and piano
Album Leaves (Volume 3) for voice and piano
Album Leaves (Volume 4) for voice and piano
David Popper:
Albumblatt for cello and piano (1883)
Edouard Potjes:
Feuillet d'Album
Max Reger:
Albumblatt (Andantino) No. 2 in D minor from "Nine Bunte Blätter for Piano", Op. 36 (1899)
Albumblatt No. 1 in B minor (Mit Ausdruck, nicht zu langsam) from "Ten little Pieces for Piano", Op. 44 (1900)
Albumblatt No. 1 from "Two Compositions for Violin and Piano", Op. 87 (1905)
Albumblatt No. 4 from "Grüsse an die Jugend" (1898)
Three Album leaves (Miniature Gavotte; Allegretto grazioso; Andante) (1898–99)
Albumblad No. 1 from "Blätter und Blüten" (1900–02)
Albumblatt in E-flat major for clarinet/violin and piano (1902)
Camille Saint-Saëns:
Feuillet d'album, Op. 169 (1921)
Feuillet d'album (1909)
Carlos Salzedo:
Feuillet d'album No. 2 for soprano, harp, and piano from "Three Poems of Stephane Mallarme" (1924)
Philipp Scharwenka:
5 Albumblätter, Op.27 (1878)
Franz Schubert:
Walzer in G called "Albumblatt", D. 844
Robert Schumann:
Albumblätter (includes one piece previously part of WoO 31), Op. 124 (1832–45)
Alexander Scriabin:
Album Leaf No. 1 in E flat major from "Trois morceaux", Op. 45
Album Leaf, Op. 58
Feuillet d'Album de Monighetti in A-flat major (1889)
Feuillet d'Album in F-sharp major (1905)
Hans Sitt:
6 Albumblätter for viola and piano, Op. 39 (published 1891)
Bedřich Smetana:
6 Album Leaves (To Kateřina Kolářová; To Elizabeth Felicia Thun; To Josephina Fink; To Jean Kunz; To Wenzel Ulwer; To Marie Proksch) (1844–62)
6 Album Leaves (1849–50)
3 Album Leaves (To Robert Schumann; Wanderer's Song; Es siedet und braust) (1849–50)
6 Album Leaves (1849–50)
7 other single Album Leaves
Juan María Solare:
Albumblatt
John Philip Sousa:
An Album Leaf for violin (1863)
Zygmunt Stojowski:
Feuillet d'album, Op. 19/1
Deux Feuilles d'album
Robert Stolz:
Albumblatt, Op.1 (1895)
Josef Suk:
Album Leaf No. 1 from "3 Songs without Words" (1891)
Album Leaf in F major (1895)
Alexander Taneyev:
Album Leaf (Листок из альбома) in G major for viola and piano, Op. 33
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky:
Feuillet d'album, Op. 19/3
Sigismond Thalberg:
Albumblatt
Rudolf Tillmetz:
Album leaf for flute and piano, Op. 8
Louis Vierne:
Feuillets d'album (Matin d'été; Contemplation; La mer et la nuit; Nuit étoilée; Coup de vent; Le vieux berger; La valse; Dans le bois; Chanson des faucheurs), Op. 9
Henri Vieuxtemps:
3 Feuilles d'album for violin and piano, Op. 40 (1864)
Richard Wagner:
Albumblatt für Ernst Benedikt Kietz: Lied ohne Worte, WWV 64 (1840)
In das Album der Fürstin M. , WWV 94 (1861)
Albumblatt für Frau Betty Schott, WWV 108 (1875)
Kurt Weill:
Albumblatt for Erika (1937; transcription of the pastorale from Der Weg der Verheissung)
Charles-Marie Widor:
12 Feuillets d’album, Op. 31 (1877; No. 11 was transcribed by Marcel Dupré for organ as Marche américaine)
Charles Wuorinen:
Album Leaf (1984)
Sergei Yuferov:
Entre petits et grands amis: 6 Album Leaves (Листки из альбома) (Boite à musique; Aveu; Mazurca; Petite valse; Question et réponse; Mélodie), Op. 10
En famille, 6 Album Leaves (Листки из альбома) (Feuille d'album; Petite étude; Impatience; Charmeuse; Un conte; Caprice), Op. 12
Alexander von Zemlinsky:
Albumblatt (Erinnerung aus Wien) (1895)
Alberto Nepomuceno:
Folhas d'álbum (1891)
Richard Zeckwer:
Album Leaf (preceded by Notturno) (1874)
References
^ Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed. 1954, Vol. 1, Albumblatt, p. 98
^ Needham, Alex (13 January 2012). "Brahms piano piece to get its premiere 159 years after its creation". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
^ Brüll, Ignaz.7 Albumblätter, Op.33: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
^ Bungert, August (1885). "Album leaf". Library of Congress – American Memory. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ Dvořák, Antonín. 4 Album Leaves, B.109, Album Leaf, B.158: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
^ Glière, Reinhold (1910).12 Album leaves, Op.51: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
^ Grützmacher, Friedrich (1897).Albumblatt, Op. 66: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
^ Humperdinck, Engelbert (1910).Albumblatt: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
^ Jadassohn, Salomon (1881).Albumblätter, Op.63: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
^ "Contemporary Violin Music for the Young at Pytheas ~ Modern, New, Non-Pop Art Music Composers, Ensembles & Resources". www.pytheasmusic.org. Retrieved 16 February 2024. Kabalevsky, Dmitri ... Albumstucke (Album Leaves) (Peters, 1950-1970).
^ Kreutzer, Conradin (1882). "Album leaf". Library of Congress – American Memory. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ "2 Album-Leaves, S.166y (Liszt, Franz)". IMSLP. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
^ Haydin, Berkant. "Complete list of orchestral, choral, chamber, piano, organ & vocal works". joseph-marx.org. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
^ Nachz, Tivadar (1884). "Albumblatt". Library of Congress – American Memory. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ Simone Zacchini (2000). Al di là della musica: Friederich Nietzsche nelle sue composizioni musicali. FrancoAngeli. p. 65. ISBN 978-88-464-2220-0.
^ Pasatieri, Thomas (2012). Album leaves: for voice and piano. Volume 1. King of Prussia, Pa.: Theodore Presser Co. ISBN 978-1-59806-439-1 – via New York Public Library.
^ "Album leaves: Volume 4; for voice and piano / Thomas Pasatieri". search.lib.uiowa.edu. King of Prussia: Theodore Presser Company. 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
^ Scharwenka, Philipp (1878).Albumblätter, Op.27): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
^ Robert Stolz (1979). Robert Stolz, the man and his times: 25th Aug. 1980 : 100th anniversary of his birth. Federal Press Service. p. 2.
^ Zeckwer, Richard (1874). "Notturno Album Leaf". Library of Congress – American Memory. Retrieved 4 May 2012. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Album Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Album_Leaf"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"salon music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the musical project by Jimmy LaValle, see The Album Leaf.Album leaf is the title of numerous minor compositions by a wide variety of classical composers. It also appears in the French version, Feuille d'album or Feuillet d'album; the German version Albumblatt (pl. Albumblätter); the Russian version Листок из альбома (pl. Листки из альбома); the Spanish and Latin-American versions Hoja de álbum; and other languages.Many of these pieces are for piano solo, but the title has also been used for other instrumental pieces in the salon music genre, and for vocal pieces. They tend to be short, pleasant, and not particularly demanding on the performer. There is no standard form or structure; the title Album leaf is quite arbitrary, and these pieces could just as easily have been called Prelude, Impromptu, Romance, Humoresque or other names.Originally, the term \"Album leaf\" was used for pieces written in dedication to a friend or admirer, to be inserted into their album or autograph book, and not intended for publication. It later lost any association with a particular dedicatee.[1]","title":"Album leaf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joachim Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Andersen_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Ludovic Lamothe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Lamothe"},{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Baumfelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Baumfelder"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Für Elise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCr_Elise"},{"link_name":"bagatelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagatelle_(music)"},{"link_name":"Hector Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"},{"link_name":"Le Chant des chemins de fer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Chant_des_chemins_de_fer"},{"link_name":"Georges Bizet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet"},{"link_name":"August de Boeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_de_Boeck"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Louis Brassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Brassin"},{"link_name":"Ignaz Brüll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Br%C3%BCll"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"August Bungert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bungert"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ferruccio Busoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni"},{"link_name":"André Caplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Caplet"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Chabrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Chabrier"},{"link_name":"Cécile Chaminade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade"},{"link_name":"Carlos Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Ernő Dohnányi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Dohn%C3%A1nyi"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Dupont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Dupont"},{"link_name":"Antonín Dvořák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Zdeněk Fibich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Fibich"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Fitzenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Fitzenhagen"},{"link_name":"Niels Gade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Gade"},{"link_name":"Edward German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_German"},{"link_name":"Alexander Glazunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov"},{"link_name":"Reinhold Glière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Gli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Goldstein"},{"link_name":"musical hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_hoax"},{"link_name":"Edvard Grieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Grieg"},{"link_name":"Lyric Pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Pieces"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Grützmacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Gr%C3%BCtzmacher"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stephen Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Heller"},{"link_name":"Bertold Hummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertold_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Engelbert Humperdinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Salomon Jadassohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Jadassohn"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Kabalevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Kabalevsky"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Theodor Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"Conradin Kreutzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conradin_Kreutzer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lowell Liebermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Liebermann"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"Feuilles d'album in A-flat major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuilles_d%27album,_S.165_(Liszt)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Henri Marteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Marteau"},{"link_name":"Joseph Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Marx"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Medtner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner"},{"link_name":"Felix Mendelssohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn"},{"link_name":"Moritz Moszkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski"},{"link_name":"Modest Mussorgsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky"},{"link_name":"Tivadar Nachéz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivadar_Nach%C3%A9z"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zacchini2000-15"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pasatieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pasatieri"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"David Popper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Popper"},{"link_name":"Edouard Potjes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Potjes"},{"link_name":"Max Reger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Reger"},{"link_name":"Camille Saint-Saëns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns"},{"link_name":"Carlos Salzedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salzedo"},{"link_name":"Philipp Scharwenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Scharwenka"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Franz Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"},{"link_name":"Robert Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Albumblätter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumbl%C3%A4tter_(Schumann)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Scriabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin"},{"link_name":"Hans Sitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sitt"},{"link_name":"Bedřich Smetana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana"},{"link_name":"Marie Proksch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Proksch"},{"link_name":"Robert Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"John Philip Sousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Stojowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Stojowski"},{"link_name":"Robert Stolz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stolz"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stolz1979-19"},{"link_name":"Josef Suk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Suk_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Taneyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Taneyev"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky"},{"link_name":"Sigismond Thalberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Tillmetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Tillmetz"},{"link_name":"Louis Vierne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vierne"},{"link_name":"Henri Vieuxtemps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Kurt Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Weill"},{"link_name":"Charles-Marie Widor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Marie_Widor"},{"link_name":"Marcel Dupré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Dupr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Charles Wuorinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen"},{"link_name":"Sergei Yuferov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Yuferov"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Zemlinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky"},{"link_name":"Alberto Nepomuceno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Nepomuceno"},{"link_name":"Richard Zeckwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Zeckwer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The following pieces are for piano solo unless otherwise indicated.Joachim Andersen:\nAlbumblatt, Op. 19\nLudovic Lamothe\nAlbum Leaf No. 1 in F-sharp minor\nAlbum Leaf No. 2 in D-flat major\nBéla Bartók:\nAlbumblatt: Andante in A major for violin and piano\nFriedrich Baumfelder:\nFeuille d'Album, Op. 51 (1854)\nAlbumblätter: Drei Präludienartige Stücke für Piano, Op. 175 (1850)\nLudwig van Beethoven:\nFür Elise, usually classified as a bagatelle, is sometimes referred to as an Albumblatt\nHector Berlioz:\nFeuillets d'album - 6 songs (Zaide; Les champs; Le Chant des chemins de fer; Prière du matin; La belle Isabau; Le chasseur danois), Op. 19 (1850)\nGeorges Bizet:\nFeuilles d'album - 6 songs (À une fleur (de Musset), Adieux à Suzon (de Musset), Sonnet (Ronsard), Guitare (Hugo), Rose d'amour (Millevoye), Le grillon (Lamartine)) (1866)\nAugust de Boeck:\nFeuillet d'album for viola and piano (ca. 1892)\nJohannes Brahms:\nAlbumblatt (1853)[2]\nLouis Brassin:\nFeuillet d'album\nIgnaz Brüll:\n7 Albumblätter, Op.33 (undated; c.1880)[3]\nAugust Bungert:\nAlbum leaf (1885)[4]\nFerruccio Busoni:\nAlbumblatt in E minor for flute (or muted violin) and piano (1916)\nAlbumblatt in E minor for piano (1917)\nAndré Caplet:\nFeuillets d'album for flute and piano (1901)\nEmmanuel Chabrier:\nFeuillet d'album\nCécile Chaminade:\n6 Feuillets d'album (Promenade; Scherzetto; Élégie; Valse arabesque; Chanson russe; Rondo allegre), Op. 98 (1900)\nCarlos Chávez:\nFeuille d'album for guitar (1974)\nFrédéric Chopin:\nAlbum Leaf (Moderato) in E major, B. 151\nErnő Dohnányi:\nAlbumblatt (1899)\nGabriel Dupont:\nFeuillets d'Album (1897)\nAntonín Dvořák:[5]\n4 Album leaves, B. 109 (1880)\nAlbum leaf, B. 158 (1888)\nGabrielle Ferrari:\nFeuilles d'album, Op. 76\nZdeněk Fibich:\n5 Feuillets d'album, Op. 2\nWilhelm Fitzenhagen:\nAlbum Leaf for cello and piano, Op. 26\nNiels Gade:\nAlbumsblade (1852)\nAlbumblad in C major (1860)\nSir Edward German:\nAlbum Leaf (1892)\nAlbum Leaf for violin and piano\nAlexander Glazunov:\nAlbumblatt for trumpet and piano (1899)\nReinhold Glière:\n12 Album Leaves for cello and piano, Op. 51 (1910)[6]\nMikhail Goldstein:\n\"Albumblatt (Листок из Альбома) by Glazunov\", a musical hoax\nEdvard Grieg:\n4 Album Leaves, Op. 28\nAlbum Leaf (1878)\nAlbum Leaf No. 2 from Lyric Pieces, Book IV, Op. 47\nAlbum Leaf No. 7 (Lyric Pieces), Op. 12\nFriedrich Grützmacher:\nAlbumblatt, Op. 66 (1897)[7]\nStephen Heller:\nFeuillet d'album, Op. 118/2\n3 Feuillets d'album, Op. 157\nBertold Hummel:\nAlbumblatt for viola and piano, Op. 87a (1897)\nEngelbert Humperdinck:\nAlbumblatt in F major for violin and piano (1910)[8]\nSalomon Jadassohn:\nAlbumblatt, Op. 7 (1862)\nAlbumblatt, Op. 39 (1872)\n5 Albumblätter, Op. 63 (1881)[9]\nAlbumblatt (1881; unpublished)\nDmitry Kabalevsky:\nAlbum Leaves (Albumstücke) for violin and piano[10]\nFriedrich Kiel:\nAlbumblatt\nTheodor Kirchner:\nAlbumleaves, Op. 7\nNew Album Leaves: 2 Character Pieces, Op. 49\nAlbumblätter (Neue Folge), Op. 80\nAlbumblatt for violin and piano\nConradin Kreutzer:\nAlbum Leaf (1882)[11]\nLowell Liebermann\nAlbum Leaf for cello and piano, Op. 66 (1999)\nFranz Liszt:\nS.158c, Adagio in C major (Dante Sonata Albumleaf) (1844–45)\nS.163a/1, Album-Leaf in F-sharp minor (1828)\nS.163b, Album-Leaf (Ah vous dirai-je, maman) (1833)\nS.163c, Album-Leaf in C minor (Pressburg) (1839)\nS.163d, Album-Leaf in E major (Leipzig) (1840)\nS.164, Feuille d'album No. 1 (1840)\nS.164a, Album-Leaf in E major (Vienna) (1840)\nS.164b, Album-Leaf in E-flat major (Leipzig) (1840)\nS.164c, Album-Leaf: Exeter Preludio (1841)\nS.164d, Album-Leaf in E major (Detmold) (1840)\nS.164e, Album-Leaf: Magyar (1841)\nS.164f, Album-Leaf in A minor (Rákóczi-Marsch) (1841)\nS.164g, Album-Leaf: Berlin Preludio (1842)\nS.165, Feuilles d'album in A-flat major (1841)\nS.166, Albumblatt in waltzerform (1841)\nS.166a, Album-Leaf in E major (1843)\nS.166b, Album-Leaf in A-flat major (Portugal) (1844)\nS.166c, Album-Leaf in A-flat major (1844)\nS.166d, Album-Leaf: Lyon prélude (1844)\nS.166e, Album-Leaf: Prélude omnitonique (1844)\nS.166f, Album-Leaf: Braunschweig preludio (1844)\nS.166g, Album-Leaf: Serenade (1840–49)\nS.166h, Album-Leaf: Andante religioso (1846)\nS.166k, Album-Leaf in A major: Friska (ca. 1846–49)\nS.166l/1, Album-Leaf in A-flat major: Andante con moto (ca. 1840)\nS.166l/2, Album-Leaf in G minor: Weimar III (ca. 1840)\nS.166m-n, Albumblätter für Prinzessin Marie von Sayn-Wittgenstein (1847)\nS.166y/2, Album-Leaf in A minor: Introduction à la Grande Étude de Paganini (ca. 1884)[12]\nS.167, Feuille d'album No. 2 [Die Zelle in Nonnenwerth, third version] (1843)\nS.167c, Album-Leaf (from the Agnus Dei of the Missa Solennis, S9) (1860–69)\nS.167d, Album-Leaf (from the symphonic poem Orpheus, S98) (1860)\nS.167e, Album-Leaf (from the symphonic poem Die Ideale, S106) (1861)\nS.167f, Album-Leaf in G major (ca. 1860)\nS.167r, Album-Leaf: Andante (1850–59; unfinished)\nS.171b, Album Leaf or Consolation No. 1 (1870–79)\nHenri Marteau:\nFeuillet d'Album No. 2 in D minor for viola and piano, Op. 2\nJoseph Marx\nAlbumblatt in E major (1916)\nAlbumblatt in F major (alternative names: \"Romanze\", \"Moderne Klavierstudie\"; undated)[13]\nNikolai Medtner:\nAlbum Leaf (Листок из альбома) (1900)\nFelix Mendelssohn:\nAlbum-leaf in E minor, Op. 117 (1837)\nMoritz Moszkowski:\nAlbumblatt, Op. 2\nFeuillet d'album No. 2 from \"Trois Morceaux\". Op. 86 (1911)\nModest Mussorgsky:\nMéditation (feuillet d'album) (1880)\nTivadar Nachéz:\nAlbumblatt (1884)[14]\nFriedrich Nietzsche:\nAlbumblatt[15]\nThomas Pasatieri:\nAlbum Leaves (Volume 1) for voice and piano[16]\nAlbum Leaves (Volume 2) for voice and piano\nAlbum Leaves (Volume 3) for voice and piano\nAlbum Leaves (Volume 4) for voice and piano[17]\nDavid Popper:\nAlbumblatt for cello and piano (1883)\nEdouard Potjes:\nFeuillet d'Album\nMax Reger:\nAlbumblatt (Andantino) No. 2 in D minor from \"Nine Bunte Blätter for Piano\", Op. 36 (1899)\nAlbumblatt No. 1 in B minor (Mit Ausdruck, nicht zu langsam) from \"Ten little Pieces for Piano\", Op. 44 (1900)\nAlbumblatt No. 1 from \"Two Compositions for Violin and Piano\", Op. 87 (1905)\nAlbumblatt No. 4 from \"Grüsse an die Jugend\" (1898)\nThree Album leaves (Miniature Gavotte; Allegretto grazioso; Andante) (1898–99)\nAlbumblad No. 1 from \"Blätter und Blüten\" (1900–02)\nAlbumblatt in E-flat major for clarinet/violin and piano (1902)\nCamille Saint-Saëns:\nFeuillet d'album, Op. 169 (1921)\nFeuillet d'album (1909)\nCarlos Salzedo:\nFeuillet d'album No. 2 for soprano, harp, and piano from \"Three Poems of Stephane Mallarme\" (1924)\nPhilipp Scharwenka:\n5 Albumblätter, Op.27 (1878)[18]\nFranz Schubert:\nWalzer in G called \"Albumblatt\", D. 844\nRobert Schumann:\nAlbumblätter (includes one piece previously part of WoO 31), Op. 124 (1832–45)\nAlexander Scriabin:\nAlbum Leaf No. 1 in E flat major from \"Trois morceaux\", Op. 45\nAlbum Leaf, Op. 58\nFeuillet d'Album de Monighetti in A-flat major (1889)\nFeuillet d'Album in F-sharp major (1905)\nHans Sitt:\n6 Albumblätter for viola and piano, Op. 39 (published 1891)\nBedřich Smetana:\n6 Album Leaves (To Kateřina Kolářová; To Elizabeth Felicia Thun; To Josephina Fink; To Jean Kunz; To Wenzel Ulwer; To Marie Proksch) (1844–62)\n6 Album Leaves (1849–50)\n3 Album Leaves (To Robert Schumann; Wanderer's Song; Es siedet und braust) (1849–50)\n6 Album Leaves (1849–50)\n7 other single Album Leaves\nJuan María Solare:\nAlbumblatt\nJohn Philip Sousa:\nAn Album Leaf for violin (1863)\nZygmunt Stojowski:\nFeuillet d'album, Op. 19/1\nDeux Feuilles d'album\nRobert Stolz:\nAlbumblatt, Op.1 (1895)[19]\nJosef Suk:\nAlbum Leaf No. 1 from \"3 Songs without Words\" (1891)\nAlbum Leaf in F major (1895)\nAlexander Taneyev:\nAlbum Leaf (Листок из альбома) in G major for viola and piano, Op. 33\nPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky:\nFeuillet d'album, Op. 19/3\nSigismond Thalberg:\nAlbumblatt\nRudolf Tillmetz:\nAlbum leaf for flute and piano, Op. 8\nLouis Vierne:\nFeuillets d'album (Matin d'été; Contemplation; La mer et la nuit; Nuit étoilée; Coup de vent; Le vieux berger; La valse; Dans le bois; Chanson des faucheurs), Op. 9\nHenri Vieuxtemps:\n3 Feuilles d'album for violin and piano, Op. 40 (1864)\nRichard Wagner:\nAlbumblatt für Ernst Benedikt Kietz: Lied ohne Worte, WWV 64 (1840)\nIn das Album der Fürstin M. [Metternich], WWV 94 (1861)\nAlbumblatt für Frau Betty Schott, WWV 108 (1875)\nKurt Weill:\nAlbumblatt for Erika (1937; transcription of the pastorale from Der Weg der Verheissung)\nCharles-Marie Widor:\n12 Feuillets d’album, Op. 31 (1877; No. 11 was transcribed by Marcel Dupré for organ as Marche américaine)\nCharles Wuorinen:\nAlbum Leaf (1984)\nSergei Yuferov:\nEntre petits et grands amis: 6 Album Leaves (Листки из альбома) (Boite à musique; Aveu; Mazurca; Petite valse; Question et réponse; Mélodie), Op. 10\nEn famille, 6 Album Leaves (Листки из альбома) (Feuille d'album; Petite étude; Impatience; Charmeuse; Un conte; Caprice), Op. 12\nAlexander von Zemlinsky:\nAlbumblatt (Erinnerung aus Wien) (1895)\nAlberto Nepomuceno:\nFolhas d'álbum (1891)\nRichard Zeckwer:\nAlbum Leaf (preceded by Notturno) (1874)[20]","title":"List of Album leaves"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Needham, Alex (13 January 2012). \"Brahms piano piece to get its premiere 159 years after its creation\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jan/13/brahms-piano-piece-premiere","url_text":"\"Brahms piano piece to get its premiere 159 years after its creation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Bungert, August (1885). \"Album leaf\". Library of Congress – American Memory. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/sm1885.07550","url_text":"\"Album leaf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contemporary Violin Music for the Young at Pytheas ~ Modern, New, Non-Pop Art Music Composers, Ensembles & Resources\". www.pytheasmusic.org. Retrieved 16 February 2024. Kabalevsky, Dmitri ... Albumstucke (Album Leaves) [20 pieces from opp. 27 & 39] (Peters, 1950-1970).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pytheasmusic.org/young_violin.html#violin_composers_k","url_text":"\"Contemporary Violin Music for the Young at Pytheas ~ Modern, New, Non-Pop Art Music Composers, Ensembles & Resources\""}]},{"reference":"Kreutzer, Conradin (1882). \"Album leaf\". Library of Congress – American Memory. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/sm1882.08897","url_text":"\"Album leaf\""}]},{"reference":"\"2 Album-Leaves, S.166y (Liszt, Franz)\". IMSLP. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://imslp.org/wiki/2_Album-Leaves%2C_S.166y_(Liszt%2C_Franz)","url_text":"\"2 Album-Leaves, S.166y (Liszt, Franz)\""}]},{"reference":"Haydin, Berkant. \"Complete list of orchestral, choral, chamber, piano, organ & vocal works\". joseph-marx.org. Retrieved 1 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joseph-marx.org/en/list.html#Piano_pieces","url_text":"\"Complete list of orchestral, choral, chamber, piano, organ & vocal works\""}]},{"reference":"Nachz, Tivadar (1884). \"Albumblatt\". Library of Congress – American Memory. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/sm1884.19048","url_text":"\"Albumblatt\""}]},{"reference":"Simone Zacchini (2000). Al di là della musica: Friederich Nietzsche nelle sue composizioni musicali. FrancoAngeli. p. 65. ISBN 978-88-464-2220-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K3RBsiJZf1oC&pg=PA65","url_text":"Al di là della musica: Friederich Nietzsche nelle sue composizioni musicali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-464-2220-0","url_text":"978-88-464-2220-0"}]},{"reference":"Pasatieri, Thomas (2012). Album leaves: for voice and piano. Volume 1. King of Prussia, Pa.: Theodore Presser Co. ISBN 978-1-59806-439-1 – via New York Public Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b20635338","url_text":"Album leaves: for voice and piano. Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59806-439-1","url_text":"978-1-59806-439-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library","url_text":"New York Public Library"}]},{"reference":"\"Album leaves: Volume 4; for voice and piano / Thomas Pasatieri\". search.lib.uiowa.edu. King of Prussia: Theodore Presser Company. 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.lib.uiowa.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay/01IOWA_ALMA21568152410002771/01IOWA","url_text":"\"Album leaves: Volume 4; for voice and piano / Thomas Pasatieri\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Stolz (1979). Robert Stolz, the man and his times: 25th Aug. 1980 : 100th anniversary of his birth. Federal Press Service. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5JYXAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Robert Stolz, the man and his times: 25th Aug. 1980 : 100th anniversary of his birth"}]},{"reference":"Zeckwer, Richard (1874). \"Notturno [and] Album Leaf\". Library of Congress – American Memory. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/sm1874.09668","url_text":"\"Notturno [and] Album Leaf\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jan/13/brahms-piano-piece-premiere","external_links_name":"\"Brahms piano piece to get its premiere 159 years after its creation\""},{"Link":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/sm1885.07550","external_links_name":"\"Album leaf\""},{"Link":"http://www.pytheasmusic.org/young_violin.html#violin_composers_k","external_links_name":"\"Contemporary Violin Music for the Young at Pytheas ~ Modern, New, Non-Pop Art Music Composers, Ensembles & Resources\""},{"Link":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/sm1882.08897","external_links_name":"\"Album leaf\""},{"Link":"https://imslp.org/wiki/2_Album-Leaves%2C_S.166y_(Liszt%2C_Franz)","external_links_name":"\"2 Album-Leaves, S.166y (Liszt, Franz)\""},{"Link":"http://www.joseph-marx.org/en/list.html#Piano_pieces","external_links_name":"\"Complete list of orchestral, choral, chamber, piano, organ & vocal works\""},{"Link":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/sm1884.19048","external_links_name":"\"Albumblatt\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K3RBsiJZf1oC&pg=PA65","external_links_name":"Al di là della musica: Friederich Nietzsche nelle sue composizioni musicali"},{"Link":"https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b20635338","external_links_name":"Album leaves: for voice and piano. Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://search.lib.uiowa.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay/01IOWA_ALMA21568152410002771/01IOWA","external_links_name":"\"Album leaves: Volume 4; for voice and piano / Thomas Pasatieri\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5JYXAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Robert Stolz, the man and his times: 25th Aug. 1980 : 100th anniversary of his birth"},{"Link":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/sm1874.09668","external_links_name":"\"Notturno [and] Album Leaf\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Fitoussi | Marc Fitoussi | ["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","2.1 Cinema","2.2 Television","3 External links"] | French film director and screenwriter
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Marc FitoussiMarc Fitoussi in 2010Born (1976-07-20) 20 July 1976 (age 47)Occupation(s)Film director, screenwriterYears active1998–present
Marc Fitoussi (born 20 July 1976) is a French film director and screenwriter.
Life and career
After a university degree course in English and art history, Fitoussi joined the Conservatoire européen d'écriture audiovisuelle (CEEA) (European Conservatory for screen writing). It was there that he developed his screenwriting trade. He began also a parallel career as film director, making several short features including Illustre Inconnue and Bonbon au poivre which earned him a nomination for César Award for Best Short Film in 2007. The same year, he directed his first long film La Vie d'artiste, with Sandrine Kiberlain, Denis Podalydès and Émilie Dequenne in the lead rôles. This film won the Prix Michel-d'Ornano for the best work of French fiction at the Deauville American Film Festival. In 2010, his second long film was released, Copacabana, whose action takes place in the Belgian town of Ostend, starring Isabelle Huppert and her daughter Lolita Chammah in the lead parts as mother and daughter.
Filmography
Cinema
Screenwriter and director
1999 : Ma vie active, co-directed with Elsa Barrère (short)
2002 : Sachez chasser, co-directed with Elsa Barrère (medium)
2004 : Illustre Inconnue (short)
2005 : Bonbon au poivre (medium)
2007 : La Vie d'artiste
2010 : Copacabana
2012 : Pauline détective
2014 : Paris Follies
2016 : Trainee Day
2020 : Selfie
Scriptwriter
1998 : Les Fleurs de l'Algérien dir. Nader Takmil Homayoun (short)
Television
2006 : L'Éducation anglaise (documentary on French adolescents on a language exchange in England)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marc Fitoussi.
Marc Fitoussi at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Marc Fitoussi
La Vie d'artiste (2006)
Copacabana (2010)
Pauline détective (2012)
Paris Follies (2014)
Trainee Day (2016)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Korea
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
This article about a French film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"}],"text":"Marc Fitoussi (born 20 July 1976) is a French film director and screenwriter.","title":"Marc Fitoussi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservatoire européen d'écriture audiovisuelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservatoire_europ%C3%A9en_d%27%C3%A9criture_audiovisuelle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"César Award for Best Short Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Short_Film"},{"link_name":"Sandrine Kiberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Kiberlain"},{"link_name":"Denis Podalydès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Podalyd%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Émilie Dequenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie_Dequenne"},{"link_name":"Deauville American Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deauville_American_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Copacabana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copacabana_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend"},{"link_name":"Isabelle Huppert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert"},{"link_name":"Lolita Chammah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita_Chammah"}],"text":"After a university degree course in English and art history, Fitoussi joined the Conservatoire européen d'écriture audiovisuelle (CEEA) (European Conservatory for screen writing). It was there that he developed his screenwriting trade. He began also a parallel career as film director, making several short features including Illustre Inconnue and Bonbon au poivre which earned him a nomination for César Award for Best Short Film in 2007. The same year, he directed his first long film La Vie d'artiste, with Sandrine Kiberlain, Denis Podalydès and Émilie Dequenne in the lead rôles. This film won the Prix Michel-d'Ornano for the best work of French fiction at the Deauville American Film Festival. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(Australian_band) | Boss (Australian band) | ["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 Singles","4 References"] | Australian hard rock band
BossOriginAdelaide, South Australia, Sydney, New South WalesGenres
Hard rock
heavy metal
Years active1979 (1979)–1986 (1986)LabelsRCAPast members
Craig Csongrady
Kevin Pratt
Pete Sutcliffe
Scott Ginn
Joe Tatts
Dave Ray
Rob Grosser
Kevin McDonald
Boss were a hard rock band, which formed in 1979 in Adelaide. Long-term members were Craig Csongrady on lead vocals and Kevin Pratt on lead guitar. The group issued a sole album, Step on It, in October 1984 before disbanding in 1986. Three members from the final line-up, Csongrady, Pratt and Peter Heckenberg (drums), founded another hard rock group, BB Steal, in 1987.
History
Craig Csongrady, on lead vocals, formed Boss as a hard rock group in Adelaide during 1979. Kevin Pratt soon joined on lead guitar and the group moved to Sydney in 1980. Peter Sutcliffe on guitar, from Dapto, was added to the line-up. Boss commenced a heavy schedule of live performances on the Sydney pub and club circuit. Some of their early performances were at the Astra Hotel, Bondi. In 1983 Boss released a two-track self-titled single, produced by Jon Kennett.
They released a sole album, Step on It, in October 1984, using the line-up of Csongrady, Pratt and Sutcliffe together with Scott Ginn on bass guitar and Joe Tatts on drums. It was produced by Eddie Hansen and co-engineered by Heather Dalton, Spencer Lee and Richard Lush for RCA Records. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, observed that "The band built a solid live reputation in Sydney but could not sell records in Australia. Step on It, however, managed to sell 20000 copies in Germany and Japan." Fans were disappointed to learn that a drum machine was used instead of a real drummer on the album. The group supported shows by Iron Maiden, Twisted Sister, and Ronnie James Dio.
Boss issued four more singles, "Strange Games" (May 1984), "Dancin' Queen" (December 1984), "Shake It" (March 1985) and "Cry Cry" (July). In 1986 the line-up of Csongrady, Pratt, Peter Heckenberg on drums and Laurie Marlowe on bass guitar (ex-Heaven) disbanded. In the following year Csongrady, Heckenberg and Pratt founded another hard rock group, BB Steal, in Sydney. In 2003 Csongrady co-wrote "United Forever", the theme song for Adelaide United FC.
Members
Boss Members
Craig Csongrady (vocals)
Kevin Pratt (guitar)
Scott Tansley (guitar 1981)
Greg Bailey (guitar 1981-1986)
Dave Ray (drums 1980-81)
Rob Grosser (drums 1981-83)
Kevin McDonald (bass 1981-83)
Scott Ginn (bass 1984-85)
Alan Bryant (drums) 1984
Joe Tatts (drums) 1984
Peter Heckenberg drums (1985–86)
Laurie Marlow bass guitar (1986)
Discography
Albums
List of albums, with selected chart positions
Title
Album details
Peak chartpositions
AUS
Step on It
Released: November 1984
Label: RCA (NFL1-8044)
78
Singles
"Boss" (1983) RCA
"Strange Games" (May 1984)
"Dancin' Queen" (December 1984)
"Shake It" (March 1985)
"Cry Cry" (July 1985)
References
^ a b c d e McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Encyclopedia entry for 'B. B. Steal'". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004.
^ "Step on It – Boss". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
^ Adelaide United Football Club; Taylor, Brett; Csongrady, Craig; Walker, Missy (2003), "United forever" : the official Adelaide United Football Club anthem, Adelaide United FC, retrieved 3 May 2017
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 42. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"BB Steal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB_Steal"}],"text":"Boss were a hard rock band, which formed in 1979 in Adelaide. Long-term members were Craig Csongrady on lead vocals and Kevin Pratt on lead guitar. The group issued a sole album, Step on It, in October 1984 before disbanding in 1986. Three members from the final line-up, Csongrady, Pratt and Peter Heckenberg (drums), founded another hard rock group, BB Steal, in 1987.","title":"Boss (Australian band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-1"},{"link_name":"Dapto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapto,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG_Step-2"},{"link_name":"Ian McFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-1"},{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Twisted Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Sister"},{"link_name":"Ronnie James Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_James_Dio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-1"},{"link_name":"BB Steal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB_Steal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-1"},{"link_name":"Adelaide United FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United-3"}],"text":"Craig Csongrady, on lead vocals, formed Boss as a hard rock group in Adelaide during 1979. Kevin Pratt soon joined on lead guitar and the group moved to Sydney in 1980.[1] Peter Sutcliffe on guitar, from Dapto, was added to the line-up. Boss commenced a heavy schedule of live performances on the Sydney pub and club circuit. Some of their early performances were at the Astra Hotel, Bondi. In 1983 Boss released a two-track self-titled single, produced by Jon Kennett.They released a sole album, Step on It, in October 1984, using the line-up of Csongrady, Pratt and Sutcliffe together with Scott Ginn on bass guitar and Joe Tatts on drums.[1] It was produced by Eddie Hansen and co-engineered by Heather Dalton, Spencer Lee and Richard Lush for RCA Records.[2] Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, observed that \"The band built a solid live reputation in Sydney but could not sell records in Australia. Step on It, however, managed to sell 20000 copies in Germany and Japan.\"[1] Fans were disappointed to learn that a drum machine was used instead of a real drummer on the album. The group supported shows by Iron Maiden, Twisted Sister, and Ronnie James Dio.Boss issued four more singles, \"Strange Games\" (May 1984), \"Dancin' Queen\" (December 1984), \"Shake It\" (March 1985) and \"Cry Cry\" (July).[1] In 1986 the line-up of Csongrady, Pratt, Peter Heckenberg on drums and Laurie Marlowe on bass guitar (ex-Heaven) disbanded. In the following year Csongrady, Heckenberg and Pratt founded another hard rock group, BB Steal, in Sydney.[1] In 2003 Csongrady co-wrote \"United Forever\", the theme song for Adelaide United FC.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Boss MembersCraig Csongrady (vocals)\nKevin Pratt (guitar)\nScott Tansley (guitar 1981)\nGreg Bailey (guitar 1981-1986)\nDave Ray (drums 1980-81)\nRob Grosser (drums 1981-83)\nKevin McDonald (bass 1981-83)\nScott Ginn (bass 1984-85)\nAlan Bryant (drums) 1984\nJoe Tatts (drums) 1984\nPeter Heckenberg drums (1985–86)\nLaurie Marlow bass guitar (1986)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Boss\" (1983) RCA\n\"Strange Games\" (May 1984)\n\"Dancin' Queen\" (December 1984)\n\"Shake It\" (March 1985)\n\"Cry Cry\" (July 1985)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (1999). \"Encyclopedia entry for 'B. 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Retrieved 4 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/step-on-it-mw0000880609/credits","url_text":"\"Step on It – Boss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Adelaide United Football Club; Taylor, Brett; Csongrady, Craig; Walker, Missy (2003), \"United forever\" : the official Adelaide United Football Club anthem, Adelaide United FC, retrieved 3 May 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC","url_text":"Adelaide United Football Club"},{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/20047490","url_text":"\"United forever\" : the official Adelaide United Football Club anthem"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 42. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040803164929/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=82","external_links_name":"\"Encyclopedia entry for 'B. B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Folie_Moulins | Maison Folie Moulins | ["1 Description","2 Bibliography","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 50°37′23″N 3°04′05″E / 50.622960°N 3.068057°E / 50.622960; 3.068057Maison Folie MoulinsMaison Folie MoulinsFormer namesMaison Folie MoulinsAddressrue d’ArrasLocationLille, FranceCoordinates50°37′23″N 3°04′05″E / 50.622960°N 3.068057°E / 50.622960; 3.068057OwnerCity of LilleOpened2004WebsiteVenue Website (in French)
The Maison Folie Moulins is a public building built for the event Lille 2004, European capital of culture . It is located rue d´Arras in Lille- Moulins, a popular district of Lille.
Description
The Maison Folie is housed in a former brewery of 18th-century, the Corman Vandame brewery, named after its owner from 1881 or the Trois Moulins brewery, closed in 1934. Rehabilitated by the architects Thierry Baron & Philippe Louguet., it reopened its doors in March 2004 to host concerts, shows, exhibitions, screenings, creative residencies and even meetings.
The Folie Moulins house has a total surface area of 4,900 ft (1,500 m), divided into several rooms, two outdoor courtyards and two apartments dedicated to artistic creation residences. In 2014, the last building of the brewery, not rehabilitated in 2004, should offer new workspaces at Maison Folie. The buildings of the former Corman Vandame brewery are listed under "Monument historique' in France
Having become a municipal establishment after 2004, the Maison Folie Moulins has since developed an artistic project at the crossroads of disciplines. Thanks to the multiplicity of its spaces and the ambience of its interior courtyard, it creates a mix of proposals, artists and audiences, often in conjunction with many partners from the Lille Eurometropolis.
Bibliography
Page de la maison Folie Moulins sur le site web de Lille
See also
Official site.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maison Folie Moulins.
References
^ Bâti-architecture:Thierry Baron & Philippe Louguet
^ Brasserie Corman Vandame
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz place | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lille 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_2004"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"}],"text":"The Maison Folie Moulins is a public building built for the event Lille 2004, European capital of culture . It is located rue d´Arras in Lille- Moulins, a popular district of Lille.","title":"Maison Folie Moulins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Maison Folie is housed in a former brewery of 18th-century, the Corman Vandame brewery, named after its owner from 1881 or the Trois Moulins brewery, closed in 1934. Rehabilitated by the architects Thierry Baron & Philippe Louguet.,[1] it reopened its doors in March 2004 to host concerts, shows, exhibitions, screenings, creative residencies and even meetings.The Folie Moulins house has a total surface area of 4,900 ft (1,500 m), divided into several rooms, two outdoor courtyards and two apartments dedicated to artistic creation residences. In 2014, the last building of the brewery, not rehabilitated in 2004, should offer new workspaces at Maison Folie. The buildings of the former Corman Vandame brewery are listed under \"Monument historique' in France[2]Having become a municipal establishment after 2004, the Maison Folie Moulins has since developed an artistic project at the crossroads of disciplines. Thanks to the multiplicity of its spaces and the ambience of its interior courtyard, it creates a mix of proposals, artists and audiences, often in conjunction with many partners from the Lille Eurometropolis.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Page de la maison Folie Moulins sur le site web de Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lille.fr/Nos-equipements/Maison-Folie-Moulins"}],"text":"Page de la maison Folie Moulins sur le site web de Lille","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//maisonsfolie.lille.fr/"},{"title":"Maison Folie Moulins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maison_Folie_Moulins"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maison_Folie_Moulins¶ms=50.62296_N_3.068057_E_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°37′23″N 3°04′05″E / 50.622960°N 3.068057°E / 50.622960; 3.068057"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maison_Folie_Moulins¶ms=50.62296_N_3.068057_E_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°37′23″N 3°04′05″E / 50.622960°N 3.068057°E / 50.622960; 3.068057"},{"Link":"http://www.lille.fr/Nos-equipements/Maison-Folie-Moulins","external_links_name":"Venue Website"},{"Link":"http://www.lille.fr/Nos-equipements/Maison-Folie-Moulins","external_links_name":"Page de la maison Folie Moulins sur le site web de Lille"},{"Link":"http://maisonsfolie.lille.fr/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://www.bati-architecture.com/architectes/nord/baron-louguet","external_links_name":"Bâti-architecture:Thierry Baron & Philippe Louguet"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA59000245","external_links_name":"Brasserie Corman Vandame"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/94e05830-8cec-4702-833a-dcdeb8bbb19b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillai_Nila | Pillai Nila | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Release and reception","6 References","7 External links"] | 1985 film by Manobala
Pillai NilaPosterDirected byManobalaWritten byP. KalaimaniProduced byP. KalaimaniStarringMohanRadhikaJaishankarNaliniBaby ShaliniMusic byIlaiyaraajaProductioncompanyKalaimani PicturesRelease date
14 April 1985 (1985-04-14)
CountryIndiaLanguageTamil
Pillai Nilla (transl. Waxing Crescent) is a 1985 Indian Tamil-language psychological horror film directed by Manobala, produced and written by P. Kalaimani. The film stars Mohan, Radhika, Jaishankar, Nalini, and Baby Shalini. It was released on 14 April 1985 and emerged a commercial success.
Plot
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Dolly is the young sister of a widowed rich man named David. She falls in love with Mohan, who studies at her university. Before she tries to express her love, suddenly flies abroad for an office matter. Meanwhile, in India, Mohan's mother arranges his marriage with his cousin Bhuvana, and he marries her. When Dolly returns from abroad on her birthday, she expresses her love to Mohan, but he rejects her because his wife is pregnant. Dolly's obsession causes her to commit suicide in front of him at the hospital. At the same time, as his wife is giving birth. Their daughter, Shalini, is imbued with Dolly's evil spirit as Dolly takes revenge. What happens next is the rest of the story.
Cast
Mohan as Mohan
Radhika as Dolly
Jaishankar as David
Nalini as Bhuvana
Baby Shalini as Shalini
Sathyaraj as Saint Cromeo (guest appearance)
Janagaraj as Dolly's secretary
Thengai Srinivasan as Kanagasabapathy Principal
Chinni Jayanth as Sekar
Peeli Sivam
Pasi Narayanan as Oomaithurai
T.K.S. Chandran as Psychiatrist Doctor Deensha
Production
After his directorial debut Agaya Gangai (1982) failed, Manobala did not get any further offers to direct which left him depressed and he contemplated suicide. P. Kalaimani approached Manobala to direct a film for him which was titled Muthal Vasantham; however the partners of Kalaimani were uninterested in having Manobala as director and replaced him with Manivannan. Despite this Kalaimani promised Manobala to direct a film which eventually became Pillai Nila.
The film took inspiration from various horror films such as Christine (1983), Poltergeist (1982), The Omen (1976) and The Exorcist (1973). The makers sought to avoid clichéd horror film tropes such as haunted houses, "sex-charged teenagers" and "unrealistic monsters in rubber masks".
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. It took him six days to finish the film's re-recording.
Track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Raja Magal Roja Malar"VaaliP. Jayachandran and S. Janaki4:202."Raja Magal Roja Malar" (female)VaaliS. Janaki4:133."Azhage Azhage"VairamuthuMalaysia Vasudevan and S. Janaki2:104."Unnodu Thaan"VaaliS. Janaki2:04Total length:12:47
Release and reception
Pillai Nila was released on 14 April 1985, Puthandu. Despite facing competition from other films released in the same week including Mohan's own films Udaya Geetham and Deivapiravi, it emerged a commercial success. Jayamanmadhan (a duo) of Kalki wrote the first half was not so boring, but the second half did not test their patience at all. The duo praised Ashok Kumar's cinematography, the performances of Mohan, Nalini and Shalini but felt the climax was absurd.
References
^ Maderya, Kumuthan (31 October 2014). "Tamil Horror Films: Madness, Modernity and of Course, Misogyny". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ a b c d Balakrishnan, Ravi (13 December 2008). "Homegrown horror movies at its best". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ Ravi, Stills (28 September 2017). "Sathyaraj: More than a villain". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
^ மனோபாலா (2 November 2015). "நான் உங்கள் ரசிகன் 6". Kungumam (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ மனோபாலா (9 November 2015). "நான் உங்கள் ரசிகன்". Kungumam (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ "Pillai Nila Tamil FIlm EP VInyl Record by Ilayaraja". Mossymart. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ "Pillai Nila". JioSaavn. 14 February 1985. Archived from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
^ Saravanan, T. (9 January 2011). "Always in reckoning". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ ராம்ஜி, வி. (19 April 2020). "'உதயகீதம்', 'பிள்ளைநிலா', 'தெய்வப்பிறவி'; ஒரேநாளில் ரீலீஸ்; மூன்றுமே செம ஹிட்டு; 35 வருடங்களாச்சு!" . Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
^ Narayanan, Sujatha (22 August 2016). "Just wait...ghosts will catch up!". The New Indian Express. p. 2. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ ஜெயமன்மதன் (5 May 1985). "பிள்ளை நிலா". Kalki (in Tamil). pp. 10–11. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023 – via Internet Archive.
External links
Pillai Nila at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Manobala
Agaya Gangai (1982)
Pillai Nila (1985)
Naan Ungal Rasigan (1985)
Paaru Paaru Pattanam Paaru (1986)
December 31 (1986)
Sirai Paravai (1987)
Dhoorathu Pachai (1987)
Oorkavalan (1987)
Chutti Poonai (1988)
En Purushanthaan Enakku Mattumthaan (1989)
Moodu Manthiram (1989)
Thendral Sudum (1989)
Mera Pati Sirf Mera Hai (1990)
Mallu Vetti Minor (1990)
Vetri Padigal (1991)
Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum (1991)
Senbaga Thottam (1992)
Mutrugai (1993)
Karuppu Vellai (1993)
Paarambariyam (1993)
Nandhini (1997)
Siragugal (1999)
Annai (2000)
Naina (2002) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"psychological horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_horror"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Manobala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobala"},{"link_name":"P. Kalaimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Kalaimani"},{"link_name":"Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Radhika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhika_Sarathkumar"},{"link_name":"Jaishankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaishankar_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nalini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalini_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Baby Shalini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalini_Ajith"}],"text":"Pillai Nilla (transl. Waxing Crescent) is a 1985 Indian Tamil-language psychological horror film[1] directed by Manobala, produced and written by P. Kalaimani. 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Chandran as Psychiatrist Doctor Deensha","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agaya Gangai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaya_Gangai_(film)"},{"link_name":"Manobala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobala"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"P. 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Janaki2:04Total length:12:47","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puthandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthandu"},{"link_name":"Udaya Geetham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaya_Geetham"},{"link_name":"Deivapiravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deivapiravi_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jayamanmadhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subha_(writers)"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Pillai Nila was released on 14 April 1985, Puthandu. Despite facing competition from other films released in the same week including Mohan's own films Udaya Geetham and Deivapiravi,[9] it emerged a commercial success.[10] Jayamanmadhan (a duo) of Kalki wrote the first half was not so boring, but the second half did not test their patience at all. The duo praised Ashok Kumar's cinematography, the performances of Mohan, Nalini and Shalini but felt the climax was absurd.[11]","title":"Release and reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Maderya, Kumuthan (31 October 2014). \"Tamil Horror Films: Madness, Modernity and of Course, Misogyny\". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. 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Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobala","url_text":"மனோபாலா"},{"url":"http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9534&id1=3&issue=20151102","url_text":"\"நான் உங்கள் ரசிகன் 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungumam_(magazine)","url_text":"Kungumam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230221155625/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9534&id1=3&issue=20151102","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"மனோபாலா (9 November 2015). \"நான் உங்கள் ரசிகன்\". Kungumam (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobala","url_text":"மனோபாலா"},{"url":"http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9577&id1=3&issue=20151109","url_text":"\"நான் உங்கள் ரசிகன்\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungumam_(magazine)","url_text":"Kungumam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230221154710/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9577&id1=3&issue=20151109","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pillai Nila Tamil FIlm EP VInyl Record by Ilayaraja\". Mossymart. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mossymart.com/product/pillai-nila-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-4/","url_text":"\"Pillai Nila Tamil FIlm EP VInyl Record by Ilayaraja\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210824150641/https://mossymart.com/product/pillai-nila-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-4/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pillai Nila\". JioSaavn. 14 February 1985. Archived from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pillai-nila/YnQmAYIUXkA_","url_text":"\"Pillai Nila\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JioSaavn","url_text":"JioSaavn"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230222064229/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pillai-nila/YnQmAYIUXkA_","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saravanan, T. (9 January 2011). \"Always in reckoning\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Always-in-reckoning/article15512011.ece","url_text":"\"Always in reckoning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200406123443/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Always-in-reckoning/article15512011.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ராம்ஜி, வி. (19 April 2020). \"'உதயகீதம்', 'பிள்ளைநிலா', 'தெய்வப்பிறவி'; ஒரேநாளில் ரீலீஸ்; மூன்றுமே செம ஹிட்டு; 35 வருடங்களாச்சு!\" [Udaya Geetham, Pillai Nila and Deivapiravi released on the same day; all three were big hits; 35 years have passed!]. Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/550321-udhayageetham-35-years.html","url_text":"\"'உதயகீதம்', 'பிள்ளைநிலா', 'தெய்வப்பிறவி'; ஒரேநாளில் ரீலீஸ்; மூன்றுமே செம ஹிட்டு; 35 வருடங்களாச்சு!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Tamil_Thisai","url_text":"Hindu Tamil Thisai"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200714175020/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/550321-udhayageetham-35-years-4.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Narayanan, Sujatha (22 August 2016). \"Just wait...ghosts will catch up!\". The New Indian Express. p. 2. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/aug/22/just-wait...ghosts-will-catch-up-1511686.html","url_text":"\"Just wait...ghosts will catch up!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200406132938/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/aug/22/Just-wait...ghosts-will-catch-up-1511686.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ஜெயமன்மதன் (5 May 1985). \"பிள்ளை நிலா\". Kalki (in Tamil). pp. 10–11. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subha_(writers)","url_text":"ஜெயமன்மதன்"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-05-05/page/n11/mode/2up","url_text":"\"பிள்ளை நிலா\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_(magazine)","url_text":"Kalki"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230221150217/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-05-05/page/n11/mode/2up","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pillai_Nila&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the plot summary"},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/187573-tamil-horror-films-madness-modernity-and-misogyny-2495596692.html","external_links_name":"\"Tamil Horror Films: Madness, Modernity and of Course, Misogyny\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190411190532/https://www.popmatters.com/187573-tamil-horror-films-madness-modernity-and-misogyny-2495596692.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/homegrown-horror-movies-at-its-best/articleshow/3831222.cms","external_links_name":"\"Homegrown horror movies at its best\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200406125214/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/homegrown-horror-movies-at-its-best/articleshow/3831222.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/sep/28/sathyaraj-more-than-a-villain-1663725.html","external_links_name":"\"Sathyaraj: More than a villain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200714190934/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/sep/28/sathyaraj-more-than-a-villain-1663725.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9534&id1=3&issue=20151102","external_links_name":"\"நான் உங்கள் ரசிகன் 6\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230221155625/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9534&id1=3&issue=20151102","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9577&id1=3&issue=20151109","external_links_name":"\"நான் உங்கள் ரசிகன்\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230221154710/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9577&id1=3&issue=20151109","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mossymart.com/product/pillai-nila-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-4/","external_links_name":"\"Pillai Nila Tamil FIlm EP VInyl Record by Ilayaraja\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210824150641/https://mossymart.com/product/pillai-nila-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-4/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pillai-nila/YnQmAYIUXkA_","external_links_name":"\"Pillai Nila\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230222064229/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pillai-nila/YnQmAYIUXkA_","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Always-in-reckoning/article15512011.ece","external_links_name":"\"Always in reckoning\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200406123443/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Always-in-reckoning/article15512011.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/550321-udhayageetham-35-years.html","external_links_name":"\"'உதயகீதம்', 'பிள்ளைநிலா', 'தெய்வப்பிறவி'; ஒரேநாளில் ரீலீஸ்; மூன்றுமே செம ஹிட்டு; 35 வருடங்களாச்சு!\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200714175020/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/550321-udhayageetham-35-years-4.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/aug/22/just-wait...ghosts-will-catch-up-1511686.html","external_links_name":"\"Just wait...ghosts will catch up!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200406132938/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/aug/22/Just-wait...ghosts-will-catch-up-1511686.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-05-05/page/n11/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"பிள்ளை நிலா\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20230221150217/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-05-05/page/n11/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0316404/","external_links_name":"Pillai Nila"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Little_Maids_(Turner_novel) | Three Little Maids (Turner novel) | ["1 Abstract","2 Publishing history","3 Critical reception","4 Note","5 See also","6 References"] | Australian children's novel
Three Little Maids AuthorEthel TurnerLanguageEnglishGenreFictionPublisherWard, Lock & Co.Publication date1900Publication placeAustraliaMedia typePrintPages315 ppPreceded byGum Leaves Followed byWonder Child
Three Little Maids (1900) is a novel for children by Australian writer Ethel Turner. It was originally published in the UK by Ward, Lock & Co. in 1900, and subsequently serialised in the Australian Town and Country Journal between July and October 1900 in 26 instalments.
Abstract
"It is the history of a family of girls, whose mother was compelled to bring them out to Australia. They are forced for a time to live in great stress in an inland town in New South Wales in juxtaposition to an Australian family, composed of an engrossed father, a weak mother, and five rough boys. The way, it will be seen, is prepared for a series of adventures and experiences in child life. The sketch of the foolish scolding mother of the boys, unequal to her responsibilities, reveals a familiar character. "
Publishing history
Following the book's initial publication by Ward, Lock & Co. in 1900 it was subsequently published as follows:
David McKay, Girls' Own Library, 1900-09 (??), USA
Ward, Lock & Co., 1949, UK
Halstead Press, 2002, Australia
Critical reception
A reviewer in The Daily Telegraph from Sydney was impressed with the book: "'Three Little Maids' (Ward, Lock, and Co.), which we have from William Dymock, is Ethel Turner's latest romance of youth, and assuredly one of the most pleasing
and piquant chronicles of the wonderland of girlhood that has been yet published. The story as a whole has no remarkable feature — it needs none. The value of such tales as this is in what each chapter brings forth of delight and sorrow, of hope, wonder, aspiration, and adventure to the little people; of their progress through flowers and thorn thickets towards the enlightenment, and too often the sadness, of adult life. Miss Turner's place among those who write of children with sympathy, in sight, and especial charm has already been firmly established. This record of the experiences of Phyl, Dolly, and Weenie will add to her reputation and to the host of her young friends."
The book's reviewer in The Sydney Morning Herald saw the wider appeal of the book, noting it "is one of those delightful stories of child life in Australia with which this author has made us pleasantly familiar. In this case the little maids are of English birth, and much of the story is taken up with the adventures of five or six Australian boys, and with the various husbands of the mother of the maids. But one must not be too exacting in regard to such books, which are written mainly for the young. Mrs. Curlewis has the happy knack of interesting older people also, by reason of the realness of the children whom she creates. It is impossible to rise from the reading of one of her books without wishing to see in the flesh the 'Phyl' or the 'Dolly' or the 'Weenie' or the other children whom she has so sympathetically pictured for us."
Note
The Australian Dictionary of Biography entry on Ethel Turner notes this as an "autobiographical novel" that "describes her mother's struggle to maintain her family in genteel poverty and presents the third marriage as a means of rescue."
See also
1900 in Australian literature
References
^ a b "Three Little Maids". Austlit. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
^ Turner, Ethel (1900), Three Little Maids, 1870 - 1907), ISSN 1837-3666
^ "New Books". The Argus, 3 November 1900, p4. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
^ "A New Ethel Turner Book". The Daily Telegraph, 10 November 1900, p6. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
^ "Some Stories". The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 November 1900, p4. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
^ "Turner, Ethel Mary (1870-1958)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 8 June 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethel Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Turner"},{"link_name":"Ward, Lock & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward,_Lock_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Australian Town and Country Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Town_and_Country_Journal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austlit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Three Little Maids (1900) is a novel for children by Australian writer Ethel Turner. It was originally published in the UK by Ward, Lock & Co. in 1900, and subsequently serialised in the Australian Town and Country Journal between July and October 1900 in 26 instalments.[1][2]","title":"Three Little Maids (Turner novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus-3"}],"text":"\"It is the history of a family of girls, whose mother was compelled to bring them out to Australia. They are forced for a time to live in great stress in an inland town in New South Wales in juxtaposition to an Australian family, composed of an engrossed father, a weak mother, and five rough boys. The way, it will be seen, is prepared for a series of adventures and experiences in child life. The sketch of the foolish scolding mother of the boys, unequal to her responsibilities, reveals a familiar character. \"[3]","title":"Abstract"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ward, Lock & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward,_Lock_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austlit-1"},{"link_name":"Ward, Lock & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward,_Lock_%26_Co."}],"text":"Following the book's initial publication by Ward, Lock & Co. in 1900 it was subsequently published as follows:[1]David McKay, Girls' Own Library, 1900-09 (??), USA\nWard, Lock & Co., 1949, UK\nHalstead Press, 2002, Australia","title":"Publishing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_T_review-4"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH_review-5"}],"text":"A reviewer in The Daily Telegraph from Sydney was impressed with the book: \"'Three Little Maids' (Ward, Lock, and Co.), which we have from William Dymock, is Ethel Turner's latest romance of youth, and assuredly one of the most pleasing\nand piquant chronicles of the wonderland of girlhood that has been yet published. The story as a whole has no remarkable feature — it needs none. The value of such tales as this is in what each chapter brings forth of delight and sorrow, of hope, wonder, aspiration, and adventure to the little people; of their progress through flowers and thorn thickets towards the enlightenment, and too often the sadness, of adult life. Miss Turner's place among those who write of children with sympathy, in sight, and especial charm has already been firmly established. This record of the experiences of Phyl, Dolly, and Weenie will add to her reputation and to the host of her young friends.\"[4]The book's reviewer in The Sydney Morning Herald saw the wider appeal of the book, noting it \"is one of those delightful stories of child life in Australia with which this author has made us pleasantly familiar. In this case the little maids are of English birth, and much of the story is taken up with the adventures of five or six Australian boys, and with the various husbands of the mother of the maids. But one must not be too exacting in regard to such books, which are written mainly for the young. Mrs. Curlewis has the happy knack of interesting older people also, by reason of the realness of the children whom she creates. It is impossible to rise from the reading of one of her books without wishing to see in the flesh the 'Phyl' or the 'Dolly' or the 'Weenie' or the other children whom she has so sympathetically pictured for us.\"[5]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADofB-6"}],"text":"The Australian Dictionary of Biography entry on Ethel Turner notes this as an \"autobiographical novel\" that \"describes her mother's struggle to maintain her family in genteel poverty and presents the third marriage as a means of rescue.\"[6]","title":"Note"}] | [] | [{"title":"1900 in Australian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_in_Australian_literature"}] | [{"reference":"\"Three Little Maids\". Austlit. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C162056","url_text":"\"Three Little Maids\""}]},{"reference":"Turner, Ethel (1900), Three Little Maids, 1870 - 1907), ISSN 1837-3666","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1837-3666","url_text":"1837-3666"}]},{"reference":"\"New Books\". The Argus, 3 November 1900, p4. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/9562248","url_text":"\"New Books\""}]},{"reference":"\"A New Ethel Turner Book\". The Daily Telegraph, 10 November 1900, p6. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/237124462","url_text":"\"A New Ethel Turner Book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Some Stories\". The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 November 1900, p4. 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Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/turner-ethel-mary-8885","url_text":"\"Turner, Ethel Mary (1870-1958)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C162056","external_links_name":"\"Three Little Maids\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1837-3666","external_links_name":"1837-3666"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/9562248","external_links_name":"\"New Books\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/237124462","external_links_name":"\"A New Ethel Turner Book\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14379738","external_links_name":"\"Some Stories\""},{"Link":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/turner-ethel-mary-8885","external_links_name":"\"Turner, Ethel Mary (1870-1958)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimont_(AMT) | Vimont station | ["1 History","1.1 CP Service","1.2 AMT Service","1.3 RTM service","2 Connecting bus routes","2.1 Société de transport de Laval[2]","3 Future plans","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 45°36′16″N 73°44′35″W / 45.60444°N 73.74306°W / 45.60444; -73.74306Railway station in Quebec, Canada
VimontGeneral informationLocation150 boul. Bellerose Ouest,Laval, Quebec H7K 3B6Coordinates45°36′16″N 73°44′35″W / 45.60444°N 73.74306°W / 45.60444; -73.74306Operated byExoPlatforms2 side platformsTracks2Connections Société de transport de LavalConstructionParking 470 spacesBicycle facilities14 spacesOther informationFare zoneARTM: BHistoryOpenedOctober 18, 2006 (2006-10-18)Passengers2019333,100
Services
Preceding station
Exo
Following station
Sainte-Rosetoward Saint-Jérôme
Saint-Jérôme
De La Concordetoward Lucien-L'Allier
Vimont station is a commuter rail station operated by Exo in Laval, Quebec, Canada. It is served by the Saint-Jérôme line.
The station is in ARTM fare zone B, and currently has 200 parking spaces. Prior to the reform of the ARTM's fare structure in July 2022, it was in zone 3.
History
CP Service
There was previously a Canadian Pacific Railway station called "Petite-Cote" at this location.
AMT Service
The station was opened on October 18, 2006, by the former Agence Métropolitaine de Transport (AMT) following growing demand for service following the collapse of the De la Concorde overpass in Laval. The station has since become a permanent stop on the line. Between 2011 and 2013, the double track was extended north through the station, requiring the construction of a second side platform.
RTM service
On June 1, 2017, the AMT was dissolved and replaced by two new governing bodies, the Autorité régionale de transport métropolitain (ARTM) and the Réseau de transport métropolitain (RTM). The RTM took over all former AMT services, including service at this station.
Connecting bus routes
Société de transport de Laval
Société de transport de Laval
No.
Route Name
Route Map(Click on "Route map")
Schedule
27
Vimont - Metro Cartier
Map
Schedule, north boundSouth bound
45
Vimont - Chomedey / Metro Montmorency
Map
Schedule, north boundSouth bound
Future plans
The station will be made permanent once the City of Laval completes the extension of boulevard Dagenais between boulevard des Laurentides and boulevard Industriel. The new station calls for 300 permanent parking spaces, kiss and ride spaces, and a bus loop. After completion of the first phase, the ARTM will evaluate the long-term needs of the station, which could call for up to 600 parking spaces, and plan for the second phase, if required.
References
^ a b c d Gare Vimont
^ a b "STL 2011 map" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
^ a b "Fare Zones". Metropolitan Regional Transportation Authority. 1 July 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
^ Exo (2020-06-17). Réponse à votre demande d'accès à l'information (Report) – via Access to Information Act request, reference no. 2020-25.
^ Increase track capacity on the Saint-Jérôme Line
External links
Official RTM website (In French)
Vimont Commuter Train Station Schedule (RTM)
Interactive STL map
STL 2011 map
vteExo commuter rail lines and stationsVaudreuil–Hudson
Lucien-L'Allier
Vendôme
Montréal-Ouest
Lachine
Dorval
Pine Beach
Valois
Pointe-Claire
Cedar Park
Beaconsfield
Beaurepaire
Baie-D'Urfé
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue
Île-Perrot
Pincourt-Terrasse-Vaudreuil
Dorion
Vaudreuil
Hudson
Saint-Jérôme
Lucien-L'Allier
Vendôme
Montréal-Ouest
Parc
Chabanel
Bois-de-Boulogne
De La Concorde
Vimont
Sainte-Rose
Rosemère
Sainte-Thérèse
Blainville
Mirabel
Saint-Jérôme
Mont-Saint-Hilaire
Central Station
Saint-Lambert
Longueuil–Saint-Hubert
Saint-Bruno
Saint-Basile-le-Grand
McMasterville
Mont-Saint-Hilaire
Candiac
Lucien-L'Allier
Vendôme
Montréal-Ouest
Du Canal
LaSalle
Sainte-Catherine
Saint-Constant
Delson
Candiac
Mascouche
Central Station
Ahuntsic
Sauvé
Saint-Michel–Montréal-Nord
Saint-Léonard–Montréal-Nord
Anjou
Rivière-des-Prairies
Pointe-aux-Trembles
Repentigny
Terrebonne
Mascouche
Exo bus services
ARTM park and ride lots
OPUS card
Deux-Montagnes line (former) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"Exo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exo_(public_transit)"},{"link_name":"Laval, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jérôme line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artmzone-3"},{"link_name":"parking spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gare-1"}],"text":"Railway station in Quebec, CanadaVimont station is a commuter rail station operated by Exo in Laval, Quebec, Canada. It is served by the Saint-Jérôme line.The station is in ARTM fare zone B,[3] and currently has 200 parking spaces. Prior to the reform of the ARTM's fare structure in July 2022, it was in zone 3.[1]","title":"Vimont station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"}],"sub_title":"CP Service","text":"There was previously a Canadian Pacific Railway station called \"Petite-Cote\" at this location.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collapse of the De la Concorde overpass in Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_la_Concorde_Overpass_collapse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"AMT Service","text":"The station was opened on October 18, 2006, by the former Agence Métropolitaine de Transport (AMT) following growing demand for service following the collapse of the De la Concorde overpass in Laval. The station has since become a permanent stop on the line. Between 2011 and 2013, the double track was extended north through the station, requiring the construction of a second side platform.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Autorité régionale de transport métropolitain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_r%C3%A9gionale_de_transport_m%C3%A9tropolitain"},{"link_name":"Réseau de transport métropolitain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_de_transport_m%C3%A9tropolitain"}],"sub_title":"RTM service","text":"On June 1, 2017, the AMT was dissolved and replaced by two new governing bodies, the Autorité régionale de transport métropolitain (ARTM) and the Réseau de transport métropolitain (RTM). The RTM took over all former AMT services, including service at this station.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Connecting bus routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Société de transport de Laval[2]","title":"Connecting bus routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"kiss and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_and_ride"},{"link_name":"ARTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_r%C3%A9gionale_de_transport_m%C3%A9tropolitain"}],"text":"The station will be made permanent once the City of Laval completes the extension of boulevard Dagenais between boulevard des Laurentides and boulevard Industriel. The new station calls for 300 permanent parking spaces, kiss and ride spaces, and a bus loop. After completion of the first phase, the ARTM will evaluate the long-term needs of the station, which could call for up to 600 parking spaces, and plan for the second phase, if required.","title":"Future plans"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"STL 2011 map\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920141605/http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Carte_Reseau_STL_MAI11.pdf","url_text":"\"STL 2011 map\""},{"url":"http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Carte_Reseau_STL_MAI11.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fare Zones\". Metropolitan Regional Transportation Authority. 1 July 2022. 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Réponse à votre demande d'accès à l'information (Report) – via Access to Information Act request, reference no. 2020-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exo_(public_transit)","url_text":"Exo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_to_Information_Act","url_text":"Access to Information Act"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vimont_station¶ms=45_36_16_N_73_44_35_W_type:railwaystation_region:CA-QC","external_links_name":"45°36′16″N 73°44′35″W / 45.60444°N 73.74306°W / 45.60444; -73.74306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vimont_station¶ms=45_36_16_N_73_44_35_W_type:railwaystation_region:CA-QC","external_links_name":"45°36′16″N 73°44′35″W / 45.60444°N 73.74306°W / 45.60444; -73.74306"},{"Link":"http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/lang/en/schedule-and-routes/regular-routes-4/?page_id=666&route_id=27N&stop_code=49027","external_links_name":"Map"},{"Link":"http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/lang/en/schedule-and-routes/regular-routes-4/?page_id=666&route_id=27N&stop_code=49027","external_links_name":"Schedule, north bound"},{"Link":"http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/lang/en/schedule-and-routes/regular-routes-4/?route_id=27S&stop_code=46022","external_links_name":"South bound"},{"Link":"http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/lang/en/schedule-and-routes/regular-routes-4/?page_id=666&route_id=45N&stop_code=49045","external_links_name":"Map"},{"Link":"http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/lang/en/schedule-and-routes/regular-routes-4/?page_id=666&route_id=45N&stop_code=49045","external_links_name":"Schedule, north bound"},{"Link":"http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/lang/en/schedule-and-routes/regular-routes-4/?route_id=45S&stop_code=46382","external_links_name":"South bound"},{"Link":"https://rtm.quebec/fr/planifier-trajet/train/saint-jerome/0/11375#InformationsGare","external_links_name":"Gare Vimont"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920141605/http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Carte_Reseau_STL_MAI11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"STL 2011 map\""},{"Link":"http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Carte_Reseau_STL_MAI11.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.artm.quebec/en/fare-zones/","external_links_name":"\"Fare Zones\""},{"Link":"http://www.amt.qc.ca/corp_template.aspx?id=2580&LangType=1033","external_links_name":"Increase track capacity on the Saint-Jérôme Line"},{"Link":"https://rtm.quebec/fr/planifier-trajet/train/saint-jerome/0/11375#InformationsGare","external_links_name":"Official RTM website"},{"Link":"https://rtm.quebec/fr/planifier-trajet/train/saint-jerome/0/11375#onglet_horaire","external_links_name":"Vimont Commuter Train Station Schedule (RTM)"},{"Link":"http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/w/planreseau/index.wcs?lng=a&c=252&d=5&m=a#haut","external_links_name":"Interactive STL map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920141605/http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Carte_Reseau_STL_MAI11.pdf","external_links_name":"STL 2011 map"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Superb_(1760) | HMS Superb (1760) | ["1 Service history","2 Notes","3 References"] | Ship of the line of the Royal Navy
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Superb.
Battle of Trincomalee
History
Great Britain
NameHMS Superb
Ordered28 December 1757
BuilderDeptford Dockyard
Laid down12 April 1758
Launched27 October 1760
CommissionedNovember 1760
FateSank, 1783
General characteristics
Class and typeBellona-class ship of the line
Tons burthen1,61214⁄94 (bm)
Length
168 ft (51 m) (gundeck)
137 ft 11.25 in (42.0434 m) (keel)
Beam46 ft 10.5 in (14.288 m)
Draught21 ft 6 in (6.55 m)
Depth of hold19 ft 9 in (6.02 m)
Sail planFull-rigged ship
Armament
74 guns:
Lower gundeck: 28 × 32 pdrs
Upper gundeck: 28 × 18 pdrs
Quarterdeck: 14 × 9 pdrs
Forecastle: 4 × 9 pdrs
HMS Superb was a 74-gun Bellona-class third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, designed by Sir Thomas Slade and built by Adam Hayes at Deptford Dockyard, launched on 27 October 1760 as a sister ship to HMS Dragon.
Service history
In June 1762 during the Seven Years' War Superb and two other ships saved a convoy from a French squadron commanded by Commodore de Ternay.
In 1764 she carried troops to North America as part of the ongoing colonial conflict.
In January 1768 she hit a rock in Cork harbour off the coast of Ireland and had to return to Portsmouth for repair.
She sailed to the East Indies and in December 1780 she destroyed shipping at Mangalore. On 17 February 1782 she was part of the Battle of Sadras and on 12 April was in the Battle of Providien. On 6 July 1782 she was in the Second Battle of Negapatam and on the 3 September the Battle of Trincomalee.
The Superb was Admiral Edward Hughes's flagship in India in 1782 during a notable series of engagements with the French under Suffren.
On 20 June 1783 the Superb took part in the Battle of Cuddalore before returning to Bombay for copper sheathing along her hull. On 7 November she developed a severe leak through the sheathing into the bilge, and sank in Tellicherry Roads off the Bombay coast, with the loss of her commander, Captain Dunbar Maclellan and her crew of 550 men.
Notes
^ a b Lavery, Ships of the Line vol.1, p176.
^ Winfield 2007, p.329
^ Winfield 2007, p.63
^ "The Navy Day by Day", 5 November
References
Lavery, Brian (2003). The Ship of the Line – Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0851772528.
Winfield, Rif (2007). British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1714 to 1792. London: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781844157006.
This article about a ship of the line of the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Superb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Superb"},{"link_name":"Bellona-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellona-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"third-rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-rate"},{"link_name":"ship of the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Slade"},{"link_name":"Adam Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Deptford Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"HMS Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dragon_(1760)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavery,_SoLv1_p176-1"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Superb.HMS Superb was a 74-gun Bellona-class third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, designed by Sir Thomas Slade and built by Adam Hayes at Deptford Dockyard, launched on 27 October 1760 as a sister ship to HMS Dragon.[1]","title":"HMS Superb (1760)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Commodore de Ternay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Henri-Louis_d%27Arsac_de_Ternay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sadras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sadras"},{"link_name":"Battle of Providien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Providien"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Negapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Negapatam_(1782)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trincomalee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trincomalee"},{"link_name":"Admiral Edward Hughes's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hughes_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Suffren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren_de_Saint_Tropez"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cuddalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cuddalore_(1783)"},{"link_name":"copper sheathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_sheathing"},{"link_name":"Tellicherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellicherry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In June 1762 during the Seven Years' War Superb and two other ships saved a convoy from a French squadron commanded by Commodore de Ternay.[2]In 1764 she carried troops to North America as part of the ongoing colonial conflict.In January 1768 she hit a rock in Cork harbour off the coast of Ireland and had to return to Portsmouth for repair.She sailed to the East Indies and in December 1780 she destroyed shipping at Mangalore. On 17 February 1782 she was part of the Battle of Sadras and on 12 April was in the Battle of Providien. On 6 July 1782 she was in the Second Battle of Negapatam and on the 3 September the Battle of Trincomalee.The Superb was Admiral Edward Hughes's flagship in India in 1782 during a notable series of engagements with the French under Suffren.On 20 June 1783 the Superb took part in the Battle of Cuddalore before returning to Bombay for copper sheathing along her hull. On 7 November she developed a severe leak through the sheathing into the bilge, and sank in Tellicherry Roads off the Bombay coast, with the loss of her commander, Captain Dunbar Maclellan and her crew of 550 men.[3][4]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lavery,_SoLv1_p176_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lavery,_SoLv1_p176_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ a b Lavery, Ships of the Line vol.1, p176.\n\n^ Winfield 2007, p.329\n\n^ Winfield 2007, p.63\n\n^ \"The Navy Day by Day\", 5 November","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lavery, Brian (2003). The Ship of the Line – Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0851772528.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851772528","url_text":"0851772528"}]},{"reference":"Winfield, Rif (2007). British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1714 to 1792. London: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781844157006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844157006","url_text":"9781844157006"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Superb_(1760)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrows_(Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) | The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis) | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 17°12′36″N 62°37′48″W / 17.21000°N 62.63000°W / 17.21000; -62.63000The NarrowMap of Saint Kitts and Nevis.The NarrowShow map of Saint Kitts and NevisThe NarrowShow map of Lesser AntillesThe NarrowShow map of CaribbeanCoordinates17°12′36″N 62°37′48″W / 17.21000°N 62.63000°W / 17.21000; -62.63000Max. width3 kilometres (1.9 mi)
The Narrows is the strait that separates the Caribbean islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis. At its narrowest, it is 3 kilometres wide.
History
Over the years it has been observed that fish stock and biodiversity in general in The Narrows was deteriorating.
In 1986 the Island Resources Foundation developed a marine parks proposal for the Southeast Peninsula area of St. Kitts.
In 1998 the St. Kitts Fisheries Management Unit developed a proposal for the preparation of a Management Plan for the development of Marine Protected Areas.
In 2006 the Nevis Department of Fisheries developed a proposal for management of the Narrows.
As of 2019 a new enhanced management proposal of The Narrows Marine Managed Area (NMMA) in St. Kitts and Nevis is being developed.
References
^ The World Factbook: 2010 Edition (CIA's 2009 Edition) page 531, Publisher: Potomac Books. ISBN 9781597975414
^ Weather forecast for The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis) Norwegian Meteorological Institute and the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.
^ "The Narrows Marine Managed Area". St.Kitts & Nevis Department of Marine Resources. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
This Saint Kitts and Nevis location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts"},{"link_name":"Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Narrows is the strait that separates the Caribbean islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis. At its narrowest, it is 3 kilometres wide.[1] [2]","title":"The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fish stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_stocks"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Over the years it has been observed that fish stock and biodiversity in general in The Narrows was deteriorating.\nIn 1986 the Island Resources Foundation developed a marine parks proposal for the Southeast Peninsula area of St. Kitts.\nIn 1998 the St. Kitts Fisheries Management Unit developed a proposal for the preparation of a Management Plan for the development of Marine Protected Areas.\nIn 2006 the Nevis Department of Fisheries developed a proposal for management of the Narrows.\nAs of 2019 a new enhanced management proposal of The Narrows Marine Managed Area (NMMA) in St. Kitts and Nevis is being developed.[3]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Narrows Marine Managed Area\". St.Kitts & Nevis Department of Marine Resources. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dmrskn.com/the-narrows/","url_text":"\"The Narrows Marine Managed Area\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Narrows_(Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis)¶ms=17_12_36_N_62_37_48_W_dim:20000_region:KN_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"17°12′36″N 62°37′48″W / 17.21000°N 62.63000°W / 17.21000; -62.63000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Narrows_(Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis)¶ms=17_12_36_N_62_37_48_W_dim:20000_region:KN_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"17°12′36″N 62°37′48″W / 17.21000°N 62.63000°W / 17.21000; -62.63000"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m-9eSrZtYAAC&dq=3-km-wide+channel+called+The+Narrows&pg=PA531","external_links_name":"The World Factbook: 2010 Edition (CIA's 2009 Edition)"},{"Link":"https://www.yr.no/place/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/Other/The_Narrows/","external_links_name":"Weather forecast for The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)"},{"Link":"https://dmrskn.com/the-narrows/","external_links_name":"\"The Narrows Marine Managed Area\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Narrows_(Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmniDiskSweeper | OmniDiskSweeper | ["1 References"] | OmniDiskSweeperDeveloper(s)The Omni GroupStable release1.14
/ October 21, 2022
Operating systemmacOSTypeDisk UtilityLicenseFreewareWebsiteOmniDiskSweeper
OmniDiskSweeper is a freeware disk space analyzer utility for macOS developed by The Omni Group, which recursively searches a filesystem and displays entries sorted and color-coded by size, from largest to smallest. Alternatives include DaisyDisk and GrandPerspective.
Its interface presents a column view similar to the macOS Finder. OmniDiskSweeper supports internal and external drives, and network volumes. It warns users when selecting files that are required by macOS or by installed applications, though this only works for applications installed with macOS's Installer utility, based on BOM files.
The program was first released in April 2001 as shareware. Early versions required payment to delete files, though users could also delete them manually through the Finder. The Omni Group relicensed it as freeware in 2009, stating a need to refocus on their other programs.
Specialist outlets MacGeneration and Macworld describe it as a basic tool, useful to find large but unused files. The Register gave it a rating of 70/100, and included it in their 2010 selection of free essential Mac apps.
References
^ "OmniDiskSweeper Release Notes". The Omni Group. Archived from the original on October 23, 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ a b Moussie, Stéphane. "OmniDiskSweeper recense toujours les plus gros fichiers de votre Mac". MacGeneration (in French). Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ a b c Frakes, Dan. "Byte breakdown". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Fleishman, Glenn. "Spring cleaning for your Mac: How to consolidate files and remove duplicates". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Hattersley, Mark (23 November 2010). "Using OmniDiskSweeper to Clear Out Files". Mac Secrets. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-02460-7.
^ Dorsch, Hans (2005). Mac professionell - für Freiberufler und Selbständige: Innovativ und effizient arbeiten dank der Erfolgs-Tools von Apple (in German). Ralf Seelig. pp. 216–218. ISBN 978-3-908497-24-0.
^ "OmniDiskSweeper". Le Parisien. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Cohen, Peter. "OmniDiskSweeper 1.0 released". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Cohen, Peter. "OmniDiskSweeper 1.0b3 released". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Cheng, Jacqui (25 February 2009). "OmniWeb and three other Omni apps set free, as in beer". Ars Technica. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ Breen, Christopher. "Slimming your hard drive". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Breen, Christopher. "Dealing with a full hard drive". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Smith, Tony. "Ten free apps to install on every new Mac". The Register. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
vteDisk space analyzersWindows
Filelight
FolderSize
Scanner
Showsize
SpaceSniffer
TreeSize
WinDirStat
macOS
DaisyDisk
Disk Inventory X
Filelight
GrandPerspective
OmniDiskSweeper
Space Gremlin
Linux
Disk Usage Analyzer
Filelight
Other
du
ncdu
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Haiku DiskUsage
This macOS–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"disk space analyzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_space_analyzer"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"The Omni Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Omni_Group"},{"link_name":"recursively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursively"},{"link_name":"DaisyDisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaisyDisk"},{"link_name":"GrandPerspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrandPerspective"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macg1.1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrakesByte-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Finder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finder_(software)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"BOM files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOM_(file_format)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrakesByte-3"},{"link_name":"shareware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macg1.1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrakesByte-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"OmniDiskSweeper is a freeware disk space analyzer utility for macOS developed by The Omni Group, which recursively searches a filesystem and displays entries sorted and color-coded by size, from largest to smallest. Alternatives include DaisyDisk and GrandPerspective.[2][3][4]Its interface presents a column view similar to the macOS Finder.[5][6] OmniDiskSweeper supports internal and external drives, and network volumes.[7] It warns users when selecting files that are required by macOS or by installed applications, though this only works for applications installed with macOS's Installer utility, based on BOM files.[3]The program was first released in April 2001 as shareware.[8] Early versions required payment to delete files, though users could also delete them manually through the Finder.[9] The Omni Group relicensed it as freeware in 2009, stating a need to refocus on their other programs.[10]Specialist outlets MacGeneration and Macworld describe it as a basic tool, useful to find large but unused files.[2][3][11][12] The Register gave it a rating of 70/100, and included it in their 2010 selection of free essential Mac apps.[13]","title":"OmniDiskSweeper"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"OmniDiskSweeper Release Notes\". The Omni Group. Archived from the original on October 23, 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221023190436/https://www.omnigroup.com/releasenotes/omnidisksweeper/MessageOfTheDayArchive.html","url_text":"\"OmniDiskSweeper Release Notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Omni_Group","url_text":"The Omni Group"},{"url":"https://www.omnigroup.com/releasenotes/omnidisksweeper/MessageOfTheDayArchive.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moussie, Stéphane. \"OmniDiskSweeper recense toujours les plus gros fichiers de votre Mac\". MacGeneration (in French). Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macg.co/logiciels/2018/03/omnidisksweeper-recense-toujours-les-plus-gros-fichiers-de-votre-mac-101757","url_text":"\"OmniDiskSweeper recense toujours les plus gros fichiers de votre Mac\""}]},{"reference":"Frakes, Dan. \"Byte breakdown\". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macworld.com/article/179601/spaceutilities.html","url_text":"\"Byte breakdown\""}]},{"reference":"Fleishman, Glenn. \"Spring cleaning for your Mac: How to consolidate files and remove duplicates\". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macworld.com/article/225175/spring-cleaning-for-your-mac-how-to-consolidate-files-and-remove-duplicates.html","url_text":"\"Spring cleaning for your Mac: How to consolidate files and remove duplicates\""}]},{"reference":"Hattersley, Mark (23 November 2010). \"Using OmniDiskSweeper to Clear Out Files\". Mac Secrets. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-02460-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X6o-ctVtp_8C","url_text":"Mac Secrets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-02460-7","url_text":"978-1-118-02460-7"}]},{"reference":"Dorsch, Hans (2005). Mac professionell - für Freiberufler und Selbständige: Innovativ und effizient arbeiten dank der Erfolgs-Tools von Apple (in German). Ralf Seelig. pp. 216–218. ISBN 978-3-908497-24-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FzsPUguhsk8C","url_text":"Mac professionell - für Freiberufler und Selbständige: Innovativ und effizient arbeiten dank der Erfolgs-Tools von Apple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-908497-24-0","url_text":"978-3-908497-24-0"}]},{"reference":"\"OmniDiskSweeper\". Le Parisien. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://pratique.leparisien.fr/logiciels/mac/systeme/omnidisksweeper-11100001171","url_text":"\"OmniDiskSweeper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Parisien","url_text":"Le Parisien"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Peter. \"OmniDiskSweeper 1.0 released\". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macworld.com/article/160857/omnidisk-2.html","url_text":"\"OmniDiskSweeper 1.0 released\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld","url_text":"Macworld"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Peter. \"OmniDiskSweeper 1.0b3 released\". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macworld.com/article/160713/omnidisk.html","url_text":"\"OmniDiskSweeper 1.0b3 released\""}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Jacqui (25 February 2009). \"OmniWeb and three other Omni apps set free, as in beer\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 6 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/02/omniweb-and-three-other-omni-apps-set-free-as-in-beer/","url_text":"\"OmniWeb and three other Omni apps set free, as in beer\""}]},{"reference":"Breen, Christopher. \"Slimming your hard drive\". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macworld.com/article/181265/slimharddrive.html","url_text":"\"Slimming your hard drive\""}]},{"reference":"Breen, Christopher. \"Dealing with a full hard drive\". Macworld. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macworld.com/article/199814/full_hard_drive.html","url_text":"\"Dealing with a full hard drive\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Tony. \"Ten free apps to install on every new Mac\". The Register. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/2010/05/13/ten_essential_freeware_mac_apps?page=3","url_text":"\"Ten free apps to install on every new Mac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register","url_text":"The Register"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.omnigroup.com/more/","external_links_name":"OmniDiskSweeper"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221023190436/https://www.omnigroup.com/releasenotes/omnidisksweeper/MessageOfTheDayArchive.html","external_links_name":"\"OmniDiskSweeper Release Notes\""},{"Link":"https://www.omnigroup.com/releasenotes/omnidisksweeper/MessageOfTheDayArchive.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.macg.co/logiciels/2018/03/omnidisksweeper-recense-toujours-les-plus-gros-fichiers-de-votre-mac-101757","external_links_name":"\"OmniDiskSweeper recense toujours les plus gros fichiers de votre Mac\""},{"Link":"https://www.macworld.com/article/179601/spaceutilities.html","external_links_name":"\"Byte breakdown\""},{"Link":"https://www.macworld.com/article/225175/spring-cleaning-for-your-mac-how-to-consolidate-files-and-remove-duplicates.html","external_links_name":"\"Spring cleaning for your Mac: How to consolidate files and remove duplicates\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X6o-ctVtp_8C","external_links_name":"Mac Secrets"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FzsPUguhsk8C","external_links_name":"Mac professionell - für Freiberufler und Selbständige: Innovativ und effizient arbeiten dank der Erfolgs-Tools von Apple"},{"Link":"http://pratique.leparisien.fr/logiciels/mac/systeme/omnidisksweeper-11100001171","external_links_name":"\"OmniDiskSweeper\""},{"Link":"https://www.macworld.com/article/160857/omnidisk-2.html","external_links_name":"\"OmniDiskSweeper 1.0 released\""},{"Link":"https://www.macworld.com/article/160713/omnidisk.html","external_links_name":"\"OmniDiskSweeper 1.0b3 released\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/02/omniweb-and-three-other-omni-apps-set-free-as-in-beer/","external_links_name":"\"OmniWeb and three other Omni apps set free, as in beer\""},{"Link":"https://www.macworld.com/article/181265/slimharddrive.html","external_links_name":"\"Slimming your hard drive\""},{"Link":"https://www.macworld.com/article/199814/full_hard_drive.html","external_links_name":"\"Dealing with a full hard drive\""},{"Link":"https://www.theregister.com/2010/05/13/ten_essential_freeware_mac_apps?page=3","external_links_name":"\"Ten free apps to install on every new Mac\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OmniDiskSweeper&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frege%27s_Theorem | Frege's theorem | ["1 Overview","2 Frege's theorem in propositional logic","3 Notes","4 References"] | In metalogic and metamathematics, Frege's theorem is a metatheorem that states that the Peano axioms of arithmetic can be derived in second-order logic from Hume's principle. It was first proven, informally, by Gottlob Frege in his 1884 Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (The Foundations of Arithmetic) and proven more formally in his 1893 Grundgesetze der Arithmetik I (Basic Laws of Arithmetic I). The theorem was re-discovered by Crispin Wright in the early 1980s and has since been the focus of significant work. It is at the core of the philosophy of mathematics known as neo-logicism (at least of the Scottish School variety).
Overview
In The Foundations of Arithmetic (1884), and later, in Basic Laws of Arithmetic (vol. 1, 1893; vol. 2, 1903), Frege attempted to derive all of the laws of arithmetic from axioms he asserted as logical (see logicism). Most of these axioms were carried over from his Begriffsschrift; the one truly new principle was one he called the Basic Law V (now known as the axiom schema of unrestricted comprehension): the "value-range" of the function f(x) is the same as the "value-range" of the function g(x) if and only if ∀x. However, not only did Basic Law V fail to be a logical proposition, but the resulting system proved to be inconsistent, because it was subject to Russell's paradox.
The inconsistency in Frege's Grundgesetze overshadowed Frege's achievement: according to Edward Zalta, the Grundgesetze "contains all the essential steps of a valid proof (in second-order logic) of the fundamental propositions of arithmetic from a single consistent principle." This achievement has become known as Frege's theorem.
Frege's theorem in propositional logic
(
P
→
(
Q
→
R
))
→
((
P
→
Q
)
→
(
P
→
R
))
Y
✓
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✓
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Y
✓
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N
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Y
✓
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1
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In propositional logic, Frege's theorem refers to this tautology:
(P → (Q→R)) → ((P→Q) → (P→R))
The theorem already holds in one of the weakest logics imaginable, the constructive implicational calculus. The proof under the Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov interpretation reads
f
↦
g
↦
p
↦
(
f
(
p
)
∘
g
)
(
p
)
{\displaystyle f\mapsto g\mapsto p\mapsto (f(p)\circ g)(p)}
.
In words:
"Let f denote a reason that P implies that Q implies R. And let g denote a reason that P implies Q. Then given a f, then given a g, then given a reason p for P, we know that both Q holds by g and that Q implies R holds by f. So R holds."
The truth table to the right gives a semantic proof. For all possible assignments of false (✗) or true (✓) to P, Q, and R (columns 1, 3, 5), each subformula is evaluated according to the rules for material conditional, the result being shown below its main operator. Column 6 shows that the whole formula evaluates to true in every case, i.e. that it is a tautology. In fact, its antecedent (column 2) and its consequent (column 10) are even equivalent.
Notes
^ Gottlob Frege, Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, Breslau: Verlag von Wilhelm Koebner, 1884, §63.
^ a b Gottlob Frege, Grundgesetze der Arithmetik I, Jena: Verlag Hermann Pohle, 1893, §§20 and 47.
^ Richard Pettigrew, "Basic set theory", January 26, 2012, p. 2.
^ a b c Zalta, Edward (2013), "Frege's Theorem and Foundations for Arithmetic", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
^ Boolos, George (1998). Logic, Logic, and Logic. Edited by Richard C. Jeffrey, introduction by John P. Burgess. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 154. ISBN 9780674537675. OCLC 37509971. Frege's startling discovery, of which he may or may not have been fully aware and which has been lost to view since the discovery of Russell's paradox, was that arithmetic can be derived in a purely logical system like that of his Begriffsschrift from this consistent principle and from it alone.
References
Gottlob Frege (1884). Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik – eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung über den Begriff der Zahl (PDF) (in German). Breslau: Verlag von Wilhelm Koebner.
Gottlob Frege (1893). Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (in German). Vol. 1. Jena: Verlag Hermann Pohle. – Edition Archived 2016-10-21 at the Wayback Machine in modern notation
Gottlob Frege (1903). Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (in German). Vol. 2. Jena: Verlag Hermann Pohle. – Edition Archived 2017-08-29 at the Wayback Machine in modern notation | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Frege's theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Foundations of Arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foundations_of_Arithmetic"},{"link_name":"logicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logicism"},{"link_name":"Begriffsschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begriffsschrift"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"axiom schema of unrestricted comprehension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_schema_of_unrestricted_comprehension"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Russell's paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zalta-4"},{"link_name":"Edward Zalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Zalta"},{"link_name":"second-order logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order_logic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zalta-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zalta-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In The Foundations of Arithmetic (1884), and later, in Basic Laws of Arithmetic (vol. 1, 1893; vol. 2, 1903), Frege attempted to derive all of the laws of arithmetic from axioms he asserted as logical (see logicism). Most of these axioms were carried over from his Begriffsschrift; the one truly new principle was one he called the Basic Law V[2] (now known as the axiom schema of unrestricted comprehension):[3] the \"value-range\" of the function f(x) is the same as the \"value-range\" of the function g(x) if and only if ∀x[f(x) = g(x)]. However, not only did Basic Law V fail to be a logical proposition, but the resulting system proved to be inconsistent, because it was subject to Russell's paradox.[4]The inconsistency in Frege's Grundgesetze overshadowed Frege's achievement: according to Edward Zalta, the Grundgesetze \"contains all the essential steps of a valid proof (in second-order logic) of the fundamental propositions of arithmetic from a single consistent principle.\"[4] This achievement has become known as Frege's theorem.[4][5]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"propositional logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus"},{"link_name":"tautology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(logic)"},{"link_name":"implicational calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hilbert_systems#Implicational_propositional_calculus"},{"link_name":"Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwer%E2%80%93Heyting%E2%80%93Kolmogorov_interpretation"},{"link_name":"truth table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table"},{"link_name":"material conditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional"},{"link_name":"antecedent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_(logic)"},{"link_name":"consequent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequent"}],"text":"In propositional logic, Frege's theorem refers to this tautology:(P → (Q→R)) → ((P→Q) → (P→R))The theorem already holds in one of the weakest logics imaginable, the constructive implicational calculus. The proof under the Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov interpretation reads \n \n \n \n f\n ↦\n g\n ↦\n p\n ↦\n (\n f\n (\n p\n )\n ∘\n g\n )\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\mapsto g\\mapsto p\\mapsto (f(p)\\circ g)(p)}\n \n. \nIn words: \n\"Let f denote a reason that P implies that Q implies R. And let g denote a reason that P implies Q. Then given a f, then given a g, then given a reason p for P, we know that both Q holds by g and that Q implies R holds by f. So R holds.\"The truth table to the right gives a semantic proof. For all possible assignments of false (✗) or true (✓) to P, Q, and R (columns 1, 3, 5), each subformula is evaluated according to the rules for material conditional, the result being shown below its main operator. Column 6 shows that the whole formula evaluates to true in every case, i.e. that it is a tautology. In fact, its antecedent (column 2) and its consequent (column 10) are even equivalent.","title":"Frege's theorem in propositional logic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"Gottlob Frege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege"},{"link_name":"Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foundations_of_Arithmetic"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-1"},{"link_name":"Gottlob Frege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Basic set theory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mcmp.philosophie.uni-muenchen.de/students/math/basic-set-theory.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zalta_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zalta_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zalta_4-2"},{"link_name":"Zalta, Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Zalta"},{"link_name":"\"Frege's Theorem and Foundations for Arithmetic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege-theorem/"},{"link_name":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Boolos, George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boolos"},{"link_name":"Logic, Logic, and Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/logiclogiclogic00bool"},{"link_name":"154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/logiclogiclogic00bool/page/n161"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780674537675","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674537675"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"37509971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/37509971"},{"link_name":"Begriffsschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begriffsschrift"}],"text":"^ Gottlob Frege, Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, Breslau: Verlag von Wilhelm Koebner, 1884, §63.\n\n^ a b Gottlob Frege, Grundgesetze der Arithmetik I, Jena: Verlag Hermann Pohle, 1893, §§20 and 47.\n\n^ Richard Pettigrew, \"Basic set theory\", January 26, 2012, p. 2.\n\n^ a b c Zalta, Edward (2013), \"Frege's Theorem and Foundations for Arithmetic\", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.\n\n^ Boolos, George (1998). Logic, Logic, and Logic. Edited by Richard C. Jeffrey, introduction by John P. Burgess. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 154. ISBN 9780674537675. OCLC 37509971. Frege's startling discovery, of which he may or may not have been fully aware and which has been lost to view since the discovery of Russell's paradox, was that arithmetic can be derived in a purely logical system like that of his Begriffsschrift from this consistent principle and from it alone.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Zalta, Edward (2013), \"Frege's Theorem and Foundations for Arithmetic\", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Zalta","url_text":"Zalta, Edward"},{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege-theorem/","url_text":"\"Frege's Theorem and Foundations for Arithmetic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"}]},{"reference":"Boolos, George (1998). Logic, Logic, and Logic. Edited by Richard C. Jeffrey, introduction by John P. Burgess. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 154. ISBN 9780674537675. 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Frege's startling discovery, of which he may or may not have been fully aware and which has been lost to view since the discovery of Russell's paradox, was that arithmetic can be derived in a purely logical system like that of his Begriffsschrift from this consistent principle and from it alone.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boolos","url_text":"Boolos, George"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/logiclogiclogic00bool","url_text":"Logic, Logic, and Logic"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/logiclogiclogic00bool/page/n161","url_text":"154"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674537675","url_text":"9780674537675"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37509971","url_text":"37509971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begriffsschrift","url_text":"Begriffsschrift"}]},{"reference":"Gottlob Frege (1884). Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik – eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung über den Begriff der Zahl (PDF) (in German). Breslau: Verlag von Wilhelm Koebner.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/diegrundlagende00freggoog/diegrundlagende00freggoog.pdf","url_text":"Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik – eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung über den Begriff der Zahl"}]},{"reference":"Gottlob Frege (1893). Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (in German). Vol. 1. Jena: Verlag Hermann Pohle.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gottlob Frege (1903). Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (in German). Vol. 2. Jena: Verlag Hermann Pohle.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.mcmp.philosophie.uni-muenchen.de/students/math/basic-set-theory.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Basic set theory\""},{"Link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege-theorem/","external_links_name":"\"Frege's Theorem and Foundations for Arithmetic\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/logiclogiclogic00bool","external_links_name":"Logic, Logic, and Logic"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/logiclogiclogic00bool/page/n161","external_links_name":"154"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37509971","external_links_name":"37509971"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/diegrundlagende00freggoog/diegrundlagende00freggoog.pdf","external_links_name":"Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik – eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung über den Begriff der Zahl"},{"Link":"https://korpora.zim.uni-duisburg-essen.de/Frege/PDF/gga1_o_corr.pdf","external_links_name":"Edition"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021050624/https://korpora.zim.uni-duisburg-essen.de/Frege/PDF/gga1_o_corr.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://korpora.zim.uni-duisburg-essen.de/Frege/PDF/gga2_o_corr.pdf","external_links_name":"Edition"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170829012831/https://korpora.zim.uni-duisburg-essen.de/Frege/PDF/gga2_o_corr.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malec%C3%B3n_2000 | Malecón 2000 | ["1 History","2 Present","3 Locations","3.1 Sections","3.2 Monuments","3.3 Recreational Areas","3.4 Gardens","3.5 Museo Antropológico","4 References and external links"] | Coordinates: 2°11′39″S 79°52′48″W / 2.194061°S 79.879874°W / -2.194061; -79.879874This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Malecón 2000" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Malecón 2000, next to Guayas river
Malecón 2000 is the name given to the boardwalk overlooking the Guayas River in the Ecuadorian port city of Guayaquil. An urban renewal project focusing on the old Simón Bolívar boardwalk, it stands along the west shore of the river for an approximate length of 2.5 km. (1.5 mi.) Several of the greatest historical monuments in the history of Guayaquil can be seen along its length, as well as museums, gardens, fountains, shopping malls, restaurants, bars, food courts, the first IMAX theater in South America, as well as boarding docks where several embarkations offer both daytime and nighttime tours up and down the Guayas River.
It is one of the largest works realized in Guayaquil and it is considered a model of urban regeneration by global standards, having been declared a healthy public space by the Pan-American Organization of Health (POH) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
History
Guayaquil's waterfront around 1920.
During the colonial period, Malecón was a narrow path in roadway form. During the 19th century people started to gather around this place, gradually expanding its extension as years went by and it became a focal point of early social life in the young city.
Over several decades, the boardwalk fell into disrepair with several areas of it eventually falling into the river itself by the mid-to-late 1980s. By this time it was also regarded as a very unsafe place, as many thieves, muggers and cutpurses took advantage of the cover provided by overgrown foliage and poor illumination to hide and wait for possible victims. Drug dealers and prostitutes also used to frequent the area at night during its most dangerous period.
Present
Initiated during the administration of Mayor León Febres-Cordero, ex-president of the Republic of Ecuador, and finalized during the second term of his successor, Jaime Nebot Saadi, it held as one of its goals the re-valuation of the commercial areas of the city creating spaces that would encourage urban renewal, a goal that has been successful thanks to the leadership and commitment of the private sector. The Malecón now receives both national and foreign visitors who marvel at and enjoy its beauty and safety. At 5 million visitors since its first stage inauguration in October 1999, it is one of the most visited places in the city.
It offers visitors a wide range of activities, varying from just plain fun, to cultural events as well as an opportunity to explore the natural resources Guayaquil has.
It has a mall, a museum, infinity of restaurants, exhibition galleries, lagoons, and walk paths.
The Malecón 2000 Foundation, a private non-profit entity, administers the boardwalk. This foundation is comprised by the most representative public and private entities in the city.
Locations
Sections
Malecón 2000 is divided into several sections:
The north section has several plazas, water fountains, an antique Ecuadorian train, spaces for aerobics and games for children, also a Planetarium, an anthropological Museum, a Contemporary Art Museum, and an IMAX
The central area is home the historic Civic Plaza with its sculptures: the Moorish Clock Tower and Rotonda Monument. The Guayaquil Yacht Club and the Naval Yacht club are located here too.
In the south part is located the modern Bahía Malecón Shopping Center where you can buy clothes, eat, and even buy souvenirs.
Monuments
Moorish Tower
Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río monument
As you walk you can also appreciate the monuments, some of them created in honor of important characters in the history of our country:
The José Joaquín de Olmedo bust, poet and first mayor of Guayaquil.
Moorish Tower or Public Clock, the clock was bought in England by Don Manuel Antonio Lizárraga, a rich Spanish merchant, an illustrious figure of the Independence, it was inaugurated in October 1842.
La Rotonda, right on 9 de Octubre Avenue, a monument to the encounter between the liberators José de San Martín from Argentina and Simón Bolívar from Venezuela in 1822. They fought against the Spanish people for our freedom from their oppression.
The Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río monument, commemorating the Ecuadorian president who was born in Guayaquil.
Recreational Areas
Wagon Square: In this square we can find an Ecuadorian railroad adapted as space for exhibitions to which people can access through a waiting platform with a pergola. The square is supplemented with resting and shading areas, there is also a sculpture that integrates itself and is part of the wagon environment and which has relationship with the railroads.
Children Playground: This area begins with a ramp that leads to a watchtower with a toboggan. It contains games for children of all ages; areas like pergolas with seats and shade are available for the visitors.
Fountain Square: Located at the Junín street axis, serves as future vehicular entrance to the parking spaces of the commercial areas that will be developed over the river.
Restaurants: There you have a variety of restaurants with different types of food from Ecuador and also from some places in the world.
Exercise Area: It's a green area equipped for aerobics and outdoors exercises, where people gather to stay in shape.
Orellana Square: Located in front of Orellana street gate, this is the northern end of this sector and it serves as connection with the Malecón Gardens
Mercado Sur: looks like a glass estate where several events take place for the city's celebrations, and it is located next to Club De La Union
Malecón Shopping Center: Is located from Villamil to Sucre streets. It has more than 230 stores in its four galleries, among boutiques, perfumery, jeweler's, footwear stores, memories and appliances.
Malecón Gardens.
Gardens
The Malecón Gardens, are parks of approximately 22,000 m2. of extension, where visitors can enjoy different botanic species of Ecuador.
It also has an artificial stream on Orellana street and a pond that spreads between Tomás Martinez and Loja streets. It has a pedestrian path ensemble, and this circuit has been adapted to the presence of the big existent trees, this zone is enhanced by extensive and profuse green areas.
The walk in the Gardens, includes beautiful landscapes and rest areas supported by public spaces such as squares, small squares, miradors, gazebos, bleachers, jetties, pergolas. These spaces are supplemented with streams, lagoon, island, fountains, bridges, ramps and paths where activities related to the park such as scheduled exhibitions and sales of plants and souvenirs from The Malecón Gardens are developed.
Museo Antropológico
Another great place that every visitor and tourist should not miss is this great Museum of Anthropology (Museo Antropológico). It offers great expositions of local artists as well as international ones, the whole place gives an atmosphere of modern architecture and technology. Every week the works and events are updated to be presented to the public. Prices can vary from 50 cents to $1.50, depending on the event or what is being exposed.
References and external links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malecón 2000.
Official Guayaquil Website
2°11′39″S 79°52′48″W / 2.194061°S 79.879874°W / -2.194061; -79.879874 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guayaquil_Malecon2000.JPG"},{"link_name":"Guayas river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayas_river"},{"link_name":"Guayas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayas_River"},{"link_name":"Ecuadorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Guayaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil"},{"link_name":"urban renewal project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal_project"},{"link_name":"Guayaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil"},{"link_name":"IMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX"},{"link_name":"Guayas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayas_River"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"}],"text":"Malecón 2000, next to Guayas riverMalecón 2000 is the name given to the boardwalk overlooking the Guayas River in the Ecuadorian port city of Guayaquil. An urban renewal project focusing on the old Simón Bolívar boardwalk, it stands along the west shore of the river for an approximate length of 2.5 km. (1.5 mi.) Several of the greatest historical monuments in the history of Guayaquil can be seen along its length, as well as museums, gardens, fountains, shopping malls, restaurants, bars, food courts, the first IMAX theater in South America, as well as boarding docks where several embarkations offer both daytime and nighttime tours up and down the Guayas River.\nIt is one of the largest works realized in Guayaquil and it is considered a model of urban regeneration by global standards, having been declared a healthy public space by the Pan-American Organization of Health (POH) and the World Health Organization (WHO).","title":"Malecón 2000"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuyaquilWaterfront1920.jpg"}],"text":"Guayaquil's waterfront around 1920.During the colonial period, Malecón was a narrow path in roadway form. During the 19th century people started to gather around this place, gradually expanding its extension as years went by and it became a focal point of early social life in the young city.Over several decades, the boardwalk fell into disrepair with several areas of it eventually falling into the river itself by the mid-to-late 1980s. By this time it was also regarded as a very unsafe place, as many thieves, muggers and cutpurses took advantage of the cover provided by overgrown foliage and poor illumination to hide and wait for possible victims. 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At 5 million visitors since its first stage inauguration in October 1999, it is one of the most visited places in the city.It offers visitors a wide range of activities, varying from just plain fun, to cultural events as well as an opportunity to explore the natural resources Guayaquil has.\nIt has a mall, a museum, infinity of restaurants, exhibition galleries, lagoons, and walk paths.The Malecón 2000 Foundation, a private non-profit entity, administers the boardwalk. This foundation is comprised by the most representative public and private entities in the city.","title":"Present"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX"}],"sub_title":"Sections","text":"Malecón 2000 is divided into several sections:The north section has several plazas, water fountains, an antique Ecuadorian train, spaces for aerobics and games for children, also a Planetarium, an anthropological Museum, a Contemporary Art Museum, and an IMAX\nThe central area is home the historic Civic Plaza with its sculptures: the Moorish Clock Tower and Rotonda Monument. The Guayaquil Yacht Club and the Naval Yacht club are located here too.\nIn the south part is located the modern Bahía Malecón Shopping Center where you can buy clothes, eat, and even buy souvenirs.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torre_Morisca_-_Guayaquil.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monumento_de_Carlos_Alberto_Arroyo_del_R%C3%ADo.JPG"},{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Simón Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Alberto_Arroyo_del_R%C3%ADo"}],"sub_title":"Monuments","text":"Moorish TowerCarlos Alberto Arroyo del Río monumentAs you walk you can also appreciate the monuments, some of them created in honor of important characters in the history of our country:The José Joaquín de Olmedo bust, poet and first mayor of Guayaquil.\nMoorish Tower or Public Clock, the clock was bought in England by Don Manuel Antonio Lizárraga, a rich Spanish merchant, an illustrious figure of the Independence, it was inaugurated in October 1842.\nLa Rotonda, right on 9 de Octubre Avenue, a monument to the encounter between the liberators José de San Martín from Argentina and Simón Bolívar from Venezuela in 1822. They fought against the Spanish people for our freedom from their oppression.\nThe Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río monument, commemorating the Ecuadorian president who was born in Guayaquil.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SageoEG_-_Malec%C3%B3n_y_sus_jard%C3%ADnes_001.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Recreational Areas","text":"Wagon Square: In this square we can find an Ecuadorian railroad adapted as space for exhibitions to which people can access through a waiting platform with a pergola. The square is supplemented with resting and shading areas, there is also a sculpture that integrates itself and is part of the wagon environment and which has relationship with the railroads.\nChildren Playground: This area begins with a ramp that leads to a watchtower with a toboggan. It contains games for children of all ages; areas like pergolas with seats and shade are available for the visitors.\nFountain Square: Located at the Junín street axis, serves as future vehicular entrance to the parking spaces of the commercial areas that will be developed over the river.\nRestaurants: There you have a variety of restaurants with different types of food from Ecuador and also from some places in the world.\nExercise Area: It's a green area equipped for aerobics and outdoors exercises, where people gather to stay in shape.\nOrellana Square: Located in front of Orellana street gate, this is the northern end of this sector and it serves as connection with the Malecón Gardens\nMercado Sur: looks like a glass estate where several events take place for the city's celebrations, and it is located next to Club De La Union\nMalecón Shopping Center: Is located from Villamil to Sucre streets. It has more than 230 stores in its four galleries, among boutiques, perfumery, jeweler's, footwear stores, memories and appliances.Malecón Gardens.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gardens","text":"The Malecón Gardens, are parks of approximately 22,000 m2. of extension, where visitors can enjoy different botanic species of Ecuador.\nIt also has an artificial stream on Orellana street and a pond that spreads between Tomás Martinez and Loja streets. It has a pedestrian path ensemble, and this circuit has been adapted to the presence of the big existent trees, this zone is enhanced by extensive and profuse green areas.\nThe walk in the Gardens, includes beautiful landscapes and rest areas supported by public spaces such as squares, small squares, miradors, gazebos, bleachers, jetties, pergolas. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhil_Mama | Bhil Mama | ["1 Marriage","2 See also","3 References"] | The Mama are a sub-division of the Bhil community found indigenous to the current state of Rajasthan in India. They are known as Mama Bhil because they are followers of the Mama Baleshwar Dayal sect. The sect gets its name from Mama Baleshwar Dayal, who starting preaching to the Bhils of Kushalgarh tehsil of Banswara District. Their clans are referred to as ataks.
The Maman are a community of small and medium-sized farmers. Most of their settlements are exclusively Kataria, and each of them contains an informal caste association. This acts as an instrument of social control, punishing those who transgress current community norms. They are now Hindu and unlike other Bhil groups have lost their ancestral non Brahminical tribal deities. The Kataria speak the Bagri dialect of Rajasthani.
Marriage
Like other Bhil groups, they are endogamous and practice clan exogamy. This despite the recent but comparatively greater level of Brahminical Sanskritisation.
See also
Bhil Gametia
Bhil Kataria
References
^ a b People of India Rajasthan Volume XXXVIII Part One edited by B.K Lavania, D. K Samanta, S K Mandal & N.N Vyas pages 165 to 169 Popular Prakashan
vteClans of the Bhil
Barda
Bhagalia
Bhilala
Bhil Gametia
Bhil Garasia
Bhil Kataria
Bhil Mama
Bhil Mavchi
Dholi Bhil
Dungri Bhil
Damor
Pargi
Dungri Garasia
Mewasi Bhil
Nirdhi Bhil
Rawal Bhil
Tadvi Bhil
Vasava/Vasave | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Bhil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhil"},{"link_name":"Brahminical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminical"},{"link_name":"Bagri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagri_language"},{"link_name":"Rajasthani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoIR_XXXVIII_1_165-169-1"}],"text":"The Maman are a community of small and medium-sized farmers. Most of their settlements are exclusively Kataria, and each of them contains an informal caste association. This acts as an instrument of social control, punishing those who transgress current community norms. They are now Hindu and unlike other Bhil groups have lost their ancestral non Brahminical tribal deities. The Kataria speak the Bagri dialect of Rajasthani.[1]","title":"Bhil Mama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogamy"},{"link_name":"exogamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogamy"},{"link_name":"Brahminical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminical"},{"link_name":"Sanskritisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskritisation"}],"text":"Like other Bhil groups, they are endogamous and practice clan exogamy. This despite the recent but comparatively greater level of Brahminical Sanskritisation.","title":"Marriage"}] | [] | [{"title":"Bhil Gametia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhil_Gametia"},{"title":"Bhil Kataria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhil_Kataria"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rowlands_(civil_servant) | David Rowlands (civil servant) | ["1 References"] | For other people named David Rowlands, see David Rowlands (disambiguation).
Sir David Rowlands KCB (31 May 1947 – 11 May 2014) was a British civil servant who rose to the rank of
Permanent Secretary to the Department for Transport.
Rowlands left the private sector to join the Department of Trade and Industry in 1974. At the DTI he was appointed private secretary to the Minister of State for Industry.
He moved to the then Ministry of Transport in 1983 where he has held a number of posts with responsibilities for finance, aviation, shipping, ports and railways. Before being appointed Permanent Secretary in May 2003, he was the director general for railways, aviation, logistics, maritime and security.
In this role he was central to the creation of Network Rail after Railtrack was put into administration and the delivery of public-private partnerships for the London Underground and the National Air Traffic Services. Rowlands received a knighthood in the Birthday Honours List 2006. He retired at 60.
Since leaving the civil service his career moves were subject to a number of controversies, including government blocks on his attempts to join the Boards of British Airports Authority and Bechtel. At the time of his death his roles in the private sector included chairmanships of Gatwick Airport and Angel Trains. He was also the chairman of High Speed 2 Ltd,.
References
^ "Water UK pays tribute to chairman". Utility Week. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
^ "David Rowlands". New Civil Engineer. 29 May 2003. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
^ a b "Sir David Rowlands dies". transportxtra.com. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Rowlands (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rowlands_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"civil servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant"},{"link_name":"Permanent Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Department for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Transport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"private sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector"},{"link_name":"Department of Trade and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"private secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_secretary"},{"link_name":"Minister of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Transport"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping"},{"link_name":"ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civil-2"},{"link_name":"Network Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Rail"},{"link_name":"Railtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railtrack"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"National Air Traffic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Services"},{"link_name":"knighthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthood"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transportxtra-3"},{"link_name":"British Airports Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airports_Authority"},{"link_name":"Bechtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechtel"},{"link_name":"Gatwick Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatwick_Airport"},{"link_name":"Angel Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Trains"},{"link_name":"High Speed 2 Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transportxtra-3"}],"text":"For other people named David Rowlands, see David Rowlands (disambiguation).Sir David Rowlands KCB (31 May 1947 – 11 May 2014) was a British civil servant who rose to the rank of\nPermanent Secretary to the Department for Transport.[1]Rowlands left the private sector to join the Department of Trade and Industry in 1974. At the DTI he was appointed private secretary to the Minister of State for Industry.He moved to the then Ministry of Transport in 1983 where he has held a number of posts with responsibilities for finance, aviation, shipping, ports and railways. Before being appointed Permanent Secretary in May 2003,[2] he was the director general for railways, aviation, logistics, maritime and security.In this role he was central to the creation of Network Rail after Railtrack was put into administration and the delivery of public-private partnerships for the London Underground and the National Air Traffic Services. Rowlands received a knighthood in the Birthday Honours List 2006. He retired at 60.[3]Since leaving the civil service his career moves were subject to a number of controversies, including government blocks on his attempts to join the Boards of British Airports Authority and Bechtel. At the time of his death his roles in the private sector included chairmanships of Gatwick Airport and Angel Trains. He was also the chairman of High Speed 2 Ltd,.[3]","title":"David Rowlands (civil servant)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Water UK pays tribute to chairman\". Utility Week. Retrieved 16 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://utilityweek.co.uk/news/water-uk-pays-tribute-to-chairman/1008252#.U3WtF3aPNIU","url_text":"\"Water UK pays tribute to chairman\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Rowlands\". New Civil Engineer. 29 May 2003. Retrieved 18 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nce.co.uk/david-rowlands/794626.article","url_text":"\"David Rowlands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Civil_Engineer","url_text":"New Civil Engineer"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir David Rowlands dies\". transportxtra.com. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transportxtra.com/publications/local-transport-today/news/38179/sir-david-rowlands-dies/","url_text":"\"Sir David Rowlands dies\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://utilityweek.co.uk/news/water-uk-pays-tribute-to-chairman/1008252#.U3WtF3aPNIU","external_links_name":"\"Water UK pays tribute to chairman\""},{"Link":"http://www.nce.co.uk/david-rowlands/794626.article","external_links_name":"\"David Rowlands\""},{"Link":"https://www.transportxtra.com/publications/local-transport-today/news/38179/sir-david-rowlands-dies/","external_links_name":"\"Sir David Rowlands dies\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Yemeni_League | 2009–10 Yemeni League | ["1 Stadia and locations","2 Final standings"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2009–10 Yemeni League" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Football league seasonYemeni LeagueSeason2009–10ChampionsAl-SaqrRelegatedAl-Shula Salam (al-Garfa) Al-Wahda (Aden) Al Yarmuk Al RawdaMatches played182Goals scored396 (2.18 per match)Top goalscorer Amboio (15 goals)← 2008–09 2010–11 →
The 2009–10 Yemeni League is the 18th edition of top-level football in Yemen.
Al-Hilal Al-Sahili are defending champions for the past two seasons.
The season started in November and will last until June 2010. The league winners will qualify for the AFC Cup. The bottom four teams will be relegated
Stadia and locations
Ta'izzAdenSan'aaZabidIbbAl HudaydahAl Bayda'class=notpageimage| Locations of teams in the 2009-10 Yemeni League
Club
Location
Stadium
Al-Ittihad Ibb
Ibb
Al Saqr Ta'izz
Ta'izz
Al Tilal Aden
Aden
May 22 Stadium
Al Ahli San'a'
San'a
Ali Muhesen Stadium
Shabab Al Baydaa
Al Bayda'
Al-Oruba
Zabid
Al Ahli Ta'izz
Ta'izz
Al-Shula
Al Wahda San'a'
San'a
Al Wahda Aden
Aden
Al Sha'ab Ibb
Ibb
Al-Hilal Al-Sahili
Al Hudaydah
Salam Al-Garfa
Al Yarmuk Al Rawda
San'a
Final standings
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Al-Saqr
26
16
4
6
43
23
+20
52
2011 AFC Cup
2
Al-Tilal
26
14
5
7
43
26
+17
47
2011 AFC Cup
3
Shabab Al Baydaa
26
14
2
10
31
23
+8
44
4
Al-Ahli San'a'
26
12
7
7
29
23
+6
43
5
Al-Ahli Taiz
26
13
2
11
34
32
+2
41
6
Al-Oruba Zabid
26
12
3
11
36
30
+6
39
7
Al-Wahda San'a'
26
9
10
7
28
24
+4
37
8
Al-Ittihad Ibb
26
9
9
8
22
25
−3
36
9
Al Sha'ab Ibb
26
8
7
11
29
30
−1
31
10
Al-Hilal Al-Sahili
26
9
4
13
26
31
−5
31
11
Al-Shula
26
7
9
10
25
38
−13
30
Relegation to Yemeni Second Divisions
12
Al-Wahda Aden
26
8
4
14
24
39
−15
28
13
Salam Al-Garfa
26
5
12
9
26
33
−7
27
14
Al Yarmuk Al Rawda
26
4
6
16
26
44
−18
18
Updated to match(es) played on 9 June 2010. Source: rsssf.comRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.Notes:
^ As 2010 Yemeni President Cup winners.
vteYemeni League2014–15 clubs
Al-Ahli
Al-Hilal Al-Sahili
Al-Ittihad
Al-Oruba
Al-Saqr
Al-Shula
Al-Tilal
Al-Wehda (Aden)
Al-Wehda (Sana'a)
Al Yarmuk Al Rawda
Fahman SCC
Sha'ab Hadramaut
Shaab Ibb
Shabab Al-Jeel
Seasons
1983–84
1990–91
1991–92
1993–94
1994–95
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2013
2013–14
2014–15
2020
2021–22
2023–24
vte2009 in Asian Football (AFC) « 2008 2010 » Domestic leagues
Australia
'08–'09
'09–'10
Bahrain
'08–'09
'09–'10
Bangladesh
'08–'09
'09–'10
Bhutan
Brunei
'09–'10
Cambodia
China
Chinese Taipei
Guam
'08–'09
'09–'10
Hong Kong
'08–'09
'09–'10
India
'08–'09
'09–'10
Indonesia
'08–'09
'09 '10
Iran
'08–'09
'09–'10
Iraq
'08–'09
'09–'10
Japan
Jordan
'08–'09
'09–'10
Korea DPR
Korea Republic
Kuwait
'08–'09
'09–'10
Kyrgyzstan
Lebanon
'08–'09
'09–'10
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
'09
'09–'10
Oman
'08–'09
'09–'10
Pakistan
Palestine
'08–'09
'09–'10
Qatar
'08–'09
'09–'10
Saudi Arabia
'08–'09
'09–'10
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
'08–'09
'09–'10
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
UAE
'08–'09
'09 '10
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
'08–'09
'09–'10
Domestic cups
Bahrain
Hong Kong
League Cup '08–'09
FA Cup
Shield '09–'10
India
Shield
Durand Cup
Fed Cup '09–'10
Indonesia
Iran
'08–'09
'09–'10
Japan
Emperor's Cup '08 (final)
League Cup
Emperor's Cup '09
Jordan
FA Cup '08–'09
Shield
FA Cup '09–'10
Korea Republic
FA Cup
League Cup
Kuwait
Fed Cup '08–'09
Crown Prince Cup
Emir Cup
Fed Cup '09–'10
Lebanon
FA Cup '08–'09
Elite Cup
FA Cup '09–'10
Malaysia
FA Cup
Malaysia Cup
Maldives
FA Cup
President's Cup
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Crown Prince Cup
Emir Cup
Sheikh Jassem Cup
Stars Cup '09–'10
Singapore
Singapore Cup
League Cup
Saudi Arabia
King Cup of Champions
CP Cup
'08–'09
'09–'10
Syria
'08–'09
'09–'10
Thailand
FA Cup
Queen's Cup
Turkmenistan
UAE
Emirates Cup '08–'09
President's Cup '08–'09
Emirates Cup '09–'10
President's Cup '09–'10
Regional club competitions
Gulf Club Champions Cup
AFC club competitions
AFC Champions League
Qualifying play-off
Group stage
Knockout stage
Final
AFC Cup
Group stage
Knockout stage
Final
AFC President's Cup
vte2010 in Asian football (AFC) « 2009 2011 » Domestic leagues
Australia
'09–'10
'10–'11
Bahrain
'09–'10
'10–'11
Bangladesh
'09–'10
'10–'11
Bhutan
Brunei
'09–'10
Cambodia
China
Chinese Taipei
Guam
'09–'10
Hong Kong
'09–'10
'10–'11
India
'09–'10
'10–'11
Indonesia
'09–'10
'10–'11
Iran
'09–'10
'10–'11
Iraq
'09–'10
'10–'11
Japan
Jordan
'09–'10
'10–'11
Korea DPR
Korea Republic
Kuwait
'09–'10
'10–'11
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
'09–'10
'10–'11
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
'09–'10
'10–'11
Pakistan
Palestine
'09–'10
'10–'11
Philippines
Qatar
'09–'10
'10–'11
Saudi Arabia
'09–'10
'10–'11
Singapore
Sri Lanka
'10–'11
Syria
'09–'10
'10–'11
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
UAE
'09–'10
'10–'11
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
'09–'10
'10–'11
Domestic cups
Bahrain
Hong Kong
Shield '09–'10
FA Cup
Shield '10–'11
League Cup '10–'11
India
Fed Cup '09–'10
Fed Cup '10
Durand Cup
Indonesia
Iran
'09–'10
'10–'11
Japan
Emperor's Cup '09 (final)
League Cup
Emperor's Cup '10
Jordan
FA Cup '09–'10
Shield
FA Cup
Korea Republic
FA Cup
League Cup
Kuwait
Fed Cup '09–'10
Crown Prince Cup
Emir Cup
Fed Cup '10–'11
Lebanon
FA Cup '09–'10
Elite Cup
FA Cup '10–'11
Malaysia
FA Cup
Malaysia Cup
Maldives
FA Cup
President's Cup
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Crown Prince Cup
Emir Cup
Sheikh Jassem Cup
Stars Cup '09–'10
Stars Cup '10
Saudi Arabia
King Cup of Champions
CP Cup
'09–'10
'10–'11
Singapore
Singapore Cup
League Cup
Syria
'09–'10
'10–'11
Tajikistan
Thailand
FA Cup
League Cup
Queen's Cup
Turkmenistan
UAE
Emirates Cup '09–'10
President's Cup '09–'10
Emirates Cup '10–'11
President's Cup '10–'11
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
President Cup
Unity Cup
Regional club competitions
Gulf Club Champions Cup
'09–'10
AFC club competitions
AFC Champions League
Qualifying play-off
Group stage
Knockout stage
Final
AFC Cup
(Group stage
Knockout stage
Final
AFC President's Cup
National team competitions
2010 AFC Challenge Cup
2010 Gulf Cup of Nations
2010 AFF Suzuki Cup
2010 East Asian Football Championship
2010 West Asian Football Federation Championship
National team results
Australia
Hong Kong
Indonesia
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sri Lanka
Syria
Turkmenistan
UAE
Uzbekistan
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Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_K-League"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Kuwaiti_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Kuwaiti_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kyrgyzstan_League"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Lao_League"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Lebanese_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Lebanese_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Campeonato_da_1%C2%AA_Divis%C3%A3o_do_Futebol"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Malaysia_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Dhivehi_League"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Mongolian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Myanmar_National_League"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Martyr%27s_Memorial_A-Division_League"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Omani_League"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Omani_League"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pakistan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_West_Bank_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_West_Bank_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_United_Football_League_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Qatar_Stars_League"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Qatar_Stars_League"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Saudi_Professional_League"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Saudi_Professional_League"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_S.League"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Sri_Lanka_Football_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Syrian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Syrian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Tajik_League"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Thai_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Turkmenistan_League"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UAE_Pro-League"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_UAE_Pro-League"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Uzbek_League"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_V-League"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Yemeni_League"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Bahraini_King%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Shield '09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Hong_Kong_Senior_Challenge_Shield"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Hong_Kong_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Shield '10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Hong_Kong_Senior_Challenge_Shield"},{"link_name":"League Cup '10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Hong_Kong_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fed Cup '09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Indian_Federation_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fed Cup '10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Indian_Federation_Cup"},{"link_name":"Durand Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Durand_Cup"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Piala_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Hazfi_Cup"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Hazfi_Cup"},{"link_name":"Emperor's Cup '09 (final)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Emperor%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_J.League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Emperor's Cup '10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Emperor%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup '09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Jordan_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Jordan_FA_Shield"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Jordan_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Korean_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_K-League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fed Cup '09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Kuwaiti_Federation_Cup"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kuwait_Crown_Prince_Cup"},{"link_name":"Emir Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kuwait_Emir_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fed Cup '10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Kuwaiti_Federation_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup '09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Lebanese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Elite Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Lebanese_Elite_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup '10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Lebanese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Malaysia_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Malaysia_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Maldives_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"President's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_President%27s_Cup_(Maldives)"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sultan_Qaboos_Cup"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_National_Football_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_UFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Qatar_Crown_Prince_Cup"},{"link_name":"Emir Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Emir_of_Qatar_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Jassem Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sheikh_Jassem_Cup"},{"link_name":"Stars Cup '09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Qatari_Stars_Cup"},{"link_name":"Stars Cup '10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Qatari_Stars_Cup"},{"link_name":"King Cup of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_King_Cup_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Saudi_Crown_Prince_Cup"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Saudi_Crown_Prince_Cup"},{"link_name":"Singapore Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Singapore_Cup"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Singapore_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Syrian_Cup"},{"link_name":"'10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Syrian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Tajik_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Thai_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Thai_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Queen's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Queen%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Turkmenistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"Emirates Cup '09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Etisalat_Emirates_Cup"},{"link_name":"President's Cup '09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UAE_President%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Emirates Cup '10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Etisalat_Emirates_Cup"},{"link_name":"President's Cup '10–'11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_UAE_President%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Uzbekistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Vietnamese_Cup"},{"link_name":"President Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Yemeni_President_Cup"},{"link_name":"Unity Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Yemeni_Unity_Cup"},{"link_name":"'09–'10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Gulf_Club_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"AFC Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Qualifying play-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Champions_League_qualifying_play-off"},{"link_name":"Group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Champions_League_group_stage"},{"link_name":"Knockout stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Champions_League_knockout_stage"},{"link_name":"Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"AFC Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Cup"},{"link_name":"Group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Cup_group_stage"},{"link_name":"Knockout stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Cup_knockout_stage"},{"link_name":"Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"AFC President's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_President%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010 AFC Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010 Gulf Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Gulf_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2010 AFF Suzuki Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFF_Suzuki_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010 East Asian Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_East_Asian_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"2010 West Asian Football Federation Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_West_Asian_Football_Federation_Championship"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Australia_national_soccer_team_season"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_Hong_Kong_football"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Indonesia_national_football_team_results"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_Iraqi_football"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_football_team_in_2010"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Jordan_national_football_team_results"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kuwait_national_football_team_results"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Oman_national_football_team_results"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Qatar_national_football_team_results"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team_results"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lanka_national_football_team_results"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_national_football_team_results_2010"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Turkmenistan_national_football_team_results"},{"link_name":"UAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_UAE_national_football_team_results"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Uzbekistan_national_football_team_results"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Vietnam_national_football_team_results"}],"text":"Updated to match(es) played on 9 June 2010. Source: rsssf.comRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.Notes:^ As 2010 Yemeni President Cup winners.vteYemeni League2014–15 clubs\nAl-Ahli\nAl-Hilal Al-Sahili\nAl-Ittihad\nAl-Oruba\nAl-Saqr\nAl-Shula\nAl-Tilal\nAl-Wehda (Aden)\nAl-Wehda (Sana'a)\nAl Yarmuk Al Rawda\nFahman SCC\nSha'ab Hadramaut\nShaab Ibb\nShabab Al-Jeel\nSeasons\n1983–84\n1990–91\n1991–92\n1993–94\n1994–95\n1996–97\n1997–98\n1998–99\n1999–2000\n2000–01\n2001–02\n2002–03\n2003–04\n2004–05\n2005–06\n2006–07\n2007–08\n2008–09\n2009–10\n2010–11\n2011–12\n2013\n2013–14\n2014–15\n2020\n2021–22\n2023–24vte2009 in Asian Football (AFC) « 2008 2010 » Domestic leagues\nAustralia\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nBahrain\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nBangladesh\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nBhutan\nBrunei\n'09–'10\nCambodia\nChina\nChinese Taipei\nGuam\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nHong Kong\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nIndia\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nIndonesia\n'08–'09\n'09 '10\nIran\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nIraq\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nJapan\nJordan\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nKorea DPR\nKorea Republic\nKuwait\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nKyrgyzstan\nLebanon\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nMacau\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\n '09\n'09–'10\nOman\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nPakistan\nPalestine\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nQatar\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nSaudi Arabia\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkmenistan\nUAE\n'08–'09\n'09 '10\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nDomestic cups\nBahrain\nHong Kong\nLeague Cup '08–'09\nFA Cup\nShield '09–'10\nIndia\nShield\nDurand Cup\nFed Cup '09–'10\nIndonesia\nIran\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nJapan\nEmperor's Cup '08 (final)\nLeague Cup\nEmperor's Cup '09\nJordan\nFA Cup '08–'09\nShield\nFA Cup '09–'10\nKorea Republic\nFA Cup\nLeague Cup\nKuwait\nFed Cup '08–'09\nCrown Prince Cup\nEmir Cup\nFed Cup '09–'10\nLebanon\nFA Cup '08–'09\nElite Cup\nFA Cup '09–'10\nMalaysia\nFA Cup\nMalaysia Cup\nMaldives\nFA Cup\nPresident's Cup\nOman\nPakistan\nQatar\nCrown Prince Cup\nEmir Cup\nSheikh Jassem Cup\nStars Cup '09–'10\nSingapore\nSingapore Cup\nLeague Cup\nSaudi Arabia\nKing Cup of Champions\nCP Cup\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nSyria\n'08–'09\n'09–'10\nThailand\nFA Cup\nQueen's Cup\nTurkmenistan\nUAE\nEmirates Cup '08–'09\nPresident's Cup '08–'09\nEmirates Cup '09–'10\nPresident's Cup '09–'10\nRegional club competitions\nGulf Club Champions Cup\nAFC club competitions\nAFC Champions League\nQualifying play-off\nGroup stage\nKnockout stage\nFinal\nAFC Cup\nGroup stage\nKnockout stage\nFinal\nAFC President's Cupvte2010 in Asian football (AFC) « 2009 2011 » Domestic leagues\nAustralia\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nBahrain\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nBangladesh\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nBhutan\nBrunei\n'09–'10\nCambodia\nChina\nChinese Taipei\nGuam\n'09–'10\nHong Kong\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nIndia\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nIndonesia\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nIran\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nIraq\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nJapan\nJordan\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nKorea DPR\nKorea Republic\nKuwait\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nMacau\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nOman\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nPakistan\nPalestine\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nPhilippines\nQatar\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nSaudi Arabia\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\n'10–'11\nSyria\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkmenistan\nUAE\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nDomestic cups\nBahrain\nHong Kong\nShield '09–'10\nFA Cup\nShield '10–'11\nLeague Cup '10–'11\nIndia\nFed Cup '09–'10\nFed Cup '10\nDurand Cup\nIndonesia\nIran\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nJapan\nEmperor's Cup '09 (final)\nLeague Cup\nEmperor's Cup '10\nJordan\nFA Cup '09–'10\nShield\nFA Cup\nKorea Republic\nFA Cup\nLeague Cup\nKuwait\nFed Cup '09–'10\nCrown Prince Cup\nEmir Cup\nFed Cup '10–'11\nLebanon\nFA Cup '09–'10\nElite Cup\nFA Cup '10–'11\nMalaysia\nFA Cup\nMalaysia Cup\nMaldives\nFA Cup\nPresident's Cup\nOman\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nQatar\nCrown Prince Cup\nEmir Cup\nSheikh Jassem Cup\nStars Cup '09–'10\nStars Cup '10\nSaudi Arabia\nKing Cup of Champions\nCP Cup\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nSingapore\nSingapore Cup\nLeague Cup\nSyria\n'09–'10\n'10–'11\nTajikistan\nThailand\nFA Cup\nLeague Cup\nQueen's Cup\nTurkmenistan\nUAE\nEmirates Cup '09–'10\nPresident's Cup '09–'10\nEmirates Cup '10–'11\nPresident's Cup '10–'11\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nPresident Cup\nUnity Cup\nRegional club competitions\nGulf Club Champions Cup\n'09–'10\nAFC club competitions\nAFC Champions League\nQualifying play-off\nGroup stage\nKnockout stage\nFinal\nAFC Cup\n(Group stage\nKnockout stage\nFinal\nAFC President's Cup\nNational team competitions\n2010 AFC Challenge Cup\n2010 Gulf Cup of Nations\n2010 AFF Suzuki Cup\n2010 East Asian Football Championship\n2010 West Asian Football Federation Championship\nNational team results\nAustralia\nHong Kong\nIndonesia\nIraq\nJapan\nJordan\nKuwait\nOman\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTurkmenistan\nUAE\nUzbekistan\nVietnam","title":"Final standings"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%222009%E2%80%9310+Yemeni+League%22","external_links_name":"\"2009–10 Yemeni League\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%222009%E2%80%9310+Yemeni+League%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%222009%E2%80%9310+Yemeni+League%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%222009%E2%80%9310+Yemeni+League%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%222009%E2%80%9310+Yemeni+League%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%222009%E2%80%9310+Yemeni+League%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesy/yemen2010.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Nunes_de_Barbosa | Sancho Nunes de Barbosa | ["1 References","2 Notes"] | Sancho Nunes de BarbosaLord of CelanovaBorn1070Celanova, GaliciaDied1130Celanova, Galicia
Sancho Nunes de Barbosa, Lord of Celanova (1070–1130) was a Galician nobleman.
He was the son of Nuño Velázquez, Count of Celanova, and Sancha Gomes. Sancho was married to Sancha Henriques, daughter of Henry, Count of Portugal. However, some sources state that his wife was Teresa Afonso, possible daughter of Afonso I of Portugal.
With Sancha Henriques he had the following issue:
Urraca Sanches, married Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa «o Bom»;
Vasco Sanches, married firstly Berengária and secondly Urraca Viegas de Ribadouro;
Fruilhe Sanches, married Pedro Fernandes de Bragança;
Nuno Sanches, married Teresa Álvares de Soverosa.
References
^ Aristocratic and royal ancestors of Jane Harry - Volumen1. Leslie Ray Tucker. 1991.
^ Livros de linhagens, Volumen2. Eds. Biblion, 1937. 1937.
^ Catalogo chronologico, historico, genealogico e critico. José Barbosa -. 1727. p. 4. Sancho Nuñez de Barbosa Sancha Henriques.
^ História de Portugal - Volumen1. Fortunato de Almeida. 1922.
^ López Morán, Enriqueta. "Galician female monasticism in the Early Middle Ages (Lugo and Orense) (13th to 15th centuries)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-06. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
^ Mattoso, José (1982). Ricos-homens, infançoes e cavaleiros: a nobreza portuguesa nos séculos XI e XII. Lisboa: Gimarães & C.a. Editores. pp. 124 and 125.
^ Martins Ferreira, João Paulo (2019). A nobreza galego-portuguesa da Diocese de Tui (915-1381). Santiago de Compostela. pp. 280 and 302. ISBN 978-84-00-10570-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Notes
^ Historian Enriqueta López Morán adds other children that are not mentioned in Portuguese or primary sources. The alleged children are: Maria Sanches, abbess of the monastery of San Salvador de Sobrado de Trives, from December 1175 to April 1189; Gil Sanches; Fernando Sanches and Teresa Sanches. However, in the document mentioned by López Morán, Maria Sanches identifies herself as Sancho Nunes' relative not his daughter.
This article about a Portuguese politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article of a European noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article related to the military of Portugal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celanova"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Henry, Count of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry,_Count_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Afonso I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Mendes_de_Sousa"},{"link_name":"Vasco Sanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velasco_S%C3%A1nchez"}],"text":"Sancho Nunes de Barbosa, Lord of Celanova (1070–1130) was a Galician nobleman.[1]He was the son of Nuño Velázquez, Count of Celanova, and Sancha Gomes.[2] Sancho was married to Sancha Henriques, daughter of Henry, Count of Portugal.[3] However, some sources state that his wife was Teresa Afonso, possible daughter of Afonso I of Portugal.[4]With Sancha Henriques he had the following issue:[a][6][7]Urraca Sanches, married Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa «o Bom»;\nVasco Sanches, married firstly Berengária and secondly Urraca Viegas de Ribadouro;\nFruilhe Sanches, married Pedro Fernandes de Bragança;\nNuno Sanches, married Teresa Álvares de Soverosa.","title":"Sancho Nunes de Barbosa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_personal.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sancho_Nunes_de_Barbosa&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Portugal-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Portugal-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal-politician-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sancho_Nunes_de_Barbosa&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe-noble-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe-noble-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe-noble-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army-personnel-icon.png"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sancho_Nunes_de_Barbosa&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Portugal-mil-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Portugal-mil-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal-mil-bio-stub"}],"text":"^ Historian Enriqueta López Morán adds other children that are not mentioned in Portuguese or primary sources. The alleged children are: Maria Sanches, abbess of the monastery of San Salvador de Sobrado de Trives, from December 1175 to April 1189; Gil Sanches; Fernando Sanches and Teresa Sanches. However, in the document mentioned by López Morán, Maria Sanches identifies herself as Sancho Nunes' relative not his daughter.[5]This article about a Portuguese politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis biographical article of a European noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis biographical article related to the military of Portugal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Aristocratic and royal ancestors of Jane Harry - Volumen1. Leslie Ray Tucker. 1991.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kaFRAAAAMAAJ&q=Sancho+Nu%C3%B1ez+de+Barbosa","url_text":"Aristocratic and royal ancestors of Jane Harry - Volumen1"}]},{"reference":"Livros de linhagens, Volumen2. Eds. Biblion, 1937. 1937.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DVu-BTxmRKcC&q=Sancho+Nunes+de+Barbosa","url_text":"Livros de linhagens, Volumen2"}]},{"reference":"Catalogo chronologico, historico, genealogico e critico. José Barbosa -. 1727. p. 4. Sancho Nuñez de Barbosa Sancha Henriques.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/catalogochronol00barbgoog","url_text":"Catalogo chronologico, historico, genealogico e critico"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/catalogochronol00barbgoog/page/n40","url_text":"4"}]},{"reference":"História de Portugal - Volumen1. Fortunato de Almeida. 1922.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ulITAAAAQAAJ&q=Sancho+Nu%C3%B1ez+de+Barbosa+Teresa+Afonso","url_text":"História de Portugal - Volumen1"}]},{"reference":"López Morán, Enriqueta. \"Galician female monasticism in the Early Middle Ages (Lugo and Orense) (13th to 15th centuries)\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-06. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110206013713/http://www.estudioshistoricos.com/revista/nalgures2.pdf","url_text":"\"Galician female monasticism in the Early Middle Ages (Lugo and Orense) (13th to 15th centuries)\""},{"url":"http://www.estudioshistoricos.com/revista/nalgures2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mattoso, José (1982). Ricos-homens, infançoes e cavaleiros: a nobreza portuguesa nos séculos XI e XII. Lisboa: Gimarães & C.a. Editores. pp. 124 and 125.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martins Ferreira, João Paulo (2019). A nobreza galego-portuguesa da Diocese de Tui (915-1381). Santiago de Compostela. pp. 280 and 302. ISBN 978-84-00-10570-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-10570-9","url_text":"978-84-00-10570-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kaFRAAAAMAAJ&q=Sancho+Nu%C3%B1ez+de+Barbosa","external_links_name":"Aristocratic and royal ancestors of Jane Harry - Volumen1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DVu-BTxmRKcC&q=Sancho+Nunes+de+Barbosa","external_links_name":"Livros de linhagens, Volumen2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/catalogochronol00barbgoog","external_links_name":"Catalogo chronologico, historico, genealogico e critico"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/catalogochronol00barbgoog/page/n40","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ulITAAAAQAAJ&q=Sancho+Nu%C3%B1ez+de+Barbosa+Teresa+Afonso","external_links_name":"História de Portugal - Volumen1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110206013713/http://www.estudioshistoricos.com/revista/nalgures2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Galician female monasticism in the Early Middle Ages (Lugo and Orense) (13th to 15th centuries)\""},{"Link":"http://www.estudioshistoricos.com/revista/nalgures2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sancho_Nunes_de_Barbosa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sancho_Nunes_de_Barbosa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sancho_Nunes_de_Barbosa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinging_Safari_(film) | Swinging Safari (film) | ["1 Cast","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"] | 2018 Australian filmSwinging SafariTheatrical film posterDirected byStephan ElliottWritten byStephan ElliottProduced byAl ClarkJamie HiltonStarringGuy PearceKylie MinogueRadha MitchellJulian McMahonAsher KeddieJeremy SimsAtticus RobbDarcey WilsonJack ThompsonNarrated byRichard RoxburghCinematographyBrad ShieldEdited bySue BlaineyLaurie HughesAnnette DaveyMusic byGuy GrossProductioncompaniesScreen AustraliaPiccadilly PicturesSQN CapitalScreen QueenslandScreen NSWCutting EdgeWildheart FilmsSee PicturesDistributed byBecker Film GroupRelease date
January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
Running time97 minutesCountryAustraliaLanguageEnglishBox office$1.2 million
Swinging Safari is a 2018 Australian comedy-drama film starring Guy Pearce, Kylie Minogue, Radha Mitchell, Julian McMahon, Asher Keddie, and Jeremy Sims. It was written and directed by Stephan Elliott, most famous for his work on the film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, released in 1994. Swinging Safari was released in Australia on 18 January 2018, with international territories following later in the year.
Originally titled Flammable Children, the final title references the 1962 global hit "A Swingin' Safari" by Bert Kaempfert. The tune is heard on the soundtrack and its album cover is seen on screen during the film.
Cast
Hall Family
Guy Pearce as Keith Hall
Kylie Minogue as Kaye Hall
Jesse Denyer as Gerome Hall
Jacob Kotan as Andrew Hall
Alex Kotan as Damien Hall
Chelsea Jamieson as Liz Hall
Ava Taylor as Keira Hall
Jones Family
Radha Mitchell as Jo Jones
Julian McMahon as Rick Jones
Darcey Wilson as Melly Jones
Imogen Hess as Young Melly
Ethan Robinson as Liam Jones
James Calder as Cal Jones
Marsh Family
Asher Keddie as Gale Marsh
Jeremy Sims as Bob Marsh
Atticus Robb as Jeff Marsh
Richard Roxburgh as Adult Jeff (The Narrator)
Oscar Bailey as Young Jeff
Chelsea Glaw as Bec Marsh
Other characters
Jack Thompson as The Mayor
Jacob Elordi as Rooster
Drew Jarvis as Jehovah's Witness
Sebastien Golenko as Dog
Monette Lee as Mrs. Wilson
Marcus Guinane as Mr. Logan
Caleb Monk as Nigel Frost
Renaud Jadin as Dave
Stephan Elliott as Cop (uncredited)
Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Swinging Safari has an approval rating of 75%, based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Swinging Safari gathers an entertaining ensemble to offer audiences a messy yet ultimately endearing comedy rich with period detail."
References
^ "Swinging Safari (2018)". boxofficemojo.com.
^ Maddox, Gary. "Flammable Children stars Kylie Minogue and Guy Pearce as we've never seen them". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
^ Johnson, Travis. "Flammable Children is Now Called Swinging Safari". Film Ink.
^ "First look: Kylie Minogue, Guy Pearce ignite 'Flammable Children'". screendaily.com. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
^ Barraclough, Leo. "WestEnd Nabs Stephan Elliott's 'Flammable Children,' Starring Guy Pearce (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
^ "Flammable Children (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
External links
Swinging Safari at IMDb
Swinging Safari at Rotten Tomatoes
Swinging Safari at Metacritic
vteFilms directed by Stephan Elliott
Frauds (1993)
The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994)
Welcome to Woop Woop (1997)
Eye of the Beholder (1999)
Easy Virtue (2008)
A Few Best Men (2011)
Swinging Safari (2018)
This article related to an Australian film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy-drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_drama"},{"link_name":"Guy Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Radha Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Julian McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Asher Keddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher_Keddie"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Sims"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stephan Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Elliott"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Priscilla,_Queen_of_the_Desert"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"A Swingin' Safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Swingin%27_Safari"},{"link_name":"Bert Kaempfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Kaempfert"}],"text":"2018 Australian filmSwinging Safari is a 2018 Australian comedy-drama film starring Guy Pearce, Kylie Minogue, Radha Mitchell, Julian McMahon, Asher Keddie, and Jeremy Sims.[2] It was written and directed by Stephan Elliott, most famous for his work on the film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, released in 1994.[3] Swinging Safari was released in Australia on 18 January 2018, with international territories following later in the year.[4]Originally titled Flammable Children,[5] the final title references the 1962 global hit \"A Swingin' Safari\" by Bert Kaempfert. The tune is heard on the soundtrack and its album cover is seen on screen during the film.","title":"Swinging Safari (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Radha Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Julian McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Darcey Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcey_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Asher Keddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher_Keddie"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Sims"},{"link_name":"Richard Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Roxburgh"},{"link_name":"Jack Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Thompson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jacob Elordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Elordi"},{"link_name":"Drew Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Stephan Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Elliott"}],"text":"Hall Family\n\nGuy Pearce as Keith Hall\nKylie Minogue as Kaye Hall\nJesse Denyer as Gerome Hall\nJacob Kotan as Andrew Hall\nAlex Kotan as Damien Hall\nChelsea Jamieson as Liz Hall\nAva Taylor as Keira Hall\nJones Family\n\nRadha Mitchell as Jo Jones\nJulian McMahon as Rick Jones\nDarcey Wilson as Melly Jones\nImogen Hess as Young Melly\nEthan Robinson as Liam Jones\nJames Calder as Cal Jones\nMarsh Family\n\nAsher Keddie as Gale Marsh\nJeremy Sims as Bob Marsh\nAtticus Robb as Jeff Marsh\nRichard Roxburgh as Adult Jeff (The Narrator)\nOscar Bailey as Young Jeff\nChelsea Glaw as Bec Marsh\nOther characters\n\nJack Thompson as The Mayor\nJacob Elordi as Rooster\nDrew Jarvis as Jehovah's Witness\nSebastien Golenko as Dog\nMonette Lee as Mrs. Wilson\nMarcus Guinane as Mr. Logan\nCaleb Monk as Nigel Frost\nRenaud Jadin as Dave\nStephan Elliott as Cop (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Swinging Safari has an approval rating of 75%, based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critics consensus reads: \"Swinging Safari gathers an entertaining ensemble to offer audiences a messy yet ultimately endearing comedy rich with period detail.\"[6]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Swinging Safari (2018)\". boxofficemojo.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fSWINGINGSAFARI01&country=AU&wk=2018W3&id=_fSWINGINGSAFARI01&p=.htm","url_text":"\"Swinging Safari (2018)\""}]},{"reference":"Maddox, Gary. \"Flammable Children stars Kylie Minogue and Guy Pearce as we've never seen them\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/flammable-children-stars-kylie-minogue-and-guy-pearce-as-weve-never-seen-them-20170216-gue3zr.html","url_text":"\"Flammable Children stars Kylie Minogue and Guy Pearce as we've never seen them\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Travis. \"Flammable Children is Now Called Swinging Safari\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videogaming | Video game | ["1 Origins","2 Terminology","2.1 Definition","2.2 Video game terminology","3 Components","3.1 Platform","3.2 Game media","3.3 Input device","3.4 Display and output","4 Classifications","4.1 Genre","4.2 Mode","4.3 Types","4.4 Content rating","5 Development","5.1 Game theory and studies","5.2 Intellectual property for video games","6 Industry","6.1 History","6.2 Industry roles","6.3 Major regional markets","6.4 Game sales","7 Effects on society","7.1 Culture","7.2 Beneficial uses","7.3 Controversies","8 Collecting and preservation","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"] | Electronic game with user interface and visual feedback
"Video Games" redirects here. For other uses, see Video Games (disambiguation).
"Computer game" redirects here. For games played on personal computers, see PC game. For other uses, see Computer game (disambiguation).
First-generation Pong console at the Computerspielemuseum Berlin
Video games
Platforms
Arcade video game
Console game
Game console
Home console
Handheld console
Electronic game
Audio game
Electronic handheld
Online game
Browser game
Social-network game
Mobile game
PC game
Linux
Mac
Virtual reality game
Genres
Action
Shooter
Action-adventure
Adventure
Casual
Puzzle
Role-playing
Simulation
Sports
Racing
Strategy
Lists
Arcade games
highest-grossing
Best-selling games
franchises
Longest-running franchises
Most-played mobile games
Games considered the best
Game of the Year
soundtracks
Negative reception
Cancelled games
Development
Producer
Developer
Designer
Artist
Programmer
Design
Level design
Programming
Engine
AI
Graphics
Music
Testing
vte
A video game or computer game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device (such as a joystick, controller, keyboard, or motion sensing device) to generate visual feedback from a display device, most commonly shown in a video format on a television set, computer monitor, flat-panel display or touchscreen on handheld devices, or a virtual reality headset. Most modern video games are audiovisual, with audio complement delivered through speakers or headphones, and sometimes also with other types of sensory feedback (e.g., haptic technology that provides tactile sensations). Some video games also allow microphone and webcam inputs for in-game chatting and livestreaming.
Video games are typically categorized according to their hardware platform, which traditionally includes arcade video games, console games, and computer (PC) games; the latter also encompasses LAN games, online games, and browser games. More recently, the video game industry has expanded onto mobile gaming through mobile devices (such as smartphones and tablet computers), virtual and augmented reality systems, and remote cloud gaming. Video games are also classified into a wide range of genres based on their style of gameplay and target audience.
The first video game prototypes in the 1950s and 1960s were simple extensions of electronic games using video-like output from large, room-sized mainframe computers. The first consumer video game was the arcade video game Computer Space in 1971. In 1972 came the iconic hit game Pong and the first home console, the Magnavox Odyssey. The industry grew quickly during the "golden age" of arcade video games from the late 1970s to early 1980s but suffered from the crash of the North American video game market in 1983 due to loss of publishing control and saturation of the market. Following the crash, the industry matured, was dominated by Japanese companies such as Nintendo, Sega, and Sony, and established practices and methods around the development and distribution of video games to prevent a similar crash in the future, many of which continue to be followed. In the 2000s, the core industry centered on "AAA" games, leaving little room for riskier experimental games. Coupled with the availability of the Internet and digital distribution, this gave room for independent video game development (or "indie games") to gain prominence into the 2010s. Since then, the commercial importance of the video game industry has been increasing. The emerging Asian markets and proliferation of smartphone games in particular are altering player demographics towards casual gaming and increasing monetization by incorporating games as a service.
Today, video game development requires numerous interdisciplinary skills, vision, teamwork, and liaisons between different parties, including developers, publishers, distributors, retailers, hardware manufacturers, and other marketers, to successfully bring a game to its consumers. As of 2020, the global video game market had estimated annual revenues of US$159 billion across hardware, software, and services, which is three times the size of the global music industry and four times that of the film industry in 2019, making it a formidable heavyweight across the modern entertainment industry. The video game market is also a major influence behind the electronics industry, where personal computer component, console, and peripheral sales, as well as consumer demands for better game performance, have been powerful driving factors for hardware design and innovation.
Origins
Main articles: History of video games and Early history of video games
Further information: History of arcade video games
Tennis for Two (1958), an early analog computer game that used an oscilloscope for a display
Early video games use interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a "cathode-ray tube amusement device" was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U.S. Patent 2455992. Inspired by radar display technology, it consists of an analog device allowing a user to control the parabolic arc of a dot on the screen to simulate a missile being fired at targets, which are paper drawings fixed to the screen. Other early examples include Christopher Strachey's draughts game, the Nimrod computer at the 1951 Festival of Britain; OXO, a tic-tac-toe computer game by Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC in 1952; Tennis for Two, an electronic interactive game engineered by William Higinbotham in 1958; and Spacewar!, written by Massachusetts Institute of Technology students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanen's on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961. Each game has different means of display: NIMROD has a panel of lights to play the game of Nim, OXO has a graphical display to play tic-tac-toe, Tennis for Two has an oscilloscope to display a side view of a tennis court, and Spacewar! has the DEC PDP-1's vector display to have two spaceships battle each other.
Ralph H. Baer in 2009Nolan Bushnell in 2013
These preliminary inventions paved the way for the origins of video games today. Ralph H. Baer, while working at Sanders Associates in 1966, devised a control system to play a rudimentary game of table tennis on a television screen. With the company's approval, Baer built the prototype "Brown Box". Sanders patented Baer's inventions and licensed them to Magnavox, which commercialized it as the first home video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey, released in 1972. Separately, Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, inspired by seeing Spacewar! running at Stanford University, devised a similar version running in a smaller coin-operated arcade cabinet using a less expensive computer. This was released as Computer Space, the first arcade video game, in 1971. Bushnell and Dabney went on to form Atari, Inc., and with Allan Alcorn, created their second arcade game in 1972, the hit ping pong-style Pong, which was directly inspired by the table tennis game on the Odyssey. Sanders and Magnavox sued Atari for infringement of Baer's patents, but Atari settled out of court, paying for perpetual rights to the patents. Following their agreement, Atari made a home version of Pong, which was released by Christmas 1975. The success of the Odyssey and Pong, both as an arcade game and home machine, launched the video game industry. Both Baer and Bushnell have been titled "Father of Video Games" for their contributions.
Terminology
The term "video game" was developed to distinguish this class of electronic games that were played on some type of video display rather than on a teletype printer, audio speaker or similar device. This also distinguished from many handheld electronic games like Merlin which commonly used LED lights for indicators but did not use these in combination for imaging purposes.
"Computer game" may also be used as a descriptor, as all these types of games essentially require the use of a computer processor, and in some cases, it is used interchangeably with "video game". Particularly in the United Kingdom and Western Europe, this is common due to the historic relevance of domestically produced microcomputers. Other terms used include digital game, for example by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. However, the term "computer game" can also be used to more specifically refer to games played primarily on personal computers or other type of flexible hardware systems (also known as a PC game), as a way distinguish them from console games, arcade games or mobile games. Other terms such as "television game" or "telegame" had been used in the 1970s and early 1980s, particularly for the home gaming consoles that rely on connection to a television set. In Japan, where consoles like the Odyssey were first imported and then made within the country by the large television manufacturers such as Toshiba and Sharp Corporation, such games are known as "TV games", or TV geemu or terebi geemu. "Electronic game" may also be used to refer to video games, but this also incorporates devices like early handheld electronic games that lack any video output. and the term "TV game" is still commonly used into the 21st century.
The first appearance of the term "video game" emerged around 1973. The Oxford English Dictionary cited a 10 November 1973 BusinessWeek article as the first printed use of the term. Though Bushnell believed the term came from a vending magazine review of Computer Space in 1971, a review of the major vending magazines Vending Times and Cashbox showed that the term came much earlier, appearing first around March 1973 in these magazines in mass usage including by the arcade game manufacturers. As analyzed by video game historian Keith Smith, the sudden appearance suggested that the term had been proposed and readily adopted by those involved. This appeared to trace to Ed Adlum, who ran Cashbox's coin-operated section until 1972 and then later founded RePlay Magazine, covering the coin-op amusement field, in 1975. In a September 1982 issue of RePlay, Adlum is credited with first naming these games as "video games": "RePlay's Eddie Adlum worked at 'Cash Box' when 'TV games' first came out. The personalities in those days were Bushnell, his sales manager Pat Karns and a handful of other 'TV game' manufacturers like Henry Leyser and the McEwan brothers. It seemed awkward to call their products 'TV games', so borrowing a word from Billboard's description of movie jukeboxes, Adlum started to refer to this new breed of amusement machine as 'video games.' The phrase stuck." Adlum explained in 1985 that up until the early 1970s, amusement arcades typically had non-video arcade games such as pinball machines and electro-mechanical games. With the arrival of video games in arcades during the early 1970s, there was initially some confusion in the arcade industry over what term should be used to describe the new games. He "wrestled with descriptions of this type of game," alternating between "TV game" and "television game" but "finally woke up one day" and said, "what the hell... video game!"
For many years, the traveling Videotopia exhibit served as the closest representation of such a vital resource. In addition to collecting home video game consoles, the Electronics Conservancy organization set out to locate and restore 400 antique arcade cabinets after realizing that the majority of these games had been destroyed and feared the loss of their historical significance. Video games have significantly began to be seen in the real-world as a purpose to present history in a way of understanding the methodology and terms that are being compared. Researchers have looked at how historical representations affect how the public perceives the past, and digital humanists encourage historians to use video games as primary materials. Video games, considering their past and age, have over time progressed as what a video game really means. Whether played through a monitor, TV, or a hand-held device, there are many ways that video games are being displayed for users to enjoy. People have drawn comparisons between flow-state-engaged video gamers and pupils in conventional school settings. In traditional, teacher-led classrooms, students have little say in what they learn, are passive consumers of the information selected by teachers, are required to follow the pace and skill level of the group (group teaching), and receive brief, imprecise, normative feedback on their work. Video games, as they continue to develop into better graphic definition and genre's, create new terminology when something unknown tends to become known. Yearly, consoles are being created to compete against other brands with similar functioning features that tends to lead the consumer into which they'd like to purchase. Now, companies have moved towards games only the specific console can play to grasp the consumer into purchasing their product compared to when video games first began, there was little to no variety. In 1989, a console war begun with Nintendo, one of the biggest in gaming was up against target, Sega with their brand new Master System which, failed to compete, allowing the Nintendo Emulator System to be one of the most consumed product in the world. More technology continued to be created, as the computer began to be used in people's houses for more than just office and daily use. Games began being implemented into computers and have progressively grown since then with coded robots to play against you. Early games like tic-tac-toe, solitaire, and Tennis for Two were great ways to bring new gaming to another system rather than one specifically meant for gaming.
Definition
While many games readily fall into a clear, well-understood definition of video games, new genres and innovations in game development have raised the question of what are the essential factors of a video game that separate the medium from other forms of entertainment.
The introduction of interactive films in the 1980s with games like Dragon's Lair, featured games with full motion video played off a form of media but only limited user interaction. This had required a means to distinguish these games from more traditional board games that happen to also use external media, such as the Clue VCR Mystery Game which required players to watch VCR clips between turns. To distinguish between these two, video games are considered to require some interactivity that affects the visual display.
Most video games tend to feature some type of victory or winning conditions, such as a scoring mechanism or a final boss fight. The introduction of walking simulators (adventure games that allow for exploration but lack any objectives) like Gone Home, and empathy games (video games that tend to focus on emotion) like That Dragon, Cancer brought the idea of games that did not have any such type of winning condition and raising the question of whether these were actually games. These are still commonly justified as video games as they provide a game world that the player can interact with by some means.
The lack of any industry definition for a video game by 2021 was an issue during the case Epic Games v. Apple which dealt with video games offered on Apple's iOS App Store. Among concerns raised were games like Fortnite Creative and Roblox which created metaverses of interactive experiences, and whether the larger game and the individual experiences themselves were games or not in relation to fees that Apple charged for the App Store. Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, recognizing that there was yet an industry standard definition for a video game, established for her ruling that "At a bare minimum, video games appear to require some level of interactivity or involvement between the player and the medium" compared to passive entertainment like film, music, and television, and "videogames are also generally graphically rendered or animated, as opposed to being recorded live or via motion capture as in films or television". Rogers still concluded that what is a video game "appears highly eclectic and diverse".
Video game terminology
See also: Glossary of video game terms
Freedoom, a clone of the first-person shooter Doom. Common elements include a heads-up display along the bottom that includes the player's remaining health and ammunition.
The gameplay experience varies radically between video games, but many common elements exist. Most games will launch into a title screen and give the player a chance to review options such as the number of players before starting a game. Most games are divided into levels which the player must work the avatar through, scoring points, collecting power-ups to boost the avatar's innate attributes, all while either using special attacks to defeat enemies or moves to avoid them. This information is relayed to the player through a type of on-screen user interface such as a heads-up display atop the rendering of the game itself. Taking damage will deplete their avatar's health, and if that falls to zero or if the avatar otherwise falls into an impossible-to-escape location, the player will lose one of their lives. Should they lose all their lives without gaining an extra life or "1-UP", then the player will reach the "game over" screen. Many levels as well as the game's finale end with a type of boss character the player must defeat to continue on. In some games, intermediate points between levels will offer save points where the player can create a saved game on storage media to restart the game should they lose all their lives or need to stop the game and restart at a later time. These also may be in the form of a passage that can be written down and reentered at the title screen.
Product flaws include software bugs which can manifest as glitches which may be exploited by the player; this is often the foundation of speedrunning a video game. These bugs, along with cheat codes, Easter eggs, and other hidden secrets that were intentionally added to the game can also be exploited. On some consoles, cheat cartridges allow players to execute these cheat codes, and user-developed trainers allow similar bypassing for computer software games. Both of which might make the game easier, give the player additional power-ups, or change the appearance of the game.
Components
Arcade video game machines at the Sugoi arcade game hall in Malmi, Helsinki, Finland
To distinguish from electronic games, a video game is generally considered to require a platform, the hardware which contains computing elements, to process player interaction from some type of input device and displays the results to a video output display.
Platform
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Video games require a platform, a specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware and associated software, to operate. The term system is also commonly used. These platforms may include multiple brandsheld by platform holders, such as Nintendo or Sony, seeking to gain larger market shares. Games are typically designed to be played on one or a limited number of platforms, and exclusivity to a platform or brand is used by platform holders as a competitive edge in the video game market. However, games may be developed for alternative platforms than intended, which are described as ports or conversions. These also may be remasters - where most of the original game's source code is reused and art assets, models, and game levels are updated for modern systems – and remakes, where in addition to asset improvements, significant reworking of the original game and possibly from scratch is performed.
The list below is not exhaustive and excludes other electronic devices capable of playing video games such as PDAs and graphing calculators.
PC games
PC games involve a player interacting with a personal computer (PC) connected to a video monitor. Personal computers are not dedicated game platforms, so there may be differences running the same game on different hardware. Also, the openness allows some features to developers like reduced software cost, increased flexibility, increased innovation, emulation, creation of modifications or mods, open hosting for online gaming (in which a person plays a video game with people who are in a different household) and others. A gaming computer is a PC or laptop intended specifically for gaming, typically using high-performance, high-cost components. In additional to personal computer gaming, there also exist games that work on mainframe computers and other similarly shared systems, with users logging in remotely to use the computer.
Home console
The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling video game console, with over 155 million units sold.A console game is played on a home console, a specialized electronic device that connects to a common television set or composite video monitor. Home consoles are specifically designed to play games using a dedicated hardware environment, giving developers a concrete hardware target for development and assurances of what features will be available, simplifying development compared to PC game development. Usually consoles only run games developed for it, or games from other platform made by the same company, but never games developed by its direct competitor, even if the same game is available on different platforms. It often comes with a specific game controller. Major console platforms include Xbox, PlayStation and Nintendo.
Handheld console
A handheld game console is a small, self-contained electronic device that is portable and can be held in a user's hands. It features the console, a small screen, speakers and buttons, joystick or other game controllers in a single unit. Like consoles, handhelds are dedicated platforms, and share almost the same characteristics. Handheld hardware usually is less powerful than PC or console hardware. Some handheld games from the late 1970s and early 1980s could only play one game. In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of handheld games used cartridges, which enabled them to be used to play many different games. The handheld console has waned in the 2010s as mobile device gaming has become a more dominant factor.
Arcade video game
A police-themed arcade game in which players use a light gun An arcade video game generally refers to a game played on an even more specialized type of electronic device that is typically designed to play only one game and is encased in a special, large coin-operated cabinet which has one built-in console, controllers (joystick, buttons, etc.), a CRT screen, and audio amplifier and speakers. Arcade games often have brightly painted logos and images relating to the theme of the game. While most arcade games are housed in a vertical cabinet, which the user typically stands in front of to play, some arcade games use a tabletop approach, in which the display screen is housed in a table-style cabinet with a see-through table top. With table-top games, the users typically sit to play. In the 1990s and 2000s, some arcade games offered players a choice of multiple games. In the 1980s, video arcades were businesses in which game players could use a number of arcade video games. In the 2010s, there are far fewer video arcades, but some movie theaters and family entertainment centers still have them.
Browser game
A browser game takes advantages of standardizations of technologies for the functionality of web browsers across multiple devices providing a cross-platform environment. These games may be identified based on the website that they appear, such as with Miniclip games. Others are named based on the programming platform used to develop them, such as Java and Flash games.
Mobile game
With the introduction of smartphones and tablet computers standardized on the iOS and Android operating systems, mobile gaming has become a significant platform. These games may use unique features of mobile devices that are not necessary present on other platforms, such as accelerometers, global positioning information and camera devices to support augmented reality gameplay.
Cloud gaming
Cloud gaming requires a minimal hardware device, such as a basic computer, console, laptop, mobile phone or even a dedicated hardware device connected to a display with good Internet connectivity that connects to hardware systems by the cloud gaming provider. The game is computed and rendered on the remote hardware, using a number of predictive methods to reduce the network latency between player input and output on their display device. For example, the Xbox Cloud Gaming and PlayStation Now platforms use dedicated custom server blade hardware in cloud computing centers.
Virtual reality
Players using the PlayStation VR headsets in 2017 Virtual reality (VR) games generally require players to use a special head-mounted unit that provides stereoscopic screens and motion tracking to immerse a player within virtual environment that responds to their head movements. Some VR systems include control units for the player's hands as to provide a direct way to interact with the virtual world. VR systems generally require a separate computer, console, or other processing device that couples with the head-mounted unit.
Emulation
An emulator enables games from a console or otherwise different system to be run in a type of virtual machine on a modern system, simulating the hardware of the original and allows old games to be played. While emulators themselves have been found to be legal in United States case law, the act of obtaining the game software that one does not already own may violate copyrights. However, there are some official releases of emulated software from game manufacturers, such as Nintendo with its Virtual Console or Nintendo Switch Online offerings.
Backward compatibility
Backward compatibility is similar in nature to emulation in that older games can be played on newer platforms, but typically directly though hardware and build-in software within the platform. The PlayStation 2 popularized the trend of having the capability of playing past generation games from the PlayStation 1 simply by inserting the original game media into the newer console, while Nintendo's Wii could play GameCube titles as well in the same manner.
Game media
An unlabeled game cartridge for the Nintendo Entertainment System
Early arcade games, home consoles, and handheld games were dedicated hardware units with the game's logic built into the electronic componentry of the hardware. Since then, most video game platforms are considered programmable, having means to read and play multiple games distributed on different types of media or formats. Physical formats include ROM cartridges, magnetic storage including magnetic-tape data storage and floppy discs, optical media formats including CD-ROM and DVDs, and flash memory cards. Furthermore digital distribution over the Internet or other communication methods as well as cloud gaming alleviate the need for any physical media. In some cases, the media serves as the direct read-only memory for the game, or it may be the form of installation media that is used to write the main assets to the player's platform's local storage for faster loading periods and later updates.
Games can be extended with new content and software patches through either expansion packs which are typically available as physical media, or as downloadable content nominally available via digital distribution. These can be offered freely or can be used to monetize a game following its initial release. Several games offer players the ability to create user-generated content to share with others to play. Other games, mostly those on personal computers, can be extended with user-created modifications or mods that alter or add onto the game; these often are unofficial and were developed by players from reverse engineering of the game, but other games provide official support for modding the game.
Input device
Main article: Game controller
A North American Super NES game controller from the early 1990s
Video game can use several types of input devices to translate human actions to a game. Most common are the use of game controllers like gamepads and joysticks for most consoles, and as accessories for personal computer systems along keyboard and mouse controls. Common controls on the most recent controllers include face buttons, shoulder triggers, analog sticks, and directional pads ("d-pads"). Consoles typically include standard controllers which are shipped or bundled with the console itself, while peripheral controllers are available as a separate purchase from the console manufacturer or third-party vendors. Similar control sets are built into handheld consoles and onto arcade cabinets. Newer technology improvements have incorporated additional technology into the controller or the game platform, such as touchscreens and motion detection sensors that give more options for how the player interacts with the game. Specialized controllers may be used for certain genres of games, including racing wheels, light guns and dance pads. Digital cameras and motion detection can capture movements of the player as input into the game, which can, in some cases, effectively eliminate the control, and on other systems such as virtual reality, are used to enhance immersion into the game.
Display and output
Main article: Video game graphics
Handheld units, like the Game Boy, include built-in output screens and sound speakers.
By definition, all video games are intended to output graphics to an external video display, such as cathode-ray tube televisions, newer liquid-crystal display (LCD) televisions and built-in screens, projectors or computer monitors, depending on the type of platform the game is played on. Features such as color depth, refresh rate, frame rate, and screen resolution are a combination of the limitations of the game platform and display device and the program efficiency of the game itself. The game's output can range from fixed displays using LED or LCD elements, text-based games, two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphics, and augmented reality displays.
The game's graphics are often accompanied by sound produced by internal speakers on the game platform or external speakers attached to the platform, as directed by the game's programming. This often will include sound effects tied to the player's actions to provide audio feedback, as well as background music for the game.
Some platforms support additional feedback mechanics to the player that a game can take advantage of. This is most commonly haptic technology built into the game controller, such as causing the controller to shake in the player's hands to simulate a shaking earthquake occurring in game.
Classifications
Video games are frequently classified by a number of factors related to how one plays them.
Genre
Main article: Video game genre
See also: Gameplay
Dustforce is representative of the platform game genre as its gameplay involves jumping between platforms.
A video game, like most other forms of media, may be categorized into genres. However, unlike film or television which use visual or narrative elements, video games are generally categorized into genres based on their gameplay interaction, since this is the primary means which one interacts with a video game. The narrative setting does not impact gameplay; a shooter game is still a shooter game, regardless of whether it takes place in a fantasy world or in outer space. An exception is the horror game genre, used for games that are based on narrative elements of horror fiction, the supernatural, and psychological horror.
Genre names are normally self-describing in terms of the type of gameplay, such as action game, role playing game, or shoot 'em up, though some genres have derivations from influential works that have defined that genre, such as roguelikes from Rogue, Grand Theft Auto clones from Grand Theft Auto III, and battle royale games from the film Battle Royale. The names may shift over time as players, developers and the media come up with new terms; for example, first-person shooters were originally called "Doom clones" based on the 1993 game. A hierarchy of game genres exist, with top-level genres like "shooter game" and "action game" that broadly capture the game's main gameplay style, and several subgenres of specific implementation, such as within the shooter game first-person shooter and third-person shooter. Some cross-genre types also exist that fall until multiple top-level genres such as action-adventure game.
Mode
A LAN party at the 2004 DreamHack with hundreds of players
A video game's mode describes how many players can use the game at the same type. This is primarily distinguished by single-player video games and multiplayer video games. Within the latter category, multiplayer games can be played in a variety of ways, including locally at the same device, on separate devices connected through a local network such as LAN parties, or online via separate Internet connections. Most multiplayer games are based on competitive gameplay, but many offer cooperative and team-based options as well as asymmetric gameplay. Online games use server structures that can also enable massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) to support hundreds of players at the same time.
A small number of video games are zero-player games, in which the player has very limited interaction with the game itself. These are most commonly simulation games where the player may establish a starting state and then let the game proceed on its own, watching the results as a passive observer, such as with many computerized simulations of Conway's Game of Life.
Types
Most video games are intended for entertainment purposes. Different game types include:
Core games
Core or hard-core games refer to the typical perception of video games, developed for entertainment purposes. These games typically require a fair amount of time to learn and master, in contrast to casual games, and thus are most appealing to gamers rather than a broader audience. Most of the AAA video game industry is based around the delivery of core games.
Casual games
In contrast to core games, casual games are designed for ease of accessibility, simple to understand gameplay and quick to grasp rule sets, and aimed at mass market audience. They frequently support the ability to jump in and out of play on demand, such as during commuting or lunch breaks. Numerous browser and mobile games fall into the casual game area, and casual games often are from genres with low intensity game elements such as match three, hidden object, time management, and puzzle games. Causal games frequently use social-network game mechanics, where players can enlist the help of friends on their social media networks for extra turns or moves each day. Popular casual games include Tetris and Candy Crush Saga. More recent, starting in the late 2010s, are hyper-casual games which use even more simplistic rules for short but infinitely replayable games, such as Flappy Bird.
Educational games
Education software has been used in homes and classrooms to help teach children and students, and video games have been similarly adapted for these reasons, all designed to provide a form of interactivity and entertainment tied to game design elements. There are a variety of differences in their designs and how they educate the user. These are broadly split between edutainment games that tend to focus on the entertainment value and rote learning but are unlikely to engage in critical thinking, and educational video games that are geared towards problem solving through motivation and positive reinforcement while downplaying the entertainment value. Examples of educational games include The Oregon Trail and the Carmen Sandiego series. Further, games not initially developed for educational purposes have found their way into the classroom after release, such as that feature open worlds or virtual sandboxes like Minecraft, or offer critical thinking skills through puzzle video games like SpaceChem.
Serious games
Microsoft Flight Simulator is an example of a simulation game. Further extending from educational games, serious games are those where the entertainment factor may be augmented, overshadowed, or even eliminated by other purposes for the game. Game design is used to reinforce the non-entertainment purpose of the game, such as using video game technology for the game's interactive world, or gamification for reinforcement training. Educational games are a form of serious games, but other types of games include fitness games that incorporate significant physical exercise to help keep the player fit (such as Wii Fit), simulator games that resemble flight simulators to pilot aircraft (such as Microsoft Flight Simulator), advergames that are built around the advertising of a product (such as Pepsiman), and newsgames aimed at conveying a specific advocacy message (such as NarcoGuerra).
Art games
Although video games have been considered an art form on their own, games may be developed to try to purposely communicate a story or message, using the medium as a work of art. These art or arthouse games are designed to generate emotion and empathy from the player by challenging societal norms and offering critique through the interactivity of the video game medium. They may not have any type of win condition and are designed to let the player explore through the game world and scenarios. Most art games are indie games in nature, designed based on personal experiences or stories through a single developer or small team. Examples of art games include Passage, Flower, and That Dragon, Cancer.
Content rating
Main article: Video game content rating system
A typical ESRB rating label, listing the rating and specific content descriptors for Rabbids Go Home
Video games can be subject to national and international content rating requirements. Like with film content ratings, video game ratings typing identify the target age group that the national or regional ratings board believes is appropriate for the player, ranging from all-ages, to a teenager-or-older, to mature, to the infrequent adult-only games. Most content review is based on the level of violence, both in the type of violence and how graphic it may be represented, and sexual content, but other themes such as drug and alcohol use and gambling that can influence children may also be identified. A primary identifier based on a minimum age is used by nearly all systems, along with additional descriptors to identify specific content that players and parents should be aware of.
The regulations vary from country to country but generally are voluntary systems upheld by vendor practices, with penalty and fines issued by the ratings body on the video game publisher for misuse of the ratings. Among the major content rating systems include:
Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) that oversees games released in the United States. ESRB ratings are voluntary and rated along a E (Everyone), E10+ (Everyone 10 and older), T (Teen), M (Mature), and AO (Adults Only). Attempts to mandate video games ratings in the U.S. subsequently led to the landmark Supreme Court case, Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association in 2011 which ruled video games were a protected form of art, a key victory for the video game industry.
Pan European Game Information (PEGI) covering the United Kingdom, most of the European Union and other European countries, replacing previous national-based systems. The PEGI system uses content rated based on minimum recommended ages, which include 3+, 8+, 12+, 16+, and 18+.
Australian Classification Board (ACB) oversees the ratings of games and other works in Australia, using ratings of G (General), PG (Parental Guidance), M (Mature), MA15+ (Mature Accompanied), R18+ (Restricted), and X (Restricted for pornographic material). ACB can also deny to give a rating to game (RC – Refused Classification). The ACB's ratings are enforceable by law, and importantly, games cannot be imported or purchased digitally in Australia if they have failed to gain a rating or were given the RC rating, leading to a number of notable banned games.
Computer Entertainment Rating Organization (CERO) rates games for Japan. Their ratings include A (all ages), B (12 and older), C (15 and over), D (17 and over), and Z (18 and over).
Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (USK) rates games for Germany. Their ratings include 0, 6, 12, 16, and 18.
Additionally, the major content system provides have worked to create the International Age Rating Coalition (IARC), a means to streamline and align the content ratings system between different region, so that a publisher would only need to complete the content ratings review for one provider, and use the IARC transition to affirm the content rating for all other regions.
Certain nations have even more restrictive rules related to political or ideological content. Within Germany, until 2018, the Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (Entertainment Software Self-Regulation) would refuse to classify, and thus allow sale, of any game depicting Nazi imagery, and thus often requiring developers to replace such imagery with fictional ones. This ruling was relaxed in 2018 to allow for such imagery for "social adequacy" purposes that applied to other works of art. China's video game segment is mostly isolated from the rest of the world due to the government's censorship, and all games published there must adhere to strict government review, disallowing content such as smearing the image of the Chinese Communist Party. Foreign games published in China often require modification by developers and publishers to meet these requirements.
Development
Main article: Video game development
See also: Video game industry practices
Developers use various tools to create video games. Here an editor is fine-tuning the virtual camera system.
Video game development and authorship, much like any other form of entertainment, is frequently a cross-disciplinary field. Video game developers, as employees within this industry are commonly referred, primarily include programmers and graphic designers. Over the years this has expanded to include almost every type of skill that one might see prevalent in the creation of any movie or television program, including sound designers, musicians, and other technicians; as well as skills that are specific to video games, such as the game designer. All of these are managed by producers.
In the early days of the industry, it was more common for a single person to manage all of the roles needed to create a video game. As platforms have become more complex and powerful in the type of material they can present, larger teams have been needed to generate all of the art, programming, cinematography, and more. This is not to say that the age of the "one-man shop" is gone, as this is still sometimes found in the casual gaming and handheld markets, where smaller games are prevalent due to technical limitations such as limited RAM or lack of dedicated 3D graphics rendering capabilities on the target platform (e.g., some PDAs).
Video games are programmed like any other piece of computer software. Prior to the mid-1970s, arcade and home consoles were programmed by assembling discrete electro-mechanical components on circuit boards, which limited games to relatively simple logic. By 1975, low-cost microprocessors were available at volume to be used for video game hardware, which allowed game developers to program more detailed games, widening the scope of what was possible. Ongoing improvements in computer hardware technology has expanded what has become possible to create in video games, coupled with convergence of common hardware between console, computer, and arcade platforms to simplify the development process. Today, game developers have a number of commercial and open source tools available for use to make games, often which are across multiple platforms to support portability, or may still opt to create their own for more specialized features and direct control of the game. Today, many games are built around a game engine that handles the bulk of the game's logic, gameplay, and rendering. These engines can be augmented with specialized engines for specific features, such as a physics engine that simulates the physics of objects in real-time. A variety of middleware exists to help developers to access other features, such as for playback of videos within games, network-oriented code for games that communicate via online services, matchmaking for online games, and similar features. These features can be used from a developers' programming language of choice, or they may opt to also use game development kits that minimize the amount of direct programming they have to do but can also limit the amount of customization they can add into a game. Like all software, video games usually undergo quality testing before release to assure there are no bugs or glitches in the product, though frequently developers will release patches and updates.
With the growth of the size of development teams in the industry, the problem of cost has increased. Development studios need the best talent, while publishers reduce costs to maintain profitability on their investment. Typically, a video game console development team ranges from 5 to 50 people, and some exceed 100. In May 2009, Assassin's Creed II was reported to have a development staff of 450. The growth of team size combined with greater pressure to get completed projects into the market to begin recouping production costs has led to a greater occurrence of missed deadlines, rushed games and the release of unfinished products.
While amateur and hobbyist game programming had existed since the late 1970s with the introduction of home computers, a newer trend since the mid-2000s is indie game development. Indie games are made by small teams outside any direct publisher control, their games being smaller in scope than those from the larger "AAA" game studios, and are often experiment in gameplay and art style. Indie game development are aided by larger availability of digital distribution, including the newer mobile gaming market, and readily-available and low-cost development tools for these platforms.
Game theory and studies
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Main article: Game studies
Although departments of computer science have been studying the technical aspects of video games for years, theories that examine games as an artistic medium are a relatively recent development in the humanities. The two most visible schools in this emerging field are ludology and narratology. Narrativists approach video games in the context of what Janet Murray calls "Cyberdrama". That is to say, their major concern is with video games as a storytelling medium, one that arises out of interactive fiction. Murray puts video games in the context of the Holodeck, a fictional piece of technology from Star Trek, arguing for the video game as a medium in which the player is allowed to become another person, and to act out in another world. This image of video games received early widespread popular support, and forms the basis of films such as Tron, eXistenZ and The Last Starfighter.
Ludologists break sharply and radically from this idea. They argue that a video game is first and foremost a game, which must be understood in terms of its rules, interface, and the concept of play that it deploys. Espen J. Aarseth argues that, although games certainly have plots, characters, and aspects of traditional narratives, these aspects are incidental to gameplay. For example, Aarseth is critical of the widespread attention that narrativists have given to the heroine of the game Tomb Raider, saying that "the dimensions of Lara Croft's body, already analyzed to death by film theorists, are irrelevant to me as a player, because a different-looking body would not make me play differently... When I play, I don't even see her body, but see through it and past it." Simply put, ludologists reject traditional theories of art because they claim that the artistic and socially relevant qualities of a video game are primarily determined by the underlying set of rules, demands, and expectations imposed on the player.
While many games rely on emergent principles, video games commonly present simulated story worlds where emergent behavior occurs within the context of the game. The term "emergent narrative" has been used to describe how, in a simulated environment, storyline can be created simply by "what happens to the player." However, emergent behavior is not limited to sophisticated games. In general, any place where event-driven instructions occur for AI in a game, emergent behavior will exist. For instance, take a racing game in which cars are programmed to avoid crashing, and they encounter an obstacle in the track: the cars might then maneuver to avoid the obstacle causing the cars behind them to slow or maneuver to accommodate the cars in front of them and the obstacle. The programmer never wrote code to specifically create a traffic jam, yet one now exists in the game.
Intellectual property for video games
Main articles: Intellectual property protection of video games and Video game clone
Most commonly, video games are protected by copyright, though both patents and trademarks have been used as well.
Though local copyright regulations vary to the degree of protection, video games qualify as copyrighted visual-audio works, and enjoy cross-country protection under the Berne Convention. This typically only applies to the underlying code, as well as to the artistic aspects of the game such as its writing, art assets, and music. Gameplay itself is generally not considered copyrightable; in the United States among other countries, video games are considered to fall into the idea–expression distinction in that it is how the game is presented and expressed to the player that can be copyrighted, but not the underlying principles of the game.
Because gameplay is normally ineligible for copyright, gameplay ideas in popular games are often replicated and built upon in other games. At times, this repurposing of gameplay can be seen as beneficial and a fundamental part of how the industry has grown by building on the ideas of others. For example Doom (1993) and Grand Theft Auto III (2001) introduced gameplay that created popular new game genres, the first-person shooter and the Grand Theft Auto clone, respectively, in the few years after their release. However, at times and more frequently at the onset of the industry, developers would intentionally create video game clones of successful games and game hardware with few changes, which led to the flooded arcade and dedicated home console market around 1978. Cloning is also a major issue with countries that do not have strong intellectual property protection laws, such as within China. The lax oversight by China's government and the difficulty for foreign companies to take Chinese entities to court had enabled China to support a large grey market of cloned hardware and software systems. The industry remains challenged to distinguish between creating new games based on refinements of past successful games to create a new type of gameplay, and intentionally creating a clone of a game that may simply swap out art assets.
Industry
Main article: Video game industry
E3 was one of the typical trade show events of the video game industry.
History
The early history of the video game industry, following the first game hardware releases and through 1983, had little structure. Video games quickly took off during the golden age of arcade video games from the late 1970s to early 1980s, but the newfound industry was mainly composed of game developers with little business experience. This led to numerous companies forming simply to create clones of popular games to try to capitalize on the market. Due to loss of publishing control and oversaturation of the market, the North American home video game market crashed in 1983, dropping from revenues of around $3 billion in 1983 to $100 million by 1985. Many of the North American companies created in the prior years closed down. Japan's growing game industry was briefly shocked by this crash but had sufficient longevity to withstand the short-term effects, and Nintendo helped to revitalize the industry with the release of the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in 1985. Along with it, Nintendo established a number of core industrial practices to prevent unlicensed game development and control game distribution on their platform, methods that continue to be used by console manufacturers today.
The industry remained more conservative following the 1983 crash, forming around the concept of publisher-developer dichotomies, and by the 2000s, leading to the industry centralizing around low-risk, triple-A games and studios with large development budgets of at least $10 million or more. The advent of the Internet brought digital distribution as a viable means to distribute games, and contributed to the growth of more riskier, experimental independent game development as an alternative to triple-A games in the late 2000s and which has continued to grow as a significant portion of the video game industry.
Industry roles
Video games have a large network effect that draw on many different sectors that tie into the larger video game industry. While video game developers are a significant portion of the industry, other key participants in the market include:
Publishers: Companies generally that oversee bringing the game from the developer to market. This often includes performing the marketing, public relations, and advertising of the game. Publishers frequently pay the developers ahead of time to make their games and will be involved in critical decisions about the direction of the game's progress, and then pay the developers additional royalties or bonuses based on sales performances. Other smaller, boutique publishers may simply offer to perform the publishing of a game for a small fee and a portion of the sales, and otherwise leave the developer with the creative freedom to proceed. A range of other publisher-developer relationships exist between these points.
Distributors: Publishers often are able to produce their own game media and take the role of distributor, but there are also third-party distributors that can mass-produce game media and distribute to retailers. Digital storefronts like Steam and the iOS App Store also serve as distributors and retailers in the digital space.
Retailers: Physical storefronts, which include large online retailers, department and electronic stores, and specialty video game stores, sell games, consoles, and other accessories to consumers. This has also including a trade-in market in certain regions, allowing players to turn in used games for partial refunds or credit towards other games. However, with the uprising of digital marketplaces and e-commerce revolution, retailers have been performing worse than in the past.
Hardware manufacturers: The video game console manufacturers produce console hardware, often through a value chain system that include numerous component suppliers and contract manufacturer that assemble the consoles. Further, these console manufacturers typically require a license to develop for their platform and may control the production of some games, such as Nintendo does with the use of game cartridges for its systems. In exchange, the manufacturers may help promote games for their system and may seek console exclusivity for certain games. For games on personal computers, a number of manufacturers are devoted to high-performance "gaming computer" hardware, particularly in the graphics card area; several of the same companies overlap with component supplies for consoles. A range of third-party manufacturers also exist to provide equipment and gear for consoles post-sale, such as additional controllers for console or carrying cases and gear for handheld devices.
Journalism: While journalism around video games used to be primarily print-based, and focused more on post-release reviews and gameplay strategy, the Internet has brought a more proactive press that use web journalism, covering games in the months prior to release as well as beyond, helping to build excitement for games ahead of release.
Influencers: With the rising importance of social media, video game companies have found that the opinions of influencers using streaming media to play through their games has had a significant impact on game sales, and have turned to use influencers alongside traditional journalism as a means to build up attention to their game before release.
Esports: Esports is a major function of several multiplayer games with numerous professional leagues established since the 2000s, with large viewership numbers, particularly out of southeast Asia since the 2010s.
Trade and advocacy groups: Trade groups like the Entertainment Software Association were established to provide a common voice for the industry in response to governmental and other advocacy concerns. They frequently set up the major trade events and conventions for the industry such as E3.
Gamers: Proactive hobbyists who are players and consumers of video games. While their representation in the industry is primarily seen through game sales, many companies follow gamers' comments on social media or on user reviews and engage with them to work to improve their products in addition to other feedback from other parts of the industry. Demographics of the larger player community also impact parts of the market; while once dominated by younger men, the market shifted in the mid-2010s towards women and older players who generally preferred mobile and causal games, leading to further growth in those sectors.
Major regional markets
See also: Video game industry § International practices
The industry itself grew out from both the United States and Japan in the 1970s and 1980s before having a larger worldwide contribution. Today, the video game industry is predominantly led by major companies in North America (primarily the United States and Canada), Europe, and southeast Asia including Japan, South Korea, and China. Hardware production remains an area dominated by Asian companies either directly involved in hardware design or part of the production process, but digital distribution and indie game development of the late 2000s has allowed game developers to flourish nearly anywhere and diversify the field.
Game sales
See also: List of best-selling video games and Golden age of arcade video games
A retail display in Switzerland with a large selection of games for platforms popular in the early 2000s
According to the market research firm Newzoo, the global video game industry drew estimated revenues of over $159 billion in 2020. Mobile games accounted for the bulk of this, with a 48% share of the market, followed by console games at 28% and personal computer games at 23%.
Sales of different types of games vary widely between countries due to local preferences. Japanese consumers tend to purchase much more handheld games than console games and especially PC games, with a strong preference for games catering to local tastes. Another key difference is that, though having declined in the West, arcade games remain an important sector of the Japanese gaming industry. In South Korea, computer games are generally preferred over console games, especially MMORPG games and real-time strategy games. Computer games are also popular in China.
Effects on society
Culture
Main articles: Video game culture and Gamer
The Art of Video Games exhibit at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in 2012
Video game culture is a worldwide new media subculture formed around video games and game playing. As computer and video games have increased in popularity over time, they have had a significant influence on popular culture. Video game culture has also evolved over time hand in hand with internet culture as well as the increasing popularity of mobile games. Many people who play video games identify as gamers, which can mean anything from someone who enjoys games to someone who is passionate about it. As video games become more social with multiplayer and online capability, gamers find themselves in growing social networks. Gaming can both be entertainment as well as competition, as a new trend known as electronic sports is becoming more widely accepted. In the 2010s, video games and discussions of video game trends and topics can be seen in social media, politics, television, film and music. The COVID-19 pandemic during 2020–2021 gave further visibility to video games as a pastime to enjoy with friends and family online as a means of social distancing.
Main article: Video games as an art form
Since the mid-2000s there has been debate whether video games qualify as art, primarily as the form's interactivity interfered with the artistic intent of the work and that they are designed for commercial appeal. A significant debate on the matter came after film critic Roger Ebert published an essay "Video Games can never be art", which challenged the industry to prove him and other critics wrong. The view that video games were an art form was cemented in 2011 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association that video games were a protected form of speech with artistic merit. Since then, video game developers have come to use the form more for artistic expression, including the development of art games, and the cultural heritage of video games as works of arts, beyond their technical capabilities, have been part of major museum exhibits, including The Art of Video Games at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and toured at other museums from 2012 to 2016.
Main articles: Film adaptation § Video game adaptation, and Hollywood and the video game industry
Video games will inspire sequels and other video games within the same franchise, but also have influenced works outside of the video game medium. Numerous television shows (both animated and live-action), films, comics and novels have been created based on existing video game franchises. Because video games are an interactive medium there has been trouble in converting them to these passive forms of media, and typically such works have been critically panned or treated as children's media. For example, until 2019, no video game film had ever been received a "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, but the releases of Detective Pikachu (2019) and Sonic the Hedgehog (2020), both receiving "Fresh" ratings, shows signs of the film industry having found an approach to adapt video games for the large screen. That said, some early video game-based films have been highly successful at the box office, such as 1995's Mortal Kombat and 2001's Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.
More recently since the 2000s, there has also become a larger appreciation of video game music, which ranges from chiptunes composed for limited sound-output devices on early computers and consoles, to fully-scored compositions for most modern games. Such music has frequently served as a platform for covers and remixes, and concerts featuring video game soundtracks performed by bands or orchestras, such as Video Games Live, have also become popular. Video games also frequently incorporate licensed music, particularly in the area of rhythm games, furthering the depth of which video games and music can work together.
Further, video games can serve as a virtual environment under full control of a producer to create new works. With the capability to render 3D actors and settings in real-time, a new type of work machinima (short for "machine cinema") grew out from using video game engines to craft narratives. As video game engines gain higher fidelity, they have also become part of the tools used in more traditional filmmaking. Unreal Engine has been used as a backbone by Industrial Light & Magic for their StageCraft technology for shows like The Mandalorian.
Separately, video games are also frequently used as part of the promotion and marketing for other media, such as for films, anime, and comics. However, these licensed games in the 1990s and 2000s often had a reputation for poor quality, developed without any input from the intellectual property rights owners, and several of them are considered among lists of games with notably negative reception, such as Superman 64. More recently, with these licensed games being developed by triple-A studios or through studios directly connected to the licensed property owner, there has been a significant improvement in the quality of these games, with an early trendsetting example of Batman: Arkham Asylum.
Beneficial uses
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Main articles: Video games in education and Video game behavioral effects
Besides their entertainment value, appropriately-designed video games have been seen to provide value in education across several ages and comprehension levels. Learning principles found in video games have been identified as possible techniques with which to reform the U.S. education system. It has been noticed that gamers adopt an attitude while playing that is of such high concentration, they do not realize they are learning, and that if the same attitude could be adopted at school, education would enjoy significant benefits. Students are found to be "learning by doing" while playing video games while fostering creative thinking.
Video games are also believed to be beneficial to the mind and body. It has been shown that action video game players have better hand–eye coordination and visuo-motor skills, such as their resistance to distraction, their sensitivity to information in the peripheral vision and their ability to count briefly presented objects, than nonplayers. Researchers found that such enhanced abilities could be acquired by training with action games, involving challenges that switch attention between different locations, but not with games requiring concentration on single objects. A 2018 systematic review found evidence that video gaming training had positive effects on cognitive and emotional skills in the adult population, especially with young adults. A 2019 systematic review also added support for the claim that video games are beneficial to the brain, although the beneficial effects of video gaming on the brain differed by video games types.
How can video games boost your mental health? – Max Birk (Eindhoven University of Technology)
Organisers of video gaming events, such as the organisers of the D-Lux video game festival in Dumfries, Scotland, have emphasised the positive aspects video games can have on mental health. Organisers, mental health workers and mental health nurses at the event emphasised the relationships and friendships that can be built around video games and how playing games can help people learn about others as a precursor to discussing the person's mental health. A study in 2020 from Oxford University also suggested that playing video games can be a benefit to a person's mental health. The report of 3,274 gamers, all over the age of 18, focused on the games Animal Crossing: New Horizons and Plants vs Zombies: Battle for Neighborville and used actual play-time data. The report found that those that played more games tended to report greater "wellbeing". Also in 2020, computer science professor Regan Mandryk of the University of Saskatchewan said her research also showed that video games can have health benefits such as reducing stress and improving mental health. The university's research studied all age groups – "from pre-literate children through to older adults living in long term care homes" – with a main focus on 18 to 55-year-olds.
A study of gamers attitudes towards gaming which was reported about in 2018 found that millennials use video games as a key strategy for coping with stress. In the study of 1,000 gamers, 55% said that it "helps them to unwind and relieve stress ... and half said they see the value in gaming as a method of escapism to help them deal with daily work pressures".
Controversies
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Main article: Video game controversies
See also: Digital media use and mental health § Autism
The compulsion loop for video games is believed to trigger dopamine release that can encourage addictive behavior.
Video games have caused controversy since the 1970s. Parents and children's advocates regularly raise concerns that violent video games can influence young players into performing those violent acts in real life, and events such as the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 in which some claimed the perpetrators specifically alluded to using video games to plot out their attack, raised further fears. Medical experts and mental health professionals have also raised concerned that video games may be addictive, and the World Health Organization has included "gaming disorder" in the 11th revision of its International Statistical Classification of Diseases. Other health experts, including the American Psychiatric Association, have stated that there is insufficient evidence that video games can create violent tendencies or lead to addictive behavior, though agree that video games typically use a compulsion loop in their core design that can create dopamine that can help reinforce the desire to continue to play through that compulsion loop and potentially lead into violent or addictive behavior. Even with case law establishing that video games qualify as a protected art form, there has been pressure on the video game industry to keep their products in check to avoid over-excessive violence particularly for games aimed at younger children. The potential addictive behavior around games, coupled with increased used of post-sale monetization of video games, has also raised concern among parents, advocates, and government officials about gambling tendencies that may come from video games, such as controversy around the use of loot boxes in many high-profile games.
Numerous other controversies around video games and its industry have arisen over the years, among the more notable incidents include the 1993 United States Congressional hearings on violent games like Mortal Kombat which lead to the formation of the ESRB ratings system, numerous legal actions taken by attorney Jack Thompson over violent games such as Grand Theft Auto III and Manhunt from 2003 to 2007, the outrage over the "No Russian" level from Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 in 2009 which allowed the player to shoot a number of innocent non-player characters at an airport, and the Gamergate harassment campaign in 2014 that highlighted misogyny from a portion of the player demographic. The industry as a whole has also dealt with issues related to gender, racial, and LGBTQ+ discrimination and mischaracterization of these minority groups in video games. A further issue in the industry is related to working conditions, as development studios and publishers frequently use "crunch time", required extended working hours, in the weeks and months ahead of a game's release to assure on-time delivery.
Collecting and preservation
Main articles: Video game collecting and Video game preservation
See also: List of video game museums
Players of video games often maintain collections of games. More recently there has been interest in retrogaming, focusing on games from the first decades. Games in retail packaging in good shape have become collectors items for the early days of the industry, with some rare publications having gone for over US$100,000 as of 2020. Separately, there is also concern about the preservation of video games, as both game media and the hardware to play them degrade over time. Further, many of the game developers and publishers from the first decades no longer exist, so records of their games have disappeared. Archivists and preservations have worked within the scope of copyright law to save these games as part of the cultural history of the industry.
There are many video game museums around the world, including the National Videogame Museum in Frisco, Texas, which serves as the largest museum wholly dedicated to the display and preservation of the industry's most important artifacts. Europe hosts video game museums such as the Computer Games Museum in Berlin and the Museum of Soviet Arcade Machines in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg. The Museum of Art and Digital Entertainment in Oakland, California is a dedicated video game museum focusing on playable exhibits of console and computer games. The Video Game Museum of Rome is also dedicated to preserving video games and their history. The International Center for the History of Electronic Games at The Strong in Rochester, New York contains one of the largest collections of electronic games and game-related historical materials in the world, including a 5,000-square-foot (460 m2) exhibit which allows guests to play their way through the history of video games. The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC has three video games on permanent display: Pac-Man, Dragon's Lair, and Pong.
The Museum of Modern Art has added a total of 20 video games and one video game console to its permanent Architecture and Design Collection since 2012. In 2012, the Smithsonian American Art Museum ran an exhibition on "The Art of Video Games". However, the reviews of the exhibit were mixed, including questioning whether video games belong in an art museum.
See also
Video games portal
Lists of video games
List of accessories to video games by system
Outline of video games
Notes
^ "Videogame" may also be used, though this is less frequent.
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Further reading
Blodget, Henry (12 April 2005). "How to Solve China's Piracy Problem". Slate.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
Costikyan, Greg (1994). "I Have No Words & I Must Design". Archived from the original on 12 August 2008.
Crawford, Chris (1982). The Art of Computer Game Design. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
Lieu, Tina (August 1997). "Where have all the PC games gone?". Computing Japan. Archived from the original on 12 January 1998.
Pursell, Carroll (2015). From Playgrounds to PlayStation: The Interaction of Technology and Play. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Salen, Katie; Eric Zimmerman (2005). The Game Design Reader: A Rules of Play Anthology. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-19536-2.
Smuts, Aaron (2005). "Are Video Games Art?". Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
Winegarner, Beth (28 January 2005). "Game sales hit record highs". GameSpot. Gamespot. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
John Wills (1 October 2002). "Digital Dinosaurs and Artificial Life: Exploring the Culture of Nature in Computer and Video Games". Cultural Values (Journal for Cultural Research). 6 (4): 395–417. doi:10.1080/1362517022000047334. S2CID 144132612.
Williams, J.P.; Smith, J.H., eds. (2007). The players' realm: studies on the culture of video games and gaming. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.
The Ultimate History of Video Games, Volume 2: Nintendo, Sony, Microsoft, and the Billion-Dollar Battle to Shape Modern Gaming by Steven L. Kent, Crown, 2021, ISBN 1984825437
External links
Library resources about Video game
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Video games bibliography by the French video game research association Ludoscience
The Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC) (archived 10 October 2014)
Video games
vteVideo game conceptsGlossary of video game termsAttributes
Health
Life
Experience point
Magic
Critical hit
Characters
Boss
Bot
Non-player character
Player character
Mechanics
Item
Power-up
HUD
Warp
Fast travel
Fog of war
Invisible wall
Cutscene
Paper doll
Loading screen
Replay value
Saved game
Scripted sequence
Password
Line of sight
Stats
Permadeath
Status effect
Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems
Collision detection
Quick time event
Random encounter
Tank controls
Dialogue tree
Quest
Game over
Scenery
Destructible environment
Instance dungeon
Level
Bonus stage
Minigame
Mini-map
Open world
Persistent world
Procedural generation
Map seed
Overworld
Skybox
Movement techniques
Rocket jumping
Strafing
Forms of play
Emergent
Nonlinear
Twitch
Multiplayer
Cooperative
Competitive
Single-player
Speedrunning
Game modes
Advance And Secure
Capture the flag
Deathmatch
Last man standing
New Game Plus
Survival
King of the hill
vteVideo game genres
List of video game genres
ActionPlatformer
Endless runner
Platform fighter
Shooter
Arena
First-person
Hero
Light gun
Shoot 'em up
Bullet hell
Rail
Twin-stick
Tactical
Third-person
Survival
Battle royale
Survival horror
Other
Beat 'em up
Hack and slash
Fighting
Platform fighter
Maze
Pac-Man clone
Snake
Stealth
Action-adventure
Grand Theft Auto clone
Metroidvania
Adventure
Escape room
Graphic adventure
Interactive fiction
Interactive film
Visual novel
Walking sim
Digital tabletop
Deck-building
Roguelike deck-building
Digital collectible card
Puzzle
Hidden object
Sokoban
Tile-matching
Role-playing
Action role-playing
Looter shooter
Soulslike
Dungeon crawl
Monster-taming
Roguelike
Roguelike deck-building
Tactical role-playing
SimulationLife
Dating
Farming
God
Social
Virtual pet
CMS
Business
City-building
Government
Sports
Fishing
Racing
Kart racing
Sim racing
Vehicle
Flight simulation
Combat
Lunar Lander
Space
Submarine simulator
Train simulator
Vehicular combat
Other
Falling-sand
Immersive sim
Strategy
4X
Auto battler
MOBA
Real-time strategy
Time management
Real-time tactics
Tactical role-playing
Tower defense
Turn-based strategy
Turn-based tactics
Artillery
Wargame
Grand strategy
Other genres
Cozy
Fitness
Horror
Survival horror
Incremental
Music
Rhythm
Non-game
Party
Photography
Programming
Typing
Related conceptsThemes
Advergame
Bishōjo
Christian
Comedy
Educational
Girls
Licensed
Otome
Sexual
Eroge
Nonviolent
Personalized
Sci-fi
Serious
Art
Climate change
News
Player modes
Multiplayer
Co-op
PVP
Single-player
Production
AAA
Indie
Doujin soft
Fan game
Design
Casual
Hypercasual
Emergent gameplay
FMV
Gacha
Kaizo
Masocore
Nonlinear gameplay
Open world
Sandbox
Side-scrolling
Twitch gameplay
Vertically scrolling
Other
Minigame
Toys-to-life
Video game clone
Video game modding
Video game remake
vteHistory of video gamesvteChronology of video gamesEarly history
1947–1972
1970s
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020s
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Near future
vteVideo game history by platformBy platform
Early mainframe games
History of arcade video games
Golden age
Timeline
History of video game consoles
Crash of 1983
Console war
History of mobile games
By console generation
First (1972–1980)
Second (1976–1992)
Third (1983–2003)
Fourth (1987–2003)
Fifth (1993–2005)
Sixth (1998–2013)
Seventh (2005–2017)
Eighth (2012–)
Ninth (2020–)
vteVideo game genres
List of video game genres
ActionPlatformer
Endless runner
Platform fighter
Shooter
Arena
First-person
Hero
Light gun
Shoot 'em up
Bullet hell
Rail
Twin-stick
Tactical
Third-person
Survival
Battle royale
Survival horror
Other
Beat 'em up
Hack and slash
Fighting
Platform fighter
Maze
Pac-Man clone
Snake
Stealth
Action-adventure
Grand Theft Auto clone
Metroidvania
Adventure
Escape room
Graphic adventure
Interactive fiction
Interactive film
Visual novel
Walking sim
Digital tabletop
Deck-building
Roguelike deck-building
Digital collectible card
Puzzle
Hidden object
Sokoban
Tile-matching
Role-playing
Action role-playing
Looter shooter
Soulslike
Dungeon crawl
Monster-taming
Roguelike
Roguelike deck-building
Tactical role-playing
SimulationLife
Dating
Farming
God
Social
Virtual pet
CMS
Business
City-building
Government
Sports
Fishing
Racing
Kart racing
Sim racing
Vehicle
Flight simulation
Combat
Lunar Lander
Space
Submarine simulator
Train simulator
Vehicular combat
Other
Falling-sand
Immersive sim
Strategy
4X
Auto battler
MOBA
Real-time strategy
Time management
Real-time tactics
Tactical role-playing
Tower defense
Turn-based strategy
Turn-based tactics
Artillery
Wargame
Grand strategy
Other genres
Cozy
Fitness
Horror
Survival horror
Incremental
Music
Rhythm
Non-game
Party
Photography
Programming
Typing
Related conceptsThemes
Advergame
Bishōjo
Christian
Comedy
Educational
Girls
Licensed
Otome
Sexual
Eroge
Nonviolent
Personalized
Sci-fi
Serious
Art
Climate change
News
Player modes
Multiplayer
Co-op
PVP
Single-player
Production
AAA
Indie
Doujin soft
Fan game
Design
Casual
Hypercasual
Emergent gameplay
FMV
Gacha
Kaizo
Masocore
Nonlinear gameplay
Open world
Sandbox
Side-scrolling
Twitch gameplay
Vertically scrolling
Other
Minigame
Toys-to-life
Video game clone
Video game modding
Video game remake
vteVideo games by countryAfrica
Ghana
Kenya
Nigeria
South Africa
Americas
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2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Video Games (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Games_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"PC game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_game"},{"link_name":"Computer game (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_game_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong"},{"link_name":"Computerspielemuseum Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspielemuseum_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"electronic game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_game"},{"link_name":"user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"},{"link_name":"input 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display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-panel_display"},{"link_name":"touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"handheld devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_device"},{"link_name":"virtual reality headset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset"},{"link_name":"audiovisual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiovisual"},{"link_name":"audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound"},{"link_name":"speakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker"},{"link_name":"headphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones"},{"link_name":"haptic technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technology"},{"link_name":"tactile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch"},{"link_name":"microphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone"},{"link_name":"webcam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam"},{"link_name":"in-game 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devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphones"},{"link_name":"tablet computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computers"},{"link_name":"virtual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"augmented reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"cloud gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_gaming"},{"link_name":"genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_genre"},{"link_name":"gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay"},{"link_name":"target audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_audience"},{"link_name":"mainframe computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computers"},{"link_name":"Computer Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Space"},{"link_name":"Pong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong"},{"link_name":"home console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video_game_console"},{"link_name":"Magnavox Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"\"golden age\" of arcade video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games"},{"link_name":"crash of the North American video game market in 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_video_game_crash"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"digital distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_distribution_of_video_games"},{"link_name":"independent video game development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_video_game_development"},{"link_name":"indie games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_game"},{"link_name":"video game industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry"},{"link_name":"casual gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_games"},{"link_name":"monetization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_monetization"},{"link_name":"games as a service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"video game development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_development"},{"link_name":"interdisciplinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinary"},{"link_name":"vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"teamwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamwork"},{"link_name":"liaisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration"},{"link_name":"developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developers"},{"link_name":"publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publishers"},{"link_name":"distributors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)"},{"link_name":"retailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailer"},{"link_name":"hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_hardware"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game&action=edit"},{"link_name":"music industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry"},{"link_name":"film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_industry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vg_industry_size_2020-2"},{"link_name":"entertainment industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_industry"},{"link_name":"electronics industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_industry"},{"link_name":"personal computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"}],"text":"Electronic game with user interface and visual feedback\"Video Games\" redirects here. For other uses, see Video Games (disambiguation).\"Computer game\" redirects here. For games played on personal computers, see PC game. For other uses, see Computer game (disambiguation).First-generation Pong console at the Computerspielemuseum BerlinA video game[a] or computer game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device (such as a joystick, controller, keyboard, or motion sensing device) to generate visual feedback from a display device, most commonly shown in a video format on a television set, computer monitor, flat-panel display or touchscreen on handheld devices, or a virtual reality headset. Most modern video games are audiovisual, with audio complement delivered through speakers or headphones, and sometimes also with other types of sensory feedback (e.g., haptic technology that provides tactile sensations). Some video games also allow microphone and webcam inputs for in-game chatting and livestreaming.Video games are typically categorized according to their hardware platform, which traditionally includes arcade video games, console games, and computer (PC) games; the latter also encompasses LAN games, online games, and browser games. More recently, the video game industry has expanded onto mobile gaming through mobile devices (such as smartphones and tablet computers), virtual and augmented reality systems, and remote cloud gaming. Video games are also classified into a wide range of genres based on their style of gameplay and target audience.The first video game prototypes in the 1950s and 1960s were simple extensions of electronic games using video-like output from large, room-sized mainframe computers. The first consumer video game was the arcade video game Computer Space in 1971. In 1972 came the iconic hit game Pong and the first home console, the Magnavox Odyssey. The industry grew quickly during the \"golden age\" of arcade video games from the late 1970s to early 1980s but suffered from the crash of the North American video game market in 1983 due to loss of publishing control and saturation of the market. Following the crash, the industry matured, was dominated by Japanese companies such as Nintendo, Sega, and Sony, and established practices and methods around the development and distribution of video games to prevent a similar crash in the future, many of which continue to be followed. In the 2000s, the core industry centered on \"AAA\" games, leaving little room for riskier experimental games. Coupled with the availability of the Internet and digital distribution, this gave room for independent video game development (or \"indie games\") to gain prominence into the 2010s. Since then, the commercial importance of the video game industry has been increasing. The emerging Asian markets and proliferation of smartphone games in particular are altering player demographics towards casual gaming and increasing monetization by incorporating games as a service.Today, video game development requires numerous interdisciplinary skills, vision, teamwork, and liaisons between different parties, including developers, publishers, distributors, retailers, hardware manufacturers, and other marketers, to successfully bring a game to its consumers. As of 2020[update], the global video game market had estimated annual revenues of US$159 billion across hardware, software, and services, which is three times the size of the global music industry and four times that of the film industry in 2019,[1] making it a formidable heavyweight across the modern entertainment industry. The video game market is also a major influence behind the electronics industry, where personal computer component, console, and peripheral sales, as well as consumer demands for better game performance, have been powerful driving factors for hardware design and innovation.","title":"Video game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of arcade video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_arcade_video_games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennis_For_Two_on_a_DuMont_Lab_Oscilloscope_Type_304-A.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tennis for Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_for_Two"},{"link_name":"analog computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer"},{"link_name":"oscilloscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscope"},{"link_name":"cathode-ray tube amusement device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube_amusement_device"},{"link_name":"Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_T._Goldsmith_Jr."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PongStory-4"},{"link_name":"Christopher Strachey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Strachey"},{"link_name":"draughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draughts"},{"link_name":"Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_(computer)"},{"link_name":"Festival of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"OXO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"tic-tac-toe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe"},{"link_name":"Alexander S. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Douglas"},{"link_name":"EDSAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSAC"},{"link_name":"Tennis for Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_for_Two"},{"link_name":"William Higinbotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Higinbotham"},{"link_name":"Spacewar!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacewar!"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"Steve Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)"},{"link_name":"PDP-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-1"},{"link_name":"Nim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PongStory-4"},{"link_name":"DEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"spaceships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ralph-Baer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ralph H. Baer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nolan_Bushnell_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nolan Bushnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell"},{"link_name":"Ralph H. Baer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer"},{"link_name":"Sanders Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanders_Associates"},{"link_name":"Magnavox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnavox"},{"link_name":"home video game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video_game_console"},{"link_name":"Magnavox Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PongStory-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nolan Bushnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell"},{"link_name":"Ted Dabney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Dabney"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"arcade cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Computer Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Space"},{"link_name":"arcade video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_video_game"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Atari, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Allan Alcorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Alcorn"},{"link_name":"arcade game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"ping pong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_pong"},{"link_name":"Pong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PongStory-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBS-GameRev-Time-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InformIT-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Further information: History of arcade video gamesTennis for Two (1958), an early analog computer game that used an oscilloscope for a displayEarly video games use interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a \"cathode-ray tube amusement device\" was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U.S. Patent 2455992.[2] Inspired by radar display technology, it consists of an analog device allowing a user to control the parabolic arc of a dot on the screen to simulate a missile being fired at targets, which are paper drawings fixed to the screen.[3] Other early examples include Christopher Strachey's draughts game, the Nimrod computer at the 1951 Festival of Britain; OXO, a tic-tac-toe computer game by Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC in 1952; Tennis for Two, an electronic interactive game engineered by William Higinbotham in 1958; and Spacewar!, written by Massachusetts Institute of Technology students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanen's on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961. Each game has different means of display: NIMROD has a panel of lights to play the game of Nim,[4] OXO has a graphical display to play tic-tac-toe,[5] Tennis for Two has an oscilloscope to display a side view of a tennis court,[3] and Spacewar! has the DEC PDP-1's vector display to have two spaceships battle each other.[6]Ralph H. Baer in 2009Nolan Bushnell in 2013These preliminary inventions paved the way for the origins of video games today. Ralph H. Baer, while working at Sanders Associates in 1966, devised a control system to play a rudimentary game of table tennis on a television screen. With the company's approval, Baer built the prototype \"Brown Box\". Sanders patented Baer's inventions and licensed them to Magnavox, which commercialized it as the first home video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey, released in 1972.[3][7] Separately, Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, inspired by seeing Spacewar! running at Stanford University, devised a similar version running in a smaller coin-operated arcade cabinet using a less expensive computer. This was released as Computer Space, the first arcade video game, in 1971.[8] Bushnell and Dabney went on to form Atari, Inc., and with Allan Alcorn, created their second arcade game in 1972, the hit ping pong-style Pong, which was directly inspired by the table tennis game on the Odyssey. Sanders and Magnavox sued Atari for infringement of Baer's patents, but Atari settled out of court, paying for perpetual rights to the patents. Following their agreement, Atari made a home version of Pong, which was released by Christmas 1975.[3] The success of the Odyssey and Pong, both as an arcade game and home machine, launched the video game industry.[9][10] Both Baer and Bushnell have been titled \"Father of Video Games\" for their contributions.[11][12]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronic games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_game"},{"link_name":"video display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_device"},{"link_name":"teletype printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype_printer"},{"link_name":"audio speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf_2007-14"},{"link_name":"handheld electronic games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_electronic_game"},{"link_name":"Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_(console)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolf_medium_chp1-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vg_theory_reader_intro-16"},{"link_name":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"personal computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"PC game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_game"},{"link_name":"console games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_game"},{"link_name":"arcade games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"mobile games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolf_medium_chp1-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf_2007-14"},{"link_name":"home gaming consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console"},{"link_name":"television set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_set"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"Sharp Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geemu-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vg_theory_reader_intro-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geemu-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"BusinessWeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessWeek"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Vending Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_Times"},{"link_name":"Cashbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"amusement arcades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_arcades"},{"link_name":"arcade games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_games"},{"link_name":"pinball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinball"},{"link_name":"electro-mechanical games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanical_game"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The term \"video game\" was developed to distinguish this class of electronic games that were played on some type of video display rather than on a teletype printer, audio speaker or similar device.[13] This also distinguished from many handheld electronic games like Merlin which commonly used LED lights for indicators but did not use these in combination for imaging purposes.[14]\"Computer game\" may also be used as a descriptor, as all these types of games essentially require the use of a computer processor, and in some cases, it is used interchangeably with \"video game\".[15] Particularly in the United Kingdom and Western Europe, this is common due to the historic relevance of domestically produced microcomputers. Other terms used include digital game, for example by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.[16] However, the term \"computer game\" can also be used to more specifically refer to games played primarily on personal computers or other type of flexible hardware systems (also known as a PC game), as a way distinguish them from console games, arcade games or mobile games.[14][13] Other terms such as \"television game\" or \"telegame\" had been used in the 1970s and early 1980s, particularly for the home gaming consoles that rely on connection to a television set.[17] In Japan, where consoles like the Odyssey were first imported and then made within the country by the large television manufacturers such as Toshiba and Sharp Corporation, such games are known as \"TV games\", or TV geemu or terebi geemu.[18] \"Electronic game\" may also be used to refer to video games, but this also incorporates devices like early handheld electronic games that lack any video output.[15] and the term \"TV game\" is still commonly used into the 21st century.[18][19]The first appearance of the term \"video game\" emerged around 1973. The Oxford English Dictionary cited a 10 November 1973 BusinessWeek article as the first printed use of the term.[20] Though Bushnell believed the term came from a vending magazine review of Computer Space in 1971,[21] a review of the major vending magazines Vending Times and Cashbox showed that the term came much earlier, appearing first around March 1973 in these magazines in mass usage including by the arcade game manufacturers. As analyzed by video game historian Keith Smith, the sudden appearance suggested that the term had been proposed and readily adopted by those involved. This appeared to trace to Ed Adlum, who ran Cashbox's coin-operated section until 1972 and then later founded RePlay Magazine, covering the coin-op amusement field, in 1975. In a September 1982 issue of RePlay, Adlum is credited with first naming these games as \"video games\": \"RePlay's Eddie Adlum worked at 'Cash Box' when 'TV games' first came out. The personalities in those days were Bushnell, his sales manager Pat Karns and a handful of other 'TV game' manufacturers like Henry Leyser and the McEwan brothers. It seemed awkward to call their products 'TV games', so borrowing a word from Billboard's description of movie jukeboxes, Adlum started to refer to this new breed of amusement machine as 'video games.' The phrase stuck.\"[citation needed] Adlum explained in 1985 that up until the early 1970s, amusement arcades typically had non-video arcade games such as pinball machines and electro-mechanical games. With the arrival of video games in arcades during the early 1970s, there was initially some confusion in the arcade industry over what term should be used to describe the new games. He \"wrestled with descriptions of this type of game,\" alternating between \"TV game\" and \"television game\" but \"finally woke up one day\" and said, \"what the hell... video game!\"[22]For many years, the traveling Videotopia exhibit served as the closest representation of such a vital resource. In addition to collecting home video game consoles, the Electronics Conservancy organization set out to locate and restore 400 antique arcade cabinets after realizing that the majority of these games had been destroyed and feared the loss of their historical significance.[23] Video games have significantly began to be seen in the real-world as a purpose to present history in a way of understanding the methodology and terms that are being compared. Researchers have looked at how historical representations affect how the public perceives the past, and digital humanists encourage historians to use video games as primary materials.[24] Video games, considering their past and age, have over time progressed as what a video game really means. Whether played through a monitor, TV, or a hand-held device, there are many ways that video games are being displayed for users to enjoy. People have drawn comparisons between flow-state-engaged video gamers and pupils in conventional school settings. In traditional, teacher-led classrooms, students have little say in what they learn, are passive consumers of the information selected by teachers, are required to follow the pace and skill level of the group (group teaching), and receive brief, imprecise, normative feedback on their work.[25] Video games, as they continue to develop into better graphic definition and genre's, create new terminology when something unknown tends to become known. Yearly, consoles are being created to compete against other brands with similar functioning features that tends to lead the consumer into which they'd like to purchase. Now, companies have moved towards games only the specific console can play to grasp the consumer into purchasing their product compared to when video games first began, there was little to no variety. In 1989, a console war begun with Nintendo, one of the biggest in gaming was up against target, Sega with their brand new Master System which, failed to compete, allowing the Nintendo Emulator System to be one of the most consumed product in the world.[26] More technology continued to be created, as the computer began to be used in people's houses for more than just office and daily use. Games began being implemented into computers and have progressively grown since then with coded robots to play against you. Early games like tic-tac-toe, solitaire, and Tennis for Two were great ways to bring new gaming to another system rather than one specifically meant for gaming.[27]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interactive films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_film"},{"link_name":"Dragon's Lair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Lair"},{"link_name":"full motion video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_motion_video"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolf_medium_chp1-15"},{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"walking simulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_simulator"},{"link_name":"adventure games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"Gone Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_Home"},{"link_name":"empathy games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy_game"},{"link_name":"That Dragon, Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Dragon,_Cancer"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Epic Games v. Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Apple"},{"link_name":"iOS App Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)"},{"link_name":"Fortnite Creative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortnite_Creative"},{"link_name":"Roblox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roblox"},{"link_name":"metaverses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaverse"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Gonzalez_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamer_epic_case_def-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamer_epic_case_def-32"}],"sub_title":"Definition","text":"While many games readily fall into a clear, well-understood definition of video games, new genres and innovations in game development have raised the question of what are the essential factors of a video game that separate the medium from other forms of entertainment.The introduction of interactive films in the 1980s with games like Dragon's Lair, featured games with full motion video played off a form of media but only limited user interaction.[28] This had required a means to distinguish these games from more traditional board games that happen to also use external media, such as the Clue VCR Mystery Game which required players to watch VCR clips between turns. To distinguish between these two, video games are considered to require some interactivity that affects the visual display.[14]Most video games tend to feature some type of victory or winning conditions, such as a scoring mechanism or a final boss fight. The introduction of walking simulators (adventure games that allow for exploration but lack any objectives) like Gone Home, and empathy games (video games that tend to focus on emotion) like That Dragon, Cancer brought the idea of games that did not have any such type of winning condition and raising the question of whether these were actually games.[29] These are still commonly justified as video games as they provide a game world that the player can interact with by some means.[30]The lack of any industry definition for a video game by 2021 was an issue during the case Epic Games v. Apple which dealt with video games offered on Apple's iOS App Store. Among concerns raised were games like Fortnite Creative and Roblox which created metaverses of interactive experiences, and whether the larger game and the individual experiences themselves were games or not in relation to fees that Apple charged for the App Store. Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, recognizing that there was yet an industry standard definition for a video game, established for her ruling that \"At a bare minimum, video games appear to require some level of interactivity or involvement between the player and the medium\" compared to passive entertainment like film, music, and television, and \"videogames are also generally graphically rendered or animated, as opposed to being recorded live or via motion capture as in films or television\".[31] Rogers still concluded that what is a video game \"appears highly eclectic and diverse\".[31]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glossary of video game terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_video_game_terms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freedoom002_01.png"},{"link_name":"Freedoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedoom"},{"link_name":"clone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_clone"},{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)"},{"link_name":"heads-up display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads-up_display_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_(game_terminology)"},{"link_name":"title screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_screen"},{"link_name":"levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"scoring points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Score_(game)"},{"link_name":"power-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-up"},{"link_name":"user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"},{"link_name":"heads-up display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads-up_display_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_(game_terminology)"},{"link_name":"lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"extra life or \"1-UP\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_life"},{"link_name":"game over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_over"},{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"save points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_point"},{"link_name":"saved game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saved_game"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"software bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug"},{"link_name":"glitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch"},{"link_name":"exploited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_(online_gaming)"},{"link_name":"speedrunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedrun"},{"link_name":"cheat codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheat_codes"},{"link_name":"Easter eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashPost-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KonamiCode-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patterns-36"},{"link_name":"cheat cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheat_cartridge"},{"link_name":"trainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_(games)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KonamiCode-34"}],"sub_title":"Video game terminology","text":"See also: Glossary of video game termsFreedoom, a clone of the first-person shooter Doom. Common elements include a heads-up display along the bottom that includes the player's remaining health and ammunition.The gameplay experience varies radically between video games, but many common elements exist. Most games will launch into a title screen and give the player a chance to review options such as the number of players before starting a game. Most games are divided into levels which the player must work the avatar through, scoring points, collecting power-ups to boost the avatar's innate attributes, all while either using special attacks to defeat enemies or moves to avoid them. This information is relayed to the player through a type of on-screen user interface such as a heads-up display atop the rendering of the game itself. Taking damage will deplete their avatar's health, and if that falls to zero or if the avatar otherwise falls into an impossible-to-escape location, the player will lose one of their lives. Should they lose all their lives without gaining an extra life or \"1-UP\", then the player will reach the \"game over\" screen. Many levels as well as the game's finale end with a type of boss character the player must defeat to continue on. In some games, intermediate points between levels will offer save points where the player can create a saved game on storage media to restart the game should they lose all their lives or need to stop the game and restart at a later time. These also may be in the form of a passage that can be written down and reentered at the title screen.[citation needed]Product flaws include software bugs which can manifest as glitches which may be exploited by the player; this is often the foundation of speedrunning a video game. These bugs, along with cheat codes, Easter eggs, and other hidden secrets that were intentionally added to the game can also be exploited.[32][33][34][35] On some consoles, cheat cartridges allow players to execute these cheat codes, and user-developed trainers allow similar bypassing for computer software games. Both of which might make the game easier, give the player additional power-ups, or change the appearance of the game.[33]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arcade_Sugoi_Malmi_Helsinki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arcade video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_video_game"},{"link_name":"Malmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmi,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eu_game_industry-37"}],"text":"Arcade video game machines at the Sugoi arcade game hall in Malmi, Helsinki, FinlandTo distinguish from electronic games, a video game is generally considered to require a platform, the hardware which contains computing elements, to process player interaction from some type of input device and displays the results to a video output display.[36]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consoles-computerspielemuseum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Computer Games Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspielemuseum_Berlin"},{"link_name":"electronic components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component"},{"link_name":"computer hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-platformdef-38"},{"link_name":"platform holders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_holder"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-port_vs_conversion-45"},{"link_name":"PDAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant"},{"link_name":"graphing calculators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphing_calculator"},{"link_name":"PC games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_game"},{"link_name":"personal computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"video monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_monitor"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"mods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"online gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_game"},{"link_name":"gaming computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_computer"},{"link_name":"mainframe computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"best-selling video game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_game_consoles"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"console game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_game"},{"link_name":"home console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video_game_console"},{"link_name":"television set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_set"},{"link_name":"composite video monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_monitor"},{"link_name":"game controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_controller"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_video_game_consoles"},{"link_name":"handheld game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_game_console"},{"link_name":"joystick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystick"},{"link_name":"game controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_controller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Light_gun_survival_horror_arcade_game.jpg"},{"link_name":"light gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_gun"},{"link_name":"arcade video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_video_game"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_cabinet"},{"link_name":"CRT screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRT_screen"},{"link_name":"video arcades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_arcade"},{"link_name":"browser game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_game"},{"link_name":"web browsers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser"},{"link_name":"cross-platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform"},{"link_name":"Miniclip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniclip"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"tablet computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"mobile gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_gaming"},{"link_name":"accelerometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer"},{"link_name":"global positioning information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"augmented reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"Cloud gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_gaming"},{"link_name":"network latency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_latency"},{"link_name":"Xbox Cloud Gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Cloud_Gaming"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Now"},{"link_name":"server blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_blade"},{"link_name":"cloud computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamescom_Playstation_VR_Playseat_(36454815300).jpg"},{"link_name":"PlayStation VR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_VR"},{"link_name":"Virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"head-mounted unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-mounted_display"},{"link_name":"stereoscopic screens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy"},{"link_name":"motion tracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_tracking"},{"link_name":"emulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator"},{"link_name":"virtual machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine"},{"link_name":"Virtual Console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Console"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Online"},{"link_name":"Backward compatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Platform","text":"Various gaming consoles at the Computer Games Museum in BerlinVideo games require a platform, a specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware and associated software, to operate.[37] The term system is also commonly used. These platforms may include multiple brandsheld by platform holders, such as Nintendo or Sony, seeking to gain larger market shares.[38][39][40][41][42] Games are typically designed to be played on one or a limited number of platforms, and exclusivity to a platform or brand is used by platform holders as a competitive edge in the video game market.[43] However, games may be developed for alternative platforms than intended, which are described as ports or conversions. These also may be remasters - where most of the original game's source code is reused and art assets, models, and game levels are updated for modern systems – and remakes, where in addition to asset improvements, significant reworking of the original game and possibly from scratch is performed.[44]The list below is not exhaustive and excludes other electronic devices capable of playing video games such as PDAs and graphing calculators.PC games\nPC games involve a player interacting with a personal computer (PC) connected to a video monitor.[45] Personal computers are not dedicated game platforms, so there may be differences running the same game on different hardware. Also, the openness allows some features to developers like reduced software cost,[46] increased flexibility, increased innovation, emulation, creation of modifications or mods, open hosting for online gaming (in which a person plays a video game with people who are in a different household) and others. A gaming computer is a PC or laptop intended specifically for gaming, typically using high-performance, high-cost components. In additional to personal computer gaming, there also exist games that work on mainframe computers and other similarly shared systems, with users logging in remotely to use the computer.\nHome console\nThe PlayStation 2 is the best-selling video game console, with over 155 million units sold.[47]A console game is played on a home console, a specialized electronic device that connects to a common television set or composite video monitor. Home consoles are specifically designed to play games using a dedicated hardware environment, giving developers a concrete hardware target for development and assurances of what features will be available, simplifying development compared to PC game development. Usually consoles only run games developed for it, or games from other platform made by the same company, but never games developed by its direct competitor, even if the same game is available on different platforms. It often comes with a specific game controller. Major console platforms include Xbox, PlayStation and Nintendo.\nHandheld console\nA handheld game console is a small, self-contained electronic device that is portable and can be held in a user's hands. It features the console, a small screen, speakers and buttons, joystick or other game controllers in a single unit. Like consoles, handhelds are dedicated platforms, and share almost the same characteristics. Handheld hardware usually is less powerful than PC or console hardware. Some handheld games from the late 1970s and early 1980s could only play one game. In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of handheld games used cartridges, which enabled them to be used to play many different games. The handheld console has waned in the 2010s as mobile device gaming has become a more dominant factor.\nArcade video game\nA police-themed arcade game in which players use a light gun An arcade video game generally refers to a game played on an even more specialized type of electronic device that is typically designed to play only one game and is encased in a special, large coin-operated cabinet which has one built-in console, controllers (joystick, buttons, etc.), a CRT screen, and audio amplifier and speakers. Arcade games often have brightly painted logos and images relating to the theme of the game. While most arcade games are housed in a vertical cabinet, which the user typically stands in front of to play, some arcade games use a tabletop approach, in which the display screen is housed in a table-style cabinet with a see-through table top. With table-top games, the users typically sit to play. In the 1990s and 2000s, some arcade games offered players a choice of multiple games. In the 1980s, video arcades were businesses in which game players could use a number of arcade video games. In the 2010s, there are far fewer video arcades, but some movie theaters and family entertainment centers still have them.\nBrowser game\nA browser game takes advantages of standardizations of technologies for the functionality of web browsers across multiple devices providing a cross-platform environment. These games may be identified based on the website that they appear, such as with Miniclip games. Others are named based on the programming platform used to develop them, such as Java and Flash games.\nMobile game\nWith the introduction of smartphones and tablet computers standardized on the iOS and Android operating systems, mobile gaming has become a significant platform. These games may use unique features of mobile devices that are not necessary present on other platforms, such as accelerometers, global positioning information and camera devices to support augmented reality gameplay.\nCloud gaming\nCloud gaming requires a minimal hardware device, such as a basic computer, console, laptop, mobile phone or even a dedicated hardware device connected to a display with good Internet connectivity that connects to hardware systems by the cloud gaming provider. The game is computed and rendered on the remote hardware, using a number of predictive methods to reduce the network latency between player input and output on their display device. For example, the Xbox Cloud Gaming and PlayStation Now platforms use dedicated custom server blade hardware in cloud computing centers.\nVirtual reality\nPlayers using the PlayStation VR headsets in 2017 Virtual reality (VR) games generally require players to use a special head-mounted unit that provides stereoscopic screens and motion tracking to immerse a player within virtual environment that responds to their head movements. Some VR systems include control units for the player's hands as to provide a direct way to interact with the virtual world. VR systems generally require a separate computer, console, or other processing device that couples with the head-mounted unit.\nEmulation\nAn emulator enables games from a console or otherwise different system to be run in a type of virtual machine on a modern system, simulating the hardware of the original and allows old games to be played. While emulators themselves have been found to be legal in United States case law, the act of obtaining the game software that one does not already own may violate copyrights. However, there are some official releases of emulated software from game manufacturers, such as Nintendo with its Virtual Console or Nintendo Switch Online offerings.\nBackward compatibility\nBackward compatibility is similar in nature to emulation in that older games can be played on newer platforms, but typically directly though hardware and build-in software within the platform. The PlayStation 2 popularized the trend of having the capability of playing past generation games from the PlayStation 1 simply by inserting the original game media into the newer console, while Nintendo's Wii could play GameCube titles as well in the same manner.[48][49][50]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NES-Cartridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"ROM cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_cartridge"},{"link_name":"magnetic storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_storage"},{"link_name":"magnetic-tape data storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-tape_data_storage"},{"link_name":"floppy discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disc"},{"link_name":"optical media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_media"},{"link_name":"CD-ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM"},{"link_name":"DVDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"},{"link_name":"digital distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_distribution"},{"link_name":"cloud gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_gaming"},{"link_name":"installation media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_(computer_programs)"},{"link_name":"software patches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(computing)"},{"link_name":"expansion packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_pack"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"monetize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_monetization"},{"link_name":"user-generated content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_content"},{"link_name":"user-created modifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"reverse engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lombardi-52"}],"sub_title":"Game media","text":"An unlabeled game cartridge for the Nintendo Entertainment SystemEarly arcade games, home consoles, and handheld games were dedicated hardware units with the game's logic built into the electronic componentry of the hardware. Since then, most video game platforms are considered programmable, having means to read and play multiple games distributed on different types of media or formats. Physical formats include ROM cartridges, magnetic storage including magnetic-tape data storage and floppy discs, optical media formats including CD-ROM and DVDs, and flash memory cards. Furthermore digital distribution over the Internet or other communication methods as well as cloud gaming alleviate the need for any physical media. In some cases, the media serves as the direct read-only memory for the game, or it may be the form of installation media that is used to write the main assets to the player's platform's local storage for faster loading periods and later updates.Games can be extended with new content and software patches through either expansion packs which are typically available as physical media, or as downloadable content nominally available via digital distribution. These can be offered freely or can be used to monetize a game following its initial release. Several games offer players the ability to create user-generated content to share with others to play. Other games, mostly those on personal computers, can be extended with user-created modifications or mods that alter or add onto the game; these often are unofficial and were developed by players from reverse engineering of the game, but other games provide official support for modding the game.[51]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nintendo-Super-NES-Controller.jpg"},{"link_name":"Super NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_NES"},{"link_name":"gamepads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamepad"},{"link_name":"joysticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystick"},{"link_name":"analog sticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_stick"},{"link_name":"directional pads (\"d-pads\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-pad"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"touchscreens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"motion detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_detection"},{"link_name":"racing wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_wheel"},{"link_name":"light guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_gun"},{"link_name":"dance pads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_pad"},{"link_name":"Digital cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"}],"sub_title":"Input device","text":"A North American Super NES game controller from the early 1990sVideo game can use several types of input devices to translate human actions to a game. Most common are the use of game controllers like gamepads and joysticks for most consoles, and as accessories for personal computer systems along keyboard and mouse controls. Common controls on the most recent controllers include face buttons, shoulder triggers, analog sticks, and directional pads (\"d-pads\"). Consoles typically include standard controllers which are shipped or bundled with the console itself, while peripheral controllers are available as a separate purchase from the console manufacturer or third-party vendors.[52] Similar control sets are built into handheld consoles and onto arcade cabinets. Newer technology improvements have incorporated additional technology into the controller or the game platform, such as touchscreens and motion detection sensors that give more options for how the player interacts with the game. Specialized controllers may be used for certain genres of games, including racing wheels, light guns and dance pads. Digital cameras and motion detection can capture movements of the player as input into the game, which can, in some cases, effectively eliminate the control, and on other systems such as virtual reality, are used to enhance immersion into the game.","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Game-Boy-FL.jpg"},{"link_name":"cathode-ray tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube"},{"link_name":"liquid-crystal display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display"},{"link_name":"projectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector"},{"link_name":"computer monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitor"},{"link_name":"color depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depth"},{"link_name":"refresh rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refresh_rate"},{"link_name":"frame rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate"},{"link_name":"screen resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_resolution"},{"link_name":"text-based games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-based_game"},{"link_name":"two-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"augmented reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"haptic technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technology"}],"sub_title":"Display and output","text":"Handheld units, like the Game Boy, include built-in output screens and sound speakers.By definition, all video games are intended to output graphics to an external video display, such as cathode-ray tube televisions, newer liquid-crystal display (LCD) televisions and built-in screens, projectors or computer monitors, depending on the type of platform the game is played on. Features such as color depth, refresh rate, frame rate, and screen resolution are a combination of the limitations of the game platform and display device and the program efficiency of the game itself. The game's output can range from fixed displays using LED or LCD elements, text-based games, two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphics, and augmented reality displays.The game's graphics are often accompanied by sound produced by internal speakers on the game platform or external speakers attached to the platform, as directed by the game's programming. This often will include sound effects tied to the player's actions to provide audio feedback, as well as background music for the game.Some platforms support additional feedback mechanics to the player that a game can take advantage of. This is most commonly haptic technology built into the game controller, such as causing the controller to shake in the player's hands to simulate a shaking earthquake occurring in game.","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Video games are frequently classified by a number of factors related to how one plays them.","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay"},{"link_name":"Dustforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustforce"},{"link_name":"platform game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game"},{"link_name":"genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genres"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apperley-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Explosion-56"},{"link_name":"shooter game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooter_game"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fundamentals-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"horror game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_game"},{"link_name":"horror fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural"},{"link_name":"psychological horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_horror"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"action game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_game"},{"link_name":"role playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_role_playing_game"},{"link_name":"shoot 'em up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up"},{"link_name":"roguelikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roguelike"},{"link_name":"Rogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_clone"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_III"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"battle royale games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_royale_game"},{"link_name":"Battle Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Royale_(film)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"first-person shooters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"the 1993 game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"third-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"action-adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action-adventure_game"}],"sub_title":"Genre","text":"See also: GameplayDustforce is representative of the platform game genre as its gameplay involves jumping between platforms.A video game, like most other forms of media, may be categorized into genres. However, unlike film or television which use visual or narrative elements, video games are generally categorized into genres based on their gameplay interaction, since this is the primary means which one interacts with a video game.[53][54][55] The narrative setting does not impact gameplay; a shooter game is still a shooter game, regardless of whether it takes place in a fantasy world or in outer space.[56][57] An exception is the horror game genre, used for games that are based on narrative elements of horror fiction, the supernatural, and psychological horror.[58]Genre names are normally self-describing in terms of the type of gameplay, such as action game, role playing game, or shoot 'em up, though some genres have derivations from influential works that have defined that genre, such as roguelikes from Rogue,[59] Grand Theft Auto clones from Grand Theft Auto III,[60] and battle royale games from the film Battle Royale.[61] The names may shift over time as players, developers and the media come up with new terms; for example, first-person shooters were originally called \"Doom clones\" based on the 1993 game.[62] A hierarchy of game genres exist, with top-level genres like \"shooter game\" and \"action game\" that broadly capture the game's main gameplay style, and several subgenres of specific implementation, such as within the shooter game first-person shooter and third-person shooter. Some cross-genre types also exist that fall until multiple top-level genres such as action-adventure game.","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_2004_DreamHack_LAN_Party.jpg"},{"link_name":"LAN party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN_party"},{"link_name":"DreamHack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamHack"},{"link_name":"single-player video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-player_video_game"},{"link_name":"multiplayer video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game"},{"link_name":"LAN parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN_party"},{"link_name":"cooperative and team-based options","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"asymmetric gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_gameplay"},{"link_name":"Online games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_game"},{"link_name":"massively multiplayer online games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game"},{"link_name":"zero-player games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-player_game"},{"link_name":"Conway's Game of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Mode","text":"A LAN party at the 2004 DreamHack with hundreds of playersA video game's mode describes how many players can use the game at the same type. This is primarily distinguished by single-player video games and multiplayer video games. Within the latter category, multiplayer games can be played in a variety of ways, including locally at the same device, on separate devices connected through a local network such as LAN parties, or online via separate Internet connections. Most multiplayer games are based on competitive gameplay, but many offer cooperative and team-based options as well as asymmetric gameplay. Online games use server structures that can also enable massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) to support hundreds of players at the same time.A small number of video games are zero-player games, in which the player has very limited interaction with the game itself. These are most commonly simulation games where the player may establish a starting state and then let the game proceed on its own, watching the results as a passive observer, such as with many computerized simulations of Conway's Game of Life.[63]","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eu_game_industry-37"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"casual games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_game"},{"link_name":"mass market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_market"},{"link_name":"match three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_three"},{"link_name":"hidden object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_object"},{"link_name":"time management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Management_(video_game_genre)"},{"link_name":"puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_video_game"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"social-network game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-network_game"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Tetris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris"},{"link_name":"Candy Crush Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Crush_Saga"},{"link_name":"hyper-casual games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-casual_game"},{"link_name":"Flappy Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flappy_Bird"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Education software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_software"},{"link_name":"edutainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_entertainment"},{"link_name":"critical thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking"},{"link_name":"educational video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_video_game"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"The Oregon Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregon_Trail_(series)"},{"link_name":"Carmen Sandiego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Sandiego_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"open worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"virtual sandboxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_game"},{"link_name":"Minecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecraft"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Education-70"},{"link_name":"puzzle video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_video_game"},{"link_name":"SpaceChem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceChem"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AFA_Beech_in_Flight_Simulator.jpg"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Flight Simulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Flight_Simulator"},{"link_name":"serious games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_game"},{"link_name":"gamification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamification"},{"link_name":"fitness games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming"},{"link_name":"Wii Fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Fit"},{"link_name":"flight simulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_simulator"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Flight Simulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Flight_Simulator"},{"link_name":"advergames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advergame"},{"link_name":"Pepsiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsiman_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"newsgames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgame"},{"link_name":"NarcoGuerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NarcoGuerra"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"art or arthouse games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_game"},{"link_name":"indie games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_game"},{"link_name":"Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"That Dragon, Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Dragon,_Cancer"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmes2003-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Types","text":"Most video games are intended for entertainment purposes.[36] Different game types include:Core games\nCore or hard-core games refer to the typical perception of video games, developed for entertainment purposes. These games typically require a fair amount of time to learn and master, in contrast to casual games, and thus are most appealing to gamers rather than a broader audience. Most of the AAA video game industry is based around the delivery of core games.[64]Casual games\nIn contrast to core games, casual games are designed for ease of accessibility, simple to understand gameplay and quick to grasp rule sets, and aimed at mass market audience. They frequently support the ability to jump in and out of play on demand, such as during commuting or lunch breaks. Numerous browser and mobile games fall into the casual game area, and casual games often are from genres with low intensity game elements such as match three, hidden object, time management, and puzzle games.[65] Causal games frequently use social-network game mechanics, where players can enlist the help of friends on their social media networks for extra turns or moves each day.[66] Popular casual games include Tetris and Candy Crush Saga. More recent, starting in the late 2010s, are hyper-casual games which use even more simplistic rules for short but infinitely replayable games, such as Flappy Bird.[67]\nEducational games\nEducation software has been used in homes and classrooms to help teach children and students, and video games have been similarly adapted for these reasons, all designed to provide a form of interactivity and entertainment tied to game design elements. There are a variety of differences in their designs and how they educate the user. These are broadly split between edutainment games that tend to focus on the entertainment value and rote learning but are unlikely to engage in critical thinking, and educational video games that are geared towards problem solving through motivation and positive reinforcement while downplaying the entertainment value.[68] Examples of educational games include The Oregon Trail and the Carmen Sandiego series. Further, games not initially developed for educational purposes have found their way into the classroom after release, such as that feature open worlds or virtual sandboxes like Minecraft,[69] or offer critical thinking skills through puzzle video games like SpaceChem.[70]\nSerious games\nMicrosoft Flight Simulator is an example of a simulation game. Further extending from educational games, serious games are those where the entertainment factor may be augmented, overshadowed, or even eliminated by other purposes for the game. Game design is used to reinforce the non-entertainment purpose of the game, such as using video game technology for the game's interactive world, or gamification for reinforcement training. Educational games are a form of serious games, but other types of games include fitness games that incorporate significant physical exercise to help keep the player fit (such as Wii Fit), simulator games that resemble flight simulators to pilot aircraft (such as Microsoft Flight Simulator), advergames that are built around the advertising of a product (such as Pepsiman), and newsgames aimed at conveying a specific advocacy message (such as NarcoGuerra).[71][72]\nArt games\nAlthough video games have been considered an art form on their own, games may be developed to try to purposely communicate a story or message, using the medium as a work of art. These art or arthouse games are designed to generate emotion and empathy from the player by challenging societal norms and offering critique through the interactivity of the video game medium. They may not have any type of win condition and are designed to let the player explore through the game world and scenarios. Most art games are indie games in nature, designed based on personal experiences or stories through a single developer or small team. Examples of art games include Passage, Flower, and That Dragon, Cancer.[73][74][75]","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESRBrating.PNG"},{"link_name":"Rabbids Go Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbids_Go_Home"},{"link_name":"content rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_rating"},{"link_name":"graphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_violence"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Software Rating Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Entertainment_Merchants_Association"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legal_results-77"},{"link_name":"Pan European Game Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_European_Game_Information"},{"link_name":"Australian Classification Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board"},{"link_name":"number of notable banned games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Computer Entertainment Rating Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Entertainment_Rating_Organization"},{"link_name":"Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterhaltungssoftware_Selbstkontrolle"},{"link_name":"International Age Rating Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Age_Rating_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterhaltungssoftware_Selbstkontrolle"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"China's video game segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games_in_China"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"Content rating","text":"A typical ESRB rating label, listing the rating and specific content descriptors for Rabbids Go HomeVideo games can be subject to national and international content rating requirements. Like with film content ratings, video game ratings typing identify the target age group that the national or regional ratings board believes is appropriate for the player, ranging from all-ages, to a teenager-or-older, to mature, to the infrequent adult-only games. Most content review is based on the level of violence, both in the type of violence and how graphic it may be represented, and sexual content, but other themes such as drug and alcohol use and gambling that can influence children may also be identified. A primary identifier based on a minimum age is used by nearly all systems, along with additional descriptors to identify specific content that players and parents should be aware of.The regulations vary from country to country but generally are voluntary systems upheld by vendor practices, with penalty and fines issued by the ratings body on the video game publisher for misuse of the ratings. Among the major content rating systems include:Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) that oversees games released in the United States. ESRB ratings are voluntary and rated along a E (Everyone), E10+ (Everyone 10 and older), T (Teen), M (Mature), and AO (Adults Only). Attempts to mandate video games ratings in the U.S. subsequently led to the landmark Supreme Court case, Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association in 2011 which ruled video games were a protected form of art, a key victory for the video game industry.[76]\nPan European Game Information (PEGI) covering the United Kingdom, most of the European Union and other European countries, replacing previous national-based systems. The PEGI system uses content rated based on minimum recommended ages, which include 3+, 8+, 12+, 16+, and 18+.\nAustralian Classification Board (ACB) oversees the ratings of games and other works in Australia, using ratings of G (General), PG (Parental Guidance), M (Mature), MA15+ (Mature Accompanied), R18+ (Restricted), and X (Restricted for pornographic material). ACB can also deny to give a rating to game (RC – Refused Classification). The ACB's ratings are enforceable by law, and importantly, games cannot be imported or purchased digitally in Australia if they have failed to gain a rating or were given the RC rating, leading to a number of notable banned games.\nComputer Entertainment Rating Organization (CERO) rates games for Japan. Their ratings include A (all ages), B (12 and older), C (15 and over), D (17 and over), and Z (18 and over).\nUnterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (USK) rates games for Germany. Their ratings include 0, 6, 12, 16, and 18.Additionally, the major content system provides have worked to create the International Age Rating Coalition (IARC), a means to streamline and align the content ratings system between different region, so that a publisher would only need to complete the content ratings review for one provider, and use the IARC transition to affirm the content rating for all other regions.Certain nations have even more restrictive rules related to political or ideological content. Within Germany, until 2018, the Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (Entertainment Software Self-Regulation) would refuse to classify, and thus allow sale, of any game depicting Nazi imagery, and thus often requiring developers to replace such imagery with fictional ones. This ruling was relaxed in 2018 to allow for such imagery for \"social adequacy\" purposes that applied to other works of art.[77] China's video game segment is mostly isolated from the rest of the world due to the government's censorship, and all games published there must adhere to strict government review, disallowing content such as smearing the image of the Chinese Communist Party. Foreign games published in China often require modification by developers and publishers to meet these requirements.[78]","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Video game industry practices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry_practices"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virtual-camera-system.png"},{"link_name":"virtual camera system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_camera_system"},{"link_name":"Video game developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"programmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_programmer"},{"link_name":"graphic designers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design"},{"link_name":"sound designers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_design"},{"link_name":"game designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_designer"},{"link_name":"producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_producer"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numberofdevs-80"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"PDAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"programmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming"},{"link_name":"microprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"},{"link_name":"game engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engine"},{"link_name":"physics engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_engine"},{"link_name":"middleware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware"},{"link_name":"network-oriented code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcode"},{"link_name":"matchmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchmaking_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"game development kits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_development_kit"},{"link_name":"quality testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing"},{"link_name":"bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug"},{"link_name":"glitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch"},{"link_name":"patches and updates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_II"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"indie game development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_game_development"},{"link_name":"AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indie_dreams-87"}],"text":"See also: Video game industry practicesDevelopers use various tools to create video games. Here an editor is fine-tuning the virtual camera system.Video game development and authorship, much like any other form of entertainment, is frequently a cross-disciplinary field. Video game developers, as employees within this industry are commonly referred, primarily include programmers and graphic designers. Over the years this has expanded to include almost every type of skill that one might see prevalent in the creation of any movie or television program, including sound designers, musicians, and other technicians; as well as skills that are specific to video games, such as the game designer. All of these are managed by producers.In the early days of the industry, it was more common for a single person to manage all of the roles needed to create a video game. As platforms have become more complex and powerful in the type of material they can present, larger teams have been needed to generate all of the art, programming, cinematography, and more. This is not to say that the age of the \"one-man shop\" is gone, as this is still sometimes found in the casual gaming and handheld markets,[79] where smaller games are prevalent due to technical limitations such as limited RAM or lack of dedicated 3D graphics rendering capabilities on the target platform (e.g., some PDAs).[80]Video games are programmed like any other piece of computer software. Prior to the mid-1970s, arcade and home consoles were programmed by assembling discrete electro-mechanical components on circuit boards, which limited games to relatively simple logic. By 1975, low-cost microprocessors were available at volume to be used for video game hardware, which allowed game developers to program more detailed games, widening the scope of what was possible.[81][82] Ongoing improvements in computer hardware technology has expanded what has become possible to create in video games, coupled with convergence of common hardware between console, computer, and arcade platforms to simplify the development process.[83] Today, game developers have a number of commercial and open source tools available for use to make games, often which are across multiple platforms to support portability, or may still opt to create their own for more specialized features and direct control of the game. Today, many games are built around a game engine that handles the bulk of the game's logic, gameplay, and rendering. These engines can be augmented with specialized engines for specific features, such as a physics engine that simulates the physics of objects in real-time. A variety of middleware exists to help developers to access other features, such as for playback of videos within games, network-oriented code for games that communicate via online services, matchmaking for online games, and similar features. These features can be used from a developers' programming language of choice, or they may opt to also use game development kits that minimize the amount of direct programming they have to do but can also limit the amount of customization they can add into a game. Like all software, video games usually undergo quality testing before release to assure there are no bugs or glitches in the product, though frequently developers will release patches and updates.With the growth of the size of development teams in the industry, the problem of cost has increased. Development studios need the best talent, while publishers reduce costs to maintain profitability on their investment. Typically, a video game console development team ranges from 5 to 50 people, and some exceed 100. In May 2009, Assassin's Creed II was reported to have a development staff of 450.[84] The growth of team size combined with greater pressure to get completed projects into the market to begin recouping production costs has led to a greater occurrence of missed deadlines, rushed games and the release of unfinished products.[85]While amateur and hobbyist game programming had existed since the late 1970s with the introduction of home computers, a newer trend since the mid-2000s is indie game development. Indie games are made by small teams outside any direct publisher control, their games being smaller in scope than those from the larger \"AAA\" game studios, and are often experiment in gameplay and art style. Indie game development are aided by larger availability of digital distribution, including the newer mobile gaming market, and readily-available and low-cost development tools for these platforms.[86]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ludology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludology"},{"link_name":"narratology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratology"},{"link_name":"Janet Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Murray"},{"link_name":"interactive fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_fiction"},{"link_name":"Holodeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodeck"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Tron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron"},{"link_name":"eXistenZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXistenZ"},{"link_name":"The Last Starfighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Starfighter"},{"link_name":"Espen J. Aarseth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espen_J._Aarseth"},{"link_name":"Tomb Raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_Raider"},{"link_name":"Lara Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Croft"},{"link_name":"film theorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_theory"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"emergent principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"}],"sub_title":"Game theory and studies","text":"Although departments of computer science have been studying the technical aspects of video games for years, theories that examine games as an artistic medium are a relatively recent development in the humanities. The two most visible schools in this emerging field are ludology and narratology. Narrativists approach video games in the context of what Janet Murray calls \"Cyberdrama\". That is to say, their major concern is with video games as a storytelling medium, one that arises out of interactive fiction. Murray puts video games in the context of the Holodeck, a fictional piece of technology from Star Trek, arguing for the video game as a medium in which the player is allowed to become another person, and to act out in another world.[87] This image of video games received early widespread popular support, and forms the basis of films such as Tron, eXistenZ and The Last Starfighter.Ludologists break sharply and radically from this idea. They argue that a video game is first and foremost a game, which must be understood in terms of its rules, interface, and the concept of play that it deploys. Espen J. Aarseth argues that, although games certainly have plots, characters, and aspects of traditional narratives, these aspects are incidental to gameplay. For example, Aarseth is critical of the widespread attention that narrativists have given to the heroine of the game Tomb Raider, saying that \"the dimensions of Lara Croft's body, already analyzed to death by film theorists, are irrelevant to me as a player, because a different-looking body would not make me play differently... When I play, I don't even see her body, but see through it and past it.\"[88] Simply put, ludologists reject traditional theories of art because they claim that the artistic and socially relevant qualities of a video game are primarily determined by the underlying set of rules, demands, and expectations imposed on the player.While many games rely on emergent principles, video games commonly present simulated story worlds where emergent behavior occurs within the context of the game. The term \"emergent narrative\" has been used to describe how, in a simulated environment, storyline can be created simply by \"what happens to the player.\"[89] However, emergent behavior is not limited to sophisticated games. In general, any place where event-driven instructions occur for AI in a game, emergent behavior will exist. For instance, take a racing game in which cars are programmed to avoid crashing, and they encounter an obstacle in the track: the cars might then maneuver to avoid the obstacle causing the cars behind them to slow or maneuver to accommodate the cars in front of them and the obstacle. The programmer never wrote code to specifically create a traffic jam, yet one now exists in the game.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"Berne Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"idea–expression distinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea%E2%80%93expression_distinction"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes_clone-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars_clone-94"},{"link_name":"Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_III"},{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto clone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_clone"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clones-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc_gta_clone-96"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes_clone-93"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars_clone-94"},{"link_name":"within China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China"},{"link_name":"grey market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_market"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"Intellectual property for video games","text":"Most commonly, video games are protected by copyright, though both patents and trademarks have been used as well.Though local copyright regulations vary to the degree of protection, video games qualify as copyrighted visual-audio works, and enjoy cross-country protection under the Berne Convention.[90] This typically only applies to the underlying code, as well as to the artistic aspects of the game such as its writing, art assets, and music. Gameplay itself is generally not considered copyrightable; in the United States among other countries, video games are considered to fall into the idea–expression distinction in that it is how the game is presented and expressed to the player that can be copyrighted, but not the underlying principles of the game.[91]Because gameplay is normally ineligible for copyright, gameplay ideas in popular games are often replicated and built upon in other games. At times, this repurposing of gameplay can be seen as beneficial and a fundamental part of how the industry has grown by building on the ideas of others.[92][93] For example Doom (1993) and Grand Theft Auto III (2001) introduced gameplay that created popular new game genres, the first-person shooter and the Grand Theft Auto clone, respectively, in the few years after their release.[94][95] However, at times and more frequently at the onset of the industry, developers would intentionally create video game clones of successful games and game hardware with few changes, which led to the flooded arcade and dedicated home console market around 1978.[92][96][93] Cloning is also a major issue with countries that do not have strong intellectual property protection laws, such as within China. The lax oversight by China's government and the difficulty for foreign companies to take Chinese entities to court had enabled China to support a large grey market of cloned hardware and software systems.[97] The industry remains challenged to distinguish between creating new games based on refinements of past successful games to create a new type of gameplay, and intentionally creating a clone of a game that may simply swap out art assets.[98]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Angeles_-7_(7356846176).jpg"},{"link_name":"E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3"}],"text":"E3 was one of the typical trade show events of the video game industry.","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"golden age of arcade video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games"},{"link_name":"clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_clone"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-down_many_times-100"},{"link_name":"crashed in 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_video_game_crash"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-down_many_times-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-down_many_times-100"},{"link_name":"triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"independent game development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_game_development"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indie_dreams-87"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"The early history of the video game industry, following the first game hardware releases and through 1983, had little structure. Video games quickly took off during the golden age of arcade video games from the late 1970s to early 1980s, but the newfound industry was mainly composed of game developers with little business experience. This led to numerous companies forming simply to create clones of popular games to try to capitalize on the market.[99] Due to loss of publishing control and oversaturation of the market, the North American home video game market crashed in 1983, dropping from revenues of around $3 billion in 1983 to $100 million by 1985. Many of the North American companies created in the prior years closed down. Japan's growing game industry was briefly shocked by this crash but had sufficient longevity to withstand the short-term effects, and Nintendo helped to revitalize the industry with the release of the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in 1985.[99] Along with it, Nintendo established a number of core industrial practices to prevent unlicensed game development and control game distribution on their platform, methods that continue to be used by console manufacturers today.[99]The industry remained more conservative following the 1983 crash, forming around the concept of publisher-developer dichotomies, and by the 2000s, leading to the industry centralizing around low-risk, triple-A games and studios with large development budgets of at least $10 million or more.[100] The advent of the Internet brought digital distribution as a viable means to distribute games, and contributed to the growth of more riskier, experimental independent game development as an alternative to triple-A games in the late 2000s and which has continued to grow as a significant portion of the video game industry.[101][86]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"network effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_effect"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publisher"},{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"Distributors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"iOS App Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)"},{"link_name":"e-commerce revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce"},{"link_name":"video game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console"},{"link_name":"contract manufacturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_manufacturer"},{"link_name":"gaming computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_computer"},{"link_name":"Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_journalism"},{"link_name":"Influencers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_celebrity"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"streaming media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"},{"link_name":"Esports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Software Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association"},{"link_name":"major trade events and conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gaming_conventions"},{"link_name":"E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3"},{"link_name":"Gamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"Industry roles","text":"Video games have a large network effect that draw on many different sectors that tie into the larger video game industry. While video game developers are a significant portion of the industry, other key participants in the market include:[102]Publishers: Companies generally that oversee bringing the game from the developer to market. This often includes performing the marketing, public relations, and advertising of the game. Publishers frequently pay the developers ahead of time to make their games and will be involved in critical decisions about the direction of the game's progress, and then pay the developers additional royalties or bonuses based on sales performances. Other smaller, boutique publishers may simply offer to perform the publishing of a game for a small fee and a portion of the sales, and otherwise leave the developer with the creative freedom to proceed. A range of other publisher-developer relationships exist between these points.\nDistributors: Publishers often are able to produce their own game media and take the role of distributor, but there are also third-party distributors that can mass-produce game media and distribute to retailers. Digital storefronts like Steam and the iOS App Store also serve as distributors and retailers in the digital space.\nRetailers: Physical storefronts, which include large online retailers, department and electronic stores, and specialty video game stores, sell games, consoles, and other accessories to consumers. This has also including a trade-in market in certain regions, allowing players to turn in used games for partial refunds or credit towards other games. However, with the uprising of digital marketplaces and e-commerce revolution, retailers have been performing worse than in the past.\nHardware manufacturers: The video game console manufacturers produce console hardware, often through a value chain system that include numerous component suppliers and contract manufacturer that assemble the consoles. Further, these console manufacturers typically require a license to develop for their platform and may control the production of some games, such as Nintendo does with the use of game cartridges for its systems. In exchange, the manufacturers may help promote games for their system and may seek console exclusivity for certain games. For games on personal computers, a number of manufacturers are devoted to high-performance \"gaming computer\" hardware, particularly in the graphics card area; several of the same companies overlap with component supplies for consoles. A range of third-party manufacturers also exist to provide equipment and gear for consoles post-sale, such as additional controllers for console or carrying cases and gear for handheld devices.\nJournalism: While journalism around video games used to be primarily print-based, and focused more on post-release reviews and gameplay strategy, the Internet has brought a more proactive press that use web journalism, covering games in the months prior to release as well as beyond, helping to build excitement for games ahead of release.\nInfluencers: With the rising importance of social media, video game companies have found that the opinions of influencers using streaming media to play through their games has had a significant impact on game sales, and have turned to use influencers alongside traditional journalism as a means to build up attention to their game before release.\nEsports: Esports is a major function of several multiplayer games with numerous professional leagues established since the 2000s, with large viewership numbers, particularly out of southeast Asia since the 2010s.\nTrade and advocacy groups: Trade groups like the Entertainment Software Association were established to provide a common voice for the industry in response to governmental and other advocacy concerns. They frequently set up the major trade events and conventions for the industry such as E3.\nGamers: Proactive hobbyists who are players and consumers of video games. While their representation in the industry is primarily seen through game sales, many companies follow gamers' comments on social media or on user reviews and engage with them to work to improve their products in addition to other feedback from other parts of the industry. Demographics of the larger player community also impact parts of the market; while once dominated by younger men, the market shifted in the mid-2010s towards women and older players who generally preferred mobile and causal games, leading to further growth in those sectors.[103]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Video game industry § International practices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry#International_practices"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Major regional markets","text":"See also: Video game industry § International practicesThe industry itself grew out from both the United States and Japan in the 1970s and 1980s before having a larger worldwide contribution. Today, the video game industry is predominantly led by major companies in North America (primarily the United States and Canada), Europe, and southeast Asia including Japan, South Korea, and China. Hardware production remains an area dominated by Asian companies either directly involved in hardware design or part of the production process, but digital distribution and indie game development of the late 2000s has allowed game developers to flourish nearly anywhere and diversify the field.[104]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of best-selling video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_games"},{"link_name":"Golden age of arcade video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Videogameretaildisplay.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vg_industry_size_2020-2"},{"link_name":"handheld games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_game"},{"link_name":"console games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_game"},{"link_name":"PC games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_game"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"declined in the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_video_arcade_games"},{"link_name":"arcade games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"Japanese gaming industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"In South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gaming_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"MMORPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"real-time strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_strategy"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Game sales","text":"See also: List of best-selling video games and Golden age of arcade video gamesA retail display in Switzerland with a large selection of games for platforms popular in the early 2000sAccording to the market research firm Newzoo, the global video game industry drew estimated revenues of over $159 billion in 2020. Mobile games accounted for the bulk of this, with a 48% share of the market, followed by console games at 28% and personal computer games at 23%.[1]Sales of different types of games vary widely between countries due to local preferences. Japanese consumers tend to purchase much more handheld games than console games and especially PC games, with a strong preference for games catering to local tastes.[105][106] Another key difference is that, though having declined in the West, arcade games remain an important sector of the Japanese gaming industry.[107] In South Korea, computer games are generally preferred over console games, especially MMORPG games and real-time strategy games. Computer games are also popular in China.[108]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Effects on society"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Art_of_Video_Games_2012_(6848246182).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Art of Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian American Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"new media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media"},{"link_name":"internet culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_culture"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game"},{"link_name":"online capability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_game"},{"link_name":"social networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network"},{"link_name":"electronic sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry"},{"link_name":"social distancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebert_gamesart-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Entertainment_Merchants_Association"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"art games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_game"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"The Art of Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian American Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"television shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_series_based_on_video_games"},{"link_name":"films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_video_games"},{"link_name":"comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_video_games"},{"link_name":"novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_novels_based_on_video_games"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"Detective Pikachu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Pikachu_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sonic the Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(film)"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Croft:_Tomb_Raider"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-understanding_media-118"},{"link_name":"video game music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_music"},{"link_name":"chiptunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiptunes"},{"link_name":"Video Games Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Games_Live"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-understanding_media-118"},{"link_name":"rhythm games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_game"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-understanding_media-118"},{"link_name":"machinima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinima"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Unreal Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_Engine"},{"link_name":"Industrial Light & Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic"},{"link_name":"StageCraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StageCraft"},{"link_name":"The Mandalorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mandalorian"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_games_based_on_films"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_games_based_on_anime_or_manga"},{"link_name":"comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_games_based_on_comics"},{"link_name":"lists of games with notably negative reception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_games_notable_for_negative_reception"},{"link_name":"Superman 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_64"},{"link_name":"Batman: Arkham Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Arkham_Asylum"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Culture","text":"The Art of Video Games exhibit at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in 2012Video game culture is a worldwide new media subculture formed around video games and game playing. As computer and video games have increased in popularity over time, they have had a significant influence on popular culture. Video game culture has also evolved over time hand in hand with internet culture as well as the increasing popularity of mobile games. Many people who play video games identify as gamers, which can mean anything from someone who enjoys games to someone who is passionate about it. As video games become more social with multiplayer and online capability, gamers find themselves in growing social networks. Gaming can both be entertainment as well as competition, as a new trend known as electronic sports is becoming more widely accepted. In the 2010s, video games and discussions of video game trends and topics can be seen in social media, politics, television, film and music. The COVID-19 pandemic during 2020–2021 gave further visibility to video games as a pastime to enjoy with friends and family online as a means of social distancing.[109][110]Since the mid-2000s there has been debate whether video games qualify as art, primarily as the form's interactivity interfered with the artistic intent of the work and that they are designed for commercial appeal. A significant debate on the matter came after film critic Roger Ebert published an essay \"Video Games can never be art\",[111] which challenged the industry to prove him and other critics wrong.[112] The view that video games were an art form was cemented in 2011 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association that video games were a protected form of speech with artistic merit.[113] Since then, video game developers have come to use the form more for artistic expression, including the development of art games,[114] and the cultural heritage of video games as works of arts, beyond their technical capabilities, have been part of major museum exhibits, including The Art of Video Games at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and toured at other museums from 2012 to 2016.Video games will inspire sequels and other video games within the same franchise, but also have influenced works outside of the video game medium. Numerous television shows (both animated and live-action), films, comics and novels have been created based on existing video game franchises. Because video games are an interactive medium there has been trouble in converting them to these passive forms of media, and typically such works have been critically panned or treated as children's media. For example, until 2019, no video game film had ever been received a \"Fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, but the releases of Detective Pikachu (2019) and Sonic the Hedgehog (2020), both receiving \"Fresh\" ratings, shows signs of the film industry having found an approach to adapt video games for the large screen.[115][116] That said, some early video game-based films have been highly successful at the box office, such as 1995's Mortal Kombat and 2001's Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.[117]More recently since the 2000s, there has also become a larger appreciation of video game music, which ranges from chiptunes composed for limited sound-output devices on early computers and consoles, to fully-scored compositions for most modern games. Such music has frequently served as a platform for covers and remixes, and concerts featuring video game soundtracks performed by bands or orchestras, such as Video Games Live, have also become popular.[117] Video games also frequently incorporate licensed music, particularly in the area of rhythm games, furthering the depth of which video games and music can work together.[117]Further, video games can serve as a virtual environment under full control of a producer to create new works. With the capability to render 3D actors and settings in real-time, a new type of work machinima (short for \"machine cinema\") grew out from using video game engines to craft narratives.[118] As video game engines gain higher fidelity, they have also become part of the tools used in more traditional filmmaking. Unreal Engine has been used as a backbone by Industrial Light & Magic for their StageCraft technology for shows like The Mandalorian.[119]Separately, video games are also frequently used as part of the promotion and marketing for other media, such as for films, anime, and comics. However, these licensed games in the 1990s and 2000s often had a reputation for poor quality, developed without any input from the intellectual property rights owners, and several of them are considered among lists of games with notably negative reception, such as Superman 64. More recently, with these licensed games being developed by triple-A studios or through studios directly connected to the licensed property owner, there has been a significant improvement in the quality of these games, with an early trendsetting example of Batman: Arkham Asylum.[120]","title":"Effects on society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Video_game#Dubious"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"hand–eye coordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%E2%80%93eye_coordination"},{"link_name":"visuo-motor skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_coordination"},{"link_name":"distraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distraction"},{"link_name":"peripheral vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eindhoven_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Animal Crossing: New Horizons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Crossing:_New_Horizons"},{"link_name":"Plants vs Zombies: Battle for Neighborville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_vs_Zombies:_Battle_for_Neighborville"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"Regan Mandryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regan_Mandryk"},{"link_name":"University of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_stress"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"millennials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennials"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"sub_title":"Beneficial uses","text":"Besides their entertainment value, appropriately-designed video games have been seen to provide value in education across several ages and comprehension levels. Learning principles found in video games have been identified as possible techniques with which to reform the U.S. education system.[121] It has been noticed that gamers adopt an attitude while playing that is of such high concentration, they do not realize they are learning, and that if the same attitude could be adopted at school, education would enjoy significant benefits.[122][dubious – discuss] Students are found to be \"learning by doing\" while playing video games while fostering creative thinking.[123]Video games are also believed to be beneficial to the mind and body. It has been shown that action video game players have better hand–eye coordination and visuo-motor skills, such as their resistance to distraction, their sensitivity to information in the peripheral vision and their ability to count briefly presented objects, than nonplayers.[124] Researchers found that such enhanced abilities could be acquired by training with action games, involving challenges that switch attention between different locations, but not with games requiring concentration on single objects.[citation needed] A 2018 systematic review found evidence that video gaming training had positive effects on cognitive and emotional skills in the adult population, especially with young adults.[125] A 2019 systematic review also added support for the claim that video games are beneficial to the brain, although the beneficial effects of video gaming on the brain differed by video games types.[126]How can video games boost your mental health? – Max Birk (Eindhoven University of Technology)Organisers of video gaming events, such as the organisers of the D-Lux video game festival in Dumfries, Scotland, have emphasised the positive aspects video games can have on mental health. Organisers, mental health workers and mental health nurses at the event emphasised the relationships and friendships that can be built around video games and how playing games can help people learn about others as a precursor to discussing the person's mental health.[127] A study in 2020 from Oxford University also suggested that playing video games can be a benefit to a person's mental health. The report of 3,274 gamers, all over the age of 18, focused on the games Animal Crossing: New Horizons and Plants vs Zombies: Battle for Neighborville and used actual play-time data. The report found that those that played more games tended to report greater \"wellbeing\".[128][129] Also in 2020, computer science professor Regan Mandryk of the University of Saskatchewan said her research also showed that video games can have health benefits such as reducing stress and improving mental health. The university's research studied all age groups – \"from pre-literate children through to older adults living in long term care homes\" – with a main focus on 18 to 55-year-olds.[130]A study of gamers attitudes towards gaming which was reported about in 2018 found that millennials use video games as a key strategy for coping with stress. In the study of 1,000 gamers, 55% said that it \"helps them to unwind and relieve stress ... and half said they see the value in gaming as a method of escapism to help them deal with daily work pressures\".[131]","title":"Effects on society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digital media use and mental health § Autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health#Autism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compulsion_loop_for_video_games.svg"},{"link_name":"compulsion loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsion_loop"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"addictive behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addictive_behavior"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"violent video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_and_video_games"},{"link_name":"Columbine High School massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"video games may be addictive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_addiction"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases"},{"link_name":"American Psychiatric Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes_20190805-134"},{"link_name":"compulsion loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsion_loop"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_kim-136"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling"},{"link_name":"loot boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loot_box"},{"link_name":"1993 United States Congressional hearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_congressional_hearings_on_video_games"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat"},{"link_name":"Jack Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Thompson_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_III"},{"link_name":"Manhunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"No Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Russian"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_2"},{"link_name":"Gamergate harassment campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"crunch time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunch_time_(video_gaming)"}],"sub_title":"Controversies","text":"See also: Digital media use and mental health § AutismThe compulsion loop for video games is believed to trigger dopamine release that can encourage addictive behavior.Video games have caused controversy since the 1970s.[132] Parents and children's advocates regularly raise concerns that violent video games can influence young players into performing those violent acts in real life, and events such as the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 in which some claimed the perpetrators specifically alluded to using video games to plot out their attack, raised further fears.[citation needed] Medical experts and mental health professionals have also raised concerned that video games may be addictive, and the World Health Organization has included \"gaming disorder\" in the 11th revision of its International Statistical Classification of Diseases. Other health experts, including the American Psychiatric Association, have stated that there is insufficient evidence that video games can create violent tendencies or lead to addictive behavior,[133] though agree that video games typically use a compulsion loop in their core design that can create dopamine that can help reinforce the desire to continue to play through that compulsion loop and potentially lead into violent or addictive behavior.[134][135][136] Even with case law establishing that video games qualify as a protected art form, there has been pressure on the video game industry to keep their products in check to avoid over-excessive violence particularly for games aimed at younger children. The potential addictive behavior around games, coupled with increased used of post-sale monetization of video games, has also raised concern among parents, advocates, and government officials about gambling tendencies that may come from video games, such as controversy around the use of loot boxes in many high-profile games.Numerous other controversies around video games and its industry have arisen over the years, among the more notable incidents include the 1993 United States Congressional hearings on violent games like Mortal Kombat which lead to the formation of the ESRB ratings system, numerous legal actions taken by attorney Jack Thompson over violent games such as Grand Theft Auto III and Manhunt from 2003 to 2007, the outrage over the \"No Russian\" level from Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 in 2009 which allowed the player to shoot a number of innocent non-player characters at an airport, and the Gamergate harassment campaign in 2014 that highlighted misogyny from a portion of the player demographic. The industry as a whole has also dealt with issues related to gender, racial, and LGBTQ+ discrimination and mischaracterization of these minority groups in video games. A further issue in the industry is related to working conditions, as development studios and publishers frequently use \"crunch time\", required extended working hours, in the weeks and months ahead of a game's release to assure on-time delivery.","title":"Effects on society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of video game museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_game_museums"},{"link_name":"retrogaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrogaming"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game&action=edit"},{"link_name":"National Videogame Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Videogame_Museum_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Frisco, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Computer Games Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspielemuseum_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Museum of Soviet Arcade Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Soviet_Arcade_Machines"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Museum of Art and Digital Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Art_and_Digital_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Video Game Museum of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Game_Museum_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"International Center for the History of Electronic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_the_History_of_Electronic_Games"},{"link_name":"The Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strong"},{"link_name":"Rochester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"20 video games and one video game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_games_in_the_Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian American Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"The Art of Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"}],"text":"See also: List of video game museumsPlayers of video games often maintain collections of games. More recently there has been interest in retrogaming, focusing on games from the first decades. Games in retail packaging in good shape have become collectors items for the early days of the industry, with some rare publications having gone for over US$100,000 as of 2020[update]. Separately, there is also concern about the preservation of video games, as both game media and the hardware to play them degrade over time. Further, many of the game developers and publishers from the first decades no longer exist, so records of their games have disappeared. Archivists and preservations have worked within the scope of copyright law to save these games as part of the cultural history of the industry.There are many video game museums around the world, including the National Videogame Museum in Frisco, Texas,[137] which serves as the largest museum wholly dedicated to the display and preservation of the industry's most important artifacts.[138] Europe hosts video game museums such as the Computer Games Museum in Berlin[139] and the Museum of Soviet Arcade Machines in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg.[140][141] The Museum of Art and Digital Entertainment in Oakland, California is a dedicated video game museum focusing on playable exhibits of console and computer games.[142] The Video Game Museum of Rome is also dedicated to preserving video games and their history.[143] The International Center for the History of Electronic Games at The Strong in Rochester, New York contains one of the largest collections of electronic games and game-related historical materials in the world, including a 5,000-square-foot (460 m2) exhibit which allows guests to play their way through the history of video games.[144][145][146] The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC has three video games on permanent display: Pac-Man, Dragon's Lair, and Pong.[147]The Museum of Modern Art has added a total of 20 video games and one video game console to its permanent Architecture and Design Collection since 2012.[148][149] In 2012, the Smithsonian American Art Museum ran an exhibition on \"The Art of Video Games\".[150] However, the reviews of the exhibit were mixed, including questioning whether video games belong in an art museum.[151][152]","title":"Collecting and preservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ \"Videogame\" may also be used, though this is less frequent.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"How to Solve China's Piracy Problem\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.slate.com/articles/arts/go_east_young_man/2005/04/how_to_solve_chinas_piracy_problem.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111108033525/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/go_east_young_man/2005/04/how_to_solve_chinas_piracy_problem.html"},{"link_name":"\"I Have No Words & I Must Design\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080812015347/http://www.costik.com/nowords.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.costik.com/nowords.html"},{"link_name":"The Art of Computer Game Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150702204947/http://library.vancouver.wsu.edu/art-computer-game-design"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//library.vancouver.wsu.edu/art-computer-game-design"},{"link_name":"\"Where have all the PC games gone?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/19980112155115/http://www.cjmag.co.jp/magazine/issues/1997/aug97/0897pcgames.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cjmag.co.jp/magazine/issues/1997/aug97/0897pcgames.html"},{"link_name":"The MIT Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MIT_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-262-19536-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19536-2"},{"link_name":"\"Are Video Games Art?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=299"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101214025334/http://contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=299"},{"link_name":"\"Game sales hit record highs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gamespot.com/news/game-sales-hit-record-highs-6117438"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120106224517/http://www.gamespot.com/news/game-sales-hit-record-highs-6117438"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/1362517022000047334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F1362517022000047334"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144132612","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144132612"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1984825437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1984825437"}],"text":"Blodget, Henry (12 April 2005). \"How to Solve China's Piracy Problem\". Slate.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2006.\nCostikyan, Greg (1994). \"I Have No Words & I Must Design\". Archived from the original on 12 August 2008.\nCrawford, Chris (1982). The Art of Computer Game Design. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2011.\nLieu, Tina (August 1997). \"Where have all the PC games gone?\". Computing Japan. Archived from the original on 12 January 1998.\nPursell, Carroll (2015). From Playgrounds to PlayStation: The Interaction of Technology and Play. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.\nSalen, Katie; Eric Zimmerman (2005). The Game Design Reader: A Rules of Play Anthology. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-19536-2.\nSmuts, Aaron (2005). \"Are Video Games Art?\". Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2006.\nWinegarner, Beth (28 January 2005). \"Game sales hit record highs\". GameSpot. Gamespot. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2006.\nJohn Wills (1 October 2002). \"Digital Dinosaurs and Artificial Life: Exploring the Culture of Nature in Computer and Video Games\". Cultural Values (Journal for Cultural Research). 6 (4): 395–417. doi:10.1080/1362517022000047334. S2CID 144132612.\nWilliams, J.P.; Smith, J.H., eds. (2007). The players' realm: studies on the culture of video games and gaming. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.\nThe Ultimate History of Video Games, Volume 2: Nintendo, Sony, Microsoft, and the Billion-Dollar Battle to Shape Modern Gaming by Steven L. Kent, Crown, 2021, ISBN 1984825437","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"First-generation Pong console at the Computerspielemuseum Berlin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg/260px-Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tennis for Two (1958), an early analog computer game that used an oscilloscope for a display","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tennis_For_Two_on_a_DuMont_Lab_Oscilloscope_Type_304-A.jpg/220px-Tennis_For_Two_on_a_DuMont_Lab_Oscilloscope_Type_304-A.jpg"},{"image_text":"Freedoom, a clone of the first-person shooter Doom. Common elements include a heads-up display along the bottom that includes the player's remaining health and ammunition.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Freedoom002_01.png/220px-Freedoom002_01.png"},{"image_text":"Arcade video game machines at the Sugoi arcade game hall in Malmi, Helsinki, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arcade_Sugoi_Malmi_Helsinki.jpg/220px-Arcade_Sugoi_Malmi_Helsinki.jpg"},{"image_text":"Various gaming consoles at the Computer Games Museum in Berlin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Consoles-computerspielemuseum.jpg/220px-Consoles-computerspielemuseum.jpg"},{"image_text":"The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling video game console, with over 155 million units sold.[47]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/220px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg"},{"image_text":"A police-themed arcade game in which players use a light gun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Light_gun_survival_horror_arcade_game.jpg/220px-Light_gun_survival_horror_arcade_game.jpg"},{"image_text":"Players using the PlayStation VR headsets in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gamescom_Playstation_VR_Playseat_%2836454815300%29.jpg/220px-Gamescom_Playstation_VR_Playseat_%2836454815300%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An unlabeled game cartridge for the Nintendo Entertainment System","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NES-Cartridge.jpg/220px-NES-Cartridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"A North American Super NES game controller from the early 1990s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nintendo-Super-NES-Controller.jpg/220px-Nintendo-Super-NES-Controller.jpg"},{"image_text":"Handheld units, like the Game Boy, include built-in output screens and sound speakers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/170px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dustforce is representative of the platform game genre as its gameplay involves jumping between platforms."},{"image_text":"A LAN party at the 2004 DreamHack with hundreds of players","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Winter_2004_DreamHack_LAN_Party.jpg/220px-Winter_2004_DreamHack_LAN_Party.jpg"},{"image_text":"Microsoft Flight Simulator is an example of a simulation game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AFA_Beech_in_Flight_Simulator.jpg/220px-AFA_Beech_in_Flight_Simulator.jpg"},{"image_text":"A typical ESRB rating label, listing the rating and specific content descriptors for Rabbids Go Home","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/ESRBrating.PNG"},{"image_text":"Developers use various tools to create video games. Here an editor is fine-tuning the virtual camera system.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Virtual-camera-system.png/220px-Virtual-camera-system.png"},{"image_text":"E3 was one of the typical trade show events of the video game industry.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Los_Angeles_-7_%287356846176%29.jpg/220px-Los_Angeles_-7_%287356846176%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A retail display in Switzerland with a large selection of games for platforms popular in the early 2000s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Videogameretaildisplay.jpg/220px-Videogameretaildisplay.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Art of Video Games exhibit at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Art_of_Video_Games_2012_%286848246182%29.jpg/220px-The_Art_of_Video_Games_2012_%286848246182%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"How can video games boost your mental health? – Max Birk (Eindhoven University of Technology)"},{"image_text":"The compulsion loop for video games is believed to trigger dopamine release that can encourage addictive behavior.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Compulsion_loop_for_video_games.svg/220px-Compulsion_loop_for_video_games.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Video games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Video_games"},{"title":"Lists of video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_video_games"},{"title":"List of accessories to video games by system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accessories_to_video_games_by_system"},{"title":"Outline of video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_video_games"}] | [{"reference":"Hall, Stefan (15 May 2020). \"How COVID-19 is taking gaming and esports to the next level\". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/covid-19-taking-gaming-and-esports-next-level/","url_text":"\"How COVID-19 is taking gaming and esports to the next level\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum","url_text":"World Economic Forum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210505214601/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/covid-19-taking-gaming-and-esports-next-level/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Pong-Story – Introduction\". Pong-Story. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pong-story.com/intro.htm","url_text":"\"Welcome to Pong-Story – Introduction\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100827183321/http://www.pong-story.com/intro.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to... NIMROD!\". goodeveca.net. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goodeveca.net/nimrod/","url_text":"\"Welcome to... NIMROD!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723135752/http://www.goodeveca.net/nimrod/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Winter, David. \"A.S.Douglas' 1952 Noughts and Crosses game\". PONG-Story. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pong-story.com/1952.htm","url_text":"\"A.S.Douglas' 1952 Noughts and Crosses game\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151223140718/http://www.pong-story.com/1952.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rabin, Steve (2005) [14 June 2005]. Introduction to Game Development. Massachusetts: Charles River Media. ISBN 978-1-58450-377-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoga0000unse","url_text":"Introduction to Game Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58450-377-4","url_text":"978-1-58450-377-4"}]},{"reference":"Orlando, Greg (15 May 2007). \"Console Portraits: A 40-Year Pictorial History of Gaming\". Wired News. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2007/06/gallery-game-history/","url_text":"\"Console Portraits: A 40-Year Pictorial History of Gaming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_News","url_text":"Wired News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516011520/http://www.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/multimedia/2007/05/gallery_game_history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yagoda, Marvin (2008). \"1972 Nutting Associates Computer Space\". Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081228061939/http://www.marvin3m.com/arcade/cspace.htm","url_text":"\"1972 Nutting Associates Computer Space\""},{"url":"http://marvin3m.com/arcade/cspace.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Gaming – Interactive Timeline of Game History\". PBS. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/kcts/videogamerevolution/history/timeline_flash.html","url_text":"\"History of Gaming – Interactive Timeline of Game History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service","url_text":"PBS"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060218080821/http://www.pbs.org/kcts/videogamerevolution/history/timeline_flash.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Michael (1 April 2005). A History of Home Video Game Consoles. InformIT. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012152258/http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=378141","url_text":"A History of Home Video Game Consoles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformIT_(publisher)","url_text":"InformIT"},{"url":"https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=378141","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barton, Mat; Loguidice, Bill (9 January 2009). \"The History Of Pong: Avoid Missing Game to Start Industry\". Game Developer. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090112004852/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3900/the_history_of_pong_avoid_missing_.php","url_text":"\"The History Of Pong: Avoid Missing Game to Start Industry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developer_(website)","url_text":"Game Developer"},{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3900/the_history_of_pong_avoid_missing_.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vendel, Curt; Goldberg, Marty (2012). Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun. Syzygy Press. pp. 26. ISBN 978-0985597405.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atariincbusiness0000gold/page/26","url_text":"Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atariincbusiness0000gold/page/26","url_text":"26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985597405","url_text":"978-0985597405"}]},{"reference":"Wolf, Mark (2007). \"Chapter 1: What Is a Video Game?\". In Wolf, Mark (ed.). The Video Game Explosion. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 3–7. ISBN 978-0313338687.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313338687","url_text":"978-0313338687"}]},{"reference":"Wolf, Mark JP (2001). \"Chapter 1: Video game as the medium\". The Medium of the Video Game. University of Texas Press. pp. 13–33. ISBN 9780292791503.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press","url_text":"University of Texas Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292791503","url_text":"9780292791503"}]},{"reference":"Wolf, Mark; Perron, Bernard (2003). \"Introduction: An Introduction To The Video Game Theory\". The Video Game Theory Reader. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis_Group","url_text":"Taylor & Francis Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Film, Television and Digital Games, Australia, 2015-16 financial year\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/technology-and-innovation/film-television-and-digital-games-australia/latest-release","url_text":"\"Film, Television and Digital Games, Australia, 2015-16 financial year\""}]},{"reference":"Wills, John (2019). Gamer Nation: Video Games and American Culture. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 5. ISBN 9781421428697. OCLC 1088892215.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Press","url_text":"Johns Hopkins Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421428697","url_text":"9781421428697"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1088892215","url_text":"1088892215"}]},{"reference":"Picard, Martin (December 2013). \"The Foundation of Geemu: A Brief History of Early Japanese video games\". International Journal of Computer Game Research. 13 (2). Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://gamestudies.org/1302/articles/picard","url_text":"\"The Foundation of Geemu: A Brief History of Early Japanese video games\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150624050100/http://gamestudies.org/1302/articles/picard","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971–2005) [Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971–2005)] (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. ISBN 978-4990251215.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ArcadeGameList1971-2005","url_text":"アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971–2005)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4990251215","url_text":"978-4990251215"}]},{"reference":"\"A red-hot market for video games\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishan_Kumar_(sociologist) | Krishan Kumar (sociologist) | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"] | British sociologist (born 1942)
Krishan KumarBorn1942 (age 81–82)Trinidad and TobagoNationalityBritishAlma materSt John's College, Cambridge, London School of Economics, University of KentScientific careerFieldsSociology, historyInstitutionsBBC, University of Kent, University of Virginia
Krishan Kumar (born 1942 in Trinidad and Tobago) is a British sociologist who is currently William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor of Sociology at the University of Virginia.
Early life and education
Kumar was educated at William Ellis School in London and studied as an undergraduate at St John's College, Cambridge and for a master's degree at the London School of Economics. He then worked as a lecturer at the University of Kent from 1967, where he also studied for a PhD, and had a spell as a producer for the talks and documentaries department of the BBC.
Career
Kumar remained at Kent, attaining the position of Professor of Social and Political Thought, until his appointment at Virginia in 1996.
Kumar has held several visiting professorships, including at the University of Bristol, the Central European University and the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, and has been a visiting scholar at Harvard University and a member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. His research interests include nationalism and European and human history.
Kumar's publications include Prophecy and Progress: The Sociology of Industrial and Post-Industrial Society (Allen Lane, 1978), Utopia and Anti-Utopia in Modern Times (Basil Blackwell, 1987), The Rise of Modern Society: Aspects of the Social and Political Development of the West (Basil Blackwell, 1988), Utopianism (Open University Press, 1991), 1989: Revolutionary Ideas and Ideals (University of Minnesota Press, 2001) and The Making of English National Identity (Cambridge University Press, 2003). The latter was described by Bernard Crick as a "scholarly masterpiece" and "the deepest and best reflection so far by a fine sociologist and an intellectual historian". His work on utopianism, meanwhile, "should...find an admired place in contemporary sociology", according to Frank Webster. Kumar has also published articles in academic journals, including Sociology, the European Journal of Political Research, the European Journal of Sociology, Theory and Society, Political Studies, the British Journal of Sociology, the European Journal of Social Theory and Nations and Nationalism.
References
^ Broomley, Anne E. (29 August 2017). "Here's What We Can Learn Today From Empires of Yesterday". Retrieved 7 November 2017.
^ a b c d e "Curriculum Vitae: Krishan Kumar" (PDF). University of Virginia. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
^ "Krishan Kumar". University of Virginia. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
^ Crick, Bernard (26 April 2003). "The friendly face of nationalism". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
^ "Novel status and statistics". Times Higher Education Supplement. 5 November 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
External links
Krishan Kumar's homepage at the University of Virginia
Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 14 July 2019 (video)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody%27s_Business_(song) | Nobody's Business (song) | ["1 Background and production","2 Composition and lyrical interpretation","3 Critical reception","4 Credits and personnel","5 Charts","6 Certifications","7 References"] | For the blues standard sometimes called "Nobody's Business", see Ain't Nobody's Business.
Song by Rihanna featuring Chris Brown"Nobody's Business"Song by Rihanna featuring Chris Brownfrom the album Unapologetic Recorded2012StudioSarm Studios (London); Westlake Recording Studios (Los Angeles)Genre
House
disco-pop
funk
R&B
Length3:36Label
Def Jam
SRP
Songwriter(s)
Terius "The-Dream" Nash
Robyn Fenty
Carlos "Los" McKinney
Producer(s)
The-Dream
Carlos "Los" McKinney
Kuk Harrell
"Nobody's Business" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her seventh studio album Unapologetic (2012). Co-written by Rihanna together with its producers Terius "The-Dream" Nash and Carlos "Los" McKinney, it features guest vocals by American singer Chris Brown. It is their third collaboration following the domestic violence case that happened between them in 2009. "Nobody's Business" is a house, disco-pop and R&B-funk song that mixes Chicago stepping and features strings, piano, and a four-on-the-floor kick drum. It contains interpolation of the 1987 single "The Way You Make Me Feel" by Michael Jackson.
"Nobody's Business" received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics with many of them labeling the song as standout on the album. Despite that, some journalists criticized Rihanna's decision to collaborate with Brown again because of their former relationship and domestic violence case. Following the release of Unapologetic, as a result of the strong digital downloads, the song charted on multiple charts worldwide; it peaked at number 36 on the French Singles Chart, number seven on the UK Singles R&B Chart, number 63 on the UK Singles Chart and number 39 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.
Background and production
The media criticized Rihanna's decision to collaborate with Chris Brown following their 2009 domestic violence case.
On February 8, 2009, Rihanna's scheduled performance at the 51st Grammy Awards was cancelled. Reports later surfaced regarding an altercation with then-boyfriend, singer Chris Brown, who was arrested on suspicion of making criminal threats. On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with assault and making criminal threats. Over 3 years after the incident, in January 2012, Rihanna was intending to remix the interlude "Birthday Cake" from her 2011 studio album Talk That Talk. On February 15, 2012, Kosine of Da Internz, who produced the interlude, revealed that the featured collaborator will "shock the world," and that the full length version would premiere between February 16, and February 20, 2012. The full length version of "Birthday Cake" revealed to feature Brown and was released on Rihanna's birthday, February 20, 2012." Subsequently, Rihanna lent her vocals to the remix of Brown's 2012 single "Turn Up the Music". Following the leak of the remixes, Rihanna's decision to collaborate with Brown after the 2009 altercation, was largely criticized by media.
In March 2012, Rihanna began "working on the new sound" for her seventh studio album, even though she had not yet begun recording. On September 12, 2012, Def Jam France announced via Twitter that Rihanna would release a new single the upcoming week while her seventh studio album was scheduled to be released in November 2012. On October 11, 2012, in one of her tweets revealed that the title of her new album is Unapologetic along with its cover. On November 6, the singer posted the official track listing of the album, on which there was a song titled "Nobody's Business" that featured Brown. Rihanna co-wrote the song together with its producers Terius "The-Dream" Nash and Carlos "Los" McKinney. Bart Schoudel recorded the track at the Sarm Studios in London and at the Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles. The vocal recording of "Nobody's Business" was done by Kuk Harrell and Marcos Tovar, while Harrel also did the vocal production of the song. Blake Mares and Robert Cohen served as assistant vocal engineers of the track. It was mixed at the Larabee Studios in Los Angeles by Manny Marroquin.
Composition and lyrical interpretation
"Nobody's Business"
A 25-second sample of "Nobody's Business", which has been characterized by critics as a disco-pop, pop and R&B-funk song that mixes Chicago stepping and house styles and features strings, piano, and a four-on-the-floor kick drum.
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"Nobody's Business" is a House, disco-pop, pop and R&B-funk song with a length of three minutes and thirty-six seconds. Smokey D. Fontaine of The Urban Daily described it as "a perfect blend of R&B soul and pop feel-good with an irresistible sing-in-the-shower falsetto hook." The track contains interpolation from the composition "The Way You Make Me Feel" (1987) as written and performed by Michael Jackson. Additionally, it has disco-driven influences and "funkified" upbeat tempo. Greg Kot of Chicago Tribune wrote that "Nobody's Business" mixes Chicago stepping and house styles and features strings, piano, and a four-on-the-floor kick drum. Billboard's magazine stuff described it as a "wonderfully catchy throwback to early-90s club music", while according to Dan Martin of NME is a swinging summer jam. Writing for The New York Times, Jon Caramanica stated that "Nobody's Business" is gelatinous, smooth, and carefree.
Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club labeled the duet as "eminently danceable paean to forbidden love". Lyrically, the couple proclaims their eternal fealty, make out in a Lexus and acknowledge the world that the romantic relationship between them is only their business. According to Billboard's reviewer, in lines like "you'll always be the one I want to come home to" and "you'll always be my baby", "it makes the beyond-complicated circumstances of their history impossible to ignore." Stacy-Ann Ellis of Vibe magazine, wrote that the song, like the couple’s first post-makeup collaboration, "Birthday Cake (Remix)", is about the history they share and "refuse to let go of—it’ll irk some people". Digital Spy's Robert Copsey noted that vocally Brown does his best to achieve a Jackson impression. Robert Leedham of Drowned in Sound stated that "Nobody's Business" "makes you want to write a long, worthy think piece so you can come to terms with your own moral standing on it."
Critical reception
Critics praised the influence of Michael Jackson's (left) works into the song, while some criticized Rihanna's (right) decision to collaborate with Brown because of their past relationship.
"Nobody's Business" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Brad Stern of MTV Buzzworthy wrote that although the collaboration itself is controversial, the song is one of the standouts on the album. Copsey of Digital Spy, Ellis of Vibe and Leedham of Drowned in Sound agreed with Stern, with the latter stating, "On an album that’s mildly abrasive and not a lot of fun, its piano-lead stomp and teasing vocal interplay are actually enjoyable." Similarly, Pitchfork Media's Jessica Hooper recognized it as one of the high points on Unapologetic. Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that it is the most tender, affectionate, spirited song on the record, "On an album full of dyspeptic relationships, it is the breath of cool, nourishing air." Jon Reyes of HipHop DX wrote that the song is "a very well thought out move, probably in hopes that it would help soften the impending criticism that Rihanna would receive from singing the pop version of makeup sex with her abusive ex-boyfriend."
Reviewers also noted and praised the interpolation of Jackson's song on the track. Fountaine of The Urban Daily agreed and named is at the album's best track further stating that Jackson's 1989 single "ain’t got nothing on this ". A reviewer of Billboard magazine praised Jackson's influence in the song and stated that is hard to resist to its charm. Koski of The A.V. Club deemed "Nobody's Business" as one of the strongest tracks on the album and compared it to the works from the singer's seventh studio album Bad (1987). The Huffington Post's Mesfin Fekadu praised Jackson's song sample on the track, however, dismissed its lyrical content.
Some of the critics were divided on Rihanna's decision to collaborate with Brown again. Toronto Star's Lucas Oleniuk stated that "Nobody's Business" is not a bad track, "it’s one of the catchiest and freshest-sounding here — but the troubling subtext is as irksome as the irony of titling a song that proudly makes the pair’s business everybody's." Bernard Perusse of Montreal Gazette noted that although it is a pretty fair R&B smoker, there is something nauseating and sinister about the song and that is its message. Being more critical towards the collaboration, Randall Roberts of Los Angeles Times wrote that the track represents a sad inversion of the 1965 single "I Got You Babe" by Sonny & Cher, further noting " Instead of singing about connection, true love and wanting to shout it to the world, the song features a convicted abuser and the woman he assaulted asking everyone to shut up and leave them alone."
Credits and personnel
Recording
Music recording – Sarm Studios, London; Westlake Recording Studios Los Angeles, CA
Mixing – Larabee Studios, Los Angeles, CA
Sample
Contains interpolation from the composition "The Way You Make Me Feel" as written and performed by Michael Jackson courtesy of Mijac Music/Sony/ATV Songs LLC (BMI)
Personnel
Songwriting – Terius "The-Dream" Nash, Robyn Fenty, Carlos "Los" McKinney
Production – The-Dream, Carlos "Los" McKinney
Featured artist – Chris Brown
Recording engineers – Bart Schoudel
Vocal recording – Kuk Harrell, Marcos Tovar
Vocal production – Kuk Harrell
Assistant vocal engineering – Blake Mares, Robert Cohen
Mixing – Manny Marroquin
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic, Def Jam Recordings, SRP Records.
Charts
Upon the release of Unapologetic, "Nobody's Business" charted in Belgium, France, on two charts in the United Kingdom and in the United States due to strong digital downloads. It debuted and peaked on the French Singles Chart at number 36 for the week dated December 1, 2012, and fluctuated on the chart for over ten weeks. On December 2, 2012, it debuted at number 63 on the UK Singles Chart, and number seven on the UK R&B Chart. "Nobody's Business" appeared and peaked at number 39 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart following the release of the album.
Chart (2012)
Peakposition
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)
19
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia)
14
France (SNEP)
36
UK R&B Chart (Official Charts Company)
7
UK Singles Chart (Official Charts Company)
63
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
39
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)
Silver
200,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Swash, Rosie (February 9, 2009). "Grammys 2009: Rihanna cancels appearance after boyfriend Chris Brown arrested". The Guardian. Retrieved May 27, 2009.
^ Friedman, Roger (February 10, 2009). "Chaos in Chris Brown-Rihanna Mess". Fox News. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
^ Lee, Ken (March 5, 2009). "Chris Brown Charged with Two Felonies in Rihanna Beating". People. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
^ Bain, Becky (December 29, 2011). "Rihanna Asks Fans To Pick Her Next Single, Will Drop Full "Birthday Cake" Song". Idolator. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
^ Thomas, Rebecca (2012-02-15). "Rihanna 'Birthday Cake' Cameo Will 'Shock The World'". MTV. Viacom. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ hardie~, Beth (2012-02-21). "It's happened. Rihanna and Chris Brown are back together". Daily Mirror. Trinity Mirror. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
^ "New Music: Chris Brown f/Rihanna – 'Turn Up the Music (Remix)'". Rap-Up. February 20, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
^ Verse (February 17, 2012). "Will Rihanna appear on Chris Brown's 'Turn Up the Music' remix?". SoulCulture. Soul Culture Media Ltd. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
^ Goldberg, Stephanie (February 23, 2012). "Chris Brown collaboration is typical Rihanna, analysts say". CNN. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
^ "Rihanna on Katy Perry Collaboration: 'It's Gonna Happen'". Rap-Up. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
^ Michaels, Sean (September 13, 2012). "Rihanna's new album announced … by mistake". The Guardian. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
^ "Rihanna Reveals New Album Title 'Unapologetic' And Raunchy Cover Artwork". Capital FM. October 11, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
^ Chen, Joyce (November 6, 2013). "Rihanna confirms Chris Brown collaboration on upcoming 'Unapologetic' album, celebrates with sexy bikini Twitter photo". The New York Daily News. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
^ a b c Unapologetic (inlay cover). Rihanna. Def Jam Recordings, SRP. 2012. p. 19.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b c Stern, Brad (November 19, 2012). "Rihanna 'Unapologetic': Track-By-Track Review... In GIFs!". MTV Buzzworthy. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
^ a b c d Hopper, Jessica (November 26, 2012). "Rihanna: Unapologetic". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
^ a b c Copsey, Robert (November 19, 2012). "Rihanna: 'Unapologetic' - Album review - Music review". Digital Spy. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
^ "Music - Unapologetic by Rihanna". iTunes Store (US). 19 November 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
^ a b Fontaine, Smokey D (November 18, 2012). "Rihanna Unapologetic Album Review". The Urban Daily. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
^ a b c Ellis, Stacey-Ann (November 19, 2012). "'Unapologetic' Review: Rihanna's Sorry She's Not Sorry". Vibe. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
^ Kot, Greg (November 19, 2012). "Album review: Rihanna, 'Unapologetic'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
^ a b c "Rihanna, 'Unapologetic': Track-By-Track Review". Billboard. November 17, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
^ Martin, Dan (November 21, 2012). "NME Album Reviews - Rihanna - 'Unapologetic'". NME. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
^ a b Caramanica, Jon (November 21, 2012). "Rihanna, Icy Hot and Steely-Strong". The New York Times. p. C1. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
^ a b Koski, Genevieve (November 20, 2012). "Rihanna: Unapologetic". The A.V. Club. Chicago. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
^ a b Leedham, Robert (19 November 2012). "Rihanna - Unapologetic / Releases // Drowned in Sound". Drowned in Sound. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
^ Reyes, Jon (November 22, 2012). "Rihanna - Unapologetic". HipHop DX. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ Fekadu, Mesfin (November 20, 2012). "'Unapologetic' Review: Rihanna's Latest Is Fun & Addictive". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ Oleniuk, Lucas (November 20, 2012). "Rihanna's Unapologetic album works, in familiar ways". Toronto Star. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ Perusse, Bernard (November 18, 2012). "New music review: Unapologetic, Rihanna (Universal)". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ Roberts, Randall (November 16, 2012). "Review: Rihanna's 'Unapologetic' shines light on past drama". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ a b "Rihanna feat. Chris Brown – Nobody's Business" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
^ a b "Chart: CLUK Update 1.12.2012 (wk47) – Chart log UK: New Entries Update". Official Charts Company. Zobbel. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ a b "2012 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive – 1st December 2012". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
^ a b "Rihanna – Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ "Rihanna feat. Chris Brown – Nobody's Business" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
^ "Rihanna feat. Chris Brown – Nobody's Business" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
^ "British single certifications – Rihanna Ft Chris Brown – Nobody's Business". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
vteRihanna songs
Singles discography
Songs recorded
Music of the Sun
"Pon de Replay"
"If It's Lovin' that You Want"
"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)"
A Girl like Me
"SOS"
"Unfaithful"
"We Ride"
"Break It Off"
Good Girl Gone Bad
"Umbrella"
"Don't Stop the Music"
"Shut Up and Drive"
"Hate That I Love You"
"Rehab"
Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded
"Disturbia"
"Take a Bow"
"If I Never See Your Face Again"
Rated R
"Wait Your Turn"
"Hard"
"Stupid in Love"
"Rockstar 101"
"Russian Roulette"
"Rude Boy"
"Te Amo"
"Cold Case Love"
Loud
"S&M"
"What's My Name?"
"Cheers (Drink to That)"
"Fading"
"Only Girl (In the World)"
"California King Bed"
"Man Down"
"Raining Men"
"Skin"
"Love the Way You Lie (Part II)"
Talk That Talk
"You da One"
"Where Have You Been"
"We Found Love"
"Talk That Talk"
"Cockiness (Love It)"
"Birthday Cake"
"Watch n' Learn"
Unapologetic
"Phresh Out the Runway"
"Diamonds"
"Pour It Up"
"Loveeeeeee Song"
"Jump"
"Right Now"
"What Now"
"Stay"
"Nobody's Business"
Home soundtrack
"Towards the Sun"
"Dancing in the Dark"
Anti
"Consideration"
"Kiss It Better"
"Work"
"Desperado"
"Needed Me"
"Love on the Brain"
"Higher"
"Pose"
"Sex with Me"
Collaborations
"All of the Lights"
"Bad (Remix)"
"Believe It"
"Can't Remember to Forget You"
"Famous"
"Fly"
"Lemon"
"Live Your Life"
"Love the Way You Lie"
"Loyalty"
"Nothing Is Promised"
"Numba 1 (Tide Is High)"
"Princess of China"
"Roll It"
"Run This Town"
"Selfish"
"Stranded (Haiti Mon Amour)"
"Take Care"
"The Monster"
"This Is What You Came For"
"Too Good"
"Who's That Chick?"
"Wild Thoughts"
Other songs
"American Oxygen"
"Bad Girl"
"Bitch Better Have My Money"
"FourFiveSeconds"
"Just Stand Up!"
"Lift Me Up"
"Redemption Song"
"Sledgehammer"
"Turn Up the Music (Remix)"
Category
vteChris Brown songs
Discography
Chris Brown
"Run It!"
"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)"
"Gimme That"
"Poppin'"
"Say Goodbye"
Exclusive
"Kiss Kiss"
"Take You Down"
"With You"
"Wall to Wall"
"Forever"
"Superhuman"
Graffiti
"I Can Transform Ya"
"Sing Like Me"
"Crawl"
F.A.M.E.
"Deuces"
"No Bullshit"
"Look at Me Now"
"She Ain't You"
"Yeah 3x"
"Next to You"
"Wet the Bed"
"Beautiful People"
"Paper, Scissors, Rock"
"Champion"
Fortune
"Turn Up the Music"
"Bassline"
"Till I Die"
"Don't Judge Me"
"2012"
"Sweet Love"
"Strip"
"Don't Wake Me Up"
X
"X"
"Loyal"
"New Flame"
"Autumn Leaves"
"Love More"
"Don't Think They Know"
"Fine China"
Fan of a Fan: The Album
"Ayo"
"Bitches N Marijuana"
Royalty
"Back to Sleep"
"Fine by Me"
"Wrist"
"Liquor"
"Zero"
"Anyway"
"Picture Me Rollin'"
"Little More (Royalty)"
Heartbreak on a Full Moon
"Privacy"
"Questions"
"Tempo"
"To My Bed"
"Hope You Do"
"Party"
"Pills & Automobiles"
"High End"
"Grass Ain't Greener"
Indigo
"Indigo"
"Back to Love"
"Come Together"
"Wobble Up"
"Heat"
"No Guidance"
"Don't Check on Me"
"Undecided"
"Under the Influence"
Slime & B
"Go Crazy"
"City Girls"
Breezy
"Call Me Every Day"
"Psychic"
"WE (Warm Embrace)"
"Iffy"
"No Time Like Christmas"
11:11
"Angel Numbers / Ten Toes"
"Sensational"
"Feel Something"
"Nightmares"
"Summer Too Hot"
"Hmmm"
Other singles
"No Air"
"Five More Hours"
"Paradise"
"Stranger Things"
Featured singles
"Shortie Like Mine"
"Shawty Get Loose"
"Get Like Me"
"What Them Girls Like"
"Freeze"
"Work That!"
"Drop It Low"
"Back to the Crib"
"Make a Movie"
"Get Back Up"
"Ain't Thinkin' 'Bout You"
"My Last"
"One Night Stand"
"Best Love Song"
"Pot of Gold"
"Body 2 Body"
"Better with the Lights Off"
"International Love"
"Another Round"
"Why Stop Now"
"Birthday Cake (Remix)"
"Right by My Side"
"Take It to the Head"
"I Can Only Imagine"
"Put It Down"
"Algo Me Gusta de Ti"
"Celebration"
"Ready"
"As Your Friend"
"For the Road"
"Beat It"
"Sweet Serenade"
"Show Me"
"It Won't Stop"
"Main Chick"
"Hold You Down"
"Only"
"Post to Be"
"Waves (Robin Schulz Remix)"
"Hotel"
"Private Show"
"You Changed Me"
"Do It Again"
"How Many Times"
"Fun"
"All Eyes on You"
"Body on Me"
"Moses"
"Play No Games"
"Player"
"Sorry"
"Gold Slugs"
"Drifting"
"Wishing"
"Something New"
"I'm the Man (Remix)"
"No Romeo No Juliet"
"Do You Mind"
"Whatever You Need"
"Tone It Down"
"Pie"
"Either Way"
"Melanin Magic"
"Freaky Friday"
"Attention"
"Chi Chi"
"Light It Up"
"Easy (Remix)"
"Haute"
"Blow My Mind"
"Restroom Occupied"
"Something Real"
"Put In Work"
"Provide"
"Already Best Friends"
"Come Through"
"Baddest"
"Angles"
"Woo Baby"
"Nostálgico"
"Nasty"
"How Does It Feel"
"How We Roll"
"IDGAF"
"FTCU (SleezeMix)"
"Wake Up"
Other songs
"This Christmas"
"Dreamer"
"Bad Girl"
"Better on the Other Side"
"Nobody's Business"
"Let's Go"
"Waves"
"Flipmode"
"Whatchamacallit"
"Slide (Remix)"
"New Again"
"Gyalis (Remix)"
"Superhero (Heroes & Villains)"
"Weakest Link" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ain't Nobody's Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_Nobody%27s_Business"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Unapologetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unapologetic"},{"link_name":"Terius \"The-Dream\" Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terius_Nash"},{"link_name":"Carlos \"Los\" McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_McKinney"},{"link_name":"Chris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"},{"link_name":"Chicago stepping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_stepping"},{"link_name":"four-on-the-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_on_the_floor_(music)"},{"link_name":"The Way You Make Me Feel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_You_Make_Me_Feel"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"contemporary music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"French Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"UK Singles R&B Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"}],"text":"For the blues standard sometimes called \"Nobody's Business\", see Ain't Nobody's Business.Song by Rihanna featuring Chris Brown\"Nobody's Business\" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her seventh studio album Unapologetic (2012). Co-written by Rihanna together with its producers Terius \"The-Dream\" Nash and Carlos \"Los\" McKinney, it features guest vocals by American singer Chris Brown. It is their third collaboration following the domestic violence case that happened between them in 2009. \"Nobody's Business\" is a house, disco-pop and R&B-funk song that mixes Chicago stepping and features strings, piano, and a four-on-the-floor kick drum. It contains interpolation of the 1987 single \"The Way You Make Me Feel\" by Michael Jackson.\"Nobody's Business\" received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics with many of them labeling the song as standout on the album. Despite that, some journalists criticized Rihanna's decision to collaborate with Brown again because of their former relationship and domestic violence case. Following the release of Unapologetic, as a result of the strong digital downloads, the song charted on multiple charts worldwide; it peaked at number 36 on the French Singles Chart, number seven on the UK Singles R&B Chart, number 63 on the UK Singles Chart and number 39 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.","title":"Nobody's Business (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Brown_5,_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown"},{"link_name":"51st Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"interlude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_(music)"},{"link_name":"Birthday Cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_Cake_(song)"},{"link_name":"Talk That Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_That_Talk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullLength1-4"},{"link_name":"Da Internz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Internz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mirror1-6"},{"link_name":"Turn Up the Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_Up_the_Music_(Chris_Brown_song)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bcremix-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Def Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Unapologetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unapologetic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyofrelease-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Terius \"The-Dream\" Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terius_Nash"},{"link_name":"Carlos \"Los\" McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_McKinney"},{"link_name":"recorded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"Sarm Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarm_Studios"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Westlake Recording Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlake_Recording_Studios"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Kuk Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk_Harrell"},{"link_name":"mixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_(music_production)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-14"}],"text":"The media criticized Rihanna's decision to collaborate with Chris Brown following their 2009 domestic violence case.On February 8, 2009, Rihanna's scheduled performance at the 51st Grammy Awards was cancelled.[1] Reports later surfaced regarding an altercation with then-boyfriend, singer Chris Brown, who was arrested on suspicion of making criminal threats.[2] On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with assault and making criminal threats.[3] Over 3 years after the incident, in January 2012, Rihanna was intending to remix the interlude \"Birthday Cake\" from her 2011 studio album Talk That Talk.[4] On February 15, 2012, Kosine of Da Internz, who produced the interlude, revealed that the featured collaborator will \"shock the world,\" and that the full length version would premiere between February 16, and February 20, 2012.[5] The full length version of \"Birthday Cake\" revealed to feature Brown and was released on Rihanna's birthday, February 20, 2012.\"[6] Subsequently, Rihanna lent her vocals to the remix of Brown's 2012 single \"Turn Up the Music\".[7] Following the leak of the remixes, Rihanna's decision to collaborate with Brown after the 2009 altercation, was largely criticized by media.[8][9]In March 2012, Rihanna began \"working on the new sound\" for her seventh studio album, even though she had not yet begun recording.[10] On September 12, 2012, Def Jam France announced via Twitter that Rihanna would release a new single the upcoming week while her seventh studio album was scheduled to be released in November 2012.[11] On October 11, 2012, in one of her tweets revealed that the title of her new album is Unapologetic along with its cover.[12] On November 6, the singer posted the official track listing of the album, on which there was a song titled \"Nobody's Business\" that featured Brown.[13] Rihanna co-wrote the song together with its producers Terius \"The-Dream\" Nash and Carlos \"Los\" McKinney. Bart Schoudel recorded the track at the Sarm Studios in London and at the Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles. The vocal recording of \"Nobody's Business\" was done by Kuk Harrell and Marcos Tovar, while Harrel also did the vocal production of the song. Blake Mares and Robert Cohen served as assistant vocal engineers of the track. It was mixed at the Larabee Studios in Los Angeles by Manny Marroquin.[14]","title":"Background and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Nobody's Business\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rihanna_-_Nobody%27s_Business.ogg"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_music"},{"link_name":"Chicago stepping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_stepping"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"four-on-the-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_on_the_floor_(music)"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buzzoworthy-15"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchfork-16"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_music"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital_spy-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urban_daily-19"},{"link_name":"The Way You Make Me Feel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_You_Make_Me_Feel"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VibeReview-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buzzoworthy-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchfork-16"},{"link_name":"Greg Kot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kot"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Chicago stepping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_stepping"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"four-on-the-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_on_the_floor_(music)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kot-21"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_review-22"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caramanica-24"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koski-25"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchfork-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_review-22"},{"link_name":"Vibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VibeReview-20"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital_spy-17"},{"link_name":"Drowned in Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drowned_in_sound-26"}],"text":"\"Nobody's Business\"\n\nA 25-second sample of \"Nobody's Business\", which has been characterized by critics as a disco-pop, pop and R&B-funk song that mixes Chicago stepping and house styles and features strings, piano, and a four-on-the-floor kick drum.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"Nobody's Business\" is a House, disco-pop,[15] pop[16] and R&B-funk song[17] with a length of three minutes and thirty-six seconds.[18] Smokey D. Fontaine of The Urban Daily described it as \"a perfect blend of R&B soul and pop feel-good with an irresistible sing-in-the-shower falsetto hook.\"[19] The track contains interpolation from the composition \"The Way You Make Me Feel\" (1987) as written and performed by Michael Jackson.[14] Additionally, it has disco-driven influences[20] and \"funkified\" upbeat tempo.[15][16] Greg Kot of Chicago Tribune wrote that \"Nobody's Business\" mixes Chicago stepping and house styles and features strings, piano, and a four-on-the-floor kick drum.[21] Billboard's magazine stuff described it as a \"wonderfully catchy throwback to early-90s club music\",[22] while according to Dan Martin of NME is a swinging summer jam.[23] Writing for The New York Times, Jon Caramanica stated that \"Nobody's Business\" is gelatinous, smooth, and carefree.[24]Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club labeled the duet as \"eminently danceable paean to forbidden love\".[25] Lyrically, the couple proclaims their eternal fealty, make out in a Lexus and acknowledge the world that the romantic relationship between them is only their business.[16] According to Billboard's reviewer, in lines like \"you'll always be the one I want to come home to\" and \"you'll always be my baby\", \"it makes the beyond-complicated circumstances of their history impossible to ignore.\"[22] Stacy-Ann Ellis of Vibe magazine, wrote that the song, like the couple’s first post-makeup collaboration, \"Birthday Cake (Remix)\", is about the history they share and \"refuse to let go of—it’ll irk some people\".[20] Digital Spy's Robert Copsey noted that vocally Brown does his best to achieve a Jackson impression.[17] Robert Leedham of Drowned in Sound stated that \"Nobody's Business\" \"makes you want to write a long, worthy think piece so you can come to terms with your own moral standing on it.\"[26]","title":"Composition and lyrical interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rihanna_Diamonds_World_Tour_2013_(Cropped).png"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"MTV Buzzworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Buzzworthy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buzzoworthy-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital_spy-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VibeReview-20"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drowned_in_sound-26"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchfork-16"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caramanica-24"},{"link_name":"makeup sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makeup_sex"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urban_daily-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_review-22"},{"link_name":"Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_(album)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koski-25"},{"link_name":"The Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Montreal Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"I Got You Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Got_You_Babe"},{"link_name":"Sonny & Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_%26_Cher"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Critics praised the influence of Michael Jackson's (left) works into the song, while some criticized Rihanna's (right) decision to collaborate with Brown because of their past relationship.\"Nobody's Business\" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Brad Stern of MTV Buzzworthy wrote that although the collaboration itself is controversial, the song is one of the standouts on the album.[15] Copsey of Digital Spy,[17] Ellis of Vibe and Leedham of Drowned in Sound agreed with Stern,[20] with the latter stating, \"On an album that’s mildly abrasive and not a lot of fun, its piano-lead stomp and teasing vocal interplay are actually enjoyable.\"[26] Similarly, Pitchfork Media's Jessica Hooper recognized it as one of the high points on Unapologetic.[16] Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that it is the most tender, affectionate, spirited song on the record, \"On an album full of dyspeptic relationships, it is the breath of cool, nourishing air.\"[24] Jon Reyes of HipHop DX wrote that the song is \"a very well thought out move, probably in hopes that it would help soften the impending criticism that Rihanna would receive from singing the pop version of makeup sex with her abusive ex-boyfriend.\"[27]Reviewers also noted and praised the interpolation of Jackson's song on the track. Fountaine of The Urban Daily agreed and named is at the album's best track further stating that Jackson's 1989 single \"ain’t got nothing on this ['Nobody's Business']\".[19] A reviewer of Billboard magazine praised Jackson's influence in the song and stated that is hard to resist to its charm.[22] Koski of The A.V. Club deemed \"Nobody's Business\" as one of the strongest tracks on the album and compared it to the works from the singer's seventh studio album Bad (1987).[25] The Huffington Post's Mesfin Fekadu praised Jackson's song sample on the track, however, dismissed its lyrical content.[28]Some of the critics were divided on Rihanna's decision to collaborate with Brown again. Toronto Star's Lucas Oleniuk stated that \"Nobody's Business\" is not a bad track, \"it’s one of the catchiest and freshest-sounding here — but the troubling subtext is as irksome as the irony of titling a song that proudly makes the pair’s business everybody's.\"[29] Bernard Perusse of Montreal Gazette noted that although it is a pretty fair R&B smoker, there is something nauseating and sinister about the song and that is its message.[30] Being more critical towards the collaboration, Randall Roberts of Los Angeles Times wrote that the track represents a sad inversion of the 1965 single \"I Got You Babe\" by Sonny & Cher, further noting \" Instead of singing about connection, true love and wanting to shout it to the world, the song features a convicted abuser and the woman he assaulted asking everyone to shut up and leave them alone.\"[31]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Way You Make Me Feel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_You_Make_Me_Feel"},{"link_name":"Songwriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriting"},{"link_name":"Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_music"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-14"}],"text":"RecordingMusic recording – Sarm Studios, London; Westlake Recording Studios Los Angeles, CA\nMixing – Larabee Studios, Los Angeles, CASampleContains interpolation from the composition \"The Way You Make Me Feel\" as written and performed by Michael Jackson courtesy of Mijac Music/Sony/ATV Songs LLC (BMI)PersonnelSongwriting – Terius \"The-Dream\" Nash, Robyn Fenty, Carlos \"Los\" McKinney\nProduction – The-Dream, Carlos \"Los\" McKinney\nFeatured artist – Chris Brown\nRecording engineers – Bart Schoudel\nVocal recording – Kuk Harrell, Marcos Tovar\nVocal production – Kuk Harrell\nAssistant vocal engineering – Blake Mares, Robert Cohen\nMixing – Manny MarroquinCredits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic, Def Jam Recordings, SRP Records.[14]","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fr-32"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKZobbel2012Debut113-33"},{"link_name":"UK R&B Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKR&B2012Debut19-34"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US-R&B-singles-35"}],"text":"Upon the release of Unapologetic, \"Nobody's Business\" charted in Belgium, France, on two charts in the United Kingdom and in the United States due to strong digital downloads. It debuted and peaked on the French Singles Chart at number 36 for the week dated December 1, 2012, and fluctuated on the chart for over ten weeks.[32] On December 2, 2012, it debuted at number 63 on the UK Singles Chart,[33] and number seven on the UK R&B Chart.[34] \"Nobody's Business\" appeared and peaked at number 39 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart following the release of the album.[35]","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [{"image_text":"The media criticized Rihanna's decision to collaborate with Chris Brown following their 2009 domestic violence case.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Chris_Brown_5%2C_2012.jpg/170px-Chris_Brown_5%2C_2012.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Swash, Rosie (February 9, 2009). \"Grammys 2009: Rihanna cancels appearance after boyfriend Chris Brown arrested\". The Guardian. Retrieved May 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/feb/09/grammy-awards-rihanna-chris-brown","url_text":"\"Grammys 2009: Rihanna cancels appearance after boyfriend Chris Brown arrested\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Roger (February 10, 2009). \"Chaos in Chris Brown-Rihanna Mess\". Fox News. Retrieved May 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2009/02/10/chaos-chris-brown-rihanna-mess/","url_text":"\"Chaos in Chris Brown-Rihanna Mess\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News","url_text":"Fox News"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Ken (March 5, 2009). \"Chris Brown Charged with Two Felonies in Rihanna Beating\". People. Retrieved May 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20263113,00.html","url_text":"\"Chris Brown Charged with Two Felonies in Rihanna Beating\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"Bain, Becky (December 29, 2011). \"Rihanna Asks Fans To Pick Her Next Single, Will Drop Full \"Birthday Cake\" Song\". Idolator. Retrieved September 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://idolator.com/6125572/rihanna-next-talk-that-talk-single-birthday-cake","url_text":"\"Rihanna Asks Fans To Pick Her Next Single, Will Drop Full \"Birthday Cake\" Song\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)","url_text":"Idolator"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Rebecca (2012-02-15). \"Rihanna 'Birthday Cake' Cameo Will 'Shock The World'\". MTV. Viacom. Retrieved 2012-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1679296/rihanna-birthday-cake-cameo.jhtml","url_text":"\"Rihanna 'Birthday Cake' Cameo Will 'Shock The World'\""}]},{"reference":"hardie~, Beth (2012-02-21). \"It's happened. Rihanna and Chris Brown are back together\". Daily Mirror. Trinity Mirror. Retrieved 2012-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rihanna-and-chris-brown-release-two-692541","url_text":"\"It's happened. Rihanna and Chris Brown are back together\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Mirror","url_text":"Trinity Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"New Music: Chris Brown f/Rihanna – 'Turn Up the Music (Remix)'\". Rap-Up. February 20, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2012/02/20/new-music-chris-brown-f-rihanna-turn-up-the-music-remix/","url_text":"\"New Music: Chris Brown f/Rihanna – 'Turn Up the Music (Remix)'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap-Up","url_text":"Rap-Up"}]},{"reference":"Verse (February 17, 2012). \"Will Rihanna appear on Chris Brown's 'Turn Up the Music' remix?\". SoulCulture. Soul Culture Media Ltd. Retrieved February 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soulculture.co.uk/blogs/music-blog/will-rihanna-appear-on-chris-browns-turn-up-the-music-remix/","url_text":"\"Will Rihanna appear on Chris Brown's 'Turn Up the Music' remix?\""}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Stephanie (February 23, 2012). \"Chris Brown collaboration is typical Rihanna, analysts say\". CNN. Retrieved January 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/23/showbiz/music/rihanna-chris-brown-collaboration/","url_text":"\"Chris Brown collaboration is typical Rihanna, analysts say\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"Rihanna on Katy Perry Collaboration: 'It's Gonna Happen'\". Rap-Up. Retrieved September 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2012/03/15/rihanna-on-katy-perry-collaboration-its-gonna-happen","url_text":"\"Rihanna on Katy Perry Collaboration: 'It's Gonna Happen'\""}]},{"reference":"Michaels, Sean (September 13, 2012). \"Rihanna's new album announced … by mistake\". The Guardian. Retrieved January 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/sep/13/def-jam-france-rihanna-album","url_text":"\"Rihanna's new album announced … by mistake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Rihanna Reveals New Album Title 'Unapologetic' And Raunchy Cover Artwork\". Capital FM. October 11, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/new-album-unapologetic-artwork/","url_text":"\"Rihanna Reveals New Album Title 'Unapologetic' And Raunchy Cover Artwork\""}]},{"reference":"Chen, Joyce (November 6, 2013). \"Rihanna confirms Chris Brown collaboration on upcoming 'Unapologetic' album, celebrates with sexy bikini Twitter photo\". The New York Daily News. Retrieved September 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music-arts/rihanna-unapologetic-chris-brown-collaboration-article-1.1197417","url_text":"\"Rihanna confirms Chris Brown collaboration on upcoming 'Unapologetic' album, celebrates with sexy bikini Twitter photo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"The New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Unapologetic (inlay cover). Rihanna. Def Jam Recordings, SRP. 2012. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unapologetic","url_text":"Unapologetic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings","url_text":"Def Jam Recordings"}]},{"reference":"Stern, Brad (November 19, 2012). \"Rihanna 'Unapologetic': Track-By-Track Review... In GIFs!\". MTV Buzzworthy. Retrieved September 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2012/11/19/rihanna-unapologetic-track-by-track-review-in-gifs/","url_text":"\"Rihanna 'Unapologetic': Track-By-Track Review... In GIFs!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Buzzworthy","url_text":"MTV Buzzworthy"}]},{"reference":"Hopper, Jessica (November 26, 2012). \"Rihanna: Unapologetic\". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved September 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/","url_text":"\"Rihanna: Unapologetic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media","url_text":"Pitchfork Media"}]},{"reference":"Copsey, Robert (November 19, 2012). \"Rihanna: 'Unapologetic' - Album review - Music review\". Digital Spy. Retrieved September 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/review/a439292/rihanna-unapologetic-album-review.html","url_text":"\"Rihanna: 'Unapologetic' - Album review - Music review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Music - Unapologetic by Rihanna\". iTunes Store (US). 19 November 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic-deluxe-version/id576685221","url_text":"\"Music - Unapologetic by Rihanna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"}]},{"reference":"Fontaine, Smokey D (November 18, 2012). \"Rihanna Unapologetic Album Review\". The Urban Daily. Retrieved September 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://theurbandaily.com/2012/11/18/rihannas-unapologetic-triumph-review/","url_text":"\"Rihanna Unapologetic Album Review\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Stacey-Ann (November 19, 2012). \"'Unapologetic' Review: Rihanna's Sorry She's Not Sorry\". Vibe. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023220741/http://www.vibe.com/article/unapologetic-review-rihanna-sorry-shes-not-sorry","url_text":"\"'Unapologetic' Review: Rihanna's Sorry She's Not Sorry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)","url_text":"Vibe"},{"url":"http://www.vibe.com/article/unapologetic-review-rihanna-sorry-shes-not-sorry","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kot, Greg (November 19, 2012). \"Album review: Rihanna, 'Unapologetic'\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kot","url_text":"Kot, Greg"},{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-19/entertainment/chi-rihanna-unapologetic-review-20121119_1_album-review-rihanna-chris-brown","url_text":"\"Album review: Rihanna, 'Unapologetic'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20130215172314/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-19/entertainment/chi-rihanna-unapologetic-review-20121119_1_album-review-rihanna-chris-brown","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rihanna, 'Unapologetic': Track-By-Track Review\". Billboard. November 17, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/review/1066751/rihanna-unapologetic-track-by-track-review","url_text":"\"Rihanna, 'Unapologetic': Track-By-Track Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Dan (November 21, 2012). \"NME Album Reviews - Rihanna - 'Unapologetic'\". NME. Retrieved September 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nme.com/reviews/rihanna/13899","url_text":"\"NME Album Reviews - Rihanna - 'Unapologetic'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Caramanica, Jon (November 21, 2012). \"Rihanna, Icy Hot and Steely-Strong\". The New York Times. p. C1. Retrieved November 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/arts/music/rihannas-album-unapologetic-makes-most-of-her-talent.html","url_text":"\"Rihanna, Icy Hot and Steely-Strong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Koski, Genevieve (November 20, 2012). \"Rihanna: Unapologetic\". The A.V. Club. Chicago. Retrieved November 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/rihanna-unapologetic,88921","url_text":"\"Rihanna: Unapologetic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Leedham, Robert (19 November 2012). \"Rihanna - Unapologetic / Releases // Drowned in Sound\". Drowned in Sound. Retrieved September 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/17359/reviews/4145777","url_text":"\"Rihanna - Unapologetic / Releases // Drowned in Sound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound","url_text":"Drowned in Sound"}]},{"reference":"Reyes, Jon (November 22, 2012). \"Rihanna - Unapologetic\". HipHop DX. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/album-reviews/id.2005/title.rihanna-unapologetic","url_text":"\"Rihanna - Unapologetic\""}]},{"reference":"Fekadu, Mesfin (November 20, 2012). \"'Unapologetic' Review: Rihanna's Latest Is Fun & Addictive\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/unapologetic-review-rihanna_n_2165718.html","url_text":"\"'Unapologetic' Review: Rihanna's Latest Is Fun & Addictive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Oleniuk, Lucas (November 20, 2012). \"Rihanna's Unapologetic album works, in familiar ways\". Toronto Star. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2012/11/20/rihannas_unapologetic_album_works_in_familiar_ways.html","url_text":"\"Rihanna's Unapologetic album works, in familiar ways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"Perusse, Bernard (November 18, 2012). \"New music review: Unapologetic, Rihanna (Universal)\". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.montrealgazette.com/2012/11/18/new-music-review-unapologetic-rihanna-universal/","url_text":"\"New music review: Unapologetic, Rihanna (Universal)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Randall (November 16, 2012). \"Review: Rihanna's 'Unapologetic' shines light on past drama\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/16/entertainment/la-et-ms-review-rihannas-unapologetic-shines-light-on-past-drama-20121116","url_text":"\"Review: Rihanna's 'Unapologetic' shines light on past drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Chart: CLUK Update 1.12.2012 (wk47) – Chart log UK: New Entries Update\". Official Charts Company. Zobbel. Retrieved December 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/121201cluk.txt","url_text":"\"Chart: CLUK Update 1.12.2012 (wk47) – Chart log UK: New Entries Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive – 1st December 2012\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-singles-chart/20121125/114/","url_text":"\"2012 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive – 1st December 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Rihanna – Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/rihanna/chart-history/r%26b/hip-hop-songs","url_text":"\"Rihanna – Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Rihanna Ft Chris Brown – Nobody's Business\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 5 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/19865-6722-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Rihanna Ft Chris Brown – Nobody's Business\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/feb/09/grammy-awards-rihanna-chris-brown","external_links_name":"\"Grammys 2009: Rihanna cancels appearance after boyfriend Chris Brown arrested\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2009/02/10/chaos-chris-brown-rihanna-mess/","external_links_name":"\"Chaos in Chris Brown-Rihanna Mess\""},{"Link":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20263113,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Chris Brown Charged with Two Felonies in Rihanna Beating\""},{"Link":"http://idolator.com/6125572/rihanna-next-talk-that-talk-single-birthday-cake","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna Asks Fans To Pick Her Next Single, Will Drop Full \"Birthday Cake\" Song\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1679296/rihanna-birthday-cake-cameo.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna 'Birthday Cake' Cameo Will 'Shock The World'\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rihanna-and-chris-brown-release-two-692541","external_links_name":"\"It's happened. Rihanna and Chris Brown are back together\""},{"Link":"http://www.rap-up.com/2012/02/20/new-music-chris-brown-f-rihanna-turn-up-the-music-remix/","external_links_name":"\"New Music: Chris Brown f/Rihanna – 'Turn Up the Music (Remix)'\""},{"Link":"http://www.soulculture.co.uk/blogs/music-blog/will-rihanna-appear-on-chris-browns-turn-up-the-music-remix/","external_links_name":"\"Will Rihanna appear on Chris Brown's 'Turn Up the Music' remix?\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/23/showbiz/music/rihanna-chris-brown-collaboration/","external_links_name":"\"Chris Brown collaboration is typical Rihanna, analysts say\""},{"Link":"http://www.rap-up.com/2012/03/15/rihanna-on-katy-perry-collaboration-its-gonna-happen","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna on Katy Perry Collaboration: 'It's Gonna Happen'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/sep/13/def-jam-france-rihanna-album","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna's new album announced … by mistake\""},{"Link":"http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/new-album-unapologetic-artwork/","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna Reveals New Album Title 'Unapologetic' And Raunchy Cover Artwork\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music-arts/rihanna-unapologetic-chris-brown-collaboration-article-1.1197417","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna confirms Chris Brown collaboration on upcoming 'Unapologetic' album, celebrates with sexy bikini Twitter photo\""},{"Link":"http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2012/11/19/rihanna-unapologetic-track-by-track-review-in-gifs/","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna 'Unapologetic': Track-By-Track Review... In GIFs!\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna: Unapologetic\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/review/a439292/rihanna-unapologetic-album-review.html","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna: 'Unapologetic' - Album review - Music review\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic-deluxe-version/id576685221","external_links_name":"\"Music - Unapologetic by Rihanna\""},{"Link":"http://theurbandaily.com/2012/11/18/rihannas-unapologetic-triumph-review/","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna Unapologetic Album Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023220741/http://www.vibe.com/article/unapologetic-review-rihanna-sorry-shes-not-sorry","external_links_name":"\"'Unapologetic' Review: Rihanna's Sorry She's Not Sorry\""},{"Link":"http://www.vibe.com/article/unapologetic-review-rihanna-sorry-shes-not-sorry","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-19/entertainment/chi-rihanna-unapologetic-review-20121119_1_album-review-rihanna-chris-brown","external_links_name":"\"Album review: Rihanna, 'Unapologetic'\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130215172314/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-19/entertainment/chi-rihanna-unapologetic-review-20121119_1_album-review-rihanna-chris-brown","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/review/1066751/rihanna-unapologetic-track-by-track-review","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna, 'Unapologetic': Track-By-Track Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.nme.com/reviews/rihanna/13899","external_links_name":"\"NME Album Reviews - Rihanna - 'Unapologetic'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/arts/music/rihannas-album-unapologetic-makes-most-of-her-talent.html","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna, Icy Hot and Steely-Strong\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/rihanna-unapologetic,88921","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna: Unapologetic\""},{"Link":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/17359/reviews/4145777","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna - Unapologetic / Releases // Drowned in Sound\""},{"Link":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/album-reviews/id.2005/title.rihanna-unapologetic","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna - Unapologetic\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/unapologetic-review-rihanna_n_2165718.html","external_links_name":"\"'Unapologetic' Review: Rihanna's Latest Is Fun & Addictive\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2012/11/20/rihannas_unapologetic_album_works_in_familiar_ways.html","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna's Unapologetic album works, in familiar ways\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.montrealgazette.com/2012/11/18/new-music-review-unapologetic-rihanna-universal/","external_links_name":"\"New music review: Unapologetic, Rihanna (Universal)\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/16/entertainment/la-et-ms-review-rihannas-unapologetic-shines-light-on-past-drama-20121116","external_links_name":"\"Review: Rihanna's 'Unapologetic' shines light on past drama\""},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat.+Chris+Brown&titel=Nobody%27s+Business&cat=s","external_links_name":"Rihanna feat. Chris Brown – Nobody's Business\""},{"Link":"http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/121201cluk.txt","external_links_name":"\"Chart: CLUK Update 1.12.2012 (wk47) – Chart log UK: New Entries Update\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-singles-chart/20121125/114/","external_links_name":"\"2012 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive – 1st December 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/rihanna/chart-history/r%26b/hip-hop-songs","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna – Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat.+Chris+Brown&titel=Nobody%27s+Business&cat=s","external_links_name":"Rihanna feat. Chris Brown – Nobody's Business\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat.+Chris+Brown&titel=Nobody%27s+Business&cat=s","external_links_name":"Rihanna feat. Chris Brown – Nobody's Business\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/19865-6722-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Rihanna Ft Chris Brown – Nobody's Business\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SASEC | South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation | ["1 Background","2 History","3 SASEC priority areas of cooperation","4 Projects","5 Meetings","6 SASEC Secretariat","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Founded2001TypeSubregional programHeadquartersManila, PhilippinesRegion served South AsiaSoutheast AsiaMembership Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri LankaWebsitehttp://www.sasec.asia
The South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) Program, set up in 2001, brings together Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, and Sri Lanka in a project-based partnership to promote regional prosperity by improving cross-border connectivity, boosting trade among member countries, and strengthening regional economic cooperation. As of June 2020, SASEC countries have implemented 61 regional projects worth over $13 billion in the energy, transport, trade facilitation, economic corridor development, and information and communications technology (ICT) sectors. The Manila, Philippines-based Asian Development Bank (ADB) serves as the Secretariat for the SASEC member countries.
Background
South Asia is one of the least economically integrated regions in the world and has much to gain from developing and expanding regional transport networks and energy links.
South Asia’s intraregional trade is considerably lower than in other regions. In 2010, trade between South Asian countries accounted for only 4.3% of the region's total trade. This is partly because transport systems in South Asia have been developed with primarily national priorities in mind, rather than with a view to boosting trade by improving cross-border connectivity.
As a result, the region has invested insufficiently in critical infrastructure, and cross-border trading systems suffer from a lack of uniformity and compatibility. Other barriers also hold back trade between South Asia countries, such as limited transit arrangements, lack of automated customs procedures, and lengthy administration procedures.
South Asian nations have varied but uneven energy resources. However, none has realized the full potential of their energy sources because of insufficient investment in energy infrastructure. The dominance of certain fuel types in certain countries – coal in India, gas in Bangladesh, and hydropower in Bhutan and Nepal – leaves them vulnerable to import dependence. There is also a need to develop renewable energy resources to increase climate change resilience in Maldives and Sri Lanka. This situation could be eased by strengthening cross-border energy networks and trade. Better telecommunications connections would also expand personal and business links, increasing trade at all levels
History
In 1996, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal, a subset of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), formed the South Asian Growth Quadrangle (SAGQ) aimed at boosting cooperation in environment, energy and power, trade and investment, transport, and tourism. SAARC endorsed SAGQ in 1997. The initial four member countries then requested ADB assistance to promote economic cooperation in the subregion, leading to the creation of the SASEC Program in 2001. Maldives and Sri Lanka were welcomed as new member countries in May 2014. Myanmar became the seventh member of SASEC in February 2017.
The organization adopted the SASEC operational plan in November 2016 and launched its subregional strategic development road map in April 2017. An update to the operational plan was released in February 2020.
SASEC priority areas of cooperation
In 2005, the SASEC countries agreed on priority sectors for investment and coordinated action: transport, trade facilitation, and energy. In 2016, the SASEC countries approved the SASEC Operational Plan 2016-2025, a 10-year strategic roadmap, which introduced economic corridor development (ECD) as a fourth sectoral area of focus. SASEC also supports regional initiatives in ICT.
Transport — SASEC aims to put in place the critical multi-modal transport networks that will enhance intraregional trade and investment in the subregion and, in turn, boost economic growth. SASEC works to strengthen road, rail, and air links, as well as developing port infrastructure to match the needs of the region’s growing economies, and to support the SAARC transport corridor network.
Trade Facilitation — SASEC is helping speed up the time and reduce the costs of trading across borders throughout the subregion. Regional SASEC trade facilitation initiatives are creating modern customs administrations that are compliant with the terms and provisions of the Revised Kyoto Convention, streamlined and transparent cross-border trade regulations and procedures, and improved information and services for the private sector.
Energy — SASEC is working to improve energy access and security in the region by developing essential infrastructure, and promoting intraregional power trade to reduce costs and import dependence. SASEC energy initiatives focus on renewable energy.
Economic Corridor Development — SASEC is promoting synergies and linkages between economic corridors across SASEC countries to optimize development gains, including industrial growth and competitiveness, the creation of high-quality jobs, increased productivity, and the strengthening existing value chains.
Projects
SASEC investment since 2001 amounts to more than $13 billion (figure as of June 2020), mostly in the transport sector. ADB has provided $6.35 billion in loans and grants to the SASEC countries for regional programming initiatives. Member countries have contributed more than $4.7 billion worth of investments. Projects include hard and soft infrastructure priorities, identified by the SASEC governments. SASEC follows a flexible, multi-track approach to project implementation, where member countries work together to ensure that projects implemented at the national level are coordinated across borders to deliver positive results at a wider regional level.
Sector
Number of Projects
Total Project Cost (US$ mlll)
Transport (road, rail, air, sea)
41
$11,200
Energy
12
$1,580
Trade Facilitation
3
$81
ICT
2
$21
Economic Corridor Development
3
$697
TOTAL
61
$13,579
(figures as of June 2020)
ADB also supports the goals of the SASEC Program through the provision of national and regional technical assistance funding. Since 2001, it has implemented more than $125 million worth of technical assistance projects to create regional institutions and boost technical and other skills. To ensure international best practice and technical knowledge is made available to the SASEC governments, ADB often collaborates with other partners such as the World Customs Organization, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (ASYCUDA).
Meetings
Secretaries and Joint Secretaries of Ministries of Finance of SASEC countries meet annually at the Nodal Officials Meeting, often held on the sidelines of ADB’s Annual General Meeting. Nodal officials review and provide strategic direction for cooperation under SASEC. Four SASEC technical working groups (transport, trade facilitation, energy, and ICT) represented by the Joint Secretary or Director General of each SASEC country, meet regularly to review strategic priorities and progress or projects.
The Meeting of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal (BBIN) Transport Ministers on Regional Road Transport Connectivity finalized and endorsed the BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA) and proposed a work plan to ensure its speedy and effective implementation on 15 June 2015 in Thimphu, Bhutan. The BBIN MVA is a landmark framework agreement to facilitate the seamless flow of passenger, personal and cargo vehicular traffic between and among the BBIN countries.
Bhutan withdrew from BBIN citing pollution as the reason.
SASEC Secretariat
ADB serves as the SASEC Secretariat, working with member governments to help implement SASEC projects and initiatives and to provide technical support. The SASEC Secretariat also coordinates capacity-building activities and works to identify necessary technical organizations and development partners to strengthen training and knowledge-building programs for member countries. It provides overall coordination and administrative and logistical assistance to the member countries. The SASEC Secretariat is reaching out to more SASEC members and those interested in the benefits of regional cooperation through Twitter and Facebook.
See also
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
India's Look-East connectivity projects and ASEAN
East Coast Economic Corridor
Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor
References
^ The Daily Star. 2014. ADB gives $21m to help expand South Asian trade. Dhaka.
^ SASEC Project Portfolio Summary
^ World Bank. 2007. South Asia: Growth and Regional Integration. Washington, DC
^ ADB. 2013. South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation. Manila.
^ "SASEC Brochure". Retrieved December 11, 2017.
^ SASEC nations agree to collaborate on mega subregional ICT project
^ Myanmar Joins SASEC
^ "SASEC Operational Plan unveiled". The Himalayan Times. 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
^ Mishra, Asit Ranjan (2017-04-04). "Sasec members chart strategic sub-regional development road map". livemint.com/. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
^ South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Operational Plan 2016-2025 Update. Asian Development Bank. 2020. doi:10.22617/SPR200005-2. ISBN 9789292619978.
^ "Regional: SASEC Information Highway Project (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal)". SASEC. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
^ SASEC transport sector strategy Archived 2014-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
^ Revised Kyoto Convention
^ "// Project Details". Archived from the original on 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
^ SASEC energy sector overview Archived 2014-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
^ Economic Corridor Development
^ SASEC website Archived 2014-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
^ "SASEC DISCUSSION PLATFORMS | South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation". sasec.asia. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
External links
SASEC Program
SASEC Program at the Asian Development Bank
SAARC
Regional Integration and Economic Development in South Asia
Energy Trade in South Asia: Opportunities and Challenges
Designing and Implementing Trade Facilitation in Asia and the Pacific
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Asian Development Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank"}],"text":"The South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) Program, set up in 2001, brings together Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, and Sri Lanka in a project-based partnership to promote regional prosperity by improving cross-border connectivity, boosting trade among member countries, and strengthening regional economic cooperation.[1] As of June 2020, SASEC countries have implemented 61[2] regional projects worth over $13 billion in the energy, transport, trade facilitation, economic corridor development, and information and communications technology (ICT) sectors. The Manila, Philippines-based Asian Development Bank (ADB) serves as the Secretariat for the SASEC member countries.","title":"South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"South Asia is one of the least economically integrated regions in the world and has much to gain from developing and expanding regional transport networks and energy links.South Asia’s intraregional trade is considerably lower than in other regions.[3] In 2010, trade between South Asian countries accounted for only 4.3% of the region's total trade.[4] This is partly because transport systems in South Asia have been developed with primarily national priorities in mind, rather than with a view to boosting trade by improving cross-border connectivity.As a result, the region has invested insufficiently in critical infrastructure, and cross-border trading systems suffer from a lack of uniformity and compatibility. Other barriers also hold back trade between South Asia countries, such as limited transit arrangements, lack of automated customs procedures, and lengthy administration procedures.South Asian nations have varied but uneven energy resources. However, none has realized the full potential of their energy sources because of insufficient investment in energy infrastructure. The dominance of certain fuel types in certain countries – coal in India, gas in Bangladesh, and hydropower in Bhutan and Nepal – leaves them vulnerable to import dependence.[5] There is also a need to develop renewable energy resources to increase climate change resilience in Maldives and Sri Lanka. This situation could be eased by strengthening cross-border energy networks and trade. Better telecommunications connections would also expand personal and business links, increasing trade at all levels [6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"South Asian Growth Quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Growth_Quadrangle"},{"link_name":"SASEC Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sasec.asia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 1996, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal, a subset of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), formed the South Asian Growth Quadrangle (SAGQ) aimed at boosting cooperation in environment, energy and power, trade and investment, transport, and tourism. SAARC endorsed SAGQ in 1997. The initial four member countries then requested ADB assistance to promote economic cooperation in the subregion, leading to the creation of the SASEC Program in 2001. Maldives and Sri Lanka were welcomed as new member countries in May 2014. Myanmar became the seventh member of SASEC in February 2017.[7]The organization adopted the SASEC operational plan in November 2016[8] and launched its subregional strategic development road map in April 2017.[9] An update to the operational plan was released in February 2020.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional initiatives in ICT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sasec.asia/project_det.php?project_id=22%20SASEC%20Information%20Highway%20Project"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Revised Kyoto Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/conventions/pf_revised_kyoto_conv.aspx"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 2005, the SASEC countries agreed on priority sectors for investment and coordinated action: transport, trade facilitation, and energy. In 2016, the SASEC countries approved the SASEC Operational Plan 2016-2025, a 10-year strategic roadmap, which introduced economic corridor development (ECD) as a fourth sectoral area of focus. SASEC also supports regional initiatives in ICT.[11]Transport — SASEC aims to put in place the critical multi-modal transport networks that will enhance intraregional trade and investment in the subregion and, in turn, boost economic growth. SASEC works to strengthen road, rail, and air links, as well as developing port infrastructure to match the needs of the region’s growing economies, and to support the SAARC transport corridor network.[12]\nTrade Facilitation — SASEC is helping speed up the time and reduce the costs of trading across borders throughout the subregion. Regional SASEC trade facilitation initiatives are creating modern customs administrations that are compliant with the terms and provisions of the Revised Kyoto Convention,[13] streamlined and transparent cross-border trade regulations and procedures, and improved information and services for the private sector.[14]\nEnergy — SASEC is working to improve energy access and security in the region by developing essential infrastructure, and promoting intraregional power trade to reduce costs and import dependence. SASEC energy initiatives focus on renewable energy.[15]\nEconomic Corridor Development — SASEC is promoting synergies and linkages between economic corridors across SASEC countries to optimize development gains, including industrial growth and competitiveness, the creation of high-quality jobs, increased productivity, and the strengthening existing value chains.[16]","title":"SASEC priority areas of cooperation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sasec.asia/index.php?page=projects"},{"link_name":"technical assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_assistance"},{"link_name":"World Customs Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Customs_Organization"},{"link_name":"United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"United Nations Conference on Trade and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development"},{"link_name":"ASYCUDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASYCUDA"}],"text":"SASEC investment since 2001 amounts to more than $13 billion (figure as of June 2020), mostly in the transport sector.[17] ADB has provided $6.35 billion in loans and grants to the SASEC countries for regional programming initiatives. Member countries have contributed more than $4.7 billion worth of investments. Projects include hard and soft infrastructure priorities, identified by the SASEC governments. SASEC follows a flexible, multi-track approach to project implementation, where member countries work together to ensure that projects implemented at the national level are coordinated across borders to deliver positive results at a wider regional level.(figures as of June 2020)ADB also supports the goals of the SASEC Program through the provision of national and regional technical assistance funding. Since 2001, it has implemented more than $125 million worth of technical assistance projects to create regional institutions and boost technical and other skills. To ensure international best practice and technical knowledge is made available to the SASEC governments, ADB often collaborates with other partners such as the World Customs Organization, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (ASYCUDA).","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nodal Officials Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140328170202/http://sasec.asia/discussion-platform.php"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Meeting of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal (BBIN) Transport Ministers on Regional Road Transport Connectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sasec.asia/index.php?page=news&nid=238&url=bbin-agreement-on-motor-vehicles-signed"},{"link_name":"BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nepalforeignaffairs.com/bbin-agreement-on-motor-vehicles-agreement/"},{"link_name":"BBIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBIN"}],"text":"Secretaries and Joint Secretaries of Ministries of Finance of SASEC countries meet annually at the Nodal Officials Meeting, often held on the sidelines of ADB’s Annual General Meeting. Nodal officials review and provide strategic direction for cooperation under SASEC.[18] Four SASEC technical working groups (transport, trade facilitation, energy, and ICT) represented by the Joint Secretary or Director General of each SASEC country, meet regularly to review strategic priorities and progress or projects.The Meeting of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal (BBIN) Transport Ministers on Regional Road Transport Connectivity finalized and endorsed the BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA) and proposed a work plan to ensure its speedy and effective implementation on 15 June 2015 in Thimphu, Bhutan. The BBIN MVA is a landmark framework agreement to facilitate the seamless flow of passenger, personal and cargo vehicular traffic between and among the BBIN countries.Bhutan withdrew from BBIN citing pollution as the reason.","title":"Meetings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SASEC Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sasec.asia/index.php?page=contact-us"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//twitter.com/sasecprogram"},{"link_name":"Facebook.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.facebook.com/SASECProgram"}],"text":"ADB serves as the SASEC Secretariat, working with member governments to help implement SASEC projects and initiatives and to provide technical support. The SASEC Secretariat also coordinates capacity-building activities and works to identify necessary technical organizations and development partners to strengthen training and knowledge-building programs for member countries. It provides overall coordination and administrative and logistical assistance to the member countries. The SASEC Secretariat is reaching out to more SASEC members and those interested in the benefits of regional cooperation through Twitter and Facebook.","title":"SASEC Secretariat"}] | [] | [{"title":"Asian Development Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank"},{"title":"Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBIN"},{"title":"South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation"},{"title":"India's Look-East connectivity projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Myanmar_barrier#Look-East_connectivity"},{"title":"ASEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN"},{"title":"East Coast Economic Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Economic_Corridor"},{"title":"Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam%E2%80%93Chennai_Industrial_Corridor"}] | [{"reference":"\"SASEC Brochure\". Retrieved December 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sasec.asia/index.php?page=publications-list&pid=124&url=sasec-brochure","url_text":"\"SASEC Brochure\""}]},{"reference":"\"SASEC Operational Plan unveiled\". The Himalayan Times. 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2017-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/sasec-operational-plan-unveiled/","url_text":"\"SASEC Operational Plan unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"Mishra, Asit Ranjan (2017-04-04). \"Sasec members chart strategic sub-regional development road map\". livemint.com/. Retrieved 2017-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livemint.com/Politics/6qlJVE54htXtirBheMojiL/Sasec-members-chart-strategic-subregional-development-road.html","url_text":"\"Sasec members chart strategic sub-regional development road map\""}]},{"reference":"South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Operational Plan 2016-2025 Update. Asian Development Bank. 2020. doi:10.22617/SPR200005-2. ISBN 9789292619978.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adb.org/documents/sasec-operational-plan-2016-2025-update","url_text":"South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Operational Plan 2016-2025 Update"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22617%2FSPR200005-2","url_text":"10.22617/SPR200005-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789292619978","url_text":"9789292619978"}]},{"reference":"\"Regional: SASEC Information Highway Project (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal)\". SASEC. Retrieved 2023-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sasec.asia/index.php?page=project&pid=23&url=sasec-information-highway-project","url_text":"\"Regional: SASEC Information Highway Project (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal)\""}]},{"reference":"\"// Project Details\". Archived from the original on 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2014-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328150113/http://sasec.asia/project_det.php?project_id=17","url_text":"\"// Project Details\""},{"url":"http://sasec.asia/project_det.php?project_id=17","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SASEC DISCUSSION PLATFORMS | South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation\". sasec.asia. 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ADB gives $21m to help expand South Asian trade. Dhaka."},{"Link":"http://sasec.asia/index.php?page=projects","external_links_name":"SASEC Project Portfolio Summary"},{"Link":"http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/Publications/448813-1171648504958/SouthAsiaGrowthandRegionalIntegration.pdf","external_links_name":"World Bank. 2007. South Asia: Growth and Regional Integration. Washington, DC"},{"Link":"https://www.sasec.asia/index.php?page=publications-list&pid=124&url=sasec-brochure","external_links_name":"\"SASEC Brochure\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?page=detail_news&date=2007-10-17&news_id=14325","external_links_name":"SASEC nations agree to collaborate on mega subregional ICT project"},{"Link":"http://sasec.asia/index.php?page=news&nid=600&url=myanmar-joins-sasec","external_links_name":"Myanmar Joins SASEC"},{"Link":"https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/sasec-operational-plan-unveiled/","external_links_name":"\"SASEC Operational Plan unveiled\""},{"Link":"http://www.livemint.com/Politics/6qlJVE54htXtirBheMojiL/Sasec-members-chart-strategic-subregional-development-road.html","external_links_name":"\"Sasec members chart strategic sub-regional development road map\""},{"Link":"https://www.adb.org/documents/sasec-operational-plan-2016-2025-update","external_links_name":"South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Operational Plan 2016-2025 Update"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.22617%2FSPR200005-2","external_links_name":"10.22617/SPR200005-2"},{"Link":"http://www.sasec.asia/index.php?page=project&pid=23&url=sasec-information-highway-project","external_links_name":"\"Regional: SASEC Information Highway Project (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal)\""},{"Link":"http://sasec.asia/transport_strat.php","external_links_name":"SASEC transport sector strategy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328143023/http://sasec.asia/transport_strat.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/conventions/pf_revised_kyoto_conv.aspx","external_links_name":"Revised Kyoto Convention"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328150113/http://sasec.asia/project_det.php?project_id=17","external_links_name":"\"// Project Details\""},{"Link":"http://sasec.asia/project_det.php?project_id=17","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sasec.asia/energy_ovw.php","external_links_name":"SASEC energy sector overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328152653/http://sasec.asia/energy_ovw.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sasec.asia/index.php?page=economic-corridors","external_links_name":"Economic Corridor Development"},{"Link":"http://sasec.asia/projects.php","external_links_name":"SASEC website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328145846/http://sasec.asia/projects.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sasec.asia/index.php?page=discussion-platform","external_links_name":"\"SASEC DISCUSSION PLATFORMS | South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation\""},{"Link":"https://sasec.asia/index.php","external_links_name":"SASEC Program"},{"Link":"http://www.adb.org/countries/subregional-programs/sasec","external_links_name":"SASEC Program at the Asian Development Bank"},{"Link":"http://www.saarc-sec.org/","external_links_name":"SAARC"},{"Link":"http://www.adb.org/publications/regional-integration-and-economic-development-south-asia","external_links_name":"Regional Integration and Economic Development in South Asia"},{"Link":"http://www.adb.org/publications/energy-trade-south-asia-opportunities-and-challenges","external_links_name":"Energy Trade in South Asia: Opportunities and Challenges"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130225052804/http://www.adb.org/publications/designing-and-implementing-trade-facilitation-asia-and-pacific","external_links_name":"Designing and Implementing Trade Facilitation in Asia and the Pacific"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2651150749000316420002","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017226802","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Campbell_(producer) | Neil Campbell (producer) | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"] | Producer, comedian and writer
Neil CampbellNationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of IowaOccupation(s)Producer, comedian, actor, writerYears active2005–presentSpouseFran Gillespie
Neil Campbell is a producer, comedian, actor, and writer, who served as artistic director of the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in Los Angeles, CA from 2008 to 2012. Campbell has worked as a producer and writer on shows including Comedy Bang! Bang! and Brooklyn Nine-Nine.
Early life
Campbell attended the University of Iowa, where he met frequent collaborator, Paul Rust.
Career
Campbell has written and performed at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in Los Angeles, CA since it opened in 2005, and served as artistic director from 2008 to 2012. Campbell often performed with actor Paul Rust at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre, including co-hosting the long-running Not Too Shabby open-mic sketch show.
Campbell served as an executive producer, writer, and actor on IFC's Comedy Bang! Bang! Campbell wrote for the 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards with the entire Comedy Bang! Bang! writing staff. Campbell had been a supervising producer on Brooklyn Nine-Nine since 2017 until its final season in 2021. He also had a recurring role on the Netflix show Love as Kyle.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006
Cheap Seats: Without Ron Parker
Canadian Violent Hugger
Episode: "Amazing Games: International Toughmen"
2009
2009 MTV Movie Awards
Armless Man
TV special; also writer
2009
Reno 911!
Cap'n Crabby's Manager
2 episodes
2010
The Sarah Silverman Program
Customer #1
Episode: "Smellin' of Troy"
2012–16
Comedy Bang! Bang!
Various
23 episodes; also writer and producer
2013
Monsters University
Additional voices
2013
Parks and Recreation
Lerf Kormhyurt
Episode: "Gin It Up!"
2016
The UCB Show
Performer
Episode: "Bigfoot Sex"
2016
Bajillion Dollar Propertie$
Zach the Masseuse
Episode: "Happy Ending"
2016–18
Love
Kyle
4 episodes
2016–21
Brooklyn Nine-Nine
Ian Britches / Larry Britches / Barry Britches
3 episodes; also writer and producer
2023–present
Digman!
Snerdley Tootbottom / various (voice)
Also co-creator, writer, and executive producer
References
^ a b "Interview With Neil Campbell, The Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre's Reigning Artistic Director". Guest of a Guest. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
^ Wilstein, Matt (2017-07-24). "An Oral History of the Funniest Podcast Ever". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (2015-06-26). "The Most Memorable Moments in UCB's 10 Years in L.A." L.A. Weekly. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
^ Andreeva, Nellie (2016-08-18). "'Comedy Bang! Bang!' To End After Five Seasons On IFC". Deadline. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
^ "Scott Aukerman Is Writing the 2015 Emmys with the Entire 'Comedy Bang! Bang!' Staff". Flavorwire. 2015-07-20. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
External links
Neil Campbell at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upright_Citizens_Brigade_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Comedy Bang! Bang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Bang!_Bang!_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Nine-Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Nine-Nine"}],"text":"Neil Campbell is a producer, comedian, actor, and writer, who served as artistic director of the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in Los Angeles, CA from 2008 to 2012. Campbell has worked as a producer and writer on shows including Comedy Bang! Bang! and Brooklyn Nine-Nine.","title":"Neil Campbell (producer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Paul Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Campbell attended the University of Iowa, where he met frequent collaborator, Paul Rust.[1][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Comedy Bang! Bang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Bang!_Bang!_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2015 Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Nine-Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Nine-Nine"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Campbell has written and performed at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in Los Angeles, CA since it opened in 2005, and served as artistic director from 2008 to 2012.[1][3] Campbell often performed with actor Paul Rust at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre, including co-hosting the long-running Not Too Shabby open-mic sketch show.[3]Campbell served as an executive producer, writer, and actor on IFC's Comedy Bang! Bang![4] Campbell wrote for the 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards with the entire Comedy Bang! Bang! writing staff.[5] Campbell had been a supervising producer on Brooklyn Nine-Nine since 2017 until its final season in 2021. He also had a recurring role on the Netflix show Love as Kyle.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Interview With Neil Campbell, The Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre's Reigning Artistic Director\". Guest of a Guest. Retrieved 2018-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://guestofaguest.com/los-angeles/la-interviews/interview-with-neil-campbell-the-ubright-citizens-brigade-theatres-reigning-artistic-director","url_text":"\"Interview With Neil Campbell, The Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre's Reigning Artistic Director\""}]},{"reference":"Wilstein, Matt (2017-07-24). \"An Oral History of the Funniest Podcast Ever\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2018-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/comedy-bang-bang-500-episode-milestone-funniest-podcast-scott-aukerman","url_text":"\"An Oral History of the Funniest Podcast Ever\""}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (2015-06-26). \"The Most Memorable Moments in UCB's 10 Years in L.A.\" L.A. Weekly. Retrieved 2018-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laweekly.com/arts/the-most-memorable-moments-in-ucbs-10-years-in-la-5726539","url_text":"\"The Most Memorable Moments in UCB's 10 Years in L.A.\""}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (2016-08-18). \"'Comedy Bang! Bang!' To End After Five Seasons On IFC\". Deadline. Retrieved 2018-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/08/comedy-bang-bang-canceled-to-end-five-seasons-ifc-1201805539/","url_text":"\"'Comedy Bang! Bang!' To End After Five Seasons On IFC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scott Aukerman Is Writing the 2015 Emmys with the Entire 'Comedy Bang! Bang!' Staff\". Flavorwire. 2015-07-20. Retrieved 2018-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://flavorwire.com/528858/scott-aukerman-is-writing-the-2015-emmys-with-the-entire-comedy-bang-bang-staff","url_text":"\"Scott Aukerman Is Writing the 2015 Emmys with the Entire 'Comedy Bang! Bang!' Staff\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://guestofaguest.com/los-angeles/la-interviews/interview-with-neil-campbell-the-ubright-citizens-brigade-theatres-reigning-artistic-director","external_links_name":"\"Interview With Neil Campbell, The Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre's Reigning Artistic Director\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/comedy-bang-bang-500-episode-milestone-funniest-podcast-scott-aukerman","external_links_name":"\"An Oral History of the Funniest Podcast Ever\""},{"Link":"https://www.laweekly.com/arts/the-most-memorable-moments-in-ucbs-10-years-in-la-5726539","external_links_name":"\"The Most Memorable Moments in UCB's 10 Years in L.A.\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2016/08/comedy-bang-bang-canceled-to-end-five-seasons-ifc-1201805539/","external_links_name":"\"'Comedy Bang! Bang!' To End After Five Seasons On IFC\""},{"Link":"http://flavorwire.com/528858/scott-aukerman-is-writing-the-2015-emmys-with-the-entire-comedy-bang-bang-staff","external_links_name":"\"Scott Aukerman Is Writing the 2015 Emmys with the Entire 'Comedy Bang! Bang!' Staff\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2094206/","external_links_name":"Neil Campbell"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echephron | Echephron | ["1 Notes","2 References"] | Echephron (/ɪˈkɛfrən, -ˌrɒn/; Ancient Greek: Ἐχέφρων, gen.: Ἐχέφρωνος) is the name of three characters in Greek mythology.
Echephron, a prince of Pylos and son of King Nestor and Eurydice (or Anaxibia). He was the brother of Thrasymedes, Pisidice, Polycaste, Perseus, Stratichus, Aretus, Pisistratus and Antilochus.
Echephron, a Trojan prince as one of the sons of Priam, king of Troy.
Echephron, son of Heracles and Psophis, daughter of Eryx, a Sicilian despot. He changed the name of the city Phegia (the old Erymanthus) to Psophis.
Notes
^ Homer, Odyssey 3.404.430
^ Apollodorus, 1.9.9
^ Apollodorus, 3.12.5
^ Pausanias, 8.24.2
References
Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Pseudo-Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
vteCharacters in the OdysseyHouse of Odysseus
Penelope (wife)
Telemachus (son)
Ctimene (sister)
Anticlea (mother)
Laertes (father of Odysseus) (father)
Autolycus (grandfather)
Eurycleia (chief servant)
Mentor (advisor)
Phemius (musician)
Eumaeus (swineherd)
Philoetius (cowherd)
Melanthius (goatherd)
Melantho (maid)
Medon (herald)
Argos (pet dog)
Other monarchs and royals
Alcinous of Phaeacia
Antiphates, king of the Laestrygones
Aretus
Arete of Phaeacia
Deucalion of Crete
Echetus
Nestor of Pylos
Echephron
Perseus
Stratichus
Peisistratus
Menelaus of Sparta
Helen
Princess Nausicaa of Phaeacia
Laodamas
Agamemnon of Mycenae
Idomeneus
Mentes
Thrasymedes
Gods
Aeolus
Athena
Calypso
Circe
Helios
Hermes
Leucothea
Poseidon
Zeus
Oceanus
Old Man of the Sea
Suitors
Agelaus
Amphimedon
Amphinomus
Antinous
Ctesippus
Demoptolemus
Eurymachus
Leodes
Perimedes
Others
Achilles
Ajax
Anticlus
Antiphus
Cyclopes
Polyphemus
Demodocus
Dolius
Elpenor
Eupeithes
Euryalus
Eurylochus
Halitherses
Heracles
Irus
Kikonians
Laestrygones
Mesaulius
Polites
Polydamna
Scylla
Charybdis
Sirens
Tiresias
Theoclymenus
This article includes a list of Greek mythological figures with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific Greek mythology article referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended Greek mythology article, if one exists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pylos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylos"},{"link_name":"Nestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Eurydice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurydice_of_Pylos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Anaxibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxibia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Thrasymedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasymedes_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Pisidice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisidice"},{"link_name":"Polycaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycaste"},{"link_name":"Perseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_of_Pylos"},{"link_name":"Stratichus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratichus"},{"link_name":"Aretus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretus"},{"link_name":"Pisistratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peisistratus_of_Pylos"},{"link_name":"Antilochus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilochus"},{"link_name":"Trojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy"},{"link_name":"sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_children_of_Priam"},{"link_name":"Priam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"Psophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psophis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Eryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryx_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Phegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phegia"},{"link_name":"Erymanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)"},{"link_name":"Psophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psophis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Echephron, a prince of Pylos and son of King Nestor and Eurydice[1] (or Anaxibia[2]). He was the brother of Thrasymedes, Pisidice, Polycaste, Perseus, Stratichus, Aretus, Pisistratus and Antilochus.\nEchephron, a Trojan prince as one of the sons of Priam, king of Troy.[3]\nEchephron, son of Heracles and Psophis, daughter of Eryx, a Sicilian despot. He changed the name of the city Phegia (the old Erymanthus) to Psophis.[4]","title":"Echephron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"3.404.430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theoi.com/Text/HomerOdyssey3.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"3.12.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus3.html#12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"}],"text":"^ Homer, Odyssey 3.404.430\n\n^ Apollodorus, 1.9.9\n\n^ Apollodorus, 3.12.5\n\n^ Pausanias, 8.24.2","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.theoi.com/Text/HomerOdyssey3.html","external_links_name":"3.404.430"},{"Link":"http://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus3.html#12","external_links_name":"3.12.5"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0135","external_links_name":"Greek text available from the same website"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159","external_links_name":"Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021","external_links_name":"Greek text available from the same website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Echephron&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_(Italy) | Democratic Socialists (Italy) | ["1 Leadership","2 References","3 External links"] | Social-democratic association in Italy
Democratic Socialists (Italian: Democraticisocialisti) is a social-democratic association in Italy.
It was founded as a left-wing faction within the Democratic Party (PD), a political party in Italy, but left the party in February 2017 with the launch of Article One. Its leader is Enrico Rossi, President of Tuscany, while its president is Peppino Caldarola, a former deputy and associate of Massimo D'Alema.
Leadership
President: Peppino Caldarola (2016–present)
Coordinator: Tommaso Giuntella (2016–2017), Silvia Prodi (2017–present)
Organisational secretary: Mirko Tutino (2016–present)
References
^ "Rossi lancia l'associazione "Democraticisocialisti"". 30 September 2016.
^ "Pd. Dopo l'assemblea nasce l'associazione Democraticisocialisti a sostegno di Enrico Rossi. Presidente è Giuseppe Caldarola | Jobsnews.it".
^ ""MOVIMENTO DEMOCRATICO e PROGRESSISTA" (Di A. De Angelis)". 24 February 2017.
^ "Enrico Rossi - Perché ho deciso di lasciare il PD". www.enricorossi.info. Archived from the original on 2017-03-02.
External links
Official website Archived 2017-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
vteFactions of the Democratic Party (Italy)Current factions
Christian democrats (The Populars) – Liberals and centrists (People's Energy
Reformist Base
Democratic Energy
Liberal PD
AreaDem–Franceschiniani) – Christian leftists (Social Christians) – Social democrats and socialists (Piazza Grande
Fassiniani
Side by Side
Left Wing
Socialists and Democrats
Future! European Democrats
Democracy Europe Society
Dem Labourites
LeftDem
NetworkDem) – Greens (Democratic Ecologists) – Heterogeneous (Democratic Front)
Former factions
Christian democrats (Middle Italy
Popular Italy
Demitiani
Mariniani
Fourth Phase
Teodem
Lettiani–360 Association
Democratic Space) – Liberals and centrists (Renziani–Back to the Future
Always Forward
Harambee
Rutelliani–Free Democrats
Liberal Left
Democratic Movement–Veltroniani) – Christian leftists (Olivists
Democrats Really) – Social democrats and socialists (Reformist Alliance
Democrats, Laicists, Socialists
To the Left
Say Left
Left for the Country
United to the Left
Reformists and Democrats
Democracy and Socialism
Democrats in Network
Change Italy
Simply Democrats
Make the PD
Freedom and Rights
Reformist Area
Bersaniani
Dalemiani
Democratic Socialists
Remake Italy
Left is Change)
Splits
Alliance for Italy (2009)
Toward North (2010)
European Republicans Movement (2010)
Possible (2015)
Future to the Left (2015)
Democratic and Progressive Movement (2017)
Action (2019)
Italia Viva (2019) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"social-democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"political party in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Article One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Enrico Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Rossi_(politician)"},{"link_name":"President of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Peppino Caldarola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peppino_Caldarola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Massimo D'Alema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema"}],"text":"Democratic Socialists (Italian: Democraticisocialisti) is a social-democratic association in Italy.It was founded as a left-wing faction within the Democratic Party (PD), a political party in Italy,[1][2] but left the party in February 2017 with the launch of Article One.[3][4] Its leader is Enrico Rossi, President of Tuscany, while its president is Peppino Caldarola, a former deputy and associate of Massimo D'Alema.","title":"Democratic Socialists (Italy)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peppino Caldarola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peppino_Caldarola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tommaso Giuntella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommaso_Giuntella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silvia Prodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silvia_Prodi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mirko Tutino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirko_Tutino&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"President: Peppino Caldarola (2016–present)\nCoordinator: Tommaso Giuntella (2016–2017), Silvia Prodi (2017–present)\nOrganisational secretary: Mirko Tutino (2016–present)","title":"Leadership"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Rossi lancia l'associazione \"Democraticisocialisti\"\". 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2016/09/30/enrico-rossi-democraticisocialisti_n_12265358.html","url_text":"\"Rossi lancia l'associazione \"Democraticisocialisti\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pd. 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Presidente è Giuseppe Caldarola | Jobsnews.it\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2017/02/24/scissione-pd-scelto-il-no_n_14989876.html","external_links_name":"\"\"MOVIMENTO DEMOCRATICO e PROGRESSISTA\" (Di A. De Angelis)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170302200008/http://www.enricorossi.info/landing/perche-ho-deciso-di-lasciare-il-pd.php","external_links_name":"\"Enrico Rossi - Perché ho deciso di lasciare il PD\""},{"Link":"http://www.enricorossi.info/landing/perche-ho-deciso-di-lasciare-il-pd.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.enricorossi.info/landing/democraticisocialisti.php","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170302200010/http://www.enricorossi.info/landing/democraticisocialisti.php","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(play) | One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (play) | ["1 Background","2 Summary","3 Cast and characters","4 Origin","5 Productions","6 Awards and nominations","6.1 2001 Broadway revival","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Play by Dale Wasserman
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's NestKirk Douglas and Joan Tetzel starring in the 1963 Broadway productionWritten byDale WassermanDate premieredNovember 13, 1963 (1963-11-13)Place premieredCort TheatreNew York CityOriginal languageEnglishSubjectOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's NestbyKen Kesey
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1963) is a play based on Ken Kesey's 1962 novel of the same name. The play had it's Broadway debut in 1963 with an adaptation by Dale Wasserman starring Kirk Douglas as Randle McMurphy, a mental patient and Joan Tetzel as Nurse Ratched. The play had a Broadway revival in 2002 earning the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play as well as a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play starring Gary Sinise.
Background
The play is based off the 1962 novel of the same by Ken Kesey. It was adapted by Dale Wasserman.
Summary
The plot revolves around mental hospital patient Randle McMurphy who leads a revolt against cold Nurse Ratched.
Cast and characters
Character
Broadway debut
Feature film
Broadway revival
West End revival
1963
1975
2001
2003
Randle McMurphy
Kirk Douglas
Jack Nicholson
Gary Sinise
Christian Slater
Nurse Ratched
Joan Tetzel
Louise Fletcher
Amy Morton
Frances Barber
"Chief" Bromden
Ed Ames
Will Sampson
Tim Sampson
Brendan Dempsey
Dale Harding
William Daniels
William Redfield
Ross Lehman
Owen O'Neill
Billy Bibbit
Gene Wilder
Brad Dourif
Eric Johner
Mackenzie Crook
Charlie Cheswick
Gerald S. O'Loughlin
Sydney Lassick
Rick Snyder
Phil Nichol
Max Taber
N/A
Christopher Lloyd
N/A
N/A
Martini
Al Nesor
Danny DeVito
Danton Stone
Ian Coppinger
Dr. John Spivey
Rex Robbins
Dean Brooks
K. Todd Freeman
Tim Ahern
Origin
Dale Wasserman's stage adaptation, with music by Teiji Ito, made its Broadway preview on November 12, 1963, its premiere on November 13, and ran until January 25, 1964, for a total of one preview and 82 performances. The 1963–64 Broadway production starred Douglas as Randle Patrick McMurphy, Gene Wilder as Billy Bibbit, William Daniels as Harding, Ed Ames as "Chief" Bromden, Al Nesor as Martini, and Joan Tetzel as Nurse Ratched. Douglas retained the rights to make a film version of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest for a decade, but was unable to find a studio willing to make it with him. Eventually, he gave the rights to his son Michael, who succeeded in getting the film produced. At that time, Kirk Douglas was deemed too old for the role of McMurphy, and the role was given to Jack Nicholson.
Productions
Since then, the play has had two revivals: first off-Broadway in 1971, directed by Lee Sankowich with Danny DeVito as Martini and William Devane as McMurphy, then as a Broadway production in 2001 with Gary Sinise as McMurphy. The film version One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest was released in 1975, whose movie rights were secured through Kirk Douglas's rights to the play. DeVito reprised his stage role in the 1975 film of the same name directed by Milos Forman starring Jack Nicholson.
A scene from a Bashkir Academic Drama Theater production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.
In 1982 Greg Hersov directed a production at the Royal Exchange, Manchester with Jonathan Hackett as Randle McMurphy, Linda Marlowe as Nurse Ratched and Tim McInnerny as Billy Bibbitt. In April 1988, the Playhouse Theatre was the site for the first London production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The play was brought to the London stage by Cuckoo Productions, formed by Diane Hilton, Karin Parnaby, and Judy Kershaw. They raised £100,000 in 24 hours to bring the play to the London theatre. In 2001, the Steppenwolf Theatre Company produced a Broadway revival, winning the Tony Award for Best Play Revival. This production was directed by Terry Kinney and starred Gary Sinise, Amy Morton, Tim Sampson (playing Chief, his father Will Sampson's role in the film version), Eric Johner, and Ross Lehman.
In 2004, Guy Masterson and Nica Burns mounted a production at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival with Christian Slater, Mackenzie Crook and Frances Barber and a cast of comedians including Owen O'Neill. Masterson famously resigned as director & co-producer just prior to opening citing "ill health" and the production was finally delivered by Terry Johnson and Tamara Harvey. The show was a huge box office hit and transferred to London's Gielgud Theatre where it ran for over 20 weeks. This production was itself revived in 2006 with Alex Kingston taking over the role of Nurse Ratched. It then toured the UK in 2007 with Shane Richie playing McMurphy and Sophie Ward as Nurse Ratched.
A production of the play was staged by London's Tower Theatre Company from 23 to 27 October 2012 at Upstairs at the Gatehouse, Highgate, London. In 2018, After Hours Theatre Company in Los Angeles created an immersive version of the work. The Oregon State Hospital was recreated in a 7,000 sq. ft. warehouse in Burbank. Each audience member was provided a costume and a patient wristband. During the immersive pre-show, audience members were tasked with finding clues as to why they have been admitted to the hospital that eventually led them to join the patient revolution. This production was nominated for six Ovation Awards, including a win for Best Lighting Design, Intimate Theatre. In 2022, an Australian adaptation of Dale Wasserman's play, directed by Chris McRae was created by Luke Miller, McRae and Samuel Yombich Pilot-Kickett, and performed by Darlington Theatre Players in Perth, Western Australia. The adaptation recontextualised the play to 1960s Australia, with the reimagining of the "Chief" Bromden character as a local Aboriginal man, as well as some adjustment of language to fit the Australian idiom. The production included musical composition by Kieran Ridgway, with the inclusion of didgeridoo and didgeribone as part of the underscoring to reflect the new setting.
Awards and nominations
2001 Broadway revival
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
2001
Tony Award
Best Revival of a Play
Won
Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play
Gary Sinise
Nominated
Drama Desk Award
Outstanding Revival of a Play
Nominated
Outer Critics Circle Award
Outstanding Revival of a Play
Won
Drama League Award
Distinguished Production of a Revival
Won
See also
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)
References
^ a b IBDB entry
^ "60. Danny DeVito, Everybody: The Always Sunny Podcast". YouTube.com. 19 December 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
^ Kirk Douglas retained the movie rights due to an innovative loophole of basing the rights on the play rather than the novel, despite Kesey's objections. See Kirk Douglas entry and https://deadline.com/2020/02/kirk-douglas-one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest-movie-michael-douglas-spat-1202852836/
^ "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
^ "Production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". Theatricalia. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
^ Pogrebin, Robin (5 April 2001). "Unwound and Ready for Some Cuckoo Time". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
^ "Christian Slater Opens in London Cuckoo's Nest Sept. 15". Playbill. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
^ "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest". BBC. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
^ "Tower Theatre Company : One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". Retrieved April 17, 2015.
^ "LA Stage Alliance Ovation Awards: 2018". abouttheartists. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
^ "WA Theatre Reviews & Database : One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest:An Australian Adaptation". Retrieved July 17, 2022.
External links
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest at the Internet Broadway Database
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest at ThatTheatreSite Provides character descriptions and updated audition listings.
Original Production's ITDb
1971 revival's ITDb
2001 revival's ITDb
vteKen Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's NestAdaptations
Play
Film
Ratched
Characters
Randle McMurphy
Nurse Ratched
Related
Thalavattam (1986 film)
Manasukkul Mathappu (1988 film)
Kyon Ki (2005 film)
vteBryna ProductionsPresidents
Kirk Douglas (Filmography) (1949–1982)
Anne Douglas (1982–1989)
Peter Douglas (1989–1996)
Vice-Presidents and General Managers
William Schorr (1952–1955)
Norman A. Cook (1955)
Jerry Bresler (1955–1958)
Edward Lewis (1958–1966)
Eleanor Wolquitt (1966–1968)
Norman Kurland (1968–1970)
Anne Douglas (1970–1982)
Key Executives
Allan Balter
Joseph A. Barry
Myer P. Beck
Barney Briskin
George M. Cahan
Eric Douglas
Joel Douglas
Michael Douglas
Charles K. Feldman
James B. Harris
Charles Levy
Stanley Margulies
Martin Melcher
Seymour Poe
Norman Retchin
Milton Shapiro
Robert Siodmak
Linn Unkefer
David E. Weshner
Films
The Indian Fighter (1955)
Spring Reunion (1956)
Lizzie (1957)
The Careless Years (1957)
Ride Out for Revenge (1957)
Paths of Glory (1957)
The Vikings (1958)
The Devil's Disciple (1959)
Last Train from Gun Hill (1959)
Spartacus (1960)
Strangers When We Meet (1960)
The Last Sunset (1961)
Lonely Are the Brave (1962)
The List of Adrian Messenger (1963)
Seven Days in May (1964)
Seconds (1966)
Grand Prix (1966)
The Brotherhood (1968)
Summertree (1971)
A Gunfight (1971)
The Light at the Edge of the World (1971)
To Catch a Spy (1971)
Scalawag (1973)
Posse (1975)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
The Final Countdown (1980)
Something Wicked This Way Comes (1983)
Tough Guys (1986)
Television
King of the Vikings (1957)
Tales of the Vikings (1959–1960)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1973)
Draw! (1984)
Amos (1985)
Sperry Goes Hollywood (1986)
Stage
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1963–1964)
Subsidiaries
Bryna Corporation
Bryna Industries
Bryna International
Brynaprod
Cameron Productions
Douglas and Lewis Productions
Eric Productions
Joel Productions
Michael Productions
Peter Vincent Music
Public Relations Consultants
TBC Merger
The Brotherhood Company
The Bryna Company
Affiliates
Aspen Productions
Astral Film Productions
Barbizon Productions
Barcarola
Bigstick Productions
Capitole Films
Cayuga Productions
Cherokee Productions
Columbia Broadcasting System
Curtleigh Productions
Douglas/Reuther Productions
Edward Lewis Productions
Fantasy Films
Film Finance Group
Further Films
Gibraltar Productions
Harris-Kubrick Pictures
Harvest Productions
Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Films
Inex Film
Jet Films
Jerry Bresler Productions
John Frankenheimer Productions
Les Films de la Pléiade
Ludgate Films
Martin Ritt Productions
The Mirisch Corporation
Oceania Produzioni Internazionali Cinematografiche
Polyc International
Quine Productions
Rizzoli Films
Seven Arts Productions
Silver Screen Partners II
The Stone Group
Stonebridge Entertainment
Thoroughbred Productions
Touchstone Pictures
Triumfilms
Vincent Pictures
Vulcano Film
Wallis-Hazen Productions
Walt Disney Productions
Winters/Rosen Productions
Zeeuwse Maatschappij
Zwaluw
Distributors
Buena Vista
Columbia Broadcasting System
Columbia Pictures
Home Box Office
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
NBC
National General Pictures
Paramount Pictures
Rank Film Distributors
United Artists
United Artists Records
United Artists Television
Universal-International Pictures
vteTony Award for Best Revival of a Play1990s
An Inspector Calls (1994)
The Heiress (1995)
A Delicate Balance (1996)
A Doll's House (1997)
A View from the Bridge (1998)
Death of a Salesman (1999)
2000s
The Real Thing (2000)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (2001)
Private Lives (2002)
Long Day's Journey into Night (2003)
Henry IV (a combination of Part 1 and Part 2) (2004)
Glengarry Glen Ross (2005)
Awake and Sing! (2006)
Journey's End (2007)
Boeing-Boeing (2008)
The Norman Conquests (2009)
2010s
Fences (2010)
The Normal Heart (2011)
Death of a Salesman (2012)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (2013)
A Raisin in the Sun (2014)
Skylight (2015)
A View from the Bridge (2016)
Jitney (2017)
Angels in America (2018)
The Boys in the Band (2019)
2020s
A Soldier's Play (2020/21)
Take Me Out (2022)
Topdog/Underdog (2023)
Appropriate (2024) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Ken Kesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kesey"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Dale Wasserman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Wasserman"},{"link_name":"Kirk Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Randle McMurphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randle_McMurphy"},{"link_name":"Joan Tetzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Tetzel"},{"link_name":"Nurse Ratched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_Ratched"},{"link_name":"Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival_of_a_Play"},{"link_name":"Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Play"},{"link_name":"Gary Sinise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Sinise"}],"text":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1963) is a play based on Ken Kesey's 1962 novel of the same name.[1] The play had it's Broadway debut in 1963 with an adaptation by Dale Wasserman starring Kirk Douglas as Randle McMurphy, a mental patient and Joan Tetzel as Nurse Ratched. The play had a Broadway revival in 2002 earning the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play as well as a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play starring Gary Sinise.","title":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (play)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"novel of the same","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Ken Kesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kesey"},{"link_name":"Dale Wasserman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Wasserman"}],"text":"The play is based off the 1962 novel of the same by Ken Kesey. It was adapted by Dale Wasserman.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randle McMurphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randle_McMurphy"},{"link_name":"Nurse Ratched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_Ratched"}],"text":"The plot revolves around mental hospital patient Randle McMurphy who leads a revolt against cold Nurse Ratched.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dale Wasserman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Wasserman"},{"link_name":"Teiji Ito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiji_Ito"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"Randle Patrick McMurphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randle_McMurphy"},{"link_name":"Gene Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Wilder"},{"link_name":"William Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Ed Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Ames"},{"link_name":"Joan Tetzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Tetzel"},{"link_name":"Nurse Ratched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_Ratched"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"}],"text":"Dale Wasserman's stage adaptation, with music by Teiji Ito, made its Broadway preview on November 12, 1963, its premiere on November 13, and ran until January 25, 1964, for a total of one preview and 82 performances.[1] The 1963–64 Broadway production starred Douglas as Randle Patrick McMurphy, Gene Wilder as Billy Bibbit, William Daniels as Harding, Ed Ames as \"Chief\" Bromden, Al Nesor as Martini, and Joan Tetzel as Nurse Ratched. Douglas retained the rights to make a film version of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest for a decade, but was unable to find a studio willing to make it with him. Eventually, he gave the rights to his son Michael, who succeeded in getting the film produced. At that time, Kirk Douglas was deemed too old for the role of McMurphy, and the role was given to Jack Nicholson.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"Danny DeVito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_DeVito"},{"link_name":"William Devane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Devane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gary Sinise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Sinise"},{"link_name":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kirk Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1975 film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Flew_over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(film)"},{"link_name":"Milos Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milos_Forman"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuckoo%27s_nest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bashkir Academic Drama Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_Academic_Drama_Theater_Mazhit_Gafuri"},{"link_name":"Greg Hersov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hersov"},{"link_name":"Royal Exchange, Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Linda Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"Tim McInnerny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McInnerny"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Steppenwolf Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Terry Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Kinney"},{"link_name":"Gary Sinise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Sinise"},{"link_name":"Amy Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Morton"},{"link_name":"Will Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Sampson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Guy Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Masterson"},{"link_name":"Nica Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nica_Burns"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe_Festival"},{"link_name":"Christian Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Slater"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_Crook"},{"link_name":"Frances Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Barber"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Terry Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Johnson_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"Gielgud Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gielgud_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Alex Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Shane Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Richie"},{"link_name":"Sophie Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Ward"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tower Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cucko2012-9"},{"link_name":"immersive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersive_theater"},{"link_name":"Ovation Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovation_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Darlington Theatre Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darlington_Theatre_Players&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuckoAUS2022-11"}],"text":"Since then, the play has had two revivals: first off-Broadway in 1971, directed by Lee Sankowich with Danny DeVito as Martini and William Devane as McMurphy,[2] then as a Broadway production in 2001 with Gary Sinise as McMurphy. The film version One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest was released in 1975, whose movie rights were secured through Kirk Douglas's rights to the play.[3] DeVito reprised his stage role in the 1975 film of the same name directed by Milos Forman starring Jack Nicholson.[4]A scene from a Bashkir Academic Drama Theater production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.In 1982 Greg Hersov directed a production at the Royal Exchange, Manchester with Jonathan Hackett as Randle McMurphy, Linda Marlowe as Nurse Ratched and Tim McInnerny as Billy Bibbitt.[5] In April 1988, the Playhouse Theatre was the site for the first London production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The play was brought to the London stage by Cuckoo Productions, formed by Diane Hilton, Karin Parnaby, and Judy Kershaw. They raised £100,000 in 24 hours to bring the play to the London theatre. In 2001, the Steppenwolf Theatre Company produced a Broadway revival, winning the Tony Award for Best Play Revival. This production was directed by Terry Kinney and starred Gary Sinise, Amy Morton, Tim Sampson (playing Chief, his father Will Sampson's role in the film version), Eric Johner, and Ross Lehman.[6]In 2004, Guy Masterson and Nica Burns mounted a production at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival with Christian Slater, Mackenzie Crook and Frances Barber and a cast of comedians including Owen O'Neill.[7] Masterson famously resigned as director & co-producer just prior to opening citing \"ill health\" and the production was finally delivered by Terry Johnson and Tamara Harvey. The show was a huge box office hit and transferred to London's Gielgud Theatre where it ran for over 20 weeks. This production was itself revived in 2006 with Alex Kingston taking over the role of Nurse Ratched. It then toured the UK in 2007 with Shane Richie playing McMurphy and Sophie Ward as Nurse Ratched.[8]A production of the play was staged by London's Tower Theatre Company from 23 to 27 October 2012 at Upstairs at the Gatehouse, Highgate, London.[9] In 2018, After Hours Theatre Company in Los Angeles created an immersive version of the work. The Oregon State Hospital was recreated in a 7,000 sq. ft. warehouse in Burbank. Each audience member was provided a costume and a patient wristband. During the immersive pre-show, audience members were tasked with finding clues as to why they have been admitted to the hospital that eventually led them to join the patient revolution. This production was nominated for six Ovation Awards, including a win for Best Lighting Design, Intimate Theatre.[10] In 2022, an Australian adaptation of Dale Wasserman's play, directed by Chris McRae was created by Luke Miller, McRae and Samuel Yombich Pilot-Kickett, and performed by Darlington Theatre Players in Perth, Western Australia. The adaptation recontextualised the play to 1960s Australia, with the reimagining of the \"Chief\" Bromden character as a local Aboriginal man, as well as some adjustment of language to fit the Australian idiom. The production included musical composition by Kieran Ridgway, with the inclusion of didgeridoo and didgeribone as part of the underscoring to reflect the new setting.[11]","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2001 Broadway revival","title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [{"image_text":"A scene from a Bashkir Academic Drama Theater production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cuckoo%27s_nest.jpg/300px-Cuckoo%27s_nest.jpg"}] | [{"title":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(novel)"},{"title":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(film)"}] | [{"reference":"\"60. Danny DeVito, Everybody: The Always Sunny Podcast\". YouTube.com. 19 December 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52c7vu7jfR8","url_text":"\"60. Danny DeVito, Everybody: The Always Sunny Podcast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/one_flew_over_the_cuckoos_nest","url_text":"\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"Production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". Theatricalia. Retrieved June 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://theatricalia.com/play/6eg/one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest/production/zhb","url_text":"\"Production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\""}]},{"reference":"Pogrebin, Robin (5 April 2001). \"Unwound and Ready for Some Cuckoo Time\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/05/theater/unwound-and-ready-for-some-cuckoo-time.html","url_text":"\"Unwound and Ready for Some Cuckoo Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christian Slater Opens in London Cuckoo's Nest Sept. 15\". Playbill. Retrieved June 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://playbill.com/article/christian-slater-opens-in-london-cuckoos-nest-sept-15-com-121931","url_text":"\"Christian Slater Opens in London Cuckoo's Nest Sept. 15\""}]},{"reference":"\"One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest\". BBC. Retrieved June 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2007/05/23/230507_ofotcn_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tower Theatre Company : One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". Retrieved April 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.towertheatre.co/archive/2012/cuckoo.htm","url_text":"\"Tower Theatre Company : One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\""}]},{"reference":"\"LA Stage Alliance Ovation Awards: 2018\". abouttheartists. Retrieved June 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abouttheartists.com/award_groups/35-ovation-awards/year/2018","url_text":"\"LA Stage Alliance Ovation Awards: 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"WA Theatre Reviews & Database : One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest:An Australian Adaptation\". Retrieved July 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gordontheoptom.com/uncategorised-2/one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest/","url_text":"\"WA Theatre Reviews & Database : One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest:An Australian Adaptation\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=3043","external_links_name":"IBDB entry"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52c7vu7jfR8","external_links_name":"\"60. Danny DeVito, Everybody: The Always Sunny Podcast\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/02/kirk-douglas-one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest-movie-michael-douglas-spat-1202852836/","external_links_name":"https://deadline.com/2020/02/kirk-douglas-one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest-movie-michael-douglas-spat-1202852836/"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/one_flew_over_the_cuckoos_nest","external_links_name":"\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\""},{"Link":"https://theatricalia.com/play/6eg/one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest/production/zhb","external_links_name":"\"Production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/05/theater/unwound-and-ready-for-some-cuckoo-time.html","external_links_name":"\"Unwound and Ready for Some Cuckoo Time\""},{"Link":"https://playbill.com/article/christian-slater-opens-in-london-cuckoos-nest-sept-15-com-121931","external_links_name":"\"Christian Slater Opens in London Cuckoo's Nest Sept. 15\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2007/05/23/230507_ofotcn_feature.shtml","external_links_name":"\"One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest\""},{"Link":"http://www.towertheatre.co/archive/2012/cuckoo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tower Theatre Company : One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\""},{"Link":"https://www.abouttheartists.com/award_groups/35-ovation-awards/year/2018","external_links_name":"\"LA Stage Alliance Ovation Awards: 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.gordontheoptom.com/uncategorised-2/one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest/","external_links_name":"\"WA Theatre Reviews & Database : One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest:An Australian Adaptation\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/6772","external_links_name":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest"},{"Link":"http://www.iobdb.com/Production/3018","external_links_name":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest"},{"Link":"http://thattheatresite.com/library/showpages/show_1174.html","external_links_name":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest at ThatTheatreSite"},{"Link":"http://www.theatredb.com/QShow.php?sid=s1892","external_links_name":"Original Production's ITDb"},{"Link":"http://www.theatredb.com/QShow.php?sid=s2246","external_links_name":"1971 revival's ITDb"},{"Link":"http://www.theatredb.com/QShow.php?sid=s2614","external_links_name":"2001 revival's ITDb"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool_(disambiguation) | Pontypool (disambiguation) | ["1 See also"] | Look up Pontypool in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Pontypool is a town in Wales, United Kingdom.
Pontypool may also refer to:
Pontypool (UK Parliament constituency)
Pontypool RFC, Welsh rugby union team
Pontypool, Ontario, Canada
Pontypool Changes Everything, 1995 fiction novel
Pontypool (film), 2008 Canadian horror film
See also
Search for "Pontypool" on Wikipedia.
All pages with titles beginning with Pontypool
All pages with titles containing Pontypool
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pontypool.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pontypool"},{"link_name":"Pontypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool"},{"link_name":"Pontypool (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pontypool RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool_RFC"},{"link_name":"Pontypool, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Pontypool Changes Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool_Changes_Everything"},{"link_name":"Pontypool (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool_(film)"}],"text":"Look up Pontypool in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Pontypool is a town in Wales, United Kingdom.Pontypool may also refer to:Pontypool (UK Parliament constituency)\nPontypool RFC, Welsh rugby union team\nPontypool, Ontario, Canada\nPontypool Changes Everything, 1995 fiction novel\nPontypool (film), 2008 Canadian horror film","title":"Pontypool (disambiguation)"}] | [] | [{"title":"\"Pontypool\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=%22Pontypool%22&ns0=1&fulltext=Search"},{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Pontypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Pontypool"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing Pontypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Pontypool%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pontypool_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=%22Pontypool%22&ns0=1&fulltext=Search","external_links_name":"\"Pontypool\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pontypool_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleuten | Vleuten | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 52°6′29″N 5°0′54″E / 52.10806°N 5.01500°E / 52.10806; 5.01500Neighbourhood of Utrecht, Netherlands
Neighbourhood in Utrecht, Utrecht, NetherlandsVleutenNeighbourhoodTorenpleinkerk te VleutenThe town centre (dark green) and the statistical district (light green) of Vleuten in the municipality of Utrecht.Coordinates: 52°6′29″N 5°0′54″E / 52.10806°N 5.01500°E / 52.10806; 5.01500CountryNetherlandsProvinceUtrechtMunicipalityUtrechtPopulation (2013) • Total6,915Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Vleuten is a former village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Today, it is a neighbourhood of the city of Utrecht, and lies about 6 km west from the city centre. Vleuten has a railway station on the line between Utrecht and Woerden.
In 2001, Vleuten had 7434 inhabitants. The built-up area was 1.4 km2, and contained 2979 residences.
The statistical area "Vleuten" has a population of around 7090.
History
Vleuten used to be a separate municipality, until it merged with a number of other municipalities in 1954 to form Vleuten-De Meern. In 2001, that municipality merged with the municipality of Utrecht to become a city part of it.
References
^ Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Bevolkingskernen in Nederland 2001. (Statistics are for the continuous built-up area).
^ Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Statline: Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2003-2005. As of 1 January 2005.
vtePopulated places in the municipality of UtrechtTowns
Utrecht consists of 10 city parts
Binnenstad
Oost
Leidsche Rijn
West
Overvecht
Zuid
Noordoost
Zuidwest
Noordwest
Vleuten-De Meern
Hamlets
Alendorp
Blauwkapel (partially)
Lage Haar
Ockhuizen
Oudenrijn
Stadsdam
Strijkviertel
Themaat
Het Zand
Veldhuizen
List of cities, towns and villages in Utrecht (province)
This Utrecht location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(province)"},{"link_name":"neighbourhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Woerden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woerden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS2-2"}],"text":"Neighbourhood of Utrecht, NetherlandsNeighbourhood in Utrecht, Utrecht, NetherlandsVleuten is a former village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Today, it is a neighbourhood of the city of Utrecht, and lies about 6 km west from the city centre. Vleuten has a railway station on the line between Utrecht and Woerden.In 2001, Vleuten had 7434 inhabitants. The built-up area was 1.4 km2, and contained 2979 residences.[1]\nThe statistical area \"Vleuten\" has a population of around 7090.[2]","title":"Vleuten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vleuten-De Meern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleuten-De_Meern"}],"text":"Vleuten used to be a separate municipality, until it merged with a number of other municipalities in 1954 to form Vleuten-De Meern. In 2001, that municipality merged with the municipality of Utrecht to become a city part of it.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vleuten¶ms=52_6_29_N_5_0_54_E_region:NL_type:city(7600)","external_links_name":"52°6′29″N 5°0′54″E / 52.10806°N 5.01500°E / 52.10806; 5.01500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vleuten¶ms=52_6_29_N_5_0_54_E_region:NL_type:city(7600)","external_links_name":"52°6′29″N 5°0′54″E / 52.10806°N 5.01500°E / 52.10806; 5.01500"},{"Link":"https://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/milieu-natuur-ruimte/ruimte/publicaties/cartografie-geografie/geografische-data/2001-bevolkingskernen-in-nederland.htm","external_links_name":"Bevolkingskernen in Nederland 2001"},{"Link":"https://statline.cbs.nl/","external_links_name":"Statline: Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2003-2005"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vleuten&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Savvy | Proton Savvy | ["1 History","2 Design","3 Export markets","3.1 Indonesia","4 Electric vehicle conversion","5 Awards","6 Specifications","7 Sales","8 References"] | Motor vehicle
Proton SavvyProton Savvy (Malaysia)OverviewManufacturerProtonProduction2005–2013AssemblyMalaysia: Proton City, PerakBody and chassisClassSubcompact carBody style5-door hatchbackLayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-driveDoors5PowertrainEngine1.2 L Renault D4F I4Power output75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) at 5500 rpm105 N·m (77 lb·ft) at 3500 rpmTransmission5-speed manual 5-speed Magneti Marelli Quickshift 5 AMTDimensionsWheelbase2,395 mm (94.3 in)Length3,710 mm (146.1 in)Width1,643 mm (64.7 in)Height1,480 mm (58.3 in)Kerb weight957 kg (2,110 lb)ChronologyPredecessorProton TiaraSuccessorProton Iriz
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The Proton Savvy is a supermini hatchback produced by Malaysian carmaker Proton. The car was introduced in June 2005, as an indirect successor to Proton Tiara. It was discontinued in 2013 due to slow sales compared to the Perodua Myvi.
History
Following Proton's decision to discontinue the Citroën AX based Tiara in 2000, a replacement model was required in order for Proton to reenter the supermini market. The replacement, originally codenamed the Tiara Replacement Model (TRM), was partially designed in house by Proton, but is powered by a Renault D-Type engine.
Proton Savvy pre-facelift frontProton Savvy pre-facelift rear
Proton Savvy post-facelift frontProton Savvy post-facelift rear
The Savvy was launched in June 2005 in Malaysia as a manual transmission only model, followed by the introduction of an automated manual transmission (AMT) model in November 2005. Export models of the Savvy were introduced to the United Kingdom in September 2005.
The Savvy was also among two models (alongside the Proton Gen-2) the now-defunct MG Rover was seeking to rebadge when it entered talks with Proton's parent company during 2004.
In March 2006, Proton introduced a "Savvy Zerokit" variant developed in conjunction with the Proton's motorsports division, R3 (Race Rally Research), that included an all round bodykit and rear spoiler made from fibre-reinforced plastic, and 15-inch (380 mm) JRD 155 wheels. Additional options included "dark titanium" headlights, performance suspension and a performance rear exhaust muffler that increased the power output up by 4 hp (3 kW) to 78 hp (57 kW).
On 3 January 2007, Proton launched the Savvy facelift in left-hand drive in Taiwan. It featured an infotainment system with an integrated LCD, DVD video and audio playing capabilities.
Two weeks later on 19 January, Proton launched the Savvy facelift in Malaysia. It added two more colors — Energy Orange and Genetic Silver. The front and rear of the pre-facelift models look similar in that both have a "V" design for the logo, whereas the facelift models feature a straight horizontal grille in the front and two horizontal lines in the rear.
In July 2007, Proton announced a basic variant called Savvy Lite, of which this model has more manually controlled mechanical parts and without "expensive" features such as remote control, power windows and alarm system.
The second generation Proton Saga, launched in January 2008, based its chassis on that of the Savvy, albeit elongated to support sedan bodywork.
The Savvy is also notable for being the first Proton car to undergo a publicly announced recall. On April 1, 2008, Proton Edar ordered the recall of all 34,000 Savvys on Malaysian roads (of which their production dates were before December 17, 2007) for an inspection and replacement of the rear wheel bearings, based on a parts defect found during random checks. The announcement was a precautionary measure over potential water ingress into the Savvy's rear wheel bearing set, causing malfunction of its components.
In 2011, production of the Savvy was stopped and the car was discontinued due to very slow sales compared to the Perodua Myvi.
Design
Unlike the Tiara, the Savvy's exterior design was largely developed in-house by Proton, prominently featuring a clamshell bonnet design. The Savvy is powered by a 1.2 litre D-Type SOHC 16 valve engine sourced from Renault, similar to the one used in the Renault Clio and Twingo.
The reverse gear for the manual transmission model is placed at the top left which is the position of a normal first gear position for conventional manual transmission cars. A locking mechanism is equipped to prevent the driver from accidentally shifting to reverse when shifting to the first gear, which can be unlocked by pulling up the black ring at the gear knob while shifting to reverse. This is a similar mechanism in many European cars, including Volvo and Renault cars from the mid-1990s.
The Savvy, along with other in house designed Protons such as the Gen-2, Persona, Satria Neo, Waja, Waja Chancellor, and second-generation Saga, feature turn indicator switches placed at the left-hand side, unlike models introduced earlier, such as the first generation Saga, Wira and Perdana.
Export markets
The Savvy was exported to Australia, United Kingdom, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, Taiwan, and Indonesia.
Indonesia
The facelifted Savvy was available in two variants in Indonesia: MT and AMT.
Electric vehicle conversion
The Proton Savvy is Converted into Electric car by Vixmo. The car is modified the interior,and equipped with Autonomous driving.
Awards
The Savvy has received two known "Car of the Year" awards from two ASEAN countries, including the Cars, Bikes & Trucks's "New Straits Times/AmBank Group 2006 Car of the Year" Award in the Supermini category, and the "Best City Car" award at the 6th Indonesian Car of the Year 2007 awards. The car is also the only Proton model so far to be TÜV (Technischer Überwachungsverein) Certified.
The Savvy was voted among Thailand's Top 10 Cars in 2008, by The Nation Daily.
The Savvy is also recognised in the Malaysian Book of Records as the most fuel efficient car in Malaysia, during an on-road test by Proton, with average fuel consumption of about 24 km/L.
Specifications
Powertrain Engine & Performance
Engine
4-cylinder 16-valve D4F (Engine Code:722)
Maximum Speed (km/h)
170 km/h
Acceleration 0–100 km/h (sec)
14 seconds (AMT)/ 12.2 seconds (MT)
Maximum Output hp(kW)/rpm
75 PS (55 kW) at 5500 rpm
Maximum Torque (Nm/rpm)
105 N⋅m (77 lb⋅ft) at 3500 rpm
Full tank capacity (Litre)
40
Tyres & Rims
165/60R14 75H & Alloy 14" x 5.5J or 175/50R15 75H & Alloy 15" x 5.5J
Chassis
Power Steering
Hydraulic
Suspension (Front/Rear)
MacPherson Strut Coil Spring & Stabiliser Bar/ Torsion Beam Axle
Brake (Front/Rear)
Ventilated Disc/ Drum
Sales
Year
Malaysia
2005
6,881
2006
7,963
2007
5,370
2008
3,157
2009
1,763
2010
1,491
2011
472
2012
279
2013
5
2014
1
^ Figures based on registration
References
^ "Monthly Production by Maker/Brand in Malaysia, 2009-2015". marklines.com. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
^ "Proton Savvy Zerokit by Race Rally Research". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2006-03-26. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ "Savvy - Brochure". 2006-04-11. Archived from the original on 2006-04-11. Retrieved 2017-07-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Proton Savvy facelift in Taiwan (left hand drive)". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ "2007 Proton Savvy Facelift Launched!". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2007-01-19. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ "New Proton Savvy Lite - from RM33,549". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2007-07-07. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ "New Proton Saga Launch and Test Drive Report". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ "Proton Savvy rear wheel bearing recall". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ "Proton to end production of Proton Savvy. For real?". AutoBuzz.my. 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ Proton Savvy Indonesia Flyer. Proton Edar Indonesia.
^ "Vixmo: Mobil Autonomous Buatan Indonesia, Saingan Tesla Dan Joox – Moladin".
^ "Proton Savvy among top 10 cars in Thailand". Thestar.com.my. 2009-01-14. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
^ "Proton Savvy : Popularity over the Years". data.gov.my.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Proton Savvy.
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Type
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X90 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supermini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermini_car"},{"link_name":"hatchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Proton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Proton Tiara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Tiara"},{"link_name":"Perodua Myvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perodua_Myvi"}],"text":"The Proton Savvy is a supermini hatchback produced by Malaysian carmaker Proton. The car was introduced in June 2005, as an indirect successor to Proton Tiara. It was discontinued in 2013 due to slow sales compared to the Perodua Myvi.","title":"Proton Savvy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Citroën AX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_AX"},{"link_name":"Tiara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Tiara"},{"link_name":"Renault D-Type engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_D-Type_engine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proton_Savvy_(first_generation)_(front),_Serdang.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proton_Savvy_(first_generation)_(rear),_Serdang.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proton_Savvy_(first_generation,_first_facelift)_(front),_Serdang.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proton_Savvy_(first_generation,_first_facelift)_(rear),_Serdang.jpg"},{"link_name":"manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"automated manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"Proton Gen-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Gen-2"},{"link_name":"MG Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Rover_Group"},{"link_name":"fibre-reinforced plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"left-hand drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-hand_drive"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Proton Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Saga"},{"link_name":"chassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis"},{"link_name":"sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(car)"},{"link_name":"bodywork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachwork"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"recall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_recall"},{"link_name":"bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Perodua Myvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perodua_Myvi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Following Proton's decision to discontinue the Citroën AX based Tiara in 2000, a replacement model was required in order for Proton to reenter the supermini market. The replacement, originally codenamed the Tiara Replacement Model (TRM), was partially designed in house by Proton, but is powered by a Renault D-Type engine.Proton Savvy pre-facelift frontProton Savvy pre-facelift rearProton Savvy post-facelift frontProton Savvy post-facelift rearThe Savvy was launched in June 2005 in Malaysia as a manual transmission only model, followed by the introduction of an automated manual transmission (AMT) model in November 2005. Export models of the Savvy were introduced to the United Kingdom in September 2005.The Savvy was also among two models (alongside the Proton Gen-2) the now-defunct MG Rover was seeking to rebadge when it entered talks with Proton's parent company during 2004.In March 2006, Proton introduced a \"Savvy Zerokit\" variant developed in conjunction with the Proton's motorsports division, R3 (Race Rally Research), that included an all round bodykit and rear spoiler made from fibre-reinforced plastic, and 15-inch (380 mm) JRD 155 wheels. Additional options included \"dark titanium\" headlights, performance suspension and a performance rear exhaust muffler that increased the power output up by 4 hp (3 kW) to 78 hp (57 kW).[2][3]On 3 January 2007, Proton launched the Savvy facelift in left-hand drive in Taiwan. It featured an infotainment system with an integrated LCD, DVD video and audio playing capabilities.[4]Two weeks later on 19 January, Proton launched the Savvy facelift in Malaysia. It added two more colors — Energy Orange and Genetic Silver.[5] The front and rear of the pre-facelift models look similar in that both have a \"V\" design for the logo, whereas the facelift models feature a straight horizontal grille in the front and two horizontal lines in the rear.In July 2007, Proton announced a basic variant called Savvy Lite, of which this model has more manually controlled mechanical parts and without \"expensive\" features such as remote control, power windows and alarm system.[6]The second generation Proton Saga, launched in January 2008, based its chassis on that of the Savvy, albeit elongated to support sedan bodywork. [7]The Savvy is also notable for being the first Proton car to undergo a publicly announced recall. On April 1, 2008, Proton Edar ordered the recall of all 34,000 Savvys on Malaysian roads (of which their production dates were before December 17, 2007) for an inspection and replacement of the rear wheel bearings, based on a parts defect found during random checks.[8] The announcement was a precautionary measure over potential water ingress into the Savvy's rear wheel bearing set, causing malfunction of its components.In 2011, production of the Savvy was stopped and the car was discontinued due to very slow sales compared to the Perodua Myvi.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Tiara"},{"link_name":"D-Type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_D-Type_engine"},{"link_name":"SOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_camshaft#Double_overhead_camshaft"},{"link_name":"16 valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-valve"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"Renault Clio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Clio"},{"link_name":"Twingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Twingo"},{"link_name":"manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"Gen-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Gen-2"},{"link_name":"Persona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Persona"},{"link_name":"Satria Neo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Satria"},{"link_name":"Waja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Waja"},{"link_name":"Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Saga"},{"link_name":"Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Saga"},{"link_name":"Wira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Wira"},{"link_name":"Perdana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Perdana_(first_generation)"}],"text":"Unlike the Tiara, the Savvy's exterior design was largely developed in-house by Proton, prominently featuring a clamshell bonnet design. The Savvy is powered by a 1.2 litre D-Type SOHC 16 valve engine sourced from Renault, similar to the one used in the Renault Clio and Twingo.The reverse gear for the manual transmission model is placed at the top left which is the position of a normal first gear position for conventional manual transmission cars. A locking mechanism is equipped to prevent the driver from accidentally shifting to reverse when shifting to the first gear, which can be unlocked by pulling up the black ring at the gear knob while shifting to reverse. This is a similar mechanism in many European cars, including Volvo and Renault cars from the mid-1990s.The Savvy, along with other in house designed Protons such as the Gen-2, Persona, Satria Neo, Waja, Waja Chancellor, and second-generation Saga, feature turn indicator switches placed at the left-hand side, unlike models introduced earlier, such as the first generation Saga, Wira and Perdana.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Savvy was exported to Australia, United Kingdom, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, Taiwan, and Indonesia.[citation needed]","title":"Export markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Indonesia","text":"The facelifted Savvy was available in two variants in Indonesia: MT and AMT.[10]","title":"Export markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Converted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_conversion"},{"link_name":"Autonomous driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_driving"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Proton Savvy is Converted into Electric car by Vixmo. The car is modified the interior,and equipped with Autonomous driving.[11]","title":"Electric vehicle conversion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Technischer Überwachungsverein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technischer_%C3%9Cberwachungsverein"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Book of Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Book_of_Records"},{"link_name":"fuel efficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency"}],"text":"The Savvy has received two known \"Car of the Year\" awards from two ASEAN countries, including the Cars, Bikes & Trucks's \"New Straits Times/AmBank Group 2006 Car of the Year\" Award in the Supermini category, and the \"Best City Car\" award at the 6th Indonesian Car of the Year 2007 awards. The car is also the only Proton model so far to be TÜV (Technischer Überwachungsverein) Certified.The Savvy was voted among Thailand's Top 10 Cars in 2008, by The Nation Daily.[12]The Savvy is also recognised in the Malaysian Book of Records as the most fuel efficient car in Malaysia, during an on-road test by Proton, with average fuel consumption of about 24 km/L.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"^ Figures based on registration","title":"Sales"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Monthly Production by Maker/Brand in Malaysia, 2009-2015\". marklines.com. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marklines.com/en/vehicle_production/month_malaysia","url_text":"\"Monthly Production by Maker/Brand in Malaysia, 2009-2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proton Savvy Zerokit by Race Rally Research\". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2006-03-26. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://paultan.org/2006/03/26/proton-savvy-zerokit-by-race-rally-research/","url_text":"\"Proton Savvy Zerokit by Race Rally Research\""}]},{"reference":"\"Savvy - Brochure\". 2006-04-11. Archived from the original on 2006-04-11. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060411235440/http://www.proton-edar.com.my/showroom/savvy/savvy_zerokit.php?currentSceneSec=0806¤tScene=0806¤tButton=8","url_text":"\"Savvy - Brochure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proton Savvy facelift in Taiwan (left hand drive)\". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://paultan.org/2007/01/17/proton-savvy-facelift-in-taiwan-left-hand-drive/","url_text":"\"Proton Savvy facelift in Taiwan (left hand drive)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2007 Proton Savvy Facelift Launched!\". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2007-01-19. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://paultan.org/2007/01/19/2007-proton-savvy-facelift-launched/","url_text":"\"2007 Proton Savvy Facelift Launched!\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Proton Savvy Lite - from RM33,549\". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2007-07-07. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://paultan.org/2007/07/07/new-proton-savvy-lite-from-rm33549/","url_text":"\"New Proton Savvy Lite - from RM33,549\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Proton Saga Launch and Test Drive Report\". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://paultan.org/2008/01/18/proton-saga-test-drive-report/","url_text":"\"New Proton Saga Launch and Test Drive Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proton Savvy rear wheel bearing recall\". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://paultan.org/2008/03/31/proton-savvy-rear-wheel-bearing-recall/","url_text":"\"Proton Savvy rear wheel bearing recall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proton to end production of Proton Savvy. For real?\". AutoBuzz.my. 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobuzz.my/2011/06/29/proton-to-end-production-of-proton-savvy-for-real/","url_text":"\"Proton to end production of Proton Savvy. For real?\""}]},{"reference":"Proton Savvy Indonesia Flyer. Proton Edar Indonesia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Vixmo: Mobil Autonomous Buatan Indonesia, Saingan Tesla Dan Joox – Moladin\".","urls":[{"url":"https://moladin.com/blog/vixmo-mobil-autonomous-buatan-indonesia-saingan-tesla-dan-joox/","url_text":"\"Vixmo: Mobil Autonomous Buatan Indonesia, Saingan Tesla Dan Joox – Moladin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proton Savvy among top 10 cars in Thailand\". Thestar.com.my. 2009-01-14. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2009-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125184922/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F1%2F14%2Fnation%2F20090114145057&sec=nation","url_text":"\"Proton Savvy among top 10 cars in Thailand\""},{"url":"http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/1/14/nation/20090114145057&sec=nation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Proton Savvy : Popularity over the Years\". data.gov.my.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.gov.my/dashboard/car-popularity","url_text":"\"Proton Savvy : Popularity over the Years\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Proton+Savvy%22","external_links_name":"\"Proton Savvy\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Proton+Savvy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Proton+Savvy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Proton+Savvy%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Proton+Savvy%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Proton+Savvy%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.marklines.com/en/vehicle_production/month_malaysia","external_links_name":"\"Monthly Production by Maker/Brand in Malaysia, 2009-2015\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2006/03/26/proton-savvy-zerokit-by-race-rally-research/","external_links_name":"\"Proton Savvy Zerokit by Race Rally Research\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060411235440/http://www.proton-edar.com.my/showroom/savvy/savvy_zerokit.php?currentSceneSec=0806¤tScene=0806¤tButton=8","external_links_name":"\"Savvy - Brochure\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2007/01/17/proton-savvy-facelift-in-taiwan-left-hand-drive/","external_links_name":"\"Proton Savvy facelift in Taiwan (left hand drive)\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2007/01/19/2007-proton-savvy-facelift-launched/","external_links_name":"\"2007 Proton Savvy Facelift Launched!\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2007/07/07/new-proton-savvy-lite-from-rm33549/","external_links_name":"\"New Proton Savvy Lite - from RM33,549\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2008/01/18/proton-saga-test-drive-report/","external_links_name":"\"New Proton Saga Launch and Test Drive Report\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2008/03/31/proton-savvy-rear-wheel-bearing-recall/","external_links_name":"\"Proton Savvy rear wheel bearing recall\""},{"Link":"http://autobuzz.my/2011/06/29/proton-to-end-production-of-proton-savvy-for-real/","external_links_name":"\"Proton to end production of Proton Savvy. For real?\""},{"Link":"https://moladin.com/blog/vixmo-mobil-autonomous-buatan-indonesia-saingan-tesla-dan-joox/","external_links_name":"\"Vixmo: Mobil Autonomous Buatan Indonesia, Saingan Tesla Dan Joox – Moladin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125184922/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F1%2F14%2Fnation%2F20090114145057&sec=nation","external_links_name":"\"Proton Savvy among top 10 cars in Thailand\""},{"Link":"http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/1/14/nation/20090114145057&sec=nation","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://data.gov.my/dashboard/car-popularity","external_links_name":"\"Proton Savvy : Popularity over the Years\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Harry_Potter | Outline of Harry Potter | ["1 The original books","2 Films","2.1 Music","3 Other works","4 Video games","5 Universe details","6 Attractions","7 Fandom","8 Analysis","9 Other","10 See also"] | Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling.
Harry Potter related topics include:
The original books
The Harry Potter books are 7 novels about a boy who learns he is a famous wizard:
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone—published as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
Films
As of 2022, there are eleven motion picture adaptions based on the world, characters and books created by J. K. Rowling. There are eight motion picture adaptations of the Harry Potter novels by J. K. Rowling; the final novel is split into two cinematic parts. While the remaining motion picture adaptions are inspired by both the companion book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them as well has original content developed by JK Rowling. Seven of the eight screenplays were written by Steve Kloves. The fifth was penned by Michael Goldenberg. All three Fantastic Beasts films were written by JK Rowling. David Heyman has produced the franchise, which has seen four different directors. All eleven films are distributed by Warner Bros. In 2016, a spin-off of and prequel to the Harry Potter film series titled Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them was released. A sequel to Fantastic Beasts entitled Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald was released in 2018. In April 2022 the third part Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore was released. Two more instalments of the Fantastic Beasts series are tentatively planned for release.
Wizarding World - The shared universe of the Harry Potter and Fantastic Beasts film series
Harry Potter (film series)
List of Harry Potter cast members
Directed by Chris Columbus:
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) (known in the United States as "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone")
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
Directed by Alfonso Cuarón:
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)
Directed by Mike Newell:
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
Directed by David Yates:
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2
Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
Fantastic Beasts (film series)
List of Fantastic Beasts cast members
List of Fantastic Beasts characters
Directed by David Yates:
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)
Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald
Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore
Music
Music of the Harry Potter films
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone soundtrack
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets soundtrack
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban soundtrack
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire soundtrack
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix soundtrack
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince soundtrack
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 soundtrack
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 soundtrack
Music of the Fantastic Beasts films
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them soundtrack
Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald soundtrack
Other works
Wizarding World Digital
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts
Secondary books
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
Quidditch Through the Ages
The Tales of Beedle the Bard
Short stories
Prequel
Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies
Video games
Harry Potter video games
Lego Creator: Harry Potter
The Philosopher's Stone
The Chamber of Secrets
Creator: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
Quidditch World Cup
The Prisoner of Azkaban
The Goblet of Fire
The Order of the Phoenix
The Half-Blood Prince
Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4
The Deathly Hallows – Part 1
The Deathly Hallows – Part 2
Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7
Book of Spells
Book of Potions
Lego Dimensions
Fantastic Beasts: Cases From the Wizarding World
Hogwarts Mystery
Wizards Unite
Hogwarts Legacy
Universe details
Harry Potter universe
List of Harry Potter characters
Harry Potter
Ron Weasley
Hermione Granger
Lord Voldemort
Albus Dumbledore
Severus Snape
Ginny Weasley
Draco Malfoy
Neville Longbottom
Luna Lovegood
Minerva McGonagall
Rubeus Hagrid
Fred and George Weasley
Sirius Black
Remus Lupin
Bellatrix Lestrange
Cedric Diggory
Dolores Umbridge
Character groups
List of supporting Harry Potter characters
Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)
Death Eaters
Dumbledore's Army
Hogwarts staff
Places in Harry Potter
Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry
Magic in Harry Potter
Magical creatures in Harry Potter
Magical objects in Harry Potter
Ministry of Magic
Muggle
Quidditch
Attractions
Harry Potter in amusement parks
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
Orlando
Japan
Hollywood
Dragon Challenge
Flight of the Hippogriff
Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure
Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts
Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey
Hogwarts Express
Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience
Exhibitions
Harry Potter: The Exhibition
Harry Potter: A History of Magic
Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter
Warner Bros. Studio Tour
Fandom
Harry Potter fandom
A Celebration of Harry Potter
Harry Potter Alliance
Mischief Management
Websites
Harry Potter Fan Zone
The Harry Potter Lexicon
HPANA
The Leaky Cauldron (website)
PotterCast
MuggleNet
Fan fiction
All the Young Dudes
Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality
Hogwarts School of Prayer and Miracles
My Immortal
Fan films
Hermione Granger and the Quarter Life Crisis
Severus Snape and the Marauders
Voldemort: Origins of the Heir
Parodies
Potter Puppet Pals
Puffs, or Seven Increasingly Eventful Years at a Certain School of Magic and Magic
Skulduggery Pleasant: Phase Two
A Very Potter Musical
A Very Potter Musical (album)
A Very Potter Sequel
EP
A Very Potter Senior Year
Wizard People, Dear Reader
Wizard rock
Wrockstock
Draco and the Malfoys
Harry and the Potters
Harry and the Potters (album)
Voldemort Can't Stop the Rock!
Harry and the Potters and the Power of Love
Lumos (album)
Harry and the Potters discography
Ministry of Magic (band)
Myles Kane
Analysis
Harry Potter influences and analogues
Harry Potter in translation
Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series
Harry Potter in Calcutta
Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors
Tanya Grotter
Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. v. RDR Books
Politics of Harry Potter
Religious debates over the Harry Potter series
Harry, A History
Harry Potter and the Sacred Text
The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter
Pollomuhku ja Posityyhtynen
Potterless
Other
Portkey Games
Lego Harry Potter
Harry Potter Trading Card Game
List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series
See also
Harry Potter (disambiguation)
vteHarry Potter by J. K. Rowling
Wizarding World
BooksMain novels
The Philosopher's Stone
The Chamber of Secrets
The Prisoner of Azkaban
The Goblet of Fire
The Order of the Phoenix
The Half-Blood Prince
The Deathly Hallows
Spin-offs
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
Quidditch Through the Ages
The Tales of Beedle the Bard
Short stories
Prequel
Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies
Feature filmsHarry Potter(cast · music)
The Philosopher's Stone
soundtrack, "Hedwig's Theme"
The Chamber of Secrets
soundtrack
The Prisoner of Azkaban
soundtrack
The Goblet of Fire
soundtrack
The Order of the Phoenix
soundtrack
The Half-Blood Prince
soundtrack
The Deathly Hallows – Part 1
production
soundtrack
The Deathly Hallows – Part 2
production
soundtrack
accolades
Fantastic Beasts(cast · characters)
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
soundtrack
The Crimes of Grindelwald
soundtrack
The Secrets of Dumbledore
Characters
Harry Potter
Ron Weasley
Hermione Granger
Lord Voldemort
Albus Dumbledore
Severus Snape
Rubeus Hagrid
Minerva McGonagall
Draco Malfoy
Neville Longbottom
Ginny Weasley
Fred and George Weasley
Sirius Black
Remus Lupin
Cedric Diggory
Bellatrix Lestrange
Dolores Umbridge
Luna Lovegood
Supporting characters
Groups
Hogwarts staff
Order of the Phoenix
Dumbledore's Army
Death Eaters
Fictional universe
Magic
creatures
objects
Ministry of Magic
Muggle
Places
Hogwarts
Beauxbatons
Quidditch
Other works
Wizarding World Digital
The Cursed Child
Hogwarts Tournament of Houses
20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts
Inspired mediaVideo games
Lego Creator: Harry Potter
The Philosopher's Stone (2001)
PC
Game Boy Advance
Game Boy Color
The Chamber of Secrets
Creator: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
Quidditch World Cup
The Philosopher's Stone (2003)
The Prisoner of Azkaban
The Goblet of Fire
The Order of the Phoenix
The Half-Blood Prince
Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4
The Deathly Hallows – Part 1
The Deathly Hallows – Part 2
Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7
Harry Potter for Kinect
Book of Spells
Book of Potions
Lego Dimensions
Fantastic Beasts: Cases From the Wizarding World
Hogwarts Mystery
Wizards Unite
Magic Awakened
Hogwarts Legacy
Quidditch Champions
Attractions
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
Orlando
Japan
Hollywood
Dragon Challenge
Flight of the Hippogriff
Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure
The Escape from Gringotts
The Forbidden Journey
Hogwarts Express
Movie Magic Experience
Exhibitions
The Exhibition
A History of Magic
Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter
Other
Lego Harry Potter
Trading Card Game
Fandom
A Celebration of Harry Potter
Fandom Forward
The Leaky Cauldron
Mischief Management
MuggleNet
Wizard rock
Wrockstock
Fan fictions
All the Young Dudes
Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality
Hogwarts School of Prayer and Miracles
My Immortal
Drarry
Fan films
Hermione Granger and the Quarter Life Crisis
Severus Snape and the Marauders
Voldemort: Origins of the Heir
Parodies
A Very Potter Musical
album
A Very Potter Sequel
EP
A Very Potter Senior Year
Epic Movie
Muddle Earth Too
Potter Puppet Pals
Puffs (play)
Wizard People, Dear Reader
Related
Influences and analogues
Legal disputes
List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series
Politics
Portkey Games
Religious debates
Translation
Harry, A History
Harry Potter and the Sacred Text
The Harry Potter Lexicon
The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter
Pollomuhku ja Posityyhtynen
Potterless
Heyday Films
Category
Outline | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Harry Potter related topics include:","title":"Outline of Harry Potter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows"}],"text":"The Harry Potter books are 7 novels about a boy who learns he is a famous wizard:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone—published as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States\nHarry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\nHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows","title":"The original books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Harry_Potter&action=edit"},{"link_name":"J. 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K. Rowling. There are eight motion picture adaptations of the Harry Potter novels by J. K. Rowling; the final novel is split into two cinematic parts. While the remaining motion picture adaptions are inspired by both the companion book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them as well has original content developed by JK Rowling. Seven of the eight screenplays were written by Steve Kloves. The fifth was penned by Michael Goldenberg. All three Fantastic Beasts films were written by JK Rowling. David Heyman has produced the franchise, which has seen four different directors. All eleven films are distributed by Warner Bros. In 2016, a spin-off of and prequel to the Harry Potter film series titled Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them was released. A sequel to Fantastic Beasts entitled Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald was released in 2018. In April 2022 the third part Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore was released. Two more instalments of the Fantastic Beasts series are tentatively planned for release.Wizarding World - The shared universe of the Harry Potter and Fantastic Beasts film series\nHarry Potter (film series)\nList of Harry Potter cast members\nDirected by Chris Columbus:\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) (known in the United States as \"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\")\nHarry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)\nDirected by Alfonso Cuarón:\nHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)\nDirected by Mike Newell:\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)\nDirected by David Yates:\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\nProduction of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\n Fantastic Beasts (film series)\nList of Fantastic Beasts cast members\nList of Fantastic Beasts characters\nDirected by David Yates:\nFantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)\nFantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald\nFantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music of the Harry Potter films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Harry_Potter_films"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 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films\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone soundtrack\nHarry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets soundtrack\nHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban soundtrack\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire soundtrack\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix soundtrack\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince soundtrack\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 soundtrack\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 soundtrack\nMusic of the Fantastic Beasts films\nFantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them soundtrack\nFantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald soundtrack","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wizarding World Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizarding_World_Digital"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Cursed Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Cursed_Child"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_20th_Anniversary:_Return_to_Hogwarts"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them_(book)"},{"link_name":"Quidditch Through the Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quidditch_Through_the_Ages"},{"link_name":"The Tales of Beedle the Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tales_of_Beedle_the_Bard"},{"link_name":"Prequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_prequel"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts:_An_Incomplete_and_Unreliable_Guide"},{"link_name":"Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Stories_from_Hogwarts_of_Power,_Politics_and_Pesky_Poltergeists"},{"link_name":"Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Stories_from_Hogwarts_of_Heroism,_Hardship_and_Dangerous_Hobbies"}],"text":"Wizarding World Digital\nHarry Potter and the Cursed Child\nHarry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts\nSecondary books\nFantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\nQuidditch Through the Ages\nThe Tales of Beedle the Bard\nShort stories\nPrequel\nHogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide\nShort Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists\nShort Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies","title":"Other works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Potter video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_video_games"},{"link_name":"Lego Creator: Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Creator_(video_game)#Lego_Creator:_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"The Philosopher's Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(PlayStation_video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Chamber of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Creator: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Creator_(video_game)#Creator:_Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets"},{"link_name":"Quidditch World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter:_Quidditch_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"The Prisoner of Azkaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Goblet of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Order of the Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Half-Blood Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Harry_Potter:_Years_1%E2%80%934"},{"link_name":"The Deathly Hallows – Part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_1_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Deathly Hallows – Part 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_2_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Harry_Potter:_Years_5%E2%80%937"},{"link_name":"Book of Spells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Spells"},{"link_name":"Book of Potions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Potions"},{"link_name":"Lego Dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Dimensions"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Beasts: Cases From the Wizarding World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Beasts:_Cases_From_the_Wizarding_World"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter:_Hogwarts_Mystery"},{"link_name":"Wizards Unite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter:_Wizards_Unite"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts_Legacy"}],"text":"Harry Potter video gamesLego Creator: Harry Potter\nThe Philosopher's Stone\nThe Chamber of Secrets\nCreator: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\nQuidditch World Cup\nThe Prisoner of Azkaban\nThe Goblet of Fire\nThe Order of the Phoenix\nThe Half-Blood Prince\nLego Harry Potter: Years 1–4The Deathly Hallows – Part 1\nThe Deathly Hallows – Part 2\nLego Harry Potter: Years 5–7\nBook of Spells\nBook of Potions\nLego Dimensions\nFantastic Beasts: Cases From the Wizarding World\nHogwarts Mystery\nWizards Unite\nHogwarts Legacy","title":"Video games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Potter universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_universe_of_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"List of Harry Potter characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harry_Potter_characters"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_(character)"},{"link_name":"Ron Weasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Weasley"},{"link_name":"Hermione Granger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermione_Granger"},{"link_name":"Lord Voldemort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Voldemort"},{"link_name":"Albus Dumbledore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albus_Dumbledore"},{"link_name":"Severus Snape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Snape"},{"link_name":"Ginny Weasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginny_Weasley"},{"link_name":"Draco Malfoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_Malfoy"},{"link_name":"Neville Longbottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Longbottom"},{"link_name":"Luna Lovegood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Lovegood"},{"link_name":"Minerva McGonagall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_McGonagall"},{"link_name":"Rubeus Hagrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubeus_Hagrid"},{"link_name":"Fred and George Weasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_and_George_Weasley"},{"link_name":"Sirius Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_Black"},{"link_name":"Remus Lupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remus_Lupin"},{"link_name":"Bellatrix Lestrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellatrix_Lestrange"},{"link_name":"Cedric Diggory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Diggory"},{"link_name":"Dolores Umbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Umbridge"},{"link_name":"List of supporting Harry Potter characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supporting_Harry_Potter_characters"},{"link_name":"Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Phoenix_(fictional_organisation)"},{"link_name":"Death Eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Eater"},{"link_name":"Dumbledore's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbledore%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts_staff"},{"link_name":"Places in Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Places_in_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts_School_of_Witchcraft_and_Wizardry"},{"link_name":"Magic in Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_in_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Magical creatures in Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_creatures_in_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Magical objects in Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_objects_in_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Magic"},{"link_name":"Muggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muggle"},{"link_name":"Quidditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quidditch"}],"text":"Harry Potter universe\nList of Harry Potter charactersHarry Potter\nRon Weasley\nHermione Granger\nLord Voldemort\nAlbus Dumbledore\nSeverus Snape\nGinny Weasley\nDraco Malfoy\nNeville LongbottomLuna Lovegood\nMinerva McGonagall\nRubeus Hagrid\nFred and George Weasley\nSirius Black\nRemus Lupin\nBellatrix Lestrange\nCedric Diggory\nDolores UmbridgeCharacter groups\nList of supporting Harry Potter characters\nOrder of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)\nDeath Eaters\nDumbledore's Army\nHogwarts staff\nPlaces in Harry Potter\nHogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry\nMagic in Harry Potter\nMagical creatures in Harry Potter\nMagical objects in Harry Potter\nMinistry of Magic\nMuggle\nQuidditch","title":"Universe details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Potter in amusement parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_in_amusement_parks"},{"link_name":"The Wizarding World of Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter_(Universal_Orlando_Resort)"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter_(Universal_Studios_Japan)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter_(Universal_Studios_Hollywood)"},{"link_name":"Dragon Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Hippogriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Hippogriff"},{"link_name":"Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagrid%27s_Magical_Creatures_Motorbike_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Escape_from_Gringotts"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Forbidden_Journey"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts_Express_(Universal_Orlando_Resort)"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_Movie_Magic_Experience"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter: The Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter:_The_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter: A History of Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter:_A_History_of_Magic"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studio_Tour_London_%E2%80%93_The_Making_of_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Studio Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studio_Tour_London_%E2%80%93_The_Making_of_Harry_Potter"}],"text":"Harry Potter in amusement parks\nThe Wizarding World of Harry Potter\nOrlando\nJapan\nHollywood\nDragon Challenge\nFlight of the Hippogriff\nHagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure\nHarry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts\nHarry Potter and the Forbidden Journey\nHogwarts Express\nHarry Potter Movie Magic Experience\nExhibitions\nHarry Potter: The Exhibition\nHarry Potter: A History of Magic\nWarner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter\nWarner Bros. Studio Tour","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Potter fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom"},{"link_name":"A Celebration of Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Celebration_of_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Mischief Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischief_Management"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter Fan Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_Fan_Zone"},{"link_name":"The Harry Potter Lexicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harry_Potter_Lexicon"},{"link_name":"HPANA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPANA"},{"link_name":"The Leaky Cauldron (website)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leaky_Cauldron_(website)"},{"link_name":"PotterCast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PotterCast"},{"link_name":"MuggleNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuggleNet"},{"link_name":"All the Young Dudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Young_Dudes_(fan_fiction)"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Methods_of_Rationality"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts School of Prayer and Miracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts_School_of_Prayer_and_Miracles"},{"link_name":"My Immortal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Immortal_(fan_fiction)"},{"link_name":"Hermione Granger and the Quarter Life Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermione_Granger_and_the_Quarter_Life_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Severus Snape and the Marauders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Snape_and_the_Marauders"},{"link_name":"Voldemort: Origins of the Heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voldemort:_Origins_of_the_Heir"},{"link_name":"Parodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodies_of_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Potter Puppet Pals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Puppet_Pals"},{"link_name":"Puffs, or Seven Increasingly Eventful Years at a Certain School of Magic and Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffs,_or_Seven_Increasingly_Eventful_Years_at_a_Certain_School_of_Magic_and_Magic"},{"link_name":"Skulduggery Pleasant: Phase Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulduggery_Pleasant#Second_series_novels"},{"link_name":"A Very Potter Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Potter_Musical"},{"link_name":"A Very Potter Musical (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Potter_Musical_(album)"},{"link_name":"A Very Potter Sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Potter_Sequel"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Potter_Sequel_(EP)"},{"link_name":"A Very Potter Senior Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Potter_Senior_Year"},{"link_name":"Wizard People, Dear Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_People,_Dear_Reader"},{"link_name":"Wizard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_rock"},{"link_name":"Wrockstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrockstock"},{"link_name":"Draco and the Malfoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_and_the_Malfoys"},{"link_name":"Harry and the Potters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_and_the_Potters"},{"link_name":"Harry and the Potters (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_and_the_Potters_(album)"},{"link_name":"Voldemort Can't Stop the Rock!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voldemort_Can%27t_Stop_the_Rock!"},{"link_name":"Harry and the Potters and the Power of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_and_the_Potters_and_the_Power_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Lumos (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumos_(album)"},{"link_name":"Harry and the Potters discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_and_the_Potters_discography"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Magic (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Magic_(band)"},{"link_name":"Myles Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Kane"}],"text":"Harry Potter fandom\nA Celebration of Harry Potter\nHarry Potter Alliance\nMischief Management\nWebsites\nHarry Potter Fan Zone\nThe Harry Potter Lexicon\nHPANA\nThe Leaky Cauldron (website)\nPotterCast\nMuggleNet\nFan fiction\nAll the Young Dudes\nHarry Potter and the Methods of Rationality\nHogwarts School of Prayer and Miracles\nMy Immortal\nFan films\nHermione Granger and the Quarter Life Crisis\nSeverus Snape and the Marauders\nVoldemort: Origins of the Heir\nParodies\nPotter Puppet Pals\nPuffs, or Seven Increasingly Eventful Years at a Certain School of Magic and Magic\nSkulduggery Pleasant: Phase Two\nA Very Potter Musical\nA Very Potter Musical (album)\nA Very Potter Sequel\nEP\nA Very Potter Senior Year\nWizard People, Dear Reader\nWizard rock\nWrockstock\nDraco and the Malfoys\nHarry and the Potters\nHarry and the Potters (album)\nVoldemort Can't Stop the Rock!\nHarry and the Potters and the Power of Love\nLumos (album)\nHarry and the Potters discography\nMinistry of Magic (band)\nMyles Kane","title":"Fandom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Potter influences and analogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_influences_and_analogues"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter in translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_in_translation"},{"link_name":"Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_disputes_over_the_Harry_Potter_series"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter in Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_in_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Puttar:_A_Comedy_of_Terrors"},{"link_name":"Tanya Grotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Grotter"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. v. RDR Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Entertainment_Inc._v._RDR_Books"},{"link_name":"Politics of Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Religious debates over the Harry Potter series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_debates_over_the_Harry_Potter_series"},{"link_name":"Harry, A History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry,_A_History"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Sacred Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Sacred_Text"},{"link_name":"The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magical_Worlds_of_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Pollomuhku ja Posityyhtynen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollomuhku_ja_Posityyhtynen"},{"link_name":"Potterless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potterless"}],"text":"Harry Potter influences and analogues\nHarry Potter in translation\nLegal disputes over the Harry Potter series\nHarry Potter in Calcutta\nHari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors\nTanya Grotter\nWarner Bros. Entertainment Inc. v. RDR Books\nPolitics of Harry Potter\nReligious debates over the Harry Potter series\nHarry, A History\nHarry Potter and the Sacred Text\nThe Magical Worlds of Harry Potter\nPollomuhku ja Posityyhtynen\nPotterless","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portkey Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portkey_Games"},{"link_name":"Lego Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter Trading Card Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_Trading_Card_Game"},{"link_name":"List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organisms_named_after_the_Harry_Potter_series"}],"text":"Portkey Games\nLego Harry Potter\nHarry Potter Trading Card Game\nList of organisms named after the Harry Potter series","title":"Other"}] | [] | [{"title":"Harry Potter (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harry_Potter"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Harry_Potter"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harry_Potter"},{"title":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"title":"J. K. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bloomfield | Louis Bloomfield | ["1 Early life and family","2 Education","3 Legal career","4 Military service","5 Businessman","6 Public service","6.1 Histadrut","6.2 Eldee Foundation","7 Honors","8 Death","9 JFK assassination allegations","9.1 Donation of personal documents","10 References"] | Canadian lawyer and businessman
This article is about the Canadian businessman and lawyer. For the American physicist, see Lou Bloomfield.
Louis BloomfieldBornLouis Mortimer BloomfieldAugust 8, 1906Westmount, Quebec, CanadaDiedJuly 19, 1984(1984-07-19) (aged 77)JerusalemNationalityCanadianAlma materMcGill UniversityUniversity of MontrealOccupation(s)Lawyer, businessmanBoard member ofPermindexSpouseJustine Adelaide Stern
Louis Mortimer Bloomfield (August 8, 1906 – July 19, 1984), KStJ, QC, PhD, LLD, DCL, was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and soldier. Bloomfield was recognized as a leader of the Canadian Jewish community. Proponents of some John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories have alleged he was tied to the shooting through the Office of Strategic Services, the Central Intelligence Agency, and Permindex.
Early life and family
Bloomfield was born August 8, 1906 Westmount, Quebec near Montreal, a city in which his Jewish family had roots since the early nineteenth century. He had a brother, Bernard, and three sisters, Dorothy, Florence, and Myrtle.
On February 16, 1969, he married Justine Adelaide Stern.
Education
Bloomfield earned a Bachelor of Arts from McGill University in 1927 and a Master of Laws from the University of Montreal in 1930. He also received a Doctor of Laws from St. Francis Xavier University in 1964 and a Doctor of Civil Law from St. Thomas University in 1973.
Legal career
Bloomfield was admitted to the Bar of Quebec in 1930 and practised international law with Phillips, Bloomfield, Vineberg, and Goodman from 1930 to 1970. Bloomfield assisted King Carol II of Romania in his attempt to gain entry into Canada after World War II, and was an executor of the Lady Davis estate. He was appointed a King's Counsel in 1948 and was elected to serve on the Mixed Court of Tangier (Tribunal Mixte Tangier) within the international zone of Tangier in 1949. In 1952, Bloomfield co-founded the Canadian branch of the International Law Association with Maxwell Cohen, Gerald F. FitzGerald, and Nicolas Mateesco-Matte. He served as that organization's president from 1964 to 1978, and was an honorary president from 1974 until his death in 1984. From 1968 to 1972, he was a council member of the American Society of International Law.
In the field of international law, Bloomfield was the author of many articles and reviews including contributions to the Canadian Bar Review, the Canadian Yearbook of International Law, and the American Journal of International Law. He was also the author of four books: The British Honduras-Guatemala Dispute (1953); Egypt, Israel and the Gulf of Aqaba in International Law (1967); Gründung und Aufbau kanadischer Aktiengesellschaften (1960); and La Convention de Varsovie dans une Optique Canadienne (1976).
Military service
Bloomfield served in World War II with the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps and retired with the rank of major in 1946.
Businessman
Bloomfield served as president of Heineken's Breweries of Canada. He was also named as a major shareholder in the Swiss company Permindex, a company alleged by advocates of some John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories to be a front organization for the Central Intelligence Agency.
Public service
Bloomfield was active in public service and described as "a pillar of a number of Montreal charities". He was president of the Quebec Council of St. John Ambulance, life governor for Montreal Children's Hospital and the Hôpital Ste Jeanne d'Arc, and vice-president and director of the Reddy Memorial Hospital in Westmount for fifty years. Bloomfiled was a co-founder and vice-president of World Wild Life Fund Canada, an executive member of the National Capital Commission from 1963 to 1976, and governor of the Loyola College Development Board. He served as a member of the Board of Governors of the America Israel Cultural Foundation, the Hebrew University, the Weizmann Institute of Science and the Technion Israel Institute of Technology. Bloomfield was also an Honorary Consul General for the Republic of Liberia from 1962 until his death.
Histadrut
Bloomfield was the Montreal Chairman of the Israel Histadrut Campaign. In 1967 was reported to have been active in the Histadrut, Israel's organization of trade unions, for over twenty years. According to The Canadian Jewish Chronicle, Bloomfield and his brother Bernard "played a decisive part in making the Histadrut one of the most respected and influential organizations" in Canada.
Eldee Foundation
Bloomfield was vice-president of the Eldee Foundation, a charitable foundation whose objective was "to contribute to and assist charitable organizations and institutions in Canada maintained for the benefit of person's of Jewish faith." Originally known as the Canada-Histadrut Foundation, it was established in 1961 by Henriette, Lady Davis, the divorced first wife of Sir Mortimer Davis. Lady Davis had enlisted the services of Bloomfield to negotiate the final settlement of her divorce trust with her ex-husband's estate. She contributed a large portion of the Eldee Foundation's initial capital of $30 million, and Bloomfield, his brother Bernard, and Abrham Shurem became directors of the foundation.
In 1971, it was reported to be one of the fifteen largest charitable foundations in Canada. According to The Financial Post, the market value of its assets were valued at $43.4 million in 1967 and $22 million in 1978. In 1972, Bloomfield and his brother established through the Eldee Foundation a named chair at the Weizmann Institute of Science, The Lady Davis Professorial Chair of Experimental Physics.
Honors
Bloomfield was awarded numerous honors throughout his life. In 1967, he received the Histadrut Humanitarian Award at a dinner in his honor; Davie Fulton, a candidate in the 1967 Progressive Conservative leadership election, was among the guests and referred to Bloomfield as his "dear friend". He received the Knight of Justice of St. John, the Canadian Centennial Medal, and the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977. Bloomfield also received honorary degrees from the Hebrew University in 1973 (Doctor of Philosophy) and Bar-Ilan University (doctorate) in July 1984, and was recognized as an honorary citizen in Tel Aviv and Winnipeg.
The Bloomfield Centre at St. Francis Xavier University, the Bloomfield Library for the Humanities and Social Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Bloomfield Stadium in the Tel Aviv are named after Bloomfield and his brother, Bernard.
Death
On July 19, 1984, Bloomfield died of a heart attack while in Jerusalem to receive the honorary degree from Bar-Ilan University.
JFK assassination allegations
Proponents of some John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories have alleged the Bloomfield was linked to the shooting through the Office of Strategic Services, the Central Intelligence Agency, and Permindex.
On March 4, 1967, the Italian left-wing newspaper Paese Sera published a story alleging that Clay Shaw, who was arrested and charged with conspiring to assassinate President John F. Kennedy by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison three days earlier, was linked to the CIA through his involvement in the Centro Mondiale Commerciale, a subsidiary of Permindex in which Shaw was a board member. According to Paese Sera, the CMC had been a front organization developed by the CIA for transferring funds to Italy for "illegal political-espionage activities" and had attempted to depose French President Charles de Gaulle in the early 1960s. On March 6, the newspaper printed other allegations about individuals it said were connected to Permindex, including Bloomfield whom it described as "an American agent who now plays the role of a businessman from Canada (who) established secret ties in Rome with Deputies of the Christian Democrats and neo-Fascist parties."
According to Max Holland, an internal investigation by the CIA's counterintelligence staff found that the substance of Paese Sera's allegations were not true and that neither Permindex or Centro Mondiale Commerciale were a front to channel funds to anti-communists.
Donation of personal documents
Prior to his death, Bloomfield donated to the Library and Archives Canada 31 boxes of documents related to some of his notable clients and charity work, as well as correspondence with prominent politicians, including United States President George H. W. Bush. His donation came with the condition that the documents would not be made public until twenty years after his death. In 2004, Maurice Philipps, a JFK assassination conspiracy author, requested access to the Bloomfield Collection, but was told that Bloomfield's widow had extended the restriction on accessing the documents until 25 years after her death. Philipps challenged the decision, and a 2006 Federal Court ruling found that the Library and Archives Canada could not extend the restriction to access the documents past the original deadline set by Bloomfield himself.
According to Bloomfield's nephew, Harry Bloomfield, the restriction of access was contributing to unfounded conspiracy theories allegations that tied his uncle to the assassination of Kennedy. Philipps stated that he believed the documents in the collection did not implicate Bloomfield but that they might contain information related to the assassination.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Louis M. Bloomfield fonds ". Archives Canada. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Council of Archives. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
^ a b Bourne, Charles B. (1989). "Foreword". In David Dunkley (ed.). A Consolidated Index to the Canadian Yearbook of International Law. Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 9780774844734. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
^ a b c McWhinney, Edward (1993). "Anglophone Quebec and the Quiet Revolution: Maxwell Cohen at McGill University". In Kaplan, William; McRae, Donald (eds.). Law, Policy, and International Justice: Essays in Honour of Maxwell Cohen. McGill-Queens University Press. p. 432. ISBN 9780773511149. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Thompson, Elizabeth (January 27, 2007). "Dispute over releasing archives keeps lid on potential link to JFK's death: Does the key to former U.S. President John F. Kennedy's assassination lie buried in Canada's national archives?". Canada.com. CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
^ a b "Who's Who in Israel and in the Work for Israel Abroad". Who's Who in Israel. Tel Aviv: Bronfman & Cohen Publications: 71. 1973. ISSN 0083-9590. OCLC 03298915.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Maj. L.M. Bloomfield died in Jerusalem". The Gazette. Montreal. July 21, 1984. p. G-5. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
^ Macdonald, Ronald St. John (1996). "Charles B. Bourne: Scholar, Teacher, and. Editor, Innovator in the Development of the. International Law of Water Resources". In Don M. McRae (ed.). Canadian Yearbook of International Law. Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780774806206. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
^ a b "Louis Bloomfield Honored; Becomes Member of Order". The Canadian Jewish Chronicle. July 16, 1965. p. 8. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
^ a b "Louis M. Bloomfield". The Canadian Jewish Chronicle. April 14, 1967. pp. 1, 4. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
^ a b Pruszynski, Stas (April 12, 1967). "Bloomfield Gets Histadrut Award". The Gazette. Montreal. p. 5. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
^ a b c d Arlett, Allan (May 8, 1971). "Where the money is: Who's who in Canada's philanthropic organizations". The Financial Post. p. 11. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
^ a b c Hutchison, Robert; Mathias, Philip (March 22, 1975). "Bank failure traps Canadian charity". The Financial Post. pp. 1, 8. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
^ Arlett, Allan (November 25, 1978). "Two opt out of new regulations". The Financial Post. p. 38. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
^ Weizmann Institute of Science. "Weizmann Professorial Chairs, Career Development Chairs and Fellowships". weizmann.ac.il. Rehovot, Israel: Weizmann Institute of Science. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
^ "Bloomfield Centre". stfx.ca. St. Francis Xavier University. September 19, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^ "The Bloomfield Family's Lasting Impact on the Hebrew University". Connecting: The National Newsletter of Canadian Friends of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Vol. 14, no. I. Toronto: Canadian Friends of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Fall 2015. p. 5. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^ a b c Holland, Max (2001). "The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination". Studies in Intelligence (Fall-Winter 2001, 11). Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
^ Dorril, Steve (1983). "PERMINDEX: The International Trade in Disinformation" (PDF). Lobster (2). Retrieved February 14, 2013.
^ Philipps v. Canada (Librarian and Archivist), 2006 FC 1378, (Federal Court November 14, 2006).
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
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Israel
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Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lou Bloomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Bloomfield"},{"link_name":"KStJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KStJ"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"LLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLD"},{"link_name":"DCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C.L."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bourne-2"},{"link_name":"Canadian Jewish community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_community"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McWhinney-3"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Office of Strategic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Permindex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permindex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-4"}],"text":"This article is about the Canadian businessman and lawyer. For the American physicist, see Lou Bloomfield.Louis Mortimer Bloomfield (August 8, 1906 – July 19, 1984), KStJ, QC, PhD, LLD, DCL, was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and soldier.[1][2] Bloomfield was recognized as a leader of the Canadian Jewish community.[3] Proponents of some John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories have alleged he was tied to the shooting through the Office of Strategic Services, the Central Intelligence Agency, and Permindex.[4]","title":"Louis Bloomfield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westmount, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmount,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McWhinney-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who_in_Israel-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Gazette-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who_in_Israel-5"}],"text":"Bloomfield was born August 8, 1906 Westmount, Quebec near Montreal, a city in which his Jewish family had roots since the early nineteenth century.[1][3][5] He had a brother, Bernard, and three sisters, Dorothy, Florence, and Myrtle.[6]On February 16, 1969, he married Justine Adelaide Stern.[5]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Master of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Civil Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas_University_(New_Brunswick)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"}],"text":"Bloomfield earned a Bachelor of Arts from McGill University in 1927 and a Master of Laws from the University of Montreal in 1930.[1] He also received a Doctor of Laws from St. Francis Xavier University in 1964 and a Doctor of Civil Law from St. Thomas University in 1973.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bar of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"Carol II of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Lady Davis estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Davis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"King's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"international zone of Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_zone_of_Tangier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"International Law Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Law_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McWhinney-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macdonald-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bourne-2"},{"link_name":"American Society of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Bar Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Bar_Review"},{"link_name":"Canadian Yearbook of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Yearbook_of_International_Law&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Journal of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Gazette-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"}],"text":"Bloomfield was admitted to the Bar of Quebec in 1930 and practised international law with Phillips, Bloomfield, Vineberg, and Goodman from 1930 to 1970.[1] Bloomfield assisted King Carol II of Romania in his attempt to gain entry into Canada after World War II, and was an executor of the Lady Davis estate.[1] He was appointed a King's Counsel in 1948 and was elected to serve on the Mixed Court of Tangier (Tribunal Mixte Tangier) within the international zone of Tangier in 1949.[1] In 1952, Bloomfield co-founded the Canadian branch of the International Law Association with Maxwell Cohen, Gerald F. FitzGerald, and Nicolas Mateesco-Matte.[1][3][7] He served as that organization's president from 1964 to 1978, and was an honorary president from 1974 until his death in 1984.[2] From 1968 to 1972, he was a council member of the American Society of International Law.[1]In the field of international law, Bloomfield was the author of many articles and reviews including contributions to the Canadian Bar Review, the Canadian Yearbook of International Law, and the American Journal of International Law.[1][6] He was also the author of four books: The British Honduras-Guatemala Dispute (1953); Egypt, Israel and the Gulf of Aqaba in International Law (1967); Gründung und Aufbau kanadischer Aktiengesellschaften (1960); and La Convention de Varsovie dans une Optique Canadienne (1976).[1]","title":"Legal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Army Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Gazette-6"}],"text":"Bloomfield served in World War II with the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps and retired with the rank of major in 1946.[1][6]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heineken's Breweries of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heineken_International"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Gazette-6"},{"link_name":"Permindex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permindex"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"front organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_organization"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-4"}],"text":"Bloomfield served as president of Heineken's Breweries of Canada.[6] He was also named as a major shareholder in the Swiss company Permindex, a company alleged by advocates of some John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories to be a front organization for the Central Intelligence Agency.[4]","title":"Businessman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-4"},{"link_name":"St. John Ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Ambulance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Gazette-6"},{"link_name":"World Wild Life Fund Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature"},{"link_name":"National Capital Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"Loyola College Development Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_College_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Gazette-6"},{"link_name":"America Israel Cultural Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Israel_Cultural_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJC-8"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University"},{"link_name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Technion Israel Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technion_Israel_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"Republic of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"}],"text":"Bloomfield was active in public service and described as \"a pillar of a number of Montreal charities\".[1][4] He was president of the Quebec Council of St. John Ambulance,[1] life governor for Montreal Children's Hospital and the Hôpital Ste Jeanne d'Arc, and vice-president and director of the Reddy Memorial Hospital in Westmount for fifty years.[6] Bloomfiled was a co-founder and vice-president of World Wild Life Fund Canada, an executive member of the National Capital Commission from 1963 to 1976,[1] and governor of the Loyola College Development Board.[6] He served as a member of the Board of Governors of the America Israel Cultural Foundation,[8] the Hebrew University, the Weizmann Institute of Science and the Technion Israel Institute of Technology.[1] Bloomfield was also an Honorary Consul General for the Republic of Liberia from 1962 until his death.[1]","title":"Public service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Canadian_Jewish_Chronicle-9"},{"link_name":"Histadrut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histadrut"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pruszynski-10"},{"link_name":"The Canadian Jewish Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Canadian_Jewish_Chronicle-9"}],"sub_title":"Histadrut","text":"Bloomfield was the Montreal Chairman of the Israel Histadrut Campaign.[9] In 1967 was reported to have been active in the Histadrut, Israel's organization of trade unions, for over twenty years.[10] According to The Canadian Jewish Chronicle, Bloomfield and his brother Bernard \"played a decisive part in making the Histadrut one of the most respected and influential organizations\" in Canada.[9]","title":"Public service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charitable foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(non-profit)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Gazette-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlett-11"},{"link_name":"Henriette, Lady Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Marie_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Mortimer Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Davis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlett-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchison-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlett2-13"},{"link_name":"divorce trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset-protection_trust"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchison-12"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchison-12"},{"link_name":"charitable foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(non-profit)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlett-11"},{"link_name":"The Financial Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Financial_Post"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlett-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weizmann_Institute_of_Science-14"}],"sub_title":"Eldee Foundation","text":"Bloomfield was vice-president of the Eldee Foundation, a charitable foundation whose objective was \"to contribute to and assist charitable organizations and institutions in Canada maintained for the benefit of person's of Jewish faith.\"[6][11] Originally known as the Canada-Histadrut Foundation, it was established in 1961 by Henriette, Lady Davis, the divorced first wife of Sir Mortimer Davis.[11][12][13] Lady Davis had enlisted the services of Bloomfield to negotiate the final settlement of her divorce trust with her ex-husband's estate.[12] She contributed a large portion of the Eldee Foundation's initial capital of $30 million, and Bloomfield, his brother Bernard, and Abrham Shurem became directors of the foundation.[12]In 1971, it was reported to be one of the fifteen largest charitable foundations in Canada.[11] According to The Financial Post, the market value of its assets were valued at $43.4 million in 1967 and $22 million in 1978.[11] In 1972, Bloomfield and his brother established through the Eldee Foundation a named chair at the Weizmann Institute of Science, The Lady Davis Professorial Chair of Experimental Physics.[14]","title":"Public service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Histadrut Humanitarian Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histadrut_Humanitarian_Award"},{"link_name":"Davie Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie_Fulton"},{"link_name":"1967 Progressive Conservative leadership election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_leadership_election,_1967"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pruszynski-10"},{"link_name":"Knight of Justice of St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John"},{"link_name":"Canadian Centennial Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Centennial_Medal"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Silver_Jubilee_Medal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Gazette-6"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University"},{"link_name":"Bar-Ilan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University"},{"link_name":"honorary citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Canada-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Gazette-6"},{"link_name":"Bloomfield Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University#Students.27_Union"},{"link_name":"broken anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Francis_Xavier_University-15"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFHU-16"},{"link_name":"Bloomfield Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJC-8"}],"text":"Bloomfield was awarded numerous honors throughout his life. In 1967, he received the Histadrut Humanitarian Award at a dinner in his honor; Davie Fulton, a candidate in the 1967 Progressive Conservative leadership election, was among the guests and referred to Bloomfield as his \"dear friend\".[10] He received the Knight of Justice of St. John, the Canadian Centennial Medal, and the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977.[6] Bloomfield also received honorary degrees from the Hebrew University in 1973 (Doctor of Philosophy) and Bar-Ilan University (doctorate) in July 1984, and was recognized as an honorary citizen in Tel Aviv and Winnipeg.[1][6]The Bloomfield Centre[broken anchor] at St. Francis Xavier University,[15] the Bloomfield Library for the Humanities and Social Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,[16] and Bloomfield Stadium in the Tel Aviv are named after Bloomfield and his brother, Bernard.[8]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Gazette-6"}],"text":"On July 19, 1984, Bloomfield died of a heart attack while in Jerusalem to receive the honorary degree from Bar-Ilan University.[6]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Office of Strategic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Permindex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permindex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-4"},{"link_name":"Paese Sera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paese_Sera"},{"link_name":"Clay Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Shaw"},{"link_name":"assassinate President John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Jim Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Garrison"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland-17"},{"link_name":"front organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_organization"},{"link_name":"depose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorril-18"},{"link_name":"Max Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holland"},{"link_name":"counterintelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland-17"}],"text":"Proponents of some John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories have alleged the Bloomfield was linked to the shooting through the Office of Strategic Services, the Central Intelligence Agency, and Permindex.[4]On March 4, 1967, the Italian left-wing newspaper Paese Sera published a story alleging that Clay Shaw, who was arrested and charged with conspiring to assassinate President John F. Kennedy by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison three days earlier, was linked to the CIA through his involvement in the Centro Mondiale Commerciale, a subsidiary of Permindex in which Shaw was a board member.[17] According to Paese Sera, the CMC had been a front organization developed by the CIA for transferring funds to Italy for \"illegal political-espionage activities\" and had attempted to depose French President Charles de Gaulle in the early 1960s.[17] On March 6, the newspaper printed other allegations about individuals it said were connected to Permindex, including Bloomfield whom it described as \"an American agent who now plays the role of a businessman from Canada (who) established secret ties in Rome with Deputies of the Christian Democrats and neo-Fascist parties.\"[18]According to Max Holland, an internal investigation by the CIA's counterintelligence staff found that the substance of Paese Sera's allegations were not true and that neither Permindex or Centro Mondiale Commerciale were a front to channel funds to anti-communists.[17]","title":"JFK assassination allegations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library and Archives Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada"},{"link_name":"documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonds"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-4"},{"link_name":"Federal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Federal_Court-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-4"}],"sub_title":"Donation of personal documents","text":"Prior to his death, Bloomfield donated to the Library and Archives Canada 31 boxes of documents related to some of his notable clients and charity work, as well as correspondence with prominent politicians, including United States President George H. W. Bush.[4] His donation came with the condition that the documents would not be made public until twenty years after his death.[4] In 2004, Maurice Philipps, a JFK assassination conspiracy author, requested access to the Bloomfield Collection, but was told that Bloomfield's widow had extended the restriction on accessing the documents until 25 years after her death.[4] Philipps challenged the decision, and a 2006 Federal Court ruling found that the Library and Archives Canada could not extend the restriction to access the documents past the original deadline set by Bloomfield himself.[4][19]According to Bloomfield's nephew, Harry Bloomfield, the restriction of access was contributing to unfounded conspiracy theories allegations that tied his uncle to the assassination of Kennedy.[4] Philipps stated that he believed the documents in the collection did not implicate Bloomfield but that they might contain information related to the assassination.[4]","title":"JFK assassination allegations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Louis M. Bloomfield fonds [textual record, graphic material]\". Archives Canada. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Council of Archives. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130407135358/http://www.archivescanada.ca/english/search/ItemDisplay.asp?sessionKey=1126738539034_206_191_57_196&l=0&lvl=1&v=0&coll=1&itm=264041&rt=1&bill=1","url_text":"\"Louis M. Bloomfield fonds [textual record, graphic material]\""},{"url":"http://www.archivescanada.ca/english/search/ItemDisplay.asp?sessionKey=1126738539034_206_191_57_196&l=0&lvl=1&v=0&coll=1&itm=264041&rt=1&bill=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bourne, Charles B. (1989). \"Foreword\". In David Dunkley (ed.). A Consolidated Index to the Canadian Yearbook of International Law. Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 9780774844734. Retrieved February 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i_YcmopfOd0C&pg=PP7","url_text":"\"Foreword\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i_YcmopfOd0C","url_text":"A Consolidated Index to the Canadian Yearbook of International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774844734","url_text":"9780774844734"}]},{"reference":"McWhinney, Edward (1993). \"Anglophone Quebec and the Quiet Revolution: Maxwell Cohen at McGill University\". In Kaplan, William; McRae, Donald (eds.). Law, Policy, and International Justice: Essays in Honour of Maxwell Cohen. McGill-Queens University Press. p. 432. ISBN 9780773511149. Retrieved February 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_McWhinney","url_text":"McWhinney, Edward"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_7XwU1EvIsAC&pg=PA432","url_text":"\"Anglophone Quebec and the Quiet Revolution: Maxwell Cohen at McGill University\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kaplan","url_text":"Kaplan, William"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_7XwU1EvIsAC","url_text":"Law, Policy, and International Justice: Essays in Honour of Maxwell Cohen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773511149","url_text":"9780773511149"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Elizabeth (January 27, 2007). \"Dispute over releasing archives keeps lid on potential link to JFK's death: Does the key to former U.S. President John F. Kennedy's assassination lie buried in Canada's national archives?\". Canada.com. CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130103121502/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=54a1746c-a136-4fbb-8b40-288d337b8f0c&k=23786","url_text":"\"Dispute over releasing archives keeps lid on potential link to JFK's death: Does the key to former U.S. President John F. Kennedy's assassination lie buried in Canada's national archives?\""},{"url":"http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=54a1746c-a136-4fbb-8b40-288d337b8f0c&k=23786","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Who's Who in Israel and in the Work for Israel Abroad\". Who's Who in Israel. Tel Aviv: Bronfman & Cohen Publications: 71. 1973. ISSN 0083-9590. OCLC 03298915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0083-9590","url_text":"0083-9590"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/03298915","url_text":"03298915"}]},{"reference":"\"Maj. L.M. Bloomfield died in Jerusalem\". The Gazette. Montreal. July 21, 1984. p. G-5. Retrieved February 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b5EjAAAAIBAJ&pg=4724%2C353976","url_text":"\"Maj. L.M. Bloomfield died in Jerusalem\""}]},{"reference":"Macdonald, Ronald St. John (1996). \"Charles B. Bourne: Scholar, Teacher, and. Editor, Innovator in the Development of the. International Law of Water Resources\". In Don M. McRae (ed.). Canadian Yearbook of International Law. Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780774806206. Retrieved February 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_St._John_Macdonald","url_text":"Macdonald, Ronald St. John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r3Chr8GiQGYC&pg=PA34","url_text":"\"Charles B. Bourne: Scholar, Teacher, and. Editor, Innovator in the Development of the. International Law of Water Resources\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r3Chr8GiQGYC","url_text":"Canadian Yearbook of International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774806206","url_text":"9780774806206"}]},{"reference":"\"Louis Bloomfield Honored; Becomes Member of Order\". The Canadian Jewish Chronicle. July 16, 1965. p. 8. Retrieved February 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kwVPAAAAIBAJ&pg=1610%2C3933851","url_text":"\"Louis Bloomfield Honored; Becomes Member of Order\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louis M. Bloomfield\". The Canadian Jewish Chronicle. April 14, 1967. pp. 1, 4. Retrieved February 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m6haAAAAIBAJ&pg=3904%2C4283267","url_text":"\"Louis M. Bloomfield\""}]},{"reference":"Pruszynski, Stas (April 12, 1967). \"Bloomfield Gets Histadrut Award\". The Gazette. Montreal. p. 5. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QO4tAAAAIBAJ&pg=5804%2C2484822","url_text":"\"Bloomfield Gets Histadrut Award\""}]},{"reference":"Arlett, Allan (May 8, 1971). \"Where the money is: Who's who in Canada's philanthropic organizations\". The Financial Post. p. 11. Retrieved February 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lWo_AAAAIBAJ&pg=2713%2C1874026","url_text":"\"Where the money is: Who's who in Canada's philanthropic organizations\""}]},{"reference":"Hutchison, Robert; Mathias, Philip (March 22, 1975). \"Bank failure traps Canadian charity\". The Financial Post. pp. 1, 8. Retrieved February 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DwZFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1791%2C2915134","url_text":"\"Bank failure traps Canadian charity\""}]},{"reference":"Arlett, Allan (November 25, 1978). \"Two opt out of new regulations\". The Financial Post. p. 38. Retrieved February 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YClPFpxzHmwC&dat=19781125&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Two opt out of new regulations\""}]},{"reference":"Weizmann Institute of Science. \"Weizmann Professorial Chairs, Career Development Chairs and Fellowships\". weizmann.ac.il. Rehovot, Israel: Weizmann Institute of Science. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science","url_text":"Weizmann Institute of Science"},{"url":"http://www.weizmann.ac.il/acadaff/Scientific_Activities/2010/Chairs.html","url_text":"\"Weizmann Professorial Chairs, Career Development Chairs and Fellowships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloomfield Centre\". stfx.ca. St. Francis Xavier University. September 19, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stfx.ca/bloomfield-centre","url_text":"\"Bloomfield Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bloomfield Family's Lasting Impact on the Hebrew University\". Connecting: The National Newsletter of Canadian Friends of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Vol. 14, no. I. Toronto: Canadian Friends of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Fall 2015. p. 5. Retrieved August 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/metricksystem/docs/cfhu_connectingnewsletter_v1j_issuu","url_text":"\"The Bloomfield Family's Lasting Impact on the Hebrew University\""}]},{"reference":"Holland, Max (2001). \"The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination\". Studies in Intelligence (Fall-Winter 2001, 11). Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holland","url_text":"Holland, Max"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613111756/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article02.html","url_text":"\"The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article02.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dorril, Steve (1983). \"PERMINDEX: The International Trade in Disinformation\" (PDF). Lobster (2). Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dorril","url_text":"Dorril, Steve"},{"url":"http://www.8bitmode.com/rogerdog/lobster/lobster02.pdf","url_text":"\"PERMINDEX: The International Trade in Disinformation\""}]},{"reference":"Philipps v. Canada (Librarian and Archivist)","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130407135358/http://www.archivescanada.ca/english/search/ItemDisplay.asp?sessionKey=1126738539034_206_191_57_196&l=0&lvl=1&v=0&coll=1&itm=264041&rt=1&bill=1","external_links_name":"\"Louis M. Bloomfield fonds [textual record, graphic material]\""},{"Link":"http://www.archivescanada.ca/english/search/ItemDisplay.asp?sessionKey=1126738539034_206_191_57_196&l=0&lvl=1&v=0&coll=1&itm=264041&rt=1&bill=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i_YcmopfOd0C&pg=PP7","external_links_name":"\"Foreword\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i_YcmopfOd0C","external_links_name":"A Consolidated Index to the Canadian Yearbook of International Law"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_7XwU1EvIsAC&pg=PA432","external_links_name":"\"Anglophone Quebec and the Quiet Revolution: Maxwell Cohen at McGill University\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_7XwU1EvIsAC","external_links_name":"Law, Policy, and International Justice: Essays in Honour of Maxwell Cohen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130103121502/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=54a1746c-a136-4fbb-8b40-288d337b8f0c&k=23786","external_links_name":"\"Dispute over releasing archives keeps lid on potential link to JFK's death: Does the key to former U.S. President John F. 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International Law of Water Resources\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r3Chr8GiQGYC","external_links_name":"Canadian Yearbook of International Law"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kwVPAAAAIBAJ&pg=1610%2C3933851","external_links_name":"\"Louis Bloomfield Honored; Becomes Member of Order\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m6haAAAAIBAJ&pg=3904%2C4283267","external_links_name":"\"Louis M. Bloomfield\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QO4tAAAAIBAJ&pg=5804%2C2484822","external_links_name":"\"Bloomfield Gets Histadrut Award\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lWo_AAAAIBAJ&pg=2713%2C1874026","external_links_name":"\"Where the money is: Who's who in Canada's philanthropic organizations\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DwZFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1791%2C2915134","external_links_name":"\"Bank failure traps Canadian charity\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YClPFpxzHmwC&dat=19781125&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Two opt out of new regulations\""},{"Link":"http://www.weizmann.ac.il/acadaff/Scientific_Activities/2010/Chairs.html","external_links_name":"\"Weizmann Professorial Chairs, Career Development Chairs and Fellowships\""},{"Link":"https://www.stfx.ca/bloomfield-centre","external_links_name":"\"Bloomfield Centre\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/metricksystem/docs/cfhu_connectingnewsletter_v1j_issuu","external_links_name":"\"The Bloomfield Family's Lasting Impact on the Hebrew University\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613111756/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article02.html","external_links_name":"\"The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article02.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.8bitmode.com/rogerdog/lobster/lobster02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PERMINDEX: The International Trade in Disinformation\""},{"Link":"http://reports.fja.gc.ca/eng/2007/2006fc1378.html","external_links_name":"2006 FC 1378, [2007"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000084625251","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/109138005","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhwRRB8HPj9rgRyxcByd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278654105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85363377","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071019316","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/129148482","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Spirits_(album) | Free Spirits (album) | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"] | 1976 studio album by Mary Lou Williams TrioFree SpiritsStudio album by Mary Lou Williams TrioReleased1976RecordedJuly 8, 1975StudioC.I. Recording, NYGenreJazzLength68:19LabelSteepleChaseSCS-1043ProducerNils WintherMary Lou Williams chronology
Zoning(1974)
Free Spirits(1976)
Live at the Cookery(1975)
Free Spirits is an album by pianist and composer Mary Lou Williams recorded in 1975 and released on the SteepleChase label in 1976.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicPenguin Guide to Jazz
Allmusic said it "Includes great trio cuts". The Penguin Guide to Jazz selected this album as part of its suggested Core Collection.
Track listing
"Dat Dere" (Bobby Timmons) – 4:48
"Baby Man, #2" (John Stubblefield) – 7:56 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Baby Man" (Stubblefield) – 8:31
"All Blues" (Miles Davis) – 6:59
"Temptation" (Nacio Herb Brown, Arthur Freed) – 5:08
"Pale Blue" (Buster Williams) – 4:27
"Free Spirits #2" (Stubblefield) – 5:04 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Free Spirits" (Stubblefield) – 5:25
"Blues for Timme" (Mary Lou Williams) – 5:37
"Ode to Saint Cecile" (Mary Lou Williams) – 5:55 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Surrey with the Fringe on Top" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 2:58 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Gloria" (Mary Lou Williams) – 5:31
Personnel
Mary Lou Williams – piano
Buster Williams – bass
Mickey Roker – drums
References
^ Mary Lou Williams discography, accessed January 13, 2017
^ Jazzlists: Steeplechase Records 1000/31000 series discography, accessed January 13, 2017
^ SteepleChase Productions ApS: album entry, accessed January 13, 2017
^ a b Wynn, Ron. Free Spirits – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ a b Cook, Richard; Brian Morton (2008) . "Mary Lou Williams". The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings. The Penguin Guide to Jazz (9th ed.). New York: Penguin. p. 1511. ISBN 978-0-14-103401-0.
^ Penguin Guide to Jazz: Core Collection List, January 13, 2017 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Lou Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams"},{"link_name":"SteepleChase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SteepleChase_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Free Spirits is an album by pianist and composer Mary Lou Williams recorded in 1975 and released on the SteepleChase label in 1976.[1][2][3]","title":"Free Spirits (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penguin_Guide-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Allmusic said it \"Includes great trio cuts\".[4] The Penguin Guide to Jazz selected this album as part of its suggested Core Collection.[5][6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby Timmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Timmons"},{"link_name":"John Stubblefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stubblefield"},{"link_name":"All Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Blues"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"Temptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation_(Nacio_Herb_Brown_and_Arthur_Freed_song)"},{"link_name":"Nacio Herb Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacio_Herb_Brown"},{"link_name":"Arthur Freed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Freed"},{"link_name":"Surrey with the Fringe on Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_with_the_Fringe_on_Top"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Oscar Hammerstein II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II"}],"text":"\"Dat Dere\" (Bobby Timmons) – 4:48\n\"Baby Man, #2\" (John Stubblefield) – 7:56 Bonus track on CD reissue\n\"Baby Man\" (Stubblefield) – 8:31\n\"All Blues\" (Miles Davis) – 6:59\n\"Temptation\" (Nacio Herb Brown, Arthur Freed) – 5:08\n\"Pale Blue\" (Buster Williams) – 4:27\n\"Free Spirits #2\" (Stubblefield) – 5:04 Bonus track on CD reissue\n\"Free Spirits\" (Stubblefield) – 5:25\n\"Blues for Timme\" (Mary Lou Williams) – 5:37\n\"Ode to Saint Cecile\" (Mary Lou Williams) – 5:55 Bonus track on CD reissue\n\"Surrey with the Fringe on Top\" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 2:58 Bonus track on CD reissue\n\"Gloria\" (Mary Lou Williams) – 5:31","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Lou Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Buster Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Williams"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Mickey Roker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Roker"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"Mary Lou Williams – piano\nBuster Williams – bass\nMickey Roker – drums","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Cook, Richard; Brian Morton (2008) [1992]. \"Mary Lou Williams\". The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings. The Penguin Guide to Jazz (9th ed.). New York: Penguin. p. 1511. ISBN 978-0-14-103401-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cook_(journalist)","url_text":"Cook, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morton_(Scottish_writer)","url_text":"Brian Morton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz","url_text":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103401-0","url_text":"978-0-14-103401-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ratical.org/MaryLouWilliams/MLWdiscography.html","external_links_name":"Mary Lou Williams discography"},{"Link":"http://www.jazzlists.com/SJ_Label_Steeplechase_1000.htm","external_links_name":"Jazzlists: Steeplechase Records 1000/31000 series discography"},{"Link":"http://steeplechase.dk/wordpress/mary-lou-williams-free-spirits-sccd-31043/","external_links_name":"SteepleChase Productions ApS: album entry"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000405860","external_links_name":"Free Spirits – Review"},{"Link":"http://www.tomhull.com/ocston/nm/notes/pjazz-core.php","external_links_name":"Penguin Guide to Jazz: Core Collection List"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochia | Rochia | ["1 Species","2 References","3 External links"] | Genus of gastropods
Rochia
Shell of Rochia nilotica (specimen at MNHN, Paris)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Vetigastropoda
Order:
Trochida
Superfamily:
Trochoidea
Family:
Tegulidae
Genus:
RochiaGray, 1857
Type species
Trochus acutangulus Anton, 1838
Synonyms
Cardinalia Gray, 1842
Tectus (Cardinalia) Gray, 1842
Tectus (Rochia) Gray, 1857
Trochus (Cardinalia) Gray, 1842
Rochia is a genus of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tegulidae.
Species
Rochia conus (Gmelin, 1791)
Rochia elata (Lamarck, 1822)
Rochia hirasei (Pilsbry, 1904)
Rochia magnifica (Poppe, 2004)
Rochia maxima (Koch, 1844)
Rochia nilotica (Linnaeus, 1767)
Rochia virgata (Gmelin, 1791)
Synonyms
Rochia acutangula (Anton, 1838): synonym of Rochia conus (Gmelin, 1791)
Rochia maximus (Koch, 1844): synonym of Rochia maxima (Koch, 1844) (wrong gender agreement of specific epithet)
Rochia niloticus (Linnaeus, 1767): synonym of Rochia nilotica (Linnaeus, 1767) (wrong gender agreement of specific epithet)
References
^ a b MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Rochia Gray, 1857. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1251278 on 2022-04-25
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rochia.
Gray, J. E. (1857). Guide to the systematic distribution of Mollusca in the British Museum. Part I. . British Museum, London, xii + 230 pp
Gray, J. E. (1842). Molluscs. Pp. 48-92, in: Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, edition 44. British Museum. London. iv + 308 p.
Williams, S. T. (2012). Advances in molecular systematics of the vetigastropod superfamily Trochoidea. Zoologica Scripta. 41(6): 571-595
Taxon identifiersRochia
Wikidata: Q104804352
CoL: 7PFWR
IRMNG: 1438280
NCBI: 2709804
WoRMS: 1251278
This Trochoidea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Tegulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegulidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Rochia is a genus of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tegulidae.[1]","title":"Rochia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rochia conus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochia_conus"},{"link_name":"Rochia elata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochia_elata"},{"link_name":"Rochia hirasei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rochia_hirasei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rochia magnifica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochia_magnifica"},{"link_name":"Rochia maxima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochia_maxima"},{"link_name":"Rochia nilotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochia_nilotica"},{"link_name":"Rochia virgata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochia_virgata"}],"text":"Rochia conus (Gmelin, 1791)\nRochia elata (Lamarck, 1822)\nRochia hirasei (Pilsbry, 1904)\nRochia magnifica (Poppe, 2004)\nRochia maxima (Koch, 1844)\nRochia nilotica (Linnaeus, 1767)\nRochia virgata (Gmelin, 1791)SynonymsRochia acutangula (Anton, 1838): synonym of Rochia conus (Gmelin, 1791)\nRochia maximus (Koch, 1844): synonym of Rochia maxima (Koch, 1844) (wrong gender agreement of specific epithet)\nRochia niloticus (Linnaeus, 1767): synonym of Rochia nilotica (Linnaeus, 1767) (wrong gender agreement of specific epithet)","title":"Species"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1251278","external_links_name":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1251278"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/117528","external_links_name":"Gray, J. E. (1857). Guide to the systematic distribution of Mollusca in the British Museum. Part I. [Gastropoda]. British Museum, London, xii + 230 pp"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55295773","external_links_name":"Gray, J. E. (1842). Molluscs. Pp. 48-92, in: Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, edition 44. British Museum. London. iv + 308 p."},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00552.x","external_links_name":"Williams, S. T. (2012). Advances in molecular systematics of the vetigastropod superfamily Trochoidea. Zoologica Scripta. 41(6): 571-595"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7PFWR","external_links_name":"7PFWR"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1438280","external_links_name":"1438280"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2709804","external_links_name":"2709804"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1251278","external_links_name":"1251278"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rochia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Brando | Tim Brando | ["1 Career","1.1 Early career","1.2 ESPN","1.3 CBS","1.4 Fox","1.5 Broadcasting partners","2 Personal life","3 References"] | American sportscaster (born 1956)
Tim BrandoBorn (1956-02-27) February 27, 1956 (age 68)Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.Other namesTimmy BAlma materFair Park High School,University of Louisiana at MonroeOccupationSports announcerSpouseTerri Glorioso BrandoChildrenTiffany Brando Crews and Tara Brando Sullivan
Tim Brando (born February 27, 1956) is an American sportscaster with Fox Sports. Formerly with CBS Sports, Raycom Sports, ESPN and SiriusXM, Brando has primarily covered NCAA football, basketball and the NBA. Along with radio duties, Brando has also served as a studio host for games, a play-by-play announcer, and halftime host.
Career
Early career
In 1976 Brando was a disc jockey at radio station KROK-FM in his native Shreveport, Louisiana. From 1981 to 1986, Brando was the assistant sports director at WAFB-TV in Baton Rouge; he did telecasts of Louisiana State University men's and women's basketball on Tigervision.
ESPN
From 1986 to 1994, he served as a studio host for SportsCenter, for ESPN's college football halftime show, and for the network's coverage of the NCAA Men's Basketball Championship. In 1994, he provided play-by-play for TNT's coverage of the NBA Playoffs. Brando also called Atlanta Hawks and Atlanta Braves games for SportSouth. Brando also auditioned for the daytime version of Wheel of Fortune after Pat Sajak resigned to concentrate on his self-titled talk show. Ultimately, the hosting job went to Rolf Benirschke.
CBS
In 1996, Brando joined CBS Sports and began calling NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship games. Three years later, he added hosting duties on College Football Today, which is the broadcast network home of SEC football. He also provided play-by-play for the NFL on CBS from 1998 to 2003. The first five years of the sixth season is the eighth team, and the final year of the sixth season is the ninth team of NFL on CBS.
Brando called the four first-round games in Tampa, Florida, during the 2008 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament where for the first time ever, all four lower seeded teams won in the same venue on the same day.
Fox
On June 25, 2014, Fox Sports announced that it had hired Brando to serve as a play-by-play voice for college football and college basketball games on Fox and Fox Sports 1 starting in fall 2014. He was also named as a backup NFL announcer for Fox in October of that year. He called an NFL game for Fox on October 19, 2014, in a game between the Minnesota Vikings at the Buffalo Bills.
In addition to his network duties, Brando calls games for Raycom's coverage of the Atlantic Coast Conference basketball telecasts. Brando also hosts Raycom's Emmy Award-winning show, "Football Saturdays."
Broadcasting partners
Spencer Tillman
Tony Barnhart
Lou Holtz
Mike Gminski
Personal life
Brando's father, Hub Brando, was a broadcaster at radio station KCIJ in Shreveport. Tim Brando graduated in 1974 from Fair Park High School in Shreveport. He then attended Northeast Louisiana University in Monroe (now the University of Louisiana at Monroe). He resides in Shreveport with his wife of 41 years, Terri Glorioso Brando. The couple have two daughters: Tiffany Brando Crews, 37, who attended Louisiana State University; and Tara Brando Sullivan, 29, who graduated from Ole Miss. Brando welcomed his first grandchild, Wilma Scarlett Sullivan, on September 7, 2016, and his first grandson, Spencer Brando Crews, on June 28, 2017. Spencer was named after Brando's colleague and close family friend, Spencer Tillman.
References
^ a b c Hendrix, Jeff (June 17, 2009). "ULM alum Tim Brando honored as 2009 Jake Wade Award winner". NewOrleans.com. University of Louisiana-Monroe. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
^ "CBS Sports TV Team: Tim Brando (CBS Sports Play-By-Play Broadcaster)". CBS Sports. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
^ a b Prendergast, Adam (June 24, 2009). "ULM alum Tim Brando honored by CoSIDA". NewOrleans.com. University of Louisiana-Monroe. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
^ "Emmy Award-Winning Havoline Football Saturdays Episode 3 Airs This Weekend". August 2, 2017.
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Website: Fox Sports - NFL News | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"CBS Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports"},{"link_name":"Raycom Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raycom_Sports"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"SiriusXM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiriusXM"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"}],"text":"Tim Brando (born February 27, 1956) is an American sportscaster with Fox Sports. Formerly with CBS Sports, Raycom Sports, ESPN and SiriusXM, Brando has primarily covered NCAA football, basketball and the NBA. Along with radio duties, Brando has also served as a studio host for games, a play-by-play announcer, and halftime host.","title":"Tim Brando"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disc jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"Shreveport, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"WAFB-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAFB-TV"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wade-1"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"In 1976 Brando was a disc jockey at radio station KROK-FM in his native Shreveport, Louisiana. From 1981 to 1986, Brando was the assistant sports director at WAFB-TV in Baton Rouge; he did telecasts of Louisiana State University men's and women's basketball[1] on Tigervision.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SportsCenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportsCenter"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs-2"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993-94_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Network_Television"},{"link_name":"NBA Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Playoffs"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"SportSouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportSouth"},{"link_name":"Wheel of Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)"},{"link_name":"Pat Sajak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Sajak"},{"link_name":"Rolf Benirschke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Benirschke"}],"sub_title":"ESPN","text":"From 1986 to 1994, he served as a studio host for SportsCenter, for ESPN's college football halftime show, and for the network's coverage of the NCAA Men's Basketball Championship.[2] In 1994, he provided play-by-play for TNT's coverage of the NBA Playoffs. Brando also called Atlanta Hawks and Atlanta Braves games for SportSouth. Brando also auditioned for the daytime version of Wheel of Fortune after Pat Sajak resigned to concentrate on his self-titled talk show. Ultimately, the hosting job went to Rolf Benirschke.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ulm-3"},{"link_name":"NFL on CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_CBS"},{"link_name":"NFL on CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_CBS"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"2008 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament"}],"sub_title":"CBS","text":"In 1996, Brando joined CBS Sports and began calling NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship games. Three years later, he added hosting duties on College Football Today,[3] which is the broadcast network home of SEC football. He also provided play-by-play for the NFL on CBS from 1998 to 2003. The first five years of the sixth season is the eighth team, and the final year of the sixth season is the ninth team of NFL on CBS.Brando called the four first-round games in Tampa, Florida, during the 2008 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament where for the first time ever, all four lower seeded teams won in the same venue on the same day.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_College_Football"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Fox Sports 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_1"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Fox"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Fox","text":"On June 25, 2014, Fox Sports announced that it had hired Brando to serve as a play-by-play voice for college football and college basketball games on Fox and Fox Sports 1 starting in fall 2014. He was also named as a backup NFL announcer for Fox in October of that year. He called an NFL game for Fox on October 19, 2014, in a game between the Minnesota Vikings at the Buffalo Bills.In addition to his network duties, Brando calls games for Raycom's coverage of the Atlantic Coast Conference basketball telecasts. Brando also hosts Raycom's Emmy Award-winning show, \"Football Saturdays.\"[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spencer Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Tillman"},{"link_name":"Tony Barnhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Barnhart"},{"link_name":"Lou Holtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Holtz"},{"link_name":"Mike Gminski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gminski"}],"sub_title":"Broadcasting partners","text":"Spencer Tillman\nTony Barnhart\nLou Holtz\nMike Gminski","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fair Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Park_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wade-1"},{"link_name":"Northeast Louisiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Louisiana_University"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"University of Louisiana at Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Monroe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ulm-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wade-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Spencer Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Tillman"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Brando's father, Hub Brando, was a broadcaster at radio station KCIJ in Shreveport. Tim Brando graduated in 1974 from Fair Park High School in Shreveport.[1] He then attended Northeast Louisiana University in Monroe (now the University of Louisiana at Monroe).[3] He resides in Shreveport with his wife of 41 years, Terri Glorioso Brando.[1] The couple have two daughters: Tiffany Brando Crews, 37, who attended Louisiana State University; and Tara Brando Sullivan, 29, who graduated from Ole Miss.[citation needed] Brando welcomed his first grandchild, Wilma Scarlett Sullivan, on September 7, 2016, and his first grandson, Spencer Brando Crews, on June 28, 2017. Spencer was named after Brando's colleague and close family friend, Spencer Tillman. [citation needed]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hendrix, Jeff (June 17, 2009). \"ULM alum Tim Brando honored as 2009 Jake Wade Award winner\". NewOrleans.com. University of Louisiana-Monroe. Retrieved August 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neworleans.com/sports/local-sports-news/ulm-news/147665-ulm-alum-tim-brando-honored-as-2009-jake-wade-award-winner.html","url_text":"\"ULM alum Tim Brando honored as 2009 Jake Wade Award winner\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBS Sports TV Team: Tim Brando (CBS Sports Play-By-Play Broadcaster)\". CBS Sports. Retrieved August 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbssports.com/cbssports/team/tbrando","url_text":"\"CBS Sports TV Team: Tim Brando (CBS Sports Play-By-Play Broadcaster)\""}]},{"reference":"Prendergast, Adam (June 24, 2009). \"ULM alum Tim Brando honored by CoSIDA\". NewOrleans.com. University of Louisiana-Monroe. Retrieved August 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neworleans.com/sports/local-sports-news/ulm-news/152912-ulm-alum-tim-brando-honored-by-cosida.html","url_text":"\"ULM alum Tim Brando honored by CoSIDA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emmy Award-Winning Havoline Football Saturdays Episode 3 Airs This Weekend\". August 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theacc.com/news/2017/8/2/5982310de4b03b6cd044ba04_131480904036963071.aspx","url_text":"\"Emmy Award-Winning Havoline Football Saturdays Episode 3 Airs This Weekend\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.neworleans.com/sports/local-sports-news/ulm-news/147665-ulm-alum-tim-brando-honored-as-2009-jake-wade-award-winner.html","external_links_name":"\"ULM alum Tim Brando honored as 2009 Jake Wade Award winner\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbssports.com/cbssports/team/tbrando","external_links_name":"\"CBS Sports TV Team: Tim Brando (CBS Sports Play-By-Play Broadcaster)\""},{"Link":"http://www.neworleans.com/sports/local-sports-news/ulm-news/152912-ulm-alum-tim-brando-honored-by-cosida.html","external_links_name":"\"ULM alum Tim Brando honored by CoSIDA\""},{"Link":"http://www.theacc.com/news/2017/8/2/5982310de4b03b6cd044ba04_131480904036963071.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Emmy Award-Winning Havoline Football Saturdays Episode 3 Airs This Weekend\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxsports.com/nfl","external_links_name":"Fox Sports - NFL News"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto_Tiainen | Arto Tiainen | ["1 Champion","2 Award","3 Politics","4 Cross-country skiing results","4.1 Olympic Games","4.2 World Championships","5 References","6 External links"] | Finnish cross-country skier
Arto Tiainen in 1970
Arto Tiainen
Medal record
Men's cross-country skiing
Representing Finland
Olympic Games
1964 Innsbruck
4 × 10 km relay
1964 Innsbruck
50 km
World Championships
1966 Oslo
50 km
1958 Lahti
4 × 10 km relay
Arto Tiainen (5 September 1930 – 21 September 1998) was a Finnish cross-country skier. He was born in Sääminki.
Champion
He won two medals at the 1964 Winter Olympics, a silver in the 4 × 10 km relay and a bronze in the 50 km. Additionally, Tianen won two medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, a silver in 50 km (1966) and a bronze in the 4 × 10 km relay (1958).
Award
Tianen's biggest cross-country skiing success came at the Holmenkollen ski festival, where he won the 50 km event in both 1964 and 1965. For his successes, Tiainen earned the Holmenkollen medal in 1965 (Shared with Bengt Eriksson and Arne Larsen).
Politics
Arto Tiainen was a Social Democratic member of the Finnish Parliament from 22 January 1970 to 22 March 1970.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
2 medals – (1 silver, 1 bronze)
Year
Age
15 km
30 km
50 km
4 × 10 km relay
1956
25
26
—
—
—
1960
29
—
18
—
—
1964
33
—
13
Bronze
Silver
1968
37
—
16
—
—
World Championships
2 medals – (1 silver, 1 bronze)
Year
Age
15 km
30 km
50 km
4 × 10 km relay
1958
27
12
5
4
Bronze
1962
31
—
—
4
—
1966
35
—
—
Silver
—
References
^ "WALCHER Achim". FIS-Ski. International Ski Federation. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
External links
Arto Tiainen at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation
Holmenkollen medalists at the Wayback Machine (archived February 24, 2007) - click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)
Holmenkollen winners since 1892 at the Wayback Machine (archived February 24, 2007) - click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)
vteHolmenkollen MedalUntil 1900
1895: Viktor Thorn (NOR)
1897: Asbjørn Nilssen (NOR)
1899: Paul Braaten (NOR), Robert Pehrson (NOR)
1900–1950
1901: Aksel Refstad (NOR)
1903: Karl Hovelsen (NOR)
1904: Harald Smith (NOR)
1905: Jonas Holmen (NOR)
1907: Per Bakken
1908: Einar Kristiansen (NOR)
1909: Thorvald Hansen
1910: Lauritz Bergendahl
1911: Otto Tangen (NOR), Knut Holst (NOR)
1912: Olav Bjaaland (NOR)
1914: Johan Kristoffersen (NOR)
1915: Sverre Østbye (NOR)
1916: Lars Høgvold (NOR)
1918: Hassa Horn (NOR), Jørgen Hansen (NOR)
1919: Thorleif Haug (NOR), Otto Aasen (NOR)
1923: Thoralf Strømstad (NOR)
1924: Harald Økern (NOR), Johan Grøttumsbråten (NOR)
1925: Einar Landvik (NOR)
1926: Jacob Tullin Thams
1927: Hagbart Haakonsen (NOR), Einar Lindboe (NOR)
1928: Torjus Hemmestveit (NOR), Mikkjel Hemmestveit (NOR)
1931: Hans Vinjarengen (NOR), Ole Stenen (NOR)
1934: Oddbjørn Hagen (NOR)
1935: Arne Rustadstuen (NOR)
1937: Olaf Hoffsbakken (NOR), Birger Ruud (NOR), Martin P. Vangsli (NOR)
1938: Reidar Andersen (NOR), Johan R. Henriksen (NOR)
1939: Sven Selånger (SWE), Lars Bergendahl (NOR), Trygve Brodahl (NOR)
1940: Oscar Gjøslien (NOR), Annar Ryen (NOR)
1947: Elling Rønes (NOR)
1948: Asbjørn Ruud (NOR)
1949: Sigmund Ruud (NOR)
1950: Olav Økern (NOR)
1951–2000
1951: Simon Slåttvik (NOR)
1952: Stein Eriksen (NOR), Torbjørn Falkanger (NOR), Heikki Hasu (FIN), Nils Karlsson (SWE)
1953: Magnar Estenstad (NOR)
1954: Martin Stokken (NOR)
1955: Haakon VII (NOR), Hallgeir Brenden (NOR), Veikko Hakulinen (FIN), Sverre Stenersen (NOR)
1956: Borghild Niskin (NOR), Arnfinn Bergmann (NOR), Arne Hoel (NOR)
1957: Eero Kolehmainen (FIN)
1958: Inger Bjørnbakken (NOR), Håkon Brusveen (NOR)
1959: Gunder Gundersen (NOR)
1960: Helmut Recknagel (GDR), Sixten Jernberg (SWE), Sverre Stensheim (NOR), Tormod Knutsen (NOR)
1961: Harald Grønningen (NOR)
1962: Toralf Engan (NOR)
1963: Alevtina Kolchina (URS), Pavel Kolchin (URS), Astrid Sandvik (NOR), Torbjørn Yggeseth (NOR)
1964: Veikko Kankkonen (FIN), Eero Mäntyranta (FIN), Georg Thoma (FRG), Halvor Næs (NOR)
1965: Arto Tiainen (FIN), Bengt Eriksson (SWE), Arne Larsen (NOR)
1967: Toini Gustafsson (SWE), Ole Ellefsæter (NOR)
1968: Olav V (NOR), Assar Rönnlund (SWE), Gjermund Eggen (NOR), Bjørn Wirkola (NOR)
1969: Odd Martinsen (NOR)
1970: Pål Tyldum (NOR)
1971: Marjatta Kajosmaa (FIN), Berit Mørdre (NOR), Reidar Hjermstad (NOR)
1972: Rauno Miettinen (FIN), Magne Myrmo (NOR)
1973: Einar Bergsland (NOR), Ingolf Mork (NOR), Franz Keller (FRG)
1974: Juha Mieto (FIN)
1975: Gerhard Grimmer (GDR), Oddvar Brå (NOR), Ivar Formo (NOR)
1976: Ulrich Wehling (GDR)
1977: Helena Takalo (FIN), Hilkka Kuntola (FIN), Walter Steiner (SUI)
1979: Ingemar Stenmark (SWE), Erik Håker (NOR), Raisa Smetanina (URS)
1980: Thomas Wassberg (SWE)
1981: Johan Sætre (NOR)
1983: Berit Aunli (NOR), Tom Sandberg (NOR)
1984: Lars Erik Eriksen (NOR), Jakob Vaage (NOR), Armin Kogler (AUT)
1985: Anette Bøe (NOR), Per Bergerud (NOR), Gunde Svan (SWE)
1986: Brit Pettersen (NOR)
1987: Matti Nykänen (FIN), Hermann Weinbuch (FRG)
1989: Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi (FIN)
1991: Vegard Ulvang (NOR), Trond Einar Elden (NOR), Ernst Vettori (AUT), Jens Weißflog (GER)
1992: Yelena Välbe (RUS)
1993: Emil Kvanlid (NOR)
1994: Lyubov Yegorova (RUS), Vladimir Smirnov (KAZ), Espen Bredesen (NOR)
1995: Kenji Ogiwara (JPN)
1996: Manuela Di Centa (ITA)
1997: Bjarte Engen Vik (NOR), Stefania Belmondo (ITA), Bjørn Dæhlie (NOR)
1998: Fred Børre Lundberg (NOR), Larisa Lazutina (RUS), Alexey Prokurorov (RUS), Harri Kirvesniemi (FIN)
1999: Kazuyoshi Funaki (JPN)
Since 2001
2001: Adam Małysz (POL), Bente Skari (NOR), Thomas Alsgaard (NOR)
2003: Felix Gottwald (AUT), Ronny Ackermann (GER)
2004: Yuliya Chepalova (RUS)
2005: Andrus Veerpalu (EST)
2007: Frode Estil (NOR), Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset (NOR), Harald V (NOR), Sonja (NOR), Simon Ammann (SUI)
2010: Marit Bjørgen (NOR)
2011: Ole Einar Bjørndalen (NOR), Michael Greis (GER), Andrea Henkel (GER), Janne Ahonen (FIN)
2012: Magdalena Neuner (GER), Emil Hegle Svendsen (NOR)
2013: Tora Berger (NOR), Martin Fourcade (FRA), Therese Johaug (NOR), Gregor Schlierenzauer (AUT)
2014: Magnus Moan (NOR), Eric Frenzel (GER), Thomas Morgenstern (AUT), Darya Domracheva (BLR)
2015: Eldar Rønning (NOR), Anders Bardal (NOR), Anette Sagen (NOR), Kamil Stoch (POL)
2016: Noriaki Kasai (JPN), Tarjei Bø (NOR)
2017: Marie Dorin Habert (FRA), Sara Takanashi (JPN)
2018: Charlotte Kalla (SWE), Princess Astrid (NOR), Hannu Manninen (FIN), Kaisa Mäkäräinen (FIN)
2021: Maren Lundby (NOR), Johannes Thingnes Bø (NOR), Dario Cologna (SWI), Johannes Rydzek (GER)
2022: Tiril Eckhoff (NOR), Marte Olsbu Røiseland (NOR), Johannes Høsflot Klæbo (NOR), Jørgen Graabak (NOR)
2023: Maiken Caspersen Falla (NOR), Stefan Kraft (AUT)
2024: Jessie Diggins (USA), Simen Hegstad Krüger (NOR)
Authority control databases: National
Finland
This biographical article relating to Finnish cross-country skiing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arto-Tiainen-1970.jpg"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"cross-country skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Sääminki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savonlinna"}],"text":"Arto Tiainen in 1970Arto Tiainen (5 September 1930 – 21 September 1998) was a Finnish cross-country skier. He was born in Sääminki.","title":"Arto Tiainen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1964 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships"}],"text":"He won two medals at the 1964 Winter Olympics, a silver in the 4 × 10 km relay and a bronze in the 50 km. Additionally, Tianen won two medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, a silver in 50 km (1966) and a bronze in the 4 × 10 km relay (1958).","title":"Champion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holmenkollen ski festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmenkollen_ski_festival"},{"link_name":"Holmenkollen medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmenkollen_medal"},{"link_name":"Bengt Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Eriksson"},{"link_name":"Arne Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Larsen"}],"text":"Tianen's biggest cross-country skiing success came at the Holmenkollen ski festival, where he won the 50 km event in both 1964 and 1965. For his successes, Tiainen earned the Holmenkollen medal in 1965 (Shared with Bengt Eriksson and Arne Larsen).","title":"Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland"}],"text":"Arto Tiainen was a Social Democratic member of the Finnish Parliament from 22 January 1970 to 22 March 1970.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Ski Federation (FIS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FISprofile-1"}],"text":"All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).[1]","title":"Cross-country skiing results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","text":"2 medals – (1 silver, 1 bronze)","title":"Cross-country skiing results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Championships","text":"2 medals – (1 silver, 1 bronze)","title":"Cross-country skiing results"}] | [{"image_text":"Arto Tiainen in 1970","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Arto-Tiainen-1970.jpg/220px-Arto-Tiainen-1970.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"WALCHER Achim\". FIS-Ski. International Ski Federation. Retrieved 23 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sector=CC&competitorid=64961&type=st-WC","url_text":"\"WALCHER Achim\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sector=CC&competitorid=64961&type=st-WC","external_links_name":"\"WALCHER Achim\""},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=CC&competitorid=61503","external_links_name":"Arto Tiainen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070224190249/http://www.skiforeningen.no/holmenkollen/holmenkollen_historikk","external_links_name":"Holmenkollen medalists"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070224190249/http://www.skiforeningen.no/holmenkollen/holmenkollen_historikk","external_links_name":"Holmenkollen winners since 1892"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000161425","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arto_Tiainen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanbu_District | Sanbu District | ["1 Towns and villages","1.1 Elevation of Ōamishirasato to city status","2 History","3 Mergers","4 References"] | Coordinates: 35°38′17″N 140°30′50″E / 35.638°N 140.514°E / 35.638; 140.514Location of Sanbu District in Chiba Prefecture
Sanbu District (山武郡, Sanbu-gun) is a district located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. As of January 2013, the district had a population of 49,488 and a population density of 369 persons per km2. The total area is 134.1 square kilometres (51.8 sq mi).
Towns and villages
Kujūkuri
Shibayama
Yokoshibahikari
Elevation of Ōamishirasato to city status
Ōamishirasato, formerly a town in Sanbu District, was elevated to city status on January 1, 2013, and is no longer part of Sanbu District.
History
During the early Meiji period establishment of the municipality system on April 1, 1889, the districts of Yamabe District (山辺郡, Yamabe-gun) with 3 towns and 14 villages, and Musha District (武射郡, Musha-gun) with 1 towns and 14 villages were created in what was formerly the north-eastern portion of Kazusa Province. The two districts were formally merged into the new Sanbu District on April 1, 1897.
Mergers
On March 27, 2006, the towns of Sanbu, Naruto, Hasunuma and Matsuo merged to form the new city of Sanmu.
On March 27, 2006, the town of Yokoshiba merged with Hikari from Sōsa District to form the new town of Yokoshibahikari in Sanbu District.
References
^ "山武郡" . Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 173191044. dlc 2009238904. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
^ Ishii, Sōseki, ed. (May 2012). 平成25年１月１日 大網白里市誕生に向けて (PDF). Hōkoku Ōamishirasato (in Japanese) (541). Ōamishirasato-machi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan: Ōamishirasato-machi, Hissho Kōhōka, Kōhō Tōkeihan: 2. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
^ Yoshimura, Kenji (March 2, 2012). 大網白里町:名称「大網白里市」に来年１月 . Mainichi Shinbun (in Japanese). Tokyo: Mainichi Newspapers. OCLC 10684368. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
^ 新市へ５８年の歴史に幕 大網白里町で閉町式 . Chiba Nippo (in Japanese). Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan: Chiba Nippo Co., Ltd. 2012-12-29. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
vte Chiba PrefectureChiba (capital)ChibaWards
Chūō
Hanamigawa
Inage
Wakaba
Midori
Mihama
Core cities
Funabashi
Kashiwa
Cities
Chōshi
Ichikawa
Tateyama
Kisarazu
Matsudo
Noda
Mobara
Narita
Sakura
Tōgane
Asahi
Narashino
Katsuura
Ichihara
Nagareyama
Yachiyo
Abiko
Kamogawa
Kamagaya
Kimitsu
Futtsu
Urayasu
Yotsukaidō
Sodegaura
Yachimata
Inzai
Shiroi
Tomisato
Minamibōsō
Sōsa
Katori
Sanmu
Isumi
Ōamishirasato
Districts
Inba District
Shisui
Sakae
Katori District
Kōzaki
Tako
Tōnoshō
Sanbu District
Kujūkuri
Shibayama
Yokoshibahikari
Chōsei District
Ichinomiya
Mutsuzawa
Chōsei
Shirako
Nagara
Chōnan
Isumi District
Ōtaki
Onjuku
Awa District
Kyonan
List of mergers in Chiba Prefecture
35°38′17″N 140°30′50″E / 35.638°N 140.514°E / 35.638; 140.514
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Japan
This Chiba Prefecture location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanbu_District_in_Chiba_Prefecture.svg"},{"link_name":"Chiba Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Chiba Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"}],"text":"Location of Sanbu District in Chiba PrefectureSanbu District (山武郡, Sanbu-gun) is a district located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan.[1] As of January 2013, the district had a population of 49,488 and a population density of 369 persons per km2. The total area is 134.1 square kilometres (51.8 sq mi).","title":"Sanbu District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kujūkuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%ABkuri,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Shibayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibayama,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Yokoshibahikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokoshibahikari,_Chiba"}],"text":"Kujūkuri\nShibayama\nYokoshibahikari","title":"Towns and villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ōamishirasato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Camishirasato,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Elevation of Ōamishirasato to city status","text":"Ōamishirasato, formerly a town in Sanbu District, was elevated to city status on January 1, 2013, and is no longer part of Sanbu District.[2][3][4]","title":"Towns and villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"Kazusa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazusa_Province"}],"text":"During the early Meiji period establishment of the municipality system on April 1, 1889, the districts of Yamabe District (山辺郡, Yamabe-gun) with 3 towns and 14 villages, and Musha District (武射郡, Musha-gun) with 1 towns and 14 villages were created in what was formerly the north-eastern portion of Kazusa Province. The two districts were formally merged into the new Sanbu District on April 1, 1897.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanbu,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Naruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Hasunuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasunuma,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Matsuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuo,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Sanmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanmu,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Yokoshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokoshiba,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Hikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikari,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Sōsa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dsa_District,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Yokoshibahikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokoshibahikari,_Chiba"}],"text":"On March 27, 2006, the towns of Sanbu, Naruto, Hasunuma and Matsuo merged to form the new city of Sanmu.\nOn March 27, 2006, the town of Yokoshiba merged with Hikari from Sōsa District to form the new town of Yokoshibahikari in Sanbu District.","title":"Mergers"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of Sanbu District in Chiba Prefecture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sanbu_District_in_Chiba_Prefecture.svg/220px-Sanbu_District_in_Chiba_Prefecture.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"山武郡\" [Sanbu District]. Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 173191044. dlc 2009238904. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"山武郡\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173191044","url_text":"173191044"},{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ishii, Sōseki, ed. (May 2012). 平成25年１月１日 大網白里市誕生に向けて [Toward the formation of the city of Ōamishirasato on Jan. 1, 2013] (PDF). Hōkoku Ōamishirasato (in Japanese) (541). Ōamishirasato-machi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan: Ōamishirasato-machi, Hissho Kōhōka, Kōhō Tōkeihan: 2. Retrieved May 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.town.oamishirasato.chiba.jp/cmsfiles/contents/0000002/2886/p02.pdf","url_text":"平成25年１月１日 大網白里市誕生に向けて"}]},{"reference":"Yoshimura, Kenji (March 2, 2012). 大網白里町:名称「大網白里市」に来年１月 [Town of Ōamishirasato will be named \"City of Ōamishirasato\" in January 2013]. Mainichi Shinbun (in Japanese). Tokyo: Mainichi Newspapers. OCLC 10684368. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved May 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120710125425/http://mainichi.jp/area/chiba/news/20120302ddlk12010092000c.html","url_text":"大網白里町:名称「大網白里市」に来年１月"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10684368","url_text":"10684368"},{"url":"http://mainichi.jp/area/chiba/news/20120302ddlk12010092000c.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"新市へ５８年の歴史に幕 大網白里町で閉町式 [After 58 Years, a New City: a Ceremony for the Closing of the Town of Ōamishirasato]. Chiba Nippo (in Japanese). Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan: Chiba Nippo Co., Ltd. 2012-12-29. Retrieved 2012-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chibanippo.co.jp/c/news/local/116577","url_text":"新市へ５８年の歴史に幕 大網白里町で閉町式"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sanbu_District¶ms=35.638_N_140.514_E_type:landmark_source:itwiki","external_links_name":"35°38′17″N 140°30′50″E / 35.638°N 140.514°E / 35.638; 140.514"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","external_links_name":"\"山武郡\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173191044","external_links_name":"173191044"},{"Link":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.town.oamishirasato.chiba.jp/cmsfiles/contents/0000002/2886/p02.pdf","external_links_name":"平成25年１月１日 大網白里市誕生に向けて"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120710125425/http://mainichi.jp/area/chiba/news/20120302ddlk12010092000c.html","external_links_name":"大網白里町:名称「大網白里市」に来年１月"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10684368","external_links_name":"10684368"},{"Link":"http://mainichi.jp/area/chiba/news/20120302ddlk12010092000c.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chibanippo.co.jp/c/news/local/116577","external_links_name":"新市へ５８年の歴史に幕 大網白里町で閉町式"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sanbu_District¶ms=35.638_N_140.514_E_type:landmark_source:itwiki","external_links_name":"35°38′17″N 140°30′50″E / 35.638°N 140.514°E / 35.638; 140.514"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/257267619","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXpcdhFRpXbB3CDK3mh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00635781","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanbu_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_CP-140A_Arcturus | Lockheed CP-140 Aurora | ["1 Design and development","1.1 Aurora Incremental Modernization Project","1.2 Aurora Structural Life Extension Program","2 Operational history","2.1 CP-140 Aurora","2.2 CP-140A Arcturus","2.3 Replacement","3 Operators","4 Aircraft on display","5 Specifications (CP-140)","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Canadian maritime patrol aircraft
Not to be confused with Aurora (aircraft).
CP-140 Aurora CP-140A Arcturus
CP-140 Aurora 140107 flying at John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport near Mount Hope, Ontario
Role
Maritime patrol aircraft (CP-140) MPA trainer aircraft (CP-140A)Type of aircraft
Manufacturer
Lockheed Corporation
First flight
22 March 1979
Introduction
1980
Retired
2011 (CP-140A only)
Status
Active (CP-140M only)
Primary user
Royal Canadian Air Force
Number built
21 (18 CP-140M + 3 CP-140A)
Developed from
Lockheed P-3 Orion
The Lockheed CP-140 Aurora is a maritime patrol aircraft operated by the Royal Canadian Air Force. The aircraft is based on the Lockheed P-3 Orion airframe, but mounts the electronics suite of the Lockheed S-3 Viking. "Aurora" refers to the Roman goddess of dawn who flies across the sky each morning ahead of the sun. Aurora also refers to the Aurora Borealis, the "northern lights", that are prominent over northern Canada and the Arctic Ocean.
The CP-140A Arcturus was a related variant used primarily for pilot training and coastal surface patrol missions.
Design and development
The CP-140 Aurora is very similar externally to the Lockheed P-3C Orion (Canadian ESM wingtip pods instead of the American ESM wing pod), but is different internally, using two sets of mission systems that were first installed in yet another Lockheed anti-submarine warfare aircraft, the carrier-based S-3A Viking. The aircraft's sensors are primarily intended for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) work but are also capable of maritime surveillance, counter-drug and search-and-rescue missions. The CP-140 is Canada's only strategic Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) aircraft, conducting long range missions over land, water and littoral areas. These missions are flown in support of Canadian Joint Operations Command, the RCMP, and several other federal government departments.
In 1991, Lockheed shut down its production lines in Burbank, California, for the P-3 Orion, which shares the same airframe with the CP-140. Three surplus airframes on hand were purchased by the Air Command, but delivered without the anti-submarine fit. These three aircraft were designated the CP-140A Arcturus and were used primarily for pilot training and coastal surface patrol missions.
Aurora Incremental Modernization Project
CP-140 Aurora 140105 departing from London International Airport near London, Ontario, in 2004
The Aurora Incremental Modernization Project (AIMP), initiated in 1998 to upgrade electronics of the Aurora fleet was halted by the government on 20 September 2007 to evaluate whether the aging fleet should continue to be upgraded or replaced by more modern aircraft. On 18 December 2007 the Department of National Defence rescinded this work suspension so that the project could continue. Work includes upgrading computer, navigation, communication and radar systems as well as making structural improvements to ten of eighteen aircraft. The intent of the modernization project is to "keep the aircraft safe and operationally viable until 2020".
AIMP is currently divided into four "blocks". Block I is complete and concentrated on the replacement of unsupportable systems. Block II brought a glass cockpit with the Navigation and Flight Instruments (NFI) component provided by CMC Electronics, and a complete replacement of the communications suite. Block III is currently in progress, and is a wholesale replacement of the aircraft's sensors and mission computer. Block IV will consist of further upgrades to the tactical compartment and mission systems.
Once AIMP was completed the CP-140 was designated as CP-140M.
Aurora Structural Life Extension Program
The Aurora Structural Life Extension Project (ASLEP) is proceeding with 14 of the 18 Auroras scheduled to receive new wings and the replacement of key structural components. The complete ASLEP solution replaces the aircraft's outer wings, centre wing lower section and horizontal stabilizers with new production components. All fatigue-life limiting structures on the aircraft are replaced with enhanced-design components and improved corrosion-resistant materials that will greatly reduce maintenance costs over the aircraft's service life. This program is expected to extend the CP140s' service life by 15,000 flight hours per airframe.
Operational history
CP-140 Aurora
CP-140s and South Korean P-3s at Kaneohe Marine Corps Base in Hawaii
The Aurora was acquired in the early 1980s to replace the CP-107 Argus and to further support Canada's anti-submarine warfare mission obligations under NATO for the northwest Atlantic sector. Short deployments to Alaska (Adak), Hawaii (Kaneohe Bay), Iceland (Keflavik), the UK (St Mawgan and Kinloss), and Norway (Andoya) were the norm. However, since the end of the Cold War, they have been used primarily in coastal surveillance and sovereignty patrols by providing an all-weather mission surveillance platform. Increasingly, as the CP-140 moves into the 21st century, it is employed for domestic and international surveillance by CANCOM for security, counter-terrorism and smuggling, as well as to monitor foreign fishing fleets off Canada's coasts. CP-140s have also been deployed on operations such as Operation Assistance and Operation Apollo.
Deployments have included OP SHARPGUARD (Yugoslavia blockade), OP SIRIUS (Mediterranean Patrols), OP APOLLO (Persian Gulf region), and counter-narcotics patrols in the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific. Through all this, patrols of the Canadian Arctic continue to take advantage of the airframe's unique abilities.
In 2011 and 2012, CP-140 aircraft performed maritime patrol missions in the Libyan waters to help in the enforcement of the no-fly zone over Libya under Operation Odyssey Dawn and Operation Unified Protector.
As of January 2017, two CP-140s were conducting overland surveillance missions against ISIL as part of Operation Impact. However one aircraft was withdrawn in May 2017.
From October 2018, due to support the implementation of United Nations Security Council sanctions imposed against North Korea, Canadian Armed Forces deploy periodically a Canadian frigate and/or a CP-140 Aurora on Operation Neon. In June 2022 it was reported that Chinese jets had repeatedly intercepted the Aurora in a manner which the Canada military said failed to adhere to international air safety norms. Some of these intercepts forced the Aurora to change its flight path to avoid collision with the intercepting aircraft. Canadian government officials said the incidents were happening with increasing frequency and that they had lodged protests on multiple occasions with their Chinese counterparts, although an article by Global News said that China is not believed to have responded to the reprimands as the interceptions had not stopped continuing. On October 16, 2023, during a Canadian reconnaissance flight over international waters as part of a United Nations resolution to stop illegal oil shipments to North Korea, Chinese fighter jets intercepted the Aurora for multiple hours over the course of the Aurora's flight. One of the fighter jets behaved in an "aggressive manner" by flying back and forth in close proximity and flying with the Canadian plane within its blind spot, and firing off flares from near the front of the plane.
In February 2023, as a result of recent violence and unrest, a CP-140 was deployed to Haiti to help "disrupt the activities of gangs" by providing surveillance and intelligence. Separately, a CP-140 collaborated with USAF F-22 Raptors to intercept and down an unidentified object over Yukon Territory.
CP-140A Arcturus
A CP-140A Arcturus 140120 at Downsview Airport in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2008
Lacking the expensive, heavy and sensitive anti-submarine warfare as well as the anti-surface warfare fittings of the CP-140 Aurora, the Arcturus was more fuel efficient and was used for crew training duties (such as touch-and-go landing practice), general maritime surface reconnaissance (detecting drug operations, smuggling of illegal immigrants, fisheries protection patrols, pollution monitoring, etc.), search-and-rescue assistance and Arctic sovereignty patrols. The Arcturus did possess a superior AN/APS-507 surface search radar, incorporating modern functions such as track-while-scan that the Aurora's AN/APS-506 radar lacks but the Arcturus did not have an integrated mission computer, or mission systems. It did, however, maintain the same military communications suite as the CP-140 Aurora.
All three aircraft were based at 14 Wing. Upon retirement from flying operations, one was used for technician training with 404 Long Range Patrol and Training Squadron on base CFB Greenwood, Nova Scotia, before being moved to the Greenwood Military Aviation Museum on base. The last two of the CP-140As were retired in 2011 when they were delivered to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (AMARG) in Tucson, Arizona.
Replacement
Several options had been suggested for a CP-140M replacement. These included the Boeing P-8 Poseidon and the Raytheon Sentinel, based on the Bombardier Global Express-6500, as well as late entrant PAL Aerospace Global Express 6500-based P-6.
The RCAF had planned to downsize the fleet from 18 to 14 aircraft, with three already being withdrawn and a fourth test aircraft to be retired in the near future. The retirement of the CP-140 was originally expected around 2030, and could have resulted in a capability gap as the RCAF did not anticipate replacements to be delivered until 2032 to 2038. The RCAF's Weapon System Manager (WSM) had prepared plans to have the CP-140M operational until 2035 to 2040.
On March 28, 2023, the Government of Canada sent a Letter of Request to the US's Foreign Military Sales program to approve the purchase 16 P-8A to replace the current CP-140 fleet, but it did not indicate any timeline for delivery. On June 27, 2023, the US Congress approved the LOR for the Canada to acquire the P-8.
On November 30, 2023, Minister of National Defence Bill Blair announced the acquisition of 16 P-8A Poseidon aircraft for the Royal Canadian Air Force. This acquisition is initially set for 14 aircraft, with an option of 2 additional aircraft. It is anticipated by the Department of National Defence that the first aircraft will be delivered in 2026, with full operational capacity by 2033.
Operators
Canada
Royal Canadian Air Force
404 Long Range Patrol and Training Squadron, CFB Greenwood, Nova Scotia
4 × CP-140M Aurora
405 Long Range Patrol Squadron, CFB Greenwood, Nova Scotia
11 × CP-140M Aurora and 1 × CP-140 Aurora to be retained as a test aircraft until retirement in the near future.
415 Long Range Patrol Force Development Squadron, CFB Greenwood, Nova Scotia
407 Long Range Patrol Squadron, CFB Comox, British Columbia
3 × CP-140M Aurora
Aircraft on display
CP-140107 Comox Air Force Museum.
CP-140119 Greenwood Military Aviation Museum (This airframe is the sole CP-140A Arcturus on display).
CP-140120 National Air Force Museum of Canada.
Specifications (CP-140)
Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1981-82General characteristics
Crew: Mission minimum 8, typically 12 to 15
Length: 116 ft 10 in (35.61 m)
Wingspan: 99 ft 8 in (30.38 m)
Height: 33 ft 8.5 in (10.274 m)
Wing area: 1,300 sq ft (120 m2)
Aspect ratio: 7.5
Airfoil: root: NACA 0014 (modified); tip: NACA 0012 (modified)
Gross weight: 61,362 lb (27,833 kg)
Fuel capacity: 7,661 imp gal (9,200 US gal; 34,828 L) usable fuel in one fuselage tank and four wing integral tanks
Powerplant: 4 × Allison T56-A-14-LFE turboprop engines, 4,909 hp (3,661 kW) each
Propellers: 4-bladed Hamilton Standard 54H60, 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m) diameter constant-speed fully-feathering reversible-pitch propellers
Performance
Maximum speed: 375 kn (432 mph, 694 km/h) below cruise ceiling
Maximum transit speed: 395 kn (455 mph; 732 km/h) at optimum altitude
Range: 5,000 nmi (5,800 mi, 9,300 km)
Endurance: 8 hours 12 minutes on station at 1,000 nmi (1,151 mi; 1,852 km) radius
Service ceiling: 35,100 ft (10,700 m)
FAR balanced field length: 7,900 ft (2,408 m)
Take-off distance to 50 ft (15 m): 6,000 ft (1,829 m)
Landing distance from 50 ft (15 m): 3,200 ft (975 m) at 114,000 lb (51,710 kg) landing weight
Armament
Hardpoints: 8 in weapons bay; 10 under-wing from 611 to 2,450 lb (277 to 1,111 kg) capacity with a capacity of 4,800 lb (2,177 kg) total in weapons bay, with provisions to carry combinations of:
Other: signal chargers, smoke markers, illumination flares
Rockets: air-to-surface rockets can be fitted after a minor retrofit.
Bombs: Mk 46 Mod V torpedoes, conventional bombs
Avionics
Univac AN/AYK-502 nav/attack computer
Digital magnetic tape units and video recorders
AN/APS-116 search radar
OR-5004/AA (modified) FLIR
AN/ASN505 dual INS
AN/APN-510 Doppler
AN/ARN-511 Omega nav system
HF/UHF/VHF comms
Airways nav aids
AN/ASW-502 AFCS
AN/ASQ-502 MAD
KA-501A day/night camera with night illuminator
Sonobuoys
Wescam MX-20 Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) suite
Electronic Support Measures (ESM)
Applanix DSS-439 Digital Mapping Camera (DSS)
hand-held digital camera
gyro-stabilized binoculars
3 AN/ARC-210 V/UHF Radios
1 AN/ARC-234 V/UHF SATCOM Radio.
See also
Aviation portalCanada portal
Related development
Lockheed L-188 Electra
Lockheed P-3 Orion
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Avro Shackleton
Breguet Atlantique
Canadair CP-107 Argus
Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod
Ilyushin Il-38
Tupolev Tu-95
Related lists
List of active Canadian military aircraft
List of Lockheed aircraft
References
Notes
^ Myths Encyclopedia Retrieved 26 May 2015
^ "Lockheed CP-140 Aurora." rcaf.com. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
^ "Ottawa halts $1.6B upgrade of patrol aircraft." CBC.ca. Retrieved: 18 August 2010.
^ "CP-140 Aurora Modernization." Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine Canadian Naval Review. Retrieved: 18 August 2010.
^ "Current Major Crown Projects." ic.gc.ca. Retrieved: 18 August 2010.
^ "Aurora." casr.ca. Retrieved: 18 August 2010.
^ Donald 1997, p. 118.
^ "CP-140 Aurora." airforce.forces.gc.ca. Retrieved: 18 August 2010.
^ "What we do: In Canada." Archived 2010-12-05 at the Wayback Machine airforce.forces.gc.ca. Retrieved: 18 August 2010.
^ "Canadian Forces Deploy Maritime Patrol Aircraft In Response To Situation In Libya." Archived 2012-09-22 at the Wayback Machine Canadian Forces website, 25 March 2011.
^ "Operation IMPACT" Retrieved: 08 Jan 2017
^ "Operation NEON" Retrieved :07 Aug 2019
^ "Canada alarmed as Chinese fighter pilots 'buzz' Canadian planes over international waters". Global News.
^ "Canada says Chinese warplanes harassed its patrol aircraft on N.Korea sanctions mission". Reuters. 2 June 2022.
^ "Canada says Chinese warplanes harassed its patrol aircraft on N.Korea sanctions mission". Reuters. 2 June 2022.
^ "Canada alarmed as Chinese fighter pilots 'buzz' Canadian planes over international waters". Global News.
^ "Chinese military jet intercepts Canadian Forces plane in 'aggressive manner' - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
^ "Canada sends military aircraft into Haiti's skies as gang violence escalates". CTV News. 5 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
^ "US stealth fighter shoots down unidentified object over Canada". Sky News. 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
^ Nicholson, Pete (Sergeant). "The Final Flight of CP140/A AC120 to Tucson, Arizona." Archived 2011-03-17 at the Wayback Machine aviation.ca, 12 March 2011. Retrieved: 20 March 2011.
^
"Background – Aurora Alternatives – Boeing P-8A Poseidon Project". Canadian American Strategic Review. 29 April 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
^
"Background – Aurora Alternatives — Global Express / R1 Sentinel". Canadian American Strategic Review. 29 April 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
^ "PAL's Global 6500-based Maritime Patroller Emerges | AIN".
^ "Canadian Multi-Mission Aircraft - Defence Capabilities Blueprint". 30 May 2018.
^ "The Lockheed CP-140M 'Aurora', Canada's Current Long Range Patrol Fleet". 23 February 2021.
^ "Canada selects Poseidon as CP-140 replacement - Australian Defence Magazine".
^ "Canada – P-8A Aircraft | Defense Security Cooperation Agency".
^ Defence, National (30 November 2023). "Canada purchasing up to 16 P-8A Poseidon Multi Mission Aircraft for the Royal Canadian Air Force". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
^ "Aurora – National Air Force Museum of Canada".
^ http://www.gmam.ca/arcturus.html
^ "Arcturus".
^ https://comoxairforcemuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/Guide-to-the-Aircraft-of-CAFM-Heritage-Air-Park.pdf
^ Taylor, John W.R., ed. (1981). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1981-82 (72nd ed.). London: Jane's Publishing Co. pp. 390–393. ISBN 978-0710607294.
Bibliography
Donald, David. The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario: Prospero Books, 1997. ISBN 1-85605-375-X.
Pickler, Ron and Milberry, Larry. Canadair: The First 50 Years. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1995. ISBN 0-921022-07-7.
Winchester, Jim, ed. "Lockheed CP-140 Aurora." Modern Military Aircraft (Aviation Factfile). Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-640-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lockheed CP-140 Aurora/CP-140A Arcturus.
Canada's Air Force: CP-140 Aurora
Canada's Air Force: CP-140A Arcturus
vteLockheed and Lockheed Martin aircraft and spacecraftTransportsVega family
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1 Not assigned
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1 Not assigned
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurora (aircraft)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"maritime patrol aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrol_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Lockheed P-3 Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion"},{"link_name":"Lockheed S-3 Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_S-3_Viking"},{"link_name":"\"Aurora\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aurora Borealis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Borealis"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Aurora (aircraft).The Lockheed CP-140 Aurora is a maritime patrol aircraft operated by the Royal Canadian Air Force. The aircraft is based on the Lockheed P-3 Orion airframe, but mounts the electronics suite of the Lockheed S-3 Viking. \"Aurora\" refers to the Roman goddess of dawn who flies across the sky each morning ahead of the sun.[1] Aurora also refers to the Aurora Borealis, the \"northern lights\", that are prominent over northern Canada and the Arctic Ocean.The CP-140A Arcturus was a related variant used primarily for pilot training and coastal surface patrol missions.","title":"Lockheed CP-140 Aurora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-submarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral"},{"link_name":"Canadian Joint Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Joint_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"RCMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Lockheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The CP-140 Aurora is very similar externally to the Lockheed P-3C Orion (Canadian ESM wingtip pods instead of the American ESM wing pod), but is different internally, using two sets of mission systems that were first installed in yet another Lockheed anti-submarine warfare aircraft, the carrier-based S-3A Viking. The aircraft's sensors are primarily intended for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) work but are also capable of maritime surveillance, counter-drug and search-and-rescue missions. The CP-140 is Canada's only strategic Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) aircraft, conducting long range missions over land, water and littoral areas. These missions are flown in support of Canadian Joint Operations Command, the RCMP, and several other federal government departments.In 1991, Lockheed shut down its production lines in Burbank, California, for the P-3 Orion, which shares the same airframe with the CP-140. Three surplus airframes on hand were purchased by the Air Command, but delivered without the anti-submarine fit. These three aircraft were designated the CP-140A Arcturus and were used primarily for pilot training and coastal surface patrol missions.[2]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lockheed_CP-140_Aurora,_Canada_-_Air_Force_AN0618827.jpg"},{"link_name":"London International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Department of National Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CMC Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMC_Electronics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Aurora Incremental Modernization Project","text":"CP-140 Aurora 140105 departing from London International Airport near London, Ontario, in 2004The Aurora Incremental Modernization Project (AIMP), initiated in 1998 to upgrade electronics of the Aurora fleet was halted by the government on 20 September 2007 to evaluate whether the aging fleet should continue to be upgraded or replaced by more modern aircraft.[3] On 18 December 2007 the Department of National Defence rescinded this work suspension so that the project could continue. Work includes upgrading computer, navigation, communication and radar systems as well as making structural improvements to ten of eighteen aircraft. The intent of the modernization project is to \"keep the aircraft safe and operationally viable until 2020\".[4]AIMP is currently divided into four \"blocks\". Block I is complete and concentrated on the replacement of unsupportable systems. Block II brought a glass cockpit with the Navigation and Flight Instruments (NFI) component provided by CMC Electronics,[5] and a complete replacement of the communications suite. Block III is currently in progress, and is a wholesale replacement of the aircraft's sensors and mission computer. Block IV will consist of further upgrades to the tactical compartment and mission systems.[needs update]Once AIMP was completed the CP-140 was designated as CP-140M.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Aurora Structural Life Extension Program","text":"The Aurora Structural Life Extension Project (ASLEP) is proceeding with 14 of the 18 Auroras scheduled to receive new wings and the replacement of key structural components. The complete ASLEP solution replaces the aircraft's outer wings, centre wing lower section and horizontal stabilizers with new production components. All fatigue-life limiting structures on the aircraft are replaced with enhanced-design components and improved corrosion-resistant materials that will greatly reduce maintenance costs over the aircraft's service life. This program is expected to extend the CP140s' service life by 15,000 flight hours per airframe.[6]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaneohe_ROK_and_Canadian_P-3s.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Kaneohe Marine Corps Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"CP-107 Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-107_Argus"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Operation Assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Assistance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Operation Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Apollo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CP-140_Aurora-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Operation Odyssey Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Operation Unified Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Operation Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Impact"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"recent violence and unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%932023_Haitian_crisis"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"CP-140 Aurora","text":"CP-140s and South Korean P-3s at Kaneohe Marine Corps Base in HawaiiThe Aurora was acquired in the early 1980s to replace the CP-107 Argus and to further support Canada's anti-submarine warfare mission obligations under NATO for the northwest Atlantic sector.[7] Short deployments to Alaska (Adak), Hawaii (Kaneohe Bay), Iceland (Keflavik), the UK (St Mawgan and Kinloss), and Norway (Andoya) were the norm. However, since the end of the Cold War, they have been used primarily in coastal surveillance and sovereignty patrols by providing an all-weather mission surveillance platform. Increasingly, as the CP-140 moves into the 21st century, it is employed for domestic and international surveillance by CANCOM for security, counter-terrorism and smuggling, as well as to monitor foreign fishing fleets off Canada's coasts. CP-140s have also been deployed on operations such as Operation Assistance and Operation Apollo.Deployments have included OP SHARPGUARD (Yugoslavia blockade), OP SIRIUS (Mediterranean Patrols), OP APOLLO (Persian Gulf region), and counter-narcotics patrols in the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific.[8] Through all this, patrols of the Canadian Arctic continue to take advantage of the airframe's unique abilities.[9]In 2011 and 2012, CP-140 aircraft performed maritime patrol missions in the Libyan waters to help in the enforcement of the no-fly zone over Libya under Operation Odyssey Dawn and Operation Unified Protector.[10]As of January 2017, two CP-140s were conducting overland surveillance missions against ISIL as part of Operation Impact. However one aircraft was withdrawn in May 2017.[11]From October 2018, due to support the implementation of United Nations Security Council sanctions imposed against North Korea, Canadian Armed Forces deploy periodically a Canadian frigate and/or a CP-140 Aurora on Operation Neon.[12] In June 2022 it was reported that Chinese jets had repeatedly intercepted the Aurora in a manner which the Canada military said failed to adhere to international air safety norms.[13][14] Some of these intercepts forced the Aurora to change its flight path to avoid collision with the intercepting aircraft.[15] Canadian government officials said the incidents were happening with increasing frequency and that they had lodged protests on multiple occasions with their Chinese counterparts, although an article by Global News said that China is not believed to have responded to the reprimands as the interceptions had not stopped continuing.[16] On October 16, 2023, during a Canadian reconnaissance flight over international waters as part of a United Nations resolution to stop illegal oil shipments to North Korea, Chinese fighter jets intercepted the Aurora for multiple hours over the course of the Aurora's flight. One of the fighter jets behaved in an \"aggressive manner\" by flying back and forth in close proximity and flying with the Canadian plane within its blind spot, and firing off flares from near the front of the plane.[17]In February 2023, as a result of recent violence and unrest, a CP-140 was deployed to Haiti to help \"disrupt the activities of gangs\" by providing surveillance and intelligence.[18] Separately, a CP-140 collaborated with USAF F-22 Raptors to intercept and down an unidentified object over Yukon Territory.[19]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CP-140A_Arcturus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Downsview Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downsview_Airport"},{"link_name":"Toronto, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"search-and-rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search-and-rescue"},{"link_name":"track-while-scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track-while-scan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"404 Long Range Patrol and Training Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._404_Squadron_RCAF"},{"link_name":"CFB Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Military Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Military_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (AMARG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/309th_Aerospace_Maintenance_and_Regeneration_Group"},{"link_name":"Tucson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"CP-140A Arcturus","text":"A CP-140A Arcturus 140120 at Downsview Airport in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2008Lacking the expensive, heavy and sensitive anti-submarine warfare as well as the anti-surface warfare fittings of the CP-140 Aurora, the Arcturus was more fuel efficient and was used for crew training duties (such as touch-and-go landing practice), general maritime surface reconnaissance (detecting drug operations, smuggling of illegal immigrants, fisheries protection patrols, pollution monitoring, etc.), search-and-rescue assistance and Arctic sovereignty patrols. The Arcturus did possess a superior AN/APS-507 surface search radar, incorporating modern functions such as track-while-scan that the Aurora's AN/APS-506 radar lacks but the Arcturus did not have an integrated mission computer, or mission systems. It did, however, maintain the same military communications suite as the CP-140 Aurora.[citation needed]All three aircraft were based at 14 Wing. Upon retirement from flying operations, one was used for technician training with 404 Long Range Patrol and Training Squadron on base CFB Greenwood, Nova Scotia, before being moved to the Greenwood Military Aviation Museum on base. The last two of the CP-140As were retired in 2011 when they were delivered to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (AMARG) in Tucson, Arizona.[20]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing P-8 Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Raytheon Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bombardier Global Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Global_Express"},{"link_name":"PAL Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Foreign Military Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Military_Sales"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Replacement","text":"Several options had been suggested for a CP-140M replacement. These included the Boeing P-8 Poseidon and the Raytheon Sentinel,[21][22] based on the Bombardier Global Express-6500, as well as late entrant PAL Aerospace Global Express 6500-based P-6.[23]The RCAF had planned to downsize the fleet from 18 to 14 aircraft, with three already being withdrawn and a fourth test aircraft to be retired in the near future. The retirement of the CP-140 was originally expected around 2030, and could have resulted in a capability gap as the RCAF did not anticipate replacements to be delivered until 2032 to 2038.[24] The RCAF's Weapon System Manager (WSM) had prepared plans to have the CP-140M operational until 2035 to 2040.[25]On March 28, 2023, the Government of Canada sent a Letter of Request to the US's Foreign Military Sales program to approve the purchase 16 P-8A to replace the current CP-140 fleet, but it did not indicate any timeline for delivery.[26] On June 27, 2023, the US Congress approved the LOR for the Canada to acquire the P-8.[27]On November 30, 2023, Minister of National Defence Bill Blair announced the acquisition of 16 P-8A Poseidon aircraft for the Royal Canadian Air Force. This acquisition is initially set for 14 aircraft, with an option of 2 additional aircraft. It is anticipated by the Department of National Defence that the first aircraft will be delivered in 2026, with full operational capacity by 2033.[28]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"404 Long Range Patrol and Training Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._404_Squadron_RCAF"},{"link_name":"CFB Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"405 Long Range Patrol Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._405_Squadron_RCAF"},{"link_name":"CFB Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"415 Long Range Patrol Force Development Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._415_Squadron_RCAF"},{"link_name":"CFB Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"407 Long Range Patrol Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._407_Squadron_RCAF"},{"link_name":"CFB Comox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Comox"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"}],"text":"CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force\n404 Long Range Patrol and Training Squadron, CFB Greenwood, Nova Scotia\n4 × CP-140M Aurora\n405 Long Range Patrol Squadron, CFB Greenwood, Nova Scotia\n11 × CP-140M Aurora and 1 × CP-140 Aurora to be retained as a test aircraft until retirement in the near future.\n415 Long Range Patrol Force Development Squadron, CFB Greenwood, Nova Scotia\n407 Long Range Patrol Squadron, CFB Comox, British Columbia\n3 × CP-140M Aurora","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comox Air Force Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comox_Air_Force_Museum"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Military Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Military_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"National Air Force Museum of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_Force_Museum_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"CP-140107 Comox Air Force Museum.[29]\nCP-140119[30] Greenwood Military Aviation Museum (This airframe is the sole CP-140A Arcturus on display).[31]\nCP-140120 National Air Force Museum of Canada.[32]","title":"Aircraft on display"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA1981-82-33"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 0014 (modified)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 0012 (modified)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Allison T56-A-14-LFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_T56-A-14-LFE"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Standard"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"smoke markers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_grenade"},{"link_name":"illumination flares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)"},{"link_name":"Mk 46 Mod V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_46_torpedo"},{"link_name":"conventional bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_bomb"},{"link_name":"Sonobuoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonobuoy"},{"link_name":"Electronic Support Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Support_Measures"},{"link_name":"AN/ARC-210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/ARC-210"},{"link_name":"AN/ARC-234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AN/ARC-234&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1981-82[33]General characteristicsCrew: Mission minimum 8, typically 12 to 15\nLength: 116 ft 10 in (35.61 m)\nWingspan: 99 ft 8 in (30.38 m)\nHeight: 33 ft 8.5 in (10.274 m)\nWing area: 1,300 sq ft (120 m2)\nAspect ratio: 7.5\nAirfoil: root: NACA 0014 (modified); tip: NACA 0012 (modified)\nGross weight: 61,362 lb (27,833 kg) [citation needed]\nFuel capacity: 7,661 imp gal (9,200 US gal; 34,828 L) usable fuel in one fuselage tank and four wing integral tanks\nPowerplant: 4 × Allison T56-A-14-LFE turboprop engines, 4,909 hp (3,661 kW) each\nPropellers: 4-bladed Hamilton Standard 54H60, 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m) diameter constant-speed fully-feathering reversible-pitch propellersPerformanceMaximum speed: 375 kn (432 mph, 694 km/h) below cruise ceiling\nMaximum transit speed: 395 kn (455 mph; 732 km/h) at optimum altitude\nRange: 5,000 nmi (5,800 mi, 9,300 km) [citation needed]\nEndurance: 8 hours 12 minutes on station at 1,000 nmi (1,151 mi; 1,852 km) radius\nService ceiling: 35,100 ft (10,700 m) [citation needed]\nFAR balanced field length: 7,900 ft (2,408 m)\nTake-off distance to 50 ft (15 m): 6,000 ft (1,829 m)\nLanding distance from 50 ft (15 m): 3,200 ft (975 m) at 114,000 lb (51,710 kg) landing weightArmamentHardpoints: 8 in weapons bay; 10 under-wing from 611 to 2,450 lb (277 to 1,111 kg) capacity with a capacity of 4,800 lb (2,177 kg) total in weapons bay, with provisions to carry combinations of:\nOther: signal chargers, smoke markers, illumination flares\nRockets: air-to-surface rockets can be fitted after a minor retrofit.\nBombs: Mk 46 Mod V torpedoes, conventional bombsAvionicsUnivac AN/AYK-502 nav/attack computer\nDigital magnetic tape units and video recorders\nAN/APS-116 search radar\nOR-5004/AA (modified) FLIR\nAN/ASN505 dual INS\nAN/APN-510 Doppler\nAN/ARN-511 Omega nav system\nHF/UHF/VHF comms\nAirways nav aids\nAN/ASW-502 AFCS\nAN/ASQ-502 MAD\nKA-501A day/night camera with night illuminator\nSonobuoys\nWescam MX-20 Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) suite\nElectronic Support Measures (ESM)\nApplanix DSS-439 Digital Mapping Camera (DSS)\nhand-held digital camera\ngyro-stabilized binoculars\n3 AN/ARC-210 V/UHF Radios\n1 AN/ARC-234 V/UHF SATCOM Radio.","title":"Specifications (CP-140)"}] | [{"image_text":"CP-140 Aurora 140105 departing from London International Airport near London, Ontario, in 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lockheed_CP-140_Aurora%2C_Canada_-_Air_Force_AN0618827.jpg/220px-Lockheed_CP-140_Aurora%2C_Canada_-_Air_Force_AN0618827.jpg"},{"image_text":"CP-140s and South Korean P-3s at Kaneohe Marine Corps Base in Hawaii","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kaneohe_ROK_and_Canadian_P-3s.jpg/220px-Kaneohe_ROK_and_Canadian_P-3s.jpg"},{"image_text":"A CP-140A Arcturus 140120 at Downsview Airport in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/CP-140A_Arcturus.jpg/220px-CP-140A_Arcturus.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Canada portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada"},{"title":"Lockheed L-188 Electra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra"},{"title":"Lockheed P-3 Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion"},{"title":"Avro Shackleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Shackleton"},{"title":"Breguet Atlantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breguet_Atlantique"},{"title":"Canadair CP-107 Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CP-107_Argus"},{"title":"Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker-Siddeley_Nimrod"},{"title":"Ilyushin Il-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-38"},{"title":"Tupolev Tu-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95"},{"title":"List of active Canadian military aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_Canadian_military_aircraft"},{"title":"List of Lockheed aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lockheed_aircraft"}] | [{"reference":"\"Canada alarmed as Chinese fighter pilots 'buzz' Canadian planes over international waters\". Global News.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/8885980/canada-china-pilots-buzz-planes-asia","url_text":"\"Canada alarmed as Chinese fighter pilots 'buzz' Canadian planes over international waters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada says Chinese warplanes harassed its patrol aircraft on N.Korea sanctions mission\". Reuters. 2 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/canada-says-chinese-warplanes-harassed-its-patrol-aircraft-nkorea-sanctions-2022-06-02","url_text":"\"Canada says Chinese warplanes harassed its patrol aircraft on N.Korea sanctions mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada says Chinese warplanes harassed its patrol aircraft on N.Korea sanctions mission\". Reuters. 2 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/canada-says-chinese-warplanes-harassed-its-patrol-aircraft-nkorea-sanctions-2022-06-02","url_text":"\"Canada says Chinese warplanes harassed its patrol aircraft on N.Korea sanctions mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada alarmed as Chinese fighter pilots 'buzz' Canadian planes over international waters\". Global News.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/8885980/canada-china-pilots-buzz-planes-asia","url_text":"\"Canada alarmed as Chinese fighter pilots 'buzz' Canadian planes over international waters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese military jet intercepts Canadian Forces plane in 'aggressive manner' - National | Globalnews.ca\". Global News. Retrieved 16 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/10027324/chinese-military-aircraft-intercept-canadian-forces/","url_text":"\"Chinese military jet intercepts Canadian Forces plane in 'aggressive manner' - National | Globalnews.ca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada sends military aircraft into Haiti's skies as gang violence escalates\". CTV News. 5 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-sends-military-aircraft-into-haiti-s-skies-as-gang-violence-escalates-1.6260765","url_text":"\"Canada sends military aircraft into Haiti's skies as gang violence escalates\""}]},{"reference":"\"US stealth fighter shoots down unidentified object over Canada\". Sky News. 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/trudeau-orders-take-down-of-unidentified-object-in-canadian-airspace-12809002","url_text":"\"US stealth fighter shoots down unidentified object over Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Background – Aurora Alternatives – Boeing P-8A Poseidon Project\". Canadian American Strategic Review. 29 April 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100524005715/http://www.casr.ca/bg-cp140-replacement-p8.htm","url_text":"\"Background – Aurora Alternatives – Boeing P-8A Poseidon Project\""},{"url":"http://www.casr.ca/bg-cp140-replacement-p8.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Background – Aurora Alternatives — Global Express / R1 Sentinel\". Canadian American Strategic Review. 29 April 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110610152254/http://www.casr.ca/bg-cp140-replacement-sentinel.htm","url_text":"\"Background – Aurora Alternatives — Global Express / R1 Sentinel\""},{"url":"http://www.casr.ca/bg-cp140-replacement-sentinel.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PAL's Global 6500-based Maritime Patroller Emerges | AIN\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2023-02-28/pals-global-6500-based-maritime-patroller-emerges","url_text":"\"PAL's Global 6500-based Maritime Patroller Emerges | AIN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Multi-Mission Aircraft - Defence Capabilities Blueprint\". 30 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://dgpaapp.forces.gc.ca/en/defence-capabilities-blueprint/project-details.asp?id=975","url_text":"\"Canadian Multi-Mission Aircraft - Defence Capabilities Blueprint\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lockheed CP-140M 'Aurora', Canada's Current Long Range Patrol Fleet\". 23 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vol21/no2/page26-eng.asp","url_text":"\"The Lockheed CP-140M 'Aurora', Canada's Current Long Range Patrol Fleet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada selects Poseidon as CP-140 replacement - Australian Defence Magazine\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.australiandefence.com.au/news/canada-selects-poseidon-as-cp-140-replacement#:~:text=The%20Canadian%20Government%20has%20selected,been%20in%20service%20since%201980","url_text":"\"Canada selects Poseidon as CP-140 replacement - Australian Defence Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada – P-8A Aircraft | Defense Security Cooperation Agency\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/canada-p-8a-aircraft","url_text":"\"Canada – P-8A Aircraft | Defense Security Cooperation Agency\""}]},{"reference":"Defence, National (30 November 2023). \"Canada purchasing up to 16 P-8A Poseidon Multi Mission Aircraft for the Royal Canadian Air Force\". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 30 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2023/11/canada-purchasing-up-to-16-p-8a-poseidon-multi-mission-aircraft-for-the-royal-canadian-air-force.html","url_text":"\"Canada purchasing up to 16 P-8A Poseidon Multi Mission Aircraft for the Royal Canadian Air Force\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aurora – National Air Force Museum of Canada\".","urls":[{"url":"http://airforcemuseum.ca/eng/?page_id=4811","url_text":"\"Aurora – National Air Force Museum of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arcturus\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmam.ca/arcturus.html","url_text":"\"Arcturus\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, John W.R., ed. (1981). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1981-82 (72nd ed.). London: Jane's Publishing Co. pp. 390–393. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_people | Tamang people | ["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Political participation","3 Culture","3.1 Festivals","4 Tamang people in Nepal","5 Surnames of families/clans in Tamang","6 Notable people","7 References","8 External links"] | Indigenous native of Nepal, Bhutan and India
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Ethnic group
Tamangརྟ་དམགतामाङTamang couple in traditional attireTotal populationc. 1.8 millionRegions with significant populations BhutanN/A Nepal1,639,866 India183,812West Bengal146,203 (2011)Sikkim37,609 (2011)LanguagesTamang, Nepali and TibetianReligionBuddhism (87%) Hinduism (9%) Christianity (3.00%), Related ethnic groupsTibetan people, Daman people, Qiang, Gurung, Sherpa, Bhotiya, Thakali
Tamang peopleTibetan nameTibetanརྟ་དམགTranscriptionsTibetan PinyinTamang
The Tamang (རྟ་དམག་; Devanagari: तामाङ; tāmāṅ), are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group of Nepal, Southern Bhutan and North India. In Nepal, Tamang people constituted 5.6% of the Nepalese population at over 1.3 million in 2001, increasing to 1,539,830 as of the 2011 census. The Tamang people are concentrated in the central hilly region and himalayan region of Nepal. Indian Tamangs are found in significant numbers in the state of Sikkim and the districts of Darjeeling and Kalimpong in West Bengal state. Bhutanese Tamangs are native to various districts in the southern foothills of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Such districts include the Tsirang District, the Dagana District, the Samtse District, the Chukha District, the Sarpang District and the Samdrup Jongkhar District. Tamang language is the fifth most-spoken language in Nepal. Tamang people have followed Buddhism for thousands of years.
Etymology
Tamang may have been derived from the Tibetan word Tamang, where Ta means "horse" and Mak means "warrior" in Tibetan. However, there are no written documentations of Horse Riders. Some scientific research claims the Tamangs have Pand Genetic roots with tibetan.
History
Historical accounts show that the Tamang ethnic group originated in Tibet. The word "Ta" in the Tibetan language means horse, and "Mang" means traders; hence, their original way of life evolved around horses and trade. The Tamangs, who have lived on hills outside the Kathmandu Valley to the southern slopes of Langtang, Ganesh, Jugal Himal and Rolwaling probably since prehistoric times, have been mentioned in various Nepalese and colonial historical records under a variety of names, such as Bhote, Lama, Murmi, Sain, some of which terms erroneously conflate the Tamangs with Uighurs. The Tibetans called them Rongpa.
Various Gorkha rulers led campaigns against the indigenous Tamangs. The Gorkha Vamsavali provides details of battles with the Bhotyas of a variety of principalities between 1806 and 1862. In 1739, a ruler named Ghale-Botya attacked Narabhupal Shah as he was marching towards Nuwakot, and Narabhupal Shah also fought several battles against Golma Ghale. In 1762, Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked the Tamangs in Temal, the Tamang cultural heartland. Tamang oral history says that the local chief, Rinjen Dorje, was killed by the Gorkhas. Gorkhali forces had hidden their weapons in the sand on the Sunkoshi riverbank in order to attack the Tamang forces. Afterwards, the Gorkhas washed their weapons in springs at Dapcha Kuwapani, and this is why the modern-day Tamangs do not drink there. Similar stories appear in oral histories throughout the region.
After the attack on the Tamang region, their traditional homeland area, known as kipat to the Gorkhas, was granted to Gorkha generals or government officials who had pleased the king in some way, displacing the Tamangs from kipat lands. Previously Tamang landholdings had been divided up by clan. Tamangs also had various forced labour obligations, both in times of peace and war, that differed significantly from other regions of Nepal. One reason is the proximity of the Tamang homeland to the centre of royal administration at Kathmandu.
Tamangs were also involved in the Sino-Nepalese War (1788 to 1792). (Nepali: नेपाल-चीन युद्ध), also known as the Sino-Gorkha war and in Chinese the Campaign of Gorkha (Chinese: 廓爾喀之役).The war was initially fought between Nepalese Gorkhas and Tibetan armies over a trade dispute related to a long-standing problem of low-quality coins manufactured by Nepal for Tibet. A few hundred eventually settled in Tibet, they are known as Daman people in China. Previously stateless, since 2003 the Chinese government has classified them as ethnic Tibetans.
Political participation
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Some ethnographers have drawn a link between Tamang people and ancient Mongol populations who emigrated to the Himalayas. Tamsaling Nepal Rastriya Dal.
Culture
Tamang tradition and culture include a distinct language, culture, dress and social structure. They have over 100 sub-clans. About 87 % of the Tamang people are Buddhist, while 8 % are Hindu and around 3 % are Christians. Their language, Tamang, comes from the Tamangic branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family, and is closely related to Gurung. They follow the Chinese lunar calendar of the 12-year cycle. Colorful printed Buddhist mantra cloths are put up in various places in villages and towns.
Their typical song and dance style is known as Tamang Selo, and includes songs representing humor, satire, joy and sorrow. It has a brisk movement and rhythmic beat specific to the Tamangs. A distinctive musical instrument is the damphu, a small, round drum covered with goatskin. Traditional Tamang songs are known as Hwai. Sung by Tamang genealogists called Tamba, Hwai songs are ritualistic and hold tremendous importance in Tamang rituals.
People dancing in Sonam Lhosar (Tamang New Year) celebration
Festivals
Sonam Lhosar is the main festival of the Tamangs and is celebrated in the month of Magh (February–March). It is celebrated to welcome the Tamang new year.
Also significant is Buddha Jayanti, a religious festival based on birthday of Gautam Buddha.
Tamang people in Nepal
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The 2011 Nepal census classifies the Tamang people within the broader social group of Mountain/Hill Janajati. At the time of the Nepal census of 2011, 1.539,830 people (5.8% of the population of Nepal) were Tamang. The frequency of Tamang people by province was as follows:
Bagmati Province (20.5%)
Koshi Province (4.7%)
Madhesh Province (2.2%)
Gandaki Province (2.1%)
Karnali Province (0.8%)
Sudurpashchim Province (0.4%)
Lumbini Province (0.2%)
The frequency of Tamang people was higher than national average (5.8%) in the following districts:
Rasuwa (69.6%)
Makwanpur (48.3%)
Nuwakot (43.0%)
Kavrepalanchok (34.5%)
Sindhupalchowk (34.4%)
Sindhuli (27.0%)
Dhading (22.2%)
Ramechhap (19.2%)
Dolakha (16.8%)
Lalitpur (13.1%)
Humla (13.0%)
Manang (12.6%)
Kathmandu (10.9%)
Solukhumbu (9.9%)
Okhaldhunga (9.8%)
Bhojpur (9.5%)
Bhaktapur (9.0%)
Sankhuwasabha (8.8%)
Chitwan (7.9%)
Mugu (7.9%)
Lamjung (7.3%)
Panchthar (7.1%)
Ilam (7.0%)
Udayapur (6.9%)
Tehrathum (6.6%)
Dhankuta (6.5%)
Surnames of families/clans in Tamang
Bajyu
Bal
Baldong
Bamten
Blenden
Blon
Bomzon
Brangdong
Brasingar
Chakengochumi
Chelengate
Chhekapala
Chhyoimi
Chimkan
Chhoden
Chyapangkhor
Damarang
Daratang
Dimdong
Dan
Dong
Dongpa
Dosing
Dumjan
Pheuwa
Galden
Gangtang
Gemsing
Gyawaten
Ghale
Ghising
Ghunsade
Ghunsaden
Glan
Gole
Gombyo
Gomden
Gomja
Gonden
Gongwa
Gongbo
Gongso
Gothar
Grangdan
Grangden
Gromba
Grom
Gropchan
Gyaba
Gyabten
Gyamdan
Gyamden
Gyangtang
Gyomacho
Hen
Himdung
Hopten
Jimba
Jogna
Jongan
Jumi
Kagate
Kalden
Kamewa
Kamden
Khanikhor
Khyulpa
Khyungwa
Kolden
Komdan
Lala
Lamagonju
Lamakhor
Lo
Laminkhor
Lopchan
Lungba
Lungpa
Mahendong
Mamba
Manangthen
Manden
Marpa
Mensing
Mikchan
Mitak
Moden
Mokchan
Moktan
Mulung
Myalpa
Najung
Negi
Ngake
Ngarwa
Ngarden
Ngilpa
Ngongcho
Ngyojo
Ngyachen
Nyasur
Nyarwa
Ngyongdong
Palden
Pajuten
Pakhrin
Palchoke
Pangboten
Pangten
Phewa
Prabhuwa
Rampod
Rimten
Rumba
Sai
Samden
Sangri
Sarwakhor
Sengjewa
Senten
Swangwo
Syangree
Syorten
Singan
Singgar
Singtan
Suktan
Subba
Syamjan
Syangjuwa
Syangtan
Sayangdan
Syanten
Syongtan
Syorten
Thangten
Thing
Thokar
Titung
Toibara
Toisang
Tongyar
Tunba
Tupa
Waiba
Walim
Yosadin
Yonjan
Notable people
Kabiraj Negi Lama - Nepal National Para Taekwondo Team Coach and 2020 Summer Paralympics Coach
Bidhan Lama - He won bronze medals at the 1986 Asian Games, 1987 World Taekwondo Championships and at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Madan Tamang - Indian politician and the president of Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League (ABGL)
Subhash Ghisingh - founding leader of Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF)
Prem Singh Tamang- 6th and current Chief Minister of the Indian state of Sikkim
Parijat (Bishnu Kumari Waiba) - Indian-born Nepali writer
Jyoti Prakash Tamang - Indian microbiologist, known for his work on fermented foods of Himalayan region
Mahendra P. Lama - Indian political analyst and development economist
Nim Dorjee Tamang - Indian footballer
Nagen Tamang - Indian footballer from Kurseong
Nim Dorjee Tamang - Indian footballer
Nagen Tamang - Indian footballer
Anju Tamang - Indian footballer
Hira Devi Waiba - Nepali Tamang Selo singer
Aruna Lama - singer, also known as 'Nightingale of the Hills'.
Navneet Aditya Waiba - singer
Gopal Yonjan- musician, music producer, and composer
Raju Lama- singer, lead vocalist of Mongolian Heart band.
Karma Yonzon- singer, musician, music producer, and composer
Buddha Lama- first Nepal Idol winner, singer, musician, Composer
Nima Rumba- singer, musician, composer, and actor
Prashant Tamang- third Indian Idol winner, singer, actor
Phiroj Shyangden- singer and composer of 1974 Band
VTEN (Samir Ghising) - rapper
Robin Tamang - rock musician and actor
Kul Man Ghising - engineer, managing director of Nepal Electricity Authority
Bhim Bahadur Tamang - politician
Ananta Tamang - Nepalese professional footballer
Sunil Bal - Nepalese professional footballer
Ayush Ghalan - Nepalese professional footballer
Tej Tamang - Nepalese professional footballer
Santosh Tamang - Nepalese professional footballer
Suman Lama - Nepalese professional footballer
Aashish Lama - Nepalese professional footballer
Bikram Lama - Nepalese professional footballer
Anu Lama - Nepalese professional footballer
Raju Tamang - Nepalese professional footballer
Devendra Tamang - Nepalese professional footballer
Ratnajit Tamang - Nepalese professional badminton
Shrijana Ghising - Nepalese Para Taekwondo practitioner
References
^ "Census Nepal caste-ethnicity results 2021".
^ "Population of West Bengal 2011".
^ "Population of Sikkim 2011".
^ Population monograph of Nepal (PDF). Vol. II (Social Demography). ISBN 978-9937-2-8972-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2017-04-02.
^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Census Nepal 2021". censusnepal.cbs.gov.np. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
^ a b Sadangi, H. C. (November 2008). Emergent North-East: A Way Forward. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-8205-437-0. Archived from the original on 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2015-12-23. Emergent North-East : A Way Forward By H. C. Sadangi
^ "Report on Socio-Economic Status of Tamang–Kavre". Nefin.org.np. Archived from the original on 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ a b "Who actually are the Tamang People? An Insight into Indigenous Tribe of Nepal". Chronicles of ADVENTURE TRAVEL. 2015-01-05. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
^ https://lib.icimod.org/record/11231/files/6185.pdf
^ Tamang, Ganesh (2003). "An Ethnobiological Study of the Tamang People". Our Nature. 1 (1): 37–41. doi:10.3126/on.v1i1.303. ISSN 2091-2781.
^ Paudel, Dinesh (2021-09-20). "Himalayan BRI: an infrastructural conjuncture and shifting development in Nepal". Area Development and Policy. 7 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1080/23792949.2021.1961592. ISSN 2379-2949. S2CID 239242919.
^ a b Gellner, David (2009-09-10). Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 978-81-321-0422-3.
^ Woebom, Tenzin (2014-12-23). ""Eastern Gypsies": Damans in Tibet". Vtibet. Archived from the original on 2017-11-04. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
^ "New life of Daman people". China Tibet Online. 2014-12-31. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
^ "西藏达曼人：从居无定所到发"边贸财"吃"旅游饭"" (in Chinese (China)). People's Daily Online. 2014-07-25. Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
^ F. J. Castilla, J. Agulló, J. Castellote (2020). CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPOSALS FOR RECOVERY OF TRADITIONAL TAMANG CONSTRUCTION IN NORTHERN NEPAL. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIV. ISSN 2194-9034
^ https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf
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^ Kalakar, Hamro. "Gopal Yonzon Biography | Hamro Kalakar". www.hamrokalakar.com. Retrieved 2018-03-11.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tamang people.
"Introduction to Ethnic Groups – The Tamangs: The Unknown Mount Everest Climbers". EverestNews.com. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
vteEthnic groups in Nepal by language familySino-Tibetan(Trans-Himalayan)Tibetic
Darchula Bhotiya
Bhotiya
Sherpa
Hyolmo
Jirel
Nepalese Central Tibetic
Central Tibetans
Kachee
Kiranti
Western Rai
Bahing
Sunuwar Koich
Central Rai
Khambu Rai
Kulung
Bantawa
Eastern Rai
Lohorung
Yakkha
Limbu (Yakthung)
Tamangic
Chhantyal
Gurung
Tamu
Manange
Ghale
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Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"Tibeto-Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages"},{"link_name":"ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghimire-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_district"},{"link_name":"Kalimpong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong_district"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Tsirang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirang_District"},{"link_name":"Dagana District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagana_District"},{"link_name":"Samtse District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtse_District"},{"link_name":"Chukha District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukha_District"},{"link_name":"Sarpang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpang_District"},{"link_name":"Samdrup Jongkhar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samdrup_Jongkhar_District"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmergentNE-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nefin-8"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Tamang (རྟ་དམག་; Devanagari: तामाङ; tāmāṅ), are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group of Nepal, Southern Bhutan and North India. In Nepal, Tamang people constituted 5.6% of the Nepalese population at over 1.3 million in 2001, increasing to 1,539,830 as of the 2011 census.[5] The Tamang people are concentrated in the central hilly region and himalayan region of Nepal.[6] Indian Tamangs are found in significant numbers in the state of Sikkim and the districts of Darjeeling and Kalimpong in West Bengal state. Bhutanese Tamangs are native to various districts in the southern foothills of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Such districts include the Tsirang District, the Dagana District, the Samtse District, the Chukha District, the Sarpang District and the Samdrup Jongkhar District.[7] Tamang language is the fifth most-spoken language in Nepal. Tamang people have followed Buddhism for thousands of years.[8]","title":"Tamang people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_language_(standard)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chronicles_of_ADVENTURE_TRAVEL-9"}],"text":"Tamang may have been derived from the Tibetan word Tamang, where Ta means \"horse\" and Mak means \"warrior\" in Tibetan. However, there are no written documentations of Horse Riders. Some scientific research claims the Tamangs have Pand Genetic roots with tibetan.[9]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Tibetan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Tibetan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley"},{"link_name":"Langtang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langtang"},{"link_name":"Ganesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_Himal"},{"link_name":"Rolwaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolwaling_Himal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Narabhupal Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_Bhupal_Shah"},{"link_name":"Nuwakot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuwakot_District"},{"link_name":"Prithvi Narayan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah"},{"link_name":"Temal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temal_Rural_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Sunkoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunkoshi_River"},{"link_name":"Dapcha Kuwapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapcha_Chhatrebangh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Sino-Nepalese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Daman people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_people"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tibet.cn-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PeopleOnline-16"}],"text":"Historical accounts show that the Tamang ethnic group originated in Tibet. The word \"Ta\" in the Tibetan language means horse, and \"Mang\" means traders; hence, their original way of life evolved around horses and trade.[10] The Tamangs, who have lived on hills outside the Kathmandu Valley to the southern slopes of Langtang, Ganesh, Jugal Himal and Rolwaling probably since prehistoric times, have been mentioned in various Nepalese and colonial historical records under a variety of names, such as Bhote, Lama, Murmi, Sain, some of which terms erroneously conflate the Tamangs with Uighurs.[11] The Tibetans called them Rongpa.[12]Various Gorkha rulers led campaigns against the indigenous Tamangs. The Gorkha Vamsavali provides details of battles with the Bhotyas of a variety of principalities between 1806 and 1862. In 1739, a ruler named Ghale-Botya attacked Narabhupal Shah as he was marching towards Nuwakot, and Narabhupal Shah also fought several battles against Golma Ghale. In 1762, Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked the Tamangs in Temal, the Tamang cultural heartland. Tamang oral history says that the local chief, Rinjen Dorje, was killed by the Gorkhas. Gorkhali forces had hidden their weapons in the sand on the Sunkoshi riverbank in order to attack the Tamang forces. Afterwards, the Gorkhas washed their weapons in springs at Dapcha Kuwapani, and this is why the modern-day Tamangs do not drink there. Similar stories appear in oral histories throughout the region.[13]After the attack on the Tamang region, their traditional homeland area, known as kipat to the Gorkhas, was granted to Gorkha generals or government officials who had pleased the king in some way, displacing the Tamangs from kipat lands. Previously Tamang landholdings had been divided up by clan. Tamangs also had various forced labour obligations, both in times of peace and war, that differed significantly from other regions of Nepal. One reason is the proximity of the Tamang homeland to the centre of royal administration at Kathmandu.[13]Tamangs were also involved in the Sino-Nepalese War (1788 to 1792). (Nepali: नेपाल-चीन युद्ध), also known as the Sino-Gorkha war and in Chinese the Campaign of Gorkha (Chinese: 廓爾喀之役).The war was initially fought between Nepalese Gorkhas and Tibetan armies over a trade dispute related to a long-standing problem of low-quality coins manufactured by Nepal for Tibet. A few hundred eventually settled in Tibet, they are known as Daman people in China. Previously stateless, since 2003 the Chinese government has classified them as ethnic Tibetans.[14][15][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethnographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Tamsaling Nepal Rastriya Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsaling_Nepal_Rastriya_Dal"}],"sub_title":"Political participation","text":"Some ethnographers have drawn a link between Tamang people and ancient Mongol populations who emigrated to the Himalayas.[17] Tamsaling Nepal Rastriya Dal.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_language"},{"link_name":"Tamangic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamangic_languages"},{"link_name":"Tibeto-Burman language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages"},{"link_name":"Gurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese lunar calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_lunar_calendar"},{"link_name":"mantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghimire-5"},{"link_name":"Tamang Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_Selo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmergentNE-7"},{"link_name":"damphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damphu_drum"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tamang_Sonam_Lochhar_2018_DC_(39632023534).jpg"}],"text":"Tamang tradition and culture include a distinct language, culture, dress and social structure. They have over 100 sub-clans. About 87 % of the Tamang people are Buddhist, while 8 % are Hindu [18] and around 3 % are Christians.[19] Their language, Tamang, comes from the Tamangic branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family, and is closely related to Gurung. They follow the Chinese lunar calendar of the 12-year cycle. Colorful printed Buddhist mantra cloths are put up in various places in villages and towns.[5]Their typical song and dance style is known as Tamang Selo, and includes songs representing humor, satire, joy and sorrow. It has a brisk movement and rhythmic beat specific to the Tamangs.[7] A distinctive musical instrument is the damphu, a small, round drum covered with goatskin. Traditional Tamang songs are known as Hwai. Sung by Tamang genealogists called Tamba, Hwai songs are ritualistic and hold tremendous importance in Tamang rituals.[20]People dancing in Sonam Lhosar (Tamang New Year) celebration","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonam Lhosar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar"},{"link_name":"Magh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magha_(month)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Buddha Jayanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday"},{"link_name":"Gautam Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautam_Buddha"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chronicles_of_ADVENTURE_TRAVEL-9"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"Sonam Lhosar is the main festival of the Tamangs and is celebrated in the month of Magh (February–March).[21] It is celebrated to welcome the Tamang new year.Also significant is Buddha Jayanti, a religious festival based on birthday of Gautam Buddha.[9]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Nepal census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nepal_census"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bagmati Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagmati_Province"},{"link_name":"Koshi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshi_Province"},{"link_name":"Madhesh Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhesh_Province"},{"link_name":"Gandaki Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_Province"},{"link_name":"Karnali Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_Province"},{"link_name":"Sudurpashchim Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province"},{"link_name":"Lumbini Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini_Province"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Rasuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasuwa_District"},{"link_name":"Makwanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makwanpur_District"},{"link_name":"Nuwakot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuwakot_District"},{"link_name":"Kavrepalanchok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavrepalanchok_District"},{"link_name":"Sindhupalchowk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhupalchowk_District"},{"link_name":"Sindhuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhuli_District"},{"link_name":"Dhading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhading_District"},{"link_name":"Ramechhap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramechhap_District"},{"link_name":"Dolakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolakha_District"},{"link_name":"Lalitpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Humla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humla_District"},{"link_name":"Manang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manang_District"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu_District"},{"link_name":"Solukhumbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solukhumbu_District"},{"link_name":"Okhaldhunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhaldhunga_District"},{"link_name":"Bhojpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpur_District,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Bhaktapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktapur_District"},{"link_name":"Sankhuwasabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankhuwasabha_District"},{"link_name":"Chitwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_District"},{"link_name":"Mugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugu_District"},{"link_name":"Lamjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamjung_District"},{"link_name":"Panchthar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchthar_District"},{"link_name":"Ilam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilam_District"},{"link_name":"Udayapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udayapur_District"},{"link_name":"Tehrathum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrathum_District"},{"link_name":"Dhankuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhankuta_District"}],"text":"The 2011 Nepal census classifies the Tamang people within the broader social group of Mountain/Hill Janajati.[22] At the time of the Nepal census of 2011, 1.539,830 people (5.8% of the population of Nepal) were Tamang. The frequency of Tamang people by province was as follows:Bagmati Province (20.5%)\nKoshi Province (4.7%)\nMadhesh Province (2.2%)\nGandaki Province (2.1%)\nKarnali Province (0.8%)\nSudurpashchim Province (0.4%)\nLumbini Province (0.2%)The frequency of Tamang people was higher than national average (5.8%) in the following districts:[23]Rasuwa (69.6%)\nMakwanpur (48.3%)\nNuwakot (43.0%)\nKavrepalanchok (34.5%)\nSindhupalchowk (34.4%)\nSindhuli (27.0%)\nDhading (22.2%)\nRamechhap (19.2%)\nDolakha (16.8%)\nLalitpur (13.1%)\nHumla (13.0%)\nManang (12.6%)\nKathmandu (10.9%)\nSolukhumbu (9.9%)\nOkhaldhunga (9.8%)\nBhojpur (9.5%)\nBhaktapur (9.0%)\nSankhuwasabha (8.8%)\nChitwan (7.9%)\nMugu (7.9%)\nLamjung (7.3%)\nPanchthar (7.1%)\nIlam (7.0%)\nUdayapur (6.9%)\nTehrathum (6.6%)\nDhankuta (6.5%)","title":"Tamang people in Nepal"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bajyu\nBal\nBaldong\nBamten\nBlenden\nBlon\nBomzon\nBrangdong\nBrasingar\nChakengochumi\nChelengate\nChhekapala\nChhyoimi\nChimkan\nChhoden\nChyapangkhor\nDamarang\nDaratang\nDimdong\nDan\nDong\nDongpa\nDosing\nDumjan\nPheuwa\nGalden\nGangtang\nGemsing\nGyawaten\nGhale\nGhising\nGhunsade\nGhunsaden\nGlan\nGole\nGombyo\nGomden\nGomja\nGonden\nGongwa\nGongbo\nGongso\nGothar\nGrangdan\nGrangden\nGromba\nGrom\nGropchan\nGyaba\nGyabten\nGyamdan\nGyamden\nGyangtang\nGyomacho\nHen\nHimdung\nHopten\nJimba\nJogna\nJongan\nJumi\nKagate\nKalden\nKamewa\nKamden\nKhanikhor\nKhyulpa\nKhyungwa\nKolden\nKomdan\nLala\nLamagonju\nLamakhor\nLo\nLaminkhor\nLopchan\nLungba\nLungpa\nMahendong\nMamba\nManangthen\nManden\nMarpa\nMensing\nMikchan\nMitak\nModen\nMokchan\nMoktan\nMulung\nMyalpa\nNajung\nNegi\nNgake\nNgarwa\nNgarden\nNgilpa\nNgongcho\nNgyojo\nNgyachen\nNyasur\nNyarwa\nNgyongdong\nPalden\nPajuten\nPakhrin\nPalchoke\nPangboten\nPangten\nPhewa\nPrabhuwa\nRampod\nRimten\nRumba\nSai\nSamden\nSangri\nSarwakhor\nSengjewa\nSenten\nSwangwo\nSyangree\nSyorten\nSingan\nSinggar\nSingtan\nSuktan\nSubba\nSyamjan\nSyangjuwa\nSyangtan\nSayangdan\nSyanten\nSyongtan\nSyorten\nThangten\nThing\nThokar\nTitung\nToibara\nToisang\nTongyar\nTunba\nTupa\nWaiba\nWalim\nYosadin\nYonjan","title":"Surnames of families/clans in Tamang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kabiraj Negi Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabiraj_Negi_Lama"},{"link_name":"Para Taekwondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_Taekwondo"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Bidhan Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhan_Lama"},{"link_name":"1986 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"1987 World Taekwondo Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_World_Taekwondo_Championships"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Madan Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Tamang"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Gorkha_League"},{"link_name":"Subhash Ghisingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhash_Ghisingh"},{"link_name":"Gorkha National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_National_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Prem Singh Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Singh_Tamang"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Parijat (Bishnu Kumari Waiba)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parijat_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Jyoti Prakash Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyoti_Prakash_Tamang"},{"link_name":"Mahendra P. Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendra_P._Lama"},{"link_name":"Nim Dorjee Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim_Dorjee_Tamang"},{"link_name":"Nagen Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagen_Tamang"},{"link_name":"Nim Dorjee Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim_Dorjee_Tamang"},{"link_name":"Nagen Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagen_Tamang"},{"link_name":"Anju Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anju_Tamang"},{"link_name":"Hira Devi Waiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hira_Devi_Waiba"},{"link_name":"Tamang Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_Selo"},{"link_name":"Aruna Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruna_Lama"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Navneet Aditya Waiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navneet_Aditya_Waiba"},{"link_name":"Gopal Yonjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Yonjan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Raju Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raju_Lama"},{"link_name":"Mongolian Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Heart"},{"link_name":"Karma Yonzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_Yonzon"},{"link_name":"Buddha Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Lama"},{"link_name":"Nima Rumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nima_Rumba"},{"link_name":"Prashant Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prashant_Tamang"},{"link_name":"Phiroj Shyangden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiroj_Shyangden"},{"link_name":"VTEN (Samir Ghising)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTEN"},{"link_name":"Robin Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Tamang"},{"link_name":"Kul Man Ghising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul_Man_Ghising"},{"link_name":"Bhim Bahadur Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhim_Bahadur_Tamang"},{"link_name":"Ananta Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananta_Tamang"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"Sunil Bal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Bal"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"Ayush Ghalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayush_Ghalan"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"Tej Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tej_Tamang"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"Santosh Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santosh_Tamang"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"Suman Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suman_Lama"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"Aashish Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aashish_Lama"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"Bikram Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram_Lama"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"Anu Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Lama"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"Raju Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raju_Tamang"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"Devendra Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devendra_Tamang"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"Ratnajit Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnajit_Tamang"},{"link_name":"badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"Shrijana Ghising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrijana_Ghising"},{"link_name":"Para Taekwondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_Taekwondo"}],"text":"Kabiraj Negi Lama - Nepal National Para Taekwondo Team Coach and 2020 Summer Paralympics Coach\nBidhan Lama - He won bronze medals at the 1986 Asian Games, 1987 World Taekwondo Championships and at the 1988 Summer Olympics\nMadan Tamang - Indian politician and the president of Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League (ABGL)\nSubhash Ghisingh - founding leader of Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF)\nPrem Singh Tamang- 6th and current Chief Minister of the Indian state of Sikkim\nParijat (Bishnu Kumari Waiba) - Indian-born Nepali writer\nJyoti Prakash Tamang - Indian microbiologist, known for his work on fermented foods of Himalayan region\nMahendra P. Lama - Indian political analyst and development economist\nNim Dorjee Tamang - Indian footballer\nNagen Tamang - Indian footballer from Kurseong\nNim Dorjee Tamang - Indian footballer\nNagen Tamang - Indian footballer\nAnju Tamang - Indian footballer\nHira Devi Waiba - Nepali Tamang Selo singer\nAruna Lama[24] - singer, also known as 'Nightingale of the Hills'.\nNavneet Aditya Waiba - singer\nGopal Yonjan[25]- musician, music producer, and composer\nRaju Lama- singer, lead vocalist of Mongolian Heart band.\nKarma Yonzon- singer, musician, music producer, and composer\nBuddha Lama- first Nepal Idol winner, singer, musician, Composer\nNima Rumba- singer, musician, composer, and actor\nPrashant Tamang- third Indian Idol winner, singer, actor\nPhiroj Shyangden- singer and composer of 1974 Band\nVTEN (Samir Ghising) - rapper\nRobin Tamang - rock musician and actor\nKul Man Ghising - engineer, managing director of Nepal Electricity Authority\nBhim Bahadur Tamang - politician\nAnanta Tamang - Nepalese professional footballer\nSunil Bal - Nepalese professional footballer\nAyush Ghalan - Nepalese professional footballer\nTej Tamang - Nepalese professional footballer\nSantosh Tamang - Nepalese professional footballer\nSuman Lama - Nepalese professional footballer\nAashish Lama - Nepalese professional footballer\nBikram Lama - Nepalese professional footballer\nAnu Lama - Nepalese professional footballer\nRaju Tamang - Nepalese professional footballer\nDevendra Tamang - Nepalese professional footballer\nRatnajit Tamang - Nepalese professional badminton\nShrijana Ghising - Nepalese Para Taekwondo practitioner","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"People dancing in Sonam Lhosar (Tamang New Year) celebration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tamang_Sonam_Lochhar_2018_DC_%2839632023534%29.jpg/220px-Tamang_Sonam_Lochhar_2018_DC_%2839632023534%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census Nepal caste-ethnicity results 2021\".","urls":[{"url":"https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity","url_text":"\"Census Nepal caste-ethnicity results 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population of West Bengal 2011\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.populationu.com/in/west-bengal-population","url_text":"\"Population of West Bengal 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Sikkim 2011\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.populationu.com/in/sikkim-population","url_text":"\"Population of Sikkim 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Population monograph of Nepal (PDF). Vol. II (Social Demography). ISBN 978-9937-2-8972-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2017-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170918043750/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","url_text":"Population monograph of Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9937-2-8972-6","url_text":"978-9937-2-8972-6"},{"url":"https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/73036/Ghimire_Mahesh.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082038/https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/73036/Ghimire_Mahesh.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Census Nepal 2021\". censusnepal.cbs.gov.np. Retrieved 2022-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=5&dcid=57d4bc52-50ca-4acb-b7fc-20c8923831e5&tfsid=1","url_text":"\"Census Nepal 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Sadangi, H. C. (November 2008). Emergent North-East: A Way Forward. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-8205-437-0. Archived from the original on 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uLfE8HGwdIMC&pg=PA277","url_text":"Emergent North-East: A Way Forward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-437-0","url_text":"978-81-8205-437-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160427035600/https://books.google.com/books?id=uLfE8HGwdIMC&pg=PA277","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Report on Socio-Economic Status of Tamang–Kavre\". Nefin.org.np. Archived from the original on 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130312053215/http://www.nefin.org.np//hppics/10789_Nepal%20Tamang%20Ghedung%20Kabhre,%20Report%20on%20Socio-Economic%20Status%20of%20Tamang-%20Kavre.doc","url_text":"\"Report on Socio-Economic Status of Tamang–Kavre\""},{"url":"http://www.nefin.org.np/hppics/10789_Nepal%20Tamang%20Ghedung%20Kabhre,%20Report%20on%20Socio-Economic%20Status%20of%20Tamang-%20Kavre.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Who actually are the Tamang People? An Insight into Indigenous Tribe of Nepal\". Chronicles of ADVENTURE TRAVEL. 2015-01-05. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2018-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180301044744/https://advancedadventures.wordpress.com/2015/01/05/tamang-people-of-nepal/","url_text":"\"Who actually are the Tamang People? An Insight into Indigenous Tribe of Nepal\""},{"url":"https://advancedadventures.wordpress.com/2015/01/05/tamang-people-of-nepal/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tamang, Ganesh (2003). \"An Ethnobiological Study of the Tamang People\". Our Nature. 1 (1): 37–41. doi:10.3126/on.v1i1.303. ISSN 2091-2781.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/ON/article/view/303","url_text":"\"An Ethnobiological Study of the Tamang People\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3126%2Fon.v1i1.303","url_text":"10.3126/on.v1i1.303"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2091-2781","url_text":"2091-2781"}]},{"reference":"Paudel, Dinesh (2021-09-20). \"Himalayan BRI: an infrastructural conjuncture and shifting development in Nepal\". Area Development and Policy. 7 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1080/23792949.2021.1961592. ISSN 2379-2949. S2CID 239242919.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23792949.2021.1961592","url_text":"10.1080/23792949.2021.1961592"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2379-2949","url_text":"2379-2949"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239242919","url_text":"239242919"}]},{"reference":"Gellner, David (2009-09-10). Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 978-81-321-0422-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N9CGAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0422-3","url_text":"978-81-321-0422-3"}]},{"reference":"Woebom, Tenzin (2014-12-23). \"\"Eastern Gypsies\": Damans in Tibet\". Vtibet. Archived from the original on 2017-11-04. Retrieved 2017-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vtibet.com/en/calture/popular/201501/t20150107_270124.html","url_text":"\"\"Eastern Gypsies\": Damans in Tibet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171104173926/http://www.vtibet.com/en/calture/popular/201501/t20150107_270124.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New life of Daman people\". China Tibet Online. 2014-12-31. Retrieved 2017-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://eng.tibet.cn/news/1449501268734.shtml","url_text":"\"New life of Daman people\""}]},{"reference":"\"西藏达曼人：从居无定所到发\"边贸财\"吃\"旅游饭\"\" (in Chinese (China)). People's Daily Online. 2014-07-25. Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2017-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202730/http://xz.people.com.cn/n/2014/0725/c138901-21777401.html","url_text":"\"西藏达曼人：从居无定所到发\"边贸财\"吃\"旅游饭\"\""},{"url":"http://xz.people.com.cn/n/2014/0725/c138901-21777401.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nepal census\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","url_text":"\"Nepal census\""}]},{"reference":"Himalayan, Cultures. \"Oral Traditions of the Tamang People\". Retrieved 2021-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://himalayancultures.com/cultures/tamang-culture/tamba-oral-traditions-of-the-tamang-people/","url_text":"\"Oral Traditions of the Tamang People\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonam Lhosar celebrated | Street Nepal\". streetnepal.com. 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2018-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://streetnepal.com/sonam-lhochhar-celebrated/","url_text":"\"Sonam Lhosar celebrated | Street Nepal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160816080424/http://streetnepal.com/sonam-lhochhar-celebrated/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Melody queen Aruna Lama\". Boss Nepal. Retrieved 2018-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://bossnepal.com/melody-queen-aruna-lama/","url_text":"\"Melody queen Aruna Lama\""}]},{"reference":"Kalakar, Hamro. \"Gopal Yonzon Biography | Hamro Kalakar\". www.hamrokalakar.com. Retrieved 2018-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hamrokalakar.com/gopal-yonzon","url_text":"\"Gopal Yonzon Biography | Hamro Kalakar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction to Ethnic Groups – The Tamangs: The Unknown Mount Everest Climbers\". EverestNews.com. Retrieved 4 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.everestnews.com/stories004sec4002/everesttamangs11263002one.htm","url_text":"\"Introduction to Ethnic Groups – The Tamangs: The Unknown Mount Everest Climbers\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tamang+people%22","external_links_name":"\"Tamang people\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tamang+people%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tamang+people%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tamang+people%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tamang+people%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tamang+people%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamang_people&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity","external_links_name":"\"Census Nepal caste-ethnicity results 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.populationu.com/in/west-bengal-population","external_links_name":"\"Population of West Bengal 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.populationu.com/in/sikkim-population","external_links_name":"\"Population of Sikkim 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170918043750/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","external_links_name":"Population monograph of Nepal"},{"Link":"https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/73036/Ghimire_Mahesh.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082038/https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/73036/Ghimire_Mahesh.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=5&dcid=57d4bc52-50ca-4acb-b7fc-20c8923831e5&tfsid=1","external_links_name":"\"Census Nepal 2021\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uLfE8HGwdIMC&pg=PA277","external_links_name":"Emergent North-East: A Way Forward"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160427035600/https://books.google.com/books?id=uLfE8HGwdIMC&pg=PA277","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130312053215/http://www.nefin.org.np//hppics/10789_Nepal%20Tamang%20Ghedung%20Kabhre,%20Report%20on%20Socio-Economic%20Status%20of%20Tamang-%20Kavre.doc","external_links_name":"\"Report on Socio-Economic Status of Tamang–Kavre\""},{"Link":"http://www.nefin.org.np/hppics/10789_Nepal%20Tamang%20Ghedung%20Kabhre,%20Report%20on%20Socio-Economic%20Status%20of%20Tamang-%20Kavre.doc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180301044744/https://advancedadventures.wordpress.com/2015/01/05/tamang-people-of-nepal/","external_links_name":"\"Who actually are the Tamang People? An Insight into Indigenous Tribe of Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://advancedadventures.wordpress.com/2015/01/05/tamang-people-of-nepal/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://lib.icimod.org/record/11231/files/6185.pdf","external_links_name":"https://lib.icimod.org/record/11231/files/6185.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/ON/article/view/303","external_links_name":"\"An Ethnobiological Study of the Tamang People\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3126%2Fon.v1i1.303","external_links_name":"10.3126/on.v1i1.303"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2091-2781","external_links_name":"2091-2781"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23792949.2021.1961592","external_links_name":"10.1080/23792949.2021.1961592"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2379-2949","external_links_name":"2379-2949"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239242919","external_links_name":"239242919"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N9CGAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia"},{"Link":"http://www.vtibet.com/en/calture/popular/201501/t20150107_270124.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Eastern Gypsies\": Damans in Tibet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171104173926/http://www.vtibet.com/en/calture/popular/201501/t20150107_270124.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://eng.tibet.cn/news/1449501268734.shtml","external_links_name":"\"New life of Daman people\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202730/http://xz.people.com.cn/n/2014/0725/c138901-21777401.html","external_links_name":"\"西藏达曼人：从居无定所到发\"边贸财\"吃\"旅游饭\"\""},{"Link":"http://xz.people.com.cn/n/2014/0725/c138901-21777401.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2194-9034","external_links_name":"2194-9034"},{"Link":"https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","external_links_name":"https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf"},{"Link":"https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nepal census\""},{"Link":"https://himalayancultures.com/cultures/tamang-culture/tamba-oral-traditions-of-the-tamang-people/","external_links_name":"\"Oral Traditions of the Tamang People\""},{"Link":"http://streetnepal.com/sonam-lhochhar-celebrated/","external_links_name":"\"Sonam Lhosar celebrated | Street Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160816080424/http://streetnepal.com/sonam-lhochhar-celebrated/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf","external_links_name":"2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report"},{"Link":"http://bossnepal.com/melody-queen-aruna-lama/","external_links_name":"\"Melody queen Aruna Lama\""},{"Link":"https://www.hamrokalakar.com/gopal-yonzon","external_links_name":"\"Gopal Yonzon Biography | Hamro Kalakar\""},{"Link":"http://www.everestnews.com/stories004sec4002/everesttamangs11263002one.htm","external_links_name":"\"Introduction to Ethnic Groups – The Tamangs: The Unknown Mount Everest Climbers\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945924c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945924c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558304705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85132158","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576374","external_links_name":"Japan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rog%C3%A9rio_Micale | Rogério Micale | ["1 Career","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"] | Brazilian football manager (born 1969)
Rogério Micale
Rogério Micale in 2016Personal informationFull name
Mário Rogério Reis MicaleDate of birth
(1969-03-28) 28 March 1969 (age 55)Place of birth
Salvador, BrazilPosition(s)
GoalkeeperTeam informationCurrent team
Egypt U23 (head coach)Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1989
Portuguesa Londrinense
1990–1991
Londrina
1992
Apucarana
1992
Operário Ferroviário
Managerial career1999–2001
Portuguesa Londrinense (youth)2001
ADAP (youth)2001–2002
Marcílio Dias (youth)2002
ADAP (youth)2002–2003
Londrina (youth)2004
Portuguesa Londrinense U202004
Londrina U202005–2008
Figueirense U202007
Figueirense (interim)2009–2010
Atlético Mineiro U202011
Grêmio Prudente2011–2015
Atlético Mineiro U202015–2017
Brazil U202015–2016
Brazil U232017
Atlético Mineiro2018
Paraná2018
Figueirense2020
Cruzeiro U202020
Paraná2021
Al Hilal2021–2022
Al Dhafra2022–
Egypt U23
Medal record
Men's football
Representing Brazil (as head coach)
Olympic Games
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Team
Pan American Games
2015 Toronto
Team
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Reis and the second or paternal family name is Micale.
Mário Rogério Reis Micale (born 28 March 1969), known as Rogério Micale, is a Brazilian professional football coach and former player. He’s currently the head coach of the Egypt national U23 football team.
Career
Micale also represented Londrina, Apucarana and Operário Ferroviário before retiring at the age of just 23. He started his managerial career in 1999 with his first club Portuguesa, taking charge of the club's youth setup.
Micale subsequently spent the vast majority of his career in charge of youth sides, notably Figueirense and Atlético Mineiro. On 31 December 2010, he was appointed manager of Grêmio Prudente, but his reign only lasted 21 days. He subsequently returned to Atlético and its youth team.
On 9 May 2015, Micale was named manager of Brazil under-20s, replacing Alexandre Gallo. He achieved a second place in the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup, and also was the manager of the under-23s during the 2015 Pan American Games and the 2016 Summer Olympics, winning the latter for the first time in the country's history.
On 20 February 2017, Micale was dismissed by CBF after failing to qualify the under-20s for the year's FIFA U-20 World Cup. On 21 July he returned to Atlético, now appointed manager of the first team.
Micale was fired on 24 September 2017, after a 3–1 home defeat against Vitória. The following February, he replaced Wagner Lopes at the helm of Paraná.
In February 2021, he became the manager of Saudi club Al Hilal.
Honours
Figueirense
Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior: 2008
Atlético Mineiro
Taça Belo Horizonte de Juniores: 2009, 2011
Brazil Olympic
Summer Olympics Gold medal: 2016
Brazil
Pan American Games Bronze medal: 2015
Individual
Saudi Professional League Manager of the Month: March 2021
References
^ "Micale deixa júnior do Atlético-MG e é o novo técnico do Grêmio Prudente" (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^ "Exclusivo! Grêmio Prudente demite técnico antes do jogo contra Santos" (in Portuguese). Futebol Interior. 21 January 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^ "Novo técnico da Seleção sub-20, Rogério Micale exalta trabalho no Galo" (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^ "Conheça Rogério Micale, o novo comandante da seleção olímpica" (in Portuguese). Folha de S. Paulo. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ "Micale é demitido pela CBF após não classificar o Brasil ao Mundial sub-20" (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^ "Rogerio Micale promotion at Al Hilal adds to curious managerial situation in Saudi Arabia". sport360.com. 17 February 2021.
^ "ميكالي وشافعي ومبولحي والعمري نجوم مارس".
External links
Rogério Micale coach profile at Soccerway
Rogério Micale coach profile at Sambafoot (archive)
vteSummer Olympics football tournament winning managersMen's tournament
1904: Duff
1908: Davis
1912: Birch
1920: De la Chevalerie
1924: Fígoli
1928: Gianotti
1936: Pozzo
1948: Raynor
1952: Sebes
1956: Kachalin
1960: Tirnanić
1964: Baróti
1968: Lakat
1972: Górski
1976: Buschner
1980: Havránek
1984: Michel
1988: Byshovets
1992: Miera
1996: Bonfrère
2000: Akono
2004: Bielsa
2008: Batista
2012: Tena
2016: Micale
2020: Jardine
Women's tournament
1996: DiCicco
2000: Høgmo
2004: Heinrichs
2008: Sundhage
2012: Sundhage
2016: Neid
2020: Priestman
vteBrazil men's football squad – 2016 Summer Olympics – Gold medalists
1 Weverton
2 Zeca
3 Rodrigo Caio
4 Marquinhos
5 Renato Augusto
6 Douglas Santos
7 Luan
8 Rafinha
9 Gabigol
10 Neymar (c)
11 Gabriel Jesus
12 Walace
13 William
14 Luan Garcia
15 Rodrigo Dourado
16 Thiago Maia
17 Felipe Anderson
18 Uilson
Coach: Rogério Micale
Rogério Micale managerial positions
vteFigueirense – managers
Magno (1944)
Saul (1960)
Nizeta (1962–63)
Antoninho (1973)
Búrigo (1974–76)
S. Lopes (1976)
Ocimar (1976)
Búrigo (1976)
Áureo (1976–77)
Décio (1977)
Antônio J.C. (1977–78)
Passos (1978)
J. Ferreira (1979–80)
Búrigo (1980)
Otacílio (1981)
Vieira (1981)
Gainete (1981)
S. Lopes (1982)
Danilo (1983)
Damasceno (1983)
Balduíno (1983)
Zé Mário (1983)
Damasceno (1984)
Zé Mário (1984)
Búrigo (1984)
Lameiro (1985)
J. Ferreira (1986)
Cavalheiro (1987)
J. Espinosa (1987–88)
Búrigo (1988–89)
Damasceno (1989)
Daltro (1989)
Ademir (1990)
S. Lopes (1990)
Louruz (1991)
S. Lopes (1991)
Ademir (1991)
Nazareno (1991–92)
S. Lopes (1992)
Búrigo (1992–93)
Paiva (1993)
Nazareno (1993)
L.C. Cruz (1994)
Paiva (1995)
Nazareno (1995–96)
Teixeira (1996)
Búrigo (1996–97)
S. Lopes (1997)
Milioli (1998)
Youssef (1998)
Cassiá (1998–99)
Ribeiro (2000)
Louruz (2000–01)
Knevitz (2001)
Benazzi (2001)
Neto (2001)
Davino (2001)
Ribeiro (2002)
Cabralzinho (2002)
Muricy (2002)
Heron (2003)
Benazzi (2003)
Amaral c (2003)
Neto (2003)
L.C. Ferreira (2003)
Dorival Jr. (2003–04)
Comelli (2004–05)
Schülle c (2005)
M. Aurélio (2005)
Zé Mário (2005)
Adilson (2005–06)
W. Lemos (2006)
Heriberto (2006–07)
Micale c (2007)
M. Sérgio (2007)
Coutinho c (2007)
Gallo (2007–08)
Macuglia (2008)
PC Gusmão (2008)
M. Sérgio (2008)
Pintado (2008–09)
Abelha c (2009)
R. Fernandes (2009)
M. Araújo (2009)
Weber (2010)
Goiano (2010–11)
Jorginho (2011)
Branco (2011–12)
Argel (2012)
A. Ribeiro c (2012)
H. dos Anjos (2012)
A. Ribeiro c (2012)
Goiano (2012)
F. Gil c (2012)
Adilson (2013)
Eutrópio (2013–14)
Guto F. (2014)
Argel (2014–15)
Coutinho c (2015)
Simões (2015)
Coutinho (2015–16)
Eutrópio (2016)
Argel (2016)
Tuca c (2016)
Santos (2016–17)
Coelho c (2017)
Goiano (2017)
Cabo (2017)
Coelho c (2017)
Cruz (2017–18)
Micale (2018)
Maria (2019)
Coelho c (2019)
Eutrópio (2019)
Coelho c (2019)
Pintado (2019)
Coelho (2020)
Elano (2020)
Jorginho C. (2020–21)
Jr. Rocha (2022)
Cristóvão (2023)
Bazolli c (2023)
R. Fonseca (2023)
Baier (2023)
Burse (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteGrêmio Barueri – managers
Lorival (2000)
Cobra (2002–03)
Fescina (2003)
Cobra (2004)
Lorival (2005)
Fescina (2005)
Tadei (2005–06)
Paulo Roberto (2006)
Vilar (2006–07)
S. Soares (2007)
Carille c (2007)
Scarpino (2007)
Gelson (2007–08)
Márcio Araújo (2008)
Ávila (2008)
Heriberto (2008)
Márcio Araújo (2008)
Cerri, Goiano & Moura (2009)
Estevam (2009)
Cerri c (2009)
Goiano (2009)
Eutrópio (2010)
Cecílio (2010)
Zago (2010)
Rospide (2010)
Giuntini (2010)
Micale (2011)
Davino (2011)
Giuntini (2011)
M. Goiano (2011)
S. Soares (2011)
Estevam (2011)
Simões (2011)
Mantovani c (2012)
Giba (2012)
Evandro c (2012)
Eutrópio (2012)
M. Fernandes (2012)
Estevam (2012)
Evandro c (2012)
Cavalo (2012–13)
Cavalinho (2013)
Belarmino (2013)
Moura (2013)
Diá (2013)
Lima (2014)
P. Fernandes (2014)
Silveira (2014)
Forte (2015)
Teixeira (2015)
Cobra (2015–16)
Muniz c (2016)
Paulo Mulle c (2016)
M. Soares c (2016)
Paulo Mulle (2016)
Muniz (2016)
Edinho Poá c (2016)
Gomes (2016)
Guaraci (2016)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteBrazil national under-20 football team – managers
Vinhaes (1949)
Campos (1951)
Newton (1958)
Travaglini (1967)
Antoninho (1971)
Teixeira (1974)
Zizinho (1975)
Evaristo (1977)
Travaglini (1979)
N. Rosa (1980)
A. Ferreira (1981)
Vavá (1981)
J. Pereira (1983)
Lapolla (1983)
J. Pereira (1985)
Nunes (1985–87)
Simões (1987–89)
Massa (1990)
Paulo (1991)
Leal (1992–93)
Luz (1993)
Jairo (1995)
Barroso (1996–99)
João Carlos (1999)
C. César (2001)
Paquetá (2002)
Valinhos (2002–03)
Paquetá (2003)
Weber (2004–05)
N. Rodrigues (2006–09)
Lourenço (2009–10)
Verdini (2010–11)
Franco (2011–12)
Ávila (2012–13)
Gallo (2013–15)
Micale (2015–17)
Amadeu (2017–19)
Jardine (2019–22)
Ramon (2022–)
vteBrazil national under-23 football team – managers
Paulo (1991–92)
Luz (1994)
Zagallo (1994)
Gimenez (1995)
Jairo (1995)
Zagallo (1996)
Luxemburgo (1999–00)
Valinhos (2003)
R. Gomes (2003–04)
Nizzo (2007)
Dunga (2008)
Franco (2011–12)
Mano (2012)
Gallo (2014–15)
Micale (2015–16)
Jardine (2019–21)
Ramon (2023–)
vteAtlético Mineiro – managers
Netto (1926–29)
Medgyessy (1928–31)
Ivo Melo (1931–33)
Floriano Peixoto (1934–36)
Said (1936)
Floriano Peixoto (1937)
Guimarães (1937–38)
Becker (1938–39)
Said (1939–41)
Suárez (1944)
Said (1944–45)
Becker (1945)
Amsel (1945)
Magno (1946–47)
Letona (1947)
Magno (1947–48)
Moreira (1949)
Trindade (1949)
Diéz (1950–51)
Arges (1951)
Yustrich (1951–53)
Francisco (1953–54)
Arges (1954)
Viera (1954–55)
Diéz (1954–56)
Said (1956)
Becker (1956)
Neves (1957)
Paulo Benigno (1957–58)
Diéz (1958–59)
Arges (1959)
Moreira (1959)
Nequessaurt (1959–60)
Diéz (1960)
Pereira (1960–61)
Kafunga (1961–62)
Miranda (1962)
Antoninho (1962–63)
Marão (1963–64)
Francisco (1964)
A. Silva (1964)
Marão (1964–65)
W. Oliveira (1965)
Amaral (1966)
Gradim (1966)
Barbatana c (1966)
Miraglia (1966)
Santos (1966–67)
Fleitas (1967–68)
Moreira (1968)
Yustrich (1968–69)
Telê (1970–72)
Paulo Benigno (1973)
Telê (1973–75)
Mussula (1975–76)
Barbatana (1976–78)
Mussula (1978)
Vieira (1978)
Procópio (1979–81)
Pepe (1981)
C.A. Silva (1981–82)
Barbatana (1982)
Paulinho (1983)
Mussula (1983)
Minelli (1984)
Procópio (1984–85)
Vicente Lage (1985)
Oliveira (1985)
Ilton Chaves (1986–87)
Palhinha (1987)
Telê (1987–88)
Vantuir c (1988)
Paulinho (1988)
Moisés (1989)
J. Pereira (1989)
Rui Guimarães (1990)
Bernardes (1990)
Jair Pereira (1991–92)
Vantuir c (1992)
Procópio (1992)
Nelinho (1993)
Vantuir (1993–94)
Otacílio (1994)
Espinosa (1994)
Levir (1994–95)
Gaúcho (1995)
Procópio (1995–96)
Eduardo (1996–97)
Leão (1997)
C.A. Silva (1998)
Vantuir (1998)
C.A. Torres (1998)
Cerezo (1999)
Pereyra (1999)
H. Ramos (1999–2000)
J. Francisco c (2000)
M. Araújo (2000)
Parreira (2000)
Nedo Xavier c (2000)
A. Braga (2001)
Zé Maria (2001)
Levir (2001–02)
M. Oliveira c (2002)
Geninho (2002)
Roth (2003)
M. Oliveira (2003)
Procópio (2003)
Bonamigo (2004)
Picerni (2004)
Mário Sérgio (2004)
Procópio (2004–05)
Tite (2005)
Marco Aurélio (2005)
Sandri (2005–06)
M. Oliveira c (2006)
Levir (2006–07)
Tico c (2007)
Zetti (2007)
M. Oliveira c (2007)
Leão (2007)
Geninho (2008)
M. Oliveira c (2008)
Gallo (2008)
M. Oliveira (2008)
Leão (2009)
Roth (2009)
Luxemburgo (2010)
Dorival Jr. (2010–11)
Cuca (2011–13)
Autuori (2014)
Levir (2014–15)
Giacomini c (2015)
Aguirre (2016)
M. Oliveira (2016)
Giacomini c (2016)
Roger (2017)
Giacomini c (2017)
Micale (2017)
O. Oliveira (2017–18)
Larghi (2018)
Levir (2018–19)
R. Santana (2019)
Mancini (2019)
Dudamel (2020)
Freitas c (2020)
Sampaoli (2020–21)
Gonçalves c (2021)
Cuca (2021)
Mohamed (2022)
Gonçalves c (2022)
Cuca (2022)
Coudet (2023)
Scolari (2023–24)
Milito (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteParaná – managers
Lazaroni (1989)
Minelli (1990)
Ramirez (1990)
Otacílio (1991–92)
Levir (1993)
Otacílio (1995)
Luxemburgo (1995)
Tico (1995)
Lazaroni (1996)
A. Lopes (1996)
M. Juliato (1996)
Minelli (1996–97)
Lazaroni (1997)
Duarte (1997–98)
Otacílio (1998)
M. Araújo (1998)
Zequinha (1999)
Dionísio c (1999)
M. Araújo (1999)
Espinosa (1999)
Abel (1999–2000)
Leomir (2000)
Ary (2000)
Geninho (2000)
Carbone (2001)
Bonamigo (2001–02)
Caio Jr. (2002)
Otacílio (2002)
Caio Jr. (2002–03)
Cuca (2003)
Adílson (2003)
Saulo c (2003)
Marangon (2003)
Saulo (2003–04)
Neguinho c (2004)
P. Campos (2004)
Kleina (2004)
P. Campos (2004–05)
Julinho c (2005)
Sandri (2005)
L. Barbieri (2005–06)
Caio Jr. (2006)
Zetti (2007)
Pintado (2007)
Kleina (2007)
Sandri (2007)
Saulo (2007–08)
Bonamigo (2008)
Perrô (2008)
Comelli (2008–09)
Velloso (2009)
Zetti (2009)
S. Soares (2009)
Ageu c (2009)
R. Cavalo (2009)
M. Oliveira (2010)
R. Cavalo (2010–11)
Ageu c (2011)
R. Pinto (2011)
Fonseca (2011)
Ageu c (2011)
Macuglia (2011)
Ricardinho (2012)
T. Cecílio (2012–13)
Ednélson c (2013)
Cavalcanti (2013)
M. Mendes (2014)
Drubscky (2014)
Claudinei (2014)
Gusso c (2014)
Ricardinho (2014)
Gusso (2015)
Nedo (2015)
Diniz (2015)
F. Miguel c (2015)
Claudinei (2016)
F. Miguel c (2016)
Martelotte (2016)
R. Fernandes (2016)
F. Miguel c (2016)
Lopes (2017)
Cristian (2017)
M. Costa c (2017)
Lisca (2017)
M. Costa (2017)
Lopes (2018)
Fesan c (2018)
Micale (2018)
Claudinei (2018)
Cavalcanti (2018–19)
M. Costa (2019)
Allan Aal (2020)
Micale (2020)
Dal Pozzo (2020–21)
Coelho (2021)
Maurílio (2021)
J. Ferreira c (2021)
Criciúma (2021)
J. Ferreira (2021–22)
Cascca (2022)
Feitosa (2022)
Marcão (2023)
Fahel Jr. (2023)
Tcheco (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteAl Hilal SFC – managers
Sultan (1957–60)
Jobarat (1960)
Salem (1960–76)
Smith (1976–78)
Amaral (1978)
Zagallo (1978–79)
Filho (1981–82)
Kubala (1982–84)
Espinosa (1984–85)
Noagira (1986)
Minelli (1986–87)
Borrás (1987–88)
Candinho (1988–89)
Carlos (1989)
Santana (1989–90)
Tavares (1990–91)
Cedinho (1991–92)
Lazaroni (1992–93)
Bernardi (1993)
Nelsinho (1993–94)
Lopes (1994)
Bernardi (1994–95)
Lazaroni (1995)
Van Hanegem (1995–96)
Joubert (1996)
Mirko Jozić (1996–97)
Ferreira (1997)
Bernardi (1997)
Balaci (1997–98)
Hollmann (1998–99)
Al-Zayani (1999)
Sandri (1999)
Iordănescu (1999–2000)
Balaci (2000–01)
Sušić (2001)
Artur Jorge (2001–02)
Maturana (2002)
Balaci (2002–03)
De Mos (2003–04)
Al-Ajlani (2004)
Bernardi (2004)
Paquetá (2004–05)
Barroso (2005–06)
Candinho (2006)
Peseiro (2006–07)
Paquetá (2007)
Cerezo (2007)
Olăroiu (2007–09)
Leekens (2009)
Gerets (2009–10)
Calderón (2010–11)
Doll (2011–12)
Hašek (2012)
Kombouaré (2012–13)
Dalić (2013)
Al-Jaber (2013–14)
Reghecampf (2014–15)
Donis (2015–16)
Matosas (2016)
Díaz (2016–18)
Brown (2018)
Jesus (2018–19)
Mamić (2019)
Chamusca (2019)
Lucescu (2019–21)
Micale (2021)
Morais (2021)
Jardim (2021–22)
Díaz (2022–23)
Jesus (2023–)
vteAl Dhafra FC – managers
Hamberg (2003–04)
Rocha (2005–06)
Souayah (2007)
El Ramadi (2007–08)
Kwid (2008)
Baroot (2008–09)
Banide (2009–10)
Halilović (2010)
Decastel (2010)
Guimarães (2010–11)
Kwid (2011)
Brito (2011)
Mostafa (2011–12)
Hadžiabdić (2012)
Banide (2012–13)
Mesfer (2013–14)
Karabeg (2014)
Ion (2014–15)
Banide (2015)
Kwid (2015–18)
Hadžievski (2018)
Rašović (2018–20)
Kwidc (2020)
Veselinović (2020–21)
Kwid (2021)
Micale (2021–22)
Al Idrissi (2022)
Vignjević (2022)
Veselinović (2022–23)
Al Idrissi (2023)
Mesfer (2023)
Comelli (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Egypt national U23 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_under-23_football_team"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Reis and the second or paternal family name is Micale.Mário Rogério Reis Micale (born 28 March 1969), known as Rogério Micale, is a Brazilian professional football coach and former player. He’s currently the head coach of the Egypt national U23 football team.","title":"Rogério Micale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Londrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londrina_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"Apucarana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apucarana_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube"},{"link_name":"Operário Ferroviário","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C3%A1rio_Ferrovi%C3%A1rio_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"Figueirense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figueirense_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Atlético Mineiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Mineiro"},{"link_name":"Grêmio Prudente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Barueri_Futebol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brazil under-20s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Gallo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"under-23s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"2015 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasileira_de_Futebol"},{"link_name":"the year's FIFA U-20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vitória","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vit%C3%B3ria"},{"link_name":"Wagner Lopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Lopes"},{"link_name":"Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Clube"},{"link_name":"Al Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hilal_SFC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Micale also represented Londrina, Apucarana and Operário Ferroviário before retiring at the age of just 23. He started his managerial career in 1999 with his first club Portuguesa, taking charge of the club's youth setup.Micale subsequently spent the vast majority of his career in charge of youth sides, notably Figueirense and Atlético Mineiro. On 31 December 2010, he was appointed manager of Grêmio Prudente,[1] but his reign only lasted 21 days.[2] He subsequently returned to Atlético and its youth team.On 9 May 2015, Micale was named manager of Brazil under-20s, replacing Alexandre Gallo.[3] He achieved a second place in the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup, and also was the manager of the under-23s during the 2015 Pan American Games and the 2016 Summer Olympics, winning the latter for the first time in the country's history.[4]On 20 February 2017, Micale was dismissed by CBF after failing to qualify the under-20s for the year's FIFA U-20 World Cup.[5] On 21 July he returned to Atlético, now appointed manager of the first team.Micale was fired on 24 September 2017, after a 3–1 home defeat against Vitória. The following February, he replaced Wagner Lopes at the helm of Paraná.In February 2021, he became the manager of Saudi club Al Hilal.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_de_Futebol_J%C3%BAnior"},{"link_name":"Taça Belo Horizonte de Juniores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_Belo_Horizonte_de_Juniores"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Saudi Professional League Manager of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Professional_League"},{"link_name":"March 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Saudi_Professional_League#Monthly_awards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"FigueirenseCopa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior: 2008Atlético MineiroTaça Belo Horizonte de Juniores: 2009, 2011Brazil OlympicSummer Olympics Gold medal: 2016BrazilPan American Games Bronze medal: 2015IndividualSaudi Professional League Manager of the Month: March 2021[7]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Micale deixa júnior do Atlético-MG e é o novo técnico do Grêmio Prudente\" [Micale leaves Atlético-MG's youth team and is the new manager of Grêmio Prudente] (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/noticia/2010/12/time-junior-do-atletico-mg-perde-treinador-vesperas-da-copa-sp.html","url_text":"\"Micale deixa júnior do Atlético-MG e é o novo técnico do Grêmio Prudente\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globo_Esporte","url_text":"Globo Esporte"}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusivo! Grêmio Prudente demite técnico antes do jogo contra Santos\" [Exclusive! Grêmio Prudente sack manager before match against Santos] (in Portuguese). Futebol Interior. 21 January 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.futebolinterior.com.br/futebol/Copa-do-Brasil/Unica/2011/noticias/2011-01/EXCLUSIVO!-Gremio-Prudente-demite-tecnico-antes-do-jogo-contra-Santos","url_text":"\"Exclusivo! Grêmio Prudente demite técnico antes do jogo contra Santos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Novo técnico da Seleção sub-20, Rogério Micale exalta trabalho no Galo\" [New manager of the under-20 national team, Rogério Micale lifts up work at Galo] (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/atletico-mg/noticia/2015/05/novo-tecnico-da-selecao-sub-20-rogerio-micale-exalta-trabalho-no-galo.html","url_text":"\"Novo técnico da Seleção sub-20, Rogério Micale exalta trabalho no Galo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conheça Rogério Micale, o novo comandante da seleção olímpica\" [Know Rogério Micale, the new manager of the Olympic national team] (in Portuguese). Folha de S. Paulo. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/olimpiada-no-rio/2016/06/1782037-conheca-rogerio-micale-o-novo-comandante-da-selecao-olimpica.shtml","url_text":"\"Conheça Rogério Micale, o novo comandante da seleção olímpica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folha_de_S._Paulo","url_text":"Folha de S. Paulo"}]},{"reference":"\"Micale é demitido pela CBF após não classificar o Brasil ao Mundial sub-20\" [Micale is sacked by CBF after not qualifying Brazil to the U-20 World Cup] (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/selecao-brasileira/noticia/2017/02/micale-e-demitido-pela-cbf-apos-nao-classificar-o-brasil-ao-mundial-sub-20.html","url_text":"\"Micale é demitido pela CBF após não classificar o Brasil ao Mundial sub-20\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rogerio Micale promotion at Al Hilal adds to curious managerial situation in Saudi Arabia\". sport360.com. 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport360.com/article/football/saudi-professional-league/345882/rogerio-micale-promotion-at-al-hilal-adds-to-curious-managerial-situation-in-saudi-arabia","url_text":"\"Rogerio Micale promotion at Al Hilal adds to curious managerial situation in Saudi Arabia\""}]},{"reference":"\"ميكالي وشافعي ومبولحي والعمري نجوم مارس\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alyaum.com/articles/6313867/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3","url_text":"\"ميكالي وشافعي ومبولحي والعمري نجوم مارس\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/noticia/2010/12/time-junior-do-atletico-mg-perde-treinador-vesperas-da-copa-sp.html","external_links_name":"\"Micale deixa júnior do Atlético-MG e é o novo técnico do Grêmio Prudente\""},{"Link":"https://www.futebolinterior.com.br/futebol/Copa-do-Brasil/Unica/2011/noticias/2011-01/EXCLUSIVO!-Gremio-Prudente-demite-tecnico-antes-do-jogo-contra-Santos","external_links_name":"\"Exclusivo! Grêmio Prudente demite técnico antes do jogo contra Santos\""},{"Link":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/atletico-mg/noticia/2015/05/novo-tecnico-da-selecao-sub-20-rogerio-micale-exalta-trabalho-no-galo.html","external_links_name":"\"Novo técnico da Seleção sub-20, Rogério Micale exalta trabalho no Galo\""},{"Link":"http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/olimpiada-no-rio/2016/06/1782037-conheca-rogerio-micale-o-novo-comandante-da-selecao-olimpica.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Conheça Rogério Micale, o novo comandante da seleção olímpica\""},{"Link":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/selecao-brasileira/noticia/2017/02/micale-e-demitido-pela-cbf-apos-nao-classificar-o-brasil-ao-mundial-sub-20.html","external_links_name":"\"Micale é demitido pela CBF após não classificar o Brasil ao Mundial sub-20\""},{"Link":"https://sport360.com/article/football/saudi-professional-league/345882/rogerio-micale-promotion-at-al-hilal-adds-to-curious-managerial-situation-in-saudi-arabia","external_links_name":"\"Rogerio Micale promotion at Al Hilal adds to curious managerial situation in Saudi Arabia\""},{"Link":"https://www.alyaum.com/articles/6313867/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3","external_links_name":"\"ميكالي وشافعي ومبولحي والعمري نجوم مارس\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/coaches/mario-rogerio-reis-micale/169227/#bd","external_links_name":"Rogério Micale coach profile"},{"Link":"https://www.sambafoot.com/coaches/4440-rogerio-micale","external_links_name":"Rogério Micale coach profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918/http://www.sambafoot.com/en/trainers/513145_rogerio_micale.html","external_links_name":"archive"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaloricus | Nanaloricus | ["1 References"] | Genus of tiny marine invertebrates
Nanaloricus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Loricifera
Order:
Nanaloricida
Family:
Nanaloricidae
Genus:
NanaloricusKristensen 1983
Type species
Nanaloricus mysticusKristensen 1983
Species
N. gwenae Kristensen, Heiner & Higgins, 2007
N. khaitatus Todaro & Kristensen 1998
N. mysticus Kristensen 1983
Nanaloricus is a genus of Loriciferan, the first to be described.
References
^ Kristensen, R. M. (2009). "Loricifera, a new phylum with Aschelminthes characters from the meiobenthos1". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 21 (3): 163–180. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1983.tb00285.x.
vteExtant animal phyla
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(major groups
Excavata
Diaphoretickes
Hacrobia
Rhizaria
Alveolata
Stramenopiles
Plants
Amorphea
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animals
Fungi)
Animalia
Porifera (sponges)
Ctenophora (comb jellies)
ParaHoxozoa(Planulozoa)
Placozoa (Trichoplax and relatives)
Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
Bilateria (Triploblasts)
(see below↓)
The phylogeny of the animal root is disputed; see also
Eumetazoa
Benthozoa
BilateriaBilateria
Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
Chordata (chordates)
Ambulacraria
Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
ProtostomiaEcdysozoaScalidophora
Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
Priapulida (penis worms)
N+L+PNematoida
Nematoda (roundworms)
Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
L+P
Loricifera (corset animals)
Panarthropoda
Onychophora (velvet worms)
Tactopoda
Arthropoda (arthropods)
Tardigrada (waterbears)
SpiraliaGnathifera
Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
M+S
Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia)
Syndermata
Rotifera (wheel animals)
Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
PlatytrochozoaR+MRouphozoa
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
Mesozoa
Orthonectida
Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
Monoblastozoa (Salinella)†
Lophotrochozoa
Cycliophora (Symbion)
Annelida (segmented worms)
M+K
Mollusca (molluscs)
Kryptotrochozoa
Nemertea (ribbon worms)
LophophorataBryozoa s.l.
Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
Ectoprocta (moss animals)
Brachiozoa
Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
The phylogeny of Bilateria is disputed; see also
Nephrozoa
Deuterostomia
Xenambulacraria
Centroneuralia
Major groupswithin phyla
Sponges
Demosponges
Glass sponges
Calcareous sponges
Cnidarians
Anthozoans inc. corals
Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
Myxozoans
Chordates
Lancelets
Tunicates
Vertebrates
Echinoderms
Sea lilies
Asterozoans inc. starfish
Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
Hemichordates
Acorn worms
Pterobranchs
Nematodes
Chromadorea
Enoplea
Secernentea
Arthropods
Chelicerates inc. arachnids
Myriapods
Crustaceans
Hexapods inc. insects
Platyhelminths
Turbellaria
Trematoda
Monogenea
Cestoda
Ectoproctans
Phylactolaemata
Stenolaemata
Gymnolaemata
Annelids
Polychaetes
Clitellata
Sipuncula
Molluscs
Gastropods
Cephalopods
Bivalves
Chitons
Tusk shells
Phyla with ≥1000 extant species bolded
Potentially dubious phyla †
Taxon identifiersNanaloricus
Wikidata: Q3710556
Wikispecies: Nanaloricus
ADW: Nanaloricus
CoL: 7PLGD
EoL: 49222
GBIF: 2501315
IRMNG: 1029691
ITIS: 202426
NBN: NBNSYS0000184485
NCBI: 549182
Open Tree of Life: 876237
WoRMS: 101090 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loriciferan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loriciferan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Nanaloricus is a genus of Loriciferan, the first to be described.[1]","title":"Nanaloricus"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kristensen, R. M. (2009). \"Loricifera, a new phylum with Aschelminthes characters from the meiobenthos1\". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 21 (3): 163–180. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1983.tb00285.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0469.1983.tb00285.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1439-0469.1983.tb00285.x"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0469.1983.tb00285.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1439-0469.1983.tb00285.x"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nanaloricus/","external_links_name":"Nanaloricus"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7PLGD","external_links_name":"7PLGD"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/49222","external_links_name":"49222"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2501315","external_links_name":"2501315"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1029691","external_links_name":"1029691"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=202426","external_links_name":"202426"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000184485","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000184485"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=549182","external_links_name":"549182"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=876237","external_links_name":"876237"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101090","external_links_name":"101090"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Rice | John B. Rice | ["1 Biography","1.1 Congress","2 Family","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"] | American politician
For the American actor, theatrical producer and Illinois politician, see John Blake Rice.
John Birchard RiceMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Ohio's 10th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1881 – March 3, 1883Preceded byThomas Ewing, Jr.Succeeded byFrank H. Hurd
Personal detailsBorn(1832-06-23)June 23, 1832Lower Sandusky, OhioDiedJanuary 14, 1893(1893-01-14) (aged 60)Fremont, OhioResting placeOakwood CemeteryPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseSarah WilsonChildrentwoAlma materOberlin CollegeUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolJefferson Medical CollegeSignatureMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited StatesBranch/serviceUnion ArmyYears of service1861–1864RanksurgeonUnit10th Ohio Infantry72nd Ohio InfantryFifteenth Army CorpsBattles/warsAmerican Civil War
John Birchard Rice (June 23, 1832 – January 14, 1893) was an American medical doctor and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Ohio for one term from 1881 to 1883.
Biography
Born in Fremont, Ohio, Rice attended the common schools of Lower Sandusky (now Fremont) and Oberlin College, Ohio. He graduated from the medical department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1857. He took a post-graduate course at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and at Bellevue Hospital, New York City in 1859. He was a lecturer on military surgery and obstetrics in the Charity Hospital Medical College and the medical department of the University of Wooster in Cleveland, Ohio.
Rice served on the medical staff during the Civil War as assistant surgeon of the Tenth and then as surgeon of the Seventy-second regiments of the Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He was also surgeon in chief of a division in the Fifteenth Army Corps and of the District of Memphis.
After the war, he was appointed a trustee of the state hospital in Toledo, Ohio. He served as member of the Board of Health of Fremont, Ohio.
Congress
Rice was elected as a Republican to the Forty-seventh Congress (March 4, 1881 – March 3, 1883). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1882. He engaged in the practice of medicine in Fremont. He died in Fremont, and was interred in Oakwood Cemetery. He died from Bright's disease.
Family
Rice was the second son of Dr. Robert Stuart Rice and Eliza Ann (Caldwell) Rice. He was married to Sarah Wilson on December 12, 1861. They had two children named Lizzie, born 1865, and Wilson, born 1875.
References
^ a b c d "John B. Rice Collection at the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center". Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
Sources
United States Congress. "John B. Rice (id: R000199)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-5-12
External links
"John B. Rice". Find a Grave. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 10th congressional district
Patterson
Jennings
Shannon
Davenport
Kennon
Vance
Mason
H. A. Moore
Stone
Delano
Duncan
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Taylor
O. F. Moore
Miller
Trimble
Ashley
Hoag
Peck
C. Foster
Ewing
Rice
Hurd
Romeis
Haynes
Doan
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Bundy
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Bannon
Johnson
Switzer
I. Foster
Jenkins
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Miller
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Kucinich
Turner
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Authority control databases International
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gordon_(singer) | Robert Gordon (singer) | ["1 Music career","1.1 Influences and early career","1.2 Punk rock","1.3 Rockabilly revival","1.4 Reunion","1.5 Later life","2 Acting career","3 Death","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 Live albums","4.3 Compilations","4.4 International releases","5 References","6 External links"] | American singer, musician and actor (1947–2022)
For other uses, see Robert Gordon (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Robert Gordon" singer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Robert GordonGordon in 1979Background informationBirth nameRobert Ira GordonBorn(1947-03-29)March 29, 1947Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.DiedOctober 18, 2022(2022-10-18) (aged 75)New York City, New York, U.S.GenresRockabillyOccupation(s)Musician, actorInstrument(s)VocalsYears active1976–2022LabelsPrivate Stock, RCA RecordsFormerly ofTuff Darts, Link Wray, Danny Gatton, Chris SpeddingWebsiterobertgordon.dkMusical artist
Robert Gordon (March 29, 1947 – October 18, 2022) was an American rockabilly singer.
Music career
Influences and early career
Gordon grew up in Bethesda, Maryland, United States, the son of Arlene and Samuel Gordon, an administrative law judge. His family was Jewish. At the age of nine, he was greatly inspired by the Elvis Presley song "Heartbreak Hotel" playing on radio and decided to pursue a career as a rock and roll musician at that young age. Along with Elvis, Gordon's influences included Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran among other notable rock 'n roll music artists of the period.
Gordon made his recording debut at age 17 in 1964 with a group called the Confidentials. He was also actively performed with the Newports in his teenage years. At the age of 19 he got married, and shortly after had two children.
When asked how he related to the 1960s, Gordon replied "I didn't." He did not care much for the British Invasion but he identified with soul singers such as James Brown and Otis Redding whom he saw, among other great R&B acts, performing at Washington, D.C.'s famous Howard Theatre. During the turbulent times of the late 1960s, with the rioting and antiwar protests of the period, Gordon served in the National Guard in Washington, D.C. "I didn't want to be sent to Vietnam," he recalls.
Punk rock
By 1970, Gordon had relocated his family to New York City with the intent of operating a clothing boutique. His focus shifted to the punk rock scene at the nightclub CBGB. He became a member of the punk-pop band Tuff Darts. During 1976, the Tuff Darts recorded "All for the Love of Rock and Roll", "Head over Heels", and "Slash" for a compilation album called Live at CBGB's, which included a number of other local New York City bands.
That same year, Gordon appeared in a punk/New Wave–style film entitled Unmade Beds, an homage to Jean-Luc Godard by underground filmmaker Amos Poe. Blondie lead singer Deborah Harry and painter Duncan Hannah also appeared in the film.
Rockabilly revival
Gordon on tour with Chris Spedding in Japan, 1993
Record producer Richard Gottehrer discovered Gordon during a rehearsal one afternoon with Tuff Darts and soon afterward the two were talking about making a rock and roll record. Gottehrer was impressed with Gordon's voice and his rendition of Elvis Presley's "One Night". After some conversation, Gordon suggested working with guitar legend Link Wray. Wray was contacted and he agreed to work with them both. "Robert to me sounds a lot like the early Elvis, back when he was at Sun Records", he commented. In 1977, Robert Gordon with Link Wray on Private Stock Records was the result of this collaboration. After Elvis Presley's unexpected death in August, 1977, the album picked up some airplay, and the Private Stock label attempted to hype Gordon as the heir to Elvis. In 1978, Gordon made a second album with Wray, for Private Stock called Fresh Fish Special. The record featured The Jordanaires, who had been background vocalists for Presley, and included the Bruce Springsteen song "Fire". Springsteen played keyboards on the track.
In 1978, RCA Records signed Gordon to a contract which he described as "a dream come true" to record for "Elvis's label". In February, 1979, the album Rock Billy Boogie was issued on the RCA Victor label, this time without Wray, as Chris Spedding joined Gordon, playing lead guitar. Writer Bruce Eder (AllMusic) hailed Gordon's next album, Bad Boy, released in 1980, as one of the best mature rockabilly albums ever recorded. Gordon's next and final album for RCA was 1981's Are You Gonna Be The One. The title track written by Marc Jonson. It is Gordon's best-selling album to date, with more than 200,000 copies sold. Danny Gatton played lead guitar on this record and Marshall Crenshaw penned the single "Someday, Someway", which went to No. 76 on the Billboard charts in 1981.
During the early 1980s, Gordon toured briefly with Gatton. A recording of one of their performances was later released on NRG Records as "The Humbler".
In the early 1990s Gordon toured with Spedding, including Japan, Norway, Finland, United States, Spain and Sweden, with a number of live tracks later appearing on the 2006 Climate Control album Born To Rock.
Reunion
Gordon performing live in Denmark, 2007
In 2005, after years of not working together, Gordon and guitar player Chris Spedding reconnected and toured Europe. Highlights from the shows in Denmark, Sweden and Finland were released on The Reunion Tour, on their own Climate Control label. The French label Last Call released a DVD from the Amsterdam concert, entitled Rockin' The Paradiso. They also recorded an album of 15 Elvis songs with the Jordanaires for the 30th anniversary of Elvis' death, entitled It's Now Or Never, released on the Rykodisc label. In 2007 Robert Gordon had a small European tour, backed by Marco DiMaggio and his band. During that tour Robert performed in Moscow, Russia. According to Robert's manager it was one of the very best gigs of that tour. In 2009 and 2010 Gordon toured with an all-star line-up "The Gang They Couldn't Hang" that included Chris Spedding, Slim Jim Phantom and Glen Matlock. Notable "Gang" dates included the Byron Bay Blues Festival in Australia, and the Azkena Rock Festival in Spain where Gordon and TGTCH performed on a bill with Kiss and Bob Dylan in front of a crowd of 20,000.
Later life
Gordon continued to release music in his later years. In 2014, He released the album I'm Coming Home. He toured the U.S. and Europe, and on April 19, 2014, he performed at the 17th annual Viva Las Vegas Rockabilly Weekender at The Car Show event in Las Vegas, Nevada.
In 2020 he released Rockabilly for Life, and on November 25, 2022 Hellafied was released posthumously. The record comprised material from a 1998 album that was never released as well as new material recorded before his death in October.
Acting career
In 1982, Gordon costarred with Willem Dafoe in future Oscar winner Kathryn Bigelow's first film, a 1950s-styled motor-biking movie (inspired by Marlon Brando's The Wild One) called The Loveless. This was Dafoe's first feature starring role. Critics generally liked the soundtrack but disliked the film. The Loveless did poorly at the box office but is now considered a cult favorite. Gordon also made numerous TV appearances including a 1981 skit on the popular comedy show SCTV in which he performed with his band, including Danny Gatton—after having been "mistakenly" booked on the show as the astronaut Gordon Cooper. The spoof of a space shuttle launch also featured SCTV regulars Dave Thomas as Walter Cronkite and Rick Moranis as David Brinkley.
Death
Gordon died in New York City, on October 18, 2022, at the age of 75, after years of acute myeloid leukemia.
Discography
Studio albums
1977 – Robert Gordon with Link Wray (Private Stock PS-2030)
1978 – Fresh Fish Special (with Link Wray) (Private Stock PS-7008) - AUS #96
1979 – Rock Billy Boogie (RCA Victor AFL1-3294)
1980 – Bad Boy (RCA Victor AFL1-3523)
1981 – Are You Gonna Be the One (RCA Victor AFL1-3773)
1994 – All for the Love of Rock 'N' Roll (Viceroy VIC-8014)
1997 – Robert Gordon (Llist Records LLR-00792)
2004 – Satisfied Mind (Jungle Records TCB-2222CD)
2007 – It's Now or Never (with Chris Spedding) (Rykodisc RLP-1915-1)
2014 – I'm Coming Home (Lanark Records LNR-088)
2020 – Rockabilly for Life (Cleopatra Records CLO1760)
2022 – Hellafied (with Chris Spedding) (Cleopatra Records CLO2999)
Live albums
1979 – Live from the Paradise, Boston, MA 3/22/79 (RCA DJL1-3411; radio promo only)
1996 – "The Humbler" (with Danny Gatton) (NRG Records NCD-6842)
1996 – King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents: Robert Gordon (recorded live 3/30/79 in Philadelphia, PA) (RCA/BMG 70170-88018-28)
2005 – Wild Wild Women, Live (with Link Wray; recorded live at the Musikladen, Berlin, 1978) (Warwick/Jungle - limited to 500 copies - digitally remastered)
Compilations
1982 – Too Fast to Live, Too Young to Die (RCA Victor AFL1-4380)
International releases
1989 – Robert Gordon: Live at Lone Star (New Rose NR-173, France)
1989 – Robert Gordon Is Red Hot (Bear Family BCD-15446, Germany)
1989 – Black Slacks (Bear Family BCD-15489, Germany)
1991 – Greetings from New York City (New Rose NR-279, France)
1998 – The Lost Album, Plus... (Bear Family BCD-16251, Germany)
2006 – Robert Gordon & Chris Spedding: Rockin' the Paradiso (Last Call Records 3113142, France)
2007 – Real Gone Daddy-O Rarin' to Go! (Climate Change Records – 005, Denmark)
References
^ Richard Harrington (1977-10-20). "A Rocker and a Legend". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. Archived from the original on 2022-12-27. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
^ Steven Lee Beeber (2007). The Heebie-Jeebies at CBGB's: A Secret History of Jewish Punk. Chicago Review Press. p. 160. ISBN 9781569762288. Archived from the original on 2023-08-05. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
^ a b c d e f Deelen, Arjan: "Look Who's Blue – The Robert Gordon Story", Now Dig This No. 254, May 2004.
^ Greg Evans (October 2022). "Robert Gordon Dies: Singer Who Took Rockabilly To Downtown Punk Scene Was 75". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ Alex Gallagher (October 19, 2022). "Rockabilly revivalist Robert Gordon dead at 75". NME. Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
^ a b c d e A.D. Amorosi (October 18, 2022). "Robert Gordon, Rockabilly-Revivalist Singer, Dies at 75". Variety. Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
^ "The Blank Generation ... New York punk and underground films". Blank Generation LLC. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2020-09-03.
^ a b c d Amorosi, A. D. (October 18, 2022). "Robert Gordon, Rockabilly-Revivalist Singer, Dies at 75". Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
^ Rapp, Allison (18 October 2022). "Robert Gordon, Rockabilly Revivalist Singer, Dead at 75". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
^ Joyce, Mike (January 19, 1997). "Washington's Fender Bender". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
^ "Robert Gordon / Chris Spedding - Born To Rock". Chrisspedding.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
^ "Chris Spedding biography.10". Chrisspedding.com. Archived from the original on 2001-03-06. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
^ "Robert Gordon Viva Las Vegas 17". Archived from the original on 2023-08-05. Retrieved 2017-11-15 – via YouTube.
^ "Robert Gordon - Rockabilly for Life Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic". Archived from the original on 2023-01-05. Retrieved 2023-01-05 – via www.allmusic.com.
^ "Hellafied - Robert Gordon, Chris Spedding | Similar Albums | AllMusic". Archived from the original on 2023-01-05. Retrieved 2023-01-05 – via www.allmusic.com.
^ Maslin, Janet (January 20, 1984). "50'S-STYLE 'LOVELESS'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2022 – via NYTimes.com.
^ Amorosi, A.D. (October 18, 2022). "Robert Gordon, Rockabilly-Revivalist Singer, Dies at 75". Variety. Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
^ Williams, Alex (October 27, 2022). "Robert Gordon, Punk Rocker Turned Rockabilly Revivalist, Dies at 75". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2022 – via NYTimes.com.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 128. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Gordon (musician).
Official homepage
Robert Gordon discography at Discogs
Robert Gordon at IMDb
Robert Gordon interview radio special
TOPPOP: Robert Gordon & Link Wray - Red Hot on YouTube - TopPop, broadcast 25 February 1978
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United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Gordon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gordon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"rockabilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly"}],"text":"For other uses, see Robert Gordon (disambiguation).Musical artistRobert Gordon (March 29, 1947 – October 18, 2022) was an American rockabilly singer.","title":"Robert Gordon (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bethesda, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Heartbreak Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreak_Hotel"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"Gene Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cochran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AD-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AD-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Otis Redding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Redding"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Howard Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Theatre"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"}],"sub_title":"Influences and early career","text":"Gordon grew up in Bethesda, Maryland, United States, the son of Arlene and Samuel Gordon, an administrative law judge.[1] His family was Jewish.[2] At the age of nine, he was greatly inspired by the Elvis Presley song \"Heartbreak Hotel\" playing on radio and decided to pursue a career as a rock and roll musician at that young age.[3] Along with Elvis, Gordon's influences included Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran among other notable rock 'n roll music artists of the period.[4]Gordon made his recording debut at age 17 in 1964 with a group called the Confidentials.[5] He was also actively performed with the Newports in his teenage years.[6] At the age of 19 he got married, and shortly after had two children.[6]When asked how he related to the 1960s, Gordon replied \"I didn't.\"[3] He did not care much for the British Invasion but he identified with soul singers such as James Brown and Otis Redding whom he saw, among other great R&B acts, performing at Washington, D.C.'s famous Howard Theatre. During the turbulent times of the late 1960s, with the rioting and antiwar protests of the period, Gordon served in the National Guard in Washington, D.C. \"I didn't want to be sent to Vietnam,\" he recalls.[3]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AD-6"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"CBGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBGB"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AD-6"},{"link_name":"Tuff Darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff_Darts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AD-6"},{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Godard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard"},{"link_name":"Amos Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Poe"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(band)"},{"link_name":"Deborah Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Harry"},{"link_name":"Duncan Hannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Hannah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Punk rock","text":"By 1970, Gordon had relocated his family to New York City with the intent of operating a clothing boutique.[6] His focus shifted to the punk rock scene at the nightclub CBGB.[6] He became a member of the punk-pop band Tuff Darts.[6] During 1976, the Tuff Darts recorded \"All for the Love of Rock and Roll\", \"Head over Heels\", and \"Slash\" for a compilation album called Live at CBGB's, which included a number of other local New York City bands.That same year, Gordon appeared in a punk/New Wave–style film entitled Unmade Beds, an homage to Jean-Luc Godard by underground filmmaker Amos Poe. Blondie lead singer Deborah Harry and painter Duncan Hannah also appeared in the film.[7]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Gordon2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chris Spedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Spedding"},{"link_name":"Richard Gottehrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gottehrer"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"One Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Night_(Elvis_Presley_song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"Link Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Wray"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sun Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"Private Stock Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Stock_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Jordanaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanaires"},{"link_name":"vocalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_(Bruce_Springsteen_song)"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Rock Billy Boogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Billy_Boogie"},{"link_name":"Chris Spedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Spedding"},{"link_name":"lead guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"Bruce Eder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Eder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"Danny Gatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Gatton"},{"link_name":"Marshall Crenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Crenshaw"},{"link_name":"Someday, Someway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someday,_Someway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"\"The Humbler\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22The_Humbler%22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Rockabilly revival","text":"Gordon on tour with Chris Spedding in Japan, 1993Record producer Richard Gottehrer discovered Gordon during a rehearsal one afternoon with Tuff Darts and soon afterward the two were talking about making a rock and roll record.[8] Gottehrer was impressed with Gordon's voice and his rendition of Elvis Presley's \"One Night\".[3] After some conversation, Gordon suggested working with guitar legend Link Wray.[9] Wray was contacted and he agreed to work with them both. \"Robert to me sounds a lot like the early Elvis, back when he was at Sun Records\", he commented.[3] In 1977, Robert Gordon with Link Wray on Private Stock Records was the result of this collaboration.[8] After Elvis Presley's unexpected death in August, 1977, the album picked up some airplay, and the Private Stock label attempted to hype Gordon as the heir to Elvis.[citation needed] In 1978, Gordon made a second album with Wray, for Private Stock called Fresh Fish Special. The record featured The Jordanaires, who had been background vocalists for Presley, and included the Bruce Springsteen song \"Fire\". Springsteen played keyboards on the track.[8]In 1978, RCA Records signed Gordon to a contract which he described as \"a dream come true\" to record for \"Elvis's label\". In February, 1979, the album Rock Billy Boogie was issued on the RCA Victor label, this time without Wray, as Chris Spedding joined Gordon, playing lead guitar. Writer Bruce Eder (AllMusic) hailed Gordon's next album, Bad Boy, released in 1980, as one of the best mature rockabilly albums ever recorded. Gordon's next and final album for RCA was 1981's Are You Gonna Be The One. The title track written by Marc Jonson. It is Gordon's best-selling album to date, with more than 200,000 copies sold.[3] Danny Gatton played lead guitar on this record and Marshall Crenshaw penned the single \"Someday, Someway\", which went to No. 76 on the Billboard charts in 1981.[citation needed]During the early 1980s, Gordon toured briefly with Gatton. A recording of one of their performances was later released on NRG Records as \"The Humbler\".[10]In the early 1990s Gordon toured with Spedding, including Japan, Norway, Finland, United States, Spain and Sweden, with a number of live tracks later appearing on the 2006 Climate Control album Born To Rock.[11]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Ira_Gordon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Chris Spedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Spedding"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Marco DiMaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marco_DiMaggio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Slim Jim Phantom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Jim_Phantom"},{"link_name":"Glen Matlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Matlock"},{"link_name":"Byron Bay Blues Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Blues_%26_Roots_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Azkena Rock Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azkena_Rock_Festival"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Reunion","text":"Gordon performing live in Denmark, 2007In 2005, after years of not working together, Gordon and guitar player Chris Spedding reconnected and toured Europe.[12] Highlights from the shows in Denmark, Sweden and Finland were released on The Reunion Tour, on their own Climate Control label. The French label Last Call released a DVD from the Amsterdam concert, entitled Rockin' The Paradiso. They also recorded an album of 15 Elvis songs with the Jordanaires for the 30th anniversary of Elvis' death, entitled It's Now Or Never, released on the Rykodisc label. In 2007 Robert Gordon had a small European tour, backed by Marco DiMaggio and his band. During that tour Robert performed in Moscow, Russia. According to Robert's manager it was one of the very best gigs of that tour. In 2009 and 2010 Gordon toured with an all-star line-up \"The Gang They Couldn't Hang\" that included Chris Spedding, Slim Jim Phantom and Glen Matlock. Notable \"Gang\" dates included the Byron Bay Blues Festival in Australia, and the Azkena Rock Festival in Spain where Gordon and TGTCH performed on a bill with Kiss and Bob Dylan in front of a crowd of 20,000.[citation needed]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Later life","text":"Gordon continued to release music in his later years. In 2014, He released the album I'm Coming Home.[8] He toured the U.S. and Europe, and on April 19, 2014, he performed at the 17th annual Viva Las Vegas Rockabilly Weekender at The Car Show event in Las Vegas, Nevada.[13]In 2020 he released Rockabilly for Life,[14] and on November 25, 2022 Hellafied was released posthumously.[15] The record comprised material from a 1998 album that was never released as well as new material recorded before his death in October.[citation needed]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willem Dafoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Dafoe"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Bigelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow"},{"link_name":"Marlon Brando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando"},{"link_name":"The Loveless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loveless"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"SCTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Television"},{"link_name":"Danny Gatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Gatton"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"Gordon Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Dave Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Thomas_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Walter Cronkite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cronkite"},{"link_name":"Rick Moranis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Moranis"},{"link_name":"David Brinkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brinkley"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1982, Gordon costarred with Willem Dafoe in future Oscar winner Kathryn Bigelow's first film, a 1950s-styled motor-biking movie (inspired by Marlon Brando's The Wild One) called The Loveless.[16] This was Dafoe's first feature starring role. Critics generally liked the soundtrack but disliked the film. The Loveless did poorly at the box office but is now considered a cult favorite. Gordon also made numerous TV appearances including a 1981 skit on the popular comedy show SCTV in which he performed with his band, including Danny Gatton—after having been \"mistakenly\" booked on the show as the astronaut Gordon Cooper. The spoof of a space shuttle launch also featured SCTV regulars Dave Thomas as Walter Cronkite and Rick Moranis as David Brinkley.[citation needed]","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acute myeloid leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Gordon died in New York City, on October 18, 2022, at the age of 75, after years of acute myeloid leukemia.[17][18]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Private Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Stock_Records"},{"link_name":"Link Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Wray"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-19"},{"link_name":"Rock Billy Boogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Billy_Boogie"},{"link_name":"Chris Spedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Spedding"},{"link_name":"Rykodisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rykodisc_Records"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"1977 – Robert Gordon with Link Wray (Private Stock PS-2030)\n1978 – Fresh Fish Special (with Link Wray) (Private Stock PS-7008) - AUS #96[19]\n1979 – Rock Billy Boogie (RCA Victor AFL1-3294)\n1980 – Bad Boy (RCA Victor AFL1-3523)\n1981 – Are You Gonna Be the One (RCA Victor AFL1-3773)\n1994 – All for the Love of Rock 'N' Roll (Viceroy VIC-8014)\n1997 – Robert Gordon (Llist Records LLR-00792)\n2004 – Satisfied Mind (Jungle Records TCB-2222CD)\n2007 – It's Now or Never (with Chris Spedding) (Rykodisc RLP-1915-1)\n2014 – I'm Coming Home (Lanark Records LNR-088)\n2020 – Rockabilly for Life (Cleopatra Records CLO1760)\n2022 – Hellafied (with Chris Spedding) (Cleopatra Records CLO2999)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Humbler\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22The_Humbler%22"},{"link_name":"Musikladen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikladen"}],"sub_title":"Live albums","text":"1979 – Live from the Paradise, Boston, MA 3/22/79 (RCA DJL1-3411; radio promo only)\n1996 – \"The Humbler\" [live] (with Danny Gatton) (NRG Records NCD-6842)\n1996 – King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents: Robert Gordon (recorded live 3/30/79 in Philadelphia, PA) (RCA/BMG 70170-88018-28)\n2005 – Wild Wild Women, Live (with Link Wray; recorded live at the Musikladen, Berlin, 1978) (Warwick/Jungle - limited to 500 copies - digitally remastered)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilations","text":"1982 – Too Fast to Live, Too Young to Die (RCA Victor AFL1-4380)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bear Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Family_Records"}],"sub_title":"International releases","text":"1989 – Robert Gordon: Live at Lone Star (New Rose NR-173, France)\n1989 – Robert Gordon Is Red Hot (Bear Family BCD-15446, Germany)\n1989 – Black Slacks (Bear Family BCD-15489, Germany)\n1991 – Greetings from New York City (New Rose NR-279, France)\n1998 – The Lost Album, Plus... (Bear Family BCD-16251, Germany)\n2006 – Robert Gordon & Chris Spedding: Rockin' the Paradiso (Last Call Records 3113142, France)\n2007 – Real Gone Daddy-O Rarin' to Go! (Climate Change Records – 005, Denmark)","title":"Discography"}] | [{"image_text":"Gordon on tour with Chris Spedding in Japan, 1993","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Robert_Gordon2.jpg/260px-Robert_Gordon2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gordon performing live in Denmark, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Robert_Ira_Gordon.jpg/200px-Robert_Ira_Gordon.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Richard Harrington (1977-10-20). \"A Rocker and a Legend\". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. Archived from the original on 2022-12-27. Retrieved 2022-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1977/10/20/a-rocker-and-a-legend/da32925a-e095-4aa8-9112-0c9e09d3cfd7/","url_text":"\"A Rocker and a Legend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1330888409","url_text":"1330888409"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221227120006/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1977/10/20/a-rocker-and-a-legend/da32925a-e095-4aa8-9112-0c9e09d3cfd7/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steven Lee Beeber (2007). The Heebie-Jeebies at CBGB's: A Secret History of Jewish Punk. Chicago Review Press. p. 160. ISBN 9781569762288. Archived from the original on 2023-08-05. Retrieved 2022-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk4WpiMjt4cC&dq=%22Blank+Generation+debut,+just+as+he+did+for+that+rockabilly+star+reborn+as+a+Jew,+Robert+%E2%80%9CIra%E2%80%9D+Gordon%22&pg=PA160","url_text":"The Heebie-Jeebies at CBGB's: A Secret History of Jewish Punk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569762288","url_text":"9781569762288"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230805171650/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk4WpiMjt4cC&dq=%22Blank+Generation+debut,+just+as+he+did+for+that+rockabilly+star+reborn+as+a+Jew,+Robert+%E2%80%9CIra%E2%80%9D+Gordon%22&pg=PA160","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Greg Evans (October 2022). \"Robert Gordon Dies: Singer Who Took Rockabilly To Downtown Punk Scene Was 75\". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/10/robert-gordon-dead-obituary-tuff-darts-1235148497/","url_text":"\"Robert Gordon Dies: Singer Who Took Rockabilly To Downtown Punk Scene Was 75\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021214634/https://deadline.com/2022/10/robert-gordon-dead-obituary-tuff-darts-1235148497/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alex Gallagher (October 19, 2022). \"Rockabilly revivalist Robert Gordon dead at 75\". NME. Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/robert-gordon-rockabilly-revivalist-dead-at-75-3331605","url_text":"\"Rockabilly revivalist Robert Gordon dead at 75\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021214930/https://www.nme.com/news/music/robert-gordon-rockabilly-revivalist-dead-at-75-3331605","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"A.D. Amorosi (October 18, 2022). \"Robert Gordon, Rockabilly-Revivalist Singer, Dies at 75\". Variety. Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/robert-gordon-rockabilly-revivalist-singer-164723353.html","url_text":"\"Robert Gordon, Rockabilly-Revivalist Singer, Dies at 75\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021220822/https://news.yahoo.com/robert-gordon-rockabilly-revivalist-singer-164723353.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Blank Generation ... New York punk and underground films\". Blank Generation LLC. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2020-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200203124202/https://theblankgeneration.com/unmade-beds/","url_text":"\"The Blank Generation ... New York punk and underground films\""},{"url":"https://theblankgeneration.com/unmade-beds/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Amorosi, A. D. (October 18, 2022). \"Robert Gordon, Rockabilly-Revivalist Singer, Dies at 75\". Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/robert-gordon-dead-rockabilly-singer-1235407247/","url_text":"\"Robert Gordon, Rockabilly-Revivalist Singer, Dies at 75\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025054737/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/robert-gordon-dead-rockabilly-singer-1235407247/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rapp, Allison (18 October 2022). \"Robert Gordon, Rockabilly Revivalist Singer, Dead at 75\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/robert-gordon-singer-dead/","url_text":"\"Robert Gordon, Rockabilly Revivalist Singer, Dead at 75\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221024181824/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/robert-gordon-singer-dead/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joyce, Mike (January 19, 1997). \"Washington's Fender Bender\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1997/01/19/washingtons-fender-bender/438b53a8-0a55-4717-9dd2-9ad08ee2a417/","url_text":"\"Washington's Fender Bender\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170828214254/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1997/01/19/washingtons-fender-bender/438b53a8-0a55-4717-9dd2-9ad08ee2a417/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Gordon / Chris Spedding - Born To Rock\". Chrisspedding.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2022-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506103109/http://www.chrisspedding.com/session/rg/rg11.htm","url_text":"\"Robert Gordon / Chris Spedding - Born To Rock\""},{"url":"http://www.chrisspedding.com/session/rg/rg11.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Spedding biography.10\". Chrisspedding.com. Archived from the original on 2001-03-06. Retrieved 2014-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chrisspedding.com/bio/bio10.htm","url_text":"\"Chris Spedding biography.10\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010306224036/http://www.chrisspedding.com/bio/bio10.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Gordon Viva Las Vegas 17\". Archived from the original on 2023-08-05. Retrieved 2017-11-15 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Robert+Gordon+Viva+Las+Vegas+17","url_text":"\"Robert Gordon Viva Las Vegas 17\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230805171729/https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Robert+Gordon+Viva+Las+Vegas+17","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Gordon - Rockabilly for Life Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic\". Archived from the original on 2023-01-05. Retrieved 2023-01-05 – via www.allmusic.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/rockabilly-for-life-mw0003396474","url_text":"\"Robert Gordon - Rockabilly for Life Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105194327/https://www.allmusic.com/album/rockabilly-for-life-mw0003396474","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hellafied - Robert Gordon, Chris Spedding | Similar Albums | AllMusic\". Archived from the original on 2023-01-05. Retrieved 2023-01-05 – via www.allmusic.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/hellafied-mw0003819202/similar","url_text":"\"Hellafied - Robert Gordon, Chris Spedding | Similar Albums | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105194453/https://www.allmusic.com/album/hellafied-mw0003819202/similar","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maslin, Janet (January 20, 1984). \"50'S-STYLE 'LOVELESS'\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2022 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/20/movies/50-s-style-loveless.html","url_text":"\"50'S-STYLE 'LOVELESS'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180613014952/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/20/movies/50-s-style-loveless.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Amorosi, A.D. (October 18, 2022). \"Robert Gordon, Rockabilly-Revivalist Singer, Dies at 75\". Variety. Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/robert-gordon-dead-rockabilly-singer-1235407247","url_text":"\"Robert Gordon, Rockabilly-Revivalist Singer, Dies at 75\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221018164800/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/robert-gordon-dead-rockabilly-singer-1235407247","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Alex (October 27, 2022). \"Robert Gordon, Punk Rocker Turned Rockabilly Revivalist, Dies at 75\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2022 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/arts/music/robert-gordon-dead.html","url_text":"\"Robert Gordon, Punk Rocker Turned Rockabilly Revivalist, Dies at 75\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221108112205/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/arts/music/robert-gordon-dead.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 128. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Robert+Gordon%22+singer","external_links_name":"\"Robert Gordon\" singer"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Robert+Gordon%22+singer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Robert+Gordon%22+singer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Robert+Gordon%22+singer+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Robert+Gordon%22+singer","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Robert+Gordon%22+singer&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://robertgordon.dk/","external_links_name":"robertgordon.dk"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1977/10/20/a-rocker-and-a-legend/da32925a-e095-4aa8-9112-0c9e09d3cfd7/","external_links_name":"\"A Rocker and a Legend\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1330888409","external_links_name":"1330888409"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221227120006/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1977/10/20/a-rocker-and-a-legend/da32925a-e095-4aa8-9112-0c9e09d3cfd7/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk4WpiMjt4cC&dq=%22Blank+Generation+debut,+just+as+he+did+for+that+rockabilly+star+reborn+as+a+Jew,+Robert+%E2%80%9CIra%E2%80%9D+Gordon%22&pg=PA160","external_links_name":"The Heebie-Jeebies at CBGB's: A Secret History of Jewish Punk"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230805171650/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk4WpiMjt4cC&dq=%22Blank+Generation+debut,+just+as+he+did+for+that+rockabilly+star+reborn+as+a+Jew,+Robert+%E2%80%9CIra%E2%80%9D+Gordon%22&pg=PA160","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/10/robert-gordon-dead-obituary-tuff-darts-1235148497/","external_links_name":"\"Robert Gordon Dies: Singer Who Took Rockabilly To Downtown Punk Scene Was 75\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021214634/https://deadline.com/2022/10/robert-gordon-dead-obituary-tuff-darts-1235148497/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/robert-gordon-rockabilly-revivalist-dead-at-75-3331605","external_links_name":"\"Rockabilly revivalist Robert Gordon dead at 75\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021214930/https://www.nme.com/news/music/robert-gordon-rockabilly-revivalist-dead-at-75-3331605","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/robert-gordon-rockabilly-revivalist-singer-164723353.html","external_links_name":"\"Robert Gordon, Rockabilly-Revivalist Singer, Dies at 75\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021220822/https://news.yahoo.com/robert-gordon-rockabilly-revivalist-singer-164723353.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200203124202/https://theblankgeneration.com/unmade-beds/","external_links_name":"\"The Blank Generation ... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf | Æthelwulf, King of Wessex | ["1 Background","2 Family","3 Early life","4 King of Wessex","5 Viking threat","6 Coinage","7 Decimation Charters","8 Pilgrimage to Rome and later life","9 King Æthelwulf's ring","10 Æthelwulf's will","11 Death and succession","12 Historiography","13 Notes","14 References","15 Sources","16 External links"] | 9th-century King of Wessex
For other uses, see Æthelwulf (disambiguation).
ÆthelwulfÆthelwulf in the early fourteenth-century Genealogical Roll of the Kings of EnglandKing of WessexReign839–858PredecessorEcgberhtSuccessorÆthelbaldDied13 January 858BurialSteyning then WinchesterSpouse
Osburh
Judith of Flanders
Issue
Æthelstan, King of Kent
Æthelswith, Queen of Mercia
Æthelbald, King of Wessex
Æthelberht, King of Wessex
Æthelred I, King of Wessex
Alfred the Great
HouseWessexFatherEcgberht, King of Wessex
Æthelwulf (Old English: ; Old English for "Noble Wolf"; died 13 January 858) was King of Wessex from 839 to 858. In 825, his father, King Ecgberht, defeated King Beornwulf of Mercia, ending a long Mercian dominance over Anglo-Saxon England south of the Humber. Ecgberht sent Æthelwulf with an army to Kent, where he expelled the Mercian sub-king and was himself appointed sub-king. After 830, Ecgberht maintained good relations with Mercia, and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king in 839, the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641.
The Vikings were not a major threat to Wessex during Æthelwulf's reign. In 843, he was defeated in a battle against the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset, but he achieved a major victory at the Battle of Aclea in 851. In 853, he joined a successful Mercian expedition to Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony, and in the same year, his daughter Æthelswith married King Burgred of Mercia. In 855, Æthelwulf went on a pilgrimage to Rome. In preparation he gave a "decimation", donating a tenth of his personal property to his subjects; he appointed his eldest surviving son Æthelbald to act as King of Wessex in his absence, and his next son Æthelberht to rule Kent and the south-east. Æthelwulf spent a year in Rome, and on his way back he married Judith, the daughter of the West Frankish king Charles the Bald.
When Æthelwulf returned to England, Æthelbald refused to surrender the West Saxon throne, and Æthelwulf agreed to divide the kingdom, taking the east and leaving the west in Æthelbald's hands. On Æthelwulf's death in 858, he left Wessex to Æthelbald and Kent to Æthelberht, but Æthelbald's death only two years later led to the reunification of the kingdom. In the 20th century, Æthelwulf's reputation among historians was poor: he was seen as excessively pious and impractical, and his pilgrimage was viewed as a desertion of his duties. Historians in the 21st century see him very differently, as a king who consolidated and extended the power of his dynasty, commanded respect on the continent, and dealt more effectively than most of his contemporaries with Viking attacks. He is regarded as one of the most successful West Saxon kings, who laid the foundations for the success of his son, Alfred the Great.
Background
Southern Britain in the middle of the ninth century
At the beginning of the 9th century, England was almost completely under the control of the Anglo-Saxons, with Mercia and Wessex the most important southern kingdoms. Mercia was dominant until the 820s, and it exercised overlordship over East Anglia and Kent, but Wessex was able to maintain its independence from its more powerful neighbour. Offa, king of Mercia from 757 to 796, was the dominant figure of the second half of the 8th century. King Beorhtric of Wessex (786–802), married Offa's daughter in 789. Beorhtric and Offa drove Æthelwulf's father Ecgberht into exile, and he spent several years at the court of Charlemagne in Francia. Ecgberht was the son of Ealhmund, who had briefly been King of Kent in 784. Following Offa's death, King Coenwulf of Mercia (796–821) maintained Mercian dominance, but it is uncertain whether Beorhtric ever accepted political subordination, and when he died in 802 Ecgberht became king, perhaps with the support of Charlemagne. For two hundred years three kindreds had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. Ecgberht's best claim was that he was the great-great-grandson of Ingild, brother of King Ine (688–726), and in 802 it would have seemed very unlikely that he would establish a lasting dynasty.
Almost nothing is recorded of the first twenty years of Ecgberht's reign, apart from campaigns against the Cornish in the 810s. The historian Richard Abels argues that the silence of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was probably intentional, concealing Ecgberht's purge of Beorhtric's magnates and suppression of rival royal lines. Relations between Mercian kings and their Kentish subjects were distant. Kentish ealdormen did not attend the court of King Coenwulf, who quarrelled with Archbishop Wulfred of Canterbury (805–832) over the control of Kentish monasteries; Coenwulf's primary concern seems to have been to gain access to the wealth of Kent. His successors Ceolwulf I (821–823) and Beornwulf (823–826) restored relations with Archbishop Wulfred, and Beornwulf appointed a sub-king of Kent, Baldred.
England had suffered Viking raids in the late 8th century, but no attacks were recorded between 794 and 835 when the Isle of Sheppey in Kent was ravaged. In 836, Ecgberht was defeated by the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset, but in 838, he was victorious over an alliance of Cornishmen and Vikings at the Battle of Hingston Down, reducing Cornwall to the status of a client kingdom.
Family
Æthelwulf's father Ecgberht was king of Wessex from 802 to 839. His mother's name is unknown, and he had no recorded siblings. He is known to have had two wives in succession, and so far as is known, Osburh, the senior of the two, was the mother of all his children. She was the daughter of Oslac, described by Asser, biographer of their son Alfred the Great, as "King Æthelwulf's famous butler", a man who was descended from Jutes who had ruled the Isle of Wight. Æthelwulf had six known children. His eldest son, Æthelstan, was old enough to be appointed King of Kent in 839, so he must have been born by the early 820s, and he died in the early 850s. The second son, Æthelbald, is first recorded as a charter witness in 841, and if, like Alfred, he began to attest when he was around six, he would have been born around 835; he was King of Wessex from 858 to 860. Æthelwulf's third son, Æthelberht, was probably born around 839 and was king from 860 to 865. The only daughter, Æthelswith, married Burgred, King of Mercia, in 853. The other two sons were much younger: Æthelred was born around 848 and was king from 865 to 871, and Alfred was born around 849 and was king from 871 to 899. In 856, Æthelwulf married Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, King of West Francia and future Carolingian Emperor, and his wife Ermentrude. Osburh had probably died, although it is possible that she had been repudiated. There were no children from Æthelwulf's marriage to Judith, and after his death, she married his eldest surviving son and successor, Æthelbald.
Early life
Æthelwulf was first recorded in 825, when Ecgberht won the crucial Battle of Ellandun in Wiltshire against King Beornwulf of Mercia, ending the long Mercian ascendancy over southern England. Ecgberht followed it up by sending Æthelwulf with Eahlstan, Bishop of Sherborne, and Wulfheard, Ealdorman of Hampshire, with a large army into Kent to expel sub-king Baldred. Æthelwulf was descended from kings of Kent, and he was sub-king of Kent, and of Surrey, Sussex and Essex, which were then included in the sub-kingdom, until he inherited the throne of Wessex in 839. His sub-kingship is recorded in charters, in some of which King Ecgberht acted with his son's permission, such as a grant in 838 to Bishop Beornmod of Rochester, and Æthelwulf himself issued a charter as King of Kent in the same year. Unlike their Mercian predecessors, who alienated the Kentish people by ruling from a distance, Æthelwulf and his father successfully cultivated local support by governing through Kentish ealdormen and promoting their interests. In Abels' view, Ecgberht and Æthelwulf rewarded their friends and purged Mercian supporters. Historians take differing views on the attitude of the new regime to the Kentish church. At Canterbury in 828, Ecgberht granted privileges to the bishopric of Rochester, and according to the historian Simon Keynes, Ecgberht and Æthelwulf took steps to secure the support of Archbishop Wulfred. However, Nicholas Brooks argues that Wulfred's Mercian origin and connections proved a liability. Æthelwulf seized an estate in East Malling from the Canterbury church on the ground that it had only been granted by Baldred when he was in flight from the West Saxon forces; the issue of archiepiscopal coinage was suspended for several years; and the only estate Wulfred was granted after 825 he received from King Wiglaf of Mercia.
In 829, Ecgberht conquered Mercia, only for Wiglaf to recover his kingdom a year later. The scholar David Kirby sees Wiglaf's restoration in 830 as a dramatic reversal for Ecgberht, which was probably followed by his loss of control of the London mint and the Mercian recovery of Essex and Berkshire, and the historian Heather Edwards states that his "immense conquest could not be maintained". However, in the view of Keynes:
It is interesting ... that both Ecgberht and his son Æthelwulf appear to have respected the separate identity of Kent and its associated provinces, as if there appears to have been no plan at this stage to absorb the southeast into an enlarged kingdom stretching across the whole of southern England. Nor does it seem to have been the intention of Ecgberht and his successors to maintain the supremacy of any kind over the kingdom of Mercia ... It is quite possible that Ecgberht had relinquished Mercia of his own volition; and there is no suggestion that any residual antagonism affected relations between the rulers of Wessex and Mercia thereafter.
In 838, King Ecgberht held an assembly at Kingston in Surrey, where Æthelwulf may have been consecrated as king by the archbishop. Ecgberht restored the East Malling estate to Wulfred's successor as Archbishop of Canterbury, Ceolnoth, in return for a promise of "firm and unbroken friendship" for himself and Æthelwulf and their heirs, and the same condition is specified in a grant to the see of Winchester. Ecgberht thus ensured support for Æthelwulf, who became the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641. At the same meeting, Kentish monasteries chose Æthelwulf as their lord, and he undertook that, after his death, they would have freedom to elect their heads. Wulfred had devoted his archiepiscopate to fighting against secular power over Kentish monasteries, but Ceolnoth now surrendered effective control to Æthelwulf, whose offer of freedom from control after his death was unlikely to be honoured by his successors. Kentish ecclesiastics and laymen now looked for protection against Viking attacks to West Saxon rather than Mercian royal power.
Ecgberht's conquests brought him wealth far greater than his predecessors had enjoyed and enabled him to purchase the support which secured the West Saxon throne for his descendants. The stability brought by the dynastic succession of Ecgberht and Æthelwulf led to an expansion of commercial and agrarian resources, and to an expansion of royal income. The wealth of the West Saxon kings was also increased by the agreement in 838–839 with Archbishop Ceolnoth for the previously independent West Saxon minsters to accept the king as their secular lord in return for his protection. However, there was no certainty that the hegemony of Wessex would prove more permanent than that of Mercia.
King of Wessex
Depiction of Æthelwulf in the late-13th-century Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings
When Æthelwulf succeeded to the throne of Wessex in 839, his experience as sub-king of Kent had given him valuable training in kingship, and he in turn made his own sons sub-kings. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, on his accession "he gave to his son Æthelstan the kingdom of the people of Kent, and the kingdom of the East Saxons and of the people of Surrey and the South Saxons ". However, Æthelwulf did not give Æthelstan the same power as his father had given him, and although Æthelstan attested his father's charters As king, he does not appear to have been given the power to issue his own charters. Æthelwulf exercised authority in the south-east and made regular visits there. He governed Wessex and Kent as separate spheres, and assemblies in each kingdom were only attended by the nobility of that country. The historian Janet Nelson says that "Æthelwulf ran a Carolingian-style family firm of plural realms, held together by his own authority as father-king, and by the consent of distinct élites." He maintained his father's policy of governing Kent through ealdormen appointed from the local nobility and advancing their interests, but gave less support to the church. In 843, Æthelwulf granted ten hides at Little Chart to Æthelmod, the brother of the leading Kentish ealdorman Ealhere, and Æthelmod succeeded to the post on his brother's death in 853. In 844, Æthelwulf granted land at Horton in Kent to Ealdorman Eadred, with permission to transfer parts of it to local landowners; in a culture of reciprocity, this created a network of mutual friendships and obligations between the beneficiaries and the king. Archbishops of Canterbury were firmly in the West Saxon king's sphere. His ealdormen enjoyed a high status and were sometimes placed higher than the king's sons in lists of witnesses to charters. His reign is the first for which there is evidence of royal priests, and Malmesbury Abbey regarded him as an important benefactor, who is said to have been the donor of a shrine for the relics of Saint Aldhelm.
After 830, Ecgberht followed a policy of maintaining good relations with Mercia, and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king. London was traditionally a Mercian town, but in the 830s it was under West Saxon control; soon after Æthelwulf's accession, it reverted to Mercian control. King Wiglaf of Mercia died in 839 and his successor, Berhtwulf, revived the Mercian mint in London; the two kingdoms appear to have struck a joint issue in the mid-840s, possibly indicating West Saxon help in reviving Mercian coinage, and showing the friendly relations between the two powers. Berkshire was still Mercian in 844, but by 849 it was part of Wessex, as Alfred was born in that year at the West Saxon royal estate in Wantage, then in Berkshire. However, the local Mercian ealdorman, also called Æthelwulf, retained his position under the West Saxon kings. Berhtwulf died in 852 and cooperation with Wessex continued under Burgred, his successor as King of Mercia, who married Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith in 853. In the same year, Æthelwulf assisted Burgred in a successful attack on Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony over the Welsh.
In 9th-century Mercia and Kent, royal charters were produced by religious houses, each with its own style, but in Wessex, there was a single royal diplomatic tradition, probably by a single agency acting for the king. This may have originated in Ecgberht's reign, and it becomes clear in the 840s when Æthelwulf had a Frankish secretary called Felix. There were strong contacts between the West Saxon and Carolingian courts. The Annals of St Bertin took particular interest in Viking attacks on Britain, and in 852 Lupus, the Abbot of Ferrières and a protégé of Charles the Bald, wrote to Æthelwulf congratulating him on his victory over the Vikings and requesting a gift of lead to cover his church roof. Lupus also wrote to his "most beloved friend" Felix, asking him to manage the transport of the lead. Unlike Canterbury and the south-east, Wessex did not see a sharp decline in the standard of Latin in charters in the mid-9th century, and this may have been partly due to Felix and his continental contacts. Lupus thought that Felix had great influence over the King. Charters were mainly issued from royal estates in counties which were the heartland of ancient Wessex, namely Hampshire, Somerset, Wiltshire, and Dorset, with a few in Kent.
An ancient division between east and west Wessex continued to be important in the 9th century; the boundary was Selwood Forest on the borders of Somerset, Dorset and Wiltshire. The two bishoprics of Wessex were Sherborne in the west and Winchester in the east. Æthelwulf's family connections seem to have been west of Selwood, but his patronage was concentrated further east, particularly on Winchester, where his father was buried, and where he appointed Swithun to succeed Helmstan as bishop in 852–853. However, he made a grant of land in Somerset to his leading ealdorman, Eanwulf, and on 26 December 846, he granted a large estate to himself in South Hams in west Devon. He thus changed it from royal demesne, which he was obliged to pass on to his successor as king, to bookland, which could be transferred as the owner pleased, so he could make land grants to followers to improve security in a frontier zone.
Viking threat
Viking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the English Channel, and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated by the companies of 35 Danish ships at Carhampton in Somerset. In 850 sub-king Æthelstan and Ealdorman Ealhhere of Kent won a naval victory over a large Viking fleet off Sandwich in Kent, capturing nine ships and driving off the rest. Æthelwulf granted Ealhhere a large estate in Kent, but Æthelstan is not heard of again and probably died soon afterwards. The following year the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records five different attacks on southern England. A Danish fleet of 350 Viking ships took London and Canterbury, and when King Berhtwulf of Mercia went to their relief he was defeated. The Vikings then moved on to Surrey, where they were defeated by Æthelwulf and his son Æthelbald at the Battle of Aclea. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the West Saxon levies, "there made the greatest slaughter of a heathen that we have heard tell of up to the present day". The Chronicle frequently reported victories during Æthelwulf's reign won by levies led by ealdormen, unlike the 870s when a royal command was emphasised, reflecting a more consensual style of leadership in the earlier period.
In 850, a Danish army wintered on Thanet, and in 853, ealdormen Ealhhere of Kent and Huda of Surrey were killed in a battle against the Vikings, also on Thanet. In 855, Danish Vikings stayed over the winter on Sheppey, before carrying on their pillaging of eastern England. However, during Æthelwulf's reign, Viking attacks were contained and did not present a major threat.
Coinage
Coin of King Æthelwulf: "EĐELVVLF REX", moneyer Manna, Canterbury
The silver penny was almost the only coin used in middle and later Anglo-Saxon England. Æthelwulf's coinage came from a main mint in Canterbury and a secondary one at Rochester; both had been used by Ecgberht for his own coinage after he gained control of Kent. During Æthelwulf's reign, there were four main phases of the coinage distinguishable at both mints, though they are not exactly parallel and it is uncertain when the transitions took place. The first issue at Canterbury carried a design known as Saxoniorum, which had been used by Ecgberht for one of his own issues. This was replaced by a portrait design in about 843, which can be subdivided further; the earliest coins have cruder designs than the later ones. At the Rochester mint, the sequence was reversed, with an initial portrait design replaced, also in about 843, by a non-portrait design carrying a cross-and-wedges pattern on the obverse.
In about 848, both mints switched to a common design known as Dor¯b¯/Cant – the characters "Dor¯b¯" on the obverse of these coins indicate either Dorobernia (Canterbury) or Dorobrevia (Rochester), and "Cant", referring to Kent, appeared on the reverse. It is possible that the Canterbury mint continued to produce portrait coins at the same time. The Canterbury issue seems to have been ended in 850–851 by Viking raids, though it is possible that Rochester was spared, and the issue may have continued there. The final issue, again at both mints, was introduced in about 852; it has an inscribed cross on the reverse and a portrait on the obverse. Æthelwulf's coinage became debased by the end of his reign, and though the problem became worse after his death it is possible that the debasement prompted the changes in coin type from as early as 850.
Æthelwulf's first Rochester coinage may have begun when he was still sub-king of Kent, under Ecgberht. A hoard of coins deposited at the beginning of Æthelwulf's reign in about 840, found in the Middle Temple in London, contained 22 coins from Rochester and two from Canterbury of the first issue of each mint. Some numismatists argue that the high proportion of Rochester coins means that the issue must have commenced before Ecgberht's death, but an alternative explanation is that whoever hoarded the coins simply happened to have access to more Rochester coins. No coins were issued by Æthelwulf's sons during his reign.
Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury throughout Æthelwulf's reign, also minted coins of his own at Canterbury: there were three different portrait designs, thought to be contemporary with each of the first three of Æthelwulf's Canterbury issues. These were followed by an inscribed cross design that was uniform with Æthelwulf's final coinage. At Rochester, Bishop Beornmod produced only one issue, a cross-and-wedges design which was contemporary with Æthelwulf's Saxoniorum issue.
In the view of the numismatists Philip Grierson and Mark Blackburn, the mints of Wessex, Mercia and East Anglia were not greatly affected by changes in political control: "the remarkable continuity of moneyers which can be seen at each of these mints suggests that the actual mint organisation was largely independent of the royal administration and was founded in the stable trading communities of each city".
Decimation Charters
Charter S 316 dated 855, in which Æthelwulf granted land at Ulaham in Kent to his minister Ealdhere
The early 20th-century historian W. H. Stevenson observed that: "Few things in our early history have led to so much discussion" as Æthelwulf's Decimation Charters; a hundred years later the charter expert Susan Kelly described them as "one of the most controversial groups of Anglo-Saxon diplomas". Both Asser and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle say that Æthelwulf gave a decimation, in 855, shortly before leaving on pilgrimage to Rome. According to the Chronicle "King Æthelwulf conveyed by charter the tenth part of his land throughout all his kingdom to the praise of God and to his own eternal salvation". However, Asser states that "Æthelwulf, the esteemed king, freed the tenth part of his whole kingdom from royal service and tribute, and as an everlasting inheritance he made it over on the cross of Christ to the triune God, for the redemption of his soul and those of his predecessors." According to Keynes, Asser's version may just be a "loose translation" of the Chronicle, and his implication that Æthelwulf released a tenth of all land from secular burdens was probably not intended. All land could be regarded as the king's land, so the Chronicle reference to "his land" does not necessarily refer to royal property, and since the booking of land – conveying it by charter – was always regarded as a pious act, Asser's statement that he made it over to God does not necessarily mean that the charters were in favour of the church.
The Decimation Charters are divided by Susan Kelly into four groups:
Two dated at Winchester on 5 November 844. In a charter in the Malmesbury archive, Æthelwulf refers in the proem to the perilous state of his kingdom as the result of the assaults of pagans and barbarians. For the sake of his soul and in return for masses for the king and ealdormen each Wednesday, "I have decided to give in perpetual liberty some portion of hereditary lands to all those ranks previously in possession, both to God's servants and handmaidens serving God and to laymen, always the tenth hide, and where it is less, then the tenth part."
Six dated at Wilton on Easter Day, 22 April 854. In the common text of these charters, Æthelwulf states that "for the sake of his soul and the prosperity of the kingdom and the people assigned to him by God, he has acted upon the advice given to him by his bishops, comites, and all his nobles. He has granted the tenth part of the lands throughout his kingdom, not only to the churches but also to his thegns. The land is granted in perpetual liberty so that it will remain free of royal services and all secular burdens. In return, there will be a liturgical commemoration of the king and his bishops and ealdormen."
Five from Old Minster, Winchester, connected with the Wilton meeting but generally considered spurious.
One from Kent dated 855, the only one to have the same date as the decimation according to Chronicle and Asser. The king grants to his thegn Dunn property in Rochester "on account of the decimation of lands which by God's gift I have decided to do". Dunn left the land to his wife with a reversion to Rochester Cathedral.
None of the charters are original, and Stevenson dismissed all of them as fraudulent apart from the Kentish one of 855. Stevenson saw the decimation as a donation of royal demesne to churches and laymen, with those grants which were made to laymen being on the understanding that there would be reversion to a religious institution. Up to the 1990s, his view on the authenticity of the charters was generally accepted by scholars, except the historian H. P. R. Finberg, who argued in 1964 that most are based on authentic diplomas. Finberg coined the terms the 'First Decimation' of 844, which he saw as the removal of public dues on a tenth of all bookland, and the 'Second Decimation' of 854, the donation of a tenth of "the private domain of the royal house" to the churches. He considered it unlikely that the First Decimation had been carried into effect, probably due to the threat from the Vikings. Finberg's terminology has been adopted, but his defence of the First Decimation is generally rejected. In 1994, Keynes defended the Wilton charters in group 2, and his arguments have been widely accepted.
Historians have been divided on how to interpret the Second Decimation, and in 1994, Keynes described it as "one of the most perplexing problems" in the study of 9th-century charters. He set out three alternatives:
It conveyed a tenth of the royal demesne – the lands of the crown as opposed to the personal property of the sovereign – into the hands of churches, ecclesiastics and laymen. In Anglo-Saxon England property was either folkland or bookland. The transmission of folkland was governed by the customary rights of kinsmen, subject to the king's approval, whereas bookland was established by the grant of a royal charter, and could be disposed of freely by the owner. Booking land thus converted it by charter from folkland to bookland. The royal demesne was the crown's folkland, whereas the king's bookland was his own personal property which he could leave by will as he chose. In the decimation, Æthelwulf may have conveyed royal folkland by charter to become bookland, in some cases to laymen who already leased the land.
It was the booking of a tenth of folkland to its owners, who would then be free to convey it to a church.
It was a reduction of one tenth in the secular burdens on lands already in the possession of landowners. The secular burdens would have included the provision of supplies for the king and his officials and payment of various taxes.
Some scholars, for example Frank Stenton, author of the standard history of Anglo-Saxon England, along with Keynes and Abels, see the Second Decimation as a donation of royal demesne. In Abels' view, Æthelwulf sought loyalty from the aristocracy and church during the king's forthcoming absence from Wessex, and displayed a sense of dynastic insecurity also evident in his father's generosity towards the Kentish church in 838, and an "avid attention" in this period to compiling and revising royal genealogies. Keynes suggests that "Æthelwulf's purpose was presumably to earn divine assistance in his struggles against the Vikings", and the mid-20th-century historian Eric John observes that "a lifetime of medieval studies teaches one that an early medieval king was never so political as when he was on his knees". The view that the decimation was a donation of the king's own personal estate is supported by the Anglo-Saxonist Alfred P. Smyth, who argues that these were the only lands the king was entitled to alienate by book. The historian Martin Ryan prefers the view that Æthelwulf freed a tenth part of the land owned by laymen from secular obligations, who could now endow churches under their own patronage. Ryan sees it as part of a campaign of religious devotion. According to the historian David Pratt, it "is best interpreted as a strategic 'tax cut', designed to encourage cooperation in defensive measures through a partial remission of royal dues". Nelson states that the decimation took place in two phases, in Wessex in 854 and Kent in 855, reflecting that they remained separate kingdoms.
Kelly argues that most charters were based on genuine originals, including the First Decimation of 844. She says: "Commentators have been unkind the 844 version has not been given the benefit of the doubt". In her view, Æthelwulf then gave a 10% tax reduction on bookland, and ten years later he took the more generous step of "a widespread distribution of royal lands". Unlike Finberg, she believes that both decimations were carried out, although the second one may not have been completed due to opposition from Æthelwulf's son Æthelbald. She thinks that the grants of bookland to laymen in the Second Decimation were unconditional, not with reversion to religious houses as Stevenson had argued. However, Keynes is not convinced by Kelly's arguments, and thinks that the First Decimation charters were 11th or early 12th century fabrications.
Pilgrimage to Rome and later life
In 855, Æthelwulf went on a pilgrimage to Rome. According to Abels: "Æthelwulf was at the height of his power and prestige. It was a propitious time for the West Saxon king to claim a place of honour among the kings and emperors of christendom." His eldest surviving sons Æthelbald and Æthelberht were then adults, while Æthelred and Alfred were still young children. In 853 Æthelwulf sent his younger sons to Rome, perhaps accompanying envoys in connection with his own forthcoming visit. Alfred, and probably Æthelred as well, were invested with the "belt of consulship". Æthelred's part in the journey is only known from a contemporary record in the liber vitae of San Salvatore, Brescia, as later records such as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle were only interested in recording the honour paid to Alfred. Abels see the embassy as paving the way for Æthelwulf's pilgrimage, and the presence of Alfred, his youngest and therefore most expendable son, as a gesture of goodwill to the papacy; confirmation by Pope Leo IV made Alfred his spiritual son, and thus created a spiritual link between the two "fathers". Kirby argues that the journey may indicate that Alfred was intended for the church, while Nelson, on the contrary, sees Æthelwulf's purpose as affirming his younger sons' throneworthiness, thus protecting them against being tonsured by their elder brothers, which would have rendered them ineligible for kingship.
Æthelwulf set out for Rome in the spring of 855, accompanied by Alfred and a large retinue. The King left Wessex in the care of his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, and the sub-kingdom of Kent to the rule of Æthelberht, and thereby confirmed that they were to succeed to the two kingdoms. On the way the party stayed with Charles the Bald in Francia, where there were the usual banquets and exchange of gifts. Æthelwulf stayed a year in Rome, and his gifts to the Diocese of Rome included a gold crown weighing 4 pounds (1.8 kg), two gold goblets, a sword bound with gold, four silver-gilt bowls, two silk tunics and two gold-interwoven veils. He also gave gold to the clergy and leading men and silver to the people of Rome. According to the historian Joanna Story, his gifts rivalled those of Carolingian donors and the Byzantine emperor and "were clearly chosen to reflect the personal generosity and spiritual wealth of the West Saxon king; here was no Germanic "hillbilly" from the backwoods of the Christian world but, rather, a sophisticated, wealthy and utterly contemporary monarch". The post-Conquest chronicler William of Malmesbury stated that he helped to pay for the restoration of the Saxon quarter, which had recently been destroyed by fire, for English pilgrims.
The pilgrimage puzzles historians and Kelly comments that "it is extraordinary that an early medieval king could consider his position safe enough to abandon his kingdom in a time of extreme crisis". She suggests that Æthelwulf may have been motivated by a personal religious impulse. Ryan sees it as an attempt to placate the divine wrath displayed by Viking attacks, whereas Nelson thinks he aimed to enhance his prestige in dealing with the demands of his adult sons. In Kirby's view:
Æthelwulf's journey to Rome is of great interest for it did not signify abdication and a retreat from the world as their journeys to Rome had for Cædwalla and Ine and other Anglo-Saxon kings. It was more a display of the king's international standing and a demonstration of the prestige his dynasty enjoyed in Frankish and papal circles.
On his way back from Rome Æthelwulf again stayed with King Charles the Bald, and may have joined him on a campaign against a Viking warband. On 1 October 856, Æthelwulf married Charles's daughter, Judith, aged 12 or 13, at Verberie. The marriage was considered extraordinary by contemporaries and by modern historians. Carolingian princesses rarely married and were usually sent to nunneries, and it was almost unknown for them to marry foreigners. Judith was crowned queen and anointed by Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims. Although empresses had been anointed before, this is the first definitely known anointing of a Carolingian queen. In addition, West Saxon custom, described by Asser as "perverse and detestable", was that the wife of a king of Wessex could not be called queen or sit on the throne with her husband – she was just the king's wife.
Æthelwulf returned to Wessex to face a revolt by Æthelbald, who attempted to prevent his father from recovering his throne. Historians give varying explanations for both the rebellion and the marriage. In Nelson's view, Æthelwulf's marriage to Judith added the West Saxon king to the family of kings and princely allies which Charles was creating. Charles was under attack both from Vikings and from a rising among his own nobility, and Æthelwulf had great prestige due to his victories over the Vikings; some historians such as Kirby and Pauline Stafford see the marriage as sealing an anti-Viking alliance. The marriage gave Æthelwulf a share in Carolingian prestige, and Kirby describes the anointing of Judith as "a charismatic sanctification which enhanced her status, blessed her womb and conferred additional throne-worthiness on her male offspring." These marks of a special status implied that a son of hers would succeed to at least part of Æthelwulf's kingdom, and explain Æthelbald's decision to rebel. The historian Michael Enright denies that an anti-Viking alliance between two such distant kingdoms could serve any useful purpose, and argues that the marriage was Æthelwulf's response to news that his son was planning to rebel; his son by an anointed Carolingian queen would be in a strong position to succeed as king of Wessex instead of the rebellious Æthelbald. Abels suggests that Æthelwulf sought Judith's hand because he needed her father's money and support to overcome his son's rebellion, but Kirby and Smyth argue that it is extremely unlikely that Charles the Bald would have agreed to marry his daughter to a ruler who was known to be in serious political difficulty. Æthelbald may also have acted out of resentment at the loss of patrimony he suffered as a result of the decimation.
Æthelbald's rebellion was supported by Ealhstan, Bishop of Sherborne, and Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, even though they appear to have been two of the king's most trusted advisers. According to Asser, the plot was concerted "in the western part of Selwood", and western nobles may have backed Æthelbald because they resented the patronage Æthelwulf gave to eastern Wessex. Asser also stated that Æthelwulf agreed to give up the western part of his kingdom in order to avoid a civil war. Some historians such as Keynes and Abels think that his rule was then confined to the south-east, while others such as Kirby think it is more likely that it was Wessex itself which was divided, with Æthelbald keeping Wessex west of Selwood, Æthelwulf holding the centre and east, and Æthelberht keeping the south-east. Æthelwulf insisted that Judith should sit beside him on the throne until the end of his life, and according to Asser, this was "without any disagreement or dissatisfaction on the part of his nobles".
King Æthelwulf's ring
King Æthelwulf's ring
King Æthelwulf's ring was found in a cart rut in Laverstock in Wiltshire in about August 1780 by one William Petty, who sold it to a silversmith in Salisbury. The silversmith sold it to the Earl of Radnor, and the earl's son, William, donated it to the British Museum in 1829. The ring, together with a similar ring of Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith, is one of two key examples of nielloed 9th-century metalwork. They appear to represent the emergence of a "court style" of West Saxon metalwork, characterised by an unusual Christian iconography, such as a pair of peacocks at the Fountain of Life on the Æthelwulf ring, associated with Christian immortality. The ring is inscribed "Æthelwulf Rex", firmly associating it with the King, and the inscription forms part of the design, so it cannot have been added later. Many of its features are typical of 9th-century metalwork, such as the design of two birds, beaded and speckled borders, and a saltire with arrow-like terminals on the back. It was probably manufactured in Wessex but was typical of the uniformity of animal ornament in England in the 9th century. In the view of Leslie Webster, an expert on medieval art: "Its fine Trewhiddle style ornament would certainly fit a mid ninth-century date." In Nelson's view, "it was surely made to be a gift from this royal lord to a brawny follower: the sign of a successful ninth-century kingship". The art historian David Wilson sees it as a survival of the pagan tradition of the generous king as the "ring-giver".
Æthelwulf's will
A page from King Alfred's will
Æthelwulf's will has not survived, but Alfred's has and it provides some information about his father's intentions. He left a bequest to be inherited by whichever of Æthelbald, Æthelred, and Alfred lived longest. Abels and Yorke argue that this meant the whole of his personal property in Wessex, and probably that the survivor was to inherit the throne of Wessex as well, while Æthelberht and his heirs ruled Kent. Other historians disagree. Nelson states that the provision regarding the personal property had nothing to do with the kingship, and Kirby comments: "Such an arrangement would have led to fratricidal strife. With three older brothers, Alfred's chances of reaching adulthood would, one feels, have been minimal." Smyth describes the bequest as a provision for his youngest sons when they reached manhood. Æthelwulf's moveable wealth, such as gold and silver, was to be divided among "children, nobles and the needs of the king's soul". For the latter, he left one tenth of his hereditary land to be set aside to feed the poor, and he ordered that three hundred mancuses be sent to Rome each year, one hundred to be spent on lighting the lamps in St Peter's at Easter, one hundred for the lights of St Paul's, and one hundred for the pope.
Death and succession
Æthelwulf died on 13 January 858. According to the Annals of St Neots, he was buried at Steyning in Sussex, but his body was later transferred to Winchester, probably by Alfred. As Æthelwulf had intended, he was succeeded by Æthelbald in Wessex and Æthelberht in Kent and the south-east. The prestige conferred by a Frankish marriage was so great that Æthelbald then wedded his step-mother, Judith, to Asser's retrospective horror; he described the marriage as a "great disgrace", and "against God's prohibition and Christian dignity". When Æthelbald died only two years later, Æthelberht became King of Wessex as well as Kent, and Æthelwulf's intention of dividing his kingdoms between his sons was thus set aside. In the view of Yorke and Abels, this was because Æthelred and Alfred were too young to rule, and Æthelberht agreed in return that his younger brothers would inherit the whole kingdom on his death, whereas Kirby and Nelson think that Æthelberht just became the trustee for his younger brothers' share of their father's bequest.
After Æthelbald's death, Judith sold her possessions and returned to her father, but two years later she eloped with Baldwin, Count of Flanders. In the 890s their son, also called Baldwin, married Alfred's daughter, Ælfthryth.
Historiography
Æthelwulf's reputation among historians was poor in the twentieth century. In 1935, the historian R. H. Hodgkin attributed his pilgrimage to Rome to "the unpractical piety which had led him to desert his kingdom at a time of great danger", and described his marriage to Judith as "the folly of a man senile before his time". To Stenton in the 1960s, he was "a religious and unambitious man, for whom engagement in war and politics was an unwelcome consequence of rank". One dissenter was Finberg, who in 1964 described him as "a king whose valour in war and princely munificence recalled the figures of the heroic age", but in 1979, Enright said: "More than anything else he appears to have been an impractical religious enthusiast." Early medieval writers, especially Asser, emphasise his religiosity and his preference for consensus, seen in the concessions made to avert a civil war on his return from Rome. In Story's view, "his legacy has been clouded by accusations of excessive piety which (to modern sensibilities at least) has seemed at odds with the demands of early medieval kingship". In 839, an unnamed Anglo-Saxon king wrote to the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious asking for permission to travel through his territory on the way to Rome and relating an English priest's dream which foretold disaster unless Christians abandoned their sins. This is now believed to have been an unrealised project of Ecgberht at the end of his life, but it was formerly attributed to Æthelwulf, and seen as exhibiting what Story calls his reputation for "dramatic piety", and irresponsibility for planning to abandon his kingdom at the beginning of his reign.
In the twenty-first century, he is seen very differently by historians. Æthelwulf is not listed in the index of Peter Hunter Blair's An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England, first published in 1956, but in a new introduction to the 2003 edition, Keynes listed him among people "who have not always been accorded the attention they might be thought to deserve ... for it was he, more than any other, who secured the political fortune of his people in the ninth century, and who opened up channels of communication which led through Frankish realms and across the Alps to Rome". According to Story: "Æthelwulf acquired and cultivated a reputation both in Francia and Rome which is unparalleled in the sources since the height of Offa's and Coenwulf's power at the turn of the ninth century".
Nelson describes him as "one of the great underrated among Anglo-Saxons", and complains that she was only allowed 2,500 words for him in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, compared with 15,000 for Edward II and 35,000 for Elizabeth I. She says:
Æthelwulf's reign has been relatively under-appreciated in modern scholarship. Yet he laid the foundations for Alfred's success. To the perennial problems of husbanding the kingdom's resources, containing conflicts within the royal family, and managing relations with neighbouring kingdoms, Æthelwulf found new as well as traditional answers. He consolidated old Wessex and extended his reach over what is now Devon and Cornwall. He ruled Kent, working with the grain of its political community. He borrowed ideological props from Mercians and Franks alike, and went to Rome, not to die there, like his predecessor Ine, ... but to return, as Charlemagne had, with enhanced prestige. Æthelwulf coped more effectively with Scandinavian attacks than did most contemporary rulers.
Notes
^ Ecgberht's death and Æthelwulf's accession are dated by historians to 839. According to Susan Kelly, "there may be grounds for arguing that Æthelwulf's succession actually took place late in 838", but Joanna Story argues that the West Saxon regnal lists show the length of Ecgberht's reign as 37 years and 7 months, and as he acceded in 802 he is unlikely to have died before July 839.
^ Keynes and Lapidge comment: "The office of the butler (pincerna) was a distinguished one, and its holders were likely to have been important figures in the royal court and household".
^ Æthelstan was sub-king of Kent ten years before Alfred was born, and some late versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle make him the brother of Æthelwulf rather than his son. This has been accepted by some historians but is now generally rejected. It has also been suggested that Æthelstan was born of an unrecorded first marriage, but historians generally assume that he was Osburh's son.
^ Nelson states that it is uncertain whether Osburh died or had been repudiated, but Abels argues that it is "extremely unlikely" that she was repudiated, as Hincmar of Rheims, who played a prominent role in Æthelwulf's and Judith's marriage ceremony, was a strong advocate of the indissolubility of marriage.
^ The historians Janet Nelson and Ann Williams date Baldred's removal and the start of Æthelwulf's sub-kingship to 825, but David Kirby states that Baldred was probably not driven out until 826. Simon Keynes cites the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as stating that Æthelwulf expelled Baldred in 825, and secured the submission of the people of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Essex; however, charter evidence suggests that Beornwulf was recognised as overlord of Kent until he was killed in battle while attempting to put down a rebellion in East Anglia in 826. His successor as king of Mercia, Ludeca, never seems to have been recognised in Kent. In a charter of 828 Ecgberht refers to his son Æthelwulf "whom we have made king in Kent" as if the appointment was fairly new.
^ Christ Church, Canterbury kept lists of patrons who had made donations to the church, and late 8th and early 9th century patrons who had been supporters of Mercian power were expunged from the lists towards the end of the 9th century.
^ The authenticity of the Winchester charter is accepted by Patrick Wormald and Nicholas Brooks but disputed by Simon Keynes.
^ To attest a charter was to witness a grant of land by the king. The attesters were listed by the scribe at the end of the charter, although usually only the most high-ranking witnesses were included.
^ The scholar James Booth suggests that the part of Berkshire where Alfred was born may have been West Saxon territory throughout the period.
^ "Decimation" is used here in the sense of a donation of a tenth part. This usually means a payment to the ruler or church (tithe), but it is used here to mean a donation of a tenth part by the king. Historians do not agree what it was a tenth of.
^ The charters are S 294, 294a and 294b. Kelly treats 294a and b, which are both from Malmesbury Abbey, as one text.
^ The six charters are S 302, 303, 304, 305, 307 and 308.
^ The five Old Minster charters are S 309–313. Kelly states that there are six charters, but she only lists five and she states that there are fourteen in total, whereas there would be fifteen if there were six Old Minster charters.
^ The Kent charter is S 315.
^ Smyth dismisses all the Decimation Charters as spurious, with what the scholar David Pratt describes as "unwarranted scepticism".
^ Abels is sceptical whether Æthelred accompanied Alfred to Rome as he is not mentioned in a letter from Leo to Æthelwulf reporting Alfred's reception, but Nelson argues that only a fragment of the letter survives in an 11th-century copy, and the scribe who selected excerpts from Leo's letters, like the editors of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was only interested in Alfred.
^ Some of Æthelwulf's bones may be in Winchester Cathedral. One of six mortuary chests near the altar has his name, but the bones were mixed up when they were thrown around by parliamentary soldiers during the English Civil War.
^ The historian Richard North argues that the Old English poem "Deor" was written in about 856 as a satire on Æthelwulf and a "mocking reflection" on Æthelbald's attitude towards him.
References
^ Jones 2011, p. 171.
^ Halsall 2013, p. 288.
^ Kelly 2005, p. 178.
^ Story 2003, p. 222, n. 39.
^ Keynes 1995, pp. 22, 30–37; Williams 1991b; Kirby 2000, p. 152.
^ Abels 2002, p. 85.
^ a b c Edwards 2004.
^ Abels 2002, pp. 86–87.
^ Keynes 1993, pp. 113–19; Brooks 1984, pp. 132–36.
^ Ryan 2013, p. 258; Stenton 1971, p. 241.
^ Stenton 1971, p. 235; Charles-Edwards 2013, p. 431.
^ Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 229–30.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Nelson 2004a.
^ Nelson 2004b.
^ Hodgkin 1935, pp. 497, 721; Stenton 1971, p. 236, n. 1; Abels 1998, p. 50; Nelson 2004b.
^ Abels 1998, p. 50.
^ Miller 2004.
^ Abels 1998, p. 71, n. 69.
^ Nelson 2004a; Williams 1991a.
^ Kirby 2000, pp. 155–56.
^ Keynes 1993, pp. 120–21.
^ Williams 1991a; Stenton 1971, p. 231; Kirby 2000, pp. 155–56.
^ Smyth 1995, p. 673, n. 63.
^ Keynes 1993, pp. 112–20.
^ a b Abels 2002, p. 88.
^ Fleming 1995, p. 75.
^ Keynes 1993, pp. 120–21; Keynes 1995, p. 40.
^ Brooks 1984, pp. 136–37.
^ Stenton 1971, pp. 232–33.
^ Kirby 2000, p. 157.
^ Keynes 1995, pp. 40–41.
^ Wormald 1982, p. 140; Brooks 1984, p. 200; Keynes 1994, p. 1114 n. 3; S 281.
^ Wormald 1982, p. 140; Keynes 1994, pp. 1112–13.
^ Nelson 2004a; Keynes 1993, p. 124; Brooks 1984, pp. 197–201; Story 2003, p. 223; Blair 2005, p. 124.
^ Yorke 1990, pp. 148–49.
^ Pratt 2007, p. 17.
^ Kelly 2005, p. 89.
^ Abels 1998, p. 28.
^ Yorke 1990, pp. 168–69.
^ Keynes 1993, pp. 124–27; Nelson 2004a.
^ Brooks 1984, pp. 147–49.
^ Abels 1998, pp. 32–33; S 319.
^ Abels 1998, p. 271.
^ Pratt 2007, p. 64.
^ Kelly 2005, pp. 13, 102.
^ Keynes 1993, pp. 127–28.
^ Kirby 2000, pp. 160–61; Keynes 1998, p. 6; Booth 1998, p. 65.
^ Booth 1998, p. 66.
^ Abels 1998, p. 29.
^ Kirby 2000, p. 161.
^ Keynes 1994, pp. 1109–23; Nelson 2004a.
^ Nelson 2013, pp. 236–38; Stafford 1981, p. 137.
^ Ryan 2013, p. 252.
^ Abels 1998, p. 52.
^ Yorke 1995, pp. 23–24, 98–99; Nelson 2004a; Finberg 1964, p. 189.
^ Nelson 2004a; Story 2003, p. 227.
^ Stenton 1971, p. 243; Abels 1998, p. 88.
^ Ryan 2013, p. 258.
^ Grueber & Keary 1893, pp. 9, 17 no. 19, Plate III.4; Early Medieval Coins & Fitzwilliam Museum.
^ Grierson & Blackburn 2006, pp. 270, 287–91.
^ Grierson & Blackburn 2006, pp. 287–91, 307–08.
^ Grierson & Blackburn 2006, pp. 271, 287–91.
^ Grierson & Blackburn 2006, pp. 287–91.
^ Grierson & Blackburn 2006, p. 275.
^ S 316.
^ Stevenson 1904, p. 186.
^ a b c Kelly 2005, p. 65.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 1933.
^ Kelly 2005, pp. 65–66.
^ Keynes 1994, pp. 1119–20.
^ Kelly 2005, pp. 65, 180.
^ Kelly 2005, pp. 65, 188.
^ Kelly 2005, pp. 65–67, 73–74, 80–81.
^ Kelly 2005, p. 65; Stevenson 1904, pp. 186–91.
^ Kelly 2005, pp. 65–67; Finberg 1964, pp. 187–206; Keynes 1994, pp. 1102–22; Nelson 2004c, p. 15; Pratt 2007, p. 66.
^ Keynes 1994, pp. 1119–21; Williams 2014; Wormald 2001, p. 267; Keynes 2009, p. 467; Nelson 2004c, p. 3.
^ a b Keynes 1994, pp. 1119–21.
^ Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 232.
^ Stenton 1971, p. 308; Abels 2002, pp. 88–89; Keynes 2009, p. 467.
^ Keynes 2009, p. 467.
^ John 1996, pp. 71–72.
^ Smyth 1995, p. 403.
^ Smyth 1995, pp. 376–78, 382–83.
^ Pratt 2007, p. 66, n. 20.
^ a b Ryan 2013, p. 255.
^ Pratt 2007, p. 68.
^ Nelson 2004c, pp. 15–16.
^ Kelly 2005, pp. 67–91.
^ Keynes 2009, pp. 464–67.
^ Abels 1998, p. 62.
^ Abels 1998, pp. 62, 67.
^ Abels 1998, p. 67, n. 57.
^ Kirby 2000, pp. 164–65.
^ Nelson 1997, pp. 144–46; Nelson 2004a.
^ Abels 1998, p. 72.
^ Abels 1998, pp. 73, 75.
^ Story 2003, pp. 238–39.
^ Abels 1998, p. 77.
^ a b Kelly 2005, p. 91.
^ Nelson 2013, p. 240.
^ Kirby 2000, p. 164.
^ Abels 1998, p. 79.
^ Stafford 1981, pp. 139–42; Story 2003, pp. 240–42.
^ Nelson 1997, p. 143.
^ Kirby 2000, pp. 165–66; Stafford 1981, p. 139.
^ Enright 1979, pp. 291–301.
^ Abels 1998, pp. 80–82; Enright 1979, pp. 291–302.
^ Kirby 2000, p. 166; Smyth 1995, pp. 191–92.
^ Abels 1998, p. 81.
^ Yorke 1995, pp. 98–99.
^ Keynes 1998, p. 7; Abels 2002, p. 89.
^ Kirby 2000, pp. 166–67.
^ Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 71, 235–36, n. 28; Nelson 2006, pp. 70–71.
^ Wilson 1964, pp. 2, 22, 34, 142; Webster 1991, pp. 268–69; Pratt 2007, p. 65.
^ Wilson 1964, p. 22.
^ Abels 2002, pp. 89–91; Yorke 1990, pp. 149–50.
^ Kirby 2000, p. 167.
^ Smyth 1995, pp. 416–17.
^ Abels 1998, p. 87.
^ Smyth 1995, p. 674, n. 81.
^ Notes & Queries about the Mortuary Chests.
^ Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 72.
^ Yorke 1990, pp. 149–50; Abels 2002, pp. 90–91.
^ Kirby 2000, pp. 167–69; Nelson 2004a.
^ Hodgkin 1935, pp. 514–15.
^ Stenton 1971, p. 245.
^ Finberg 1964, p. 193.
^ Enright 1979, p. 295.
^ O'Keeffe 1996, pp. 35–36.
^ Story 2003, pp. 218–28; Dutton 1994, pp. 107–09.
^ Keynes 2003, p. xxxiii.
^ Story 2003, p. 225.
^ Nelson 2004c.
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Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Æthelwulf (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ˈæðelwuɫf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011171-1"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2013288-2"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ecgberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Beornwulf of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beornwulf_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Mercian dominance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercian_Supremacy"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"link_name":"Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"Carhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carhampton"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea"},{"link_name":"Æthelswith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelswith"},{"link_name":"Burgred of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Æthelbald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Æthelberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Judith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"West Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frankish"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald"},{"link_name":"Alfred the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great"}],"text":"9th-century King of WessexFor other uses, see Æthelwulf (disambiguation).Æthelwulf (Old English: [ˈæðelwuɫf];[1] Old English for \"Noble Wolf\";[2] died 13 January 858) was King of Wessex from 839 to 858.[a] In 825, his father, King Ecgberht, defeated King Beornwulf of Mercia, ending a long Mercian dominance over Anglo-Saxon England south of the Humber. Ecgberht sent Æthelwulf with an army to Kent, where he expelled the Mercian sub-king and was himself appointed sub-king. After 830, Ecgberht maintained good relations with Mercia, and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king in 839, the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641.The Vikings were not a major threat to Wessex during Æthelwulf's reign. In 843, he was defeated in a battle against the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset, but he achieved a major victory at the Battle of Aclea in 851. In 853, he joined a successful Mercian expedition to Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony, and in the same year, his daughter Æthelswith married King Burgred of Mercia. In 855, Æthelwulf went on a pilgrimage to Rome. In preparation he gave a \"decimation\", donating a tenth of his personal property to his subjects; he appointed his eldest surviving son Æthelbald to act as King of Wessex in his absence, and his next son Æthelberht to rule Kent and the south-east. Æthelwulf spent a year in Rome, and on his way back he married Judith, the daughter of the West Frankish king Charles the Bald.When Æthelwulf returned to England, Æthelbald refused to surrender the West Saxon throne, and Æthelwulf agreed to divide the kingdom, taking the east and leaving the west in Æthelbald's hands. On Æthelwulf's death in 858, he left Wessex to Æthelbald and Kent to Æthelberht, but Æthelbald's death only two years later led to the reunification of the kingdom. In the 20th century, Æthelwulf's reputation among historians was poor: he was seen as excessively pious and impractical, and his pilgrimage was viewed as a desertion of his duties. Historians in the 21st century see him very differently, as a king who consolidated and extended the power of his dynasty, commanded respect on the continent, and dealt more effectively than most of his contemporaries with Viking attacks. He is regarded as one of the most successful West Saxon kings, who laid the foundations for the success of his son, Alfred the Great.","title":"Æthelwulf, King of Wessex"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_British_Isles_9th_century.svg"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Offa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa"},{"link_name":"Beorhtric of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beorhtric_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Ecgberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia"},{"link_name":"Ealhmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealhmund_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Coenwulf of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199522,_30%E2%80%9337Williams1991bKirby2000152-6"},{"link_name":"Ine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200285-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004-8"},{"link_name":"Richard Abels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Abels"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200286%E2%80%9387-9"},{"link_name":"ealdormen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealdorman"},{"link_name":"Wulfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfred"},{"link_name":"Ceolwulf I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceolwulf_I_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Baldred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldred_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993113%E2%80%9319Brooks1984132%E2%80%9336-10"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"Isle of Sheppey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013258Stenton1971241-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004-8"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hingston Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971235Charles-Edwards2013431-12"}],"text":"Southern Britain in the middle of the ninth centuryAt the beginning of the 9th century, England was almost completely under the control of the Anglo-Saxons, with Mercia and Wessex the most important southern kingdoms. Mercia was dominant until the 820s, and it exercised overlordship over East Anglia and Kent, but Wessex was able to maintain its independence from its more powerful neighbour. Offa, king of Mercia from 757 to 796, was the dominant figure of the second half of the 8th century. King Beorhtric of Wessex (786–802), married Offa's daughter in 789. Beorhtric and Offa drove Æthelwulf's father Ecgberht into exile, and he spent several years at the court of Charlemagne in Francia. Ecgberht was the son of Ealhmund, who had briefly been King of Kent in 784. Following Offa's death, King Coenwulf of Mercia (796–821) maintained Mercian dominance, but it is uncertain whether Beorhtric ever accepted political subordination, and when he died in 802 Ecgberht became king, perhaps with the support of Charlemagne.[5] For two hundred years three kindreds had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. Ecgberht's best claim was that he was the great-great-grandson of Ingild, brother of King Ine (688–726), and in 802 it would have seemed very unlikely that he would establish a lasting dynasty.[6]Almost nothing is recorded of the first twenty years of Ecgberht's reign, apart from campaigns against the Cornish in the 810s.[7] The historian Richard Abels argues that the silence of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was probably intentional, concealing Ecgberht's purge of Beorhtric's magnates and suppression of rival royal lines.[8] Relations between Mercian kings and their Kentish subjects were distant. Kentish ealdormen did not attend the court of King Coenwulf, who quarrelled with Archbishop Wulfred of Canterbury (805–832) over the control of Kentish monasteries; Coenwulf's primary concern seems to have been to gain access to the wealth of Kent. His successors Ceolwulf I (821–823) and Beornwulf (823–826) restored relations with Archbishop Wulfred, and Beornwulf appointed a sub-king of Kent, Baldred.[9]England had suffered Viking raids in the late 8th century, but no attacks were recorded between 794 and 835 when the Isle of Sheppey in Kent was ravaged.[10] In 836, Ecgberht was defeated by the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset,[7] but in 838, he was victorious over an alliance of Cornishmen and Vikings at the Battle of Hingston Down, reducing Cornwall to the status of a client kingdom.[11]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osburh"},{"link_name":"Asser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asser"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutes"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004b-16"},{"link_name":"Æthelstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_charters"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199850-19"},{"link_name":"Æthelred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004-20"},{"link_name":"West Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Francia"},{"link_name":"Carolingian Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ermentrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermentrude_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"}],"text":"Æthelwulf's father Ecgberht was king of Wessex from 802 to 839. His mother's name is unknown, and he had no recorded siblings. He is known to have had two wives in succession, and so far as is known, Osburh, the senior of the two, was the mother of all his children. She was the daughter of Oslac, described by Asser, biographer of their son Alfred the Great, as \"King Æthelwulf's famous butler\",[b] a man who was descended from Jutes who had ruled the Isle of Wight.[13][14] Æthelwulf had six known children. His eldest son, Æthelstan, was old enough to be appointed King of Kent in 839, so he must have been born by the early 820s, and he died in the early 850s.[c] The second son, Æthelbald, is first recorded as a charter witness in 841, and if, like Alfred, he began to attest when he was around six, he would have been born around 835; he was King of Wessex from 858 to 860. Æthelwulf's third son, Æthelberht, was probably born around 839 and was king from 860 to 865. The only daughter, Æthelswith, married Burgred, King of Mercia, in 853.[16] The other two sons were much younger: Æthelred was born around 848 and was king from 865 to 871, and Alfred was born around 849 and was king from 871 to 899.[17] In 856, Æthelwulf married Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, King of West Francia and future Carolingian Emperor, and his wife Ermentrude. Osburh had probably died, although it is possible that she had been repudiated.[d] There were no children from Æthelwulf's marriage to Judith, and after his death, she married his eldest surviving son and successor, Æthelbald.[13]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Ellandun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ellandun"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Eahlstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eahlstan"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Sherborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Sherborne"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991aStenton1971231Kirby2000155%E2%80%9356-27"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"},{"link_name":"Beornmod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beornmod"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995673,_n._63-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993112%E2%80%9320-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200288-30"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"bishopric of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"Simon Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Keynes"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120%E2%80%9321Keynes199540-33"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)"},{"link_name":"East Malling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malling"},{"link_name":"archiepiscopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Wiglaf of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiglaf_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984136%E2%80%9337-34"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971232%E2%80%9333-35"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000157-36"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004-8"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199540%E2%80%9341-37"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"Ceolnoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceolnoth"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1982140Keynes19941112%E2%80%9313-40"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004aKeynes1993124Brooks1984197%E2%80%93201Story2003223Blair2005124-41"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1990148%E2%80%9349-42"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200717-43"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200589-44"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199828-45"}],"text":"Æthelwulf was first recorded in 825, when Ecgberht won the crucial Battle of Ellandun in Wiltshire against King Beornwulf of Mercia, ending the long Mercian ascendancy over southern England. Ecgberht followed it up by sending Æthelwulf with Eahlstan, Bishop of Sherborne, and Wulfheard, Ealdorman of Hampshire, with a large army into Kent to expel sub-king Baldred.[e] Æthelwulf was descended from kings of Kent, and he was sub-king of Kent, and of Surrey, Sussex and Essex, which were then included in the sub-kingdom, until he inherited the throne of Wessex in 839.[22] His sub-kingship is recorded in charters, in some of which King Ecgberht acted with his son's permission,[13] such as a grant in 838 to Bishop Beornmod of Rochester, and Æthelwulf himself issued a charter as King of Kent in the same year.[23] Unlike their Mercian predecessors, who alienated the Kentish people by ruling from a distance, Æthelwulf and his father successfully cultivated local support by governing through Kentish ealdormen and promoting their interests.[24] In Abels' view, Ecgberht and Æthelwulf rewarded their friends and purged Mercian supporters.[25][f] Historians take differing views on the attitude of the new regime to the Kentish church. At Canterbury in 828, Ecgberht granted privileges to the bishopric of Rochester, and according to the historian Simon Keynes, Ecgberht and Æthelwulf took steps to secure the support of Archbishop Wulfred.[27] However, Nicholas Brooks argues that Wulfred's Mercian origin and connections proved a liability. Æthelwulf seized an estate in East Malling from the Canterbury church on the ground that it had only been granted by Baldred when he was in flight from the West Saxon forces; the issue of archiepiscopal coinage was suspended for several years; and the only estate Wulfred was granted after 825 he received from King Wiglaf of Mercia.[28]In 829, Ecgberht conquered Mercia, only for Wiglaf to recover his kingdom a year later.[29] The scholar David Kirby sees Wiglaf's restoration in 830 as a dramatic reversal for Ecgberht, which was probably followed by his loss of control of the London mint and the Mercian recovery of Essex and Berkshire,[30] and the historian Heather Edwards states that his \"immense conquest could not be maintained\".[7] However, in the view of Keynes:It is interesting ... that both Ecgberht and his son Æthelwulf appear to have respected the separate identity of Kent and its associated provinces, as if there appears to have been no plan at this stage to absorb the southeast into an enlarged kingdom stretching across the whole of southern England. Nor does it seem to have been the intention of Ecgberht and his successors to maintain the supremacy of any kind over the kingdom of Mercia ... It is quite possible that Ecgberht had relinquished Mercia of his own volition; and there is no suggestion that any residual antagonism affected relations between the rulers of Wessex and Mercia thereafter.[31]In 838, King Ecgberht held an assembly at Kingston in Surrey, where Æthelwulf may have been consecrated as king by the archbishop. Ecgberht restored the East Malling estate to Wulfred's successor as Archbishop of Canterbury, Ceolnoth, in return for a promise of \"firm and unbroken friendship\" for himself and Æthelwulf and their heirs, and the same condition is specified in a grant to the see of Winchester.[g] Ecgberht thus ensured support for Æthelwulf, who became the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641.[33] At the same meeting, Kentish monasteries chose Æthelwulf as their lord, and he undertook that, after his death, they would have freedom to elect their heads. Wulfred had devoted his archiepiscopate to fighting against secular power over Kentish monasteries, but Ceolnoth now surrendered effective control to Æthelwulf, whose offer of freedom from control after his death was unlikely to be honoured by his successors. Kentish ecclesiastics and laymen now looked for protection against Viking attacks to West Saxon rather than Mercian royal power.[34]Ecgberht's conquests brought him wealth far greater than his predecessors had enjoyed and enabled him to purchase the support which secured the West Saxon throne for his descendants.[35] The stability brought by the dynastic succession of Ecgberht and Æthelwulf led to an expansion of commercial and agrarian resources, and to an expansion of royal income.[36] The wealth of the West Saxon kings was also increased by the agreement in 838–839 with Archbishop Ceolnoth for the previously independent West Saxon minsters to accept the king as their secular lord in return for his protection.[37] However, there was no certainty that the hegemony of Wessex would prove more permanent than that of Mercia.[38]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1990168%E2%80%9369-46"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Janet Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Carolingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993124%E2%80%9327Nelson2004a-48"},{"link_name":"Little Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Chart"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984147%E2%80%9349-49"},{"link_name":"Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartham#Horton"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199832%E2%80%9333S_319-50"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998271-51"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200764-52"},{"link_name":"Malmesbury Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmesbury_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Saint Aldhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldhelm"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200513,_102-53"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993127%E2%80%9328-54"},{"link_name":"Berhtwulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beorhtwulf_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Wantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wantage"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000160%E2%80%9361Keynes19986Booth199865-55"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Æthelwulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_of_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199829-58"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000161-59"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941109%E2%80%9323Nelson2004a-60"},{"link_name":"Annals of St Bertin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Bertiniani"},{"link_name":"Lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_Servatus"},{"link_name":"Ferrières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferri%C3%A8res_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2013236%E2%80%9338Stafford1981137-61"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013252-62"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199852-63"},{"link_name":"Selwood Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selwood_Forest"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"Swithun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swithun"},{"link_name":"Helmstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmstan"},{"link_name":"South Hams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Hams"},{"link_name":"royal demesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_demesne"},{"link_name":"bookland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookland_(law)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199523%E2%80%9324,_98%E2%80%9399Nelson2004aFinberg1964189-64"}],"text":"Depiction of Æthelwulf in the late-13th-century Genealogical Chronicle of the English KingsWhen Æthelwulf succeeded to the throne of Wessex in 839, his experience as sub-king of Kent had given him valuable training in kingship, and he in turn made his own sons sub-kings.[39] According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, on his accession \"he gave to his son Æthelstan the kingdom of the people of Kent, and the kingdom of the East Saxons [Essex] and of the people of Surrey and the South Saxons [Sussex]\". However, Æthelwulf did not give Æthelstan the same power as his father had given him, and although Æthelstan attested his father's charters[h] As king, he does not appear to have been given the power to issue his own charters. Æthelwulf exercised authority in the south-east and made regular visits there. He governed Wessex and Kent as separate spheres, and assemblies in each kingdom were only attended by the nobility of that country. The historian Janet Nelson says that \"Æthelwulf ran a Carolingian-style family firm of plural realms, held together by his own authority as father-king, and by the consent of distinct élites.\" He maintained his father's policy of governing Kent through ealdormen appointed from the local nobility and advancing their interests, but gave less support to the church.[40] In 843, Æthelwulf granted ten hides at Little Chart to Æthelmod, the brother of the leading Kentish ealdorman Ealhere, and Æthelmod succeeded to the post on his brother's death in 853.[41] In 844, Æthelwulf granted land at Horton in Kent to Ealdorman Eadred, with permission to transfer parts of it to local landowners; in a culture of reciprocity, this created a network of mutual friendships and obligations between the beneficiaries and the king.[42] Archbishops of Canterbury were firmly in the West Saxon king's sphere. His ealdormen enjoyed a high status and were sometimes placed higher than the king's sons in lists of witnesses to charters.[43] His reign is the first for which there is evidence of royal priests,[44] and Malmesbury Abbey regarded him as an important benefactor, who is said to have been the donor of a shrine for the relics of Saint Aldhelm.[45]After 830, Ecgberht followed a policy of maintaining good relations with Mercia, and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king. London was traditionally a Mercian town, but in the 830s it was under West Saxon control; soon after Æthelwulf's accession, it reverted to Mercian control.[46] King Wiglaf of Mercia died in 839 and his successor, Berhtwulf, revived the Mercian mint in London; the two kingdoms appear to have struck a joint issue in the mid-840s, possibly indicating West Saxon help in reviving Mercian coinage, and showing the friendly relations between the two powers. Berkshire was still Mercian in 844, but by 849 it was part of Wessex, as Alfred was born in that year at the West Saxon royal estate in Wantage, then in Berkshire.[47][i] However, the local Mercian ealdorman, also called Æthelwulf, retained his position under the West Saxon kings.[49] Berhtwulf died in 852 and cooperation with Wessex continued under Burgred, his successor as King of Mercia, who married Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith in 853. In the same year, Æthelwulf assisted Burgred in a successful attack on Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony over the Welsh.[50]In 9th-century Mercia and Kent, royal charters were produced by religious houses, each with its own style, but in Wessex, there was a single royal diplomatic tradition, probably by a single agency acting for the king. This may have originated in Ecgberht's reign, and it becomes clear in the 840s when Æthelwulf had a Frankish secretary called Felix.[51] There were strong contacts between the West Saxon and Carolingian courts. The Annals of St Bertin took particular interest in Viking attacks on Britain, and in 852 Lupus, the Abbot of Ferrières and a protégé of Charles the Bald, wrote to Æthelwulf congratulating him on his victory over the Vikings and requesting a gift of lead to cover his church roof. Lupus also wrote to his \"most beloved friend\" Felix, asking him to manage the transport of the lead.[52] Unlike Canterbury and the south-east, Wessex did not see a sharp decline in the standard of Latin in charters in the mid-9th century, and this may have been partly due to Felix and his continental contacts.[53] Lupus thought that Felix had great influence over the King.[13] Charters were mainly issued from royal estates in counties which were the heartland of ancient Wessex, namely Hampshire, Somerset, Wiltshire, and Dorset, with a few in Kent.[54]An ancient division between east and west Wessex continued to be important in the 9th century; the boundary was Selwood Forest on the borders of Somerset, Dorset and Wiltshire. The two bishoprics of Wessex were Sherborne in the west and Winchester in the east. Æthelwulf's family connections seem to have been west of Selwood, but his patronage was concentrated further east, particularly on Winchester, where his father was buried, and where he appointed Swithun to succeed Helmstan as bishop in 852–853. However, he made a grant of land in Somerset to his leading ealdorman, Eanwulf, and on 26 December 846, he granted a large estate to himself in South Hams in west Devon. He thus changed it from royal demesne, which he was obliged to pass on to his successor as king, to bookland, which could be transferred as the owner pleased, so he could make land grants to followers to improve security in a frontier zone.[55]","title":"King of Wessex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Ealhhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealhere"},{"link_name":"Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004aStory2003227-65"},{"link_name":"Thanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971243Abels199888-66"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013258-67"}],"text":"Viking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the English Channel, and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated by the companies of 35 Danish ships at Carhampton in Somerset. In 850 sub-king Æthelstan and Ealdorman Ealhhere of Kent won a naval victory over a large Viking fleet off Sandwich in Kent, capturing nine ships and driving off the rest. Æthelwulf granted Ealhhere a large estate in Kent, but Æthelstan is not heard of again and probably died soon afterwards. The following year the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records five different attacks on southern England. A Danish fleet of 350 Viking ships took London and Canterbury, and when King Berhtwulf of Mercia went to their relief he was defeated. The Vikings then moved on to Surrey, where they were defeated by Æthelwulf and his son Æthelbald at the Battle of Aclea. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the West Saxon levies, \"there made the greatest slaughter of a heathen that we have heard tell of up to the present day\". The Chronicle frequently reported victories during Æthelwulf's reign won by levies led by ealdormen, unlike the 870s when a royal command was emphasised, reflecting a more consensual style of leadership in the earlier period.[56]In 850, a Danish army wintered on Thanet, and in 853, ealdormen Ealhhere of Kent and Huda of Surrey were killed in a battle against the Vikings, also on Thanet. In 855, Danish Vikings stayed over the winter on Sheppey, before carrying on their pillaging of eastern England.[57] However, during Æthelwulf's reign, Viking attacks were contained and did not present a major threat.[58]","title":"Viking threat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%86thelwulf_penny.jpg"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrueberKeary18939,_17_no._19,_Plate_III.4Early_Medieval_CoinsFitzwilliam_Museum-68"},{"link_name":"silver penny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_penny"},{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006270,_287%E2%80%9391-69"},{"link_name":"debased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debasement"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006287%E2%80%9391,_307%E2%80%9308-70"},{"link_name":"Middle Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Temple"},{"link_name":"numismatists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006271,_287%E2%80%9391-71"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006287%E2%80%9391-72"},{"link_name":"Philip Grierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Grierson"},{"link_name":"Mark Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Blackburn_(numismatist)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006275-73"}],"text":"Coin of King Æthelwulf: \"EĐELVVLF REX\", moneyer Manna, Canterbury[59]The silver penny was almost the only coin used in middle and later Anglo-Saxon England. Æthelwulf's coinage came from a main mint in Canterbury and a secondary one at Rochester; both had been used by Ecgberht for his own coinage after he gained control of Kent. During Æthelwulf's reign, there were four main phases of the coinage distinguishable at both mints, though they are not exactly parallel and it is uncertain when the transitions took place. The first issue at Canterbury carried a design known as Saxoniorum, which had been used by Ecgberht for one of his own issues. This was replaced by a portrait design in about 843, which can be subdivided further; the earliest coins have cruder designs than the later ones. At the Rochester mint, the sequence was reversed, with an initial portrait design replaced, also in about 843, by a non-portrait design carrying a cross-and-wedges pattern on the obverse.[13][60]In about 848, both mints switched to a common design known as Dor¯b¯/Cant – the characters \"Dor¯b¯\" on the obverse of these coins indicate either Dorobernia (Canterbury) or Dorobrevia (Rochester), and \"Cant\", referring to Kent, appeared on the reverse. It is possible that the Canterbury mint continued to produce portrait coins at the same time. The Canterbury issue seems to have been ended in 850–851 by Viking raids, though it is possible that Rochester was spared, and the issue may have continued there. The final issue, again at both mints, was introduced in about 852; it has an inscribed cross on the reverse and a portrait on the obverse. Æthelwulf's coinage became debased by the end of his reign, and though the problem became worse after his death it is possible that the debasement prompted the changes in coin type from as early as 850.[61]Æthelwulf's first Rochester coinage may have begun when he was still sub-king of Kent, under Ecgberht. A hoard of coins deposited at the beginning of Æthelwulf's reign in about 840, found in the Middle Temple in London, contained 22 coins from Rochester and two from Canterbury of the first issue of each mint. Some numismatists argue that the high proportion of Rochester coins means that the issue must have commenced before Ecgberht's death, but an alternative explanation is that whoever hoarded the coins simply happened to have access to more Rochester coins. No coins were issued by Æthelwulf's sons during his reign.[62]Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury throughout Æthelwulf's reign, also minted coins of his own at Canterbury: there were three different portrait designs, thought to be contemporary with each of the first three of Æthelwulf's Canterbury issues. These were followed by an inscribed cross design that was uniform with Æthelwulf's final coinage. At Rochester, Bishop Beornmod produced only one issue, a cross-and-wedges design which was contemporary with Æthelwulf's Saxoniorum issue.[63]In the view of the numismatists Philip Grierson and Mark Blackburn, the mints of Wessex, Mercia and East Anglia were not greatly affected by changes in political control: \"the remarkable continuity of moneyers which can be seen at each of these mints suggests that the actual mint organisation was largely independent of the royal administration and was founded in the stable trading communities of each city\".[64]","title":"Coinage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charter_S_316,_dated_855_of_King_%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ulaham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTES_316-74"},{"link_name":"W. H. Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Stevenson"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson1904186-75"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565-76"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"triune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565%E2%80%9366-79"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119%E2%80%9320-80"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"proem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proem"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Wilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"comites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comites"},{"link_name":"thegns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thegn"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Old Minster, Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Minster,_Winchester"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Rochester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565%E2%80%9367,_73%E2%80%9374,_80%E2%80%9381-87"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565Stevenson1904186%E2%80%9391-88"},{"link_name":"H. P. R. Finberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._R._Finberg"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565%E2%80%9367Finberg1964187%E2%80%93206Keynes19941102%E2%80%9322Nelson2004c15Pratt200766-89"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119%E2%80%9321Williams2014Wormald2001267Keynes2009467Nelson2004c3-90"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119%E2%80%9321-91"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119%E2%80%9321-91"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983232-92"},{"link_name":"Frank Stenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stenton"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971308Abels200288%E2%80%9389Keynes2009467-93"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2009467-94"},{"link_name":"Eric John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_John"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn199671%E2%80%9372-95"},{"link_name":"Alfred P. Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_P._Smyth"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995403-96"},{"link_name":"[o]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013255-100"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200768-101"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004c15%E2%80%9316-102"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200567%E2%80%9391-103"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2009464%E2%80%9367-104"}],"text":"Charter S 316 dated 855, in which Æthelwulf granted land at Ulaham in Kent to his minister Ealdhere[65]The early 20th-century historian W. H. Stevenson observed that: \"Few things in our early history have led to so much discussion\" as Æthelwulf's Decimation Charters;[66] a hundred years later the charter expert Susan Kelly described them as \"one of the most controversial groups of Anglo-Saxon diplomas\".[67] Both Asser and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle say that Æthelwulf gave a decimation,[j] in 855, shortly before leaving on pilgrimage to Rome. According to the Chronicle \"King Æthelwulf conveyed by charter the tenth part of his land throughout all his kingdom to the praise of God and to his own eternal salvation\". However, Asser states that \"Æthelwulf, the esteemed king, freed the tenth part of his whole kingdom from royal service and tribute, and as an everlasting inheritance he made it over on the cross of Christ to the triune God, for the redemption of his soul and those of his predecessors.\"[69] According to Keynes, Asser's version may just be a \"loose translation\" of the Chronicle, and his implication that Æthelwulf released a tenth of all land from secular burdens was probably not intended. All land could be regarded as the king's land, so the Chronicle reference to \"his land\" does not necessarily refer to royal property, and since the booking of land – conveying it by charter – was always regarded as a pious act, Asser's statement that he made it over to God does not necessarily mean that the charters were in favour of the church.[70]The Decimation Charters are divided by Susan Kelly into four groups:Two dated at Winchester on 5 November 844. In a charter in the Malmesbury archive, Æthelwulf refers in the proem to the perilous state of his kingdom as the result of the assaults of pagans and barbarians. For the sake of his soul and in return for masses for the king and ealdormen each Wednesday, \"I have decided to give in perpetual liberty some portion of hereditary lands to all those ranks previously in possession, both to God's servants and handmaidens serving God and to laymen, always the tenth hide, and where it is less, then the tenth part.\"[k]\nSix dated at Wilton on Easter Day, 22 April 854. In the common text of these charters, Æthelwulf states that \"for the sake of his soul and the prosperity of the kingdom and [the salvation of] the people assigned to him by God, he has acted upon the advice given to him by his bishops, comites, and all his nobles. He has granted the tenth part of the lands throughout his kingdom, not only to the churches but also to his thegns. The land is granted in perpetual liberty so that it will remain free of royal services and all secular burdens. In return, there will be a liturgical commemoration of the king and his bishops and ealdormen.\"[l]\nFive from Old Minster, Winchester, connected with the Wilton meeting but generally considered spurious.[m]\nOne from Kent dated 855, the only one to have the same date as the decimation according to Chronicle and Asser. The king grants to his thegn Dunn property in Rochester \"on account of the decimation of lands which by God's gift I have decided to do\". Dunn left the land to his wife with a reversion to Rochester Cathedral.[n][73]None of the charters are original, and Stevenson dismissed all of them as fraudulent apart from the Kentish one of 855. Stevenson saw the decimation as a donation of royal demesne to churches and laymen, with those grants which were made to laymen being on the understanding that there would be reversion to a religious institution.[74] Up to the 1990s, his view on the authenticity of the charters was generally accepted by scholars, except the historian H. P. R. Finberg, who argued in 1964 that most are based on authentic diplomas. Finberg coined the terms the 'First Decimation' of 844, which he saw as the removal of public dues on a tenth of all bookland, and the 'Second Decimation' of 854, the donation of a tenth of \"the private domain of the royal house\" to the churches. He considered it unlikely that the First Decimation had been carried into effect, probably due to the threat from the Vikings. Finberg's terminology has been adopted, but his defence of the First Decimation is generally rejected. In 1994, Keynes defended the Wilton charters in group 2, and his arguments have been widely accepted.[75]Historians have been divided on how to interpret the Second Decimation, and in 1994, Keynes described it as \"one of the most perplexing problems\" in the study of 9th-century charters. He set out three alternatives:It conveyed a tenth of the royal demesne – the lands of the crown as opposed to the personal property of the sovereign – into the hands of churches, ecclesiastics and laymen. In Anglo-Saxon England property was either folkland or bookland. The transmission of folkland was governed by the customary rights of kinsmen, subject to the king's approval, whereas bookland was established by the grant of a royal charter, and could be disposed of freely by the owner. Booking land thus converted it by charter from folkland to bookland. The royal demesne was the crown's folkland, whereas the king's bookland was his own personal property which he could leave by will as he chose. In the decimation, Æthelwulf may have conveyed royal folkland by charter to become bookland, in some cases to laymen who already leased the land.[76]\nIt was the booking of a tenth of folkland to its owners, who would then be free to convey it to a church.[77]\nIt was a reduction of one tenth in the secular burdens on lands already in the possession of landowners.[77] The secular burdens would have included the provision of supplies for the king and his officials and payment of various taxes.[78]Some scholars, for example Frank Stenton, author of the standard history of Anglo-Saxon England, along with Keynes and Abels, see the Second Decimation as a donation of royal demesne. In Abels' view, Æthelwulf sought loyalty from the aristocracy and church during the king's forthcoming absence from Wessex, and displayed a sense of dynastic insecurity also evident in his father's generosity towards the Kentish church in 838, and an \"avid attention\" in this period to compiling and revising royal genealogies.[79] Keynes suggests that \"Æthelwulf's purpose was presumably to earn divine assistance in his struggles against the Vikings\",[80] and the mid-20th-century historian Eric John observes that \"a lifetime of medieval studies teaches one that an early medieval king was never so political as when he was on his knees\".[81] The view that the decimation was a donation of the king's own personal estate is supported by the Anglo-Saxonist Alfred P. Smyth, who argues that these were the only lands the king was entitled to alienate by book.[82][o] The historian Martin Ryan prefers the view that Æthelwulf freed a tenth part of the land owned by laymen from secular obligations, who could now endow churches under their own patronage. Ryan sees it as part of a campaign of religious devotion.[85] According to the historian David Pratt, it \"is best interpreted as a strategic 'tax cut', designed to encourage cooperation in defensive measures through a partial remission of royal dues\".[86] Nelson states that the decimation took place in two phases, in Wessex in 854 and Kent in 855, reflecting that they remained separate kingdoms.[87]Kelly argues that most charters were based on genuine originals, including the First Decimation of 844. She says: \"Commentators have been unkind [and] the 844 version has not been given the benefit of the doubt\". In her view, Æthelwulf then gave a 10% tax reduction on bookland, and ten years later he took the more generous step of \"a widespread distribution of royal lands\". Unlike Finberg, she believes that both decimations were carried out, although the second one may not have been completed due to opposition from Æthelwulf's son Æthelbald. She thinks that the grants of bookland to laymen in the Second Decimation were unconditional, not with reversion to religious houses as Stevenson had argued.[88] However, Keynes is not convinced by Kelly's arguments, and thinks that the First Decimation charters were 11th or early 12th century fabrications.[89]","title":"Decimation Charters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"christendom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199862-105"},{"link_name":"liber vitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confraternity_book"},{"link_name":"San Salvatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvatore,_Brescia"},{"link_name":"Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brescia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"},{"link_name":"confirmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199862,_67-106"},{"link_name":"[p]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000164%E2%80%9365-109"},{"link_name":"tonsured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsure"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1997144%E2%80%9346Nelson2004a-110"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199872-111"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200288-30"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199873,_75-112"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory2003238%E2%80%9339-113"},{"link_name":"William of Malmesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury"},{"link_name":"Saxon quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schola_Saxonum"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199877-114"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200591-115"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013255-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2013240-116"},{"link_name":"Cædwalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000164-117"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199879-118"},{"link_name":"Verberie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verberie"},{"link_name":"anointed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoint"},{"link_name":"Hincmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hincmar"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rheims"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford1981139%E2%80%9342Story2003240%E2%80%9342-119"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1997143-120"},{"link_name":"Pauline Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000165%E2%80%9366Stafford1981139-121"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright1979291%E2%80%93301-122"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199880%E2%80%9382Enright1979291%E2%80%93302-123"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000166Smyth1995191%E2%80%9392-124"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200591-115"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199881-125"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199598%E2%80%9399-126"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19987Abels200289-127"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000166%E2%80%9367-128"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198371,_235%E2%80%9336,_n._28Nelson200670%E2%80%9371-129"}],"text":"In 855, Æthelwulf went on a pilgrimage to Rome. According to Abels: \"Æthelwulf was at the height of his power and prestige. It was a propitious time for the West Saxon king to claim a place of honour among the kings and emperors of christendom.\"[90] His eldest surviving sons Æthelbald and Æthelberht were then adults, while Æthelred and Alfred were still young children. In 853 Æthelwulf sent his younger sons to Rome, perhaps accompanying envoys in connection with his own forthcoming visit. Alfred, and probably Æthelred as well, were invested with the \"belt of consulship\". Æthelred's part in the journey is only known from a contemporary record in the liber vitae of San Salvatore, Brescia, as later records such as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle were only interested in recording the honour paid to Alfred.[13] Abels see the embassy as paving the way for Æthelwulf's pilgrimage, and the presence of Alfred, his youngest and therefore most expendable son, as a gesture of goodwill to the papacy; confirmation by Pope Leo IV made Alfred his spiritual son, and thus created a spiritual link between the two \"fathers\".[91][p] Kirby argues that the journey may indicate that Alfred was intended for the church,[93] while Nelson, on the contrary, sees Æthelwulf's purpose as affirming his younger sons' throneworthiness, thus protecting them against being tonsured by their elder brothers, which would have rendered them ineligible for kingship.[94]Æthelwulf set out for Rome in the spring of 855, accompanied by Alfred and a large retinue.[95] The King left Wessex in the care of his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, and the sub-kingdom of Kent to the rule of Æthelberht, and thereby confirmed that they were to succeed to the two kingdoms.[25] On the way the party stayed with Charles the Bald in Francia, where there were the usual banquets and exchange of gifts. Æthelwulf stayed a year in Rome,[96] and his gifts to the Diocese of Rome included a gold crown weighing 4 pounds (1.8 kg), two gold goblets, a sword bound with gold, four silver-gilt bowls, two silk tunics and two gold-interwoven veils. He also gave gold to the clergy and leading men and silver to the people of Rome. According to the historian Joanna Story, his gifts rivalled those of Carolingian donors and the Byzantine emperor and \"were clearly chosen to reflect the personal generosity and spiritual wealth of the West Saxon king; here was no Germanic \"hillbilly\" from the backwoods of the Christian world but, rather, a sophisticated, wealthy and utterly contemporary monarch\".[97] The post-Conquest chronicler William of Malmesbury stated that he helped to pay for the restoration of the Saxon quarter, which had recently been destroyed by fire, for English pilgrims.[98]The pilgrimage puzzles historians and Kelly comments that \"it is extraordinary that an early medieval king could consider his position safe enough to abandon his kingdom in a time of extreme crisis\". She suggests that Æthelwulf may have been motivated by a personal religious impulse.[99] Ryan sees it as an attempt to placate the divine wrath displayed by Viking attacks,[85] whereas Nelson thinks he aimed to enhance his prestige in dealing with the demands of his adult sons.[100] In Kirby's view:Æthelwulf's journey to Rome is of great interest for it did not signify abdication and a retreat from the world as their journeys to Rome had for Cædwalla and Ine and other Anglo-Saxon kings. It was more a display of the king's international standing and a demonstration of the prestige his dynasty enjoyed in Frankish and papal circles.[101]On his way back from Rome Æthelwulf again stayed with King Charles the Bald, and may have joined him on a campaign against a Viking warband.[102] On 1 October 856, Æthelwulf married Charles's daughter, Judith, aged 12 or 13, at Verberie. The marriage was considered extraordinary by contemporaries and by modern historians. Carolingian princesses rarely married and were usually sent to nunneries, and it was almost unknown for them to marry foreigners. Judith was crowned queen and anointed by Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims. Although empresses had been anointed before, this is the first definitely known anointing of a Carolingian queen. In addition, West Saxon custom, described by Asser as \"perverse and detestable\", was that the wife of a king of Wessex could not be called queen or sit on the throne with her husband – she was just the king's wife.[103]Æthelwulf returned to Wessex to face a revolt by Æthelbald, who attempted to prevent his father from recovering his throne. Historians give varying explanations for both the rebellion and the marriage. In Nelson's view, Æthelwulf's marriage to Judith added the West Saxon king to the family of kings and princely allies which Charles was creating.[104] Charles was under attack both from Vikings and from a rising among his own nobility, and Æthelwulf had great prestige due to his victories over the Vikings; some historians such as Kirby and Pauline Stafford see the marriage as sealing an anti-Viking alliance. The marriage gave Æthelwulf a share in Carolingian prestige, and Kirby describes the anointing of Judith as \"a charismatic sanctification which enhanced her status, blessed her womb and conferred additional throne-worthiness on her male offspring.\" These marks of a special status implied that a son of hers would succeed to at least part of Æthelwulf's kingdom, and explain Æthelbald's decision to rebel.[105] The historian Michael Enright denies that an anti-Viking alliance between two such distant kingdoms could serve any useful purpose, and argues that the marriage was Æthelwulf's response to news that his son was planning to rebel; his son by an anointed Carolingian queen would be in a strong position to succeed as king of Wessex instead of the rebellious Æthelbald.[106] Abels suggests that Æthelwulf sought Judith's hand because he needed her father's money and support to overcome his son's rebellion,[107] but Kirby and Smyth argue that it is extremely unlikely that Charles the Bald would have agreed to marry his daughter to a ruler who was known to be in serious political difficulty.[108] Æthelbald may also have acted out of resentment at the loss of patrimony he suffered as a result of the decimation.[99]Æthelbald's rebellion was supported by Ealhstan, Bishop of Sherborne, and Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, even though they appear to have been two of the king's most trusted advisers.[109] According to Asser, the plot was concerted \"in the western part of Selwood\", and western nobles may have backed Æthelbald because they resented the patronage Æthelwulf gave to eastern Wessex.[110] Asser also stated that Æthelwulf agreed to give up the western part of his kingdom in order to avoid a civil war. Some historians such as Keynes and Abels think that his rule was then confined to the south-east,[111] while others such as Kirby think it is more likely that it was Wessex itself which was divided, with Æthelbald keeping Wessex west of Selwood, Æthelwulf holding the centre and east, and Æthelberht keeping the south-east.[112] Æthelwulf insisted that Judith should sit beside him on the throne until the end of his life, and according to Asser, this was \"without any disagreement or dissatisfaction on the part of his nobles\".[113]","title":"Pilgrimage to Rome and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethelwulf%27s_Ring_-_Illustration_from_Cassell%27s_History_of_England_-_Century_Edition_-_published_circa_1902.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laverstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laverstock"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Earl of Radnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Pleydell-Bouverie,_2nd_Earl_of_Radnor"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pleydell-Bouverie,_3rd_Earl_of_Radnor"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"nielloed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niello"},{"link_name":"Fountain of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_of_Life"},{"link_name":"saltire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltire"},{"link_name":"Leslie Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Webster_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"Trewhiddle style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewhiddle_style"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19642,_22,_34,_142Webster1991268%E2%80%9369Pratt200765-130"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"},{"link_name":"David Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Wilson"},{"link_name":"ring-giver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson196422-131"}],"text":"King Æthelwulf's ringKing Æthelwulf's ring was found in a cart rut in Laverstock in Wiltshire in about August 1780 by one William Petty, who sold it to a silversmith in Salisbury. The silversmith sold it to the Earl of Radnor, and the earl's son, William, donated it to the British Museum in 1829. The ring, together with a similar ring of Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith, is one of two key examples of nielloed 9th-century metalwork. They appear to represent the emergence of a \"court style\" of West Saxon metalwork, characterised by an unusual Christian iconography, such as a pair of peacocks at the Fountain of Life on the Æthelwulf ring, associated with Christian immortality. The ring is inscribed \"Æthelwulf Rex\", firmly associating it with the King, and the inscription forms part of the design, so it cannot have been added later. Many of its features are typical of 9th-century metalwork, such as the design of two birds, beaded and speckled borders, and a saltire with arrow-like terminals on the back. It was probably manufactured in Wessex but was typical of the uniformity of animal ornament in England in the 9th century. In the view of Leslie Webster, an expert on medieval art: \"Its fine Trewhiddle style ornament would certainly fit a mid ninth-century date.\"[114] In Nelson's view, \"it was surely made to be a gift from this royal lord to a brawny follower: the sign of a successful ninth-century kingship\".[13] The art historian David Wilson sees it as a survival of the pagan tradition of the generous king as the \"ring-giver\".[115]","title":"King Æthelwulf's ring"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Yorke"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200289%E2%80%9391Yorke1990149%E2%80%9350-132"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000167-133"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995416%E2%80%9317-134"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"},{"link_name":"mancuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancus"},{"link_name":"St Peter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"St Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199887-135"}],"text":"A page from King Alfred's willÆthelwulf's will has not survived, but Alfred's has and it provides some information about his father's intentions. He left a bequest to be inherited by whichever of Æthelbald, Æthelred, and Alfred lived longest. Abels and Yorke argue that this meant the whole of his personal property in Wessex, and probably that the survivor was to inherit the throne of Wessex as well, while Æthelberht and his heirs ruled Kent.[116] Other historians disagree. Nelson states that the provision regarding the personal property had nothing to do with the kingship,[13] and Kirby comments: \"Such an arrangement would have led to fratricidal strife. With three older brothers, Alfred's chances of reaching adulthood would, one feels, have been minimal.\"[117] Smyth describes the bequest as a provision for his youngest sons when they reached manhood.[118] Æthelwulf's moveable wealth, such as gold and silver, was to be divided among \"children, nobles and the needs of the king's soul\".[13] For the latter, he left one tenth of his hereditary land to be set aside to feed the poor, and he ordered that three hundred mancuses be sent to Rome each year, one hundred to be spent on lighting the lamps in St Peter's at Easter, one hundred for the lights of St Paul's, and one hundred for the pope.[119]","title":"Æthelwulf's will"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annals of St Neots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_St_Neots"},{"link_name":"Steyning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyning"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995674,_n._81-136"},{"link_name":"[q]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198372-139"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1990149%E2%80%9350Abels200290%E2%80%9391-140"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000167%E2%80%9369Nelson2004a-141"},{"link_name":"Baldwin, Count of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_I,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Ælfthryth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth,_Countess_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"}],"text":"Æthelwulf died on 13 January 858. According to the Annals of St Neots, he was buried at Steyning in Sussex, but his body was later transferred to Winchester, probably by Alfred.[120][q] As Æthelwulf had intended, he was succeeded by Æthelbald in Wessex and Æthelberht in Kent and the south-east.[122] The prestige conferred by a Frankish marriage was so great that Æthelbald then wedded his step-mother, Judith, to Asser's retrospective horror; he described the marriage as a \"great disgrace\", and \"against God's prohibition and Christian dignity\".[13] When Æthelbald died only two years later, Æthelberht became King of Wessex as well as Kent, and Æthelwulf's intention of dividing his kingdoms between his sons was thus set aside. In the view of Yorke and Abels, this was because Æthelred and Alfred were too young to rule, and Æthelberht agreed in return that his younger brothers would inherit the whole kingdom on his death,[123] whereas Kirby and Nelson think that Æthelberht just became the trustee for his younger brothers' share of their father's bequest.[124]After Æthelbald's death, Judith sold her possessions and returned to her father, but two years later she eloped with Baldwin, Count of Flanders. In the 890s their son, also called Baldwin, married Alfred's daughter, Ælfthryth.[13]","title":"Death and succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R. H. Hodgkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Howard_Hodgkin"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1935514%E2%80%9315-142"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971245-143"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinberg1964193-144"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright1979295-145"},{"link_name":"[r]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Louis the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory2003218%E2%80%9328Dutton1994107%E2%80%9309-148"},{"link_name":"Peter Hunter Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hunter_Blair"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2003xxxiii-149"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory2003225-150"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"Edward II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004c-151"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"}],"text":"Æthelwulf's reputation among historians was poor in the twentieth century. In 1935, the historian R. H. Hodgkin attributed his pilgrimage to Rome to \"the unpractical piety which had led him to desert his kingdom at a time of great danger\", and described his marriage to Judith as \"the folly of a man senile before his time\".[125] To Stenton in the 1960s, he was \"a religious and unambitious man, for whom engagement in war and politics was an unwelcome consequence of rank\".[126] One dissenter was Finberg, who in 1964 described him as \"a king whose valour in war and princely munificence recalled the figures of the heroic age\",[127] but in 1979, Enright said: \"More than anything else he appears to have been an impractical religious enthusiast.\"[128] Early medieval writers, especially Asser, emphasise his religiosity and his preference for consensus, seen in the concessions made to avert a civil war on his return from Rome.[r] In Story's view, \"his legacy has been clouded by accusations of excessive piety which (to modern sensibilities at least) has seemed at odds with the demands of early medieval kingship\". In 839, an unnamed Anglo-Saxon king wrote to the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious asking for permission to travel through his territory on the way to Rome and relating an English priest's dream which foretold disaster unless Christians abandoned their sins. This is now believed to have been an unrealised project of Ecgberht at the end of his life, but it was formerly attributed to Æthelwulf, and seen as exhibiting what Story calls his reputation for \"dramatic piety\", and irresponsibility for planning to abandon his kingdom at the beginning of his reign.[130]In the twenty-first century, he is seen very differently by historians. Æthelwulf is not listed in the index of Peter Hunter Blair's An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England, first published in 1956, but in a new introduction to the 2003 edition, Keynes listed him among people \"who have not always been accorded the attention they might be thought to deserve ... for it was he, more than any other, who secured the political fortune of his people in the ninth century, and who opened up channels of communication which led through Frankish realms and across the Alps to Rome\".[131] According to Story: \"Æthelwulf acquired and cultivated a reputation both in Francia and Rome which is unparalleled in the sources since the height of Offa's and Coenwulf's power at the turn of the ninth century\".[132]Nelson describes him as \"one of the great underrated among Anglo-Saxons\", and complains that she was only allowed 2,500 words for him in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, compared with 15,000 for Edward II and 35,000 for Elizabeth I.[133] She says:Æthelwulf's reign has been relatively under-appreciated in modern scholarship. Yet he laid the foundations for Alfred's success. To the perennial problems of husbanding the kingdom's resources, containing conflicts within the royal family, and managing relations with neighbouring kingdoms, Æthelwulf found new as well as traditional answers. He consolidated old Wessex and extended his reach over what is now Devon and Cornwall. He ruled Kent, working with the grain of its political community. He borrowed ideological props from Mercians and Franks alike, and went to Rome, not to die there, like his predecessor Ine, ... but to return, as Charlemagne had, with enhanced prestige. Æthelwulf coped more effectively with Scandinavian attacks than did most contemporary rulers.[13]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Susan Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_E._Kelly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2005178-3"},{"link_name":"Joanna Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Story"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory2003222,_n._39-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983229%E2%80%9330-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1935497,_721Stenton1971236,_n._1Abels199850Nelson2004b-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"},{"link_name":"Hincmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hincmar"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199871,_n._69-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Janet Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Ann Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004aWilliams1991a-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000155%E2%80%9356-24"},{"link_name":"Simon Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Ludeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludeca_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120%E2%80%9321-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming199575-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Patrick Wormald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wormald"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Simon Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Keynes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1982140Brooks1984200Keynes19941114_n._3S_281-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth199866-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"tithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_English_Dictionary1933-77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"Malmesbury Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmesbury_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565,_180-81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565,_188-83"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565-76"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-86"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565-76"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-99"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995376%E2%80%9378,_382%E2%80%9383-97"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200766,_n._20-98"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-108"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199867,_n._57-107"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-138"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENotes_&_Queries_about_the_Mortuary_Chests-137"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-147"},{"link_name":"Deor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deor"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Keeffe199635%E2%80%9336-146"}],"text":"^ Ecgberht's death and Æthelwulf's accession are dated by historians to 839. According to Susan Kelly, \"there may be grounds for arguing that Æthelwulf's succession actually took place late in 838\",[3] but Joanna Story argues that the West Saxon regnal lists show the length of Ecgberht's reign as 37 years and 7 months, and as he acceded in 802 he is unlikely to have died before July 839.[4] \n\n^ Keynes and Lapidge comment: \"The office of the butler (pincerna) was a distinguished one, and its holders were likely to have been important figures in the royal court and household\".[12] \n\n^ Æthelstan was sub-king of Kent ten years before Alfred was born, and some late versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle make him the brother of Æthelwulf rather than his son. This has been accepted by some historians but is now generally rejected. It has also been suggested that Æthelstan was born of an unrecorded first marriage, but historians generally assume that he was Osburh's son.[15] \n\n^ Nelson states that it is uncertain whether Osburh died or had been repudiated,[13] but Abels argues that it is \"extremely unlikely\" that she was repudiated, as Hincmar of Rheims, who played a prominent role in Æthelwulf's and Judith's marriage ceremony, was a strong advocate of the indissolubility of marriage.[18] \n\n^ The historians Janet Nelson and Ann Williams date Baldred's removal and the start of Æthelwulf's sub-kingship to 825,[19] but David Kirby states that Baldred was probably not driven out until 826.[20] Simon Keynes cites the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as stating that Æthelwulf expelled Baldred in 825, and secured the submission of the people of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Essex; however, charter evidence suggests that Beornwulf was recognised as overlord of Kent until he was killed in battle while attempting to put down a rebellion in East Anglia in 826. His successor as king of Mercia, Ludeca, never seems to have been recognised in Kent. In a charter of 828 Ecgberht refers to his son Æthelwulf \"whom we have made king in Kent\" as if the appointment was fairly new.[21] \n\n^ Christ Church, Canterbury kept lists of patrons who had made donations to the church, and late 8th and early 9th century patrons who had been supporters of Mercian power were expunged from the lists towards the end of the 9th century.[26] \n\n^ The authenticity of the Winchester charter is accepted by Patrick Wormald and Nicholas Brooks but disputed by Simon Keynes.[32] \n\n^ To attest a charter was to witness a grant of land by the king. The attesters were listed by the scribe at the end of the charter, although usually only the most high-ranking witnesses were included.\n\n^ The scholar James Booth suggests that the part of Berkshire where Alfred was born may have been West Saxon territory throughout the period.[48] \n\n^ \"Decimation\" is used here in the sense of a donation of a tenth part. This usually means a payment to the ruler or church (tithe),[68] but it is used here to mean a donation of a tenth part by the king. Historians do not agree what it was a tenth of.\n\n^ The charters are S 294, 294a and 294b. Kelly treats 294a and b, which are both from Malmesbury Abbey, as one text.[71] \n\n^ The six charters are S 302, 303, 304, 305, 307 and 308.[72] \n\n^ The five Old Minster charters are S 309–313. Kelly states that there are six charters, but she only lists five and she states that there are fourteen in total, whereas there would be fifteen if there were six Old Minster charters.[67] \n\n^ The Kent charter is S 315.[67] \n\n^ Smyth dismisses all the Decimation Charters as spurious,[83] with what the scholar David Pratt describes as \"unwarranted scepticism\".[84] \n\n^ Abels is sceptical whether Æthelred accompanied Alfred to Rome as he is not mentioned in a letter from Leo to Æthelwulf reporting Alfred's reception,[92] but Nelson argues that only a fragment of the letter survives in an 11th-century copy, and the scribe who selected excerpts from Leo's letters, like the editors of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was only interested in Alfred.[13] \n\n^ Some of Æthelwulf's bones may be in Winchester Cathedral. One of six mortuary chests near the altar has his name, but the bones were mixed up when they were thrown around by parliamentary soldiers during the English Civil War.[121] \n\n^ The historian Richard North argues that the Old English poem \"Deor\" was written in about 856 as a satire on Æthelwulf and a \"mocking reflection\" on Æthelbald's attitude towards him.[129]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-582-04047-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-04047-7"},{"link_name":"\"Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/haskinssocietyjo00step/page/83"},{"link_name":"83–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/haskinssocietyjo00step/page/83"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/upo9781846150852.006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2Fupo9781846150852.006"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84383-008-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-008-6"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_April_2024"},{"link_name":"Blair, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blair_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-921117-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921117-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85115-598-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-598-7"},{"link_name":"Brooks, Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7185-1182-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7185-1182-4"},{"link_name":"Charles-Edwards, T. 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M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Wilson"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"183495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/183495"},{"link_name":"Wormald, Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wormald"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7148-2149-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2149-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-21497-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21497-1"},{"link_name":"Yorke, 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Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 0-582-04047-7.\nAbels, Richard (2002). Morillo, Stephen (ed.). \"Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex\". The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. 12. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer: 83–97. doi:10.1017/upo9781846150852.006 (inactive 18 April 2024). ISBN 1-84383-008-6.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)\nBlair, John (2005). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921117-3.\nBooth, James (1998). \"Monetary Alliance or Technical Cooperation? The Coinage of Berhtwulf of Mercia (840–852)\". In Blackburn, Mark A. S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.). Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 63–103. ISBN 0-85115-598-7.\nBrooks, Nicholas (1984). The Early History of the Church of Canterbury. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-1182-4.\nCharles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wales and the Britons 350–1064. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.\n\"Decimation\". The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1971 [1933]. p. 661. OCLC 67218777.\nDutton, Paul Edward (1994). The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1653-X.\n\"Early Medieval Coins: EMC number 2001.0016\". Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015.\nEdwards, Heather (2004). \"Ecgberht [Egbert] (d. 839), king of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8581. Retrieved 5 April 2015. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nEnright, Michael J. (1979). \"Charles the Bald and Æthelwulf of Wessex: Alliance of 856 and Strategies of Royal Succession\". Journal of Medieval History. 5 (1). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North Holland: 291–302. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(79)90003-4. ISSN 0304-4181.\nFinberg, H. P. R. (1964). The Early Charters of Wessex. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. OCLC 3977243.\nFleming, Robin (1995). \"History and Liturgy at Pre-Conquest Christ Church\". The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. 6. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press: 67–83. ISBN 0-85115-604-5.\nGrierson, Philip; Blackburn, Mark (2006) [1986]. Medieval European Coinage, With A Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge: 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries) (corr. ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-03177-X.\nGrueber, Herbert A.; Keary, Charles Francis (1893). A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum: Anglo-Saxon Series (PDF). Vol. 2. London, UK: Printed by Order of the Trustees. OCLC 650118125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2012.\nHalsall, Guy (2013). Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions in the Dark Ages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870084-5.\nHodgkin, R. H. (1935). A History of the Anglo-Saxons. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. OCLC 1350966.\nJohn, Eric (1996). Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5053-7.\nJones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.\nKelly, Susan (2005). Charters of Malmesbury Abbey. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-726317-4.\nKeynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources. London, UK: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4.\nKeynes, Simon (1993). \"The Control of Kent in the Ninth Century\". Early Medieval Europe. 2 (2). Oxford, UK: Blackwell: 111–31. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x. ISSN 1468-0254.\nKeynes, Simon (November 1994). \"The West Saxon Charters of King Æthelwulf and his sons\". English Historical Review. 109 (434). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: 1109–49. doi:10.1093/ehr/cix.434.1109. ISSN 0013-8266.\nKeynes, Simon (1995). \"England, 700–900\". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 2, c.700–c.900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–42. ISBN 978-1-13905571-0.\nKeynes, Simon (1998). \"King Alfred and the Mercians\". In Blackburn, Mark A. S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.). Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 1–45. ISBN 0-85115-598-7.\nKeynes, Simon (2003) [1955]. \"Introduction: Changing Perceptions of Anglo-Saxon History\". In Blair, Peter Hunter (ed.). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. xvii–xxxv. ISBN 0-521-83085-0.\nKeynes, Simon (2009). \"King Æthelred's Charter for Eynsham Abbey (1005)\". In Baxter, Stephen; Karkov, Catherine; Nelson, Janet L.; Pelteret, David (eds.). Early Medieval Studies in Memory of Patrick Wormald. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. pp. 451–73. ISBN 978-0-7546-6331-7.\nKirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings (Revised ed.). London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24211-8.\nMiller, Sean (2004). \"Æthelred I [Ethelred I] (d. 871), King of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8913. Retrieved 24 March 2014. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nNelson, Janet L. (1997). \"The Franks and the English in the Ninth Century Reconsidered\". In Szarmach, Paul E.; Rosenthal, Joel T. (eds.). The Preservation and Transmission of Anglo-Saxon Culture: Selected Papers from the 1991 Meeting of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists (PDF). Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. pp. 141–58. ISBN 1-879288-90-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2017.\nNelson, Janet L. (2004a). \"Æthelwulf (d. 858), king of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39264. Retrieved 8 March 2015. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nNelson, Janet L. (2004b). \"Osburh [Osburga] (fl. 839)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20887. Retrieved 8 March 2015. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nNelson, Janet L. (2004c). \"England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: III, Rights and Rituals\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (14). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 1–24.\nNelson, Janet L. (2006). \"The Queen in Ninth-Century Wessex\". In Keynes, Simon; Smyth, Alfred P. (eds.). Anglo-Saxons: Studies Presented to Cyril Roy Hart. Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press. pp. 69–77. ISBN 1-85182-932-6.\nNelson, Janet L. (2013). \"Britain, Ireland, and Europe, c. 750–c.900\". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c.500–c.1100 (paperback ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 231–47. ISBN 978-1-118-42513-8.\n\"Notes & Queries about the Mortuary Chests\". Winchester Cathedral. Church Monuments Society. Retrieved 17 February 2022.\nO'Keeffe, Katherine O'Brien (Winter 1996). \"Deor\" (PDF). Old English Newsletter. 29 (2). Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University: 35–36. ISSN 0030-1973. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2015.\nPratt, David (2007). The Political Thought of King Alfred the Great. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-12644-1.\nRyan, Martin J. (2013). \"The Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings, c. 825–900\". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon World. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 232–70. ISBN 978-0-300-12534-4.\n\"S 281\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 21 October 2015.\n\"S 316\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 10 July 2015.\n\"S 319\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 2 July 2015.\nSmyth, Alfred P. (1995). King Alfred the Great. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822989-5.\nStafford, Pauline (1981). \"Charles the Bald, Judith and England\". In Gibson, Margaret; Nelson, Janet L. (eds.). Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom. Oxford, UK: B A R. pp. 137–51. ISBN 0-86054-115-0.\nStenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nStevenson, William Henry (1904). Asser's Life of King Alfred. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. OCLC 1354216.\nStory, Joanna (2003). Carolingian Connections: Anglo-Saxon England and Carolingian Francia, c. 750–870. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-0124-2.\nWebster, Leslie (1991). \"The Age of Alfred: Metalwork, Wood and Bone\". In Webster, Leslie; Backhouse, Janet (eds.). The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture AD 600–900. London, UK: The Trustees of the British Museum. pp. 268–83. ISBN 0-7141-0555-4.\nWilliams, Ann (1991a). \"Æthelwulf King of Wessex 839-58\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.\nWilliams, Ann (1991b). \"Ecgberht King of Wessex 802–39\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.\nWilliams, Ann (2014). \"Land Tenure\". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 282–83. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.\nWilson, David M. (1964). Anglo-Saxon Ornamental Metalwork 700–1100 in the British Museum. London, UK: The Trustees of the British Museum. OCLC 183495.\nWormald, Patrick (1982). \"The Ninth Century\". In Campbell, James (ed.). The Anglo-Saxons. London, UK: Penguin Books. pp. 132–59. ISBN 978-0-7148-2149-8.\nWormald, Patrick (2001). \"Kingship and Royal Property from Æthelwulf to Edward the Elder\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 264–79. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nYorke, Barbara (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16639-X.\nYorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London, UK: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-1856-X.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Southern Britain in the middle of the ninth century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Southern_British_Isles_9th_century.svg/400px-Southern_British_Isles_9th_century.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Depiction of Æthelwulf in the late-13th-century Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg/220px-%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coin of King Æthelwulf: \"EĐELVVLF REX\", moneyer Manna, Canterbury[59]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%C3%86thelwulf_penny.jpg/220px-%C3%86thelwulf_penny.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charter S 316 dated 855, in which Æthelwulf granted land at Ulaham in Kent to his minister Ealdhere[65]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Charter_S_316%2C_dated_855_of_King_%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex.jpg/220px-Charter_S_316%2C_dated_855_of_King_%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Æthelwulf's ring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ethelwulf%27s_Ring_-_Illustration_from_Cassell%27s_History_of_England_-_Century_Edition_-_published_circa_1902.jpg/120px-Ethelwulf%27s_Ring_-_Illustration_from_Cassell%27s_History_of_England_-_Century_Edition_-_published_circa_1902.jpg"},{"image_text":"A page from King Alfred's will","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg/220px-Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Abels, Richard (1998). 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(1979). \"Charles the Bald and Æthelwulf of Wessex: Alliance of 856 and Strategies of Royal Succession\". Journal of Medieval History. 5 (1). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North Holland: 291–302. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(79)90003-4. ISSN 0304-4181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4181%2879%2990003-4","url_text":"10.1016/0304-4181(79)90003-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4181","url_text":"0304-4181"}]},{"reference":"Finberg, H. P. R. (1964). The Early Charters of Wessex. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. OCLC 3977243.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._R._Finberg","url_text":"Finberg, H. P. 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Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forumancientcoins.com/dannyjones/British%20Museum%20Books/Catalog%20of%20English%20Coins%20in%20the%20British%20Museum%20-%20Anglo-Saxon%20Vol%202.pdf","url_text":"A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum: Anglo-Saxon Series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/650118125","url_text":"650118125"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322053255/http://forumancientcoins.com/dannyjones/British%20Museum%20Books/Catalog%20of%20English%20Coins%20in%20the%20British%20Museum%20-%20Anglo-Saxon%20Vol%202.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Halsall, Guy (2013). Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions in the Dark Ages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 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Retrieved 24 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8913?docPos=2","url_text":"\"Æthelred I [Ethelred I] (d. 871), King of the West Saxons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8913","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/8913"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Janet L. (1997). \"The Franks and the English in the Ninth Century Reconsidered\". In Szarmach, Paul E.; Rosenthal, Joel T. (eds.). The Preservation and Transmission of Anglo-Saxon Culture: Selected Papers from the 1991 Meeting of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists (PDF). Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. pp. 141–58. ISBN 1-879288-90-7. 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Retrieved 8 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8921?docPos=1","url_text":"\"Æthelwulf (d. 858), king of the West Saxons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39264","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/39264"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Janet L. (2004b). \"Osburh [Osburga] (fl. 839)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20887. Retrieved 8 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20887/?back=,8921","url_text":"\"Osburh [Osburga] (fl. 839)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F20887","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/20887"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Janet L. (2004c). \"England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: III, Rights and Rituals\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (14). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 1–24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nelson, Janet L. (2006). \"The Queen in Ninth-Century Wessex\". In Keynes, Simon; Smyth, Alfred P. (eds.). Anglo-Saxons: Studies Presented to Cyril Roy Hart. Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press. pp. 69–77. ISBN 1-85182-932-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-932-6","url_text":"1-85182-932-6"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Janet L. (2013). \"Britain, Ireland, and Europe, c. 750–c.900\". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c.500–c.1100 (paperback ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 231–47. ISBN 978-1-118-42513-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-42513-8","url_text":"978-1-118-42513-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Notes & Queries about the Mortuary Chests\". Winchester Cathedral. Church Monuments Society. Retrieved 17 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.churchmonumentsgazetteer.co.uk/Hampshire_Winchester_Mortuary_Chests.html","url_text":"\"Notes & Queries about the Mortuary Chests\""}]},{"reference":"O'Keeffe, Katherine O'Brien (Winter 1996). \"Deor\" (PDF). Old English Newsletter. 29 (2). Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University: 35–36. ISSN 0030-1973. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oenewsletter.org/OEN/archive/OEN29_2.pdf","url_text":"\"Deor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-1973","url_text":"0030-1973"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150529202216/http://www.oenewsletter.org/OEN/archive/OEN29_2.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pratt, David (2007). The Political Thought of King Alfred the Great. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-12644-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12644-1","url_text":"978-0-521-12644-1"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Martin J. (2013). \"The Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings, c. 825–900\". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon World. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 232–70. ISBN 978-0-300-12534-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12534-4","url_text":"978-0-300-12534-4"}]},{"reference":"\"S 281\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 21 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/281.html","url_text":"\"S 281\""}]},{"reference":"\"S 316\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 10 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/316.html","url_text":"\"S 316\""}]},{"reference":"\"S 319\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/319.html","url_text":"\"S 319\""}]},{"reference":"Smyth, Alfred P. (1995). King Alfred the Great. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 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ISBN 0-7546-0124-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0124-2","url_text":"0-7546-0124-2"}]},{"reference":"Webster, Leslie (1991). \"The Age of Alfred: Metalwork, Wood and Bone\". In Webster, Leslie; Backhouse, Janet (eds.). The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture AD 600–900. London, UK: The Trustees of the British Museum. pp. 268–83. ISBN 0-7141-0555-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Webster_(art_historian)","url_text":"Webster, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Backhouse","url_text":"Backhouse, Janet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-0555-4","url_text":"0-7141-0555-4"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Ann (1991a). \"Æthelwulf King of Wessex 839-58\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)","url_text":"Williams, Ann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85264-047-7","url_text":"978-1-85264-047-7"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Ann (1991b). \"Ecgberht King of Wessex 802–39\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85264-047-7","url_text":"978-1-85264-047-7"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Ann (2014). \"Land Tenure\". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 282–83. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1","url_text":"978-0-631-22492-1"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, David M. (1964). Anglo-Saxon Ornamental Metalwork 700–1100 in the British Museum. London, UK: The Trustees of the British Museum. OCLC 183495.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, David M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/183495","url_text":"183495"}]},{"reference":"Wormald, Patrick (1982). \"The Ninth Century\". In Campbell, James (ed.). The Anglo-Saxons. London, UK: Penguin Books. pp. 132–59. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_308 | China National Highway 308 | ["1 Route and distance","2 See also"] | Road in China
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National Highway 308308国道Route informationLength637 km (396 mi)Major junctionsFromQingdao, ShandongToShijiazhuang, Hebei
LocationCountryChina
Highway system
National Trunk Highway System
Primary
Auxiliary
← G307→ G309
China National Highway 308 (G308) runs northwest from Qingdao, Shandong towards Shijiazhuang, Hebei. It is 637 kilometres in length.
Route and distance
Route and distance
City
Distance (km)
Qingdao, Shandong
0
Nanquan, Shandong
7
Weifang, Shandong
121
Shouguang, Shandong
159
Zibo, Shandong
219
Zhoucun District, Shandong
238
Zouping, Shandong
248
Zhangqiu, Shandong
272
Jinan, Shandong
318
Qihe, Shandong
360
Gaotang, Shandong
408
Xiajin, Shandong
434
Qinghe County, Hebei
466
Nangong, Hebei
516
Xinhe, Hebei
542
Ningjin, Hebei
576
Zhao County, Hebei
594
Luancheng, Hebei
611
Shijiazhuang, Hebei
637
See also
China National Highways
vte China National Highways (CNH)Radial
G101
G102
G103
G104
G105
G106
G107
G108
G109
G110
G111
G112
North–south
G201
G202
G203
G204
G205
G206
G207
G208
G209
G210
G211
G212
G213
G214
G215
G216
G217
G218
G219
G220
G221
G222
G223
G224
G225
G226
G227
G228
East–west
G301
G302
G303
G304
G305
G306
G307
G308
G309
G310
G311
G312
G313
G314
G315
G316
G317
G318
G319
G320
G321
G322
G323
G324
G325
G326
G327
G328
G329
G330
Extended plan in 2013under construction/renovation
G228
G229
G230
G231
G232
G233
G234
G235
G236
G237
G238
G239
G240
G241
G242
G243
G244
G245
G246
G247
G248
G331
G332
G333
G334
G335
G336
G337
G338
G339
G340
G341
G342
G343
G344
G345
G346
G347
G348
G349
G350
G351
G352
G353
G354
G355
G356
G357
G358
G359
G360
G361
G501
G502
G503
G504
G505
G506
G507
G508
G509
G510
G511
G512
G513
G514
G515
G516
G517
G518
G519
G520
G521
G522
G523
G524
G525
G526
G527
G528
G529
G530
G531
G532
G533
G534
G535
G536
G537
G538
G539
G540
G541
G542
G543
G544
G545
G546
G547
G548
G549
G550
G551
G552
G553
G554
G555
G556
G557
G558
G559
G560
G561
G562
G563
G564
G565
G566
G567
G568
G569
G570
G571
G572
G573
G574
G575
G576
G577
G578
G579
G580
G581
Extended in 2022under planning
G601
G602
G603
G604
G605
G606
G607
G608
G609
G610
G611
G612
G613
G614
G615
G616
G617
G618
G619
G620
G621
G622
G623
G624
G625
G626
G627
G628
G629
G630
G631
G632
G633
G634
G635
G636
G637
G638
G639
G640
G641
G642
G643
G644
G645
G646
G647
G648
G649
G650
G651
G652
G653
G654
G655
G656
G657
G658
G659
G660
G661
G662
G663
G664
G665
G666
G667
G668
G669
G670
G671
G672
G673
G674
G675
G676
G677
G678
G679
G680
G681
G682
G683
G684
G685
G686
G687
G688
G689
G690
G691
G692
G693
G694
G695
G696
G697
G698
G699
G700
G701
Major routes(abolished and absorbed into NTHS)
G010
G1011
G1 (Shenyang-Harbin Section)
G15 (Shenyang-Shanghai)
G1503 (West Ring)
G15 (Shanghai-Haikou)
G98 (Haikou-Sanya Section)
G020
G3
G030
G4 (Beijing-Zhuhai Section)
G040
G55 (Erenhot-Taiyuan Section)
G5
G80 (Kunming-Kaiyuan Section)
G8011
G050
G75
G015
G10
G025
G1113
G1 (Beijing-Shenyang Section)
G6
G035
G20
G045
G30
G055
G42
G065
G60
G56 (Hangzhou-Ruili Section)
G075
G72 (Hengyang-Nanjing Section)
G80 (Nanning-Baise Section)
G78 (Baise-Kunming Section)
Note
China National Highway 112 runs around Beijing
Before 2013, Mainland China observed National Highway 228 as Taiwan Ring, composed of several National Expressway (Republic of China) and Taiwan provincial highways, this designation is not recognized by Republic of China (Taiwan). This observation was eventually dropped in new National Highway plans, replaced by Dandong-Dongxing Highway.
A extension plan of the highway system was announced in 2013, including extension of existing highways(101-112, 201-227, 301-330) and new highways (North-South 228-248, East-West 331-361, Connections 501-581). Only small portions of them needs to be constructed from scratch; most of the new highways would be upgraded provincial/county highways.
Another extension plan was announced in 2022, including new small purpose connection highways (601-701). | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Shijiazhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiazhuang"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"}],"text":"China National Highway 308 (G308) runs northwest from Qingdao, Shandong towards Shijiazhuang, Hebei. 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| [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22China+National+Highway+308%22","external_links_name":"\"China National Highway 308\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22China+National+Highway+308%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22China+National+Highway+308%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22China+National+Highway+308%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22China+National+Highway+308%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22China+National+Highway+308%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6jesguiden | Nöjesguiden | ["1 Editors-in-chief","2 References","3 External links"] | Nöjesguiden (Swedish for "the entertainment guide") is a Nordic free-of-charge young adult monthly magazine, available in the major cities in Sweden, which was established in 1982.
It is also published with similar format In Finland under the name City-lehti and in Norway under the name Natt og Dag.
Editors-in-chief
1982 – 1991 Ajje Ljungberg (founder)
1991 – 1995 Mattias Hansson (Stockholm)
1991 – 1994 Johan Croneman (Gothenburg/Malmö)
1991 – 1995 Martin Theander (Malmö/Gothenburg)
1994 –1996 Clara Mannheimer
1996 – 1999 Martin Jönsson
1999 – 2007 Daniel Sparr
2007 – 2008 Hannes Dükler
2008 – 2013 Margret Atladottir
2013 – 2015 Amat Levin
2015 – 2018 Jenny Nordlander
2018 – Pelle Tamleht
References
^ "Upcoming Morrissey interview in Swedish magazine Nöjesguiden". Morrissey Solo. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
External links
Nöjesguiden's website (Swedish)
This Swedish magazine or academic journal–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
This local interest magazine article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"City-lehti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-lehti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Natt og Dag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natt_og_Dag&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"It is also published with similar format In Finland under the name City-lehti and in Norway under the name Natt og Dag.","title":"Nöjesguiden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ajje Ljungberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajje_Ljungberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mattias Hansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mattias_Hansson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johan Croneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Croneman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martin Theander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Theander&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clara Mannheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Mannheimer"},{"link_name":"Martin Jönsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_J%C3%B6nsson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sparr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sparr"},{"link_name":"Hannes Dükler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannes_D%C3%BCkler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Margret Atladottir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margret_Atladottir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amat Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amat_Levin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jenny Nordlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenny_Nordlander&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pelle Tamleht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelle_Tamleht&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1982 – 1991 Ajje Ljungberg (founder)\n1991 – 1995 Mattias Hansson (Stockholm)\n1991 – 1994 Johan Croneman (Gothenburg/Malmö)\n1991 – 1995 Martin Theander (Malmö/Gothenburg)\n1994 –1996 Clara Mannheimer\n1996 – 1999 Martin Jönsson\n1999 – 2007 Daniel Sparr\n2007 – 2008 Hannes Dükler\n2008 – 2013 Margret Atladottir\n2013 – 2015 Amat Levin\n2015 – 2018 Jenny Nordlander\n2018 – Pelle Tamleht","title":"Editors-in-chief"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Upcoming Morrissey interview in Swedish magazine Nöjesguiden\". Morrissey Solo. Retrieved 19 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.morrissey-solo.com/article.pl?sid=06/01/23/1635245","url_text":"\"Upcoming Morrissey interview in Swedish magazine Nöjesguiden\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.morrissey-solo.com/article.pl?sid=06/01/23/1635245","external_links_name":"\"Upcoming Morrissey interview in Swedish magazine Nöjesguiden\""},{"Link":"http://nojesguiden.se/","external_links_name":"Nöjesguiden's website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%B6jesguiden&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%B6jesguiden&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthorchiidae | Opisthorchiidae | ["1 Subfamilies","2 Genera","3 References"] | Family of flukes
Opisthorchiidae
Clonorchis sinensis under a light microscope
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
Class:
Trematoda
Order:
Plagiorchiida
Suborder:
Opisthorchiata
Superfamily:
Opisthorchioidea
Family:
OpisthorchiidaeLooss, 1899
Opisthorchiidae is a family of digenean trematodes. Opisthorchiidae have cosmopolitan distribution.
The most medically important species in the family Opisthorchiidae are Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Opisthorchis felineus, that are causes of the disease clonorchiasis.
Some species are parasites of economically important fish, e.g. Clarias gariepinus.
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis viverrini
Subfamilies
Thirteen subfamilies are in the family Opisthorchiidae: but their number is inconsistent:
Allogomtiotrematinae - Gupta, 1955; Yamaguti, 1958 - two genera
Aphallinae - Yamaguti, 1958 - one genus
Delphinicolinae - Yamaguti, 1933 - one genus
Diasiellinae - Yamaguti, 1958 - one genus
Metorchiinae - Luhe, 1909 - four genera
Oesophagicolinae - Yamaguti, 1933 - one genus
Opisthorchiinae - Yamaguti, 1899 - 14 genera
Pachytrematinae - Railliet, 1919; Ejsmont, 1931 - one genus
Plotnikoviinae - Skrjabin, 1945; Skrjabin et Petrov, 1950 - one genus
Pseudamphimerinae - Skrjabin et Petrov, 1950 - three genera
Pseudamphistominae - Yamaguti, 1958 - two genera
Ratziinae - Dollfus, 1929; Price, 1940 - one genus
Tubangorchiinae - Yamaguti, 1958 - one genus
Genera
The family Opisthorchiidae consists of 33 valid genera:
Agrawalotrema Sahay & Sahay, 1988
Allogomtiotrema Yamaguti, 1958
Amphimerus Barker, 1911
Cladocystis Poche, 1926
Clonorchis Looss, 1907
Cyclorchis Luhe, 1908
Delphinicola Yamaguti, 1933
Diasiella Travassos, 1949
Erschoviorchis Skrjabin, 1945
Euamphimerus Yamaguti, 1941
Evranorchis Skrjabin, 1944
Gomtia Thapar, 1930
Hepatiarius Fedzullaev, 1961
Holometra Looss, 1899
Metametorchis Morozov, 1939
Metorchis Looss, 1899
Microtrema Kobayashi, 1915
Nigerina Baugh, 1958
Oesophagicola Yamaguti, 1933
Opisthorchis Blanchard, 1895
Pachytrema Looss, 1907
Parametorchis Skrjabin, 1913
Paropisthorchis Stephens, 1912
Plotnikovia Skrjabin, 1945
Pseudamphimerus Gower, 1940
Pseudamphistomum Luhe, 1908
Pseudogomtiotrema Gupta & Jain, 1991
Ratzia Poche, 1926
Satyapalia Lakshminarayana & Hafeezullah, 1974
Thaparotrema Gupta, 1955
Trionychotrema Chin & Zhang, 1981
Tubangorchis Skrjabin, 1944
Witenbergia Vaz, 1932
References
^ a b c d e f King, S.; Scholz, T. Š. (2001). "Trematodes of the family Opisthorchiidae: A minireview". The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 39 (3): 209–221. doi:10.3347/kjp.2001.39.3.209. PMC 2721069. PMID 11590910.
^ Jansen van Rensburg, C., van As, J.G. & King, P.H. 2013. New records of digenean parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae) from the Okavango Delta, Botswana, with description of Thaparotrema botswanensis sp. n. (Plathelminthes: Trematoda). African Invertebrates 54 (2): 431–446.
Taxon identifiersOpisthorchiidae
Wikidata: Q3354237
Wikispecies: Opisthorchiidae
ADW: Opisthorchiidae
AFD: Opisthorchiidae
BOLD: 165226
CoL: 7NK6L
EoL: 2974
Fauna Europaea: 16279
Fauna Europaea (new): e29b54a9-c8d9-49c2-a8cd-bc1e920f4e68
GBIF: 6433
iNaturalist: 417439
IRMNG: 114320
ITIS: 57094
NBN: NHMSYS0000079743
NCBI: 6196
NZOR: 79d5d186-6604-4ead-8218-5d2a65fe9b51
Open Tree of Life: 765759
Plazi: FB0587E0-982F-D874-F6FC-85C9FCC81A4F
uBio: 6052687
WoRMS: 108442
Authority control databases: National
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digenean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenea"},{"link_name":"cosmopolitan distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingl_2001-1"},{"link_name":"Clonorchis sinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonorchis_sinensis"},{"link_name":"Opisthorchis viverrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthorchis_viverrini"},{"link_name":"Opisthorchis felineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthorchis_felineus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingl_2001-1"},{"link_name":"clonorchiasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonorchiasis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingl_2001-1"},{"link_name":"Clarias gariepinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarias_gariepinus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Opisthorchiidae is a family of digenean trematodes. Opisthorchiidae have cosmopolitan distribution.[1]The most medically important species in the family Opisthorchiidae are Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Opisthorchis felineus,[1] that are causes of the disease clonorchiasis.[1]Some species are parasites of economically important fish, e.g. Clarias gariepinus.[2]","title":"Opisthorchiidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingl_2001-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingl_2001-1"},{"link_name":"Allogomtiotrematinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogomtiotrematinae"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"},{"link_name":"Aphallinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphallinae"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"},{"link_name":"Delphinicolinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinicolinae"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"},{"link_name":"Diasiellinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diasiellinae"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"},{"link_name":"Metorchiinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metorchiinae"},{"link_name":"Oesophagicolinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophagicolinae"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"},{"link_name":"Opisthorchiinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthorchiinae"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"},{"link_name":"Pachytrematinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachytrematinae"},{"link_name":"Railliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Alcide_Railliet"},{"link_name":"Plotnikoviinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotnikoviinae"},{"link_name":"Pseudamphimerinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudamphimerinae"},{"link_name":"Pseudamphistominae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudamphistominae"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"},{"link_name":"Ratziinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratziinae"},{"link_name":"Dollfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert-Philippe_Dollfus"},{"link_name":"Tubangorchiinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubangorchiinae"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"}],"text":"Thirteen subfamilies are in the family Opisthorchiidae:[1] but their number is inconsistent:[1]Allogomtiotrematinae - Gupta, 1955; Yamaguti, 1958 - two genera\nAphallinae - Yamaguti, 1958 - one genus\nDelphinicolinae - Yamaguti, 1933 - one genus\nDiasiellinae - Yamaguti, 1958 - one genus\nMetorchiinae - Luhe, 1909 - four genera\nOesophagicolinae - Yamaguti, 1933 - one genus\nOpisthorchiinae - Yamaguti, 1899 - 14 genera\nPachytrematinae - Railliet, 1919; Ejsmont, 1931 - one genus\nPlotnikoviinae - Skrjabin, 1945; Skrjabin et Petrov, 1950 - one genus\nPseudamphimerinae - Skrjabin et Petrov, 1950 - three genera\nPseudamphistominae - Yamaguti, 1958 - two genera\nRatziinae - Dollfus, 1929; Price, 1940 - one genus\nTubangorchiinae - Yamaguti, 1958 - one genus","title":"Subfamilies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingl_2001-1"},{"link_name":"Agrawalotrema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrawalotrema"},{"link_name":"Allogomtiotrema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogomtiotrema"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"},{"link_name":"Amphimerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphimerus"},{"link_name":"Cladocystis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladocystis"},{"link_name":"Clonorchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonorchis"},{"link_name":"Cyclorchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclorchis"},{"link_name":"Delphinicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinicola"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"},{"link_name":"Diasiella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diasiella"},{"link_name":"Erschoviorchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erschoviorchis"},{"link_name":"Euamphimerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euamphimerus"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"},{"link_name":"Evranorchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evranorchis"},{"link_name":"Gomtia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomtia"},{"link_name":"Hepatiarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatiarius"},{"link_name":"Holometra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holometra"},{"link_name":"Metametorchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metametorchis"},{"link_name":"Metorchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metorchis"},{"link_name":"Microtrema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtrema"},{"link_name":"Nigerina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerina"},{"link_name":"Oesophagicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophagicola"},{"link_name":"Yamaguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti"},{"link_name":"Opisthorchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthorchis"},{"link_name":"Pachytrema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachytrema"},{"link_name":"Parametorchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametorchis"},{"link_name":"Paropisthorchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paropisthorchis"},{"link_name":"Plotnikovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plotnikovia_(trematode)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pseudamphimerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudamphimerus"},{"link_name":"Pseudamphistomum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudamphistomum"},{"link_name":"Pseudogomtiotrema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogomtiotrema"},{"link_name":"Ratzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratzia"},{"link_name":"Satyapalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyapalia"},{"link_name":"Thaparotrema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaparotrema"},{"link_name":"Trionychotrema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trionychotrema"},{"link_name":"Tubangorchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubangorchis"},{"link_name":"Witenbergia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witenbergia"}],"text":"The family Opisthorchiidae consists of 33 valid genera:[1]Agrawalotrema Sahay & Sahay, 1988\nAllogomtiotrema Yamaguti, 1958\nAmphimerus Barker, 1911\nCladocystis Poche, 1926\nClonorchis Looss, 1907\nCyclorchis Luhe, 1908\nDelphinicola Yamaguti, 1933\nDiasiella Travassos, 1949\nErschoviorchis Skrjabin, 1945\nEuamphimerus Yamaguti, 1941\nEvranorchis Skrjabin, 1944\nGomtia Thapar, 1930\nHepatiarius Fedzullaev, 1961\nHolometra Looss, 1899\nMetametorchis Morozov, 1939\nMetorchis Looss, 1899\nMicrotrema Kobayashi, 1915\nNigerina Baugh, 1958\nOesophagicola Yamaguti, 1933\nOpisthorchis Blanchard, 1895\nPachytrema Looss, 1907\nParametorchis Skrjabin, 1913\nParopisthorchis Stephens, 1912\nPlotnikovia Skrjabin, 1945\nPseudamphimerus Gower, 1940\nPseudamphistomum Luhe, 1908\nPseudogomtiotrema Gupta & Jain, 1991\nRatzia Poche, 1926\nSatyapalia Lakshminarayana & Hafeezullah, 1974\nThaparotrema Gupta, 1955\nTrionychotrema Chin & Zhang, 1981\nTubangorchis Skrjabin, 1944\nWitenbergia Vaz, 1932","title":"Genera"}] | [{"image_text":"Clonorchis sinensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png/110px-Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png"},{"image_text":"Opisthorchis viverrini","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Opisthorchis_viverrini_3.png/110px-Opisthorchis_viverrini_3.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"King, S.; Scholz, T. Š. (2001). \"Trematodes of the family Opisthorchiidae: A minireview\". The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 39 (3): 209–221. doi:10.3347/kjp.2001.39.3.209. PMC 2721069. PMID 11590910.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2721069","url_text":"\"Trematodes of the family Opisthorchiidae: A minireview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3347%2Fkjp.2001.39.3.209","url_text":"10.3347/kjp.2001.39.3.209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2721069","url_text":"2721069"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11590910","url_text":"11590910"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2721069","external_links_name":"\"Trematodes of the family Opisthorchiidae: A minireview\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3347%2Fkjp.2001.39.3.209","external_links_name":"10.3347/kjp.2001.39.3.209"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2721069","external_links_name":"2721069"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11590910","external_links_name":"11590910"},{"Link":"http://africaninvertebrates.org/ojs/index.php/AI/article/view/312","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Opisthorchiidae/","external_links_name":"Opisthorchiidae"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Opisthorchiidae","external_links_name":"Opisthorchiidae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=165226","external_links_name":"165226"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NK6L","external_links_name":"7NK6L"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/2974","external_links_name":"2974"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:16279","external_links_name":"16279"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/e29b54a9-c8d9-49c2-a8cd-bc1e920f4e68","external_links_name":"e29b54a9-c8d9-49c2-a8cd-bc1e920f4e68"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6433","external_links_name":"6433"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/417439","external_links_name":"417439"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114320","external_links_name":"114320"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=57094","external_links_name":"57094"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000079743","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0000079743"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6196","external_links_name":"6196"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/79d5d186-6604-4ead-8218-5d2a65fe9b51","external_links_name":"79d5d186-6604-4ead-8218-5d2a65fe9b51"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=765759","external_links_name":"765759"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB0587E0-982F-D874-F6FC-85C9FCC81A4F","external_links_name":"FB0587E0-982F-D874-F6FC-85C9FCC81A4F"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=6052687","external_links_name":"6052687"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=108442","external_links_name":"108442"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007597750605171","external_links_name":"Israel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Thirty-Seven | Seven Thirty-Seven | ["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Critical reception","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | This article is about the Breaking Bad episode. For other uses, see 737.
1st episode of the 2nd season of Breaking Bad
"Seven Thirty-Seven"Breaking Bad episodeEpisode no.Season 2Episode 1Directed byBryan CranstonWritten byJ. RobertsFeatured music"They're Going to Take My Thumbs" by Holy FuckCinematography byMichael SlovisEditing byLynne WillinghamOriginal air dateMarch 8, 2009 (2009-03-08)Running time47 minutesGuest appearances
Raymond Cruz as Tuco Salamanca
Steven Michael Quezada as Steven Gomez
Cesar Garcia as No-Doze
Jesus Payan as Gonzo
Ryan Lee as Neighbor's Kid
Episode chronology
← Previous"A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal"
Next →"Grilled"
Breaking Bad season 2List of episodes
"Seven Thirty-Seven" is the second season premiere episode of the American television drama series Breaking Bad, and the 8th episode overall. It was written by J. Roberts and directed by series star Bryan Cranston.
Plot
After his purchase of meth from Walter White and Jesse Pinkman, drug kingpin Tuco Salamanca viciously assaults his lieutenant, No-Doze, after he speaks to Walt in Tuco’s place. After Tuco departs, Walt calculates the minimum amount of money he will need to provide for his family, concluding that the figure is $737,000. Tuco suddenly returns demanding that Walt save a convulsive No-Doze. Walter performs chest compressions on him to no avail as No-Doze dies. Tuco tells Gonzo, the other man in his employ, to hide No-Doze's body, and Gonzo complies despite telling Tuco he should receive a Christian burial.
Walt parts ways with Jesse and goes home. Skyler White finds him standing at the television, and he subsequently forces himself on her. Meanwhile, Jesse meets with an illegal arms dealer at a hot dog restaurant and purchases a Ruger SP101 handgun. The next day, he tells Walt that he believes Tuco poses a threat to them and must be taken care of. Walt points out that shooting him would end badly, and the pair seems despondent. Elsewhere, Skyler refuses to answer phone calls from her sister, Marie Schrader. Marie and her husband Hank argue about whether or not she attempted to schedule a dinner with Skyler in a way that conflicts with another appointment that she has for therapy, revealing that Marie reluctantly goes to therapy for unspecified problems.
At the DEA field office, Hank's partner Steven Gomez shows him footage of Walt and Jesse's methylamine robbery. Hank scoffs at their ability as thieves (they carry the heavy barrel of methylamine instead of simply rolling it), but is intrigued by the fact that the unknown pair stole methylamine and used thermite to enter the warehouse. Gomez speculates they may be college-aged chemistry students, and Hank believes the two will encounter difficulty from the drug cartels for disrupting the meth trade. Walt becomes worried when he notices an SUV parked near his house and spends the night watching the street. Jesse encourages Walt to also purchase a gun, hoping to "double their chances" of success in the event of a shooting. Instead, Walt proposes that they kill Tuco in a more clandestine way, using ricin made from castor beans. Hank visits Skyler and asks her to make up with Marie. Skyler responds angrily, stating that her situation is worse than her sister’s. Hank and Skyler both realize that the other knows about Marie's shoplifting.
Walt and Jesse produce the ricin, hoping to trick Tuco into poisoning himself by placing it in the next meth delivery. As they finish their work, Walt receives a phone call from Hank, who is at a crime scene. Hank says that he screwed up in speaking to Skyler, and Walt forgives him. It is revealed that the crime scene Hank is investigating is the junkyard and that Gonzo has accidentally died in a botched attempt to move No-Doze's body. Walt and Jesse panic as they believe that Tuco killed Gonzo, and Walt insists that Jesse leave town.
Walt returns home as he avoids answering questions from Skyler. He receives a phone call and goes outside, where Jesse is being held at gunpoint in his car by Tuco. Tuco forces Walt to enter the car and drives away.
Production
The episode was written by J. Roberts and directed by Bryan Cranston. It aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on March 8, 2009.
The episode’s title references the amount of money Walt believes he needs in order to provide for his family. It is the first of several episodes including a flashforward with a pink teddy bear floating in a pool. Titles of episodes with similar flashforward sequences, when placed together, foreshadow the Wayfarer 515 disaster in "ABQ". When together, they read "Seven Thirty-Seven Down Over ABQ".
Critical reception
Donna Bowman, writing for The A.V. Club, gave the episode an A−. She praised Cranston both for his performance and for his directing ability. Seth Amitin, of IGN, gave the episode an 8.7/10.
In 2019 The Ringer ranked "Seven Thirty-Seven" 39th out of the 62 total Breaking Bad episodes.
Notes
^ a b As depicted in "A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal".
^ As depicted in "...And the Bag's in the River" and "A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal".
References
^ McCormick, Colin (August 6, 2021). "Breaking Bad: 10 Great Examples Of Foreshadowing That Paid Off". Screen Rant. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
^ Bowman, Donna (March 8, 2009). "Breaking Bad: "Seven Thirty-Seven"". A.V. Club. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
^ Amitin, Seth (March 9, 2009). "Breaking Bad: "Seven Thirty-Seven" Review". IGN. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
^ Julie Kliegman (September 30, 2019). "The Ringer's Definitive 'Breaking Bad' Episodes Ranking". The Ringer.
External links
"Seven Thirty-Seven" at the official Breaking Bad site
"Seven Thirty-Seven" at IMDb
vteBreaking BadEpisodesSeason 1
"Pilot"
"Cat's in the Bag..."
"...And the Bag's in the River"
"Cancer Man"
"Gray Matter"
"Crazy Handful of Nothin'"
"A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal"
Season 2
"Seven Thirty-Seven"
"Grilled"
"Bit by a Dead Bee"
"Down"
"Breakage"
"Peekaboo"
"Negro y Azul"
"Better Call Saul"
"4 Days Out"
"Over"
"Mandala"
"Phoenix"
"ABQ"
Season 3
"No Más"
"Caballo sin Nombre"
"I.F.T."
"Green Light"
"Más"
"Sunset"
"One Minute"
"I See You"
"Kafkaesque"
"Fly"
"Abiquiu"
"Half Measures"
"Full Measure"
Season 4
"Box Cutter"
"Thirty-Eight Snub"
"Open House"
"Bullet Points"
"Shotgun"
"Cornered"
"Problem Dog"
"Hermanos"
"Bug"
"Salud"
"Crawl Space"
"End Times"
"Face Off"
Season 5Part 1
"Live Free or Die"
"Madrigal"
"Hazard Pay"
"Fifty-One"
"Dead Freight"
"Buyout"
"Say My Name"
"Gliding Over All"
Part 2
"Blood Money"
"Buried"
"Confessions"
"Rabid Dog"
"To'hajiilee"
"Ozymandias"
"Granite State"
"Felina"
Characters
Walter White
Jesse Pinkman
Skyler White
Hank Schrader
Marie Schrader
Walter White Jr.
Saul Goodman
Mike Ehrmantraut
Gus Fring
Related
Awards and nominations
Better Call Saul
"Breaking Bad"
El Camino
Metástasis
Talking Bad
Faking Bad
"Baby Blue"
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/737_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad_season_2"},{"link_name":"Breaking Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad"},{"link_name":"Bryan Cranston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Cranston"}],"text":"This article is about the Breaking Bad episode. For other uses, see 737.1st episode of the 2nd season of Breaking Bad\"Seven Thirty-Seven\" is the second season premiere episode of the American television drama series Breaking Bad, and the 8th episode overall. It was written by J. Roberts and directed by series star Bryan Cranston.","title":"Seven Thirty-Seven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meth"},{"link_name":"Walter White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_White_(Breaking_Bad)"},{"link_name":"Jesse Pinkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Pinkman"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-note-1"},{"link_name":"drug kingpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_kingpin"},{"link_name":"Tuco Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuco_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Christian burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_burial"},{"link_name":"Skyler White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyler_White"},{"link_name":"forces himself on her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spousal_rape"},{"link_name":"Ruger SP101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruger_SP101"},{"link_name":"Marie Schrader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Schrader"},{"link_name":"Hank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Schrader"},{"link_name":"DEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"Steven Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gomez"},{"link_name":"methylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-note-1"},{"link_name":"thermite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermite"},{"link_name":"drug cartels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_cartel"},{"link_name":"ricin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin"},{"link_name":"castor beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_bean"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"After his purchase of meth from Walter White and Jesse Pinkman,[a] drug kingpin Tuco Salamanca viciously assaults his lieutenant, No-Doze, after he speaks to Walt in Tuco’s place. After Tuco departs, Walt calculates the minimum amount of money he will need to provide for his family, concluding that the figure is $737,000. Tuco suddenly returns demanding that Walt save a convulsive No-Doze. Walter performs chest compressions on him to no avail as No-Doze dies. Tuco tells Gonzo, the other man in his employ, to hide No-Doze's body, and Gonzo complies despite telling Tuco he should receive a Christian burial.Walt parts ways with Jesse and goes home. Skyler White finds him standing at the television, and he subsequently forces himself on her. Meanwhile, Jesse meets with an illegal arms dealer at a hot dog restaurant and purchases a Ruger SP101 handgun. The next day, he tells Walt that he believes Tuco poses a threat to them and must be taken care of. Walt points out that shooting him would end badly, and the pair seems despondent. Elsewhere, Skyler refuses to answer phone calls from her sister, Marie Schrader. Marie and her husband Hank argue about whether or not she attempted to schedule a dinner with Skyler in a way that conflicts with another appointment that she has for therapy, revealing that Marie reluctantly goes to therapy for unspecified problems.At the DEA field office, Hank's partner Steven Gomez shows him footage of Walt and Jesse's methylamine robbery.[a] Hank scoffs at their ability as thieves (they carry the heavy barrel of methylamine instead of simply rolling it), but is intrigued by the fact that the unknown pair stole methylamine and used thermite to enter the warehouse. Gomez speculates they may be college-aged chemistry students, and Hank believes the two will encounter difficulty from the drug cartels for disrupting the meth trade. Walt becomes worried when he notices an SUV parked near his house and spends the night watching the street. Jesse encourages Walt to also purchase a gun, hoping to \"double their chances\" of success in the event of a shooting. Instead, Walt proposes that they kill Tuco in a more clandestine way, using ricin made from castor beans. Hank visits Skyler and asks her to make up with Marie. Skyler responds angrily, stating that her situation is worse than her sister’s. Hank and Skyler both realize that the other knows about Marie's shoplifting.[b]Walt and Jesse produce the ricin, hoping to trick Tuco into poisoning himself by placing it in the next meth delivery. As they finish their work, Walt receives a phone call from Hank, who is at a crime scene. Hank says that he screwed up in speaking to Skyler, and Walt forgives him. It is revealed that the crime scene Hank is investigating is the junkyard and that Gonzo has accidentally died in a botched attempt to move No-Doze's body. Walt and Jesse panic as they believe that Tuco killed Gonzo, and Walt insists that Jesse leave town.Walt returns home as he avoids answering questions from Skyler. He receives a phone call and goes outside, where Jesse is being held at gunpoint in his car by Tuco. Tuco forces Walt to enter the car and drives away.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryan Cranston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Cranston"},{"link_name":"flashforward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashforward"},{"link_name":"teddy bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_bear"},{"link_name":"ABQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABQ_(Breaking_Bad)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The episode was written by J. Roberts and directed by Bryan Cranston. It aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on March 8, 2009.The episode’s title references the amount of money Walt believes he needs in order to provide for his family. It is the first of several episodes including a flashforward with a pink teddy bear floating in a pool. Titles of episodes with similar flashforward sequences, when placed together, foreshadow the Wayfarer 515 disaster in \"ABQ\". When together, they read \"Seven Thirty-Seven Down Over ABQ\".[1]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Ringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringer_(website)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Donna Bowman, writing for The A.V. Club, gave the episode an A−. She praised Cranston both for his performance and for his directing ability.[2] Seth Amitin, of IGN, gave the episode an 8.7/10.[3]In 2019 The Ringer ranked \"Seven Thirty-Seven\" 39th out of the 62 total Breaking Bad episodes.[4]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note_1-1"},{"link_name":"A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_No-Rough-Stuff-Type_Deal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"...And the Bag's in the River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...And_the_Bag%27s_in_the_River"},{"link_name":"A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_No-Rough-Stuff-Type_Deal"}],"text":"^ a b As depicted in \"A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal\".\n\n^ As depicted in \"...And the Bag's in the River\" and \"A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal\".","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McCormick, Colin (August 6, 2021). \"Breaking Bad: 10 Great Examples Of Foreshadowing That Paid Off\". Screen Rant. Retrieved August 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/breaking-bad-best-foreshadowing-examples/","url_text":"\"Breaking Bad: 10 Great Examples Of Foreshadowing That Paid Off\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Donna (March 8, 2009). \"Breaking Bad: \"Seven Thirty-Seven\"\". A.V. Club. Retrieved May 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/breaking-bad-seven-thirty-seven-24816","url_text":"\"Breaking Bad: \"Seven Thirty-Seven\"\""}]},{"reference":"Amitin, Seth (March 9, 2009). \"Breaking Bad: \"Seven Thirty-Seven\" Review\". IGN. Retrieved May 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/03/06/breaking-bad-seven-thirty-seven-review","url_text":"\"Breaking Bad: \"Seven Thirty-Seven\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"Julie Kliegman (September 30, 2019). \"The Ringer's Definitive 'Breaking Bad' Episodes Ranking\". The Ringer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20885880/breaking-bad-episodes-ranking","url_text":"\"The Ringer's Definitive 'Breaking Bad' Episodes Ranking\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/breaking-bad-best-foreshadowing-examples/","external_links_name":"\"Breaking Bad: 10 Great Examples Of Foreshadowing That Paid Off\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/breaking-bad-seven-thirty-seven-24816","external_links_name":"\"Breaking Bad: \"Seven Thirty-Seven\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/03/06/breaking-bad-seven-thirty-seven-review","external_links_name":"\"Breaking Bad: \"Seven Thirty-Seven\" Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20885880/breaking-bad-episodes-ranking","external_links_name":"\"The Ringer's Definitive 'Breaking Bad' Episodes Ranking\""},{"Link":"http://www.amc.com/shows/breaking-bad/season-2/episode-01-seven-thirty-seven","external_links_name":"\"Seven Thirty-Seven\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1232244/","external_links_name":"\"Seven Thirty-Seven\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(surname) | Ring (name) | ["1 Given name"] | Ring is a surname of Irish origin, deriving from Ó Rinn (descendant of Reann). It is also a given name. Notable people with the surname include:
Alexander Ring (born 1991), Finnish footballer
Bob Ring (1946–2017), American ice hockey player
Børge Ring (1921–2018), Danish film writer, animator and director
Brad Ring (born 1987), American soccer player
Brian Ring, British architect
Christy Ring (1920–1979), Irish hurler
David Ring (born 1953), American evangelist and motivational speaker
Henry Ring (born 1977), American soccer player
Jeremy Ring (born 1970), American politician
Joey Ring (1758–1800), English cricketer
Jonathan Ring (born 1991), Swedish footballer
Justin Ring (born 1973), Canadian football player
Ken Ring (rapper) (born 1979), Swedish rapper
Ken Ring (writer), New Zealand writer
Kenneth Ring (born 1936), American psychologist
Kevin A. Ring (born 1970), American lobbyist
Laurits Andersen Ring (1854–1933), Danish painter
Liam Ó Rinn (born William J. Ring) (1886-1943), civil servant and Irish language writer and translator, best known for Amhrán na bhFiann, the Irish translation of the national anthem.
Mark Ring (born 1962), Welsh rugby union player
Matthias Ring (born 1963), German theologian
Merritt C. Ring (1850–1915), American lawyer and politician
Michael Ring (born 1953), Irish politician
Nick Ring (born 1979), Canadian martial artist
Ray Ring, American journalist
Royce Ring (born 1980), American baseball player
Thomas Ring (born 1980), Danish singer
Tommy Ring (1930–1997), Scottish footballer
Tommy Ring (hurler) (1939–2020), Irish hurler
Twyla Ring (1937–2022), American newspaper editor and politician
Given name
Ring Ayuel (born 1988), South Sudanese college basketball player
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Ring. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ring"},{"link_name":"Bob Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ring"},{"link_name":"Børge Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rge_Ring"},{"link_name":"Brad Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Ring"},{"link_name":"Brian Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Ring"},{"link_name":"Christy Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_Ring"},{"link_name":"David Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ring"},{"link_name":"Henry Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ring"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Ring"},{"link_name":"Joey Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Ring"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Ring"},{"link_name":"Justin Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Ring"},{"link_name":"Ken Ring (rapper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Ring_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Ken Ring (writer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Ring_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Ring"},{"link_name":"Kevin A. Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_A._Ring"},{"link_name":"Laurits Andersen Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurits_Andersen_Ring"},{"link_name":"Liam Ó Rinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_%C3%93_Rinn"},{"link_name":"Amhrán na bhFiann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann"},{"link_name":"Mark Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ring"},{"link_name":"Matthias Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Ring"},{"link_name":"Merritt C. Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_C._Ring"},{"link_name":"Michael Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ring"},{"link_name":"Nick Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Ring"},{"link_name":"Ray Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Ring"},{"link_name":"Royce Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_Ring"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ring"},{"link_name":"Tommy Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Ring"},{"link_name":"Tommy Ring (hurler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Ring_(hurler)"},{"link_name":"Twyla Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twyla_Ring"}],"text":"Alexander Ring (born 1991), Finnish footballer\nBob Ring (1946–2017), American ice hockey player\nBørge Ring (1921–2018), Danish film writer, animator and director\nBrad Ring (born 1987), American soccer player\nBrian Ring, British architect\nChristy Ring (1920–1979), Irish hurler\nDavid Ring (born 1953), American evangelist and motivational speaker\nHenry Ring (born 1977), American soccer player\nJeremy Ring (born 1970), American politician\nJoey Ring (1758–1800), English cricketer\nJonathan Ring (born 1991), Swedish footballer\nJustin Ring (born 1973), Canadian football player\nKen Ring (rapper) (born 1979), Swedish rapper\nKen Ring (writer), New Zealand writer\nKenneth Ring (born 1936), American psychologist\nKevin A. Ring (born 1970), American lobbyist\nLaurits Andersen Ring (1854–1933), Danish painter\nLiam Ó Rinn (born William J. Ring) (1886-1943), civil servant and Irish language writer and translator, best known for Amhrán na bhFiann, the Irish translation of the national anthem.\nMark Ring (born 1962), Welsh rugby union player\nMatthias Ring (born 1963), German theologian\nMerritt C. Ring (1850–1915), American lawyer and politician\nMichael Ring (born 1953), Irish politician\nNick Ring (born 1979), Canadian martial artist\nRay Ring, American journalist\nRoyce Ring (born 1980), American baseball player\nThomas Ring (born 1980), Danish singer\nTommy Ring (1930–1997), Scottish footballer\nTommy Ring (hurler) (1939–2020), Irish hurler\nTwyla Ring (1937–2022), American newspaper editor and politician","title":"Ring (name)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ring Ayuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Ayuel"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Ring_(name)&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}],"text":"Ring Ayuel (born 1988), South Sudanese college basketball playerSurname listThis page lists people with the surname Ring. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.","title":"Given name"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Ring_(name)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqrizi | al-Maqrizi | ["1 Life","2 Works","2.1 Smaller works","2.2 Books","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | Egyptian Arab historian (1364–1442)
al-Maqrīzī (المقريزي)PersonalBornTaqī al-Dīn Abū al-Abbās Aḥmad ibn 'Alī ibn 'Abd al-Qadir ibn Muḥammad al-Maqrīzī
(تقى الدين أحمد بن على بن عبد القادر بن محمد المقريزى)1364 (1364)Cairo, EgyptDied1442 (aged 77–78)ReligionIslamDenominationSunniJurisprudenceZahiriCreedAthariNotable work(s)Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (2 vols., Bulaq, 1854)Occupationhistorian, biographer, writerMuslim leader
Influenced by
Abu Hanifa
Al-Shafi'i
Dawud al-Zahiri
Ibn Taymiyya
Ibn Khaldun
Al-Maqrīzī (Arabic: المقريزي, full name Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-'Abbās Aḥmad ibn 'Alī ibn 'Abd al-Qādir ibn Muḥammad al-Maqrīzī, تقي الدين أحمد بن علي بن عبد القادر بن محمد المقريزي; 1364–1442) was a medieval Egyptian historian and biographer during the Mamluk era, known for his interest in the Fatimid era, and the earlier periods of Egyptian history. He is recognized as the most influential historian of premodern Egypt.
Life
A direct student of Ibn Khaldun, al-Maqrīzī was born in Cairo and spent most of his life in Egypt. When he presents himself in his books he usually stops at the 10th forefather although he confessed to some of his close friends that he can trace his ancestry to al-Mu‘izz li-Dīn Allāh – first Fatimid caliph in Egypt and the founder of al-Qahirah – and even to Ali ibn Abi Talib. He was trained in the Hanafite school of law. Later, he switched to the Shafi'ite school and finally to the Zahirite school. Maqrizi studied theology under one of the primary masterminds behind the Zahiri Revolt, and his vocal support and sympathy with that revolt against the Mamluks likely cost him higher administrative and clerical positions with the Mamluk regime. The name Maqrizi was an attribution to a quarter of the city of Baalbek, from where his paternal grandparents hailed. Maqrizi confessed to his contemporaries that he believed that he was related to the Fatimids through the son of al-Muizz. Ibn Hajar preserves the most memorable account: his father, as they entered the al-Hakim Mosque one day, told him "My son, you are entering the mosque of your ancestor." However, his father also instructed al-Maqrizi not to reveal this information to anyone he could not trust; Walker concludes:
Ultimately it would be hard to conclude that al-Maqrizi conceived any more than an antiquarian interest in the Fatimids. His main concern seems more likely to be the meaning they and their city might have for the present, that is, for Mamluk Egypt and its role in Islam. (p. 167)
In 1385, he went on the Islamic pilgrimage, the Hajj. For some time he was secretary in a government office, and in 1399 became inspector of markets for Cairo and northern Egypt. This post he soon gave up to become a preacher at the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al 'As, president of the al-Hakim Mosque, and a lecturer on tradition. In 1408, he went to Damascus to become inspector of the Qalanisryya and lecturer. Later, he retired into private life at Cairo.
In 1430, he again went on Hajj with his family and travelled for some five years. His learning was great, his observation accurate and his judgement good, but his books are largely compilations, and he does not always acknowledge the sources upon which he relied.
Works
Most of al-Maqrizi's works, exceeding 200, are concerned with Egypt.
al-Mawāʻiẓ wa-al-Iʻtibār bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār (Arabic, 2 vols., Bulaq, 1853); French translation by Urbain Bouriant as Description topographique et historique de l'Égypte (Paris, 1895–1900; compare A. R. Guest, "A List of Writers, Books and other Authorities mentioned by El Maqrizi in his Khitat," in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1902, pp. 103–125).
Itti‘āz al-Ḥunafā’ bi-Akhbār al-A’immah al-Fāṭimīyīn al-Khulafā’
Kitāb al-Khiṭaṭ al-Maqrīzīyah
Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma‘rifat Duwal al-Mulūk
History of the Fatimites; extract published by J.G.L. Kosegarten in Chrestomathia (Leipzig, 1828), pp. 115–123;
History of the Ayyubit and Mameluke Rulers; French translation by Etienne Marc Quatremère (2 vols., Paris, 1837–1845).
Muqaffa, first sixteen-volumes of an Egyptian biographic encyclopedia arranged in alphabetic order. The Egyptian historian, al-Sakhawi, estimated that the complete work would require eighty volumes. Three autograph volumes exist in manuscript in Leiden and one in Paris.
Smaller works
Mahomeddan Coinage (ed. O. G. Tychsen, Rostock, 1797; French translation by Silvestre de Sacy, Paris, 1797)
Arab Weights and Measures (ed. Tychsen, Rostock, 1800)
Arabian Tribes that migrated to Egypt (ed. F. Wüstenfeld, Göttingen, 1847)
Account of Hadhramaut (ed. P.B. Noskowyj, Bonn, 1866)
Strife between the Bani Umayya and the Bani Hashim (ed. G. Vos, Leiden, 1888)
Historia Regum Islamiticorum in Abyssinia (ed. and Latin trans. F. T. Rink, Leiden, 1790).
Books
al-Mawa'iz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (about the planning of Cairo and its monuments)
A. R. Guest, p. 103ff: A list of Writers, Books and other Authorities mentioned by El Maqrisi in his Khitat
al-Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk (about Mamluk history in Egypt)
Ette'aaz al-honafa be Akhbaar al-A'emma al-Fatemeyyeen al-Kholafaa (about the Fatimid state)
al-Bayaan wal E'raab Amma Be Ard Misr min al A'raab (about the Arab Tribes in Egypt)
Eghathatt al-Omma be Kashf al-Ghomma (about the famines that took place in Egypt)
al-Muqaffa (biographies of princes and prominent personality of his time)
Maqrīzī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī (1824). Hamaker, Hendrik Arent (ed.). Takyoddini Ahmedis al-Makrizii Narratio de Expeditionibus a Graecis Francisque Adversus Dimyatham, AB A. C. 708 AD 1221 Susceptis (in Arabic and Latin). Amstelodami: Pieper & Ipenbuur.
Kosegarten, J. G. L. (1828). Chrestomathia Arabica ex codicibus manuscriptis Parisiensibus, Gothanis et Berolinensibus collecta atque tum adscriptis vocalibus (in Latin). Lipsiae: Sumtu F. C. G. Vogelii. (pp. 115 −123: Al-Maqrizi, an extract of History of the Fatimites.)
al-Maqrizi (1840). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 1, part 1. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
al-Maqrizi (1845). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 1, part 2. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
al-Maqrizi (1845). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
al-Maqrizi (1853). Kitb al-mawi wa-al-itibr bi-dhikr al-khia wa-al-thr : yakhtau dhlika bi-akhbr iqlm Mir wa-al-Nl wa-dhikr al-Qhirah wa-m yataallaqu bi-h wa-bi-iqlmih (in Arabic). Vol. 1. al-Qhirah: Maktabat al-Thaqfah al-Dnyah.
al-Maqrizi (1853). Kitb al-mawi wa-al-itibr bi-dhikr al-khia wa-al-thr : yakhtau dhlika bi-akhbr iqlm Mir wa-al-Nl wa-dhikr al-Qhirah wa-m yataallaqu bi-h wa-bi-iqlmih (in Arabic). Vol. 2. al-Qhirah: Maktabat al-Thaqfah al-Dnyah.
A. R. Guest, 1902, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 103–125: "A List of Writers, Books and other Authorities mentioned by El Maqrizi in his Khitat" (Notes on the 1853-edition)
al-Maqrizi (1895). Mémoires publiés par les membres de la Mission archéologique Française au Caire: Description topographique et historique de l'Égypte (in French). Vol. 17. Translator: Urbain Bouriant. Cairo: Mémoires publiés par les membres de la Mission archéologique.
al-Maqrizi (1948). Jamāl al-Dīn al-Shayyāl (ed.). Itti'āz al-Ḥunafā' bi-Akhbār al-A'immah al-Fāṭimīyīn al-Khulafā'. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī.
al-Maqrizi (1908) . Kitāb al-Khiṭaṭ al-Maqrīzīyah. Vol. 4. Cairo: Al-Nil Press.
al-Maqrizi (1956). Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Ziada (al-Ziyādah) (ed.). Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk. Vol. 3. Cairo: Lajnat al-Ta’līf.
alternative: al-Maqrizi (1895). Mémoires publiés par les membres de la Mission archéologique Française au Caire: Description topographique et historique de l'Égypte (in French). Vol. 17. Translator: Urbain Bouriant. Cairo: Mémoires publiés par les membres de la Mission archéologique.
See also
List of Muslim historians
List of Arab scientists and scholars
Notes
^ Volume 2 title: al-Juzʾ al-thānī min Kitāb al-khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār fī Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah wa-al-Nīl wa-mā yataʻalliqu bihā. Edited by Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Quṭṭah al-ʻAdawī. f. colophon. www.catalog.hathitrust.org
References
^ "ص375 - أرشيف ملتقى أهل الحديث - منهج الامام المقريزي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". al-maktaba.org. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
^ "العلامة المؤرخ ( تقي الدين المقريزي)". pearls.yoo7.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 28 March 2024.
^ "ص188 - كتاب المواعظ والاعتبار بذكر الخطط والآثار - ذكر الحال في عقائد أهل الإسلام منذ ابتداء الملة الإسلامية إلى أن انتشر مذهب الأشعرية - المكتبة الشاملة". shamela.ws. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
^ a b c d Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Inba al-Ghumar bi-Anba al-'Umr.
^ a b c d Nasser Rabbat, "Who was al-Maqrizi?" pg. 13. Taken from Mamlūk Studies Review, Vol. 7, Part 2. Middle East Documentation Center, University of Chicago, 2003.
^ Al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din. Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (in Arabic). Vol. 4. p. 192.
^ a b c d Rosenthal, F. (1991). "al-Maḳrīzī". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 193–194. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
^ Anthony Holmes (6 December 2010). Ancient Egypt In An Hour. History In An Hour. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4523-3674-9.
^ Paul E. Walker, Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources (London, I.B. Tauris, 2002), p. 164. The material for updating this article is taken from Walker's account of al-Maqrizi.
^ Rabbat, Nasser (12 January 2023). Writing Egypt: Al-Maqrizi and His Historical Project. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-3995-0281-8.
^ RABBAT, NASSER (2003). "Who Was al-Maqr|z|? A Biographical Sketch" (PDF). Mamlūk Studies Review. The Middle East Documentation Center (MEDOC). doi:10.6082/M1RR1WDR.
^ al-Maqrizi, Tajrid al-Tawhid al-Mufid, pg. 33 of the introduction of Sabri bin Salamah Shahin. Riyadh: Dar al-Qubs, 2005. ISBN 978-9960-49-202-5
^ Rabbat, pg. 15.
^ Okasha El Daly (2005), Egyptology: the missing millennium : ancient Egypt in medieval Arabic writings, UCL, p. 180
^ Maqrīzī (al-), Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn 'Alī (1948). Shayyāl (al-), Jamal al-Dīn (ed.). Itti'āz al-Ḥunafā' bi-Akhbār al-A'immah al-Fāṭimīyīn al-Khulafā' (in Arabic). Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī.
^ Maqrīzī (al-), Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn 'Alī (1908) . Kitāb al-Khiṭaṭ al-Maqrīzīyah (in Arabic). Vol. 4. Cairo: Al-Nīl Press.
^ Maqrīzī (al-), Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn 'Alī (1956). Ziada (al-Ziyādah), Muḥammad Muṣṭafā (ed.). Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk (in Arabic). Vol. 2. Cairo: Lajnat al-Ta’līf.
^ Maqrz, Amad ibn Al; Quatremère, Étienne Marc (11 November 1845). "Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe". Paris : Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland – via Internet Archive.
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Wikiquote has quotations related to Al-Maqrizi.
Mawa'iz, online text (in Arabic)
Account of the Crusade of St. Louis (in English)
On al-Maqrizi
"Maqrīzī" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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İslâm Ansiklopedisi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-makrizi-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmes2010-8"},{"link_name":"Mamluk era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Fatimid era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBTauris-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Al-Maqrīzī (Arabic: المقريزي, full name Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-'Abbās Aḥmad ibn 'Alī ibn 'Abd al-Qādir ibn Muḥammad al-Maqrīzī, تقي الدين أحمد بن علي بن عبد القادر بن محمد المقريزي; 1364–1442)[7] was a medieval Egyptian historian and biographer[8] during the Mamluk era, known for his interest in the Fatimid era, and the earlier periods of Egyptian history.[9] He is recognized as the most influential historian of premodern Egypt.[10]","title":"al-Maqrizi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-makrizi-7"},{"link_name":"al-Mu‘izz li-Dīn Allāh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah"},{"link_name":"Ali ibn Abi Talib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hanafite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"Shafi'ite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i"},{"link_name":"Zahirite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81hir%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Zahiri Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahiri_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Baalbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-makrizi-7"},{"link_name":"al-Muizz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ad_al-Muizz_Li-Deenillah"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani"},{"link_name":"al-Hakim Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Mosque of 'Amr ibn al 'As","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_%27Amr_ibn_al_%27As"},{"link_name":"al-Hakim Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A direct student of Ibn Khaldun, al-Maqrīzī was born in Cairo and spent most of his life in Egypt.[7] When he presents himself in his books he usually stops at the 10th forefather although he confessed to some of his close friends that he can trace his ancestry to al-Mu‘izz li-Dīn Allāh – first Fatimid caliph in Egypt and the founder of al-Qahirah – and even to Ali ibn Abi Talib.[11] He was trained in the Hanafite school of law. Later, he switched to the Shafi'ite school and finally to the Zahirite school.[4][5] Maqrizi studied theology under one of the primary masterminds behind the Zahiri Revolt,[12] and his vocal support and sympathy with that revolt against the Mamluks likely cost him higher administrative and clerical positions with the Mamluk regime.[13] The name Maqrizi was an attribution to a quarter of the city of Baalbek, from where his paternal grandparents hailed.[7] Maqrizi confessed to his contemporaries that he believed that he was related to the Fatimids through the son of al-Muizz. Ibn Hajar preserves the most memorable account: his father, as they entered the al-Hakim Mosque one day, told him \"My son, you are entering the mosque of your ancestor.\" However, his father also instructed al-Maqrizi not to reveal this information to anyone he could not trust; Walker concludes:Ultimately it would be hard to conclude that al-Maqrizi conceived any more than an antiquarian interest in the Fatimids. His main concern seems more likely to be the meaning they and their city might have for the present, that is, for Mamluk Egypt and its role in Islam. (p. 167)In 1385, he went on the Islamic pilgrimage, the Hajj. For some time he was secretary in a government office, and in 1399 became inspector of markets for Cairo and northern Egypt. This post he soon gave up to become a preacher at the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al 'As, president of the al-Hakim Mosque, and a lecturer on tradition. In 1408, he went to Damascus to become inspector of the Qalanisryya and lecturer. Later, he retired into private life at Cairo.[citation needed]In 1430, he again went on Hajj with his family and travelled for some five years. His learning was great, his observation accurate and his judgement good, but his books are largely compilations, and he does not always acknowledge the sources upon which he relied.[citation needed]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Arabic, 2 vols., Bulaq, 1853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001607331"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Urbain Bouriant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbain_Bouriant"},{"link_name":"A. R. Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._R._Guest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Etienne Marc Quatremère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Marc_Quatrem%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"al-Sakhawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sakhawi"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"}],"text":"Most of al-Maqrizi's works, exceeding 200,[14] are concerned with Egypt.al-Mawāʻiẓ wa-al-Iʻtibār bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār (Arabic, 2 vols., Bulaq, 1853)[n 1]; French translation by Urbain Bouriant as Description topographique et historique de l'Égypte (Paris, 1895–1900; compare A. R. Guest, \"A List of Writers, Books and other Authorities mentioned by El Maqrizi in his Khitat,\" in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1902, pp. 103–125).\nItti‘āz al-Ḥunafā’ bi-Akhbār al-A’immah al-Fāṭimīyīn al-Khulafā’[15]\nKitāb al-Khiṭaṭ al-Maqrīzīyah[16]\nKitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma‘rifat Duwal al-Mulūk[17]\nHistory of the Fatimites; extract published by J.G.L. Kosegarten in Chrestomathia (Leipzig, 1828), pp. 115–123;History of the Ayyubit and Mameluke Rulers; French translation by Etienne Marc Quatremère (2 vols., Paris, 1837–1845).[18]\nMuqaffa, first sixteen-volumes of an Egyptian biographic encyclopedia arranged in alphabetic order. The Egyptian historian, al-Sakhawi, estimated that the complete work would require eighty volumes. Three autograph volumes exist in manuscript in Leiden and one in Paris.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O. G. Tychsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._G._Tychsen"},{"link_name":"Silvestre de Sacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvestre_de_Sacy"},{"link_name":"F. Wüstenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W%C3%BCstenfeld"},{"link_name":"P.B. Noskowyj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Berlin_Noskowyj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G. Vos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geerhardus_Vos"},{"link_name":"F. T. Rink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._T._Rink&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Smaller works","text":"Mahomeddan Coinage (ed. O. G. Tychsen, Rostock, 1797; French translation by Silvestre de Sacy, Paris, 1797)\nArab Weights and Measures (ed. Tychsen, Rostock, 1800)\nArabian Tribes that migrated to Egypt (ed. F. Wüstenfeld, Göttingen, 1847)\nAccount of Hadhramaut (ed. P.B. Noskowyj, Bonn, 1866)\nStrife between the Bani Umayya and the Bani Hashim (ed. G. Vos, Leiden, 1888)\nHistoria Regum Islamiticorum in Abyssinia (ed. and Latin trans. F. T. Rink, Leiden, 1790).","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A list of Writers, Books and other Authorities mentioned by El Maqrisi in his Khitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/journalroyalasi69irelgoog#page/n126/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Hamaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Arent_Hamaker"},{"link_name":"Takyoddini Ahmedis al-Makrizii Narratio de Expeditionibus a Graecis Francisque Adversus Dimyatham, AB A. C. 708 AD 1221 Susceptis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/takyoddiniahmed00goog/page/n13"},{"link_name":"Amstelodami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Kosegarten, J. G. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Ludwig_Kosegarten"},{"link_name":"Chrestomathia Arabica ex codicibus manuscriptis Parisiensibus, Gothanis et Berolinensibus collecta atque tum adscriptis vocalibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/chrestomathiaara00kose"},{"link_name":"115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/chrestomathiaara00kose#page/115/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/histoiredessulta01maqr"},{"link_name":"Étienne Marc Quatremère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marc_Quatrem%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_HLoWAAAAQAAJ"},{"link_name":"Étienne Marc Quatremère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marc_Quatrem%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_M7oWAAAAQAAJ"},{"link_name":"Étienne Marc Quatremère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marc_Quatrem%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Kitb al-mawi wa-al-itibr bi-dhikr al-khia wa-al-thr : yakhtau dhlika bi-akhbr iqlm Mir wa-al-Nl wa-dhikr al-Qhirah wa-m yataallaqu bi-h wa-bi-iqlmih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kitbalmawiwaalit01maqruoft"},{"link_name":"Kitb al-mawi wa-al-itibr bi-dhikr al-khia wa-al-thr : yakhtau dhlika bi-akhbr iqlm Mir wa-al-Nl wa-dhikr al-Qhirah wa-m yataallaqu bi-h wa-bi-iqlmih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kitbalmawiwaalit02maqruoft"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society"},{"link_name":"A List of Writers, Books and other Authorities mentioned by El Maqrizi in his Khitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/journalroyalasi69irelgoog#page/n127/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Mémoires publiés par les membres de la Mission archéologique Française au Caire: Description topographique et historique de l'Égypte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mmoirespubli17inst"},{"link_name":"Urbain Bouriant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbain_Bouriant"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Mémoires publiés par les membres de la Mission archéologique Française au Caire: Description topographique et historique de l'Égypte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5828537q"},{"link_name":"Urbain Bouriant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbain_Bouriant"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"al-Mawa'iz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (about the planning of Cairo and its monuments)\nA. R. Guest, p. 103ff: A list of Writers, Books and other Authorities mentioned by El Maqrisi in his Khitat\nal-Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk (about Mamluk history in Egypt)\nEtte'aaz al-honafa be Akhbaar al-A'emma al-Fatemeyyeen al-Kholafaa (about the Fatimid state)\nal-Bayaan wal E'raab Amma Be Ard Misr min al A'raab (about the Arab Tribes in Egypt)\nEghathatt al-Omma be Kashf al-Ghomma (about the famines that took place in Egypt)\nal-Muqaffa (biographies of princes and prominent personality of his time)\nMaqrīzī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī (1824). Hamaker, Hendrik Arent (ed.). Takyoddini Ahmedis al-Makrizii Narratio de Expeditionibus a Graecis Francisque Adversus Dimyatham, AB A. C. 708 AD 1221 Susceptis (in Arabic and Latin). Amstelodami: Pieper & Ipenbuur.\nKosegarten, J. G. L. (1828). Chrestomathia Arabica ex codicibus manuscriptis Parisiensibus, Gothanis et Berolinensibus collecta atque tum adscriptis vocalibus (in Latin). Lipsiae: Sumtu F. C. G. Vogelii. (pp. 115 −123: Al-Maqrizi, an extract of History of the Fatimites.)al-Maqrizi (1840). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 1, part 1. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.\nal-Maqrizi (1845). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 1, part 2. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.\nal-Maqrizi (1845). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.\nal-Maqrizi (1853). Kitb al-mawi wa-al-itibr bi-dhikr al-khia wa-al-thr : yakhtau dhlika bi-akhbr iqlm Mir wa-al-Nl wa-dhikr al-Qhirah wa-m yataallaqu bi-h wa-bi-iqlmih (in Arabic). Vol. 1. al-Qhirah: Maktabat al-Thaqfah al-Dnyah.\nal-Maqrizi (1853). Kitb al-mawi wa-al-itibr bi-dhikr al-khia wa-al-thr : yakhtau dhlika bi-akhbr iqlm Mir wa-al-Nl wa-dhikr al-Qhirah wa-m yataallaqu bi-h wa-bi-iqlmih (in Arabic). Vol. 2. al-Qhirah: Maktabat al-Thaqfah al-Dnyah.\nA. R. Guest, 1902, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 103–125: \"A List of Writers, Books and other Authorities mentioned by El Maqrizi in his Khitat\" (Notes on the 1853-edition)\nal-Maqrizi (1895). Mémoires publiés par les membres de la Mission archéologique Française au Caire: Description topographique et historique de l'Égypte (in French). Vol. 17. Translator: Urbain Bouriant. Cairo: Mémoires publiés par les membres de la Mission archéologique.\nal-Maqrizi (1948). Jamāl al-Dīn al-Shayyāl (ed.). Itti'āz al-Ḥunafā' bi-Akhbār al-A'immah al-Fāṭimīyīn al-Khulafā'. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī.\nal-Maqrizi (1908) [1906]. Kitāb al-Khiṭaṭ al-Maqrīzīyah. Vol. 4. Cairo: Al-Nil Press.\nal-Maqrizi (1956). Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Ziada (al-Ziyādah) (ed.). Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk. Vol. 3. Cairo: Lajnat al-Ta’līf.\nalternative: al-Maqrizi (1895). Mémoires publiés par les membres de la Mission archéologique Française au Caire: Description topographique et historique de l'Égypte (in French). Vol. 17. Translator: Urbain Bouriant. Cairo: Mémoires publiés par les membres de la Mission archéologique.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"www.catalog.hathitrust.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001607331"}],"text":"^ Volume 2 title: al-Juzʾ al-thānī min Kitāb al-khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār fī Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah wa-al-Nīl wa-mā yataʻalliqu bihā. Edited by Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Quṭṭah al-ʻAdawī. f. colophon. www.catalog.hathitrust.org","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Muslim historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians"},{"title":"List of Arab scientists and scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arab_scientists_and_scholars"}] | [{"reference":"Maqrīzī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī (1824). Hamaker, Hendrik Arent (ed.). Takyoddini Ahmedis al-Makrizii Narratio de Expeditionibus a Graecis Francisque Adversus Dimyatham, AB A. C. 708 AD 1221 Susceptis (in Arabic and Latin). Amstelodami: Pieper & Ipenbuur.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Arent_Hamaker","url_text":"Hamaker"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/takyoddiniahmed00goog/page/n13","url_text":"Takyoddini Ahmedis al-Makrizii Narratio de Expeditionibus a Graecis Francisque Adversus Dimyatham, AB A. C. 708 AD 1221 Susceptis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam","url_text":"Amstelodami"}]},{"reference":"Kosegarten, J. G. L. (1828). Chrestomathia Arabica ex codicibus manuscriptis Parisiensibus, Gothanis et Berolinensibus collecta atque tum adscriptis vocalibus (in Latin). Lipsiae: Sumtu F. C. G. Vogelii.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Ludwig_Kosegarten","url_text":"Kosegarten, J. G. L."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chrestomathiaara00kose","url_text":"Chrestomathia Arabica ex codicibus manuscriptis Parisiensibus, Gothanis et Berolinensibus collecta atque tum adscriptis vocalibus"}]},{"reference":"al-Maqrizi (1840). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 1, part 1. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/histoiredessulta01maqr","url_text":"Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marc_Quatrem%C3%A8re","url_text":"Étienne Marc Quatremère"}]},{"reference":"al-Maqrizi (1845). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 1, part 2. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HLoWAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marc_Quatrem%C3%A8re","url_text":"Étienne Marc Quatremère"}]},{"reference":"al-Maqrizi (1845). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. 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Cairo: Lajnat al-Ta’līf.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Maqrz, Amad ibn Al; Quatremère, Étienne Marc (11 November 1845). \"Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe\". Paris : Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/histoiredessulta01maqr","url_text":"\"Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maqrīzī\" . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batt_O%27Connor | Batt O'Connor | ["1 Early life","2 Political activities","3 References","4 External links","5 Bibliography"] | Irish Cumann na nGaedheal politician (1870–1935)
Batt O'ConnorO'Connor in 1920Teachta DálaIn officeMarch 1924 – 7 February 1935ConstituencyDublin County
Personal detailsBorn(1870-07-04)4 July 1870Brosna, County Kerry, IrelandDied7 February 1935(1935-02-07) (aged 64)Dublin, IrelandPolitical partyCumann na nGaedhealFine GaelSpouseBridget DennehyChildren3
Bartholomew O'Connor (4 July 1870 – 7 February 1935) was an Irish Cumann na nGaedheal (and later Fine Gael) politician. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for Dublin County from 1924 to 1935.
Early life
Batt O'Connor was born 4 July 1870 in Brosna, County Kerry, the son of mason Dan O'Connor and Ellen Curtin. At seventeen he left school to become a stonemason. In October 1893, aged twenty-three he went to Boston, where he stayed five years.
O'Connor describes participating in a Saint Patrick's Day parade in Providence, Rhode Island as a key moment in his coming to political consciousness: "I walked in the procession, and in the emotion I felt, walking as one of that vast crowd of Irish emigrants celebrating our national festival, I awoke to full consciousness of my love for my country. That awaking was one of the forces bringing me home, and it led me inevitably to the day when I joined the Gaelic League two years after my return, and to another memorable occasion when a few years later I took my oath to the Irish Republican Brotherhood by the graveside of Wolfe Tone."
On his return to Ireland, O'Connor moved to Dublin, where he soon established himself as a "speculative builder" constructing houses in Anglesea Road, Dolphins Barn, Eglington Road, and Donnybrook. O'Connor also built the houses on Brendan Road, and gave the street its name, eventually getting married and settling in No.1 Brendan Road.
Political activities
O'Connor joined the Gaelic League in 1900, through which he came into contact with many of the future leaders of the independence movement, including Tom Clarke and Seán Mac Diarmada. He was sworn into the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) in 1909. O'Connor enrolled in the Irish Volunteers in 1913, the same night as Éamon de Valera.
While not directly involved during the 1916 Easter Rising (he was at home in Brosna for the first week of it), O'Connor was recognised and arrested on his return to Dublin. He was sent to Kilmainham Gaol, then to Richmond Barracks, Wandsworth Prison and finally to Frongoch internment camp, in North Wales.
On his release in September 1916, O'Connor re-established his business and took up his political activities. During this period, O'Connor describes being asked by Clarke's widow to preserve writings on the wall of that house, which she held to be her husband's last message: 'We had to evacuate the GPO. The boys put up a grand fight, and that fight will save the soul of Ireland.' O'Connor had the whole square of plaster cut out intact and encased in a frame with a glass front (now on display in Collins Barracks).
O'Connor reconnected with members of the Keating Branch of the Gaelic League at 46 Parnell Square and took part in the re-organising of the fragmented IRB. He canvassed for by-elections in Kilkenny and Armagh on behalf of Sinn Féin candidates W. T. Cosgrave and Patrick McCartan.
O'Connor was involved with the revolutionary Sinn Féin party during the time of the First Dáil, handling money and hiding documents for Michael Collins. O'Connor purchased 76 Harcourt Street for Michael Collins, following a raid on the Sinn Féin Office at No. 6. There he installed a secret recess for private papers and means of escape through the skylight. When the recess escaped discovery following a raid, he went on to construct hiding places in many of the other houses used by the movement. In 5 Mespil Road, Collins' headquarters for over 15 months during the Irish War of Independence, O'Connor fitted a small cupboard in the woodwork beneath the kitchen stairs on the ground floor. Before leaving each evening, Collins would hide his papers here. When the house was finally raided in April 1921, the hideaway escaped detection. O'Connor was one of the shareholders of the National Land Bank which was set up in March 1920 at 68 Lower Leeson Street.
O'Connor played a role in the Dáil Loan (raised by Collins to fund the fledgling Dáil Éireann). According to O'Connor, the loan raised almost £400,000, of which £25,000 was in gold. The loan, which had been declared illegal, was lodged in the individual bank accounts of the trustees; the gold was kept under the floor of O'Connor's house until 1922.
O'Connor was instrumental in convincing Collins that he had to be part of the Irish team to be sent to London for the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations in autumn 1921.
By January 1922 O'Connor acknowledged war-weariness amongst the people. The Irish leaders realised that they could not drive the British "into the sea" as they had hoped. "Most of the commandants made a report of their fighting strength." They could "go on and fill up this whole page reports from the fighting men they all realized the resources of the country could not stand another year of war."
He took the pro-Treaty side during the subsequent split over the Anglo-Irish Treaty. During the Dáil debates, O'Connor called certain women "holy terrors" and spoke of "mud-slinging" and "name-calling." He was afraid of those six wild women in the Dáil who opposed to the Treaty. Ironically, it was O'Connor that had built the false wall in Nell Humphreys' house in Ballsbridge behind which IRA Assistant Chief of Staff Ernie O'Malley found refuge. O'Malley was severely wounded and captured there by pro-Treaty forces on 4 November after a shoot-out that cost a Free State soldier his life.
O'Connor was an unsuccessful candidate for Dáil Éireann at the 1923 general election, in the Dublin County constituency.
After the death in November 1923 of Cumann na nGaedheal TD Michael Derham, O'Connor was the Cumann na nGaedheal candidate at the Dublin County by-election on 19 March 1924, when he was elected to the 4th Dáil ahead of Seán MacEntee. He retained his seat at the next four general elections, joining Fine Gael when Cumann na nGaedheal merged in 1933 with the National Centre Party and the Blueshirts. He served as a Trustee of Cumann na nGaedheal.
He wrote a short memoir, "With Michael Collins In The Fight For Irish Independence," which was published in London by Peter Davies in 1929. Peadar O'Donnell remarked bitterly that it "was written in the strain of a garrulous war-widow who struts around in her old man's war medals, full of sighs and sidelong glances."
After O'Connor's death on 7 February 1935, the 1935 Dublin County by-election was won by Cecil Lavery of Fine Gael.
References
^ "Bartholomew O'Connor". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
^ a b Coleman, Marie. "O'Connor, Bartholomew". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
^ O'Connor, Batt. "With Michael Collins In The Fight For Irish Independence", 2nd ed., Millstreet: Aubane Historical Society, (p. 33).
^ O'Connor, Batt. "With Michael Collins In The Fight For Irish Independence", 2nd ed. (Millstreet: Aubane Historical Society), (pp. 75–76).
^ Obituaries: Mr. Batt O'Connor The Times. 12 February 1935.
^ O'Connor, Batt. "With Michael Collins In The Fight For Irish Independence", 2nd ed., Millstreet: Aubane Historical Society (pp. 96–97).
^ "The National Loan 1920". Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013. Collins 22 Society page on "The National Loan 1920".
^ O'Connor, Batt "With Michael Collins In The Fight For Irish Independence" 2nd ed., Millstreet: Aubane Historical Society (p. 87).
^ Tim Pat Coogan (1991). Michael Collins (London, Arrow Books), p. 228
^ Batt O'Connor to his sister Marie O'Connor on 22 Jan 1922. UCDA P68/4; Charles Townshend, "The Republic" (pp. 350–351).
^ Knirck, "Women of the Dail", (pp. 97–98).
^ UCDA P61/4(50), Brigid Gallogly questionnaire.
^ "Batt O'Connor". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
^ "By-election 1924: Dublin County". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
^ Cumann na nGaedheal advertisement. Freeman's Journal. 21 July 1923.
^ O’Donnell, Peadar "The Gates Flew Open" 1932 (chapter 5).
External links
Letters from Batt O'Connor (1870–1935) UCD Archives
Aubane Historical Society
Bibliography
University College Dublin Archives
Beaslai, Piaras, Michael Collins and the making of a New Ireland (Dublin 1926)
Coogan, Tim Pat, Eamon de Valera (London 1993)
Davies, Peter, With Michael Collins In The Fight For Irish Independence (London 1929)
Knirck, Jason, Women of the Dail: Gender, Republicanism and the Anglo-Irish Treaty (Dublin 2006)
O'Donnell, Peadar, The Gates Flew Open (Dublin 1932)
O'Malley, Ernie, Raids and Rallies (Dublin 1982)
Townshend, Charles, The Republic: The Fight For Irish Independence (London 2014)
vteTeachtaí Dála (TDs) for the Dublin County constituencyThis table is transcluded from Dublin County (Dáil constituency). (edit | history)
Dáil
Election
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
2nd
1921
Michael Derham(SF)
George Gavan Duffy(SF)
Séamus Dwyer(SF)
Desmond FitzGerald(SF)
Frank Lawless(SF)
Margaret Pearse(SF)
6 seats1921–1923
3rd
1922
Michael Derham(PT-SF)
George Gavan Duffy(PT-SF)
Thomas Johnson(Lab)
Desmond FitzGerald(PT-SF)
Darrell Figgis(Ind)
John Rooney(FP)
4th
1923
Michael Derham(CnaG)
Bryan Cooper(Ind)
Desmond FitzGerald(CnaG)
John Good(Ind)
Kathleen Lynn(Rep)
Kevin O'Higgins(CnaG)
1924 by-election
Batt O'Connor(CnaG)
1926 by-election
William Norton(Lab)
5th
1927 (Jun)
Patrick Belton(FF)
Seán MacEntee(FF)
1927 by-election
Gearóid O'Sullivan(CnaG)
6th
1927 (Sep)
Bryan Cooper(CnaG)
Joseph Murphy(Ind)
Seán Brady(FF)
1930 by-election
Thomas Finlay(CnaG)
7th
1932
Patrick Curran(Lab)
Henry Dockrell(CnaG)
8th
1933
John A. Costello(CnaG)
Margaret Mary Pearse(FF)
1935 by-election
Cecil Lavery(FG)
9th
1937
Henry Dockrell(FG)
Gerrard McGowan(Lab)
Patrick Fogarty(FF)
5 seats1937–1948
10th
1938
Patrick Belton(FG)
Thomas Mullen(FF)
11th
1943
Liam Cosgrave(FG)
James Tunney(Lab)
12th
1944
Patrick Burke(FF)
1947 by-election
Seán MacBride(CnaP)
13th
1948
Éamon Rooney(FG)
Seán Dunne(Lab)
3 seats1948–1961
14th
1951
15th
1954
16th
1957
Kevin Boland(FF)
17th
1961
Mark Clinton(FG)
Seán Dunne(Ind)
5 seats1961–1969
18th
1965
Des Foley(FF)
Seán Dunne(Lab)
19th
1969
Constituency abolished. See Dublin County North and Dublin County South
Authority control databases International
FAST
2
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
People
Ireland
Other
NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cumann na nGaedheal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal"},{"link_name":"Fine Gael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Gael"},{"link_name":"Teachta Dála","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"Dublin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oireachtas_db-1"}],"text":"Bartholomew O'Connor (4 July 1870 – 7 February 1935) was an Irish Cumann na nGaedheal (and later Fine Gael) politician. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for Dublin County from 1924 to 1935.[1]","title":"Batt O'Connor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kerry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dib-2"},{"link_name":"Saint Patrick's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Anglesea Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesea_Road"},{"link_name":"Dolphins Barn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphins_Barn"},{"link_name":"Donnybrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnybrook,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dib-2"}],"text":"Batt O'Connor was born 4 July 1870 in Brosna, County Kerry,[2] the son of mason Dan O'Connor and Ellen Curtin. At seventeen he left school to become a stonemason. In October 1893, aged twenty-three he went to Boston, where he stayed five years.O'Connor describes participating in a Saint Patrick's Day parade in Providence, Rhode Island as a key moment in his coming to political consciousness: \"I walked in the procession, and in the emotion I felt, walking as one of that vast crowd of Irish emigrants celebrating our national festival, I awoke to full consciousness of my love for my country. That awaking was one of the forces bringing me home, and it led me inevitably to the day when I joined the Gaelic League two years after my return, and to another memorable occasion when a few years later I took my oath to the Irish Republican Brotherhood by the graveside of Wolfe Tone.\"[3]On his return to Ireland, O'Connor moved to Dublin, where he soon established himself as a \"speculative builder\" constructing houses in Anglesea Road, Dolphins Barn, Eglington Road, and Donnybrook. O'Connor also built the houses on Brendan Road, and gave the street its name, eventually getting married and settling in No.1 Brendan Road.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"Seán Mac Diarmada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Irish Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Éamon de Valera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera"},{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"Kilmainham Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmainham_Gaol"},{"link_name":"Richmond Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Frongoch internment camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frongoch_internment_camp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Collins Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_Barracks,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Gaelic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge"},{"link_name":"W. T. Cosgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave"},{"link_name":"Patrick McCartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_McCartan"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"First Dáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"Michael Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dáil Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nell Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Humphreys"},{"link_name":"Ernie O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Dáil Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"1923 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"Dublin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)#1923_general_election"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elecs_irl-13"},{"link_name":"Michael Derham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Derham"},{"link_name":"Dublin County by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Dublin_County_by-election"},{"link_name":"4th Dáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_D%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"Seán MacEntee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacEntee"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ei-1924dc-14"},{"link_name":"Fine Gael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Gael"},{"link_name":"National Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Blueshirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueshirts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Peadar O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peadar_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"1935 Dublin County by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Dublin_County_by-election"},{"link_name":"Cecil Lavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Lavery"},{"link_name":"Fine Gael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Gael"}],"text":"O'Connor joined the Gaelic League in 1900, through which he came into contact with many of the future leaders of the independence movement, including Tom Clarke and Seán Mac Diarmada. He was sworn into the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) in 1909. O'Connor enrolled in the Irish Volunteers in 1913, the same night as Éamon de Valera.While not directly involved during the 1916 Easter Rising (he was at home in Brosna for the first week of it), O'Connor was recognised and arrested on his return to Dublin. He was sent to Kilmainham Gaol, then to Richmond Barracks, Wandsworth Prison and finally to Frongoch internment camp, in North Wales.On his release in September 1916, O'Connor re-established his business and took up his political activities. During this period, O'Connor describes being asked by Clarke's widow to preserve writings on the wall of that house, which she held to be her husband's last message: 'We had to evacuate the GPO. The boys put up a grand fight, and that fight will save the soul of Ireland.'[4] O'Connor had the whole square of plaster cut out intact and encased in a frame with a glass front (now on display in Collins Barracks).O'Connor reconnected with members of the Keating Branch of the Gaelic League at 46 Parnell Square and took part in the re-organising of the fragmented IRB. He canvassed for by-elections in Kilkenny and Armagh on behalf of Sinn Féin candidates W. T. Cosgrave and Patrick McCartan.O'Connor was involved with the revolutionary Sinn Féin party during the time of the First Dáil, handling money and hiding documents for Michael Collins.[5] O'Connor purchased 76 Harcourt Street for Michael Collins, following a raid on the Sinn Féin Office at No. 6. There he installed a secret recess for private papers and means of escape through the skylight. When the recess escaped discovery following a raid, he went on to construct hiding places in many of the other houses used by the movement. In 5 Mespil Road, Collins' headquarters for over 15 months during the Irish War of Independence, O'Connor fitted a small cupboard in the woodwork beneath the kitchen stairs on the ground floor. Before leaving each evening, Collins would hide his papers here. When the house was finally raided in April 1921, the hideaway escaped detection.[6] O'Connor was one of the shareholders of the National Land Bank which was set up in March 1920 at 68 Lower Leeson Street.O'Connor played a role in the Dáil Loan (raised by Collins to fund the fledgling Dáil Éireann).[7] According to O'Connor, the loan raised almost £400,000, of which £25,000 was in gold. The loan, which had been declared illegal, was lodged in the individual bank accounts of the trustees; the gold was kept under the floor of O'Connor's house until 1922.[8]O'Connor was instrumental in convincing Collins that he had to be part of the Irish team to be sent to London for the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations in autumn 1921.[9]By January 1922 O'Connor acknowledged war-weariness amongst the people. The Irish leaders realised that they could not drive the British \"into the sea\" as they had hoped. \"Most of the commandants made a report of their fighting strength.\" They could \"go on and fill up this whole page reports from the fighting men they all realized the resources of the country could not stand another year of war.\"[10]He took the pro-Treaty side during the subsequent split over the Anglo-Irish Treaty. During the Dáil debates, O'Connor called certain women \"holy terrors\" and spoke of \"mud-slinging\" and \"name-calling.\"[11] He was afraid of those six wild women in the Dáil who opposed to the Treaty.[12] Ironically, it was O'Connor that had built the false wall in Nell Humphreys' house in Ballsbridge behind which IRA Assistant Chief of Staff Ernie O'Malley found refuge. O'Malley was severely wounded and captured there by pro-Treaty forces on 4 November after a shoot-out that cost a Free State soldier his life.O'Connor was an unsuccessful candidate for Dáil Éireann at the 1923 general election, in the Dublin County constituency.[13]After the death in November 1923 of Cumann na nGaedheal TD Michael Derham, O'Connor was the Cumann na nGaedheal candidate at the Dublin County by-election on 19 March 1924, when he was elected to the 4th Dáil ahead of Seán MacEntee.[14] He retained his seat at the next four general elections, joining Fine Gael when Cumann na nGaedheal merged in 1933 with the National Centre Party and the Blueshirts. He served as a Trustee of Cumann na nGaedheal.[15]He wrote a short memoir, \"With Michael Collins In The Fight For Irish Independence,\" which was published in London by Peter Davies in 1929. Peadar O'Donnell remarked bitterly that it \"was written in the strain of a garrulous war-widow who struts around in her old man's war medals, full of sighs and sidelong glances.\"[16]After O'Connor's death on 7 February 1935, the 1935 Dublin County by-election was won by Cecil Lavery of Fine Gael.","title":"Political activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)/TDs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)/TDs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)/TDs"},{"link_name":"Teachtaí Dála","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"Dublin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"transcluded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion"},{"link_name":"Dublin County (Dáil constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)&action=history"},{"link_name":"Michael Derham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Derham"},{"link_name":"George Gavan Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gavan_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Séamus Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Dwyer"},{"link_name":"Desmond FitzGerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_FitzGerald_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Frank Lawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lawless"},{"link_name":"Margaret Pearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Pearse"},{"link_name":"Michael Derham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Derham"},{"link_name":"George Gavan Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gavan_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Thomas Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"Desmond FitzGerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_FitzGerald_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Darrell Figgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Figgis"},{"link_name":"John Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rooney_(Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"Michael Derham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Derham"},{"link_name":"Bryan Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Cooper_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Desmond FitzGerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_FitzGerald_(politician)"},{"link_name":"John Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Good_(Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Kevin O'Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%27Higgins"},{"link_name":"Batt O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"William Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Norton"},{"link_name":"Patrick Belton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Belton"},{"link_name":"Seán MacEntee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacEntee"},{"link_name":"Gearóid O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear%C3%B3id_O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Bryan Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Cooper_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murphy_(Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"Seán Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Brady_(Teachta_D%C3%A1la)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Finlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Finlay_(Cumann_na_nGaedheal_politician)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Curran_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Henry Dockrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgan_Dockrell"},{"link_name":"John A. Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Costello"},{"link_name":"Margaret Mary Pearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mary_Pearse"},{"link_name":"Cecil Lavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Lavery"},{"link_name":"Henry Dockrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgan_Dockrell"},{"link_name":"Gerrard McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrard_McGowan"},{"link_name":"Patrick Fogarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Fogarty"},{"link_name":"Patrick Belton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Belton"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mullen"},{"link_name":"Liam Cosgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Cosgrave"},{"link_name":"James Tunney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tunney_(Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Burke_(Dublin_politician)"},{"link_name":"Seán MacBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride"},{"link_name":"Éamon Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89amon_Rooney"},{"link_name":"Seán Dunne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Dunne_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Boland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Boland"},{"link_name":"Mark Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Seán Dunne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Dunne_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Des Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Foley"},{"link_name":"Seán Dunne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Dunne_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Dublin County North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_County_North_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dublin County South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_County_South_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4869658#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1597491/"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1638018/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000040933076"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/38766038"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfGRPjD8RKG9tWwjdW7HC"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004046641"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3318/dib.006582.v1"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10610983"}],"text":"University College Dublin Archives\nBeaslai, Piaras, Michael Collins and the making of a New Ireland (Dublin 1926)\nCoogan, Tim Pat, Eamon de Valera (London 1993)\nDavies, Peter, With Michael Collins In The Fight For Irish Independence (London 1929)\nKnirck, Jason, Women of the Dail: Gender, Republicanism and the Anglo-Irish Treaty (Dublin 2006)\nO'Donnell, Peadar, The Gates Flew Open (Dublin 1932)\nO'Malley, Ernie, Raids and Rallies (Dublin 1982)\nTownshend, Charles, The Republic: The Fight For Irish Independence (London 2014)vteTeachtaí Dála (TDs) for the Dublin County constituencyThis table is transcluded from Dublin County (Dáil constituency). (edit | history)\n\n\n\nDáil\nElection\nDeputy(Party)\nDeputy(Party)\nDeputy(Party)\nDeputy(Party)\nDeputy(Party)\nDeputy(Party)\nDeputy(Party)\nDeputy(Party)\n\n\n2nd\n1921\n\n\nMichael Derham(SF)\n\n\nGeorge Gavan Duffy(SF)\n\n\nSéamus Dwyer(SF)\n\n\nDesmond FitzGerald(SF)\n\n\nFrank Lawless(SF)\n\n\nMargaret Pearse(SF)\n\n6 seats1921–1923\n\n\n3rd\n1922\n\n\nMichael Derham(PT-SF)\n\n\nGeorge Gavan Duffy(PT-SF)\n\n\nThomas Johnson(Lab)\n\n\nDesmond FitzGerald(PT-SF)\n\n\nDarrell Figgis(Ind)\n\n\nJohn Rooney(FP)\n\n\n4th\n1923\n\n\nMichael Derham(CnaG)\n\n\nBryan Cooper(Ind)\n\n\nDesmond FitzGerald(CnaG)\n\n\nJohn Good(Ind)\n\n\nKathleen Lynn(Rep)\n\n\nKevin O'Higgins(CnaG)\n\n\n 1924 by-election\n\n\nBatt O'Connor(CnaG)\n\n\n 1926 by-election\n\n\nWilliam Norton(Lab)\n\n\n5th\n1927 (Jun)\n\n\nPatrick Belton(FF)\n\n\nSeán MacEntee(FF)\n\n\n 1927 by-election\n\n\nGearóid O'Sullivan(CnaG)\n\n\n6th\n1927 (Sep)\n\n\nBryan Cooper(CnaG)\n\n\nJoseph Murphy(Ind)\n\n\nSeán Brady(FF)\n\n\n 1930 by-election\n\n\nThomas Finlay(CnaG)\n\n\n7th\n1932\n\n\nPatrick Curran(Lab)\n\n\nHenry Dockrell(CnaG)\n\n\n8th\n1933\n\n\nJohn A. Costello(CnaG)\n\n\nMargaret Mary Pearse(FF)\n\n\n 1935 by-election\n\n\nCecil Lavery(FG)\n\n\n9th\n1937\n\n\nHenry Dockrell(FG)\n\n\nGerrard McGowan(Lab)\n\n\nPatrick Fogarty(FF)\n\n5 seats1937–1948\n\n\n10th\n1938\n\n\nPatrick Belton(FG)\n\n\nThomas Mullen(FF)\n\n\n11th\n1943\n\n\nLiam Cosgrave(FG)\n\n\nJames Tunney(Lab)\n\n\n12th\n1944\n\n\nPatrick Burke(FF)\n\n\n 1947 by-election\n\n\nSeán MacBride(CnaP)\n\n\n13th\n1948\n\n\nÉamon Rooney(FG)\n\n\nSeán Dunne(Lab)\n\n3 seats1948–1961\n\n\n14th\n1951\n\n\n15th\n1954\n\n\n16th\n1957\n\n\nKevin Boland(FF)\n\n\n17th\n1961\n\n\nMark Clinton(FG)\n\n\nSeán Dunne(Ind)\n\n5 seats1961–1969\n\n\n18th\n1965\n\n\nDes Foley(FF)\n\n\nSeán Dunne(Lab)\n\n\n19th\n1969\n\nConstituency abolished. See Dublin County North and Dublin County SouthAuthority control databases International\nFAST\n2\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nPeople\nIreland\nOther\nNARA","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bartholomew O'Connor\". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 18 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Bartholomew-O'Connor.D.1924-03-19/","url_text":"\"Bartholomew O'Connor\""}]},{"reference":"Coleman, Marie. \"O'Connor, Bartholomew\". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 22 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dib.ie/biography/oconnor-bartholomew-batt-phartalan-a6582","url_text":"\"O'Connor, Bartholomew\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Irish_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Irish Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"The National Loan 1920\". Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130515172519/http://generalmichaelcollins.com/National_Loan/National_Loan_1.html","url_text":"\"The National Loan 1920\""},{"url":"http://generalmichaelcollins.com/National_Loan/National_Loan_1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Batt O'Connor\". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 18 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=1240","url_text":"\"Batt O'Connor\""}]},{"reference":"\"By-election 1924: Dublin County\". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 11 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1923B&cons=88&ref=4","url_text":"\"By-election 1924: Dublin County\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Bartholomew-O'Connor.D.1924-03-19/","external_links_name":"\"Bartholomew O'Connor\""},{"Link":"https://www.dib.ie/biography/oconnor-bartholomew-batt-phartalan-a6582","external_links_name":"\"O'Connor, Bartholomew\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130515172519/http://generalmichaelcollins.com/National_Loan/National_Loan_1.html","external_links_name":"\"The National Loan 1920\""},{"Link":"http://generalmichaelcollins.com/National_Loan/National_Loan_1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=1240","external_links_name":"\"Batt O'Connor\""},{"Link":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1923B&cons=88&ref=4","external_links_name":"\"By-election 1924: Dublin County\""},{"Link":"http://www.ucd.ie/archives/html/collections/oconnor-batt.html","external_links_name":"Letters from Batt O'Connor (1870–1935) UCD Archives"},{"Link":"http://aubanehistoricalsociety.org/","external_links_name":"Aubane Historical Society"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)&action=history","external_links_name":"history"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1597491/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1638018/","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000040933076","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38766038","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfGRPjD8RKG9tWwjdW7HC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004046641","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.006582.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10610983","external_links_name":"NARA"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosomatic_Disorder | Somatic symptom disorder | ["1 Signs and symptoms","1.1 Comorbidities","1.2 Complications","2 Causes","2.1 Psychological","2.2 Psychosocial","2.3 Physiological","2.4 Genetic","3 Diagnosis","3.1 Somatic Symptom Scale – 8","3.2 DSM-5","3.3 International Classification of Diseases","3.4 Differential diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 Outlook","6 Epidemiology","7 History","8 Controversy","8.1 Misdiagnosis","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading"] | Medical conditionSomatic symptom disorderOther namesSomatoform disorderSpecialtyPsychiatry, psychologySymptomsMaladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in response to chronic physical symptoms.ComplicationsReduced functioning, unemployment, financial stress, and interpersonal difficulties.Usual onsetOften, not always, begins in childhood.DurationAt least six months.CausesHeightened awareness of bodily sensations and the tendency to misinterpret bodily sensations.Risk factorsChildhood neglect and abuse, chaotic lifestyle, history of substance and alcohol abuse, and psychosocial stressors.Diagnostic methodPsychiatric assessment.Differential diagnosisAdjustment disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, conversion disorder, and illness anxiety disorder.TreatmentCognitive-behavioral therapy, psychiatric medication, and brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy.MedicationSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.PrognosisOften chronic but can be managed with the proper treatment.FrequencyAbout 13–23% of the general population.
Somatic symptom disorder, also known as somatoform disorder, is defined by one or more chronic physical symptoms that coincide with excessive and maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors connected to those symptoms. The symptoms are not deliberately produced or feigned, and they may or may not coexist with a known medical ailment.
Manifestations of somatic symptom disorder are variable; symptoms can be widespread, specific, and often fluctuate. Somatic symptom disorder corresponds to the way an individual views and reacts to symptoms as rather than the symptoms themselves. Somatic symptom disorder may develop in those who suffer from an existing chronic illness or medical condition.
Several studies have found a high rate of comorbidity with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobias. Somatic symptom disorder is frequently associated with functional pain syndromes like fibromyalgia and IBS. Somatic symptom disorder typically leads to poor functioning, interpersonal issues, unemployment or problems at work, and financial strain as a result of excessive health-care visits.
The cause of somatic symptom disorder is unknown. Symptoms may result from a heightened awareness of specific physical sensations paired with a tendency to interpret these experiences as signs of a medical ailment. The diagnosis is controversial, as people with a medical illness can be mislabeled as mentally ill. This is especially true for women, who are more often dismissed when they present with physical symptoms.
Signs and symptoms
Somatic symptom disorder can be detected by an ambiguous and often inconsistent history of symptoms that are rarely relieved by medical treatments. Additional signs of somatic symptom disorder include interpreting normal sensations for medical ailments, avoiding physical activity, being disproportionately sensitive to medication side effects, and seeking medical care from several physicians for the same concerns.
Manifestations of somatic symptom disorder are highly variable. Recurrent ailments usually begin before the age of 30; most patients have many somatic symptoms, while others only experience one. The severity may fluctuate, but symptoms rarely go away completely for long periods of time. Symptoms might be specific, such as regional pain and localized sensations, or general, such as fatigue, muscle aches, and malaise.
Those suffering from somatic symptom disorder experience recurring and obsessive feelings and thoughts concerning their well-being. Common examples include severe anxiety regarding potential ailments, misinterpreting normal sensations as indications of severe illness, believing that symptoms are dangerous and serious despite lacking medical basis, claiming that medical evaluations and treatment have been inadequate, fearing that engaging in physical activity will harm the body, and spending a disproportionate amount of time thinking about symptoms.
Somatic symptoms disorder pertains to how an individual interprets and responds to symptoms as opposed to the symptoms themselves. Somatic symptom disorder can occur even in those who have an underlying chronic illness or medical condition. When a somatic symptom disorder coexists with another medical ailment, people overreact to the ailment's adverse effects. They may be unresponsive toward treatment or unusually sensitive to drug side effects. Those with somatic symptom disorder who also have another physical ailment may experience significant impairment that is not expected from the condition.
Comorbidities
Most research that looked at additional mental illnesses or self-reported psychopathological symptoms among those with somatic symptom disorder identified significant rates of comorbidity with depression and anxiety, but other psychiatric comorbidities were not usually looked at. Major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobias were the most common concurrent conditions.
In studies evaluating different physical ailments, 41.5% of people with semantic dementia, 11.2% of subjects with Alzheimer's disease, 25% of female patients suffering from non-HIV lipodystrophy, and 18.5% of patients with congestive heart failure fulfilled somatic symptom disorder criteria. 25.6% of fibromyalgia patients met the somatic symptom disorder criteria exhibited higher depression rates than those who did not. In one study, 28.8% of those with somatic symptom disorder had asthma, 23.1% had a heart condition, and 13.5% had gout, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis.
Complications
Alcohol and drug abuse are frequently observed, and sometimes used to alleviate symptoms, increasing the risk of dependence on controlled substances. Other complications include poor functioning, problems with relationships, unemployment or difficulties at work, and financial stress due to excessive hospital visits.
Causes
Somatic symptoms can stem from a heightened awareness of sensations in the body, alongside the tendency to interpret those sensations as ailments. Studies suggest that risk factors of somatic symptoms include childhood neglect, sexual abuse, a chaotic lifestyle, and a history of substance and alcohol abuse. Psychosocial stressors, such as unemployment and reduced job performance, may also be risk factors. There could also be a genetic element. A study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins found that genetic components contributed 7% to 21% of somatic symptoms, with the remainder related to environmental factors. In another study, various single nucleotide polymorphisms were linked to somatic symptoms.
Psychological
Evidence suggests that along with more broad factors such as early childhood trauma or insecure attachment, negative psychological factors including catastrophizing, negative affectivity, rumination, avoidance, health anxiety, or a poor physical self-concept have a significant impact on the shift from unproblematic somatic symptoms to a severely debilitating somatic symptom disorder. Those who experience more negative psychological characteristics may regard medically unexplained symptoms to be more threatening and, therefore, exhibit stronger cognitive, emotional, and behavioral awareness of such symptoms. In addition, evidence suggests that negative psychological factors have a significant impact on the impairments and behaviors of people suffering from somatic symptom disorder, as well as the long-term stability of such symptoms.
Psychosocial
Psychosocial stresses and cultural norms influence how patients present to their physicians. American and Koreans engaged in a study to measure somatization within the cultural context. It was discovered that Korean participants used more body-related phrases while discussing their connections with stressful events and experienced more sympathy when asked to read texts using somatic expressions when discussing their emotions.
Those raised in environments where expressing emotions during stages of development is discouraged face the highest risk of somatization. In primary care settings, studies indicated that somaticizing patients had much greater rates of unemployment and decreased occupational functioning than non-somaticizing patients.
Traumatic life events may cause the development of somatic symptom disorder. Most people with somatic symptom disorder originate from dysfunctional homes. A meta-analysis study revealed a connection between sexual abuse and functional gastrointestinal syndromes, chronic pain, non-epileptic seizures, and chronic pelvic pain.
Physiological
The hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) has a crucial role in stress response. While the HPA axis may become more active with depression, there is evidence of hypocortisolism in somatization. In somatic disorder, there is a negative connection between elevated pain scores and 5-hydroxy indol acetic acid (5-HIAA) and tryptophan levels.
It has been suggested that proinflammatory processes may have a role in somatic symptom disorder, such as an increase of non-specific somatic symptoms and sensitivity to painful stimuli. Proinflammatory activation and anterior cingulate cortex activity have been shown to be linked in those who experienced stressful life events for an extended period of time. It is further claimed that increased activity of the anterior cingulate cortex, which acts as a bridge between attention and emotion, leads to increased sensitivity of unwanted stimuli and bodily sensations.
Pain is a multifaceted experience, not just a sensation. While nociception refers to afferent neural activity that transmits sensory information in response to stimuli that may cause tissue damage, pain is a conscious experience requiring cortical activity and can occur in the absence of nociception. Those with somatic symptoms are thought to exaggerate their somatic symptoms through choice perception and perceive them in accordance with an ailment. This idea has been identified as a cognitive style known as "somatosensorial amplification". The term "central sensitization" has been created to describe the neurobiological notion that those predisposed to somatization have an overly sensitive neural network. Harmless and mild stimuli stimulate the nociceptive specific dorsal horn cells after central sensitization. As a result, pain is felt in response to stimuli that would not typically cause pain.
Genetic
Genetic investigations have suggested modifications connected to the monoaminergic system, in particular, may be relevant while a shared genetic source remains unknown. Researchers take into account the various processes involved in the development of somatic symptoms as well as the interactions between various biological and psychosocial factors. Given the high occurrence of trauma, particularly throughout childhood, it has been suggested that the epigenetic changes could be explanatory. Another study found that the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) is hypomethylated in those with somatic symptom disorder and in those with depression.
Diagnosis
Because those with somatic syndrome disorder typically have comprehensive previous workups, minimal laboratory testing is encouraged. Excessive testing increases the possibility of false-positive results, which may result in further interventions, associated risks, and greater expenses. While some practitioners order tests to reassure patients, research shows that diagnostic testing fails to alleviate somatic symptoms.
Specific tests, such as thyroid function assessments, urine drug screens, restricted blood studies, and minimal radiological imaging, may be conducted to rule out somatization because of medical issues.
Somatic Symptom Scale – 8
Main article: Somatic Symptom Scale - 8
The Somatic Symptom Scale – 8 (SSS-8) is a short self-report questionnaire that is used to evaluate somatic symptoms. It examines the perceived severity of common somatic symptoms. The SSS-8 is a condensed version of the well-known Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15).
On a five-point scale, respondents rate how much stomach or digestive issues, back discomfort, pain in the legs, arms, or joints, headaches, chest pain or shortness of breath, dizziness, feeling tired or having low energy, and trouble sleeping impacted them in the preceding seven days. Ratings are added together to provide a sum score that ranges from 0 to 32 points.
DSM-5
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) modified the entry titled "somatoform disorders" to "somatic symptom and related disorders", and modified other diagnostic labels and criteria.
The DSM-5 criteria for somatic symptom disorder includes "one or more somatic symptoms which are distressing or result in substantial impairment of daily life". Additional criteria, often known as B criteria, include "excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors regarding somatic symptoms or corresponding health concerns manifested by disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the severity of one's symptoms". It continues: "Although any one somatic symptom might not be consistently present, one's state of being symptomatic is continuous (typically lasting more than 6 months)."
The DSM includes five distinct descriptions for somatic symptom disorder. These include somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain, formally referred to as pain disorder, as well as classifications for mild, moderate, and severe symptoms.
International Classification of Diseases
The ICD-11 classifies somatic symptoms as "Bodily distress disorder". Bodily distress disorder is characterized by the presence of distressing bodily symptoms and excessive attention devoted to those symptoms. The ICD-11 further specifies that if another health condition is causing or contributing to the symptoms, the level of attention must be clearly excessive in relation to the nature and course of the condition.
Differential diagnosis
Somatic syndrome disorder's widespread, non-specific symptoms may conceal and mimic the manifestations of other medical disorders, making diagnosis and therapy challenging. Adjustment disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and illness anxiety disorder may all exhibit excessive and exaggerated emotional and behavioral responses. Other functional diseases with unknown etiology, such as fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome, tend not to present with excessive thoughts, feelings, or maladaptive behavior.
Somatic symptom disorder overlaps with illness anxiety disorder and conversion disorder. Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by an obsession with having or developing a dangerous, undetected medical ailment, despite the absence of bodily symptoms. Conversion disorder may present with one or more symptoms of various sorts. Motor symptoms involve weakness or paralysis; aberrant movements including tremor or dystonic movements; abnormal gait patterns; and abnormal limb posture. The presenting symptom in conversion disorder is loss of function, but in somatic symptom disorder, the emphasis is on the discomfort that specific symptoms produce. Conversion disorder often lacks the overwhelming thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize somatic symptom disorder.
Treatment
Rather than focusing on treating the symptoms, the key objective is to support the patient in coping with symptoms, including both physical symptoms and psychological/behavioral (such as health anxiety and harmful behaviors).
Early psychiatric treatment is advised. Evidence suggests that SSRIs and SNRIs can lower pain perception. Because the somatic symptomatic may have a low threshold for adverse reactions, medication should be started at the lowest possible dose and gradually increased to produce a therapeutic effect.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been linked to significant improvements in patient-reported function and somatic symptoms, a reduction in health-care expenses, and a reduction in symptoms of depression. Furthermore, brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy (PIT) for patients with somatic symptom disorder has been proven to improve the physical quality of life in patients with many, difficult-to-treat, medically unexplained symptoms over time
CBT can help in some of the following ways:
Learn to reduce stress
Learn to cope with physical symptoms
Learn to deal with depression and other psychological issues
Improve quality of life
Reduce preoccupation with symptom
Outlook
Somatic symptom disorder is typically persistent, with symptoms that wax and wane. Chronic limitations in general function, substantial psychological impairment, and a reduction in quality of life are all common. Some investigations suggest people can recover; the natural history of the illnesses implies that around 50% to 75% of patients with medically unexplained symptoms improve, whereas 10% to 30% deteriorate. Fewer physical symptoms and better baseline functioning are stronger prognostic indicators. A strong, positive relationship between the physician and the patient is crucial, and it should be accompanied by frequent, supportive visits to avoid the temptation to medicate or test when these interventions are not obviously necessary.
Epidemiology
Somatic symptom disorder affects 5% to 7% of the general population, with a higher female representation, and can arise throughout childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. Evidence suggests that the emergence of prodromal symptoms often begins in childhood and that symptoms fitting the criteria for somatic symptom disorder are common during adolescence. A community study of adolescents found that 5% had persistent distressing physical symptoms paired with psychological concerns. In the primary care patient population, the rate rises to around 17%. Patients with functional illnesses such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome have a greater prevalence of somatic symptom disorder. The reported frequency of somatic symptom disorder, as defined by DSM-5 criteria, ranges from 25 to 60% among these patients.
History
Somatization is an idea that physicians have been attempting to comprehend since the dawn of time. The Egyptians and Sumerians were reported to have utilized the notions of melancholia and hysteria as early as 2600 BC. For many years, somatization was used in conjunction with the terms hysteria, melancholia, and hypochondriasis.
During the 17th century, knowledge of the central nervous system grew, giving rise to the notion that numerous inexplicable illnesses could be linked to the brain. Thomas Willis, widely regarded as the father of neurology, recognized hysteria in women and hypochondria in males as brain disorders. Thomas Sydenham contributed significantly to the belief that hysteria and hypochondria are mental rather than physical illnesses. The term "English Malady" was used by George Cheyne to denote that hysteria and hypochondriasis are brain and/or mind-related disorders.
Wilhelm Stekel, a German psychoanalyst, was the first to introduce the term somatization, and Paul Briquet was the first to characterize what is now known as Somatic symptom disorder. Briquet reported respondents who had been unwell for most of their lives and complained of a variety of symptoms from various organ systems. Despite many appointments, hospitalizations, and tests, symptoms continue. Somatization disorder was later dubbed "Briquet Syndrome" in his honor. Over time, the concept of hysteria was used in place of a personality or character type, conversion responses, phobia, and anxiety to accompany psychoneuroses, and its incorporation in everyday English as a negative word led to a distancing from this concept.
Controversy
Somatic symptom disorder has long been a contentious diagnosis because it was based solely on negative criteria, namely the absence of a medical explanation for the presenting physical problems. As a result, any person suffering from a poorly understood illness may meet the criteria for this psychological diagnosis, regardless of whether they exhibit psychiatric symptoms in the traditional sense.
Misdiagnosis
In the opinion of Allen Frances, chair of the DSM-IV task force, the DSM-5's somatic symptom disorder brings with it a risk of mislabeling a sizable proportion of the population as mentally ill. Millions of people could be mislabeled, with the burden falling disproportionately on women, because they are more likely to be casually dismissed as 'catastrophizers' when presenting with physical symptoms.
See also
Conversion Disorder
Jurosomatic illness
Munchausen syndrome
Nocebo
Psychosomatic medicine
Psychoneuroimmunology
Functional neurological disorder
References
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^ Hasin, Deborah; Katz, Hila (December 2007). "Somatoform and substance use disorders". Psychosomatic Medicine. 69 (9): 870–875. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815b00d7. ISSN 1534-7796. PMID 18040097. S2CID 1280316.
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^ Klaus, Kristina; Rief, Winfried; Brähler, Elmar; Martin, Alexandra; Glaesmer, Heide; Mewes, Ricarda (November 2015). "Validating psychological classification criteria in the context of somatoform disorders: A one- and four-year follow-up". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 124 (4): 1092–1101. doi:10.1037/abn0000085. ISSN 1939-1846. PMID 26280303.
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Further reading
Suzanne O'Sullivan (2017). Is It All in Your Head?: True Stories of Imaginary Illness. Other Press. ISBN 978-1590517956.
ClassificationDICD-10: F45ICD-9-CM: 300.8MeSH: D013001DiseasesDB: 1645External resourceseMedicine: med/3527
vteMental disorders (Classification)Adult personality and behaviorSexual
Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
Paraphilia
Fetishism
Voyeurism
Sexual maturation disorder
Sexual relationship disorder
Other
Factitious disorder
Munchausen syndrome
Gender dysphoria
Intermittent explosive disorder
Dermatillomania
Kleptomania
Pyromania
Trichotillomania
Personality disorder
Childhood and learningEmotional and behavioral
ADHD
Conduct disorder
ODD
Emotional and behavioral disorders
Separation anxiety disorder
Movement disorders
Stereotypic
Social functioning
DAD
RAD
Selective mutism
Speech
Cluttering
Stuttering
Tic disorder
Tourette syndrome
Intellectual disability
X-linked intellectual disability
Lujan–Fryns syndrome
Psychological development(developmental disabilities)
Pervasive
Specific
Mood (affective)
Bipolar
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Bipolar NOS
Cyclothymia
Depression
Atypical depression
Dysthymia
Major depressive disorder
Melancholic depression
Seasonal affective disorder
Mania
Neurological and symptomaticAutism spectrum
Autism
Asperger syndrome
High-functioning autism
PDD-NOS
Savant syndrome
Dementia
AIDS dementia complex
Alzheimer's disease
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Frontotemporal dementia
Huntington's disease
Mild cognitive impairment
Parkinson's disease
Pick's disease
Sundowning
Vascular dementia
Wandering
Other
Delirium
Organic brain syndrome
Post-concussion syndrome
Neurotic, stress-related and somatoformAdjustment
Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
AnxietyPhobia
Agoraphobia
Social anxiety
Social phobia
Anthropophobia
Specific social phobia
Specific phobia
Claustrophobia
Other
Generalized anxiety disorder
OCD
Panic attack
Panic disorder
Stress
Acute stress reaction
PTSD
Dissociative
Depersonalization-derealization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative fugue
Psychogenic amnesia
Somatic symptom
Body dysmorphic disorder
Conversion disorder
Ganser syndrome
Globus pharyngis
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
False pregnancy
Hypochondriasis
Mass psychogenic illness
Nosophobia
Psychogenic pain
Somatization disorder
Physiological and physical behaviorEating
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Rumination syndrome
Other specified feeding or eating disorder
Nonorganic sleep
Hypersomnia
Insomnia
Parasomnia
Night terror
Nightmare
REM sleep behavior disorder
Postnatal
Postpartum depression
Postpartum psychosis
Sexual desire
Hypersexuality
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related
Drug overdose
Intoxication
Physical dependence
Rebound effect
Stimulant psychosis
Substance dependence
Withdrawal
Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusionalDelusional
Delusional disorder
Folie à deux
Psychosis andschizophrenia-like
Brief reactive psychosis
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophreniform disorder
Schizophrenia
Childhood schizophrenia
Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
Simple-type schizophrenia
Other
Catatonia
Symptoms and uncategorized
Impulse-control disorder
Klüver–Bucy syndrome
Psychomotor agitation
Stereotypy
Authority control databases: National
Spain
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BnF data
Germany
Israel
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maladaptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladaptation"},{"link_name":"feigned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feigned_disease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merck-1"},{"link_name":"chronic illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_condition"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayo-9"},{"link_name":"major depressive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"generalized anxiety disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder"},{"link_name":"phobias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comorbid-10"},{"link_name":"functional pain syndromes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_pain"},{"link_name":"fibromyalgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia"},{"link_name":"IBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fibromyalgia1-11"},{"link_name":"interpersonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship"},{"link_name":"unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayo-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatPearls-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frances_A_2013_f1580-12"}],"text":"Somatic symptom disorder, also known as somatoform disorder, is defined by one or more chronic physical symptoms that coincide with excessive and maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors connected to those symptoms. The symptoms are not deliberately produced or feigned, and they may or may not coexist with a known medical ailment.[1]Manifestations of somatic symptom disorder are variable; symptoms can be widespread, specific, and often fluctuate. Somatic symptom disorder corresponds to the way an individual views and reacts to symptoms as rather than the symptoms themselves. Somatic symptom disorder may develop in those who suffer from an existing chronic illness or medical condition.[9]Several studies have found a high rate of comorbidity with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobias.[10] Somatic symptom disorder is frequently associated with functional pain syndromes like fibromyalgia and IBS.[11] Somatic symptom disorder typically leads to poor functioning, interpersonal issues, unemployment or problems at work, and financial strain as a result of excessive health-care visits.[9]The cause of somatic symptom disorder is unknown. Symptoms may result from a heightened awareness of specific physical sensations paired with a tendency to interpret these experiences as signs of a medical ailment.[2] The diagnosis is controversial, as people with a medical illness can be mislabeled as mentally ill. 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Additional signs of somatic symptom disorder include interpreting normal sensations for medical ailments, avoiding physical activity, being disproportionately sensitive to medication side effects, and seeking medical care from several physicians for the same concerns.[2]Manifestations of somatic symptom disorder are highly variable. Recurrent ailments usually begin before the age of 30; most patients have many somatic symptoms, while others only experience one. The severity may fluctuate, but symptoms rarely go away completely for long periods of time.[1] Symptoms might be specific, such as regional pain and localized sensations, or general, such as fatigue, muscle aches, and malaise.[9]Those suffering from somatic symptom disorder experience recurring and obsessive feelings and thoughts concerning their well-being. Common examples include severe anxiety regarding potential ailments, misinterpreting normal sensations as indications of severe illness, believing that symptoms are dangerous and serious despite lacking medical basis, claiming that medical evaluations and treatment have been inadequate, fearing that engaging in physical activity will harm the body, and spending a disproportionate amount of time thinking about symptoms.[9]Somatic symptoms disorder pertains to how an individual interprets and responds to symptoms as opposed to the symptoms themselves. Somatic symptom disorder can occur even in those who have an underlying chronic illness or medical condition.[9] When a somatic symptom disorder coexists with another medical ailment, people overreact to the ailment's adverse effects. They may be unresponsive toward treatment or unusually sensitive to drug side effects. Those with somatic symptom disorder who also have another physical ailment may experience significant impairment that is not expected from the condition.[1]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mental illnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder"},{"link_name":"comorbidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comorbidity"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatPearls-2"},{"link_name":"Major depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"generalized anxiety disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder"},{"link_name":"phobias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comorbid-10"},{"link_name":"semantic dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_dementia"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dementia-13"},{"link_name":"non-HIV lipodystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipodystrophy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lipodystrophy-14"},{"link_name":"congestive heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heart-15"},{"link_name":"fibromyalgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fibromyalgia1-11"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"heart condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"gout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"osteoarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hypochondriasis-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-empiricalevidence-17"}],"sub_title":"Comorbidities","text":"Most research that looked at additional mental illnesses or self-reported psychopathological symptoms among those with somatic symptom disorder identified significant rates of comorbidity with depression and anxiety, but other psychiatric comorbidities were not usually looked at.[2] Major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobias were the most common concurrent conditions.[10]In studies evaluating different physical ailments, 41.5% of people with semantic dementia, 11.2% of subjects with Alzheimer's disease,[13] 25% of female patients suffering from non-HIV lipodystrophy,[14] and 18.5% of patients with congestive heart failure[15] fulfilled somatic symptom disorder criteria. 25.6% of fibromyalgia patients met the somatic symptom disorder criteria exhibited higher depression rates than those who did not.[11] In one study, 28.8% of those with somatic symptom disorder had asthma, 23.1% had a heart condition, and 13.5% had gout, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis.[16][17]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_abuse"},{"link_name":"drug abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"dependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence"},{"link_name":"controlled substances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_substance"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-substances-18"},{"link_name":"unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayo-9"}],"sub_title":"Complications","text":"Alcohol and drug abuse are frequently observed, and sometimes used to alleviate symptoms, increasing the risk of dependence on controlled substances.[18] Other complications include poor functioning, problems with relationships, unemployment or difficulties at work, and financial stress due to excessive hospital visits.[9]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ailments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease"},{"link_name":"childhood neglect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_neglect"},{"link_name":"sexual abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afp-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-personality-5"},{"link_name":"Psychosocial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosocial"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatPearls-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disability-19"},{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"monozygotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin"},{"link_name":"dizygotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin"},{"link_name":"environmental factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_factors_of_mental_health"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twins-20"},{"link_name":"single nucleotide polymorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatPearls-2"}],"text":"Somatic symptoms can stem from a heightened awareness of sensations in the body, alongside the tendency to interpret those sensations as ailments. Studies suggest that risk factors of somatic symptoms include childhood neglect, sexual abuse, a chaotic lifestyle, and a history of substance and alcohol abuse.[4][5] Psychosocial stressors, such as unemployment and reduced job performance, may also be risk factors.[2][19] There could also be a genetic element. A study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins found that genetic components contributed 7% to 21% of somatic symptoms, with the remainder related to environmental factors.[20] In another study, various single nucleotide polymorphisms were linked to somatic symptoms.[2]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"childhood trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_trauma"},{"link_name":"insecure attachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_theory"},{"link_name":"catastrophizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaggeration"},{"link_name":"negative affectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_affectivity"},{"link_name":"rumination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumination_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"avoidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidance_coping"},{"link_name":"health anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis"},{"link_name":"physical self-concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-concept"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-empiricalevidence-17"},{"link_name":"medically unexplained symptoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_unexplained_physical_symptoms"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recentdevelop-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-followup-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cogandbehave-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PsychosomaticMedicine-24"}],"sub_title":"Psychological","text":"Evidence suggests that along with more broad factors such as early childhood trauma or insecure attachment, negative psychological factors including catastrophizing, negative affectivity, rumination, avoidance, health anxiety, or a poor physical self-concept have a significant impact on the shift from unproblematic somatic symptoms to a severely debilitating somatic symptom disorder.[17] Those who experience more negative psychological characteristics may regard medically unexplained symptoms to be more threatening and, therefore, exhibit stronger cognitive, emotional, and behavioral awareness of such symptoms.[21] In addition, evidence suggests that negative psychological factors have a significant impact on the impairments and behaviors of people suffering from somatic symptom disorder, as well as the long-term stability of such symptoms.[22][23][24]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psychosocial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosocial"},{"link_name":"cultural norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_norm"},{"link_name":"physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"somatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatization"},{"link_name":"cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"sympathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"},{"link_name":"primary care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care"},{"link_name":"occupational functioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afp-4"},{"link_name":"dysfunctional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_family"},{"link_name":"meta-analysis study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis"},{"link_name":"chronic pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pain"},{"link_name":"non-epileptic seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-epileptic_seizure"},{"link_name":"chronic pelvic pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_pain"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"}],"sub_title":"Psychosocial","text":"Psychosocial stresses and cultural norms influence how patients present to their physicians. American and Koreans engaged in a study to measure somatization within the cultural context. It was discovered that Korean participants used more body-related phrases while discussing their connections with stressful events and experienced more sympathy when asked to read texts using somatic expressions when discussing their emotions.[25]Those raised in environments where expressing emotions during stages of development is discouraged face the highest risk of somatization.[25] In primary care settings, studies indicated that somaticizing patients had much greater rates of unemployment and decreased occupational functioning than non-somaticizing patients.[4]Traumatic life events may cause the development of somatic symptom disorder. Most people with somatic symptom disorder originate from dysfunctional homes. A meta-analysis study revealed a connection between sexual abuse and functional gastrointestinal syndromes, chronic pain, non-epileptic seizures, and chronic pelvic pain.[25]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis"},{"link_name":"stress response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response"},{"link_name":"HPA axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis"},{"link_name":"hypocortisolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hpa-26"},{"link_name":"5-hydroxy indol acetic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Hydroxyindoleacetic_acid"},{"link_name":"tryptophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"},{"link_name":"proinflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"stimuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proinflammatory-27"},{"link_name":"Proinflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"anterior cingulate cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cingulate-28"},{"link_name":"Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain"},{"link_name":"nociception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception"},{"link_name":"neural activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmission"},{"link_name":"sensory information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense"},{"link_name":"tissue damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cortical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"},{"link_name":"cognitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somatosensorialamplification-29"},{"link_name":"central sensitization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_sensitization"},{"link_name":"neurobiological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"neural network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network"},{"link_name":"stimuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)"},{"link_name":"nociceptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception"},{"link_name":"dorsal horn cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_grey_column"},{"link_name":"central sensitization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_sensitization"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"}],"sub_title":"Physiological","text":"The hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) has a crucial role in stress response. While the HPA axis may become more active with depression, there is evidence of hypocortisolism in somatization.[26] In somatic disorder, there is a negative connection between elevated pain scores and 5-hydroxy indol acetic acid (5-HIAA) and tryptophan levels.[25]It has been suggested that proinflammatory processes may have a role in somatic symptom disorder, such as an increase of non-specific somatic symptoms and sensitivity to painful stimuli.[27] Proinflammatory activation and anterior cingulate cortex activity have been shown to be linked in those who experienced stressful life events for an extended period of time. It is further claimed that increased activity of the anterior cingulate cortex, which acts as a bridge between attention and emotion, leads to increased sensitivity of unwanted stimuli and bodily sensations.[28]Pain is a multifaceted experience, not just a sensation. While nociception refers to afferent neural activity that transmits sensory information in response to stimuli that may cause tissue damage, pain is a conscious experience requiring cortical activity and can occur in the absence of nociception.[25] Those with somatic symptoms are thought to exaggerate their somatic symptoms through choice perception and perceive them in accordance with an ailment. This idea has been identified as a cognitive style known as \"somatosensorial amplification\".[29] The term \"central sensitization\" has been created to describe the neurobiological notion that those predisposed to somatization have an overly sensitive neural network. Harmless and mild stimuli stimulate the nociceptive specific dorsal horn cells after central sensitization. As a result, pain is felt in response to stimuli that would not typically cause pain.[25]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monoaminergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoaminergic"},{"link_name":"biological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"},{"link_name":"epigenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epigenetics-30"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoid receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor"},{"link_name":"NR3C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor"},{"link_name":"hypomethylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomethylating_agent"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"}],"sub_title":"Genetic","text":"Genetic investigations have suggested modifications connected to the monoaminergic system, in particular, may be relevant while a shared genetic source remains unknown. Researchers take into account the various processes involved in the development of somatic symptoms as well as the interactions between various biological and psychosocial factors.[25] Given the high occurrence of trauma, particularly throughout childhood, it has been suggested that the epigenetic changes could be explanatory.[30] Another study found that the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) is hypomethylated in those with somatic symptom disorder and in those with depression.[25]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laboratory testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_test"},{"link_name":"false-positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positives_and_false_negatives"},{"link_name":"diagnostic testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_test"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatPearls-2"},{"link_name":"thyroid function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests"},{"link_name":"urine drug screens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_test"},{"link_name":"radiological imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatPearls-2"}],"text":"Because those with somatic syndrome disorder typically have comprehensive previous workups, minimal laboratory testing is encouraged. Excessive testing increases the possibility of false-positive results, which may result in further interventions, associated risks, and greater expenses. While some practitioners order tests to reassure patients, research shows that diagnostic testing fails to alleviate somatic symptoms.[2]Specific tests, such as thyroid function assessments, urine drug screens, restricted blood studies, and minimal radiological imaging, may be conducted to rule out somatization because of medical issues.[2]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Somatic Symptom Scale – 8 (SSS-8)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_Symptom_Scale_-_8"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sss8-31"},{"link_name":"SSS-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_Symptom_Scale_-_8"},{"link_name":"Patient Health Questionnaire-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Health_Questionnaire"},{"link_name":"PHQ-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phq9_questionnaire"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sss8valid-32"},{"link_name":"stomach or digestive issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease"},{"link_name":"back discomfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_pain"},{"link_name":"joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgia"},{"link_name":"headaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache"},{"link_name":"chest pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_pain"},{"link_name":"shortness of breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath"},{"link_name":"dizziness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizziness"},{"link_name":"feeling tired or having low energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue"},{"link_name":"trouble sleeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sss8-31"}],"sub_title":"Somatic Symptom Scale – 8","text":"The Somatic Symptom Scale – 8 (SSS-8) is a short self-report questionnaire that is used to evaluate somatic symptoms. It examines the perceived severity of common somatic symptoms.[31] The SSS-8 is a condensed version of the well-known Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15).[32]On a five-point scale, respondents rate how much stomach or digestive issues, back discomfort, pain in the legs, arms, or joints, headaches, chest pain or shortness of breath, dizziness, feeling tired or having low energy, and trouble sleeping impacted them in the preceding seven days. Ratings are added together to provide a sum score that ranges from 0 to 32 points.[31]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders"},{"link_name":"DSM-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsm5howto-33"},{"link_name":"distressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distressing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsm-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsm-3"}],"sub_title":"DSM-5","text":"The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) modified the entry titled \"somatoform disorders\" to \"somatic symptom and related disorders\", and modified other diagnostic labels and criteria.[33]The DSM-5 criteria for somatic symptom disorder includes \"one or more somatic symptoms which are distressing or result in substantial impairment of daily life\". Additional criteria, often known as B criteria, include \"excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors regarding somatic symptoms or corresponding health concerns manifested by disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the severity of one's symptoms\". It continues: \"Although any one somatic symptom might not be consistently present, one's state of being symptomatic is continuous (typically lasting more than 6 months).\"[3]The DSM includes five distinct descriptions for somatic symptom disorder. These include somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain, formally referred to as pain disorder, as well as classifications for mild, moderate, and severe symptoms.[3]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICD-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icd-34"}],"sub_title":"International Classification of Diseases","text":"The ICD-11 classifies somatic symptoms as \"Bodily distress disorder\". Bodily distress disorder is characterized by the presence of distressing bodily symptoms and excessive attention devoted to those symptoms. The ICD-11 further specifies that if another health condition is causing or contributing to the symptoms, the level of attention must be clearly excessive in relation to the nature and course of the condition.[34]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adjustment disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustment_disorder"},{"link_name":"body dysmorphic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder"},{"link_name":"obsessive-compulsive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder"},{"link_name":"illness anxiety disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis"},{"link_name":"etiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiology"},{"link_name":"fibromyalgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia"},{"link_name":"irritable bowel syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome"},{"link_name":"maladaptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladaptation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatPearls-2"},{"link_name":"conversion disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_disorder"},{"link_name":"weakness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakness"},{"link_name":"paralysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysis"},{"link_name":"tremor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor"},{"link_name":"dystonic movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonia"},{"link_name":"abnormal gait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait_abnormality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsm-3"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnosis","text":"Somatic syndrome disorder's widespread, non-specific symptoms may conceal and mimic the manifestations of other medical disorders, making diagnosis and therapy challenging. Adjustment disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and illness anxiety disorder may all exhibit excessive and exaggerated emotional and behavioral responses. Other functional diseases with unknown etiology, such as fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome, tend not to present with excessive thoughts, feelings, or maladaptive behavior.[2]Somatic symptom disorder overlaps with illness anxiety disorder and conversion disorder. Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by an obsession with having or developing a dangerous, undetected medical ailment, despite the absence of bodily symptoms. Conversion disorder may present with one or more symptoms of various sorts. Motor symptoms involve weakness or paralysis; aberrant movements including tremor or dystonic movements; abnormal gait patterns; and abnormal limb posture. The presenting symptom in conversion disorder is loss of function, but in somatic symptom disorder, the emphasis is on the discomfort that specific symptoms produce. Conversion disorder often lacks the overwhelming thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize somatic symptom disorder.[3]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatPearls-2"},{"link_name":"psychiatric treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry"},{"link_name":"SSRIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"SNRIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Psychopharmacotherapy-6"},{"link_name":"adverse reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect"},{"link_name":"therapeutic effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_effect"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatPearls-2"},{"link_name":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu_Gill_Teodorczuk_Li_2019_pp._98%E2%80%93112-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Psychopharmacotherapy-6"},{"link_name":"psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIT-7"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)"}],"text":"Rather than focusing on treating the symptoms, the key objective is to support the patient in coping with symptoms, including both physical symptoms and psychological/behavioral (such as health anxiety and harmful behaviors).[2]Early psychiatric treatment is advised. Evidence suggests that SSRIs and SNRIs can lower pain perception.[6] Because the somatic symptomatic may have a low threshold for adverse reactions, medication should be started at the lowest possible dose and gradually increased to produce a therapeutic effect.[2]Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been linked to significant improvements in patient-reported function and somatic symptoms, a reduction in health-care expenses, and a reduction in symptoms of depression.[35][36][6] Furthermore, brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy (PIT) for patients with somatic symptom disorder has been proven to improve the physical quality of life in patients with many, difficult-to-treat, medically unexplained symptoms over time[7]CBT can help in some of the following ways:[37]Learn to reduce stress\nLearn to cope with physical symptoms\nLearn to deal with depression and other psychological issues\nImprove quality of life\nReduce preoccupation with symptom","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatPearls-2"},{"link_name":"prognostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognosis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afp-4"}],"text":"Somatic symptom disorder is typically persistent, with symptoms that wax and wane. Chronic limitations in general function, substantial psychological impairment, and a reduction in quality of life are all common.[2] Some investigations suggest people can recover; the natural history of the illnesses implies that around 50% to 75% of patients with medically unexplained symptoms improve, whereas 10% to 30% deteriorate. Fewer physical symptoms and better baseline functioning are stronger prognostic indicators. A strong, positive relationship between the physician and the patient is crucial, and it should be accompanied by frequent, supportive visits to avoid the temptation to medicate or test when these interventions are not obviously necessary.[4]","title":"Outlook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uptodate-38"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatPearls-2"},{"link_name":"chronic fatigue syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uptodate-38"}],"text":"Somatic symptom disorder affects 5% to 7% of the general population, with a higher female representation, and can arise throughout childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. Evidence suggests that the emergence of prodromal symptoms often begins in childhood and that symptoms fitting the criteria for somatic symptom disorder are common during adolescence. A community study of adolescents found that 5% had persistent distressing physical symptoms paired with psychological concerns.[38] In the primary care patient population, the rate rises to around 17%.[2] Patients with functional illnesses such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome have a greater prevalence of somatic symptom disorder. The reported frequency of somatic symptom disorder, as defined by DSM-5 criteria, ranges from 25 to 60% among these patients.[38]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"Sumerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"melancholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia"},{"link_name":"hysteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteria"},{"link_name":"hysteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteria"},{"link_name":"melancholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia"},{"link_name":"hypochondriasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadockKaplan-39"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"Thomas Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Willis"},{"link_name":"neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sydenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sydenham"},{"link_name":"George Cheyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cheyne_(physician)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Stekel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel"},{"link_name":"psychoanalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis"},{"link_name":"Paul Briquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Briquet"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"},{"link_name":"Briquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Briquet"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"psychoneuroses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosocial-25"}],"text":"Somatization is an idea that physicians have been attempting to comprehend since the dawn of time. The Egyptians and Sumerians were reported to have utilized the notions of melancholia and hysteria as early as 2600 BC. For many years, somatization was used in conjunction with the terms hysteria, melancholia, and hypochondriasis.[39][25]During the 17th century, knowledge of the central nervous system grew, giving rise to the notion that numerous inexplicable illnesses could be linked to the brain. Thomas Willis, widely regarded as the father of neurology, recognized hysteria in women and hypochondria in males as brain disorders. Thomas Sydenham contributed significantly to the belief that hysteria and hypochondria are mental rather than physical illnesses. The term \"English Malady\" was used by George Cheyne to denote that hysteria and hypochondriasis are brain and/or mind-related disorders.[25]Wilhelm Stekel, a German psychoanalyst, was the first to introduce the term somatization, and Paul Briquet was the first to characterize what is now known as Somatic symptom disorder.[25] Briquet reported respondents who had been unwell for most of their lives and complained of a variety of symptoms from various organ systems. Despite many appointments, hospitalizations, and tests, symptoms continue.[40] Somatization disorder was later dubbed \"Briquet Syndrome\" in his honor. Over time, the concept of hysteria was used in place of a personality or character type, conversion responses, phobia, and anxiety to accompany psychoneuroses, and its incorporation in everyday English as a negative word led to a distancing from this concept.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSM-5guide-41"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frances_A_2013_f1580-12"}],"text":"Somatic symptom disorder has long been a contentious diagnosis because it was based solely on negative criteria, namely the absence of a medical explanation for the presenting physical problems. As a result, any person suffering from a poorly understood illness may meet the criteria for this psychological diagnosis, regardless of whether they exhibit psychiatric symptoms in the traditional sense.[41][12]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allen Frances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Frances"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frances_A_2013_f1580-12"}],"sub_title":"Misdiagnosis","text":"In the opinion of Allen Frances, chair of the DSM-IV task force, the DSM-5's somatic symptom disorder brings with it a risk of mislabeling a sizable proportion of the population as mentally ill.Millions of people could be mislabeled, with the burden falling disproportionately on women, because they are more likely to be casually dismissed as 'catastrophizers' when presenting with physical symptoms.[12]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1590517956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590517956"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936549"},{"link_name":"ICD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10"},{"link_name":"F45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F45"},{"link_name":"ICD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems"},{"link_name":"9-CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes"},{"link_name":"300.8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=300.8"},{"link_name":"MeSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings"},{"link_name":"D013001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013001"},{"link_name":"DiseasesDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_Database"},{"link_name":"1645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb1645.htm"},{"link_name":"eMedicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMedicine"},{"link_name":"med/3527","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//emedicine.medscape.com/med/3527-overview"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders"},{"link_name":"Mental 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mutism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_mutism"},{"link_name":"Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_disorder"},{"link_name":"Cluttering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluttering"},{"link_name":"Stuttering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering"},{"link_name":"Tic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic_disorder"},{"link_name":"Tourette syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Intellectual disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_disability"},{"link_name":"X-linked intellectual disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability"},{"link_name":"Lujan–Fryns syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome"},{"link_name":"developmental disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disability"},{"link_name":"Pervasive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder"},{"link_name":"Specific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder"},{"link_name":"Mood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder"},{"link_name":"Bipolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder"},{"link_name":"Bipolar I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder"},{"link_name":"Bipolar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder"},{"link_name":"Bipolar NOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified"},{"link_name":"Cyclothymia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclothymia"},{"link_name":"Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"Atypical depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_depression"},{"link_name":"Dysthymia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymia"},{"link_name":"Major depressive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"Melancholic depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholic_depression"},{"link_name":"Seasonal affective disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder"},{"link_name":"Mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania"},{"link_name":"Autism spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum"},{"link_name":"Autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism"},{"link_name":"Asperger syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome"},{"link_name":"High-functioning autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-functioning_autism"},{"link_name":"PDD-NOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified"},{"link_name":"Savant syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"AIDS dementia complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease"},{"link_name":"Frontotemporal dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia"},{"link_name":"Huntington's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Mild cognitive 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syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Neurotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)"},{"link_name":"somatoform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Adjustment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustment_disorder"},{"link_name":"Adjustment disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustment_disorder"},{"link_name":"Anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder"},{"link_name":"Phobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia"},{"link_name":"Agoraphobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia"},{"link_name":"Social anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety"},{"link_name":"Social phobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder"},{"link_name":"Anthropophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropophobia"},{"link_name":"Specific social phobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_social_phobia"},{"link_name":"Specific phobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia"},{"link_name":"Claustrophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claustrophobia"},{"link_name":"Generalized anxiety disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder"},{"link_name":"OCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder"},{"link_name":"Panic attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack"},{"link_name":"Panic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder"},{"link_name":"Stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_stress"},{"link_name":"Acute stress 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syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganser_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Globus pharyngis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_pharyngis"},{"link_name":"Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure"},{"link_name":"False pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_pregnancy"},{"link_name":"Hypochondriasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis"},{"link_name":"Mass psychogenic illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness"},{"link_name":"Nosophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosophobia"},{"link_name":"Psychogenic pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_pain"},{"link_name":"Somatization disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatization_disorder"},{"link_name":"Eating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorder"},{"link_name":"Anorexia nervosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa"},{"link_name":"Bulimia nervosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa"},{"link_name":"Rumination syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumination_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Other specified feeding or eating disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder"},{"link_name":"sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder"},{"link_name":"Hypersomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersomnia"},{"link_name":"Insomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia"},{"link_name":"Parasomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia"},{"link_name":"Night terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_terror"},{"link_name":"Nightmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare"},{"link_name":"REM sleep behavior disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder"},{"link_name":"Postnatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth"},{"link_name":"Postpartum depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression"},{"link_name":"Postpartum psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis"},{"link_name":"Sexual desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders"},{"link_name":"Hypersexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersexuality"},{"link_name":"Hypoactive sexual desire disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder"},{"link_name":"Psychoactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug"},{"link_name":"substance abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"Drug overdose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_overdose"},{"link_name":"Intoxication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_intoxication"},{"link_name":"Physical dependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence"},{"link_name":"Rebound effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_effect"},{"link_name":"Stimulant psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis"},{"link_name":"Substance dependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence"},{"link_name":"Withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_withdrawal"},{"link_name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"schizotypal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"delusional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusional_disorder"},{"link_name":"Delusional disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusional_disorder"},{"link_name":"Folie à deux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux"},{"link_name":"Psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis"},{"link_name":"Brief reactive psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis"},{"link_name":"Schizoaffective disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder"},{"link_name":"Schizophreniform disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder"},{"link_name":"Childhood schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"Simple-type schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"Catatonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatonia"},{"link_name":"Impulse-control disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder"},{"link_name":"Klüver–Bucy syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Psychomotor agitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation"},{"link_name":"Stereotypy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypy"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936549#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX535134"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17106890r"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17106890r"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4237448-0"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556069605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85124779"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000118916&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01110308"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph174620&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Suzanne O'Sullivan (2017). Is It All in Your Head?: True Stories of Imaginary Illness. Other Press. ISBN 978-1590517956.ClassificationDICD-10: F45ICD-9-CM: 300.8MeSH: D013001DiseasesDB: 1645External resourceseMedicine: med/3527vteMental disorders (Classification)Adult personality and behaviorSexual\nEgo-dystonic sexual orientation\nParaphilia\nFetishism\nVoyeurism\nSexual maturation disorder\nSexual relationship disorder\nOther\nFactitious disorder\nMunchausen syndrome\nGender dysphoria\nIntermittent explosive disorder\nDermatillomania\nKleptomania\nPyromania\nTrichotillomania\nPersonality disorder\nChildhood and learningEmotional and behavioral\nADHD\nConduct disorder\nODD\nEmotional and behavioral disorders\nSeparation anxiety disorder\nMovement disorders\nStereotypic\nSocial functioning\nDAD\nRAD\nSelective mutism\nSpeech\nCluttering\nStuttering\nTic disorder\nTourette syndrome\nIntellectual disability\nX-linked intellectual disability\nLujan–Fryns syndrome\nPsychological development(developmental disabilities)\nPervasive\nSpecific\nMood (affective)\nBipolar\nBipolar I\nBipolar II\nBipolar NOS\nCyclothymia\nDepression\nAtypical depression\nDysthymia\nMajor depressive disorder\nMelancholic depression\nSeasonal affective disorder\nMania\nNeurological and symptomaticAutism spectrum\nAutism\nAsperger syndrome\nHigh-functioning autism\nPDD-NOS\nSavant syndrome\nDementia\nAIDS dementia complex\nAlzheimer's disease\nCreutzfeldt–Jakob disease\nFrontotemporal dementia\nHuntington's disease\nMild cognitive impairment\nParkinson's disease\nPick's disease\nSundowning\nVascular dementia\nWandering\nOther\nDelirium\nOrganic brain syndrome\nPost-concussion syndrome\nNeurotic, stress-related and somatoformAdjustment\nAdjustment disorder with depressed mood\nAnxietyPhobia\nAgoraphobia\nSocial anxiety\nSocial phobia\nAnthropophobia\nSpecific social phobia\nSpecific phobia\nClaustrophobia\nOther\nGeneralized anxiety disorder\nOCD\nPanic attack\nPanic disorder\nStress\nAcute stress reaction\nPTSD\nDissociative\nDepersonalization-derealization disorder\nDissociative identity disorder\nDissociative fugue\nPsychogenic amnesia\nSomatic symptom\nBody dysmorphic disorder\nConversion disorder\nGanser syndrome\nGlobus pharyngis\nPsychogenic non-epileptic seizures\nFalse pregnancy\nHypochondriasis\nMass psychogenic illness\nNosophobia\nPsychogenic pain\nSomatization disorder\nPhysiological and physical behaviorEating\nAnorexia nervosa\nBulimia nervosa\nRumination syndrome\nOther specified feeding or eating disorder\nNonorganic sleep\nHypersomnia\nInsomnia\nParasomnia\nNight terror\nNightmare\nREM sleep behavior disorder\nPostnatal\nPostpartum depression\nPostpartum psychosis\nSexual desire\nHypersexuality\nHypoactive sexual desire disorder\nPsychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related\nDrug overdose\nIntoxication\nPhysical dependence\nRebound effect\nStimulant psychosis\nSubstance dependence\nWithdrawal\nSchizophrenia, schizotypal and delusionalDelusional\nDelusional disorder\nFolie à deux\nPsychosis andschizophrenia-like\nBrief reactive psychosis\nSchizoaffective disorder\nSchizophreniform disorder\nSchizophrenia\nChildhood schizophrenia\nDisorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia\nPseudoneurotic schizophrenia\nSimple-type schizophrenia\nOther\nCatatonia\nSymptoms and uncategorized\nImpulse-control disorder\nKlüver–Bucy syndrome\nPsychomotor agitation\nStereotypyAuthority control databases: National \nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Conversion Disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_Disorder"},{"title":"Jurosomatic illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurosomatic_illness"},{"title":"Munchausen syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munchausen_syndrome"},{"title":"Nocebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocebo"},{"title":"Psychosomatic medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosomatic_medicine"},{"title":"Psychoneuroimmunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoneuroimmunology"},{"title":"Functional neurological disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_neurological_disorder"}] | [{"reference":"\"Somatic Symptom Disorder — Psychiatric Disorders\". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2023-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/psychiatric-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/somatic-symptom-disorder","url_text":"\"Somatic Symptom Disorder — Psychiatric Disorders\""}]},{"reference":"D'Souza, Ryan S.; Hooten, W. M. (January 2023). \"Somatic Symptom Disorder\". Somatic Syndrome Disorders. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30335286 – via PubMed.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532253/","url_text":"Somatic Syndrome Disorders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335286","url_text":"30335286"}]},{"reference":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5 ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 354–372. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-555-8","url_text":"978-0-89042-555-8"}]},{"reference":"Kurlansik, Stuart L.; Maffei, Mario S. (1 January 2016). \"Somatic Symptom Disorder\". American Family Physician. 93 (1): 49–54. ISSN 1532-0650. PMID 26760840.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26760840/","url_text":"\"Somatic Symptom Disorder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1532-0650","url_text":"1532-0650"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26760840","url_text":"26760840"}]},{"reference":"Rost, K. M.; Akins, R. N.; Brown, F. W.; Smith, G. R. (September 1992). \"The comorbidity of DSM-III-R personality disorders in somatization disorder\". General Hospital Psychiatry. 14 (5): 322–326. doi:10.1016/0163-8343(92)90066-j. ISSN 0163-8343. PMID 1521787.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1521787/","url_text":"\"The comorbidity of DSM-III-R personality disorders in somatization disorder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0163-8343%2892%2990066-j","url_text":"10.1016/0163-8343(92)90066-j"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0163-8343","url_text":"0163-8343"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1521787","url_text":"1521787"}]},{"reference":"Somashekar, Bettahalasoor; Jainer, Ashok; Wuntakal, Balaji (February 2013). \"Psychopharmacotherapy of somatic symptoms disorders\". International Review of Psychiatry. 25 (1): 107–115. doi:10.3109/09540261.2012.729758. ISSN 0954-0261. PMID 23383672. S2CID 25646632.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09540261.2012.729758","url_text":"\"Psychopharmacotherapy of somatic symptoms disorders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F09540261.2012.729758","url_text":"10.3109/09540261.2012.729758"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0954-0261","url_text":"0954-0261"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23383672","url_text":"23383672"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25646632","url_text":"25646632"}]},{"reference":"Sauer, Karoline S.; Witthöft, Michael; Rief, Winfried (2023). \"Somatic Symptom Disorder and Health Anxiety\". Neurologic Clinics. 41 (4). Elsevier BV: 745–758. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2023.02.009. ISSN 0733-8619. PMID 37775202. S2CID 258266448.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ncl.2023.02.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.ncl.2023.02.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0733-8619","url_text":"0733-8619"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37775202","url_text":"37775202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258266448","url_text":"258266448"}]},{"reference":"\"Somatic symptom disorder — Symptoms and causes\". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2023-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/somatic-symptom-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377776","url_text":"\"Somatic symptom disorder — Symptoms and causes\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, F. W.; Golding, J. M.; Smith, G. R. (July 1990). \"Psychiatric comorbidity in primary care somatization disorder\". Psychosomatic Medicine. 52 (4): 445–451. doi:10.1097/00006842-199007000-00006. ISSN 0033-3174. PMID 2399295. S2CID 30954374.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2399295/","url_text":"\"Psychiatric comorbidity in primary care somatization disorder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006842-199007000-00006","url_text":"10.1097/00006842-199007000-00006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3174","url_text":"0033-3174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2399295","url_text":"2399295"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30954374","url_text":"30954374"}]},{"reference":"Häuser, Winfried; Bialas, Patric; Welsch, Katja; Wolfe, Frederick (June 2015). \"Construct validity and clinical utility of current research criteria of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder diagnosis in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome\". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 78 (6): 546–552. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.151. ISSN 1879-1360. PMID 25864805.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25864805/","url_text":"\"Construct validity and clinical utility of current research criteria of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder diagnosis in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpsychores.2015.03.151","url_text":"10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1879-1360","url_text":"1879-1360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25864805","url_text":"25864805"}]},{"reference":"Frances A (2013). \"The new somatic symptom disorder in DSM-5 risks mislabeling many people as mentally ill\". BMJ. 346: f1580. doi:10.1136/bmj.f1580. PMID 23511949. S2CID 206897269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.f1580","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.f1580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23511949","url_text":"23511949"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206897269","url_text":"206897269"}]},{"reference":"Gan, Joanna J.; Lin, Andrew; Samimi, Mersal S.; Mendez, Mario F. (November 2016). \"Somatic Symptom Disorder in Semantic Dementia: The Role of Alexisomia\". Psychosomatics. 57 (6): 598–604. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.08.002. ISSN 1545-7206. PMID 27647568.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27647568/","url_text":"\"Somatic Symptom Disorder in Semantic Dementia: The Role of Alexisomia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psym.2016.08.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.psym.2016.08.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7206","url_text":"1545-7206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27647568","url_text":"27647568"}]},{"reference":"Calabrò, Pasquale Fabio; Ceccarini, Giovanni; Calderone, Alba; Lippi, Chita; Piaggi, Paolo; Ferrari, Federica; Magno, Silvia; Pedrinelli, Roberto; Santini, Ferruccio (August 2020). \"Psychopathological and psychiatric evaluation of patients affected by lipodystrophy\". Eating and Weight Disorders: EWD. 25 (4): 991–998. doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00716-6. ISSN 1590-1262. PMID 31144218. S2CID 169040646.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31144218/","url_text":"\"Psychopathological and psychiatric evaluation of patients affected by lipodystrophy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40519-019-00716-6","url_text":"10.1007/s40519-019-00716-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1590-1262","url_text":"1590-1262"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31144218","url_text":"31144218"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169040646","url_text":"169040646"}]},{"reference":"Guidi, Jenny; Rafanelli, Chiara; Roncuzzi, Renzo; Sirri, Laura; Fava, Giovanni A. (March 2013). \"Assessing psychological factors affecting medical conditions: comparison between different proposals\". General Hospital Psychiatry. 35 (2): 141–146. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.09.007. ISSN 1873-7714. PMID 23122485.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23122485/","url_text":"\"Assessing psychological factors affecting medical conditions: comparison between different proposals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.genhosppsych.2012.09.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.09.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-7714","url_text":"1873-7714"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23122485","url_text":"23122485"}]},{"reference":"Newby, Jill M.; Hobbs, Megan J.; Mahoney, Alison E. J.; Wong, Shiu Kelvin; Andrews, Gavin (October 2017). \"DSM-5 illness anxiety disorder and somatic symptom disorder: Comorbidity, correlates, and overlap with DSM-IV hypochondriasis\". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 101: 31–37. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.07.010. ISSN 1879-1360. PMID 28867421.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28867421/","url_text":"\"DSM-5 illness anxiety disorder and somatic symptom disorder: Comorbidity, correlates, and overlap with DSM-IV hypochondriasis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpsychores.2017.07.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.07.010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1879-1360","url_text":"1879-1360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28867421","url_text":"28867421"}]},{"reference":"Löwe, Bernd; Levenson, James; Depping, Miriam; Hüsing, Paul; Kohlmann, Sebastian; Lehmann, Marco; Shedden-Mora, Meike; Toussaint, Anne; Uhlenbusch, Natalie; Weigel, Angelika (March 2022). \"Somatic symptom disorder: a scoping review on the empirical evidence of a new diagnosis\". 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Journal of General Internal Medicine. 24 (2): 155–161. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0845-0. ISSN 1525-1497. PMC 2629001. PMID 19031038.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2629001","url_text":"\"Somatization increases disability independent of comorbidity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11606-008-0845-0","url_text":"10.1007/s11606-008-0845-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1525-1497","url_text":"1525-1497"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2629001","url_text":"2629001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19031038","url_text":"19031038"}]},{"reference":"Kato, Kenji; Sullivan, Patrick F.; Pedersen, Nancy L. (May 2010). \"Latent class analysis of functional somatic symptoms in a population-based sample of twins\". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 68 (5): 447–453. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.01.010. ISSN 1879-1360. PMC 2858068. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Alexander | Denise Alexander | ["1 Life and career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"] | American actress
Denise AlexanderAlexander in 1973Born (1939-11-11) November 11, 1939 (age 84)New York City, U.S.Alma materUniversity of California, Los AngelesOccupationActressYears active1949–presentKnown forLesley Webber in General HospitalSpouseRichard A. Colla
Denise Alexander is an American actress (born November 11, 1939), best known for her role as Lesley Webber on General Hospital, a role she originally played from 1973 to 1984 (contract), 1996 to 2009, and a guest stint in 2013, in honor of the show's 50th anniversary. Alexander returned to General Hospital for two other guest appearances in December 2017 and April 2019, the latter to commemorate the 56th anniversary of the show. She then reappeared in early 2021.
Life and career
Alexander with John Beradino on General Hospital, 1973.
Alexander was born in New York City on November 11, 1939, and raised on Long Island. She moved to Los Angeles when her father, Alec Alexander, an agent who handled such notables as Frank Gorshin and Sal Mineo, decided to make the switch from the East to the West Coast. Alexander had appeared on TV and radio by the time she was a junior at UCLA. She made her feature movie debut at age fourteen in the Don Siegel film Crime in the Streets starring John Cassavetes. In 1962 Alexander appeared as Mildred Kroeger on the first season of the TV western The Virginian on the episode titled "Impasse."
Cast 1971 photo of Days of Our Lives (L-R): Edward Mallory, Denise Alexander, Macdonald Carey and Susan Flannery
Alexander first broke into the soap opera genre by playing Lois Adams on The Clear Horizon in 1960. Her big break on soaps came via the role of Susan Hunter Martin on Days of Our Lives from 1966 to 1973. In 1973, the character of Susan was written out of the show temporarily during contract negotiations with Alexander. ABC Daytime rushed to offer her a then-unheard of salary/perks package to join General Hospital. When Susan finally returned to Days, a new actress, Bennye Gatteys, played her.
Alexander's role on General Hospital, Dr. Lesley Williams, became a long-running role. She stayed with the show for eleven years as one of the show's most popular leading ladies, leaving in 1984 after a contract dispute. In 1986, she was offered a big salary to portray McKinnon matriarch, Mary, on Another World. When the commute from her home in Los Angeles to Another World's studio in New York City proved to be difficult for her, she left the show, filming her last scene in 1989, but briefly returned for a guest appearance in 1991. In 1996, she returned to the role of Lesley (brought back from the dead after almost 13 years) on General Hospital, which she continued playing on a recurring basis until 2009 when the character simply faded from view. She reprised the role in time for the show's 50th anniversary in 2013 and remained on canvas as a recurring character throughout that year. Alexander reprised her role on General Hospital in late December 2017 for a short stint, and also for one episode in April 2019 for the show's 56th anniversary. She also reprised the role in early 2021.
Personal life
Alexander is married to television director and actor Richard A. Colla.
Filmography
In November 1949, Alexander played Perry Como's daughter on Perry Como's Chesterfield Supper Club on NBC. It was a Thanksgiving-themed show with guest Raymond Massey portraying Abraham Lincoln.
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1950
Dimension X
Mink
Episode: "There Will Come Soft Rains / Zero Hour(Zero Hour)"
1951
Robert Montgomery Presents
Episode: "Bubbles"
1951
Armstrong Circle Theatre
Episode: "That Man Is Mine"
1952
Kraft Television Theatre
Episode: "Lace on Her Petticoat"
1955
Robert Montgomery Presents
Jeannie
Episode: "The Tall Dark Man"
1955
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Mary Jane Wilks
TV movie
1956
Crime in the Streets
Maria Gioia
1956
Father Knows Best
Georgia
Episode: "No Apron Strings"
1958
The Veil
Ruth Cooper
TV mini-series
1958
The Walter Winchell File
Teresa Filchok
Episode: "Hot Night in Manhattan"
1958
Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse
Episode: "Song of Bernadette"
1958
Make Room for Daddy
Connie Coleman
Episode: "Terry's Girlfriend"
1959
The Danny Thomas Show
Gerta Shoentler
Episode: "Red Tape"
1959
The DuPont Show with June Allyson
Ellie
Episode: "Love Is a Headache"
1959
The Ann Sothern Show
Connie
Episode: "The Sal Mineo Story"
1960–1962
The Clear Horizon
Lois Adams
Series regular
1960
The Twilight Zone
Jody Sturka
Episode: "Third from the Sun"
1960
Letter to Loretta
Joyce Parker
Episode: "Plain, Unmarked Envelope"
1960
The Detectives
Donna
Episode: "Armed and Dangerous"
1960
The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis
Jini Metzger
Episode: "Rock-A-Bye Dobie"
1960
The Blue Angels (TV series)
Sally Beckett
Episode: "Blind Flight"
1961
The Detectives
Madge Snyder
Episode: "The Frightened Ones"
1961
The Barbara Stanwyck Show
Janue Hunter
Episode: "Call Me Annie"
1961
Angel
Episode: "Goodbye, Young Lovers"
1961
Sea Hunt
Caroline Tucker
Season 4, episode 23: "Baby"
1962
Ben Casey
Ann Muller
Episode: "A Memory of Candy Stripes"
1962
Stoney Burke
Arlette Hughes
Episode: "The Mob Riders"
1962
The Virginian
Mildred Kroeger
Episode: "Impasse"
1963
Ben Jerrod
Emily Sanders
Series regular
1963
Combat!
Annette
Season 1 Episode 21 "No Time for Pity"
1964
Combat!
Jacqueline
Season 2 Episode 18 "The General and the Sergeant"
1964
The Fisher Family
Lois
Episode: "The Trap of Freedom"
1965
Diamond Jim: Skulduggery in Samantha
Catherine
TV movie
1965
That Funny Feeling
Helen
1966–1973
Days of Our Lives
Susan Martin
Series regular
1973
The ABC Afternoon Playbreak
Laura
Episode: "The Gift of Terror"
1973–1984,1996–2009,2013, 2017, 2019, 2021
General Hospital
Lesley Webber
Series regular (1973–1984), Recurring (1996–2009, 2013), guest (2017, 2019, 2021)Nominated - Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (1976)
1976
The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case
Violet Sharpe
TV movie
1983
Shaft of Love
Maxine Burke
TV movie
1984
Hotel
Gail McLain
Episode: "Lifelines"
1986–1989, 1991
Another World
Mary McKinnon
Series regular
1995
Zoya
Axelle
TV movie
1997–1998
Sunset Beach
Sister Beatrice
17 episodes
2010–2012
Pretty the Series
Louise Fitzpatrick
8 episodes
2013
The Inn
Lola
10 episodes
References
^ a b Sewell, Anne (January 6, 2021). "'General Hospital' Star Denise Alexander Back Again As Lesley Webber". tvshowsace. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021.
^ Associated, The (January 31, 1984). "Goodbye For Fans". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
^ Frank Gorshin biodata Archived 2007-01-29 at the Wayback Machine, therealfrankgorshin.com; accessed September 16, 2014.
^ a b "Denise Alexander Playing Lesley Webber on General Hospital". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. November 11, 1938. Archived from the original on November 23, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
^ Newcomb, Roger (September 19, 2013). "EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Denise Alexander Talks Playing THE INN's Mysterious Lola & Returning To GENERAL HOSPITAL (Part 1 of 2)". We Love Soaps. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
^ SOD (November 30, 2017). "Exclusive! Denise Alexander Returns To GH". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
^ Eades, Chris (November 30, 2017). "Denise Alexander Returns to GENERAL HOSPITAL!". ABC Soaps In Depth. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Bauer Media Group. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Denise Alexander.
Denise Alexander at IMDb
Denise Alexander at the Internet Broadway Database
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Lesley Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Webber"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"}],"text":"Denise Alexander is an American actress (born November 11, 1939)[1][better source needed], best known for her role as Lesley Webber on General Hospital, a role she originally played from 1973 to 1984 (contract),[2] 1996 to 2009, and a guest stint in 2013, in honor of the show's 50th anniversary. Alexander returned to General Hospital for two other guest appearances in December 2017 and April 2019, the latter to commemorate the 56th anniversary of the show. She then reappeared in early 2021.","title":"Denise Alexander"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Beradino_Denise_Alexander_General_Hospital_1973.JPG"},{"link_name":"John Beradino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beradino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Frank Gorshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gorshin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sal Mineo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_Mineo"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soaps-4"},{"link_name":"Don Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Crime in the Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_the_Streets"},{"link_name":"John Cassavetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassavetes"},{"link_name":"The Virginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginian_(TV_series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Days_of_Our_Lives_cast_1971.JPG"},{"link_name":"Days of Our Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives"},{"link_name":"Edward Mallory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mallory"},{"link_name":"Macdonald Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdonald_Carey"},{"link_name":"Susan Flannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Flannery"},{"link_name":"The Clear Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clear_Horizon"},{"link_name":"Days of Our Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soaps-4"},{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"Bennye Gatteys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennye_Gatteys"},{"link_name":"Another World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_World_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Alexander with John Beradino on General Hospital, 1973.Alexander was born in New York City on November 11, 1939,[1] and raised on Long Island. She moved to Los Angeles when her father, Alec Alexander, an agent who handled such notables as Frank Gorshin[3] and Sal Mineo, decided to make the switch from the East to the West Coast. Alexander had appeared on TV and radio by the time she was a junior at UCLA.[4] She made her feature movie debut at age fourteen in the Don Siegel film Crime in the Streets starring John Cassavetes. In 1962 Alexander appeared as Mildred Kroeger on the first season of the TV western The Virginian on the episode titled \"Impasse.\"Cast 1971 photo of Days of Our Lives (L-R): Edward Mallory, Denise Alexander, Macdonald Carey and Susan FlanneryAlexander first broke into the soap opera genre by playing Lois Adams on The Clear Horizon in 1960. Her big break on soaps came via the role of Susan Hunter Martin on Days of Our Lives from 1966 to 1973.[4] In 1973, the character of Susan was written out of the show temporarily during contract negotiations with Alexander. ABC Daytime rushed to offer her a then-unheard of salary/perks package to join General Hospital. When Susan finally returned to Days, a new actress, Bennye Gatteys, played her.Alexander's role on General Hospital, Dr. Lesley Williams, became a long-running role. She stayed with the show for eleven years as one of the show's most popular leading ladies, leaving in 1984 after a contract dispute. In 1986, she was offered a big salary to portray McKinnon matriarch, Mary, on Another World. When the commute from her home in Los Angeles to Another World's studio in New York City proved to be difficult for her, she left the show, filming her last scene in 1989, but briefly returned for a guest appearance in 1991. In 1996, she returned to the role of Lesley (brought back from the dead after almost 13 years) on General Hospital, which she continued playing on a recurring basis until 2009 when the character simply faded from view. She reprised the role in time for the show's 50th anniversary in 2013 and remained on canvas as a recurring character throughout that year.[5] Alexander reprised her role on General Hospital in late December 2017 for a short stint, and also for one episode in April 2019 for the show's 56th anniversary.[6][7] She also reprised the role in early 2021.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard A. Colla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Colla"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Alexander is married to television director and actor Richard A. Colla.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In November 1949, Alexander played Perry Como's daughter on Perry Como's Chesterfield Supper Club on NBC. It was a Thanksgiving-themed show with guest Raymond Massey portraying Abraham Lincoln.[citation needed]","title":"Filmography"}] | [{"image_text":"Alexander with John Beradino on General Hospital, 1973.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/John_Beradino_Denise_Alexander_General_Hospital_1973.JPG/220px-John_Beradino_Denise_Alexander_General_Hospital_1973.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cast 1971 photo of Days of Our Lives (L-R): Edward Mallory, Denise Alexander, Macdonald Carey and Susan Flannery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Days_of_Our_Lives_cast_1971.JPG/220px-Days_of_Our_Lives_cast_1971.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Sewell, Anne (January 6, 2021). \"'General Hospital' Star Denise Alexander Back Again As Lesley Webber\". tvshowsace. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119014536/https://www.tvshowsace.com/2021/01/06/general-hospital-denise-alexander-lesley-webber/","url_text":"\"'General Hospital' Star Denise Alexander Back Again As Lesley Webber\""},{"url":"https://tvshowsace.com/2021/01/06/general-hospital-denise-alexander-lesley-webber/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Associated, The (January 31, 1984). \"Goodbye For Fans\". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130130104723/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/31/arts/goodbye-for-fans.html","url_text":"\"Goodbye For Fans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/31/arts/goodbye-for-fans.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Denise Alexander Playing Lesley Webber on General Hospital\". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. November 11, 1938. Archived from the original on November 23, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141123032025/http://soaps.sheknows.com/generalhospital/actor/239/Denise_Alexander/","url_text":"\"Denise Alexander Playing Lesley Webber on General Hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps.com","url_text":"Soaps.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SheKnows_Media","url_text":"SheKnows Media"},{"url":"http://soaps.sheknows.com/generalhospital/actor/239/Denise_Alexander","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Newcomb, Roger (September 19, 2013). \"EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Denise Alexander Talks Playing THE INN's Mysterious Lola & Returning To GENERAL HOSPITAL (Part 1 of 2)\". We Love Soaps. Retrieved October 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.welovesoaps.net/2013/09/denise-alexander-innterview-1.html","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Denise Alexander Talks Playing THE INN's Mysterious Lola & Returning To GENERAL HOSPITAL (Part 1 of 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Love_Soaps","url_text":"We Love Soaps"}]},{"reference":"SOD (November 30, 2017). \"Exclusive! Denise Alexander Returns To GH\". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"SOD"},{"url":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/exclusive-denise-alexander-returns-gh/","url_text":"\"Exclusive! 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Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.soapsindepth.com/posts/denise-alexander-return-general-hospital-147976","url_text":"\"Denise Alexander Returns to GENERAL HOSPITAL!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_In_Depth#Soaps_Magazine","url_text":"ABC Soaps In Depth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey","url_text":"Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group","url_text":"Bauer Media Group"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119014536/https://www.tvshowsace.com/2021/01/06/general-hospital-denise-alexander-lesley-webber/","external_links_name":"\"'General Hospital' Star Denise Alexander Back Again As Lesley Webber\""},{"Link":"https://tvshowsace.com/2021/01/06/general-hospital-denise-alexander-lesley-webber/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130130104723/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/31/arts/goodbye-for-fans.html","external_links_name":"\"Goodbye For Fans\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/31/arts/goodbye-for-fans.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.therealfrankgorshin.com/biography.html","external_links_name":"Frank Gorshin biodata"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070129151844/http://www.therealfrankgorshin.com/biography.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141123032025/http://soaps.sheknows.com/generalhospital/actor/239/Denise_Alexander/","external_links_name":"\"Denise Alexander Playing Lesley Webber on General Hospital\""},{"Link":"http://soaps.sheknows.com/generalhospital/actor/239/Denise_Alexander","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.welovesoaps.net/2013/09/denise-alexander-innterview-1.html","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Denise Alexander Talks Playing THE INN's Mysterious Lola & Returning To GENERAL HOSPITAL (Part 1 of 2)\""},{"Link":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/exclusive-denise-alexander-returns-gh/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudang_District | Wudang District | ["1 Administrative divisions","2 Climate","3 Transportation","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 26°37′51″N 106°45′03″E / 26.6309°N 106.7507°E / 26.6309; 106.7507District in Guizhou, ChinaWudang
乌当区DistrictWudangLocation of the seat in GuizhouShow map of GuizhouWudangWudang (Southwest China)Show map of Southwest ChinaCoordinates (Wudang District government): 26°37′51″N 106°45′03″E / 26.6309°N 106.7507°E / 26.6309; 106.7507CountryChinaProvinceGuizhouPrefecture-level cityGuiyangDistrict seatGuanxilu SubdistrictArea • Total686 km2 (265 sq mi)Population (2020 census) • Total336,363 • Density490/km2 (1,300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Websitewww.gzwd.gov.cn
Wudang District (simplified Chinese: 乌当区; traditional Chinese: 烏當區; pinyin: Wūdāng Qū) is one of 6 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Guiyang, the capital of Guizhou Province, Southwest China.
Administrative divisions
Wudang District is divided into 5 subdistricts, 6 towns and 2 ethnic townships:
Guanxilu Subdistrict (观溪路街道)
Xinguanglu Subdistrict (新光路街道)
Xinchuanglu Subdistrict (新创路街道)
Longguanglu Subdistrict (龙广路街道)
Gaoxinlu Subdistrict (高新路街道)
Dongfeng Town (东风镇)
Shuitian Town (水田镇)
Yangchang Town (羊昌镇)
Xiaba Town (下坝镇)
Xinchang Town (新场镇)
Baiyi Town (百宜镇)
Xinbao Bouyei Ethnic Township (新堡布依族乡)
Pianpo Bouyei Ethnic Township (偏坡布依族乡)
Climate
Climate data for Wudang (1981−2010 normals)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
22.8(73.0)
30.2(86.4)
31.3(88.3)
34.1(93.4)
34.4(93.9)
34.5(94.1)
35.2(95.4)
34.7(94.5)
34.2(93.6)
31.1(88.0)
26.2(79.2)
24.3(75.7)
35.2(95.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
8.4(47.1)
10.9(51.6)
15.8(60.4)
20.9(69.6)
24.2(75.6)
26.2(79.2)
28.2(82.8)
28.5(83.3)
25.5(77.9)
20.0(68.0)
15.9(60.6)
10.9(51.6)
19.6(67.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)
4.6(40.3)
6.6(43.9)
10.7(51.3)
15.6(60.1)
19.2(66.6)
21.7(71.1)
23.5(74.3)
23.2(73.8)
20.2(68.4)
15.6(60.1)
11.3(52.3)
6.5(43.7)
14.9(58.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
2.1(35.8)
3.8(38.8)
7.3(45.1)
11.9(53.4)
15.4(59.7)
18.4(65.1)
20.2(68.4)
19.4(66.9)
16.6(61.9)
12.7(54.9)
8.2(46.8)
3.6(38.5)
11.6(52.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−6.4(20.5)
−5.8(21.6)
−4.1(24.6)
1.9(35.4)
4.3(39.7)
9.8(49.6)
10.4(50.7)
12.8(55.0)
8.1(46.6)
1.9(35.4)
−3.0(26.6)
−7.0(19.4)
−7.0(19.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
23.7(0.93)
25.6(1.01)
35.5(1.40)
85.1(3.35)
148.0(5.83)
202.1(7.96)
190.6(7.50)
134.7(5.30)
81.7(3.22)
90.8(3.57)
45.2(1.78)
20.4(0.80)
1,083.4(42.65)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
15.4
12.7
15.4
15.2
16.6
16.8
15.6
14.1
10.8
15.0
11.0
12.9
171.5
Average snowy days
4.2
2.4
0.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
1.5
8.8
Average relative humidity (%)
83
82
78
78
79
82
80
81
80
83
81
79
81
Mean monthly sunshine hours
35.0
55.4
81.6
107.7
120.0
98.8
156.1
171.3
131.5
82.0
77.1
53.6
1,170.1
Percent possible sunshine
11
17
22
28
29
24
37
43
36
23
24
17
26
Source: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days, snow days, sunshine 1991–2020)
Transportation
Three railway stations are situated in the District:
Guiyang East railway station, one of two major railway stations in Guiyang and an interchange between multiple lines
Luowansanjiang and Baiyi, both intermediate stops on the Guiyang–Kaiyang intercity railway
References
^ "贵阳市第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）" (in Chinese). Government of Guiyang. 2021-05-31.
^ 2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：乌当区 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China.
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
External links
Guiyang official website, Wudang District
vteCounty-level divisions of Guizhou ProvinceGuiyang (capital)Prefecture-level citiesGuiyang
Wudang District
Nanming District
Yunyan District
Huaxi District
Baiyun District
Guanshanhu District
Qingzhen city
Kaiyang County
Xiuwen County
Xifeng County
Liupanshui
Zhongshan District
Shuicheng District
Liuzhi Special District
Panzhou city
Zunyi
Honghuagang District
Huichuan District
Bozhou District
Chishui city
Renhuai city
Tongzi County
Suiyang County
Zheng'an County
Fenggang County
Meitan County
Yuqing County
Xishui County
Daozhen County
Wuchuan County
Anshun
Xixiu District
Pingba District
Puding County
Guanling County
Zhenning County
Ziyun County
Bijie
Qixingguan District
Qianxi city
Dafang County
Jinsha County
Zhijin County
Nayong County
Hezhang County
Weining County
Tongren
Bijiang District
Wanshan District
Jiangkou County
Shiqian County
Sinan County
Dejiang County
Yuping County
Yinjiang County
Songtao County
Yanhe County
Autonomous prefecturesQianxinan
Xingyi city
Xingren city
Pu'an County
Qinglong County
Zhenfeng County
Wangmo County
Ceheng County
Anlong County
Qiandongnan
Kaili city
Huangping County
Shibing County
Sansui County
Zhenyuan County
Cengong County
Tianzhu County
Jinping County
Jianhe County
Taijiang County
Liping County
Rongjiang County
Congjiang County
Leishan County
Majiang County
Danzhai County
Qiannan
Duyun city
Fuquan city
Libo County
Guiding County
Weng'an County
Dushan County
Pingtang County
Luodian County
Changshun County
Longli County
Huishui County
Sandu County
This Guizhou location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"urban districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(China)"},{"link_name":"prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Guiyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyang"},{"link_name":"Guizhou Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou"},{"link_name":"Southwest China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_China"}],"text":"District in Guizhou, ChinaWudang District (simplified Chinese: 乌当区; traditional Chinese: 烏當區; pinyin: Wūdāng Qū) is one of 6 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Guiyang, the capital of Guizhou Province, Southwest China.","title":"Wudang District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Xinbao Bouyei Ethnic Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xinbao_Bouyei_Ethnic_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pianpo Bouyei Ethnic Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pianpo_Bouyei_Ethnic_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Wudang District is divided into 5 subdistricts, 6 towns and 2 ethnic townships:[2]Guanxilu Subdistrict (观溪路街道)\nXinguanglu Subdistrict (新光路街道)\nXinchuanglu Subdistrict (新创路街道)\nLongguanglu Subdistrict (龙广路街道)\nGaoxinlu Subdistrict (高新路街道)\nDongfeng Town (东风镇)\nShuitian Town (水田镇)\nYangchang Town (羊昌镇)\nXiaba Town (下坝镇)\nXinchang Town (新场镇)\nBaiyi Town (百宜镇)\nXinbao Bouyei Ethnic Township (新堡布依族乡)\nPianpo Bouyei Ethnic Township (偏坡布依族乡)","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Climate data for Wudang (1981−2010 normals)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n34.4(93.9)\n\n34.5(94.1)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n34.7(94.5)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n19.6(67.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n3.8(38.8)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n3.6(38.5)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−6.4(20.5)\n\n−5.8(21.6)\n\n−4.1(24.6)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n−3.0(26.6)\n\n−7.0(19.4)\n\n−7.0(19.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n23.7(0.93)\n\n25.6(1.01)\n\n35.5(1.40)\n\n85.1(3.35)\n\n148.0(5.83)\n\n202.1(7.96)\n\n190.6(7.50)\n\n134.7(5.30)\n\n81.7(3.22)\n\n90.8(3.57)\n\n45.2(1.78)\n\n20.4(0.80)\n\n1,083.4(42.65)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n15.4\n\n12.7\n\n15.4\n\n15.2\n\n16.6\n\n16.8\n\n15.6\n\n14.1\n\n10.8\n\n15.0\n\n11.0\n\n12.9\n\n171.5\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n4.2\n\n2.4\n\n0.6\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.1\n\n1.5\n\n8.8\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n83\n\n82\n\n78\n\n78\n\n79\n\n82\n\n80\n\n81\n\n80\n\n83\n\n81\n\n79\n\n81\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n35.0\n\n55.4\n\n81.6\n\n107.7\n\n120.0\n\n98.8\n\n156.1\n\n171.3\n\n131.5\n\n82.0\n\n77.1\n\n53.6\n\n1,170.1\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n11\n\n17\n\n22\n\n28\n\n29\n\n24\n\n37\n\n43\n\n36\n\n23\n\n24\n\n17\n\n26\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days, snow days, sunshine 1991–2020)[3][4]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guiyang East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyang_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Luowansanjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luowansanjiang_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baiyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baiyi_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guiyang–Kaiyang intercity railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyang%E2%80%93Kaiyang_intercity_railway"}],"text":"Three railway stations are situated in the District:Guiyang East railway station, one of two major railway stations in Guiyang and an interchange between multiple lines\nLuowansanjiang and Baiyi, both intermediate stops on the Guiyang–Kaiyang intercity railway","title":"Transportation"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"贵阳市第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）\" (in Chinese). Government of Guiyang. 2021-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://tjj.guiyang.gov.cn/2020_zwgk/2020_zdlygk/2020_sjfb/tjgb/202105/t20210531_68341056.html","url_text":"\"贵阳市第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）\""}]},{"reference":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：乌当区 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2023/52/01/520112.html","url_text":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：乌当区"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China","url_text":"National Bureau of Statistics of China"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Cheng | Simon Cheng | ["1 Early life","2 Detention in China","2.1 Disappearance","2.2 Recounting the incident","2.3 Reactions","3 Life after detention","4 See also","5 References"] | Hong Kong activist
Simon Cheng鄭文傑Simon Cheng (2022)Born (1990-10-10) 10 October 1990 (age 33)British Hong KongNationalityBritish National (Overseas)Alma materNational Taiwan UniversityLondon School of EconomicsOccupation(s)Former trade and investment officer at the British Consulate-General, Hong KongKnown forDetention in China in August 2019Political partyIndependent
Simon Cheng Man-kit (Chinese: 鄭文傑; born 10 October 1990) is a Hong Kong activist. He was formerly a trade and investment officer at the British Consulate-General in Hong Kong. Cheng was detained by Chinese authorities in August 2019 in West Kowloon station when he returned from a business trip in Shenzhen. While the Chinese authorities stated that he was arrested for "soliciting prostitutes", Cheng denied the accusation and alleged that Chinese agents tortured him in an attempt to make him confess that he was a British spy who was involved in instigating the 2019 Hong Kong protests. Cheng subsequently fled to London and was granted asylum in June 2020.
Early life
Cheng was born in Hong Kong in 1990 and he was a Hong Kong permanent resident. He studied politics at National Taiwan University and pursued a Master's in the Political Economy of Europe at the London School of Economics. He returned to Hong Kong in 2017 and worked as a trade and investment officer at the British Consulate-General Hong Kong. His work was in the Scottish Development International section and his main responsibility was to encourage the mainland business community to invest in Scotland.
Detention in China
Disappearance
On 8 August 2019, Cheng, on behalf of the British Consulate-General of Hong Kong, left Hong Kong for Shenzhen to attend a business event via the Lo Wu control point. He was expected to return on the same day via the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link. At 10:37pm that day, he messaged his Taiwanese girlfriend, indicating that he was about to pass through the border checkpoint in West Kowloon station, which is under Mainland China's jurisdiction despite the fact that the station itself is located in Hong Kong after the controversial co-location agreement was passed in the Legislative Council in 2018. However, his family and friends were unable to contact him, and he did not show up for work on the following day. His family and friends worried that he was arrested because he had expressed his support for the ongoing 2019 Hong Kong protests through his social media accounts.
On 14 August, a group of protesters gathered outside the UK consulate in Hong Kong to stand in solidarity with Cheng and asked the UK government to assist him. His disappearance caught public attention, since it was reported that officers at the border had been searching civilians' belongings and phones to identify anyone who had attended the protests. China has also accused foreign powers including the United Kingdom of instigating the protests.
His family met with Nicola Barrett, a consulate official, who advised them to seek help from the police. The Hong Kong Police Force launched an investigation into the issue and listed Cheng as a "missing person". When asked by journalists from HK01, officers at the West Kowloon station checkpoint claimed that no one was arrested on 8 and 9 August inside the station. The Immigration Department also assisted Cheng's family and had contacted the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in Guangdong for more information, and later reported on August 10 that Cheng was under administrative detention in Shenzhen, though the reason for detainment was not disclosed. The British Consul General stated that they were "extremely concerned" about Cheng's disappearance and asked the Chinese authorities to release more details about his detainment.
On 21 August, at a press conference held by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, spokesperson Geng Shuang revealed that China had detained Cheng using the Security Administration Punishment Law, which covers mostly minor offences. Geng added that his arrest was China's "internal affair" since Cheng was a Hong Kong citizen. The following day, Chinese state-owned tabloid Global Times added that Cheng was arrested for "soliciting a prostitute". Under Article 66 of the law, offenders can be fined and detained for "no less than ten days but no more than fifteen days". According to Hu Xijin, a Global Times editor, Cheng's family was not informed by the police because it was "requested" by Cheng who wanted to "reduce damage to his reputation". However, his family rejected such accusations, telling Hong Kong Free Press that "Everyone knows it is not the truth. But time will tell". The family, who operated a Facebook page named "Release Simon Cheng" then re-posted the Global Times news piece on Facebook and added that the piece was “a joke”. Global Times had previously attacked Cheng for his political views and accused him of supporting Hong Kong independence. On 24 August, he returned to Hong Kong.
Recounting the incident
In November, Cheng published an article named "For the Record: An Enemy of the State" on Facebook, in which he disclosed the details during his detention and his side of the story. He said that the British consulate had asked him to observe the protests. He had joined several legal and peaceful rallies, and joined several Telegram groups which were used by the protesters for coordination. The protest movement was leaderless and all actions were co-ordinated using digital platforms. Cheng added that his role was to purely observe the movement then report back to the British consulate, meaning that he would not attempt to direct the movement or instigate any conflict. He further added that it was "the kind of civil society monitoring work many embassies do". He believed that his position as a member of the British consulate staff, as well as his relationship with a Chinese friend who was detained for participating in the protests, were the main reasons why Chinese authorities chose to detain him. During his trip in Shenzhen, he met with the relatives of the friend and collected money for him in a private capacity.
He recounted that he was handed over to three plain-clothed officers who he suspected to be secret police after he was escorted back to Shenzhen from West Kowloon station. The mainland agents inquired about the UK's role in the protests, and questioned him about what kind of assistance the UK government had provided to the protesters. According to Cheng, they subjected him to torture in order to make him confess that he had instigated and organised the protests "on behalf of the British government". Cheng added that he was "shackled, blindfolded and hooded" during his detention. He was forced to maintain stress positions for a sustained period, and that he would be beaten when he moved. He also reported being subjected to solitary confinement and sleep deprivation, as interrogators forced him to sing the Chinese national anthem whenever he tried to sleep. He was also strapped on a "tiger chair", which completely disabled the movement of the detainees, for a sustained period of time. His glasses were removed throughout his detention, causing him to feel "dizzy" constantly, and he was not allowed to contact his family. He also believed that other Hongkongers were detained by China.
Cheng added that the interrogators showed him pictures of protesters and asked him if he recognised any of them or if he was able to point out their political affiliation. He was also asked to draw out an organisation chart as the agents hoped to identify the protest leaders and "core" protesters. They also forced him to unlock his phone, allowing them to print out email conversations he had with the British consulate. The agents then forced him to record two confession videos, one for soliciting prostitutes, another for "betraying the motherland". Throughout the process, the agents verbally assaulted him, calling him "worse than shit", "enemy of the state", and that he did not deserve any "human rights" as he was an "intelligence officer". They also threatened that they would never release him, and claimed they would charge him for "subversion and espionage" if he refused to admit that the British were the masterminds behind the protests. Commenting on the interrogators, Cheng believed that they were not keen on finding the truth, and wanted to "fulfil and prove their pre-written play by filling in the information they want from the detainees". Before he was allowed to leave, the police reportedly threatened him by claiming that he would be "taken back" to mainland China from Hong Kong if he disclosed "anything other than 'soliciting prostitution' publicly".
When asked by a reporter from BBC News if he paid for sex, Cheng said he visited a massage parlour for "relaxation" after his business trip, and that he had done "nothing regrettable to the people I cherish and love". On 21 November, Chinese state media China Global Television Network (CGTN) released his confession video and a two-minute long CCTV footage of him visiting a clubhouse. CGTN claimed that the footage was taken on 23 July, 31 July and 8 August, and wrote that Cheng stayed in the parlour for approximately two and a half hours in each visit. In the confession video, wearing prison uniform, Cheng claimed that he did not contact his family or seek help from a lawyer because "he felt ashamed and embarrassed". Cheng, in his earlier written statement, added that he was forced to confess and that he had to record it several times. Cheng stated that he recorded the video under duress and he was coerced into filming the video as a condition for his release. He added that he would be put under "indefinite criminal detention" if he refused to film the video. He filed a complaint to Ofcom over CGTN's broadcast of his forced confession on 28 November 2019. On 4 February 2021, Ofcom revoked CGTN's licence to broadcast in the UK. On 8 March 2021, CGTN was fined a total of £225,000 by Ofcom for serious breaches of fairness, privacy and impartiality rules. “We found the individuals (Simon Cheng and Gui Minhai) concerned were unfairly treated and had their privacy unwarrantably infringed,” Ofcom said, adding that the broadcaster had “failed to obtain their informed consent to be interviewed.” It concluded that “material facts which cast serious doubt on the reliability of their alleged confessions” had been left out of the programmes, which aired pre-trial “confessions” of the two men while they were being detained. Ofcom said it was considering further sanctions.
Reactions
According to BBC News, UK government sources deemed his account about forced confession and torture credible, and the UK government had subsequently offered Cheng support. Dominic Raab, the Foreign Secretary, condemned the Chinese government and summoned Chinese ambassador Liu Xiaoming.
Simon Cheng was a valued member of our team. We were shocked and appalled by the mistreatment he suffered while in Chinese detention, which amounts to torture. I summoned the Chinese Ambassador to express our outrage at the brutal and disgraceful treatment of Simon in violation of China's international obligations. I have made clear we expect the Chinese authorities to investigate and hold those responsible to account.
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Geng Shuang criticised the summoning of Liu and responded by warning the UK not to interfere in China's internal affairs and describing the UK's "actions and comments on all issues relating to Hong Kong" as "false". Liu also responded by saying that Cheng had already made the confession, and that his legal rights were protected during his detention. Hong Kong's Secretary for Justice Teresa Cheng declined to comment.
Amnesty International responded by saying that Cheng's account of his treatment during his detention aligned with the "documented pattern of torture" commonly seen in Chinese prisons. Peter Dahlin, who served as the director for Safeguard Defenders, commented that Cheng's confession videos have no validity. He added that Beijing has a history of forcing detainees who have ties with foreign governments to record confession videos to deflect criticism. He added that these videos "paint the process with a veneer of judicial process and legality". Willy Lam, a professor from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, commented that the incident reflects Beijing's "vindictive attitude" towards Hong Kong citizens who have ties to foreign countries, and that the incident would likely further fuel the ongoing protests.
Life after detention
After he returned to Hong Kong, Cheng claimed that he was "asked to resign" by the consulate as he was considered a "security risk", though the consulate responded by saying that it was Cheng's decision to resign. Cheng later clarified that he left the post because his job would require him to visit mainland China frequently. He briefly stayed in Taiwan from 30 August to 29 November 2020. In Xinyi District, he found himself being followed by an unknown individual. The Taiwanese government then provided bodyguards for him to ensure his personal safety.
The UK government granted him a two-year working holiday visa, and on 27 December 2019, he submitted a request for asylum, which was granted to him and his fiancée on 26 June 2020. This indicated that after five years, he would become eligible to apply for full British citizenship. After he left Hong Kong, he advocated internationally for Hong Kong's and Taiwan's freedom and democracy. As China imposed a national security law on Hong Kong, Cheng collaborated with other exiled activists, including Ray Wong, Brian Leung and Lam Wing-kee to launch an online advice platform named "Haven Assistance" to help Hongkongers who were also facing political prosecution and seeking asylum. Cheng also advocated for the establishment of a "parliament-in-exile" as he believed that the formation of such council can "send a very clear signal to Beijing and the Hong Kong authorities that democracy need not be at the mercy of Beijing". He also established "Hongkongers in Britain", a platform which aids Hongkongers already in Britain and those who sought to emigrate there to integrate into the society.
On 30 July 2020, the Hong Kong police announced that they had issued arrest warrants to six exiled activists including Cheng, Nathan Law, Ray Wong, Wayne Chan, Honcques Laus, and Samuel Chu for breaching the national security law "on suspicion of inciting secession or colluding with foreign forces". Responding to becoming a political fugitive, Cheng said "the totalitarian regime now criminalises me, and I would take that not as a shame but an honour". On 14 December 2023, the Hong Kong government issued an arrest warrant against Cheng and put a bounty of HK$1 million on his capture.
On 10 January 2024, Hong Kong national security police searched Cheng's parents' and two sisters' home and brought them to police stations for questioning. Cheng had broken off contact with his family for four years. On 12 June 2024, the Hong Kong government revoked the passport of Cheng, exercising powers that it had been granted under the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance.
See also
Causeway Bay Books disappearances
References
^ a b c d e f g h Sudworth, John (20 November 2020). "Simon Cheng: Former UK consulate worker says he was tortured in China". BBC News. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b Cheng, Kris (20 August 2019). "China detains staff member from UK's consulate in Hong Kong for over 10 days after business trip". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b c Mackintorsh, Eliza (22 August 2020). "British consulate employee detained for 'solicitation of prostitution,' Chinese state-run newspaper reports". CNN. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Long-lee, Tian (20 August 2019). "Girlfriend of U.K. Consulate Worker Says China Has Detained Him". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b Hollingsworth, Julia (21 August 2019). "Hong Kong: British consulate employee Simon Cheng detained in China". CNN. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Cheng, Kris (22 August 2020). "Family of detained British consulate staffer refutes Chinese state media's prostitution claim". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Zheng, Sarah (22 August 2019). "Britain in urgent quest for contact with Hong Kong consulate employee Simon Cheng Man-kit". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Tong, Elson (24 August 2019). "British consulate staffer Simon Cheng returns to Hong Kong after China detention". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Fan, Wenxin (21 November 2020). "Former U.K. Consulate Employee Says Chinese Secret Police Tortured Him". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b c Yu, Verna (20 November 2019). "Former UK employee in Hong Kong 'tortured in 15-day China ordeal'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b c Yan, Sophia (20 November 2019). "UK to grant visa to Hong Kong consulate worker tortured in China". The Telegram. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b Qin, Amy (20 November 2019). "Ex-Worker at U.K. Consulate in Hong Kong Says China Tortured Him". New York Times. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b Chan, Holmes (21 November 2019). "Chinese state media publish 'confession' video of former UK consulate staffer Simon Cheng". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ "China releases video of UK consulate worker's confession to 'soliciting prostitution' amid torture allegations". Straits Times. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ "Simon Cheng: UK media watchdog receives 'China forced confession' complaint". BBC. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ "Ofcom revokes Chinese broadcaster CGTN's UK licence". BBC.
^ "Chinese state broadcaster CGTN fined £225,000 by UK regulator". Financial Times.
^ a b Faulconbridge, Guy (20 November 2020). "China tortured me over Hong Kong, says former British consulate employee". Reuters. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b Chan, Holmes (21 November 2019). "UK gov't summons China ambassador over 'torture' of former consulate staffer". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ "Chinese ambassador denies torture claims". RTHK. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Marlow, Iain (20 November 2019). "U.K. Accuses China of Torturing Hong Kong Consulate Worker". Time. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Li-hua, Chung (9 December 2019). "Simon Cheng says he was tailed in Taipei". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Davidson, Helen (2 July 2020). "Simon Cheng, Hong Kong consulate worker 'tortured' in China, is granted UK asylum". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Wong, Rachel (3 July 2020). "UK grants exiled ex-consulate staffer Simon Cheng asylum as Hong Kong activists launch advice platform". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Thomas, Natile (2 July 2020). "Exclusive: Hong Kong activists discuss 'parliament-in-exile' after China crackdown". Reuters. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ "鄭文傑創英國港僑協會 助港人英國重建生活 (10:36)". Ming Pao. 16 July 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ "Hong Kong 'seeking arrest' of fleeing activists". BBC. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Leung, Hillary (14 December 2023). "Hong Kong national security police issue arrest warrants, HK$1 million bounties for 5 overseas activists". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
^ "流亡英國港人家人遭國安警帶走調查 鄭文傑盼望來生再見". 美國之音. 10 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ Grundy, Tom (12 June 2024). "Hong Kong cancels passports of 6 'fugitive' activists in UK, inc. Nathan Law, under new security law provision". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"British Consulate-General in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Consulate-General,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"West Kowloon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_West_Kowloon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"2019 Hong Kong protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"Hong Kong activistSimon Cheng Man-kit (Chinese: 鄭文傑; born 10 October 1990) is a Hong Kong activist. He was formerly a trade and investment officer at the British Consulate-General in Hong Kong. Cheng was detained by Chinese authorities in August 2019 in West Kowloon station when he returned from a business trip in Shenzhen. While the Chinese authorities stated that he was arrested for \"soliciting prostitutes\", Cheng denied the accusation and alleged that Chinese agents tortured him in an attempt to make him confess that he was a British spy who was involved in instigating the 2019 Hong Kong protests. Cheng subsequently fled to London and was granted asylum in June 2020.","title":"Simon Cheng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong permanent resident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_permanent_resident"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University"},{"link_name":"Master's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"British Consulate-General Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Consulate-General,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_torture-1"}],"text":"Cheng was born in Hong Kong in 1990 and he was a Hong Kong permanent resident. He studied politics at National Taiwan University and pursued a Master's in the Political Economy of Europe at the London School of Economics. He returned to Hong Kong in 2017 and worked as a trade and investment officer at the British Consulate-General Hong Kong. His work was in the Scottish Development International section and his main responsibility was to encourage the mainland business community to invest in Scotland.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Detention in China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"Lo Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Wu"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link"},{"link_name":"West Kowloon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_West_Kowloon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKFP_disappearance-2"},{"link_name":"2019 Hong Kong protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-searching-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-searching-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force"},{"link_name":"missing person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_person"},{"link_name":"HK01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK01"},{"link_name":"Immigration Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKFP_disappearance-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geng_comments-5"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Geng Shuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geng_Shuang"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geng_comments-5"},{"link_name":"Global Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-searching-3"},{"link_name":"Hu Xijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Xijin"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Free Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Disappearance","text":"On 8 August 2019, Cheng, on behalf of the British Consulate-General of Hong Kong, left Hong Kong for Shenzhen to attend a business event via the Lo Wu control point. He was expected to return on the same day via the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link. At 10:37pm that day, he messaged his Taiwanese girlfriend, indicating that he was about to pass through the border checkpoint in West Kowloon station, which is under Mainland China's jurisdiction despite the fact that the station itself is located in Hong Kong after the controversial co-location agreement was passed in the Legislative Council in 2018. However, his family and friends were unable to contact him, and he did not show up for work on the following day.[2] His family and friends worried that he was arrested because he had expressed his support for the ongoing 2019 Hong Kong protests through his social media accounts.[3]On 14 August, a group of protesters gathered outside the UK consulate in Hong Kong to stand in solidarity with Cheng and asked the UK government to assist him. His disappearance caught public attention, since it was reported that officers at the border had been searching civilians' belongings and phones to identify anyone who had attended the protests.[3] China has also accused foreign powers including the United Kingdom of instigating the protests.[4]His family met with Nicola Barrett, a consulate official, who advised them to seek help from the police. The Hong Kong Police Force launched an investigation into the issue and listed Cheng as a \"missing person\". When asked by journalists from HK01, officers at the West Kowloon station checkpoint claimed that no one was arrested on 8 and 9 August inside the station. The Immigration Department also assisted Cheng's family and had contacted the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in Guangdong for more information, and later reported on August 10 that Cheng was under administrative detention in Shenzhen, though the reason for detainment was not disclosed.[2] The British Consul General stated that they were \"extremely concerned\" about Cheng's disappearance and asked the Chinese authorities to release more details about his detainment.[5]On 21 August, at a press conference held by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, spokesperson Geng Shuang revealed that China had detained Cheng using the Security Administration Punishment Law, which covers mostly minor offences. Geng added that his arrest was China's \"internal affair\" since Cheng was a Hong Kong citizen.[5] The following day, Chinese state-owned tabloid Global Times added that Cheng was arrested for \"soliciting a prostitute\". Under Article 66 of the law, offenders can be fined and detained for \"no less than ten days but no more than fifteen days\".[3] According to Hu Xijin, a Global Times editor, Cheng's family was not informed by the police because it was \"requested\" by Cheng who wanted to \"reduce damage to his reputation\". However, his family rejected such accusations, telling Hong Kong Free Press that \"Everyone knows it is not the truth. But time will tell\". The family, who operated a Facebook page named \"Release Simon Cheng\" then re-posted the Global Times news piece on Facebook and added that the piece was “a joke”.[6] Global Times had previously attacked Cheng for his political views and accused him of supporting Hong Kong independence.[7] On 24 August, he returned to Hong Kong.[8]","title":"Detention in China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram_(software)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_torture-1"},{"link_name":"secret police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_police"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_torture-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"solitary confinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_confinement"},{"link_name":"sleep deprivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_deprivation"},{"link_name":"Chinese national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Hongkongers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkongers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_torture-1"},{"link_name":"forced him to record two confession videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_confession#Forced_televised_confessions_in_China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_torture-1"},{"link_name":"enemy of the state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_torture-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_torture-1"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"paid for sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_sex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_torture-1"},{"link_name":"China Global Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Global_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"CCTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV"},{"link_name":"forced to confess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_confession"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKFP_Dahlin-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Gui Minhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gui_Minhai"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Recounting the incident","text":"In November, Cheng published an article named \"For the Record: An Enemy of the State\" on Facebook, in which he disclosed the details during his detention and his side of the story. He said that the British consulate had asked him to observe the protests. He had joined several legal and peaceful rallies, and joined several Telegram groups which were used by the protesters for coordination. The protest movement was leaderless and all actions were co-ordinated using digital platforms. Cheng added that his role was to purely observe the movement then report back to the British consulate, meaning that he would not attempt to direct the movement or instigate any conflict. He further added that it was \"the kind of civil society monitoring work many embassies do\". He believed that his position as a member of the British consulate staff, as well as his relationship with a Chinese friend who was detained for participating in the protests, were the main reasons why Chinese authorities chose to detain him. During his trip in Shenzhen, he met with the relatives of the friend and collected money for him in a private capacity.[1]He recounted that he was handed over to three plain-clothed officers who he suspected to be secret police after he was escorted back to Shenzhen from West Kowloon station.[1][9] The mainland agents inquired about the UK's role in the protests, and questioned him about what kind of assistance the UK government had provided to the protesters. According to Cheng, they subjected him to torture in order to make him confess that he had instigated and organised the protests \"on behalf of the British government\". Cheng added that he was \"shackled, blindfolded and hooded\" during his detention. He was forced to maintain stress positions for a sustained period, and that he would be beaten when he moved. He also reported being subjected to solitary confinement and sleep deprivation, as interrogators forced him to sing the Chinese national anthem whenever he tried to sleep. He was also strapped on a \"tiger chair\", which completely disabled the movement of the detainees, for a sustained period of time. His glasses were removed throughout his detention, causing him to feel \"dizzy\" constantly, and he was not allowed to contact his family. He also believed that other Hongkongers were detained by China.[1]Cheng added that the interrogators showed him pictures of protesters and asked him if he recognised any of them or if he was able to point out their political affiliation. He was also asked to draw out an organisation chart as the agents hoped to identify the protest leaders and \"core\" protesters. They also forced him to unlock his phone, allowing them to print out email conversations he had with the British consulate. The agents then forced him to record two confession videos, one for soliciting prostitutes, another for \"betraying the motherland\".[1] Throughout the process, the agents verbally assaulted him, calling him \"worse than shit\", \"enemy of the state\", and that he did not deserve any \"human rights\" as he was an \"intelligence officer\".[1][10] They also threatened that they would never release him, and claimed they would charge him for \"subversion and espionage\" if he refused to admit that the British were the masterminds behind the protests.[10][11] Commenting on the interrogators, Cheng believed that they were not keen on finding the truth, and wanted to \"fulfil and prove their pre-written play by filling in the information they want from the detainees\".[12] Before he was allowed to leave, the police reportedly threatened him by claiming that he would be \"taken back\" to mainland China from Hong Kong if he disclosed \"anything other than 'soliciting prostitution' publicly\".[1]When asked by a reporter from BBC News if he paid for sex, Cheng said he visited a massage parlour for \"relaxation\" after his business trip, and that he had done \"nothing regrettable to the people I cherish and love\".[1] On 21 November, Chinese state media China Global Television Network (CGTN) released his confession video and a two-minute long CCTV footage of him visiting a clubhouse. CGTN claimed that the footage was taken on 23 July, 31 July and 8 August, and wrote that Cheng stayed in the parlour for approximately two and a half hours in each visit. In the confession video, wearing prison uniform, Cheng claimed that he did not contact his family or seek help from a lawyer because \"he felt ashamed and embarrassed\". Cheng, in his earlier written statement, added that he was forced to confess and that he had to record it several times.[13] Cheng stated that he recorded the video under duress and he was coerced into filming the video as a condition for his release.[11] He added that he would be put under \"indefinite criminal detention\" if he refused to film the video.[14] He filed a complaint to Ofcom over CGTN's broadcast of his forced confession on 28 November 2019.[15] On 4 February 2021, Ofcom revoked CGTN's licence to broadcast in the UK.[16] On 8 March 2021, CGTN was fined a total of £225,000 by Ofcom for serious breaches of fairness, privacy and impartiality rules. “We found the individuals (Simon Cheng and Gui Minhai) concerned were unfairly treated and had their privacy unwarrantably infringed,” Ofcom said, adding that the broadcaster had “failed to obtain their informed consent to be interviewed.” It concluded that “material facts which cast serious doubt on the reliability of their alleged confessions” had been left out of the programmes, which aired pre-trial “confessions” of the two men while they were being detained. Ofcom said it was considering further sanctions.[17]","title":"Detention in China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominic Raab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Raab"},{"link_name":"Foreign Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Liu Xiaoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiaoming"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summon-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summon-18"},{"link_name":"Chinese Foreign Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Geng Shuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geng_Shuang"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-china_response-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-12"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Secretary for Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_for_Justice"},{"link_name":"Teresa Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Cheng_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-china_response-19"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-11"},{"link_name":"Safeguard Defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeguard_Defenders"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKFP_Dahlin-13"},{"link_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Reactions","text":"According to BBC News, UK government sources deemed his account about forced confession and torture credible, and the UK government had subsequently offered Cheng support. Dominic Raab, the Foreign Secretary, condemned the Chinese government and summoned Chinese ambassador Liu Xiaoming.[18]Simon Cheng was a valued member of our team. We were shocked and appalled by the mistreatment he suffered while in Chinese detention, which amounts to torture. I summoned the Chinese Ambassador to express our outrage at the brutal and disgraceful treatment of Simon in violation of China's international obligations. I have made clear we expect the Chinese authorities to investigate and hold those responsible to account.[18]Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Geng Shuang criticised the summoning of Liu and responded by warning the UK not to interfere in China's internal affairs and describing the UK's \"actions and comments on all issues relating to Hong Kong\" as \"false\".[19][12] Liu also responded by saying that Cheng had already made the confession, and that his legal rights were protected during his detention.[20] Hong Kong's Secretary for Justice Teresa Cheng declined to comment.[19]Amnesty International responded by saying that Cheng's account of his treatment during his detention aligned with the \"documented pattern of torture\" commonly seen in Chinese prisons.[11] Peter Dahlin, who served as the director for Safeguard Defenders, commented that Cheng's confession videos have no validity. He added that Beijing has a history of forcing detainees who have ties with foreign governments to record confession videos to deflect criticism. He added that these videos \"paint the process with a veneer of judicial process and legality\".[13] Willy Lam, a professor from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, commented that the incident reflects Beijing's \"vindictive attitude\" towards Hong Kong citizens who have ties to foreign countries, and that the incident would likely further fuel the ongoing protests.[21]","title":"Detention in China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-10"},{"link_name":"Xinyi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinyi_District,_Taipei"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_asylum"},{"link_name":"British citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_citizenship"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"national security law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law"},{"link_name":"Ray Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Wong"},{"link_name":"Lam Wing-kee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Wing-kee"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Nathan Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Law"},{"link_name":"Ray Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Wong"},{"link_name":"Honcques Laus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honcques_Laus"},{"link_name":"Samuel Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Chu"},{"link_name":"totalitarian regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_regime"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Safeguarding National Security Ordinance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeguarding_National_Security_Ordinance"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"After he returned to Hong Kong, Cheng claimed that he was \"asked to resign\" by the consulate as he was considered a \"security risk\", though the consulate responded by saying that it was Cheng's decision to resign.[10] Cheng later clarified that he left the post because his job would require him to visit mainland China frequently. He briefly stayed in Taiwan from 30 August to 29 November 2020. In Xinyi District, he found himself being followed by an unknown individual. The Taiwanese government then provided bodyguards for him to ensure his personal safety.[22]The UK government granted him a two-year working holiday visa, and on 27 December 2019, he submitted a request for asylum, which was granted to him and his fiancée on 26 June 2020. This indicated that after five years, he would become eligible to apply for full British citizenship.[23] After he left Hong Kong, he advocated internationally for Hong Kong's and Taiwan's freedom and democracy. As China imposed a national security law on Hong Kong, Cheng collaborated with other exiled activists, including Ray Wong, Brian Leung and Lam Wing-kee to launch an online advice platform named \"Haven Assistance\" to help Hongkongers who were also facing political prosecution and seeking asylum.[24] Cheng also advocated for the establishment of a \"parliament-in-exile\" as he believed that the formation of such council can \"send a very clear signal to Beijing and the Hong Kong authorities that democracy need not be at the mercy of Beijing\".[25] He also established \"Hongkongers in Britain\", a platform which aids Hongkongers already in Britain and those who sought to emigrate there to integrate into the society.[26]On 30 July 2020, the Hong Kong police announced that they had issued arrest warrants to six exiled activists including Cheng, Nathan Law, Ray Wong, Wayne Chan, Honcques Laus, and Samuel Chu for breaching the national security law \"on suspicion of inciting secession or colluding with foreign forces\". Responding to becoming a political fugitive, Cheng said \"the totalitarian regime now criminalises me, and I would take that not as a shame but an honour\".[27] On 14 December 2023, the Hong Kong government issued an arrest warrant against Cheng and put a bounty of HK$1 million on his capture.[28]On 10 January 2024, Hong Kong national security police searched Cheng's parents' and two sisters' home and brought them to police stations for questioning. Cheng had broken off contact with his family for four years.[29] On 12 June 2024, the Hong Kong government revoked the passport of Cheng, exercising powers that it had been granted under the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance.[30]","title":"Life after detention"}] | [] | [{"title":"Causeway Bay Books disappearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Bay_Books_disappearances"}] | [{"reference":"Sudworth, John (20 November 2020). \"Simon Cheng: Former UK consulate worker says he was tortured in China\". BBC News. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50457262","url_text":"\"Simon Cheng: Former UK consulate worker says he was tortured in China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Kris (20 August 2019). \"China detains staff member from UK's consulate in Hong Kong for over 10 days after business trip\". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hongkongfp.com/2019/08/20/staff-member-uks-consulate-hong-kong-missing-10-days-mainland-china-business-trip/","url_text":"\"China detains staff member from UK's consulate in Hong Kong for over 10 days after business trip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press","url_text":"Hong Kong Free Press"}]},{"reference":"Mackintorsh, Eliza (22 August 2020). \"British consulate employee detained for 'solicitation of prostitution,' Chinese state-run newspaper reports\". CNN. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/22/asia/hong-kong-staffer-china-prostitution-intl-hnk/index.html","url_text":"\"British consulate employee detained for 'solicitation of prostitution,' Chinese state-run newspaper reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Long-lee, Tian (20 August 2019). \"Girlfriend of U.K. Consulate Worker Says China Has Detained Him\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-20/u-k-consulate-worker-goes-missing-after-china-trip-hk01-says","url_text":"\"Girlfriend of U.K. Consulate Worker Says China Has Detained Him\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.","url_text":"Bloomberg"}]},{"reference":"Hollingsworth, Julia (21 August 2019). \"Hong Kong: British consulate employee Simon Cheng detained in China\". CNN. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/21/asia/hong-kong-simon-cheng-intl-hnk/index.html","url_text":"\"Hong Kong: British consulate employee Simon Cheng detained in China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Kris (22 August 2020). \"Family of detained British consulate staffer refutes Chinese state media's prostitution claim\". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hongkongfp.com/2019/08/22/family-detained-british-consulate-staffer-refutes-chinese-state-medias-prostitution-claim/","url_text":"\"Family of detained British consulate staffer refutes Chinese state media's prostitution claim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press","url_text":"Hong Kong Free Press"}]},{"reference":"Zheng, Sarah (22 August 2019). \"Britain in urgent quest for contact with Hong Kong consulate employee Simon Cheng Man-kit\". South China Morning Post. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkwhite_Sheets | Milkwhite Sheets | ["1 Track listing","2 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Milkwhite Sheets" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2006 studio album by Isobel CampbellMilkwhite SheetsStudio album by Isobel CampbellReleased23 October 2006Recorded2005GenreFolkLabelV2 RecordsProducerIsobel CampbellIsobel Campbell chronology
Ballad of the Broken Seas(2006)
Milkwhite Sheets(2006)
Sunday at Devil Dirt(2008)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic linkPitchfork Media(5.7 / 10) link
Milkwhite Sheets is the fourth solo album released by former Belle & Sebastian member Isobel Campbell. The album was released on 23 October 2006. It brings traditional songs from United Kingdom and songs written by Campbell. She said the album was inspired by the works of Jean Ritchie, Anne Briggs and Shirley Collins.
Track listing
All songs written by Isobel Campbell, except where noted.
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."O Love Is Teasin'"Traditional1:562."Willow's Song"Paul Giovanni4:223."Yearning"Isobel Campbell4:194."James"Isobel Campbell3:555."Hori Horo"Traditional2:216."Reynardine"Traditional2:547."Milkwhite Sheets"Jim McCulloch1:208."Cachel Wood"Isobel Campbell2:389."Beggar, Wiseman or Thief"Isobel Campbell3:1310."Loving Hannah"Traditional3:1811."Are You Going to Leave Me?"Traditional4:3112."Over the Wheat and the Barley"Isobel Campbell2:3413."Thursday's Child"Isobel Campbell7:0914."Bird in the Wood" (Hidden Track)Isobel Campbell0:48
Japan Bonus TrackNo.TitleLength2."Nottamun Town"3:40
External links
Official website Info on the album
vteIsobel CampbellStudio albums
The Green Fields of Foreverland
Swansong for You
Amorino
Milkwhite Sheets
There Is No Other...
Extended plays
Ghost of Yesterday
Singles
Weathershow
Falling from Grace
Time Is Just the Same
Ramblin' Man
Honey Child What Can I Do?
O Love Is Teasin'
Who Built the Road
Come on Over (Turn Me On)
You Won't Let Me Down Again
with Mark Lanegan
Ballad of the Broken Seas
Sunday at Devil Dirt
Keep Me in Mind Sweetheart EP
Hawk
Related articles
Discography
Belle and Sebastian
"Sing"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"Belle & Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_%26_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"Isobel Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Jean Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"Anne Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Shirley Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Collins"}],"text":"2006 studio album by Isobel CampbellMilkwhite Sheets is the fourth solo album released by former Belle & Sebastian member Isobel Campbell. The album was released on 23 October 2006. It brings traditional songs from United Kingdom and songs written by Campbell. She said the album was inspired by the works of Jean Ritchie, Anne Briggs and Shirley Collins.","title":"Milkwhite Sheets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Isobel Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Isobel Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Isobel Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Isobel Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Isobel Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Isobel Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Isobel Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel_Campbell"}],"text":"All songs written by Isobel Campbell, except where noted.No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"O Love Is Teasin'\"Traditional1:562.\"Willow's Song\"Paul Giovanni4:223.\"Yearning\"Isobel Campbell4:194.\"James\"Isobel Campbell3:555.\"Hori Horo\"Traditional2:216.\"Reynardine\"Traditional2:547.\"Milkwhite Sheets\"Jim McCulloch1:208.\"Cachel Wood\"Isobel Campbell2:389.\"Beggar, Wiseman or Thief\"Isobel Campbell3:1310.\"Loving Hannah\"Traditional3:1811.\"Are You Going to Leave Me?\"Traditional4:3112.\"Over the Wheat and the Barley\"Isobel Campbell2:3413.\"Thursday's Child\"Isobel Campbell7:0914.\"Bird in the Wood\" (Hidden Track)Isobel Campbell0:48Japan Bonus TrackNo.TitleLength2.\"Nottamun Town\"3:40","title":"Track listing"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Milkwhite+Sheets%22","external_links_name":"\"Milkwhite Sheets\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Milkwhite+Sheets%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Milkwhite+Sheets%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Milkwhite+Sheets%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Milkwhite+Sheets%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Milkwhite+Sheets%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r931748","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/9556-milkwhite-sheets/","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061211094558/http://www.isobelcampbell.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/c48e2f67-1e22-36eb-884d-9b087ca8a7bf","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashozi | Kashozi | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 1°13′41″S 31°48′32″E / 1.227971°S 31.808853°E / -1.227971; 31.808853This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article focuses only on one specialized aspect of the subject. Please help improve this article by adding general information and discuss at the talk page. (January 2016)
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Mission in Kagera, TanzaniaKashoziMissionKashoziCoordinates: 1°13′41″S 31°48′32″E / 1.227971°S 31.808853°E / -1.227971; 31.808853CountryTanzaniaRegionKagera
Kashozi is the site of a Catholic mission established in German East Africa, now Tanzania. It is about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to the north of Bukoba.
The mission at Kashozi was founded by Mgr. Joseph Hirth in December 1892 when he was taking refuge from the civil war in Buganda.
The parish was in Kiziba, one of the Haya states. At first it was called Marienberg.
Kashozi was located near the new German town of Bukoba.
When the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Victoria Nyanza was formed in 1894, Kashozi became its Episcopal See.
Joseph Sweens was appointed coadjutor bishop to Hirth on 17 December 1909 and returned to South Nyanza in April 1910.
Hirth returned to his old residence at Kashozi, leaving Sweens to live at the seminary of Rubya.
On 12 December 1912 Sweens succeeded Hirth as Vicar Apostolic of South Nyanza.
The White Sisters established themselves at Kashozi, and the parish became widely known for the help that it gave to women.
In the period from 1928 to 1939, the parish averaged four resident European missionary priests, and after 1935 one African priest.
During the same period the number of White Sisters rose from five to eight,
while the number of African Sisters declined from sixteen in 1930 to nine in 1939.
Kashozi has a secondary school, although as of 1992 the ordinary peasants could not afford to pay the fees.
Cardinal Laurean Rugambwa (July 12, 1912 – December 8, 1997), the first African bishop in Tanzania and first African cardinal, was buried at Kashogi.
In October 2012 his body was exhumed and transferred to the renovated Mater Misericordiae Cathedral of Bukoba
in a major ceremony attended by many religious and civil dignitaries.
References
Citations
^ a b Bukoba Catholic Diocese in Brief.
^ a b Université du Burundi 1989, p. 448.
^ Shorter 2011, p. 78.
^ Gahungu 2007, p. 62.
^ Cheney 2013.
^ Gibbon 1995, p. 158.
^ Re-Burial of His Eminence...
Sources
"Bukoba Catholic Diocese in Brief". Bukoba Catholic Diocese. Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
Cheney, David M. (28 January 2013). "Bishop Joseph Francis Marie Sweens, M. Afr". Catholic Hierarchy. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
Gahungu, Méthode (2007). Former les prêtres en Afrique: Le rôle des Pères Blancs (1879–1936). l'Harmattan. p. 186. ISBN 978-2-296-04471-5. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
Gibbon (1995). Liberalised Development in Tanzania: Studies on Accumulation Processes and Local Institutions. Nordic Africa Institute. p. 158. ISBN 978-91-7106-370-0. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
"Re-Burial of His Eminence Laurean Cardinal Rugambwa". Catholic Web. Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
Shorter, Aylward (2011-12-01). Les Pères Blancs au temps de la conquête coloniale: Histoire des Missionnaires d'Afrique (1892-1914). KARTHALA Editions. p. 78. ISBN 978-2-8111-0575-4. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
Université du Burundi. Département d'histoire (1991). Histoire sociale de l'Afrique de l'Est: (XIXe-XXe siècle) : actes du Colloque de Bujumbura (17-24 octobre 1989). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-86537-315-4. Retrieved 2013-03-30. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Bukoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukoba"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hirth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukoba_Catholic_Diocese_in_Brief-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversit%C3%A9_du_Burundi_1989448-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter201178-3"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Victoria Nyanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Southern_Victoria_Nyanza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukoba_Catholic_Diocese_in_Brief-1"},{"link_name":"Joseph Sweens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Sweens"},{"link_name":"coadjutor bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop"},{"link_name":"Rubya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubya"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGahungu200762-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2013-5"},{"link_name":"White Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversit%C3%A9_du_Burundi_1989448-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1995158-6"},{"link_name":"Laurean Rugambwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurean_Rugambwa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERe-Burial_of_His_Eminence...-7"}],"text":"Mission in Kagera, TanzaniaKashozi is the site of a Catholic mission established in German East Africa, now Tanzania. It is about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to the north of Bukoba.The mission at Kashozi was founded by Mgr. Joseph Hirth in December 1892 when he was taking refuge from the civil war in Buganda.[1]\nThe parish was in Kiziba, one of the Haya states. At first it was called Marienberg.[2]\nKashozi was located near the new German town of Bukoba.[3]\nWhen the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Victoria Nyanza was formed in 1894, Kashozi became its Episcopal See.[1] \nJoseph Sweens was appointed coadjutor bishop to Hirth on 17 December 1909 and returned to South Nyanza in April 1910.\nHirth returned to his old residence at Kashozi, leaving Sweens to live at the seminary of Rubya.[4]\nOn 12 December 1912 Sweens succeeded Hirth as Vicar Apostolic of South Nyanza.[5]The White Sisters established themselves at Kashozi, and the parish became widely known for the help that it gave to women.\nIn the period from 1928 to 1939, the parish averaged four resident European missionary priests, and after 1935 one African priest. \nDuring the same period the number of White Sisters rose from five to eight, \nwhile the number of African Sisters declined from sixteen in 1930 to nine in 1939.[2]Kashozi has a secondary school, although as of 1992 the ordinary peasants could not afford to pay the fees.[6]\nCardinal Laurean Rugambwa (July 12, 1912 – December 8, 1997), the first African bishop in Tanzania and first African cardinal, was buried at Kashogi.\nIn October 2012 his body was exhumed and transferred to the renovated Mater Misericordiae Cathedral of Bukoba\nin a major ceremony attended by many religious and civil dignitaries.[7]","title":"Kashozi"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bukoba Catholic Diocese in Brief\". 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Les Pères Blancs au temps de la conquête coloniale: Histoire des Missionnaires d'Afrique (1892-1914). KARTHALA Editions. p. 78. ISBN 978-2-8111-0575-4. Retrieved 2013-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E0oL526RRZsC&pg=PA78","url_text":"Les Pères Blancs au temps de la conquête coloniale: Histoire des Missionnaires d'Afrique (1892-1914)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-0575-4","url_text":"978-2-8111-0575-4"}]},{"reference":"Université du Burundi. Département d'histoire (1991). Histoire sociale de l'Afrique de l'Est: (XIXe-XXe siècle) : actes du Colloque de Bujumbura (17-24 octobre 1989). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-86537-315-4. Retrieved 2013-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sBdbGNgpzssC&pg=PA448","url_text":"Histoire sociale de l'Afrique de l'Est: (XIXe-XXe siècle) : actes du Colloque de Bujumbura (17-24 octobre 1989)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86537-315-4","url_text":"978-2-86537-315-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kashozi¶ms=1.227971_S_31.808853_E_type:city_region:TZ-05","external_links_name":"1°13′41″S 31°48′32″E / 1.227971°S 31.808853°E / -1.227971; 31.808853"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashozi&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kashozi¶ms=1.227971_S_31.808853_E_type:city_region:TZ-05","external_links_name":"1°13′41″S 31°48′32″E / 1.227971°S 31.808853°E / -1.227971; 31.808853"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130403114348/http://bukobadiocese.catholicweb.com/index.cfm/NewsItem?ID=283185&From=Home","external_links_name":"\"Bukoba Catholic Diocese in Brief\""},{"Link":"http://bukobadiocese.catholicweb.com/index.cfm/NewsItem?ID=283185&From=Home","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bswee.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Joseph Francis Marie Sweens, M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongman_competition | Strength athletics | ["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Television","2 Common disciplines","3 Major titles and title holders","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Sport
Strongman competitions usually involve non-traditional, often sensationalistic, challenges of strength.
Strength athletics, also known as Strongman competitions, is a sport which tests competitors' strength in a variety of non-traditional ways. Some of the disciplines are similar to those in powerlifting and some powerlifters have also successfully competed in strongman competitions. However, strongman events also test physical endurance to a degree not found in powerlifting or other strength-based sports, such as carrying refrigerators, flipping truck tires, and pulling vehicles with a rope.
Competitions designed to test the strength of participants pre-date recorded history. The Highland games in Scotland are an early example of modern strongman competitions. Circus strongmen also performed feats of strength that were non-traditional or sensationalistic. Strongman competitions like World's Strongest Man began their television popularity in the 1970s.
History
Origins
See also: Highland games, Strongman, Powerlifting, and History of physical training and fitness
Strength competitions pre-date written history. The first Olympics (running, throwing, jumping) were believed to be held in 776 BCE. There are records in many civilizations of feats of strength performed by great heroes, perhaps mythological, such as Heracles, Goliath, Orm Storolfsson and Milo of Croton.
A caber being tossed by Steven Labrecque at the 2000 New Hampshire Highland Games
Competitions that modern strongman events are modeled on, Scottish Highland Gatherings, were formalized around 1820 by Sir Walter Scott. In 1848, Queen Victoria attended the Braemar Highland Games.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, circus strongmen lent sensationalism to their acts such as bending iron bars, breaking iron chains worn around their chests, and lifting heavy objects. Famous strongmen from this era included Thomas Topham, Eugen Sandow, Louis Cyr, Thomas Inch, Arthur Saxon, Angus MacAskill, and Alexander Zass.
In the 20th century, strength sports such as weightlifting and powerlifting were popularized through the Olympic Games. However, feats of strength akin to the circus performances also gained in popularity. David Prowse (who played Darth Vader in Star Wars) was initially famous in 1964 for his lifting the famed 733 pounds (332 kg) Dinnie Stones, the first man to do so since Donald Dinnie himself a century earlier.
Television
Perhaps the most famous event is the World's Strongest Man competition, still described by a number of highly respected authorities in the sport as the premier event in strength athletics.
The concept behind "The World's Strongest Men", as it was originally named, was developed in 1977 for CBS by Langstar Inc. David Webster, a Scot who later received an OBE for his services to sport, was the head coordinator of the competition from its inception. Dr Douglas Edmunds, seven-times Scottish shot and discus champion and twice world caber champion, worked with Webster. When Webster retired from his position, Edmunds took over. These two men were responsible for inviting the competitors and choosing the events. They selected men who had shown prowess in the mainstream fields of strength sports and field athletics events, such as shot put, American football, powerlifters, bodybuilders and wrestlers. The idea was to create a spectacle that would test competitors against one another.
The show was enough of a success that it began to be replicated in other countries, such as Britain's Strongest Man (1979). Competitors began shifting from unpaid amateurs to professional strongmen. By the end of the 20th century, and in to the 21st, other strongman programs and events were created such as Strongman Championship hosted by Errol Silverman. Other competitions have been televised, such as the World Muscle Power Championships, World Strongman Challenge, Arnold Strongman Classic, Giants Live, Highlander World Championships, World Strongman Federation, and Europe's Strongest Man.
Common disciplines
Farmer's Walk
"Natural stone to shoulder". The stone weighs 165 kg
"Natural stone to shoulder". The stone weighs 165 kg
There is no set rule about what specific events will occur in a contest, except that to prevent single-event specialists from gaining an advantage, each event will be different (a single contest will not include two squat events, or two overhead lifting events, for example). Normally, a strongman contest comprises five or six events, though at the top level of competition, seven or eight events may be held. Among the most common events are:
Farmer's Walk – competitors race along a course while carrying a heavy weight in each hand. A variation is the Giant Farmer's Walk, with a much heavier weight carried over a shorter distance.
Hercules Hold or Pillars of Hercules – contestants stand between two pillars, pivoted to fall outwards. The competitor must simply hold them up for as long as possible.
Vehicle pull – competitors pull a vehicle from a stationary start for a prescribed distance – fastest over the course wins. Trucks are commonly used, but larger spectacles employ trains, boats, and airplanes.
Atlas Stones – a lifting stone event whereby five spherical concrete stones of increasing weight are placed on top of podia of varying height, beginning with the lightest stone lifted to approximately a normal person's head height. Alternatively, the stone is lifted over a bar for reps.
Stone Carry – in Iceland, the original stone carry was performed with the Húsafell Stone, that was to be carried for a stretch to achieve the title fullsterkur (full-strong). This stone was not round but irregular, increasing the difficulty.
Refrigerator Carry – a staple of earlier WSM events that has made a comeback in recent years. The competitors carry two refrigerators, attached to an iron bar they hold on their shoulders, and walk it across the finish line as fast as they can.
Carry and Drag – an object (usually a heavy anchor) is run across half of the course. The competitors then must attach it to a chain of almost equal weight and pull it across the rest of the course.
Fingal's Fingers – under a timer, lift and flip a series of progressively heavier, hinged poles from a horizontal starting position.
Major titles and title holders
Year
World's Strongest Man
World Muscle Power Classic
World Strongman Challenge
Arnold Strongman Classic
Europe's Strongest Man
Strongman Super Series/Pure Strength
World Strongman Cup Federation
World's Ultimate Strongman/Fortissimus/Defi Mark Ten
Strongman Champions League
IFSA World Championships
Shaw Classic
Rogue Invitational
2024
Tom Stoltman
Mitchell Hooper
Luke Stoltman
2023
Mitchell Hooper
Mitchell Hooper
Pavlo Kordiyaka
Oskar Ziółkowski
Brian Shaw
Mitchell Hooper
2022
Tom Stoltman
Martins Licis
Oleksii Novikov
Aivars Šmaukstelis
Trey Mitchell
Oleksii Novikov
2021
Tom Stoltman
Luke Stoltman
Oleksii Novikov
Kelvin de Ruiter
Trey Mitchell
Martins Licis
2020
Oleksii Novikov
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Luke Richardson
Oleksii Novikov
Brian Shaw
2019
Martins Licis
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Mateusz Kieliszkowski
Aivars Šmaukstelis
2018
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Dainis Zageris
2017
Eddie Hall
Brian Shaw
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Matjaz Belsak
2016
Brian Shaw
Žydrūnas Savickas
Laurence Shahlaei
Dainis Zageris
2015
Brian Shaw
Brian Shaw
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Krzysztof Radzikowski
2014
Žydrūnas Savickas
Žydrūnas Savickas
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Martin Wildauer
2013
Brian Shaw
Vytautas Lalas
Žydrūnas Savickas
Krzysztof Radzikowski
2012
Žydrūnas Savickas
Mike Jenkins
Žydrūnas Savickas
Žydrūnas Savickas
2011
Brian Shaw
Brian Shaw
Ervin Katona
2010
Žydrūnas Savickas
Derek Poundstone
Žydrūnas Savickas
Brian Shaw
Terry Hollands
2009
Žydrūnas Savickas
Derek Poundstone
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Brian Shaw
Žydrūnas Savickas
Andrus Murumets
2008
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Žydrūnas Savickas
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Derek Poundstone
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Derek Poundstone
Žydrūnas Savickas
2007
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Žydrūnas Savickas
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Vasyl Virastyuk
2006
Phil Pfister
Žydrūnas Savickas
Žydrūnas Savickas
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Žydrūnas Savickas
2005
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Žydrūnas Savickas
Jarek Dymek
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Raivis Vidzis
Žydrūnas Savickas
2004
Vasyl Virastyuk
Hugo Girard
Žydrūnas Savickas
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Žydrūnas Savickas
Raivis Vidzis
2003
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Hugo Girard
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Žydrūnas Savickas
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Mariusz Pudzianowski
2002
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Svend Karlsen
Hugo Girard
Mark Henry
Mariusz Pudzianowski
Hugo Girard
2001
Svend Karlsen
Hugo Girard
Magnus Samuelsson
Svend Karlsen
Magnus Samuelsson
2000
Janne Virtanen
Jamie Reeves
Janne Virtanen
Berend Veneberg
1999
Jouko Ahola
Hugo Girard
Jouko Ahola
Jouko Ahola
1998
Magnus Samuelsson
Jouko Ahola
Magnus Samuelsson
Jouko Ahola
1997
Jouko Ahola
Raimonds Bergmanis
Magnús Ver Magnússon
Riku Kiri
1996
Magnús Ver Magnússon
Forbes Cowen
Nathan Jones
Riku Kiri
1995
Magnús Ver Magnússon
Magnús Ver Magnússon
Jouko Ahola
Riku Kiri
1994
Magnús Ver Magnússon
Manfred Hoeberl
Andrés Guðmundsson
Hoeberl &Magnússon
1993
Gary Taylor
Manfred Hoeberl
Gerrit Badenhorst
Manfred Hoeberl
1992
Ted Van Der Parre
Jamie Reeves
Jamie Reeves
László Fekete
Mark Higgins
1991
Magnús Ver Magnússon
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Riku Kiri
Taylor &Cowan
Mark Higgins
1990
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Mark Higgins
Henning Thorsen
Kazmaier &Wilson
Mark Higgins
1989
Jamie Reeves
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Mark Higgins
Jamie Reeves
Árnason &Magnússon
Magnús Ver Magnússon
1988
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Bill Kazmaier
Riku Kiri
Jamie Reeves
Kazmaier &Thompson
Hjalti Árnason
1987
Geoff Capes
Geoff Capes
Ab Wolders
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Bill Kazmaier
1986
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Tom Magee
1985
Geoff Capes
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Tom Magee
1984
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
Geoff Capes
Tom Magee
1983
Geoff Capes
Simon Wulfse
1982
Bill Kazmaier
Geoff Capes
1981
Bill Kazmaier
Lars Hedlund
1980
Bill Kazmaier
Geoff Capes
1979
Don Reinhoudt
1978
Bruce Wilhelm
1977
Bruce Wilhelm
See also
Strongwoman
High striker
Strength athletics in Iceland
Strength athletics in the United States
Strength athletics in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Strongman (strength athlete)
World's Strongest Man
World Strongman Federation
Beauty and the Beast was billed as the World Strongman Challenge.
List of strongmen
International Federation of Strength Athletes ("IFSA")
History of physical training and fitness
References
^ See, for example, Alfred Mallwitz's article "Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia" p.101 in which he argues that the games may not have started until about 704 BC. Hugh Lee, on the other hand, in his article "The 'First' Olympic Games of 776 B.C.E" p.112, follows an ancient source that claims that there were twenty-seven Olympiads before the first one was recorded in 776. There are no records of Olympic victors extant from earlier than the fifth century BC
^ "Strongest Men in History Hoisted Cattle and Crushed Stones to Show Their Might".
^ Crieff Highland Gathering Archived 2007-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Notable Strongmen and their fascinating feats of strength". 20 May 2017.
^ British Strongmen Archived 2010-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ "World's Strongest Man Update". www.ironmind.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
^ samson-power.com/archived_news.htm Archived 2005-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Bring on the war games". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
^ "Fingal's Fingers – The World's Strongest Man".
External links
World's Strongest Man
Old Time Strongman Training
United States All Round Weightlifting Association
vteStrength sports
Bodybuilding
Grip strength sport
Kettlebell lifting
Lifting stone
Olympic weightlifting
Powerlifting
Strongman
See also: Strength training
Weight training
Power training
Strength athletics
Highland games
CrossFit Games | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car-lift-from-platform.jpg"},{"link_name":"competitors'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)"},{"link_name":"powerlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting"},{"link_name":"Highland games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_games"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"World's Strongest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man"}],"text":"Strongman competitions usually involve non-traditional, often sensationalistic, challenges of strength.Strength athletics, also known as Strongman competitions, is a sport which tests competitors' strength in a variety of non-traditional ways. Some of the disciplines are similar to those in powerlifting and some powerlifters have also successfully competed in strongman competitions. However, strongman events also test physical endurance to a degree not found in powerlifting or other strength-based sports, such as carrying refrigerators, flipping truck tires, and pulling vehicles with a rope.Competitions designed to test the strength of participants pre-date recorded history. The Highland games in Scotland are an early example of modern strongman competitions. Circus strongmen also performed feats of strength that were non-traditional or sensationalistic. Strongman competitions like World's Strongest Man began their television popularity in the 1970s.","title":"Strength athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highland games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_games"},{"link_name":"Strongman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongman"},{"link_name":"Powerlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting"},{"link_name":"History of physical training and fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath"},{"link_name":"Orm Storolfsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orm_Storolfsson"},{"link_name":"Milo of Croton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_of_Croton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caber_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Highland Gatherings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Games"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Braemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braemar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus"},{"link_name":"sensationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensationalism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thomas Topham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Topham"},{"link_name":"Eugen Sandow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Sandow"},{"link_name":"Louis Cyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Cyr"},{"link_name":"Thomas Inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Inch"},{"link_name":"Arthur Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Angus MacAskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_MacAskill"},{"link_name":"Alexander Zass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Zass"},{"link_name":"weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting"},{"link_name":"powerlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics"},{"link_name":"David Prowse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Prowse"},{"link_name":"Darth Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Dinnie Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinnie_Stones"},{"link_name":"Donald Dinnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Dinnie"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"See also: Highland games, Strongman, Powerlifting, and History of physical training and fitnessStrength competitions pre-date written history. The first Olympics (running, throwing, jumping) were believed to be held in 776 BCE.[1] There are records in many civilizations of feats of strength performed by great heroes, perhaps mythological, such as Heracles, Goliath, Orm Storolfsson and Milo of Croton.[2]A caber being tossed by Steven Labrecque at the 2000 New Hampshire Highland GamesCompetitions that modern strongman events are modeled on, Scottish Highland Gatherings, were formalized around 1820 by Sir Walter Scott. In 1848, Queen Victoria attended the Braemar Highland Games.[3]In the 18th and 19th centuries, circus strongmen lent sensationalism to their acts such as bending iron bars, breaking iron chains worn around their chests, and lifting heavy objects.[4] Famous strongmen from this era included Thomas Topham, Eugen Sandow, Louis Cyr, Thomas Inch, Arthur Saxon, Angus MacAskill, and Alexander Zass.In the 20th century, strength sports such as weightlifting and powerlifting were popularized through the Olympic Games. However, feats of strength akin to the circus performances also gained in popularity. David Prowse (who played Darth Vader in Star Wars) was initially famous in 1964 for his lifting the famed 733 pounds (332 kg) Dinnie Stones, the first man to do so since Donald Dinnie himself a century earlier.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World's Strongest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"David Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Webster_(World%27s_Strongest_Man_organizer)"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBE"},{"link_name":"Dr Douglas Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"shot put","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_put"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"powerlifters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifters"},{"link_name":"bodybuilders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilders"},{"link_name":"wrestlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestlers"},{"link_name":"Britain's Strongest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Strongest_Man"},{"link_name":"World Muscle Power Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Muscle_Power_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Strongman Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Strongman_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Arnold Strongman Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Strongman_Classic"},{"link_name":"Giants Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_Live"},{"link_name":"Highlander World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlander_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Strongman Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Strongman_Federation"},{"link_name":"Europe's Strongest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe%27s_Strongest_Man"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Perhaps the most famous event is the World's Strongest Man competition, still described by a number of highly respected authorities in the sport as the premier event in strength athletics.[6][7]The concept behind \"The World's Strongest Men\", as it was originally named, was developed in 1977 for CBS by Langstar Inc. David Webster, a Scot who later received an OBE for his services to sport, was the head coordinator of the competition from its inception. Dr Douglas Edmunds, seven-times Scottish shot and discus champion and twice world caber champion,[8] worked with Webster. When Webster retired from his position, Edmunds took over. These two men were responsible for inviting the competitors and choosing the events. They selected men who had shown prowess in the mainstream fields of strength sports and field athletics events, such as shot put, American football, powerlifters, bodybuilders and wrestlers. The idea was to create a spectacle that would test competitors against one another.The show was enough of a success that it began to be replicated in other countries, such as Britain's Strongest Man (1979). Competitors began shifting from unpaid amateurs to professional strongmen. By the end of the 20th century, and in to the 21st, other strongman programs and events were created such as Strongman Championship hosted by Errol Silverman. Other competitions have been televised, such as the World Muscle Power Championships, World Strongman Challenge, Arnold Strongman Classic, Giants Live, Highlander World Championships, World Strongman Federation, and Europe's Strongest Man.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farmer%27s_Walk.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strongman_--_Ystad-2018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strongman_-_Ystad-2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"Vehicle pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_pull"},{"link_name":"Atlas Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_stone"},{"link_name":"lifting stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_stone"},{"link_name":"Stone Carry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_stone"},{"link_name":"Húsafell Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAsafell_Stone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Farmer's Walk\"Natural stone to shoulder\". The stone weighs 165 kg\"Natural stone to shoulder\". The stone weighs 165 kgThere is no set rule about what specific events will occur in a contest, except that to prevent single-event specialists from gaining an advantage, each event will be different (a single contest will not include two squat events, or two overhead lifting events, for example). Normally, a strongman contest comprises five or six events, though at the top level of competition, seven or eight events may be held. Among the most common events are:Farmer's Walk – competitors race along a course while carrying a heavy weight in each hand. A variation is the Giant Farmer's Walk, with a much heavier weight carried over a shorter distance.\nHercules Hold or Pillars of Hercules – contestants stand between two pillars, pivoted to fall outwards. The competitor must simply hold them up for as long as possible.\nVehicle pull – competitors pull a vehicle from a stationary start for a prescribed distance – fastest over the course wins. Trucks are commonly used, but larger spectacles employ trains, boats, and airplanes.\nAtlas Stones – a lifting stone event whereby five spherical concrete stones of increasing weight are placed on top of podia of varying height, beginning with the lightest stone lifted to approximately a normal person's head height. Alternatively, the stone is lifted over a bar for reps.\nStone Carry – in Iceland, the original stone carry was performed with the Húsafell Stone, that was to be carried for a stretch to achieve the title fullsterkur (full-strong). This stone was not round but irregular, increasing the difficulty.\nRefrigerator Carry – a staple of earlier WSM events that has made a comeback in recent years. The competitors carry two refrigerators, attached to an iron bar they hold on their shoulders, and walk it across the finish line as fast as they can.\nCarry and Drag – an object (usually a heavy anchor) is run across half of the course. The competitors then must attach it to a chain of almost equal weight and pull it across the rest of the course.\nFingal's Fingers – under a timer, lift and flip a series of progressively heavier, hinged poles from a horizontal starting position.[9]","title":"Common disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major titles and title holders"}] | [{"image_text":"Strongman competitions usually involve non-traditional, often sensationalistic, challenges of strength.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Car-lift-from-platform.jpg"},{"image_text":"A caber being tossed by Steven Labrecque at the 2000 New Hampshire Highland Games","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Caber_2.jpg/220px-Caber_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Farmer's Walk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Farmer%27s_Walk.jpg/220px-Farmer%27s_Walk.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Natural stone to shoulder\". The stone weighs 165 kg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Strongman_--_Ystad-2018.jpg/220px-Strongman_--_Ystad-2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Natural stone to shoulder\". The stone weighs 165 kg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Strongman_-_Ystad-2018.jpg/220px-Strongman_-_Ystad-2018.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Strongwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongwoman"},{"title":"High striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_striker"},{"title":"Strength athletics in Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_athletics_in_Iceland"},{"title":"Strength athletics in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_athletics_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Strength athletics in the United Kingdom and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_athletics_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland"},{"title":"Strongman (strength athlete)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)"},{"title":"World's Strongest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man"},{"title":"World Strongman Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Strongman_Federation"},{"title":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(strongman_competition)"},{"title":"List of strongmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_strongmen"},{"title":"International Federation of Strength Athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Strength_Athletes"},{"title":"History of physical training and fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness"}] | [{"reference":"\"Strongest Men in History Hoisted Cattle and Crushed Stones to Show Their Might\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/news/worlds-strongest-men-ancient-greece-rome","url_text":"\"Strongest Men in History Hoisted Cattle and Crushed Stones to Show Their Might\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notable Strongmen and their fascinating feats of strength\". 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/05/20/ten-strongmen-and-their-fascinating-feats-of-strength/","url_text":"\"Notable Strongmen and their fascinating feats of strength\""}]},{"reference":"\"World's Strongest Man Update\". www.ironmind.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/Articles/2009/Jul/Worldxs_Strongest_Man_Update.html","url_text":"\"World's Strongest Man Update\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bring on the war games\". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 15 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/bring-on-the-war-games-1.858177","url_text":"\"Bring on the war games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fingal's Fingers – The World's Strongest Man\".","urls":[{"url":"http://theworldsstrongestman.com/events/fingals-fingers/","url_text":"\"Fingal's Fingers – The World's Strongest Man\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.history.com/news/worlds-strongest-men-ancient-greece-rome","external_links_name":"\"Strongest Men in History Hoisted Cattle and Crushed Stones to Show Their Might\""},{"Link":"http://www.crieffhighlandgathering.com/History/","external_links_name":"Crieff Highland Gathering"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071203002807/http://www.crieffhighlandgathering.com/History","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/05/20/ten-strongmen-and-their-fascinating-feats-of-strength/","external_links_name":"\"Notable Strongmen and their fascinating feats of strength\""},{"Link":"http://www.oldtimestrongman.com/blog/labels/British%20Strongman.html","external_links_name":"British Strongmen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100813124410/http://www.oldtimestrongman.com/blog/labels/British%20Strongman.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/Articles/2009/Jul/Worldxs_Strongest_Man_Update.html","external_links_name":"\"World's Strongest Man Update\""},{"Link":"http://samson-power.com/archived_news.htm","external_links_name":"samson-power.com/archived_news.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051026070404/http://www.samson-power.com/archived_news.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/bring-on-the-war-games-1.858177","external_links_name":"\"Bring on the war games\""},{"Link":"http://theworldsstrongestman.com/events/fingals-fingers/","external_links_name":"\"Fingal's Fingers – The World's Strongest Man\""},{"Link":"http://theworldsstrongestman.com/","external_links_name":"World's Strongest Man"},{"Link":"http://www.usawa.com/","external_links_name":"Old Time Strongman Training"},{"Link":"http://www.usawa.com/","external_links_name":"United States All Round Weightlifting Association"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alleghenies_Conservancy | Southern Alleghenies Conservancy | ["1 Current projects","2 See also","3 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Southern Alleghenies Conservancy is a non-profit nature group preserving the environment in South Western and South Central Pennsylvania, covering Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Fulton, Huntingdon, and Somerset counties.
Current projects
The SAC has many projects in preserving the environment in South Western and South Central PA, the most notable include converting the Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike (which the SAC bought from the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission in 2001 for $1) into a biketrail and, to a lesser extent, some involvement in getting a permanent Flight 93 memorial built in Somerset County to honor the victims of 9/11. In the case of the Abandoned Turnpike, the property is currently leased to the Pike2Bike, a coalition of other non-profit groups including the SAC to convert it into the biketrail.
See also
Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike
Flight 93 Memorial
External links
Pike2Bike's Web Site
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
This article related to a non-profit organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit"},{"link_name":"nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Cambria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Southern Alleghenies Conservancy is a non-profit nature group preserving the environment in South Western and South Central Pennsylvania, covering Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Fulton, Huntingdon, and Somerset counties.","title":"Southern Alleghenies Conservancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandoned_Pennsylvania_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike_Commission"},{"link_name":"Flight 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Flight_93"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11th,_2001_attacks"}],"text":"The SAC has many projects in preserving the environment in South Western and South Central PA, the most notable include converting the Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike (which the SAC bought from the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission in 2001 for $1) into a biketrail and, to a lesser extent, some involvement in getting a permanent Flight 93 memorial built in Somerset County to honor the victims of 9/11. In the case of the Abandoned Turnpike, the property is currently leased to the Pike2Bike, a coalition of other non-profit groups including the SAC to convert it into the biketrail.","title":"Current projects"}] | [] | [{"title":"Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandoned_Pennsylvania_Turnpike"},{"title":"Flight 93 Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_93_Memorial"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22","external_links_name":"\"Southern Alleghenies Conservancy\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22","external_links_name":"\"Southern Alleghenies Conservancy\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Southern+Alleghenies+Conservancy%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.pike2bike.com/","external_links_name":"Pike2Bike's Web Site"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132734213","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005004861","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Alleghenies_Conservancy&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiaki_Harada | Yoshiaki Harada | ["1 Overviews","2 References","3 External links"] | Japanese politician
Yoshiaki Harada原田 義昭Minister of the EnvironmentIn office2 October 2018 – 11 September 2019Prime MinisterShinzō AbePreceded byMasaharu NakagawaSucceeded byShinjirō KoizumiMember of the House of RepresentativesIn office21 December 2012 – 14 October 2021In office20 October 1996 – 21 Jury 2009ConstituencyFukuoka 5th districtIn office19 February 1990 – 18 June 1993ConstituencyKanagawa 2nd district
Personal detailsBorn (1944-10-01) 1 October 1944 (age 79)Yamada, Fukuoka Prefecture, JapanPolitical partyLiberal DemocraticAlma materUniversity of Tokyo
Yoshiaki Harada (原田 義昭, Harada Yoshiaki, born October 1, 1944) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). Harada represents the 2nd District of Kanagawa prefecture, which includes the cities of Kawasaki, Yokosuka, and Kamakura.
Overviews
addressed Japan Climate Action Summit (at Toranomon Hills on October 12, 2018)
A native of Yamada, Fukuoka and graduate of the University of Tokyo, he jointed Nippon Steel in 1968 and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry in 1970, the year in which he also passed the bar exam. While in the ministry, he attended The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in the United States, a graduate school of international relations. In 1990 he was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time after running unsuccessfully in 1986 as an independent. After losing his seat in 1993 he was re-elected in 1996.
Harada served as senior vice education minister until May 2004, when he was forced to resign after it was found that he had falsely claimed to have graduated from the Fletcher School, even though he had not earned enough credits to do so. He was replaced in this post by Shinya Ono.
Harada is married with three daughters and holds official ranks in judo, shogi and go.
References
^ a b "プロフィール". chikushino.jimdo.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 2017-04-26.
^ Yoshida, Reiji (2004-05-21). "False claims lead Harada to quit post". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
External links
Official website in Japanese.
House of Representatives (Japan)
Preceded byHirotaka Akamatsu
Chair, Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives 2005–2006
Succeeded byTaimei Yamaguchi
Preceded byTatsuya Itō
Chair, Committee on Financial Affairs of the House of Representatives 2007–2008
Succeeded byKazunori Tanaka
Preceded byTetsuma Esaki
Chair, Special Committee on Consumer Affairs of the House of Representatives 2016–2017
Succeeded byYoshitaka Sakurada
Political offices
Preceded byTakeo Kawamura, Kisaburō Tokai
Senior Vice-Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology 2003–2004 Served alongside: Ichizō Miyamoto
Succeeded byShinya Ono, Yamato Inaba
Preceded byMasaharu Nakagawa
Minister of the Environment 2018–2019
Succeeded byShinjirō Koizumi
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan
This article about a Japanese politician born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanagawa_prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"Kamakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura"}],"text":"Yoshiaki Harada (原田 義昭, Harada Yoshiaki, born October 1, 1944) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). 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While in the ministry, he attended The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in the United States, a graduate school of international relations.[1] In 1990 he was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time after running unsuccessfully in 1986 as an independent. After losing his seat in 1993 he was re-elected in 1996.Harada served as senior vice education minister until May 2004, when he was forced to resign after it was found that he had falsely claimed to have graduated from the Fletcher School, even though he had not earned enough credits to do so. He was replaced in this post by Shinya Ono.[2]Harada is married with three daughters and holds official ranks in judo, shogi and go.[1]","title":"Overviews"}] | [{"image_text":"addressed Japan Climate Action Summit (at Toranomon Hills on October 12, 2018)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Yoshiaki_Harada_20181012.jpg/200px-Yoshiaki_Harada_20181012.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"プロフィール\". chikushino.jimdo.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 2017-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://chikushino.jimdo.com/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB/","url_text":"\"プロフィール\""}]},{"reference":"Yoshida, Reiji (2004-05-21). \"False claims lead Harada to quit post\". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Herbert_Medlin | Brian Herbert Medlin | ["1 Early life","2 Academic career","3 Activism","4 Later career","5 Writings","6 Bibliography","6.1 Archive","6.2 Books","7 References"] | Australian philosopher and anti-war activist
Emeritus ProfessorBrian Herbert MedlinBrian Medlin picnicking at MacKenzie Creek Victoria. A self-portrait using his new digital camera. By permission Estate Brian Medlin.Born1927Orroroo, South Australia, AustraliaDied2004(2004-00-00) (aged 76–77)NationalityAustralianRelativesHarry Medlin (brother)Philosophy careerEducationUniversity of Adelaide, University of OxfordAlma materUniversity of AdelaideInstitutionsFlinders University of South AustraliaLanguageEnglishMain interestsPhilosophy of mind, political philosophy, "applying philosophical methods to current problems and social issues"
Brian Herbert Medlin (1927–2004) was Foundation Professor of Philosophy at Flinders University in Adelaide, South Australia, from 1967 to 1988. He pioneered radical philosophy in Australian universities and played an active role in the campaign against the Vietnam War.
Early life
Medlin was born in 1927 in Orroroo, South Australia. He was the younger brother of Harry Medlin, who became the Deputy Chancellor of the University of Adelaide. Medlin attended Richmond Primary School and Adelaide Technical High School. While at high school, Medlin was introduced to the philosophy of Bertrand Russell. He worked in the Northern Territory after graduating from secondary school, working in the pastoral industry in various capacities. He returned to Adelaide in the mid-1950s and while working as a teacher he studied English, Latin and Philosophy at the University of Adelaide, graduating in 1958 with first-class honours. During his university years he associated with writers such as John Bray, Charles Jury, Max Harris and Mary Martin. He received a scholarship to attend Oxford University, where he spent several years. He met the British writer and philosopher Iris Murdoch in the early 1960s and on his return to Australia corresponded with her for several decades. Their correspondence was a significant influence on Murdoch's depiction of Australia in her novels. During his Oxford years, he spent a year teaching philosophy in Ghana.
Academic career
On his return to Australia in 1964, Medlin initially worked as a Reader at the University of Queensland. His early interests included the identity theory of mind and the nature of egoism. In 1967 he was appointed to the newly established Flinders University of South Australia as the Foundation Professor of Philosophy. In 1970, he adopted revolutionary socialism and with colleagues introduced new topics concerned with "applying philosophical methods to current problems and social issues". He developed innovative courses in women's studies, and politics and art, and instituted a student-staff consultative committee. He became known nationally as "an early leader in the ‘red shift’ in academic philosophy." In 1971 he was described as "spearheading the revolution" in philosophy which polarised academics in Australia when he draped a red flag over the podium at the conference of the Australian Association of Philosophers. He retired from Flinders in 1988, after a serious motorcycle accident in 1983 had long-term effects on his health. He was awarded the title of Emeritus Professor. Medlin's influence is attested by obituaries published in the national daily Australian newspaper and in the Australian Federal Senate.
Activism
Medlin was strongly opposed to Australia's participation in the Vietnam War. He was chairman of the Campaign for Peace in Vietnam (CPV) in South Australia. Medlin played a leading role with other activists such as Lynn Arnold in the anti-war campaign. He was arrested during a Vietnam Moratorium Campaign (VMC) march in September 1970 and imprisoned for three weeks. During this time, his supporters kept a candlelit vigil outside Adelaide jail. These experiences contributed to his influential course on politics and the arts taught at Flinders University, which prompted the formation of the well-known Australian progressive rock band Redgum. Over many years Medlin was subject to covert surveillance by ASIO for his activism and radicalism. Redgum went on to produce a song that satired and criticised ASIO's surveillance of peace activists.
Later career
After his retirement from Flinders University, Medlin moved to Victoria with his wife, Christine Vick, and spent some years regenerating a 10-acre property at Wimmera with native vegetation. He retained an interest in many subjects including natural history, literature, current affairs and photography. He died in 2004.
Writings
In 1957, while still studying at Adelaide University, Medlin published an article titled "Ultimate principles and ethical egoism" that continues to be seen as a significant contribution to debates about egoism. For example in 2007, Stephen R.C. Hicks wrote, in reference to this essay, "Brian Medlin was representative" of his generation in tending to scepticism and non-naturalism. His 1963 article "The origin of motion" is discussed in detail in N. Strobach's "The Moment of Change" (2013). Medlin also wrote poetry, which was widely published in Australian periodicals through the 1950s and 1960s, and short fiction, often using the pseudonym Timothy Tregonning. Many unpublished works are in the Brian Medlin Collection at Flinders University. A collection of his essays, stories and poems titled The Level-Headed Revolutionary was published by Wakefield Press in 2021.
Bibliography
Archive
Brian Medlin Collection, Special Collections, Flinders University Library, Bedford Park, South Australia.
Books
Human Nature Human Survival. Adelaide: Board of Research, Flinders University, 1992.
Never Mind about the Bourgeoisie: The Correspondence between Iris Murdoch and Brian Medlin 1976–1995. Edited by Gillian Dooley and Graham Nerlich. Newcastle on Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2014.
The Level-Headed Revolutionary: Essays, Stories and Poems by Brian Medlin. Edited by Gillian Dooley, Wallace McKitrick and Susan Petrilli. Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 2021.
References
^ a b c "Brian Medlin Collection". Flinders University of South Australia. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ a b c d e Schumann, John (17 November 2004). "Democracy drove radical". The Australian.
^ a b Franklin, James (2003). Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia. Macleay Press. pp. 289–291, 307.
^ a b Kovac, Anna (2015). "ASIO's Surveillance of Brian Medlin". Flinders Journal of History and Politics. 31: 112–138 – via Proquest.
^ a b c d e f Lees, Meg (6 December 2004). "Medlin, Brian". Australian Senate Hansard.
^ Dooley, Gillian; Nerlich, Graham (2014). Never Mind about the Bourgeoisie. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1443855440.
^ Dooley, Gillian (December 2011). "You are my Australia: Brian Medlin's contribution to Iris Murdoch's concept of Australia in The Green Knight". Antipodes. 25 (2): 157–162 – via Proquest, Gale etc.
^ Oppy, Graham (2011). The Antipodean Philosopher. London, New York etc.: Lexington Books. p. 144. ISBN 9780739167939.
^ Hilliard, David (1991). Flinders University: the first 25 years 1966–1991. Adelaide: Flinders University. p. 57. ISBN 0725805013.
^ Williams, Graham (13 March 1971). "Under the red flag". Advertiser (Adelaide, S.A.).
^ Medlin, Brian (1957). "Ultimate principles and ethical egoism". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 35 (2): 111–118. doi:10.1080/00048405785200121.
^ Hicks, Stephen R.C. (2007). "Tara Smith: Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist". Philosophy in Review. 27 (5) – via Gale.
^ Medlin, Brian (1963). "The origin of motion". Mind. 72 (286): 155–175. doi:10.1093/mind/LXXII.286.155.
^ Strobach, Niko (2013). The moment of change: a systematic history in the philosophy of space and time. Springer. pp. 154–160. ISBN 9789401591270.
^ Medlin, Brian (2021). "The Level-headed Revolutionary: Essays, Stories and Poems". www.wakefieldpress.com.au. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
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Trove | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMC-1"},{"link_name":"Flinders University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"campaign against","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"Brian Herbert Medlin (1927–2004) was Foundation[1] Professor of Philosophy at Flinders University in Adelaide, South Australia, from 1967 to 1988.[2] He pioneered radical philosophy in Australian universities[3] and played an active role in the campaign against the Vietnam War.[2]","title":"Brian Herbert Medlin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orroroo, South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orroroo,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Harry Medlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Medlin"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Richmond Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Primary_School"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Technical High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenunga_International_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"pastoral industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_farming"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"John Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jefferson_Bray"},{"link_name":"Charles Jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jury"},{"link_name":"Max Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Harris_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Mary Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Martin_(bookseller)"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Iris Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Medlin was born in 1927 in Orroroo, South Australia. 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He received a scholarship to attend Oxford University, where he spent several years.[5] He met the British writer and philosopher Iris Murdoch in the early 1960s and on his return to Australia corresponded with her for several decades.[6] Their correspondence was a significant influence on Murdoch's depiction of Australia in her novels.[7] During his Oxford years, he spent a year teaching philosophy in Ghana.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"identity theory of mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_theory_of_mind"},{"link_name":"egoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Flinders University of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University"},{"link_name":"revolutionary socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"women's studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_studies"},{"link_name":"politics and art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts_and_politics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"academic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"\"spearheading the revolution\" in philosophy which polarised academics in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_war#Australia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Australian newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Australian Federal Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Senate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"On his return to Australia in 1964, Medlin initially worked as a Reader at the University of Queensland. His early interests included the identity theory of mind and the nature of egoism.[8] In 1967 he was appointed to the newly established Flinders University of South Australia as the Foundation Professor of Philosophy. In 1970, he adopted revolutionary socialism and with colleagues introduced new topics concerned with \"applying philosophical methods to current problems and social issues\".[9] He developed innovative courses in women's studies, and politics and art, and instituted a student-staff consultative committee.[5] He became known nationally as \"an early leader in the ‘red shift’ in academic philosophy.\"[3] In 1971 he was described as \"spearheading the revolution\" in philosophy which polarised academics in Australia when he draped a red flag over the podium at the conference of the Australian Association of Philosophers.[10] He retired from Flinders in 1988, after a serious motorcycle accident in 1983 had long-term effects on his health. He was awarded the title of Emeritus Professor.[5] Medlin's influence is attested by obituaries published in the national daily Australian newspaper[2] and in the Australian Federal Senate.[5]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia's participation in the Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Lynn Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Arnold"},{"link_name":"anti-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-war"},{"link_name":"candlelit vigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlelit_vigil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts"},{"link_name":"Flinders University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Redgum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redgum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"covert surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_surveillance"},{"link_name":"ASIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"text":"Medlin was strongly opposed to Australia's participation in the Vietnam War. He was chairman of the Campaign for Peace in Vietnam (CPV) in South Australia. Medlin played a leading role with other activists such as Lynn Arnold in the anti-war campaign. He was arrested during a Vietnam Moratorium Campaign (VMC) march in September 1970 and imprisoned for three weeks. During this time, his supporters kept a candlelit vigil outside Adelaide jail.[2] These experiences contributed to his influential course on politics and the arts taught at Flinders University, which prompted the formation of the well-known Australian progressive rock band Redgum.[2] Over many years Medlin was subject to covert surveillance by ASIO for his activism and radicalism. Redgum went on to produce a song that satired and criticised ASIO's surveillance of peace activists.[4]","title":"Activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"regenerating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_agriculture"},{"link_name":"Wimmera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimmera"},{"link_name":"native vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_vegetation"},{"link_name":"natural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"current affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"After his retirement from Flinders University, Medlin moved to Victoria with his wife, Christine Vick, and spent some years regenerating a 10-acre property at Wimmera with native vegetation. He retained an interest in many subjects including natural history, literature, current affairs and photography.[5] He died in 2004.","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"scepticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scepticism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"short fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_fiction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMC-1"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_Press_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 1957, while still studying at Adelaide University, Medlin published an article titled \"Ultimate principles and ethical egoism\"[11] that continues to be seen as a significant contribution to debates about egoism. For example in 2007, Stephen R.C. Hicks wrote, in reference to this essay, \"Brian Medlin was representative\" of his generation in tending to scepticism and non-naturalism.[12] His 1963 article \"The origin of motion\"[13] is discussed in detail in N. Strobach's \"The Moment of Change\" (2013).[14] Medlin also wrote poetry, which was widely published in Australian periodicals through the 1950s and 1960s, and short fiction, often using the pseudonym Timothy Tregonning. Many unpublished works are in the Brian Medlin Collection[1] at Flinders University. A collection of his essays, stories and poems titled The Level-Headed Revolutionary was published by Wakefield Press in 2021.[15]","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMC-1"}],"sub_title":"Archive","text":"Brian Medlin Collection,[1] Special Collections, Flinders University Library, Bedford Park, South Australia.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Nerlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Nerlich"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Human Nature Human Survival. Adelaide: Board of Research, Flinders University, 1992.Never Mind about the Bourgeoisie: The Correspondence between Iris Murdoch and Brian Medlin 1976–1995. Edited by Gillian Dooley and Graham Nerlich. Newcastle on Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2014.The Level-Headed Revolutionary: Essays, Stories and Poems by Brian Medlin. Edited by Gillian Dooley, Wallace McKitrick and Susan Petrilli. Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 2021.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Brian Medlin Collection\". Flinders University of South Australia. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.flinders.edu.au/about/collections/special/brian-medlin-collection","url_text":"\"Brian Medlin Collection\""}]},{"reference":"Schumann, John (17 November 2004). \"Democracy drove radical\". The Australian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schumann","url_text":"Schumann, John"}]},{"reference":"Franklin, James (2003). Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia. Macleay Press. pp. 289–291, 307.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franklin_(philosopher)","url_text":"Franklin, James"}]},{"reference":"Kovac, Anna (2015). \"ASIO's Surveillance of Brian Medlin\". Flinders Journal of History and Politics. 31: 112–138 – via Proquest.","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/handle/2328/36607","url_text":"\"ASIO's Surveillance of Brian Medlin\""}]},{"reference":"Lees, Meg (6 December 2004). \"Medlin, Brian\". Australian Senate Hansard.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Lees","url_text":"Lees, Meg"},{"url":"https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22chamber/hansards/2004-12-06/0190%22","url_text":"\"Medlin, Brian\""}]},{"reference":"Dooley, Gillian; Nerlich, Graham (2014). Never Mind about the Bourgeoisie. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1443855440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing","url_text":"Cambridge Scholars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443855440","url_text":"978-1443855440"}]},{"reference":"Dooley, Gillian (December 2011). \"You are my Australia: Brian Medlin's contribution to Iris Murdoch's concept of Australia in The Green Knight\". Antipodes. 25 (2): 157–162 – via Proquest, Gale etc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Oppy, Graham (2011). The Antipodean Philosopher. London, New York etc.: Lexington Books. p. 144. ISBN 9780739167939.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Oppy","url_text":"Oppy, Graham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739167939","url_text":"9780739167939"}]},{"reference":"Hilliard, David (1991). Flinders University: the first 25 years 1966–1991. Adelaide: Flinders University. p. 57. ISBN 0725805013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0725805013","url_text":"0725805013"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Graham (13 March 1971). \"Under the red flag\". Advertiser (Adelaide, S.A.).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Medlin, Brian (1957). \"Ultimate principles and ethical egoism\". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 35 (2): 111–118. doi:10.1080/00048405785200121.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00048405785200121","url_text":"10.1080/00048405785200121"}]},{"reference":"Hicks, Stephen R.C. (2007). \"Tara Smith: Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist\". Philosophy in Review. 27 (5) – via Gale.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hicks","url_text":"Hicks, Stephen R.C."}]},{"reference":"Medlin, Brian (1963). \"The origin of motion\". Mind. 72 (286): 155–175. doi:10.1093/mind/LXXII.286.155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_(journal)","url_text":"Mind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FLXXII.286.155","url_text":"10.1093/mind/LXXII.286.155"}]},{"reference":"Strobach, Niko (2013). The moment of change: a systematic history in the philosophy of space and time. Springer. pp. 154–160. ISBN 9789401591270.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401591270","url_text":"9789401591270"}]},{"reference":"Medlin, Brian (2021). \"The Level-headed Revolutionary: Essays, Stories and Poems\". www.wakefieldpress.com.au. Retrieved 16 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/product.php?productid=1683","url_text":"\"The Level-headed Revolutionary: Essays, Stories and Poems\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://library.flinders.edu.au/about/collections/special/brian-medlin-collection","external_links_name":"\"Brian Medlin Collection\""},{"Link":"https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/handle/2328/36607","external_links_name":"\"ASIO's Surveillance of Brian Medlin\""},{"Link":"https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22chamber/hansards/2004-12-06/0190%22","external_links_name":"\"Medlin, Brian\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00048405785200121","external_links_name":"10.1080/00048405785200121"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FLXXII.286.155","external_links_name":"10.1093/mind/LXXII.286.155"},{"Link":"https://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/product.php?productid=1683","external_links_name":"\"The Level-headed Revolutionary: Essays, Stories and Poems\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000065995521","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/93319232","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16941793c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16941793c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1049788613","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/565185","external_links_name":"Trove"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadashi_language | Fadashi language | ["1 References"] | Berta dialect of northwestern Ethiopia
FadashiNative toEthiopiaRegionBenishangul-GumuzNative speakers3,450 Fadashi in Ethiopia (2007 census ?)unknown number in SudanLanguage familyNilo-Saharan?
BertaFadashiLanguage codesISO 639-3–Glottologfada1248ELPFadashi
Fadashi is an erstwhile dialect of Berta that is distinct enough to be considered a separate language.
References
^ Berta at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
This Nilo-Saharan languages–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta_language"}],"text":"Fadashi is an erstwhile dialect of Berta that is distinct enough to be considered a separate language.","title":"Fadashi language"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fada1248","external_links_name":"fada1248"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5931","external_links_name":"Fadashi"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/wti/","external_links_name":"Berta"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fadashi_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eporedia | Ivrea | ["1 History","2 Main sights","3 Culture","3.1 Battle of the Oranges","3.2 Sport","4 Twin towns","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 45°28′N 07°53′E / 45.467°N 7.883°E / 45.467; 7.883Town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy
This article is about the town. For the publisher, see Editorial Ivrea.
Comune in Piedmont, ItalyIvrea
Ivrèja (Piedmontese)ComuneCittà di IvreaPanorama of Ivrea
Coat of armsLocation of Ivrea
IvreaLocation of Ivrea in PiedmontShow map of ItalyIvreaIvrea (Piedmont)Show map of PiedmontCoordinates: 45°28′N 07°53′E / 45.467°N 7.883°E / 45.467; 7.883CountryItalyRegionPiedmontMetropolitan cityTurin (TO)FrazioniSan Bernardo D'Ivrea, Torre Balfredo, Canton Stimozzo, Gillio, La Rossa, Meina, Moretti, Parise, Regione CampassoGovernment • MayorMatteo ChiantoreArea • Total30.19 km2 (11.66 sq mi)Elevation253 m (830 ft)Population (30 November 2017) • Total23,599 • Density780/km2 (2,000/sq mi)DemonymEporediesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code10015Dialing code0125Patron saintSaint SabinusSaint day7 JulyWebsitecomune.ivrea.to.it
UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameIvrea, an industrial city of the 20th centuryTypeCulturalCriteria(iv)Designated2018Reference no.1538RegionSouthern Europe
Ivrea (Italian: ; Piedmontese: Ivrèja ; French: Ivrée; Latin: Eporedia) is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy. Situated on the road leading to the Aosta Valley (part of the medieval Via Francigena), it straddles the Dora Baltea and is regarded as the centre of the Canavese area. Ivrea lies in a basin that in prehistoric times formed a large lake. Today, five smaller lakes—Sirio, San Michele, Pistono, Nero and Campagna—are found in the area around the town.
On 1 July 2018, the site which is known as "Industrial City of the 20th Century" was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
History
Ivrea and its surroundings have been inhabited since the Neolithic era; the Celts are believed to have had a village in Ivrea from around the 5th century BC. However, the town first officially appears in history as an outpost of the Roman Republic founded in 100 BC, probably built to guard one of the traditional invasion routes into northern Italy over the Alps. Its Latin name was Eporedia.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Ivrea became the seat of a duchy under the Lombards (6th-8th centuries). Under the Franks (9th century), Ivrea was a county capital. In the year 1001, after a period of disputes with bishop Warmund, ruler of the city, Arduin conquered the March of Ivrea. Later he became King of Italy and began a dynasty that lasted until the 11th century, when the city fell again under the bishops' sovereignty.
In the 12th century, Ivrea became a free comune, but succumbed in the first decades of the following century to the rule of Emperor Frederick II. Later, Ivrea was disputed between the bishops, the marquisate of Monferrato and the House of Savoy.
In 1356, Ivrea was acquired by Amadeus VI of Savoy. With the exception of the brief French conquest at the end of the 16th century, Ivrea remained under the House of Savoy until 1800. It was a subsidiary title of the king of Sardinia, although the only Marquis of Ivrea was Benedetto of Savoy (who later fought in the French Revolutionary wars). On May 26, 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte entered the city along with his victorious troops, establishing control that ended in 1814 after his fall.
During the 20th century, its primary claim to fame was as the base of operations for Olivetti, a manufacturer of typewriters, mechanical calculators and, later, computers. The Olivetti company no longer has an independent existence, though its name still appears as a registered trademark on office equipment manufactured by others. In 1970, about 90,000 people, including commuters from Southern Italy, lived and worked in the Ivrea area.
The Arduino electronic platform was created at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, and takes its name from a bar named after the historical figure of Arduin of Italy. UNESCO, when it designated the city a World Heritage Site, said that it "expresses a modern vision of the relationship between industrial production and architecture."
Main sights
The castle (14th century)
The Cathedral of Ivrea
Unknown painter, second half of 15th century, A Miracle of the Blessed Pierre de Luxembourg (Cathedral)
Ivrea Castle (1357), built during the reign of Amadeus VI of Savoy. It has a quadrangular plan in brick with four round towers at the corners. In 1676, a tower, used as an ammunition store, exploded after being struck by lightning. It was never rebuilt. Once a prison, the castle today houses exhibitions.
Cathedral of Ivrea, which originated from a church built here in the 4th century at the site of a pagan temple. Around AD 1000, it was reconstructed by bishop Warmondus in Romanesque-style: of that edifice the two bell towers, some columns, and the frescoed crypt remain. The latter houses an ancient Roman sarcophagus which according to tradition, preserves the relics of St. Bessus (co-patron of the city together with St. Sabinus). In 1785, it was rebuilt again in a Baroque style. The current neo-classical façade was built in the 19th century. One of the old frescoes of the interior is the A Miracle of the Blessed Pierre de Luxembourg (second half of 15th century). The sacristy has two altarpieces by Defendente Ferrari. The cathedral also houses the tomb of Blessed Thaddeus McCarthy.
The Biblioteca Capitolare ("Capitular Library"), near the Cathedral, houses an important collection of codices from the 7th–15th centuries.
Church and convent of San Bernardino: small Gothic church built by the Minorites starting from 1455. It houses a cycle portraying the Life and Passion of Christ by Giovanni Martino Spanzotti (1480–1490).
The Museum Pier Alessandro Garda has some interesting archaeological findings and a collection of Japanese art pieces. It is located on the large Piazza Ottinetti.
The Open Air Museum of Modern Architecture, inaugurated in 2001, is a show of the main edifices (some by leading architects of the time) built by Olivetti from the 1950s onwards.
The remains of a 1st-century Roman theatre, located west of the city centre. It could hold 10,000 spectators.
The Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge) dates back to AD 100 and leads over to Borghetto. Originally constructed of wood, it was rebuilt in stone in 1716.
The Ivrea Town Hall (Palazzo di Città), built in 1758. It has a bell tower decorated with hemp plants, the symbol of Canavese.
The Tallianti Tower, dating from the 12th-13th century.
St. Stephen Tower, dating from the 11th century. This Romanesque bell tower is the remains of St. Stephen Abbey, built in 1041 by the Benedictine order. It is located between Hotel La Serra and Dora Baltea.
Church of San Gaudenzio
Santa Marta (late 15th-century), former church
Cappella dei Tre Re
Sant'Ulderico, a medieval church
Teatro Giacosa, the town's theatre, of neoclassical style
Palazzo Giusiana, a Renaissance noble palace
Culture
There are two main festivals in Ivrea, both celebrated during Catholic festivity but both rooted in more ancient city traditions. One is the Carnival, its main celebrations taking place 40 days before Easter. The other is the patronal festival of St. Savino (Sabinus of Spoleto), celebrated the week of 7 July. During the latter festivity, a horse fair takes place with a carriage exhibition and horse shows.
Battle of the Oranges
Main article: Battle of the Oranges
A scene from the "Battle of the Oranges".
The core celebration of Ivrea carnival centres around the Battle of the Oranges. This involves some thousands of townspeople, divided into nine combat on-the-ground teams, who throw oranges at tens of cart-based teams—with considerable violence—during the last three fat carnival days: Sunday, Monday and Tuesday. The carnival takes place 40 days before Easter and it ends on the night of "Fat Tuesday" with a solemn ceremony that involves a funeral in honour of the concluded Carnival.
A Mugnaia is chosen among the citizens' spouses. The legend has that a miller's daughter (the eponymous "Mugnaia") once refused to accept the "right" of the local duke to spend a night with each newlywed woman and chopped his head off. Today, the carriages represent the duke's guard and the orange throwers the revolutionaries. People wearing a red hat will not be considered part of the revolutionaries, and therefore will not have oranges thrown at them.
The origin of the tradition of throwing oranges is not well understood, particularly as oranges do not grow in the foothills of the Italian Alps and must be transported from Sicily. In 1994, an estimate of 265,000 kilograms (584,000 lb) of oranges was brought to the city, mainly coming from the leftovers of the winter crop in southern Italy.
Sport
The town's football club, A.S.D. Montalto Ivrea, currently plays in Promozione Piemonte.
The Ivrea Rugby Club plays in C1 Piemontese.
Ivrea was a host for the 2016 and 2017 Canoe Slalom World Cup, held at the Ivrea Whitewater Stadium.
Twin towns
Ivrea is twinned with:
Rădăuți, Romania
Monthey, Switzerland
Lüneburg, Germany
See also
Ivrea Morainic Amphitheatre
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ Population data from Istat
^ a b Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Ivrea, industrial city of the 20th century". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
^ Utopia, Abandoned The New York Times, 2019
^ Lahart, Justin (27 November 2009). "Taking an Open-Source Approach to Hardware". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivrea.
Official website
Carnival of Ivrea
Official Website of Modern Architecture of Ivrea
Pictures of Ivrea
Pictures of the Carnival and the Battle of the oranges
U.N.I.T.A.L.S.I. Ivrea
vtePiedmont · Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Turin
Agliè
Airasca
Ala di Stura
Albiano d'Ivrea
Almese
Alpette
Alpignano
Andezeno
Andrate
Angrogna
Arignano
Avigliana
Azeglio
Bairo
Balangero
Baldissero Canavese
Baldissero Torinese
Balme
Banchette
Barbania
Bardonecchia
Barone Canavese
Beinasco
Bibiana
Bobbio Pellice
Bollengo
Borgaro Torinese
Borgiallo
Borgofranco d'Ivrea
Borgomasino
Borgone Susa
Bosconero
Brandizzo
Bricherasio
Brosso
Brozolo
Bruino
Brusasco
Bruzolo
Buriasco
Burolo
Busano
Bussoleno
Buttigliera Alta
Cafasse
Caluso
Cambiano
Campiglione-Fenile
Candia Canavese
Candiolo
Canischio
Cantalupa
Cantoira
Caprie
Caravino
Carema
Carignano
Carmagnola
Casalborgone
Cascinette d'Ivrea
Caselette
Caselle Torinese
Castagneto Po
Castagnole Piemonte
Castellamonte
Castelnuovo Nigra
Castiglione Torinese
Cavagnolo
Cavour
Cercenasco
Ceres
Ceresole Reale
Cesana Torinese
Chialamberto
Chianocco
Chiaverano
Chieri
Chiesanuova
Chiomonte
Chiusa di San Michele
Chivasso
Ciconio
Cintano
Cinzano
Cirié
Claviere
Coassolo Torinese
Coazze
Collegno
Colleretto Castelnuovo
Colleretto Giacosa
Condove
Corio
Cossano Canavese
Cuceglio
Cumiana
Cuorgnè
Druento
Exilles
Favria
Feletto
Fenestrelle
Fiano
Fiorano Canavese
Foglizzo
Forno Canavese
Frassinetto
Front
Frossasco
Garzigliana
Gassino Torinese
Germagnano
Giaglione
Giaveno
Givoletto
Gravere
Groscavallo
Grosso
Grugliasco
Ingria
Inverso Pinasca
Isolabella
Issiglio
Ivrea
La Cassa
La Loggia
Lanzo Torinese
Lauriano
Leinì
Lemie
Lessolo
Levone
Locana
Lombardore
Lombriasco
Loranzè
Luserna San Giovanni
Lusernetta
Lusigliè
Macello
Maglione
Mappano
Marentino
Massello
Mathi
Mattie
Mazzè
Meana di Susa
Mercenasco
Mezzenile
Mombello di Torino
Mompantero
Monastero di Lanzo
Moncalieri
Moncenisio
Montaldo Torinese
Montalenghe
Montalto Dora
Montanaro
Monteu da Po
Moriondo Torinese
Nichelino
Noasca
Nole
Nomaglio
None
Novalesa
Oglianico
Orbassano
Orio Canavese
Osasco
Osasio
Oulx
Ozegna
Palazzo Canavese
Pancalieri
Parella
Pavarolo
Pavone Canavese
Pecetto Torinese
Perosa Argentina
Perosa Canavese
Perrero
Pertusio
Pessinetto
Pianezza
Pinasca
Pinerolo
Pino Torinese
Piobesi Torinese
Piossasco
Piscina
Piverone
Poirino
Pomaretto
Pont-Canavese
Porte
Pragelato
Prali
Pralormo
Pramollo
Prarostino
Prascorsano
Pratiglione
Quagliuzzo
Quassolo
Quincinetto
Reano
Ribordone
Riva presso Chieri
Rivalba
Rivalta di Torino
Rivara
Rivarolo Canavese
Rivarossa
Rivoli
Robassomero
Rocca Canavese
Roletto
Romano Canavese
Ronco Canavese
Rondissone
Rorà
Rosta
Roure
Rubiana
Rueglio
Salassa
Salbertrand
Salerano Canavese
Salza di Pinerolo
Samone
San Benigno Canavese
San Carlo Canavese
San Colombano Belmonte
San Didero
San Francesco al Campo
San Germano Chisone
San Gillio
San Giorgio Canavese
San Giorio di Susa
San Giusto Canavese
San Martino Canavese
San Maurizio Canavese
San Mauro Torinese
San Pietro Val Lemina
San Ponso
San Raffaele Cimena
San Sebastiano da Po
San Secondo di Pinerolo
Sangano
Sant'Ambrogio di Torino
Sant'Antonino di Susa
Santena
Sauze d'Oulx
Sauze di Cesana
Scalenghe
Scarmagno
Sciolze
Sestriere
Settimo Rottaro
Settimo Torinese
Settimo Vittone
Sparone
Strambinello
Strambino
Susa
Tavagnasco
Turin
Torrazza Piemonte
Torre Canavese
Torre Pellice
Trana
Traversella
Traves
Trofarello
Usseaux
Usseglio
Vaie
Valchiusa
Val della Torre
Val di Chy
Valgioie
Vallo Torinese
Valperga
Valprato Soana
Varisella
Vauda Canavese
Venaria Reale
Venaus
Verolengo
Verrua Savoia
Vestignè
Vialfrè
Vidracco
Vigone
Villafranca Piemonte
Villanova Canavese
Villar Dora
Villar Focchiardo
Villar Pellice
Villar Perosa
Villarbasse
Villareggia
Villastellone
Vinovo
Virle Piemonte
Vische
Vistrorio
Viù
Volpiano
Volvera
vteWorld Heritage Sites in ItalyNorthwest
Crespi d'Adda
Genoa
Ivrea
Mantua and Sabbioneta
Monte San Giorgio1
Porto Venere, Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto, Cinque Terre
Residences of the Royal House of Savoy
Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes1
Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy
Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan
Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato
Northeast
Aquileia
The Dolomites
Ferrara
Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene
Modena Cathedral, Torre della Ghirlandina and Piazza Grande, Modena
Orto botanico di Padova
Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles
Porticoes of Bologna
Ravenna
Venice
Verona
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto
Central
Assisi and Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia
Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme
Florence
Hadrian's Villa
Medici villas
Piazza del Duomo, Pisa
Pienza
Rome2
San Gimignano
Siena
Urbino
Val d'Orcia
Villa d'Este
South
Alberobello
Amalfi Coast
Castel del Monte, Apulia
Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, Paestum and Velia, Certosa di Padula
Herculaneum
Oplontis and Villa Poppaea
Naples
Historic Centre
Royal Palace of Caserta, Aqueduct of Vanvitelli and San Leucio Complex
Pompeii
Sassi di Matera
Islands
Aeolian Islands
Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale
Archaeological Area of Agrigento
Barumini nuraghes
Mount Etna
Syracuse and Necropolis of Pantalica
Val di Noto
Villa Romana del Casale
Countrywide
Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)
Brescia
Cividale del Friuli
Castelseprio
Spoleto
Temple of Clitumnus located at Campello sul Clitunno
Santa Sofia located at Benevento
Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo located at Monte Sant'Angelo
Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps3
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe4
Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries5
Bergamo
Palmanova
Peschiera del Garda
1 with Switzerland
2 with the Holy See
3 with Austria, France, Germany, Slovenia, and Switzerland
4 with 17 other countries
5 with Croatia and Montenegro
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Pleiades | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Editorial Ivrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"[iˈvrɛːa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Piedmontese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmontese_language"},{"link_name":"[iˈʋrɛja]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Piedmontese"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan City of Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Turin"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Aosta Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"Via Francigena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Francigena"},{"link_name":"Dora Baltea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Baltea"},{"link_name":"Canavese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavese"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region of northwestern ItalyThis article is about the town. For the publisher, see Editorial Ivrea.Comune in Piedmont, ItalyIvrea (Italian: [iˈvrɛːa]; Piedmontese: Ivrèja [iˈʋrɛja]; French: Ivrée; Latin: Eporedia) is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy. Situated on the road leading to the Aosta Valley (part of the medieval Via Francigena), it straddles the Dora Baltea and is regarded as the centre of the Canavese area. Ivrea lies in a basin that in prehistoric times formed a large lake. Today, five smaller lakes—Sirio, San Michele, Pistono, Nero and Campagna—are found in the area around the town.On 1 July 2018, the site which is known as \"Industrial City of the 20th Century\" was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[3]","title":"Ivrea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Italy"},{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Warmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmund"},{"link_name":"Arduin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduin_of_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"March of Ivrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"free comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_city-states"},{"link_name":"Frederick II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"marquisate of Monferrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquisate_of_Monferrato"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Amadeus VI of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_VI_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Benedetto of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Olivetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti"},{"link_name":"typewriters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter"},{"link_name":"calculators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator"},{"link_name":"computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Arduino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino"},{"link_name":"Interaction Design Institute Ivrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_Design_Institute_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Arduin of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduin_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Ivrea and its surroundings have been inhabited since the Neolithic era; the Celts are believed to have had a village in Ivrea from around the 5th century BC. However, the town first officially appears in history as an outpost of the Roman Republic founded in 100 BC, probably built to guard one of the traditional invasion routes into northern Italy over the Alps. Its Latin name was Eporedia.After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Ivrea became the seat of a duchy under the Lombards (6th-8th centuries). Under the Franks (9th century), Ivrea was a county capital. In the year 1001, after a period of disputes with bishop Warmund, ruler of the city, Arduin conquered the March of Ivrea. Later he became King of Italy and began a dynasty that lasted until the 11th century, when the city fell again under the bishops' sovereignty.In the 12th century, Ivrea became a free comune, but succumbed in the first decades of the following century to the rule of Emperor Frederick II. Later, Ivrea was disputed between the bishops, the marquisate of Monferrato and the House of Savoy.In 1356, Ivrea was acquired by Amadeus VI of Savoy. With the exception of the brief French conquest at the end of the 16th century, Ivrea remained under the House of Savoy until 1800. It was a subsidiary title of the king of Sardinia, although the only Marquis of Ivrea was Benedetto of Savoy (who later fought in the French Revolutionary wars). On May 26, 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte entered the city along with his victorious troops, establishing control that ended in 1814 after his fall.During the 20th century, its primary claim to fame was as the base of operations for Olivetti, a manufacturer of typewriters, mechanical calculators and, later, computers.[4] The Olivetti company no longer has an independent existence, though its name still appears as a registered trademark on office equipment manufactured by others. In 1970, about 90,000 people, including commuters from Southern Italy, lived and worked in the Ivrea area.[citation needed]The Arduino electronic platform was created at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea,[5] and takes its name from a bar named after the historical figure of Arduin of Italy. UNESCO, when it designated the city a World Heritage Site, said that it \"expresses a modern vision of the relationship between industrial production and architecture.\"[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivrea_Castello.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Ivrea_(30).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivrea_Duomo_Affresco_Pietro_Lussemburgo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre de Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Ivrea Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivrea_Castle"},{"link_name":"Amadeus VI of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_VI_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"St. Bessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bessus"},{"link_name":"St. Sabinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Sabinus"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Pierre de Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Defendente Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendente_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Blessed Thaddeus McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Church and convent of San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino,_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Minorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorites"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Martino Spanzotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Martino_Spanzotti"},{"link_name":"Olivetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti"},{"link_name":"Ponte Vecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Vecchio,_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"Ivrea Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivrea_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp"},{"link_name":"Canavese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavese"},{"link_name":"Tallianti Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallianti_Tower"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Dora Baltea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Baltea"},{"link_name":"Church of San Gaudenzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gaudenzio,_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"Santa Marta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marta,_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"Cappella dei Tre Re","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappella_dei_Tre_Re,_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"Sant'Ulderico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ulderico,_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"Teatro Giacosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Giacosa"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Giusiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Giusiana"}],"text":"The castle (14th century)The Cathedral of IvreaUnknown painter, second half of 15th century, A Miracle of the Blessed Pierre de Luxembourg (Cathedral)Ivrea Castle (1357), built during the reign of Amadeus VI of Savoy. It has a quadrangular plan in brick with four round towers at the corners. In 1676, a tower, used as an ammunition store, exploded after being struck by lightning. It was never rebuilt. Once a prison, the castle today houses exhibitions.\nCathedral of Ivrea, which originated from a church built here in the 4th century at the site of a pagan temple. Around AD 1000, it was reconstructed by bishop Warmondus in Romanesque-style: of that edifice the two bell towers, some columns, and the frescoed crypt remain. The latter houses an ancient Roman sarcophagus which according to tradition, preserves the relics of St. Bessus (co-patron of the city together with St. Sabinus). In 1785, it was rebuilt again in a Baroque style. The current neo-classical façade was built in the 19th century. One of the old frescoes of the interior is the A Miracle of the Blessed Pierre de Luxembourg (second half of 15th century). The sacristy has two altarpieces by Defendente Ferrari. The cathedral also houses the tomb of Blessed Thaddeus McCarthy.\nThe Biblioteca Capitolare (\"Capitular Library\"), near the Cathedral, houses an important collection of codices from the 7th–15th centuries.\nChurch and convent of San Bernardino: small Gothic church built by the Minorites starting from 1455. It houses a cycle portraying the Life and Passion of Christ by Giovanni Martino Spanzotti (1480–1490).\nThe Museum Pier Alessandro Garda has some interesting archaeological findings and a collection of Japanese art pieces. It is located on the large Piazza Ottinetti.\nThe Open Air Museum of Modern Architecture, inaugurated in 2001, is a show of the main edifices (some by leading architects of the time) built by Olivetti from the 1950s onwards.\nThe remains of a 1st-century Roman theatre, located west of the city centre. It could hold 10,000 spectators.\nThe Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge) dates back to AD 100 and leads over to Borghetto. Originally constructed of wood, it was rebuilt in stone in 1716.\nThe Ivrea Town Hall (Palazzo di Città), built in 1758. It has a bell tower decorated with hemp plants, the symbol of Canavese.\nThe Tallianti Tower, dating from the 12th-13th century.\nSt. Stephen Tower, dating from the 11th century. This Romanesque bell tower is the remains of St. Stephen Abbey, built in 1041 by the Benedictine order. It is located between Hotel La Serra and Dora Baltea.\nChurch of San Gaudenzio\nSanta Marta (late 15th-century), former church\nCappella dei Tre Re\nSant'Ulderico, a medieval church\nTeatro Giacosa, the town's theatre, of neoclassical style\nPalazzo Giusiana, a Renaissance noble palace","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patronal festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronal_festival"},{"link_name":"Sabinus of Spoleto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinus_of_Spoleto"}],"text":"There are two main festivals in Ivrea, both celebrated during Catholic festivity but both rooted in more ancient city traditions. One is the Carnival, its main celebrations taking place 40 days before Easter. The other is the patronal festival of St. Savino (Sabinus of Spoleto), celebrated the week of 7 July. During the latter festivity, a horse fair takes place with a carriage exhibition and horse shows.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivrea_carnevale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Oranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oranges"},{"link_name":"carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Oranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oranges"},{"link_name":"spend a night with each newlywed woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_du_seigneur"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"lb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass)"}],"sub_title":"Battle of the Oranges","text":"A scene from the \"Battle of the Oranges\".The core celebration of Ivrea carnival centres around the Battle of the Oranges. This involves some thousands of townspeople, divided into nine combat on-the-ground teams, who throw oranges at tens of cart-based teams—with considerable violence—during the last three fat carnival days: Sunday, Monday and Tuesday. The carnival takes place 40 days before Easter and it ends on the night of \"Fat Tuesday\" with a solemn ceremony that involves a funeral in honour of the concluded Carnival.A Mugnaia is chosen among the citizens' spouses. The legend has that a miller's daughter (the eponymous \"Mugnaia\") once refused to accept the \"right\" of the local duke to spend a night with each newlywed woman and chopped his head off. Today, the carriages represent the duke's guard and the orange throwers the revolutionaries. People wearing a red hat will not be considered part of the revolutionaries, and therefore will not have oranges thrown at them.[citation needed]The origin of the tradition of throwing oranges is not well understood, particularly as oranges do not grow in the foothills of the Italian Alps and must be transported from Sicily. In 1994, an estimate of 265,000 kilograms (584,000 lb) of oranges was brought to the city, mainly coming from the leftovers of the winter crop in southern Italy.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.S.D. Montalto Ivrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D._Montalto_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"Promozione Piemonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promozione"},{"link_name":"2017 Canoe Slalom World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Canoe_Slalom_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ivrea Whitewater Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivrea_Whitewater_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Sport","text":"The town's football club, A.S.D. Montalto Ivrea, currently plays in Promozione Piemonte.The Ivrea Rugby Club plays in C1 Piemontese.Ivrea was a host for the 2016 and 2017 Canoe Slalom World Cup, held at the Ivrea Whitewater Stadium.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Rădăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Monthey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthey"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Lüneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Ivrea is twinned with:Rădăuți, Romania\n Monthey, Switzerland\n Lüneburg, Germany","title":"Twin towns"}] | [{"image_text":"The castle (14th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ivrea_Castello.jpg/220px-Ivrea_Castello.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cathedral of Ivrea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cathedral_of_Ivrea_%2830%29.jpg/220px-Cathedral_of_Ivrea_%2830%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Unknown painter, second half of 15th century, A Miracle of the Blessed Pierre de Luxembourg (Cathedral)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ivrea_Duomo_Affresco_Pietro_Lussemburgo.jpg/220px-Ivrea_Duomo_Affresco_Pietro_Lussemburgo.jpg"},{"image_text":"A scene from the \"Battle of the Oranges\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ivrea_carnevale.jpg/220px-Ivrea_carnevale.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Ivrea Morainic Amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivrea_Morainic_Amphitheatre"}] | [{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"Ivrea, industrial city of the 20th century\". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 1 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1538","url_text":"\"Ivrea, industrial city of the 20th century\""}]},{"reference":"Lahart, Justin (27 November 2009). \"Taking an Open-Source Approach to Hardware\". The Wall Street Journal. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_(horseman) | John Scott (horseman) | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 Travel distance","5 Selected major race wins","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading"] | John ScottOccupationTrainerBorn8 November 1794EnglandDied4 October 1871 (aged 76)Career winsNot foundMajor racing winsAscot Gold Cup (1834, 1836, 1837, 1854)Doncaster Gold Cup (1835, 1836, 1839, 1849)Northumberland Plate (1836)
British Classic Race wins:2,000 Guineas (7)1,000 Guineas (4)Epsom Oaks (8)Epsom Derby (5)St. Leger Stakes (16)Significant horsesMatilda, The Colonel, Velocipede, Rowton, Touchstone, Canezou, Cotherstone, Mündig, Attila, The Baron, Daniel O'Rourke, West Australian, Imperieuse, The Marquis, Newminster
John Scott (1794–1871) was a leading horse trainer in British Thoroughbred racing during the 19th century. Known as "The Wizard of the North", he was a brother to the successful jockey Bill Scott.
Early life
John Scott and Bill were the sons of a former jockey who became a trainer. John was born on 8 November 1794 at Chippenham, Cambridgeshire. Although John also was a jockey while young and won his first race as a jockey at age 13, as he became older he gained too much weight to continue to ride and became a trainer instead. The brothers began their careers under their father, who managed an inn at Oxford - The Ship Inn. By 1814 were employed by James Croft of Middleham. In 1815 was involved in victory of Filho da Puta in the St. Leger Stakes. Scott then trained for a Mr Houldsworth for 8 years before moving on to train for Edward Petre of Stapleton Park near Darrington. In 1825 Scott bought Whitewall Stables in Malton, where he was able to stable 100 horses. This remained his home until his death. For many years Scott moved his operation in the summer months from Whitewall to a small race course outside Doncaster called Pigburn. This was because his local training ground became too hard for the horses to gallop during dry spells. In 1851 he constructed a "tan gallop" on Langton Wold, local to his Malton stables, where he could exercise his horses in dry weather conditions without the need to move them each year to Pigburn.
Career
Scott won his first St Leger in 1822 with Theodore while training for Petre. This was the first of 16 St Leger wins, 8 Oaks wins, and 5 Epsom Derby wins. 6 of his St Leger wins were with his brother Bill as jockey, but in 1844 the brothers parted company and Frank Butler became the main jockey for John Scott, going on to win 10 Classics for Scott.
During his career, John Scott trained for notable owners such as Edward Smith-Stanley the Earl of Derby, Evelyn Boscawen Viscount Falmouth, and John Bowes. Scott disparaged The Baron to the horse's owner George Watts by describing the stallion as "fat as a bull" as well as having been "made twice the savage he was by muzzles" but still asked to have the horse put in training with himself, promising Watts that he would win the St Leger. Watts agreed to send The Baron to Whitewall, and Scott trained the horse to a win in the race. But Scott maintained that The Baron "took more work than I ever gave a horse in my life, and required more management".
During his training career, John Scott won 40 British Classic Races and in 1853 became the first trainer to win the English Triple Crown when the John Bowes owned colt, West Australian, won the 2,000 Guineas, The Derby, and the St. Leger Stakes. His total of British Classic wins remained a trainer's record until it was equalled by Aidan O'Brien in the 2021 Epsom Oaks.
In his old age, Scott was noted for his long white hair. He was also known to entertain guests at home by carving meat with a knife whose handle was the shank bone of Rowton, the third horse he trained to a St Leger win.
Death
John Scott died on 4 October 1871 at Whitewall House after catching a chill in August while observing morning workouts. He was buried on 9 October 1871 at Malton. He married twice. He had two children, a daughter with his first wife and a son with his second wife. A miniature watercolour portrait titled "John Scott of Whitewall Malton" from the English School (19th century) is on display at the Bowes Museum. After his death, the Whitewall Stables remained empty until his wife died in 1891. Following her death the stables were purchased by jockey Thomas Bruckshaw and today they are operated by trainer Mark Campion.
Travel distance
Before the advent of rail links and motorised transport, racehorses were moved to and from events by being walked. The distance from Scott's Whitewall stables to the Doncaster Racecourse, where his horses won 16 St Leger Stakes, is about 60 miles. The distance from his stables to Newmarket where the 2000 and 1000 Guineas are held is about 190 miles and from the stables to Epsom (Derby and Oaks) is 250 miles. Some idea of the logistics involved comes from a news item in the Yorkshire Gazette, 14 February 1835:
"On Tuesday last, the following horses, from Mr. John Scott's stables, Whitewall Corner, near Malton, passed through this city , on their way to the south.Many persons mustered to see them, who appeared to be highly delighted with the opportunity of beholding such a numerous train of choice racers.
Lord Chesterfield's ch. g. Theodore, by Comus. 5 yrs old
Lord Chesterfield's b. g. Valiant, by Velocipede 4 yrs old
Lord Chesterfield's ch. f. Her Majesty, by Velocipede – Miss Garforth
Lord Chesterfield's br. c. Fergus, by Waverley, out of sister to Tarrare
Lord Wilton's b. f. Barbara Bell, by Catton, out of Barbara
Mr Ridsdale's gr. c. Botanist, by Lottery, out of Flora, 4 yrs old
Mr Ridsdale's br. c. Marcian, by Chateau Margaux, out of Marehesa
Mr Ridsdale's b. c. Bamfylde, by Tramp or Comus, out of Y. Petuaria
Mr Ridadale's ch. c. Coriolanus, by Emilius. out of Linda
Mr Ridsdale's gr. c. Luck's-All, by Tramp, out of Flora
Mr Walker s br. h. Consol, by Lottery, aged
Mr Walker's cb. c. Curtius, by Emilius, out of Quadrille
Mr Bowes's ch. c. Mundig, brother to Trustee, by Catton
Mr Richardson's b. f. Lady de Gros, by Young Phantom, 4 yrs old"
The article indicated that several of the horses were either Epsom Derby or Oaks contenders and Mr Bowes's, Mundig, went on to win the Derby that year.
By 1839 the railway had reached York (less than 20 miles from the Whitewall stables) with a direct link to London. The Yorkshire Gazette in April 1844 reported that John Scott was moving his horses by rail, however, at this time there was no direct link to either Epsom or Newmarket - the line to Epsom opened in 1847 and the Newmarket line some years later.
When Scott took his horses to Epsom they were stabled at Leatherhead where there was a prepared gallop for their use.
Selected major race wins
2,000 Guineas - (7) - Meteor (1842), Cotherstone (1843), Nunnykirk (1849), West Australian (1853), Fazzoletto (1856), The Wizard (1860), The Marquis (1862)
1,000 Guineas - (4) - Canezou (1848), Imperieuse (1857), Sagitta (1860), Hurricane (1862)
Epsom Oaks - (8) - Cyprian (1836), Industry (1838), Ghuznee (1841), The Princess (1844), Iris (1851), Songstress (1852), Marchioness (1855), Queen Bertha (1863)
Epsom Derby - (5) - Mündig (1835), Attila (1842), Cotherstone (1843), Daniel O'Rourke (1852), West Australian 1853)
St. Leger Stakes - (16) - Matilda (1827), The Colonel (1828), Rowton (1829), Margrave (1832), Touchstone (1834), Don John (1838), Charles XII (1839), Launcelot (1840), Satirist (1841), The Baron (1845), Newminster (1851), West Australian (1853), Warlock (1856), Imperieuse (1857), Gamester (1859), The Marquis (1862)
Ascot Gold Cup † - (3) - Touchstone (1836, 1837), West Australian (1854)
Doncaster Gold Cup † - (4) - Touchstone (1835, 1836) Charles XII (1839), Canezou (1849)
Northumberland Plate † - (1) - Cyprian (1836)
† Note: Scott may have won more editions of the Ascot Gold Cup, Doncaster Gold Cup, and the Northumberland Plate than reported here.
Notes
^ a b c d e f Vamplew and Kay "Scott brothers" Encyclopedia of British Horseracing pp. 278–279
^ a b c d Vamplew "Scott, John (1794–1871)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
^ Rice, James (1879). History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day. London: Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. p. 229. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
^ Black, Robert (1891). The Jockey Club and Its Founders: In Three Periods. Smith, Elder. p. 299. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
^ Rice, James (1879). History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day. London: Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. p. 230. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
^ Willet Classic Racehorse p. 89
^ Irish Times report, 4 June 2021
^ CORCODILOS, DIMITRIOS. "John "The Wizard of the North" Scott". Findagrave. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Sporting Gossip". Yorkshire Gazette. 5 December 1891. p. 8.
^ "Mark Champion Racing". Mark Champion Racing. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ First publish in Bell Life (8 July 1884). "Training Race Horses". Eau Claire Leader. p. 3. Retrieved 10 July 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Sporting". Yorkshire Gazette. 14 February 1835.
^ "The Railway Revolution". The History of York. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ "Sporting". Yorkshire Gazette. 6 April 1844.
^ "A Potted History of the Railways of Epsom and Ewell". Epsom and Ewell History Explorer. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ "The coming of the railway to Newmarket". Newmarket Local History Society. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ Mortimer, Roger; Onslow, Richard; Willett, Peter (1978). Biographical Encyclopaedia of British Flat Racing. London: Macdonald and Jane's. p. 547.
References
Vamplew, Wray; Kay, Joyce (2005). "Scott brothers". Encyclopedia of British Horseracing. London: Routledge. pp. 278–279. ISBN 0-714-68292-6.
Vamplew, Wray (2004). "Scott, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24899. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Willett, Peter (1982). The Classic Racehorse. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1477-2.
Further reading
Longrigg, Roger (Foreword by Paul Mellon) The History of Horse Racing (1972) Macmillan, London ISBN 0-333-13699-3
Whitewall Stables at Mark Campion's website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horse trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trainer"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred_horse_race"},{"link_name":"jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey"},{"link_name":"Bill Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Scott_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyc-1"}],"text":"John Scott (1794–1871) was a leading horse trainer in British Thoroughbred racing during the 19th century. Known as \"The Wizard of the North\", he was a brother to the successful jockey Bill Scott.[1]","title":"John Scott (horseman)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"Chippenham, Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippenham,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"The Ship Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ship_Inn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"St. Leger Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Leger_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Darrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrington,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"Whitewall Stables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitewall_Stables&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malton,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"John Scott and Bill were the sons of a former jockey who became a trainer.[1] John was born on 8 November 1794 at Chippenham, Cambridgeshire. Although John also was a jockey while young and won his first race as a jockey at age 13, as he became older he gained too much weight to continue to ride and became a trainer instead. The brothers began their careers under their father,[1] who managed an inn at Oxford - The Ship Inn.[2] By 1814 were employed by James Croft of Middleham. In 1815 was involved in victory of Filho da Puta in the St. Leger Stakes. Scott then trained for a Mr Houldsworth for 8 years before moving on to train for Edward Petre of Stapleton Park near Darrington.[1] In 1825 Scott bought Whitewall Stables in Malton, where he was able to stable 100 horses. This remained his home until his death.[2] For many years Scott moved his operation in the summer months from Whitewall to a small race course outside Doncaster called Pigburn. This was because his local training ground became too hard for the horses to gallop during dry spells.[3] In 1851 he constructed a \"tan gallop\" on Langton Wold, local to his Malton stables, where he could exercise his horses in dry weather conditions without the need to move them each year to Pigburn.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Epsom Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Frank Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Butler_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"Edward Smith-Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Boscawen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Boscawen,_6th_Viscount_Falmouth"},{"link_name":"John Bowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bowes_(art_collector)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baron_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic89-6"},{"link_name":"British Classic Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Classic_Races"},{"link_name":"English Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing#English_Triple_Crowns"},{"link_name":"John Bowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bowes_(art_collector)#Subsequent_career"},{"link_name":"West Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Australian_(horse)"},{"link_name":"2,000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,000_Guineas_Stakes"},{"link_name":"The Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"St. Leger Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Leger_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"Aidan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rowton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowton_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"}],"text":"Scott won his first St Leger in 1822 with Theodore while training for Petre. This was the first of 16 St Leger wins, 8 Oaks wins, and 5 Epsom Derby wins. 6 of his St Leger wins were with his brother Bill as jockey, but in 1844 the brothers parted company and Frank Butler became the main jockey for John Scott, going on to win 10 Classics for Scott.[1]During his career, John Scott trained for notable owners such as Edward Smith-Stanley the Earl of Derby, Evelyn Boscawen Viscount Falmouth, and John Bowes.[5] Scott disparaged The Baron to the horse's owner George Watts by describing the stallion as \"fat as a bull\" as well as having been \"made twice the savage he was by muzzles\" but still asked to have the horse put in training with himself, promising Watts that he would win the St Leger. Watts agreed to send The Baron to Whitewall, and Scott trained the horse to a win in the race. But Scott maintained that The Baron \"took more work than I ever gave a horse in my life, and required more management\".[6]During his training career, John Scott won 40 British Classic Races and in 1853 became the first trainer to win the English Triple Crown when the John Bowes owned colt, West Australian, won the 2,000 Guineas, The Derby, and the St. Leger Stakes.[1] His total of British Classic wins remained a trainer's record until it was equalled by Aidan O'Brien in the 2021 Epsom Oaks.[7]In his old age, Scott was noted for his long white hair. He was also known to entertain guests at home by carving meat with a knife whose handle was the shank bone of Rowton, the third horse he trained to a St Leger win.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"English School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_school_of_painting"},{"link_name":"Bowes Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowes_Museum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mark Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Campion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"John Scott died on 4 October 1871 at Whitewall House after catching a chill in August while observing morning workouts. He was buried on 9 October 1871 at Malton.[8] He married twice. He had two children, a daughter with his first wife and a son with his second wife.[2] A miniature watercolour portrait titled \"John Scott of Whitewall Malton\" from the English School (19th century) is on display at the Bowes Museum. After his death, the Whitewall Stables remained empty until his wife died in 1891. Following her death the stables were purchased by jockey Thomas Bruckshaw[9] and today they are operated by trainer Mark Campion.[10]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doncaster Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mundig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundig"},{"link_name":"Mundig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundig"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Before the advent of rail links and motorised transport, racehorses were moved to and from events by being walked. The distance from Scott's Whitewall stables to the Doncaster Racecourse, where his horses won 16 St Leger Stakes, is about 60 miles. The distance from his stables to Newmarket where the 2000 and 1000 Guineas are held is about 190 miles and from the stables to Epsom (Derby and Oaks) is 250 miles.[11] Some idea of the logistics involved comes from a news item in the Yorkshire Gazette, 14 February 1835:\"On Tuesday last, the following horses, from Mr. John Scott's stables, Whitewall Corner, near Malton, passed through this city [York], on their way to the south.Many persons mustered to see them, who appeared to be highly delighted with the opportunity of beholding such a numerous train of choice racers.\nLord Chesterfield's ch. g. Theodore, by Comus. 5 yrs old\nLord Chesterfield's b. g. Valiant, by Velocipede 4 yrs old\nLord Chesterfield's ch. f. Her Majesty, by Velocipede – Miss Garforth\nLord Chesterfield's br. c. Fergus, by Waverley, out of sister to Tarrare\nLord Wilton's b. f. Barbara Bell, by Catton, out of Barbara\nMr Ridsdale's gr. c. Botanist, by Lottery, out of Flora, 4 yrs old\nMr Ridsdale's br. c. Marcian, by Chateau Margaux, out of Marehesa\nMr Ridsdale's b. c. Bamfylde, by Tramp or Comus, out of Y. Petuaria\nMr Ridadale's ch. c. Coriolanus, by Emilius. out of Linda\nMr Ridsdale's gr. c. Luck's-All, by Tramp, out of Flora\nMr Walker s br. h. Consol, by Lottery, aged\nMr Walker's cb. c. Curtius, by Emilius, out of Quadrille\nMr Bowes's ch. c. Mundig, brother to Trustee, by Catton\nMr Richardson's b. f. Lady de Gros, by Young Phantom, 4 yrs old\"The article indicated that several of the horses were either Epsom Derby or Oaks contenders and Mr Bowes's, Mundig, went on to win the Derby that year.[12]By 1839 the railway had reached York (less than 20 miles from the Whitewall stables) with a direct link to London.[13] The Yorkshire Gazette in April 1844 reported that John Scott was moving his horses by rail,[14] however, at this time there was no direct link to either Epsom or Newmarket - the line to Epsom opened in 1847 and the Newmarket line some years later.[15][16]When Scott took his horses to Epsom they were stabled at Leatherhead where there was a prepared gallop for their use.[17]","title":"Travel distance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2,000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,000_Guineas_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Cotherstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotherstone_(horse)"},{"link_name":"West Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Australian_(horse)"},{"link_name":"The Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marquis"},{"link_name":"1,000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,000_Guineas_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Epsom Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Oaks"},{"link_name":"Epsom Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Mündig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCndig"},{"link_name":"Attila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Daniel O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_O%27Rourke_(horse)"},{"link_name":"St. Leger Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Leger_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_(horse)"},{"link_name":"The Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baron_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Newminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newminster_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Ascot Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Cup"},{"link_name":"Northumberland Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_Plate"}],"text":"2,000 Guineas - (7) - Meteor (1842), Cotherstone (1843), Nunnykirk (1849), West Australian (1853), Fazzoletto (1856), The Wizard (1860), The Marquis (1862)\n1,000 Guineas - (4) - Canezou (1848), Imperieuse (1857), Sagitta (1860), Hurricane (1862)\nEpsom Oaks - (8) - Cyprian (1836), Industry (1838), Ghuznee (1841), The Princess (1844), Iris (1851), Songstress (1852), Marchioness (1855), Queen Bertha (1863)\nEpsom Derby - (5) - Mündig (1835), Attila (1842), Cotherstone (1843), Daniel O'Rourke (1852), West Australian 1853)\nSt. Leger Stakes - (16) - Matilda (1827), The Colonel (1828), Rowton (1829), Margrave (1832), Touchstone (1834), Don John (1838), Charles XII (1839), Launcelot (1840), Satirist (1841), The Baron (1845), Newminster (1851), West Australian (1853), Warlock (1856), Imperieuse (1857), Gamester (1859), The Marquis (1862)\nAscot Gold Cup † - (3) - Touchstone (1836, 1837), West Australian (1854)\nDoncaster Gold Cup † - (4) - Touchstone (1835, 1836) Charles XII (1839), Canezou (1849)\nNorthumberland Plate † - (1) - Cyprian (1836)† Note: Scott may have won more editions of the Ascot Gold Cup, Doncaster Gold Cup, and the Northumberland Plate than reported here.","title":"Selected major race wins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Encyc_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Encyc_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Encyc_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Encyc_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Encyc_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Encyc_1-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_2-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924104225614#page/n241/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The Jockey Club and Its Founders: In Three Periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/jockeyclubandit01blacgoog#page/n315/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924104225614#page/n243/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Classic89_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Irish Times report, 4 June 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//irishtimes.com/sport/racing/aidan-o-brien-s-snowfall-skates-home-to-take-oaks-by-record-16-lengths-1.4584630"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"John \"The Wizard of the North\" Scott\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=180969085,"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Mark Champion Racing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.markcampion-racing.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Training Race Horses\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/12268804/eau_claire_leader/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"The Railway Revolution\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/the-railway-revolution"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"A Potted History of the Railways of Epsom and Ewell\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk/Railways.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"The coming of the railway to Newmarket\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newmarketlhs.org.uk/lhs9.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f Vamplew and Kay \"Scott brothers\" Encyclopedia of British Horseracing pp. 278–279\n\n^ a b c d Vamplew \"Scott, John (1794–1871)\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\n\n^ Rice, James (1879). History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day. London: Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. p. 229. Retrieved 10 July 2017.\n\n^ Black, Robert (1891). The Jockey Club and Its Founders: In Three Periods. Smith, Elder. p. 299. Retrieved 10 July 2017.\n\n^ Rice, James (1879). History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day. London: Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. p. 230. Retrieved 10 July 2017.\n\n^ Willet Classic Racehorse p. 89\n\n^ Irish Times report, 4 June 2021\n\n^ CORCODILOS, DIMITRIOS. \"John \"The Wizard of the North\" Scott\". Findagrave. Retrieved 7 July 2017.\n\n^ \"Sporting Gossip\". Yorkshire Gazette. 5 December 1891. p. 8.\n\n^ \"Mark Champion Racing\". Mark Champion Racing. Retrieved 7 July 2017.\n\n^ First publish in Bell Life (8 July 1884). \"Training Race Horses\". Eau Claire Leader. p. 3. Retrieved 10 July 2017 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ \"Sporting\". Yorkshire Gazette. 14 February 1835.\n\n^ \"The Railway Revolution\". The History of York. Retrieved 8 July 2017.\n\n^ \"Sporting\". Yorkshire Gazette. 6 April 1844.\n\n^ \"A Potted History of the Railways of Epsom and Ewell\". Epsom and Ewell History Explorer. Retrieved 8 July 2017.\n\n^ \"The coming of the railway to Newmarket\". Newmarket Local History Society. Retrieved 8 July 2017.\n\n^ Mortimer, Roger; Onslow, Richard; Willett, Peter (1978). Biographical Encyclopaedia of British Flat Racing. London: Macdonald and Jane's. p. 547.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Mellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mellon"},{"link_name":"Macmillan, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-13699-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-13699-3"},{"link_name":"Whitewall Stables at Mark Campion's website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071118122533/http://markcampion-racing.com/stables.html"}],"text":"Longrigg, Roger (Foreword by Paul Mellon) The History of Horse Racing (1972) Macmillan, London ISBN 0-333-13699-3\nWhitewall Stables at Mark Campion's website","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rice, James (1879). History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day. London: Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. p. 229. Retrieved 10 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924104225614#page/n241/mode/2up","url_text":"History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day"}]},{"reference":"Black, Robert (1891). The Jockey Club and Its Founders: In Three Periods. Smith, Elder. p. 299. Retrieved 10 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/jockeyclubandit01blacgoog#page/n315/mode/1up","url_text":"The Jockey Club and Its Founders: In Three Periods"}]},{"reference":"Rice, James (1879). History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day. London: Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. p. 230. Retrieved 10 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924104225614#page/n243/mode/2up","url_text":"History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day"}]},{"reference":"CORCODILOS, DIMITRIOS. \"John \"The Wizard of the North\" Scott\". Findagrave. Retrieved 7 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=180969085,","url_text":"\"John \"The Wizard of the North\" Scott\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sporting Gossip\". Yorkshire Gazette. 5 December 1891. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mark Champion Racing\". Mark Champion Racing. Retrieved 7 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.markcampion-racing.com/","url_text":"\"Mark Champion Racing\""}]},{"reference":"First publish in Bell Life (8 July 1884). \"Training Race Horses\". Eau Claire Leader. p. 3. Retrieved 10 July 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12268804/eau_claire_leader/","url_text":"\"Training Race Horses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sporting\". Yorkshire Gazette. 14 February 1835.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Railway Revolution\". The History of York. Retrieved 8 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/the-railway-revolution","url_text":"\"The Railway Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sporting\". Yorkshire Gazette. 6 April 1844.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A Potted History of the Railways of Epsom and Ewell\". Epsom and Ewell History Explorer. Retrieved 8 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk/Railways.html","url_text":"\"A Potted History of the Railways of Epsom and Ewell\""}]},{"reference":"\"The coming of the railway to Newmarket\". Newmarket Local History Society. Retrieved 8 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newmarketlhs.org.uk/lhs9.htm","url_text":"\"The coming of the railway to Newmarket\""}]},{"reference":"Mortimer, Roger; Onslow, Richard; Willett, Peter (1978). Biographical Encyclopaedia of British Flat Racing. London: Macdonald and Jane's. p. 547.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vamplew, Wray; Kay, Joyce (2005). \"Scott brothers\". Encyclopedia of British Horseracing. London: Routledge. pp. 278–279. ISBN 0-714-68292-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-714-68292-6","url_text":"0-714-68292-6"}]},{"reference":"Vamplew, Wray (2004). \"Scott, John\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24899.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F24899","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/24899"}]},{"reference":"Willett, Peter (1982). The Classic Racehorse. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1477-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1477-2","url_text":"0-8131-1477-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924104225614#page/n241/mode/2up","external_links_name":"History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/jockeyclubandit01blacgoog#page/n315/mode/1up","external_links_name":"The Jockey Club and Its Founders: In Three Periods"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924104225614#page/n243/mode/2up","external_links_name":"History of the British turf, from the earliest times to the present day"},{"Link":"http://irishtimes.com/sport/racing/aidan-o-brien-s-snowfall-skates-home-to-take-oaks-by-record-16-lengths-1.4584630","external_links_name":"Irish Times report, 4 June 2021"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=180969085,","external_links_name":"\"John \"The Wizard of the North\" Scott\""},{"Link":"http://www.markcampion-racing.com/","external_links_name":"\"Mark Champion Racing\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12268804/eau_claire_leader/","external_links_name":"\"Training Race Horses\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/the-railway-revolution","external_links_name":"\"The Railway Revolution\""},{"Link":"http://www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk/Railways.html","external_links_name":"\"A Potted History of the Railways of Epsom and Ewell\""},{"Link":"http://www.newmarketlhs.org.uk/lhs9.htm","external_links_name":"\"The coming of the railway to Newmarket\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F24899","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/24899"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071118122533/http://markcampion-racing.com/stables.html","external_links_name":"Whitewall Stables at Mark Campion's website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_Right | Guide Right | ["1 Episode status","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | American TV series or program
Guide RightDirected byBarry ShearPresented byDonn Russell (host)The Airmen of NoteCountry of originUnited StatesProductionRunning time24 mins.Original releaseNetworkDuMontReleaseFebruary 25, 1952 (1952-02-25) –February 5, 1954 (1954-02-05)
Guide Right is an American musical variety show which aired on the DuMont Television Network from February 25, 1952, to February 5, 1954.
The program was produced by the First Army Recruiting Service and supplied by the United States Air Force as a means of increasing enlistment for the Korean War. It featured The Airmen of Note directed by Fred Kepner, each 30-minute episode was hosted by Donn Russell, with Elliot Lawrence conducting the orchestra.
The show featured civilian musical artists in addition to military personnel. Guest performers included Eddie Fisher, June Valli, Sunny Gale, Teresa Brewer and Steve Lawrence.
Episode status
The UCLA Film and Television Archive has 18 episodes in its collection, and the Paley Center for Media has two episodes.
See also
List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network
List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts
References
^ Oliver, Wade (May 11, 1952). "'Guide Right' Telecast Aids Draftees". Star-Gazette. New York, Elmira. Associated Press. p. 27. Retrieved February 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Edgerton, Gary R.; Rollins, Peter C. (2021). Television Histories: Shaping Collective Memory in the Media Age. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-8164-6. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
^ a b c Terrace, Vincent (2014). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010, 2d ed. McFarland. p. 421. ISBN 978-0-7864-8641-0. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
^ "Guide Right". Ross Reports on Television including The Television Index. October 19, 1952. p. 9. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
^ "Cpl. Verhulst to Star on Video Program Tonight". The News. New Jersey, Paterson. November 10, 1952. p. 21. Retrieved February 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Monday October 6 (Cont'd)". Ross Reports. October 5, 1952. p. 9. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
^ Reed, R. M.; Reed, M. K. (2012). The Encyclopedia of Television, Cable, and Video. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-4684-6521-1. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
^ DuMont historical website Archived 2009-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
Bibliography
David Weinstein, The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004) ISBN 1-59213-245-6
Alex McNeil, Total Television, Fourth edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1980) ISBN 0-14-024916-8
Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, Third edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964) ISBN 0-345-31864-1
External links
Guide Right at IMDb
DuMont historical website
This article about a music television show originating in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"variety show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_show"},{"link_name":"DuMont Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ets-3"},{"link_name":"The Airmen of Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Airmen_of_Note"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ets-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ets-3"},{"link_name":"Eddie Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Fisher_(singer)"},{"link_name":"June Valli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Valli"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sunny Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Gale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Teresa Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Brewer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Steve Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Guide Right is an American musical variety show which aired on the DuMont Television Network from February 25, 1952, to February 5, 1954.The program was produced by the First Army Recruiting Service[1] and supplied by the United States Air Force[2] as a means of increasing enlistment for the Korean War.[3] It featured The Airmen of Note directed by Fred Kepner,[citation needed] each 30-minute episode was hosted by Donn Russell, with Elliot Lawrence conducting the orchestra.[3]The show featured civilian musical artists in addition to military personnel.[3] Guest performers included Eddie Fisher, June Valli,[4] Sunny Gale,[5] Teresa Brewer[6] and Steve Lawrence.[7]","title":"Guide Right"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCLA Film and Television Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Film_and_Television_Archive"},{"link_name":"Paley Center for Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The UCLA Film and Television Archive has 18 episodes in its collection, and the Paley Center for Media has two episodes.[8]","title":"Episode status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temple University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59213-245-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-245-6"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-024916-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024916-8"},{"link_name":"Ballantine Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-345-31864-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-31864-1"}],"text":"David Weinstein, The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004) ISBN 1-59213-245-6\nAlex McNeil, Total Television, Fourth edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1980) ISBN 0-14-024916-8\nTim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, Third edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964) ISBN 0-345-31864-1","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_DuMont_Television_Network"},{"title":"List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surviving_DuMont_Television_Network_broadcasts"}] | [{"reference":"Oliver, Wade (May 11, 1952). \"'Guide Right' Telecast Aids Draftees\". Star-Gazette. New York, Elmira. Associated Press. p. 27. Retrieved February 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94325352/star-gazette/","url_text":"\"'Guide Right' Telecast Aids Draftees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Edgerton, Gary R.; Rollins, Peter C. (2021). Television Histories: Shaping Collective Memory in the Media Age. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-8164-6. Retrieved February 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jgQaEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Guide+Right%22+Dumont&pg=PT418","url_text":"Television Histories: Shaping Collective Memory in the Media Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-8164-6","url_text":"978-0-8131-8164-6"}]},{"reference":"Terrace, Vincent (2014). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010, 2d ed. McFarland. p. 421. ISBN 978-0-7864-8641-0. Retrieved February 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YX_daEhlnbsC&dq=%22Guide+Right%22+Dumont&pg=PA421","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010, 2d ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8641-0","url_text":"978-0-7864-8641-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide Right\". Ross Reports on Television including The Television Index. October 19, 1952. p. 9. Retrieved February 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rossreportstele25ross/page/n72/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Guide Right\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cpl. Verhulst to Star on Video Program Tonight\". The News. New Jersey, Paterson. November 10, 1952. p. 21. Retrieved February 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94324964/the-news/","url_text":"\"Cpl. Verhulst to Star on Video Program Tonight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Monday October 6 (Cont'd)\". Ross Reports. October 5, 1952. p. 9. Retrieved February 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rossreportstele25ross/page/n16/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Monday October 6 (Cont'd)\""}]},{"reference":"Reed, R. M.; Reed, M. K. (2012). The Encyclopedia of Television, Cable, and Video. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-4684-6521-1. Retrieved February 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gU3uBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Guide+Right%22+Dumont&pg=PA308","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Television, Cable, and Video"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-6521-1","url_text":"978-1-4684-6521-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94325352/star-gazette/","external_links_name":"\"'Guide Right' Telecast Aids Draftees\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jgQaEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Guide+Right%22+Dumont&pg=PT418","external_links_name":"Television Histories: Shaping Collective Memory in the Media Age"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YX_daEhlnbsC&dq=%22Guide+Right%22+Dumont&pg=PA421","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010, 2d ed"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rossreportstele25ross/page/n72/mode/1up?view=theater","external_links_name":"\"Guide Right\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94324964/the-news/","external_links_name":"\"Cpl. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Ridley_Scott | List of awards and nominations received by Ridley Scott | ["1 Major associations","1.1 Academy Awards","1.2 British Academy Film Awards","1.3 Primetime Emmy Award","1.4 Golden Globe Awards","2 Industry awards","2.1 American Film Institute","2.2 Cannes Film Festival","2.3 Directors Guild of America","2.4 National Board of Review","3 Miscellaneous awards","3.1 Saturn Awards","3.2 Satellite Awards","3.3 Visual Effects Society","4 References"] | Ridley Scott awards and nominationsScott at Wondercon in 2012Awards and nominationsAward
Wins
Nominations
Academy Awards
0
4BAFTA Awards
2
8Golden Globe Awards
1
5Primetime Emmy Awards
2
10
TotalsWins5Nominations27Note
^ Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They recognize several different recipients, have runners-up, and have third place. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.
Ridley Scott is a British director and producer.
His major works include, the science fiction horror film Alien (1979), the neo-noir dystopian film Blade Runner (1982), the road adventure film Thelma & Louise (1991), the historical drama film Gladiator (2000), the war film Black Hawk Down (2002), and the science fiction comedy The Martian (2015). Some of his later works include Kingdom of Heaven (2005), American Gangster (2007), Robin Hood (2010), Prometheus (2012), and All the Money in the World (2017). In 2021 his films, The Last Duel and House of Gucci were released.
Scott has received various awards and nominations including four Academy Award nominations including three nominations for Best Director for Thelma & Louise (1991), Gladiator (2000), and Black Hawk Down (2002). He also received a nomination for Best Picture for The Martian (2015). Scott has also received five Golden Globe Award nominations winning for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy for The Martian (2015). He also received 10 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his work on television winning twice for The Gathering Storm (2002), and Gettysburg (2011).
In 1995 both Scott and his brother Tony received a BAFTA for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema. In 2003 he was knighted for services to the British film industry. In a 2004 BBC poll, Scott was ranked 10 on the list of most influential people in British culture. He received an honorary doctorate from the Royal College of Art in London in 2015 and the BAFTA Fellowship for lifetime achievement in 2018.
Major associations
Academy Awards
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.
1992
Best Director
Thelma & Louise
Nominated
2001
Gladiator
Nominated
2002
Black Hawk Down
Nominated
2016
Best Picture
The Martian
Nominated
British Academy Film Awards
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.
1992
Best Film
Thelma & Louise
Nominated
Best Director
Nominated
1995
Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema
Won
2001
Best Director
Gladiator
Nominated
2008
Best Film
American Gangster
Nominated
2016
Best Director
The Martian
Nominated
2018
BAFTA Fellowship
Won
2022
Outstanding British Film
House of Gucci
Nominated
Primetime Emmy Award
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.
2000
Outstanding Made for Television Movie
RKO 281
Nominated
2002
The Gathering Storm
Won
2008
Outstanding Miniseries
The Andromeda Strain
Nominated
2009
Outstanding Made for Television Movie
Into the Storm
Nominated
2010
Outstanding Drama Series
The Good Wife
Nominated
2011
Nominated
Outstanding Miniseries or Movie
The Pillars of the Earth
Nominated
Outstanding Nonfiction Special
Gettysburg
Won
2014
Outstanding Television Movie
Killing Kennedy
Nominated
2015
Killing Jesus
Nominated
Golden Globe Awards
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.
2001
Best Director
Gladiator
Nominated
2008
American Gangster
Nominated
2016
The Martian
Nominated
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Won
2018
Best Director
All the Money in the World
Nominated
Industry awards
American Film Institute
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2002
Director of the Year
Black Hawk Down
Nominated
Movie of the Year
Nominated
Cannes Film Festival
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
1977
Best Debut Film Award
The Duellists
Won
Palme d'Or
Nominated
Directors Guild of America
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
1992
Best Director – Motion Picture
Thelma & Louise
Nominated
2001
Gladiator
Nominated
2002
Black Hawk Down
Nominated
2016
The Martian
Nominated
2017
Lifetime Achievement Award
Won
National Board of Review
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2015
Best Director
The Martian
Won
Miscellaneous awards
Saturn Awards
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
1980
Best Director
Alien
Won
1983
Blade Runner
Nominated
2001
Gladiator
Nominated
2004
The George Pal Memorial Award
Won
2016
Best Director
The Martian
Won
Satellite Awards
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2001
Best Director
Gladiator
Nominated
2016
The Martian
Nominated
Visual Effects Society
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2016
Lifetime Achievement Award
Won
References
^ "Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema". BAFTA. 12 October 2015.
^ "Queen knights Gladiator director". BBC News. 8 July 2003. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
^ "iPod's low-profile creator tops cultural chart". The Independent. 18 March 2017.
^ "Sir Ridley Scott gets top Bafta honour". BBC News. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
^ "THE 64TH ACADEMY AWARDS". Oscars.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "THE 73RD ACADEMY AWARDS". Oscars.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "THE 74TH ACADEMY AWARDS". Oscars.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "THE 88TH ACADEMY AWARDS". Oscars.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "1992 in film". awards.bafta.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "1995 in film". awards.bafta.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "2001 in film". awards.bafta.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "2008 in film". awards.bafta.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "2016 in film". awards.bafta.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "2018 in film". awards.bafta.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ Ravindran, Manori (February 3, 2022). "BAFTA Awards Nominations Unveiled: 'Dune,' 'Power of the Dog' Lead Field, Will Smith Earns First BAFTA Nod". Variety. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
^ "Ridley Scott - Emmy Awards, Nominations, and Wins". www.emmys.com. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "Ridley Scott". goldenglobes.com. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
vteRidley Scott
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Unrealised projects
Feature films
The Duellists (1977)
Alien (1979)
Blade Runner (1982)
Legend (1985)
Someone to Watch Over Me (1987)
Black Rain (1989)
Thelma & Louise (1991)
1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992)
White Squall (1996)
G.I. Jane (1997)
Gladiator (2000)
Hannibal (2001)
Black Hawk Down (2001)
Matchstick Men (2003)
Kingdom of Heaven (2005)
A Good Year (2006)
American Gangster (2007)
Body of Lies (2008)
Robin Hood (2010)
Prometheus (2012)
The Counselor (2013)
Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014)
The Martian (2015)
Alien: Covenant (2017)
All the Money in the World (2017)
The Last Duel (2021)
House of Gucci (2021)
Napoleon (2023)
Gladiator II (2024)
Other work
Boy and Bicycle (short film, 1965)
"The Bike Ride" (advertisement, 1973)
"1984" (advertisement, 1984)
All the Invisible Children (segment "Jonathan", 2005)
"Raised by Wolves" (TV episode, 2020)
"Pentagram" (TV episode, 2020)
Family
Tony Scott (brother)
Giannina Facio (third wife)
Jake Scott (son)
Luke Scott (son)
Jordan Scott (daughter)
Related
Ridley (Metroid)
Scott Free Productions
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ridley Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott"},{"link_name":"Alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(film)"},{"link_name":"neo-noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-noir"},{"link_name":"Blade Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner"},{"link_name":"Thelma & Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_%26_Louise"},{"link_name":"Gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Martian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martian_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Heaven_(film)"},{"link_name":"American Gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gangster_(film)"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Prometheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"All the Money in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Money_in_the_World"},{"link_name":"The Last Duel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Duel_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"House of Gucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gucci"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Thelma & Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_%26_Louise"},{"link_name":"Gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(film)"},{"link_name":"Best Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture"},{"link_name":"The Martian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martian_(film)"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Musical_or_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"The Gathering Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gathering_Storm_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Tony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Scott"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Outstanding_contribution-2"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knighted-3"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BAFTA_Felowship-5"}],"text":"Ridley Scott is a British director and producer.His major works include, the science fiction horror film Alien (1979), the neo-noir dystopian film Blade Runner (1982), the road adventure film Thelma & Louise (1991), the historical drama film Gladiator (2000), the war film Black Hawk Down (2002), and the science fiction comedy The Martian (2015). Some of his later works include Kingdom of Heaven (2005), American Gangster (2007), Robin Hood (2010), Prometheus (2012), and All the Money in the World (2017). In 2021 his films, The Last Duel and House of Gucci were released.Scott has received various awards and nominations including four Academy Award nominations including three nominations for Best Director for Thelma & Louise (1991), Gladiator (2000), and Black Hawk Down (2002). He also received a nomination for Best Picture for The Martian (2015). Scott has also received five Golden Globe Award nominations winning for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy for The Martian (2015). He also received 10 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his work on television winning twice for The Gathering Storm (2002), and Gettysburg (2011).In 1995 both Scott and his brother Tony received a BAFTA for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema.[1] In 2003 he was knighted for services to the British film industry.[2] In a 2004 BBC poll, Scott was ranked 10 on the list of most influential people in British culture.[3] He received an honorary doctorate from the Royal College of Art in London in 2015 and the BAFTA Fellowship for lifetime achievement in 2018.[4]","title":"List of awards and nominations received by Ridley Scott"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major associations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Academy Awards","title":"Major associations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"British Academy Film Awards","title":"Major associations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Primetime Emmy Award","title":"Major associations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Golden Globe Awards","title":"Major associations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Industry awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"American Film Institute","title":"Industry awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cannes Film Festival","title":"Industry awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Directors Guild of America","title":"Industry awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"National Board of Review","title":"Industry awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Miscellaneous awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Saturn Awards","title":"Miscellaneous awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Satellite Awards","title":"Miscellaneous awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Visual Effects Society","title":"Miscellaneous awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema\". 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Retrieved July 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2016","url_text":"\"THE 88TH ACADEMY AWARDS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards","url_text":"Oscars.org"}]},{"reference":"\"1992 in film\". awards.bafta.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/1992/film","url_text":"\"1992 in film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Awards","url_text":"awards.bafta.org"}]},{"reference":"\"1995 in film\". awards.bafta.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/1995/film","url_text":"\"1995 in film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Awards","url_text":"awards.bafta.org"}]},{"reference":"\"2001 in film\". awards.bafta.org. 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Retrieved July 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/bios/ridley-scott","url_text":"\"Ridley Scott - Emmy Awards, Nominations, and Wins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards","url_text":"www.emmys.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Ridley Scott\". goldenglobes.com. Retrieved July 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/ridley-scott","url_text":"\"Ridley Scott\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards","url_text":"goldenglobes.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/1995/film/outstanding-british-contribution-to-cinema","external_links_name":"\"Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3054254.stm","external_links_name":"\"Queen knights Gladiator director\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/ipods-low-profile-creator-tops-cultural-chart-68924.html","external_links_name":"\"iPod's low-profile creator tops cultural chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-42888673","external_links_name":"\"Sir Ridley Scott gets top Bafta honour\""},{"Link":"https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1992","external_links_name":"\"THE 64TH ACADEMY AWARDS\""},{"Link":"https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2001","external_links_name":"\"THE 73RD ACADEMY AWARDS\""},{"Link":"https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2002","external_links_name":"\"THE 74TH ACADEMY AWARDS\""},{"Link":"https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2016","external_links_name":"\"THE 88TH ACADEMY AWARDS\""},{"Link":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/1992/film","external_links_name":"\"1992 in film\""},{"Link":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/1995/film","external_links_name":"\"1995 in film\""},{"Link":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/2001/film","external_links_name":"\"2001 in film\""},{"Link":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/2008/film","external_links_name":"\"2008 in film\""},{"Link":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/film","external_links_name":"\"2016 in film\""},{"Link":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/2018/film","external_links_name":"\"2018 in film\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/film/news/bafta-2022-awards-nominations-full-list-1235170992/","external_links_name":"\"BAFTA Awards Nominations Unveiled: 'Dune,' 'Power of the Dog' Lead Field, Will Smith Earns First BAFTA Nod\""},{"Link":"https://www.emmys.com/bios/ridley-scott","external_links_name":"\"Ridley Scott - Emmy Awards, Nominations, and Wins\""},{"Link":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/ridley-scott","external_links_name":"\"Ridley Scott\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneixendorf | Gneixendorf | ["1 Sources"] | Coordinates: 48°26′N 15°36′E / 48.433°N 15.600°E / 48.433; 15.600Village in Lower Austria
Kapelle zum heiligsten Herzen Jesu, Gneixendorf
Gneixendorf is a village near Krems in Lower Austria. It was the location of Stalag XVII-B, the setting of the Billy Wilder film Stalag 17.
The stone-age pre-history, the history of Christian orders settlement and rule and their stately renaissance buildings, followed by a manorial history, particularly of the van Beethoven and von Schweitzer families between 1820 and 1935 and the World War II break with the STALAG XVII B Prisoner-of-War camp 1940-1945 are all comprehensively documented by "Chronik von Gneixendorf", published in 2009 by Verschoenerungsverein Gneixendorf. See also Krems-Gneixendorf. Gneixendorf has been incorporated with the town of Krems since 1968.
The composer Ludwig van Beethoven spent the period September–December 1826 in Gneixendorf as the guest of his younger brother Johann, who had acquired Schloss Wasserhof (see A. Thayer, "Life of Beethoven", Princeton University Press (1964)).
Sources
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gneixendorf.
Gneixendorf
48°26′N 15°36′E / 48.433°N 15.600°E / 48.433; 15.600
This Lower Austria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kapelle_Gneixendorf.JPG"},{"link_name":"Krems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krems_an_der_Donau"},{"link_name":"Lower Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria"},{"link_name":"Billy Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Stalag 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_17"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Johann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Johann_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Schloss Wasserhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Wasserhof"}],"text":"Village in Lower AustriaKapelle zum heiligsten Herzen Jesu, GneixendorfGneixendorf is a village near Krems in Lower Austria. It was the location of Stalag XVII-B, the setting of the Billy Wilder film Stalag 17.The stone-age pre-history, the history of Christian orders settlement and rule and their stately renaissance buildings, followed by a manorial history, particularly of the van Beethoven and von Schweitzer families between 1820 and 1935 and the World War II break with the STALAG XVII B Prisoner-of-War camp 1940-1945 are all comprehensively documented by \"Chronik von Gneixendorf\", published in 2009 by Verschoenerungsverein Gneixendorf. See also Krems-Gneixendorf. Gneixendorf has been incorporated with the town of Krems since 1968.The composer Ludwig van Beethoven spent the period September–December 1826 in Gneixendorf as the guest of his younger brother Johann, who had acquired Schloss Wasserhof (see A. Thayer, \"Life of Beethoven\", Princeton University Press (1964)).","title":"Gneixendorf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gneixendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gneixendorf"},{"link_name":"Gneixendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070808064300/http://madaboutbeethoven.com/pages/people_and_places/places_bohemia_beyond/bohemia_gneixendorf.htm"},{"link_name":"48°26′N 15°36′E / 48.433°N 15.600°E / 48.433; 15.600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gneixendorf¶ms=48_26_N_15_36_E_region:AT_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lower_Austria_(state).svg"},{"link_name":"Lower Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gneixendorf&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:LowerAustria-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:LowerAustria-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LowerAustria-geo-stub"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gneixendorf.Gneixendorf48°26′N 15°36′E / 48.433°N 15.600°E / 48.433; 15.600This Lower Austria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Kapelle zum heiligsten Herzen Jesu, Gneixendorf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kapelle_Gneixendorf.JPG/170px-Kapelle_Gneixendorf.JPG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gneixendorf¶ms=48_26_N_15_36_E_region:AT_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"48°26′N 15°36′E / 48.433°N 15.600°E / 48.433; 15.600"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064300/http://madaboutbeethoven.com/pages/people_and_places/places_bohemia_beyond/bohemia_gneixendorf.htm","external_links_name":"Gneixendorf"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gneixendorf¶ms=48_26_N_15_36_E_region:AT_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"48°26′N 15°36′E / 48.433°N 15.600°E / 48.433; 15.600"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gneixendorf&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookstown | Cookstown | ["1 History","2 Places of interest","3 Climate","4 Politics","5 Townlands","5.1 Cookstown townland","6 Sport","6.1 Motorcycling","6.2 Gaelic Football","6.3 Association Football","6.4 Hockey","7 Demography","7.1 19th century population","7.2 2021 Census","7.3 2011 Census","7.4 2001 Census","8 Education","9 Healthcare","10 Notable people","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°38′49″N 6°44′42″W / 54.647°N 6.745°W / 54.647; -6.745Town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland
This article is about the town in Northern Ireland. For other towns of the same name, see Cookstown (disambiguation).
Human settlement in Northern IrelandCookstownIrish: An Chorr ChríochachScots: Cookestoun or CookstoonCookstown coat of armsCookstownLocation within Northern IrelandPopulation12,546 (2021 Census)Irish grid referenceH8178• Belfast45 milesDistrictMid-UlsterCountyCounty TyroneCountryNorthern IrelandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townCOOKSTOWNPostcode districtBT80Dialling code028PoliceNorthern IrelandFireNorthern IrelandAmbulanceNorthern Ireland
UK ParliamentMid UlsterNI AssemblyMid UlsterWebsitehttp://www.midulstercouncil.org
List of places
UK
Northern Ireland
Tyrone
54°38′49″N 6°44′42″W / 54.647°N 6.745°W / 54.647; -6.745
Cookstown (Irish: An Chorr Chríochach, ) is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is the fourth largest town in the county and had a population of 12,546 in the 2021 census. It, along with Magherafelt and Dungannon, is one of the main towns in the Mid-Ulster council area. It was founded around 1620 when the townlands in the area were leased by an English ecclesiastical lawyer, Dr. Alan Cooke, from the Archbishop of Armagh, who had been granted the lands after the Flight of the Earls during the Plantation of Ulster. It was one of the main centres of the linen industry west of the River Bann, and until 1956, the processes of flax spinning, weaving, bleaching and beetling were carried out in the town.
History
The main street, looking north. Slieve Gallion is in the background.
In 1609 land was leased to an English ecclesiastical lawyer, Dr Cooke, who fulfilled the covenants entered in the lease by building houses on the land. In 1628, King Charles I granted Letters Patent to Cooke permitting the holding of a twice-weekly market for livestock and flaxen goods.
In 1641, the native Irish revolted against the Planters in a bloody rebellion and the town was destroyed. The rebellion had a devastating effect on the town and development ceased for nearly a century. Over the succeeding years, the lands around Cookstown were progressively bought up by William Stewart of Killymoon until in 1671 all of Dr Cooke's lands were in the hands of the Stewart family. William Stewart and later his son James set out plans for the town soon after this. Inspired by the Wide Streets Commission's work in Dublin, they planned a new town to be built along a tree lined boulevard which was to be 135 feet (41 m) wide.
In 1802, Colonel William Stewart (James Stewart's unmarried son) approached the London architect, John Nash, and requested that he visit the area to rebuild Killymoon Castle. Nash also designed the Rectory at Lissan for the Rev John Molesworth Staples in 1807.
With the establishment of Gunning's Linen Weaving Mill, with over 300 looms, Cookstown developed in the 19th century as the local centre of the linen trade. Two railways established terminus railway stations at Cookstown - the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway (1856-1955) and the Great Northern Railway (1879-1959).
Prominent developments in the second half of the 19th century included J.J. McCarthy's Church of the Holy Trinity on Chapel Street.
On 17 June 1920, during the Irish War of Independence, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) raided the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) barracks in Cookstown, with help from four sympathetic RIC officers. In a brief firefight, IRA volunteer Patrick Loughran was killed. He was the first IRA volunteer killed on active service in what became Northern Ireland.
Cookstown Town Hall was designed by the town surveyor, Charles Geoffrey Birtwell, and built on the Burn Road by James Corrigan of Pomeroy: it was officially opened on 27 May 1953.
During the Troubles, Cookstown suffered from several bomb attacks: on 2 November 1990 an off duty soldier from the Ulster Defence Regiment was killed by a car bomb.
Cookstown Town Hall was demolished in 1998 and the Burnavon Arts and Cultural Centre opened on the site in 2000.
Places of interest
Ardboe High Cross and Abbey (Seanchrois Ard Bó agus Ministir Naomh Colmán), one of the best examples of a 9th/10th century High cross in Ireland, is 10 mi (16 km) from Cookstown. It forms the only remaining part of an early monastery on the site.
Other ancient sites nearby include Beaghmore stone circles and Tullyhogue Fort (beside the village of Tullyhogue), the inauguration site of the chiefs of Tyrone (Tir Eogain), the O'Neills.
The Donaghrisk walled cemetery to the southwest of (and clearly visible from) the fort is the resting place of the O'Hagans, the chief justices of Tyrone (and as such, they presided over the inauguration ceremonies of the O'Neills).
Lissan House lies on the outskirts of Cookstown. It is a large structure which was the home of the Staples family for 350 years.
Killymoon Castle is about 1 mi (1.6 km) south east of Cookstown. This structure is regarded as one of Cookstown's finest pieces of architectural heritage. It was built in just over a year at a cost of £80,000 and was Nash's first Irish commission.
Gortalowry House
Drum Manor, approximately 5 mi (8 km) from the town. Alexander Richardson, a burgess from Edinburgh, Scotland, bought the estate of Craigbalk in 1617 and built Drum Manor, which was also known Manor Richardson. Alexander's son Sir William Richardson left it to his second son, Alexander, from which the Richardsons of Drum descend. Sir William's third son, William, who inherited lands near Augher, obtained a lease for lands in the townland of Tullyreavy on the Drum Manor estate, where he built a house by the lake known as Oaklands.
St Luaran's Church
St Luaran's Church of Ireland church is on Church Street.
Church of the Holy Trinity
James Joseph McCarthy's Catholic church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, was constructed between 1855 and 1860 with a tower and spire at the east end.
Derryloran Old Cemetery is a historic site of interest, located on the Sandholes Road on the outskirts of the town, which features an old graveyard and churchyard dating back to the 17th Century.
Climate
Climate data for Lough Fea, Elevation: 225 m (738 ft), 1991–2020 normals
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
6.0(42.8)
6.5(43.7)
8.3(46.9)
10.9(51.6)
13.9(57.0)
16.2(61.2)
17.6(63.7)
17.2(63.0)
15.2(59.4)
11.6(52.9)
8.4(47.1)
6.3(43.3)
11.5(52.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
3.6(38.5)
3.8(38.8)
5.1(41.2)
7.3(45.1)
10.0(50.0)
12.5(54.5)
14.1(57.4)
13.9(57.0)
12.0(53.6)
8.9(48.0)
5.9(42.6)
3.9(39.0)
8.4(47.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1.1(34.0)
1.1(34.0)
2.0(35.6)
3.6(38.5)
6.1(43.0)
8.8(47.8)
10.6(51.1)
10.5(50.9)
8.8(47.8)
6.1(43.0)
3.4(38.1)
1.5(34.7)
5.3(41.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
140.3(5.52)
111.1(4.37)
106.4(4.19)
93.4(3.68)
88.3(3.48)
96.6(3.80)
102.0(4.02)
116.1(4.57)
102.9(4.05)
128.3(5.05)
141.1(5.56)
144.9(5.70)
1,371.2(53.98)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
19.3
16.6
16.6
14.5
14.2
13.8
15.7
16.2
14.7
17.5
18.8
19.4
197.2
Source: Met Office
Politics
In elections for the Westminster Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly it is part of the Mid Ulster constituency.
The local authority, Cookstown District Council, was established in 1973, and included part of County Londonderry, notably the villages of Moneymore, The Loup and Ballyronan.
As part of the Local Government Reform (NI) Cookstown District Council merged with Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council and Magherafelt District Council to form a larger Mid-Ulster District Council in 2015.
Townlands
The following is a list of townlands within Cookstown's urban area, alongside their likely etymologies:
Clare (from Clár meaning "level land")
Cookstown (an English name from Alan Cooke, bishop of Armagh)
Coolkeeghan (from Cúil Caocháin meaning "Keighen's corner")
Coolnafranky (from Cúil na Francaigh meaning "corner of the rats" or "French")
Coolnahavil (from Cúil na hAbhaill meaning "corner of the orchard")
Coolreaghs (from Cúil Riach meaning "grey corner")
Gortalowry (from Gort an Leamhraigh meaning "field of the elm place")
Loy (from Láigh meaning "hill")
Maloon (from Magh Luan meaning "plain of the lambs")
Monrush (from Móin Rois meaning "wooded peatland")
Sullenboy (from Sailean Buí meaning "yellow willows")
Tullagh (from Tulach meaning "hilltop")
Cookstown townland
Cookstown townland itself is situated in the historic barony of Dungannon Upper and the civil parish of Derryloran and covers an area of 217 acres.
The population of the townland increased overall during the 19th century:
Year
1841
1851
1861
1871
1881
1891
Population
27
-
16
123
119
93
Houses
5
1
4
23
28
22
Sport
Motorcycling
The town plays host to the Cookstown 100 Road Races, the longest running motorcycle road race in Ireland. Held in April of each year the races are seen as the curtain raiser to the Irish National Road Racing Championship.
Gaelic Football
Cookstown Fr. Rock's, the local Gaelic Athletic Association club, won the All-Ireland Intermediate Club Football Championship in 2013.
Association Football
Local association football clubs include Cookstown Olympic F.C. (an intermediate-level football club), Mid-Ulster Ladies F.C. (a women's football club), Killymoon Rangers F.C., Coagh United F.C. and Sofia Farmer F.C. (clubs in the Cookstown District that play in the Ballymena & Provincial Intermediate League).
Hockey
Cookstown Hockey Club is the town's field hockey team.
Demography
19th century population
The population of the town increased during the 19th century:
Year
1841
1851
1861
1871
1881
1891
Population
3006
2993
3257
3501
3870
3841
Houses
550
576
600
728
822
835
Cookstown is classified as a medium town (i.e. with population between 10,000 and 18,000 people) by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA).: 11
2021 Census
National Identity of Cookstown residents (2021)
Nationality
Per cent
British
31.7%
Irish
31.3%
Northern Irish
28.6%
On census day in 2021 there were 12,546 people living in Cookstown. Of these:
56.21% (7,053) were from a Catholic background, and 34.33% (4,308) were from a Protestant or other Christian background, 1.12% were from other religious backgrounds and 8.33% (1,045) had no religious background.
2011 Census
On census day (27 March 2011) there were 11,599 people living in Cookstown. Of these:
98% were from the white ethnic group
56% were from a Catholic background, and 39% were from a Protestant or other Christian background
40% indicated that they had a British national identity, 30% had a Northern Irish national identity, and 28% had an Irish national identity (respondents could choose more than one)
2001 Census
On census day (29 April 2001) there were 10,646 people living in Cookstown. Of these:
26.0% were aged under 16 years and 15.6% were aged 60 and over
49.7% of the population were male and 50.3% were female
52.8% were from a Catholic background and 45.1% were from a Protestant background
3.9% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed.
Education
Secondary schools serving the area include Cookstown High School and Holy Trinity College, Cookstown.
At third level, the Loughry Campus of the College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise is 2 mi (3.2 km) south of Cookstown. South West College (a technical college) is also in the area.
Healthcare
The first community hub for primary care in the province is to be established in the town, backed by four local GP practices and the health board. It is to incorporate scanning facilities, a minor surgery suite, a pharmacy, out-of-hours consultations and community healthcare partnerships, with the possibility of developing supported living accommodation for older people.
Notable people
Arts
Jimmy Cricket - comedian
Nick Laird - poet and novelist
Eamonn McCrystal - singer and broadcaster
Owen O'Neill - writer, actor, director, and comedian
Oliver Sheppard (1865-1941) - sculptor, born in Cookstown
Jonathan Swift - stayed at Loughry Manor as a guest of the Lindsay family while writing Gulliver's Travels (published in 1726)
Lias Saoudi - Fat White Family musician, grew up in Cookstown
Business
Finbarr O'Neill - former CEO of J.D. Power.
Sport
Kenny Acheson - racing driver
David Ames - 2016 Olympian, Great Britain
Jacqueline Burns - footballer, Northern Ireland women's national football team
Stuart Dallas - footballer, Northern Ireland Team
Terry Devlin - footballer, EFL League One, Portsmouth F.C.
Aaron Hughes - footballer, Northern Ireland Team
Owen Mulligan - Tyrone GAA footballer
Ian Sloan - 2016 Olympian, Great Britain
Martin Sloan - field hockey, Ireland men's national field hockey team captain of 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup team
Politics
William Craig - politician, founder of Ulster Vanguard, born in Cookstown
Bernadette Devlin - Republican Socialist political activist, raised in a small housing estate called Rathbeg
Mallon (foreground) in a hospital bed
Medical
Major-General Sir Richard Havelock Charles, 1st Baronet (1858–1934) - medical doctor, Serjeant Surgeon to King George V
Mary Mallon, aka Typhoid Mary
See also
Craigballyharky
List of localities in Northern Ireland by population
References
^ "Cookstown District Council". Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
^ "Ulster-Scots guide to Beaghmore stone circles – Department of the Environment" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
^ "An Chorr Chríochach/Cookstown". Placenames Database of Ireland (logainm.ie). Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media (Ireland) and Dublin City University. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
^ a b "Settlement 2015". NISRA. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ a b c Coyle, Cathal (2014). The Little Book of Tyrone. History Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0750962841.
^ "1803 - Killymoon Castle, Cookstown, County Tyrone". Archiseek. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ "1807 - Lissan Rectory, Cookstown, County Tyrone". Archiseek. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ a b "Cookstown Directory". 1880. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ a b "1860 - Holy Trinity Church, Cookstown, County Tyrone". Archiseek. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ Hezlet, Sir Arthur (1972). The 'B' Specials. London: Tom Stacey. p. 10. ISBN 0-85468-272-4.
^ Lawlor, Pearse. The Outrages: The IRA and the Ulster Special Constabulary in the Border Campaign. Mercier Press, 2011. pp.28-29
^ Chronology of Irish History 1919 - 1923 - June 1920 Archived 5 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Seamus Fox. 2008. Dublin City University.
^ "Cookstown Town Hall" (PDF). Mid-Ulster Local History Journal. p. 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2022.
^ "Political violence during the Troubles: 1990-1994". Alpha History. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ "Town hall to be demolished". The Irish Times. 10 September 1998. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ "Annual Report 2000/21" (PDF). Arts Council of Northern Ireland. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ O'Neill, B., ed. (2002). Irish Cathedrals, Churches and Abbeys. London: Caxton Editions. p. 63.
^ "Beaghmore Stone Circle Complex". Megalithics. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
^ "Tullaghoge Fort". Discover Northern Ireland. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ "Donaghrisk Churchyard, Cookstown, Co Tyrone". YouTube. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ Lehane, Brendan (2001). The Companion Guide to Ireland. Companion Guides. p. 437. ISBN 978-1900639347.
^ "Killymoon Castle". The Chrono Centre - Queens University Belfast. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011.
^ a b c Alexander Richardson Archived 3 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, founder of the Drum estate. Ancestry.com user page.
^ "St Luaran's Church". Cookstown Parish. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
^ "Derryloran Old Church Cookstown". My Cookstown.
^ "Lough Fea Climate". Met Office. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
^ "Statement of Persons Nominated – Mid Ulster". Retrieved 8 April 2022.
^ Transport Year Book 2006. Stationery Office. 18 November 2005. p. 66. ISBN 9780117035850. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Electoral Areas". Mid-Ulster District Council. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Northern Ireland Placenames Project". placenamesni.org. Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
^ "Townlands of County Tyrone". IreAtlas Townland Database. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ a b "Census of Ireland 1891". Enhanced Parliamentary Papers on Ireland. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
^ "Census of Ireland 1851". Enhanced Parliamentary Papers on Ireland. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ https://roadracingnews.co.uk/ignore-the-doom-mongers-cookstown-100-will-run/
^ https://roadracingnews.co.uk/tag/cookstown-100/
^ "All-Ireland Club IFC final: All-Ireland glory for Cookstown". Hogan Stand. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ "All-Ireland Club IFC final: All-Ireland glory for Cookstown". Hogan Stand. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ "CYFC 1sts vs Cookstown Olympic F.C. (Cookstown Cup)". YouTube. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ McWilliams, Nikki (24 May 2014). "Referee decides to end match 17 minutes early". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
^ "Killymoon Rangers hoping to add to 50th anniversary celebrations with cup success". Belfast Live. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Pre-season: v Sofia Farmer". YouTube. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Cookstown triumph in Kirk final". BBC Sport. 26 December 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
^ "Census of Ireland 1851". Enhanced Parliamentary Papers on Ireland. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
^ "Statistical Classification and Delineation of Settlements" (PDF). NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). February 2005. Table 3 / Band C - Large Town. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
^ "National Identity (British)". NISRA. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ "National Identity (Irish)". NISRA. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ "National Identity (Northern Irish)". NISRA. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ "Religion or religion brought up in". NISRA. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
^ "Census 2011 Population Statistics for Cookstown Settlement". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021. This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
^ "NI Neighbourhood Information Service NISRA". Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2005.
^ "Cookstown High School". Education Authority Northern Ireland. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Holy Trinity College, Cookstown". Education Authority Northern Ireland. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "CAFRE (College of Agriculture, Food & Rural Enterprise) - Loughry Campus". NI Direct. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "South West College". The Alliance for Sustainable Leadership in Education. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "£8m health village plan 'well advanced'". Mid Ulster Mail. 9 May 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
^ "Cookstown-born comic Jimmy Cricket awarded knighthood by the Pope". Northern Ireland World. 19 September 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Cookstown poet a Queen's Professor". Tyrone Courier. 14 May 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ McGurk, John (4 September 2012). "Cookstown singer Eamonn McCrystal set for stardom in US". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ O'Neill, Emma (5 September 2009). "Owen O'Neill is Cookstown's Comedy King". CultureNorthernIreland. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
^ "Sheppard, Oliver". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ Evans, Rosemary (1994). Ireland. Moorland. p. 123. ISBN 978-1564404770.
^ "How Fat White Family's studied his way out of a town he hated". Loud and Quiet. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
^ Maynard, Micheline (17 June 2001). "Private Sector; To the Rescue, Quietly, at Hyundai". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
^ "My Journey: David Ames". YouTube. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Jacqueline gets gold". Cookstown High School. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Stuart Dallas". irishfa.com. Irish Football Association. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ Niall Gartland (28 July 2023). "Terry Devlin – from Cookstown to Pompey". WeAreTyrone. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
^ Coyle, Cathal (2014). The Little Book of Tyrone. History Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0750962841.
^ "Mulligan ready to keep working to bring more success to Tyrone". The Irish News. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Ian Sloan eyes Great Britain coaching job as he makes early plans for life after fruitful playing career". The Belfast Telegraph. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Cookstown hockey stars show their class at Masters tournament". 23 September 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Biographies of all Members of Parliament in the Northern Ireland House of Commons" Archived 26 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Election Demon
^ "People: Bernadette McAliskey: 'I am astounded I survived. I made mad decisions'". The Irish Times. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Charles, Sir (Richard) Havelock". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "On This Day: "Typhoid" Mary Mallon was born in Co Tyrone". Irish Central. 23 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
External links
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cookstown (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookstown_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logainm-3"},{"link_name":"[ənˠ ˌxoːɾˠ ˈçɾʲiːxəx]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021_pop-4"},{"link_name":"Magherafelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magherafelt"},{"link_name":"Dungannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungannon"},{"link_name":"Mid-Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland_Archbishop_of_Armagh"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Earls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls"},{"link_name":"Plantation of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"River Bann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Bann"},{"link_name":"beetling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetling"}],"text":"Town in County Tyrone, Northern IrelandThis article is about the town in Northern Ireland. For other towns of the same name, see Cookstown (disambiguation).Human settlement in Northern IrelandCookstown (Irish: An Chorr Chríochach,[3] [ənˠ ˌxoːɾˠ ˈçɾʲiːxəx]) is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is the fourth largest town in the county and had a population of 12,546 in the 2021 census.[4] It, along with Magherafelt and Dungannon, is one of the main towns in the Mid-Ulster council area. It was founded around 1620 when the townlands in the area were leased by an English ecclesiastical lawyer, Dr. Alan Cooke, from the Archbishop of Armagh, who had been granted the lands after the Flight of the Earls during the Plantation of Ulster. It was one of the main centres of the linen industry west of the River Bann, and until 1956, the processes of flax spinning, weaving, bleaching and beetling were carried out in the town.","title":"Cookstown"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cookstown_looking_north.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coyle-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coyle-5"},{"link_name":"Wide Streets Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Streets_Commission"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coyle-5"},{"link_name":"John Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Killymoon Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killymoon_Castle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectory"},{"link_name":"Lissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-directory-8"},{"link_name":"railway stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_stations"},{"link_name":"Belfast and Northern Counties Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_and_Northern_Counties_Railway"},{"link_name":"1856-1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookstown_railway_station_(NCC)"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"1879-1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookstown_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-directory-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinity-9"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1917-22)"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"the Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The main street, looking north. Slieve Gallion is in the background.In 1609 land was leased to an English ecclesiastical lawyer, Dr Cooke, who fulfilled the covenants entered in the lease by building houses on the land. In 1628, King Charles I granted Letters Patent to Cooke permitting the holding of a twice-weekly market for livestock and flaxen goods.[5]In 1641, the native Irish revolted against the Planters in a bloody rebellion and the town was destroyed.[5] The rebellion had a devastating effect on the town and development ceased for nearly a century. Over the succeeding years, the lands around Cookstown were progressively bought up by William Stewart of Killymoon until in 1671 all of Dr Cooke's lands were in the hands of the Stewart family. William Stewart and later his son James set out plans for the town soon after this. Inspired by the Wide Streets Commission's work in Dublin, they planned a new town to be built along a tree lined boulevard which was to be 135 feet (41 m) wide.[5]In 1802, Colonel William Stewart (James Stewart's unmarried son) approached the London architect, John Nash, and requested that he visit the area to rebuild Killymoon Castle.[6] Nash also designed the Rectory at Lissan for the Rev John Molesworth Staples in 1807.[7]With the establishment of Gunning's Linen Weaving Mill, with over 300 looms, Cookstown developed in the 19th century as the local centre of the linen trade.[8] Two railways established terminus railway stations at Cookstown - the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway (1856-1955) and the Great Northern Railway (1879-1959).[8]Prominent developments in the second half of the 19th century included J.J. McCarthy's Church of the Holy Trinity on Chapel Street.[9]On 17 June 1920, during the Irish War of Independence, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) raided the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) barracks in Cookstown,[10] with help from four sympathetic RIC officers. In a brief firefight, IRA volunteer Patrick Loughran was killed. He was the first IRA volunteer killed on active service in what became Northern Ireland.[11][12]Cookstown Town Hall was designed by the town surveyor, Charles Geoffrey Birtwell, and built on the Burn Road by James Corrigan of Pomeroy: it was officially opened on 27 May 1953.[13]During the Troubles, Cookstown suffered from several bomb attacks: on 2 November 1990 an off duty soldier from the Ulster Defence Regiment was killed by a car bomb.[14]Cookstown Town Hall was demolished in 1998[15] and the Burnavon Arts and Cultural Centre opened on the site in 2000.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ardboe High Cross and Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardboe_High_Cross"},{"link_name":"High cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_cross"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IC-17"},{"link_name":"Beaghmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaghmore"},{"link_name":"stone circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_circle"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tullyhogue Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullyhogue_Fort"},{"link_name":"Tullyhogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullyhogue"},{"link_name":"inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration"},{"link_name":"site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_sites_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Lissan House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissan_House"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Killymoon Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killymoon_Castle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nash's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gortalowry_House,_Cookstown_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1622791.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alex-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alex-23"},{"link_name":"Augher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augher"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alex-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Lauren%27s_Parish_Church,_Cookstown_-_geograph.org.uk_-_114801.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity,_Cookstown_-_geograph.org.uk_-_108493.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Joseph McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joseph_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinity-9"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Ardboe High Cross and Abbey (Seanchrois Ard Bó agus Ministir Naomh Colmán), one of the best examples of a 9th/10th century High cross in Ireland, is 10 mi (16 km) from Cookstown. It forms the only remaining part of an early monastery on the site.[17]Other ancient sites nearby include Beaghmore stone circles[18] and Tullyhogue Fort (beside the village of Tullyhogue), the inauguration site of the chiefs of Tyrone (Tir Eogain), the O'Neills.[19]The Donaghrisk walled cemetery to the southwest of (and clearly visible from) the fort is the resting place of the O'Hagans, the chief justices of Tyrone (and as such, they presided over the inauguration ceremonies of the O'Neills).[20]Lissan House lies on the outskirts of Cookstown. It is a large structure which was the home of the Staples family for 350 years.[21]Killymoon Castle is about 1 mi (1.6 km) south east of Cookstown. This structure is regarded as one of Cookstown's finest pieces of architectural heritage.[citation needed] It was built in just over a year at a cost of £80,000 and was Nash's first Irish commission.[22]Gortalowry HouseDrum Manor, approximately 5 mi (8 km) from the town. Alexander Richardson, a burgess from Edinburgh, Scotland, bought the estate of Craigbalk in 1617 and built Drum Manor, which was also known Manor Richardson.[23] Alexander's son Sir William Richardson left it to his second son, Alexander, from which the Richardsons of Drum descend.[23] Sir William's third son, William, who inherited lands near Augher, obtained a lease for lands in the townland of Tullyreavy on the Drum Manor estate, where he built a house by the lake known as Oaklands.[23]St Luaran's ChurchSt Luaran's Church of Ireland church is on Church Street.[24]Church of the Holy TrinityJames Joseph McCarthy's Catholic church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, was constructed between 1855 and 1860 with a tower and spire at the east end.[9]\nDerryloran Old Cemetery[25] is a historic site of interest, located on the Sandholes Road on the outskirts of the town, which features an old graveyard and churchyard dating back to the 17th Century.","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"Met Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Office"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Climate data for Lough Fea, Elevation: 225 m (738 ft), 1991–2020 normals\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n3.6(38.5)\n\n3.8(38.8)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n3.6(38.5)\n\n6.1(43.0)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n6.1(43.0)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n140.3(5.52)\n\n111.1(4.37)\n\n106.4(4.19)\n\n93.4(3.68)\n\n88.3(3.48)\n\n96.6(3.80)\n\n102.0(4.02)\n\n116.1(4.57)\n\n102.9(4.05)\n\n128.3(5.05)\n\n141.1(5.56)\n\n144.9(5.70)\n\n1,371.2(53.98)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n19.3\n\n16.6\n\n16.6\n\n14.5\n\n14.2\n\n13.8\n\n15.7\n\n16.2\n\n14.7\n\n17.5\n\n18.8\n\n19.4\n\n197.2\n\n\nSource: Met Office[26]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westminster Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Mid Ulster constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Ulster_(Assembly_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Cookstown District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookstown_District_Council"},{"link_name":"County Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"Moneymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneymore"},{"link_name":"The Loup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loup"},{"link_name":"Ballyronan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyronan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Cookstown District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookstown_District_Council"},{"link_name":"Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungannon_and_South_Tyrone_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Magherafelt District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magherafelt_District_Council"},{"link_name":"Mid-Ulster District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Ulster_District_Council"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In elections for the Westminster Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly it is part of the Mid Ulster constituency.[27]The local authority, Cookstown District Council, was established in 1973, and included part of County Londonderry, notably the villages of Moneymore, The Loup and Ballyronan.[28]As part of the Local Government Reform (NI) Cookstown District Council merged with Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council and Magherafelt District Council to form a larger Mid-Ulster District Council in 2015.[29]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"townlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townlands"},{"link_name":"etymologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Gortalowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gortalowry"}],"text":"The following is a list of townlands within Cookstown's urban area, alongside their likely etymologies:[30]Clare (from Clár meaning \"level land\")\nCookstown (an English name from Alan Cooke, bishop of Armagh)\nCoolkeeghan (from Cúil Caocháin meaning \"Keighen's corner\")\nCoolnafranky (from Cúil na Francaigh meaning \"corner of the rats\" or \"French\")\nCoolnahavil (from Cúil na hAbhaill meaning \"corner of the orchard\")\nCoolreaghs (from Cúil Riach meaning \"grey corner\")\nGortalowry (from Gort an Leamhraigh meaning \"field of the elm place\")\nLoy (from Láigh meaning \"hill\")\nMaloon (from Magh Luan meaning \"plain of the lambs\")\nMonrush (from Móin Rois meaning \"wooded peatland\")\nSullenboy (from Sailean Buí meaning \"yellow willows\")\nTullagh (from Tulach meaning \"hilltop\")","title":"Townlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(geographic)"},{"link_name":"Dungannon Upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungannon_Upper"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Derryloran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derryloran"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CI-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Cookstown townland","text":"Cookstown townland itself is situated in the historic barony of Dungannon Upper and the civil parish of Derryloran and covers an area of 217 acres.[31]The population of the townland increased overall during the 19th century:[32][33]","title":"Townlands"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Motorcycling","text":"The town plays host to the Cookstown 100 Road Races, the longest running motorcycle road race in Ireland.[34] Held in April of each year the races are seen as the curtain raiser to the Irish National Road Racing Championship.[35]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cookstown Fr. Rock's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookstown_Fr._Rock%27s_GAC"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"All-Ireland Intermediate Club Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Intermediate_Club_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Gaelic Football","text":"Cookstown Fr. Rock's, the local Gaelic Athletic Association club,[36] won the All-Ireland Intermediate Club Football Championship in 2013.[37]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Cookstown Olympic F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookstown_Olympic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Mid-Ulster Ladies F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Ulster_Ladies_F.C."},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Killymoon Rangers F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killymoon_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Coagh United F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagh_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sofia Farmer F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Farmer_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ballymena & Provincial Intermediate League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymena_%26_Provincial_Intermediate_League"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Association Football","text":"Local association football clubs include Cookstown Olympic F.C. (an intermediate-level football club),[38] Mid-Ulster Ladies F.C. (a women's football club),[39] Killymoon Rangers F.C.,[40] Coagh United F.C. and Sofia Farmer F.C. (clubs in the Cookstown District that play in the Ballymena & Provincial Intermediate League).[41]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cookstown Hockey Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookstown_Hockey_Club"},{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Hockey","text":"Cookstown Hockey Club is the town's field hockey team.[42]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CI-32"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NISRA2005SCDS-44"}],"sub_title":"19th century population","text":"The population of the town increased during the 19th century:[43][32]Cookstown is classified as a medium town (i.e. with population between 10,000 and 18,000 people) by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA).[44]: 11","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021_pop-4"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"2021 Census","text":"National Identity of Cookstown residents (2021)[45][46][47]\n\nNationality\n\nPer cent\n\n\nBritish\n \n31.7%\n\n\nIrish\n \n31.3%\n\n\nNorthern Irish\n \n28.6%On census day in 2021 there were 12,546 people living in Cookstown.[4] Of these:56.21% (7,053) were from a Catholic background, and 34.33% (4,308) were from a Protestant or other Christian background, 1.12% were from other religious backgrounds and 8.33% (1,045) had no religious background.[48]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-49"}],"sub_title":"2011 Census","text":"On census day (27 March 2011) there were 11,599 people living in Cookstown.[49] Of these:98% were from the white ethnic group\n56% were from a Catholic background, and 39% were from a Protestant or other Christian background\n40% indicated that they had a British national identity, 30% had a Northern Irish national identity, and 28% had an Irish national identity (respondents could choose more than one)","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"2001 Census","text":"On census day (29 April 2001) there were 10,646 people living in Cookstown. Of these:26.0% were aged under 16 years and 15.6% were aged 60 and over\n49.7% of the population were male and 50.3% were female\n52.8% were from a Catholic background and 45.1% were from a Protestant background\n3.9% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed.[50]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity College, Cookstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_College,_Cookstown"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Agriculture,_Food_and_Rural_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"South West College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_College"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Secondary schools serving the area include Cookstown High School[51] and Holy Trinity College, Cookstown.[52]At third level, the Loughry Campus of the College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise is 2 mi (3.2 km) south of Cookstown.[53] South West College (a technical college) is also in the area.[54]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"The first community hub for primary care in the province is to be established in the town, backed by four local GP practices and the health board. It is to incorporate scanning facilities, a minor surgery suite, a pharmacy, out-of-hours consultations and community healthcare partnerships, with the possibility of developing supported living accommodation for older people.[55]","title":"Healthcare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Cricket"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Nick Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Laird"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Eamonn McCrystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_McCrystal"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Owen O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Oliver Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Sheppard"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"},{"link_name":"Gulliver's Travels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Fat White Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_White_Family"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Finbarr O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finbarr_O%27Neill_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"J.D. Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.D._Power"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Kenny Acheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Acheson"},{"link_name":"David Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ames_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Burns"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Stuart Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Terry Devlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Devlin"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Aaron Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Owen Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"Tyrone GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_GAA"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Ian Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Sloan_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Martin Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Sloan"},{"link_name":"Ireland men's national field hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"1990 Men's Hockey World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Men%27s_Hockey_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"William Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Craig_(Northern_Ireland_politician)"},{"link_name":"Ulster Vanguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Unionist_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Bernadette Devlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette_Devlin"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Mallon_in_hospital.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Havelock Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Havelock_Charles"},{"link_name":"Serjeant Surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant_Surgeon"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Mary Mallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mallon"},{"link_name":"Typhoid Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_Mary"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"ArtsJimmy Cricket - comedian[56]\nNick Laird - poet and novelist[57]\nEamonn McCrystal - singer and broadcaster[58]\nOwen O'Neill - writer, actor, director, and comedian[59]\nOliver Sheppard (1865-1941) - sculptor, born in Cookstown[60]\nJonathan Swift - stayed at Loughry Manor as a guest of the Lindsay family while writing Gulliver's Travels (published in 1726)[61]\nLias Saoudi - Fat White Family musician, grew up in Cookstown[62]BusinessFinbarr O'Neill - former CEO of J.D. Power.[63]SportKenny Acheson - racing driver\nDavid Ames - 2016 Olympian, Great Britain[64]\nJacqueline Burns - footballer, Northern Ireland women's national football team[65]\nStuart Dallas - footballer, Northern Ireland Team[66]\nTerry Devlin - footballer, EFL League One, Portsmouth F.C.[67]\nAaron Hughes - footballer, Northern Ireland Team[68]\nOwen Mulligan - Tyrone GAA footballer[69]\nIan Sloan - 2016 Olympian, Great Britain[70]\nMartin Sloan - field hockey, Ireland men's national field hockey team captain of 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup team[71]PoliticsWilliam Craig - politician, founder of Ulster Vanguard, born in Cookstown[72]\nBernadette Devlin - Republican Socialist political activist, raised in a small housing estate called Rathbeg[73]Mallon (foreground) in a hospital bedMedicalMajor-General Sir Richard Havelock Charles, 1st Baronet (1858–1934) - medical doctor, Serjeant Surgeon to King George V[74]\nMary Mallon, aka Typhoid Mary[75]","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"The main street, looking north. Slieve Gallion is in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cookstown_looking_north.jpg/220px-Cookstown_looking_north.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gortalowry House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gortalowry_House%2C_Cookstown_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1622791.jpg/220px-Gortalowry_House%2C_Cookstown_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1622791.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Luaran's Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/St_Lauren%27s_Parish_Church%2C_Cookstown_-_geograph.org.uk_-_114801.jpg/220px-St_Lauren%27s_Parish_Church%2C_Cookstown_-_geograph.org.uk_-_114801.jpg"},{"image_text":"Church of the Holy Trinity","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Church_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity%2C_Cookstown_-_geograph.org.uk_-_108493.jpg/220px-Church_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity%2C_Cookstown_-_geograph.org.uk_-_108493.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mallon (foreground) in a hospital bed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mary_Mallon_in_hospital.jpg/220px-Mary_Mallon_in_hospital.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Craigballyharky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigballyharky"},{"title":"List of localities in Northern Ireland by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Northern_Ireland_by_population"}] | [{"reference":"\"Cookstown District Council\". Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120904064725/http://www.cookstown.gov.uk/","url_text":"\"Cookstown District Council\""},{"url":"http://www.cookstown.gov.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ulster-Scots guide to Beaghmore stone circles – Department of the Environment\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/beaghmoreus.pdf","url_text":"\"Ulster-Scots guide to Beaghmore stone circles – Department of the Environment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151001234533/http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/beaghmoreus.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"An Chorr Chríochach/Cookstown\". Placenames Database of Ireland (logainm.ie). Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media (Ireland) and Dublin City University. Retrieved 12 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/en/1416798","url_text":"\"An Chorr Chríochach/Cookstown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Tourism,_Culture,_Arts,_Gaeltacht,_Sport_and_Media","url_text":"Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_City_University","url_text":"Dublin City University"}]},{"reference":"\"Settlement 2015\". NISRA. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d=PEOPLE&v=SETTLEMENT15&%7ESETTLEMENT15=N11000193","url_text":"\"Settlement 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Coyle, Cathal (2014). The Little Book of Tyrone. History Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0750962841.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iYVJBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT49","url_text":"The Little Book of Tyrone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750962841","url_text":"978-0750962841"}]},{"reference":"\"1803 - Killymoon Castle, Cookstown, County Tyrone\". Archiseek. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archiseek.com/2012/1803-killymoon-castle-co-armagh/","url_text":"\"1803 - Killymoon Castle, Cookstown, County Tyrone\""}]},{"reference":"\"1807 - Lissan Rectory, Cookstown, County Tyrone\". Archiseek. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archiseek.com/2012/1807-lissan-rectory-cookstown-co-tyrone/","url_text":"\"1807 - Lissan Rectory, Cookstown, County Tyrone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cookstown Directory\". 1880. Retrieved 29 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cotyroneireland.com/cookstown1880.html","url_text":"\"Cookstown Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"1860 - Holy Trinity Church, Cookstown, County Tyrone\". Archiseek. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archiseek.com/2017/1860-holy-trinity-church-cookstown-co-tyrone/","url_text":"\"1860 - Holy Trinity Church, Cookstown, County Tyrone\""}]},{"reference":"Hezlet, Sir Arthur (1972). The 'B' Specials. London: Tom Stacey. p. 10. ISBN 0-85468-272-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85468-272-4","url_text":"0-85468-272-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Cookstown Town Hall\" (PDF). Mid-Ulster Local History Journal. p. 40. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoqualmoo_Tribe_of_Whidbey_Island | Snoqualmoo Tribe of Whidbey Island | ["1 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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The Snoqualmoo Tribe of Whidbey Island is a non-federally recognized tribe on Whidbey Island of Washington, United States. They are sometimes erroneously referred to as recognized by the state government, according to the Governor's Office of Indian Affairs in 2008, however, but there is no recognition by the state for this tribe.
References
^ David E. Wilkins: American Indian Politics and the American Political System, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2007, p. 27]
This article relating to the Indigenous peoples of North America is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whidbey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whidbey_Island"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Snoqualmoo Tribe of Whidbey Island is a non-federally recognized tribe on Whidbey Island of Washington, United States. They are sometimes erroneously referred to as recognized by the state government,[1] according to the Governor's Office of Indian Affairs in 2008, however, but there is no recognition by the state for this tribe.","title":"Snoqualmoo Tribe of Whidbey Island"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSnoqualmoo_Tribe_of_Whidbey_Island&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snoqualmoo_Tribe_of_Whidbey_Island&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Snoqualmoo+Tribe+of+Whidbey+Island%22","external_links_name":"\"Snoqualmoo Tribe of Whidbey Island\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Snoqualmoo+Tribe+of+Whidbey+Island%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Snoqualmoo+Tribe+of+Whidbey+Island%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Snoqualmoo+Tribe+of+Whidbey+Island%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Snoqualmoo+Tribe+of+Whidbey+Island%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Snoqualmoo+Tribe+of+Whidbey+Island%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snoqualmoo_Tribe_of_Whidbey_Island&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarrineh-ye_Varmazyar | Zarrineh-ye Varmazyar | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°03′37″N 47°09′03″E / 36.06028°N 47.15083°E / 36.06028; 47.15083Village in Kurdistan, IranZarrineh-ye Varmazyar
زرينه ورمزيارvillageZarrineh-ye VarmazyarCoordinates: 36°03′37″N 47°09′03″E / 36.06028°N 47.15083°E / 36.06028; 47.15083Country IranProvinceKurdistanCountyDivandarrehBakhshCentralRural DistrictQaraturehPopulation (2006) • Total679Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Zarrineh-ye Varmazyar (Persian: زرينه ورمزيار, also Romanized as Zarrīneh-ye Varmazyār; also known as Zarrīneh) is a village in Qaratureh Rural District, in the Central District of Divandarreh County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 679, in 117 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
References
^ Zarrineh-ye Varmazyar can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3089203" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
^ Mohammadirad, Masoud; Anonby, Erik; et al. "Language distribution in Kordestan Province, Iran". Atlas of the languages of Iran (ALI). Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre, Carleton University. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023.
vte Divandarreh CountyCapital
Divandarreh
DistrictsCentralCities
Divandarreh
Rural Districts and villagesChehel Cheshmeh
Ab Bareh
Abbasabad
Aliabad
Alijan
Banavchan
Bardeh Rash-e Tabriz Khatun
Best
Darreh Gavan
Darreh Vazan
Ebrahimabad
Gol Qaleh
Kani Sefid
Keh Kusan
Khaleh Bazeh
Kileh Kabud
Nargesleh
Sharifabad
Tabriz Khatun
Tavakkolan
Vazman
Yapal
Howmeh
Aqa Jeri
Bagh Chaleh
Barakeh
Dabagh
Dalan
Darband
Darreh Softeh
Ghiasabad
Gol Qabagh
Kahrizeh
Kaqoli
Nesareh-ye Olya
Nesareh-ye Sofla
Qaleh Jeqeh-ye Sofla
Qaleh-ye Reyhaneh
Qarah Gheybi
Qarah Qayeh
Qeshlaq Sorkheh
Rashidabad
Sar Qaleh
Sheykh Heydar
Tazehabad-e Sar Dalan
Qaratureh
Ab Barik
Akh Kand
Azizabad
Baba Rar
Darreh Asb
Gadmeh Gater
Gavshaleh
Gol Tappeh-ye Sofla
Hijan
Jafarabad
Jaqalu
Morad Qoli
Panjeh-ye Olya
Panjeh-ye Sofla
Qarachiqran
Qaragol
Qaratureh
Qeshlaq-e Sefid
Qezgeh
Sarab-e Qarah Khan
Shekar Bolagh
Tazehabad-e Hijan
Tazehabad-e Vazir
Vazir
Vezman
Yengi Kand
Zarrineh-ye Varmazyar
KaraftuCities
Zarrineh
Rural Districts and villagesKani Shirin
Aminabad
Bash Qeshlaq
Heydar Didehban
Heydarabad
Kani Shirin
Maran-e Sofla
Moinabad
Now Bahar
Papaleh
Qaleh Kohneh
Qalujeh
Qarah Darreh
Quchaq
Shali Shal
Sir-e Olya
Sir-e Sofla
Tazehabad-e Maran
Tegerbari
Obatu
Aliabad-e Karaftu
Aliabad-e Maran
Bayazidabad
Gur-e-Baba Ali
Hoseynabad-e Marran
Kalkeh Jar
Kani Kabud-e Maran
Karaftu
Khakibeyg
Maran-e Olya
Masudabad
Qaleh Joqeh
Qaleh Kohneh
Rahim-e Kuzhiag
Yuzbashi Kandi
Zaki Beyg-e Olya
Zaki Beyg-e Sofla
Zarrineh
Ahmadkar
Anbar Ab
Chul Bolagh
Fattahabad
Gol Tappeh-ye Olya
Gumehi
Jeyran Mangeh
Kalkan
Kani Chay
Kani Sefid
Kas Nazan
Katak
Mudi
Qachian
Qaleh Rutaleh
Sehtapan
Shah Vali
Zafarabad
SaralCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesHoseynabad-e Shomali(North Hoseynabad)
Afrasiab
Akbarabad
Ashab-e Olya
Ashab-e Sofla
Baharestan
Baqerabad
Delow Amadeh
Kalhorabad
Kileh Sefid
Qalateh Rashkeh
Sadeqabad
Sarab-e Mirza
Taftileh
Tazehabad-e Bozon Qaran
Kowleh
Ahmadabad
Allah Darreh-ye Olya
Allah Darreh-ye Sofla
Aq Bolagh
Bar Qaleh
Ebrahimabad-e Olya va Sofla
Gheybi Sur
Golaneh
Heyatabad
Kowleh
Mahmudeh
Qojer
Tazehabad-e Galaneh
Teytaq
Yangi Arakh
Zagheh-ye Olya
Zagheh-ye Sofla
Saral
Aliabad-e Duleh Rash
Aq Bolagh
Bardeh Sefid
Dareveyan
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This Divandarreh County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Qaratureh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaratureh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Divandarreh_County)"},{"link_name":"Divandarreh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divandarreh_County"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in Kurdistan, IranZarrineh-ye Varmazyar (Persian: زرينه ورمزيار, also Romanized as Zarrīneh-ye Varmazyār; also known as Zarrīneh)[1] is a village in Qaratureh Rural District, in the Central District of Divandarreh County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 679, in 117 families.[2] The village is populated by Kurds.[3]","title":"Zarrineh-ye Varmazyar"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/12.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mohammadirad, Masoud; Anonby, Erik; et al. \"Language distribution in Kordestan Province, Iran\". Atlas of the languages of Iran (ALI). Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre, Carleton University. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan","url_text":"\"Language distribution in Kordestan Province, Iran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University","url_text":"Carleton University"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230528185020/http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zarrineh-ye_Varmazyar¶ms=36_03_37_N_47_09_03_E_region:IR_type:city(679)","external_links_name":"36°03′37″N 47°09′03″E / 36.06028°N 47.15083°E / 36.06028; 47.15083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zarrineh-ye_Varmazyar¶ms=36_03_37_N_47_09_03_E_region:IR_type:city(679)","external_links_name":"36°03′37″N 47°09′03″E / 36.06028°N 47.15083°E / 36.06028; 47.15083"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/12.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan","external_links_name":"\"Language distribution in Kordestan Province, Iran\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20230528185020/http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zarrineh-ye_Varmazyar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Cha | Xiao Cha | ["1 Early life","2 Struggles against Xiao Yi (Emperor Yuan)","3 Reign","4 Era name","5 Family","6 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Xiao Cha" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Emperor of the Western Liang dynasty
Emperor Xuan of Western Liang 西梁宣帝Emperor of the Western Liang dynastyReign7 February 555 – 562PredecessorEmperor Yuan of Liang (Liang dynasty)SuccessorEmperor MingLiang Emperor(s)Emperor MinEmperor JingBorn519Died562 (aged 42–43)SpouseEmpress WangConsort CaoNamesXiao Cha (蕭詧)
Courtesy name
Lisun (理孫)Posthumous nameEmperor Xuan (宣皇帝)Temple nameZhongzong (中宗)FatherXiao TongMotherEmpress Dowager Gong
Emperor Xuan of Western Liang ((西)梁宣帝; 519 – March or April 562), personal name Xiao Cha (蕭詧), courtesy name Lisun (理孫), was the founding emperor of the Western Liang dynasty of China. He took the throne of the Liang dynasty with support from the Western Wei dynasty after Western Wei forces had defeated and killed his uncle Emperor Yuan in January 555. However, scholars consider his regime, known as the Western Liang or Later Liang in historiography, to be separate from the Liang dynasty proper.
Early life
Xiao Cha was born in 519, as the third son of Xiao Tong, then the crown prince to Liang Dynasty's founder Emperor Wu. His mother was Xiao Tong's concubine Consort Gong. He was considered studious, concentrating particularly on Buddhist sutras, and as Emperor Wu was a devout Buddhist, he was happy that his grandson studied sutras in this manner. When Emperor Wu created Xiao Tong's sons dukes sometime between 520 and 527, Xiao Cha was created the Duke of Qujiang (曲江县公) in 525.
In May 531, Xiao Tong died, but instead of creating Xiao Tong's oldest son Xiao Huan (蕭歡) the Duke of Huarong crown prince to succeed him (as was expected under Confucian principles of succession), Emperor Wu created Xiao Tong's younger brother Xiao Gang crown prince instead. However, he felt that he did not treat Xiao Tong's sons fairly, and therefore he created them princes—in Xiao Cha's case, the Prince of Yueyang—and gave them honors only slightly subordinate to their uncles. Because the capital commandery of Eastern Yang Province (東揚州, modern central and eastern Zhejiang), Kuaiji Commandery (the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay), was the richest commandery of the entire empire, he rotated them as the governor of Eastern Yang Province, and Xiao Cha was thus rotated there on 12 August 538. However, despite these special treatments, Xiao Cha was still angry that he and his brothers were passed over by Emperor Wu. He saw that Emperor Wu, late in his long reign (since 502), was ruling over an imperial regime that was becoming inefficient and beset by factionalism between Emperor Wu's sons. Therefore, when he was made the governor of Yong Province (雍州, modern northwestern Hubei) on 14 November 546, he thought that this would be a good chance for him to establish a power base of his own, and therefore he cultivated the loyalty of the people to him by governing carefully.
Struggles against Xiao Yi (Emperor Yuan)
In 548, the general Hou Jing rebelled and attacked the capital Jiankang, capturing it in 549 and taking Emperor Wu and Crown Prince Gang hostage. (Emperor Wu died later that year and was succeeded by Crown Prince Gang (as Emperor Jianwen), albeit under Hou's control.) Meanwhile, also in 548, Emperor Wu had made Xiao Cha's older brother Xiao Yu (蕭譽) the Prince of Hedong the governor of Xiang Province (湘州, modern central Hunan), rotating the previous governor of Xiang Province, Zhang Zuan (張纘) to Yong Province. Zhang was a close friend of Emperor Wu's powerful son Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong, who was then the governor of the key Jing Province (荊州, modern western and central Hubei), and he did not take Xiao Yu seriously, making Xiao Yu felt disrespected. Xiao Yu therefore detained Zhang and did not permit him to leave. Further, when Xiao Yi called for the provincial governors in his command region (which, inter alia, included both Xiang and Yong Provinces) to send troops to help lift the siege on Jiankang, Xiao Yu refused, and while Xiao Cha sent a detachment, he refused to command the detachment personally. When Zhang fled from Xiao Yu's custody late in 548, then, he went to Xiao Yi, and, bearing grudges against Xiao Yu, falsely accused Xiao Yu, Xiao Cha, and their cousin Xiao Cao (蕭慥) the Prince of Guiyang and governor of Xin Province (信州, modern eastern Chongqing) of conspiring against Xiao Yi. Xiao Yi therefore killed Xiao Cao and prepared an army to attack Xiao Yu.
Xiao Yu was initially able to repel Xiao Yi's attack and cause Xiao Yi's heir apparent Xiao Fangdeng (蕭方等) to die in battle in summer 549, but by fall 549, he had been defeated by Xiao Yi's general Bao Quan (鮑泉), who put Xiao Yu's headquarters at Changsha (長沙, in modern Changsha, Hunan) under siege. Xiao Yu requested aid from Xiao Cha, and Xiao Cha commanded an army to attack Xiao Yi's headquarters at Jiangling. He put Jiangling under siege, but his attack was affected by heavy rains and repelled by Xiao Yi's general Wang Sengbian, and when his own general Du Ze (杜崱) surrendered to Xiao Yi, and Du Ze's brother Du An (杜岸) further launched a surprise attack on Xiao Cha's headquarters at Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), Xiao Cha was forced to withdraw back to Xiangyang. Unable to help his brother and fearing that he would become Xiao Yi's next target—indeed, Xiao Yi then sent the general Liu Zhongli (柳仲禮) to attack Xiao Cha—Xiao Cha submitted to Western Wei, offering to become a vassal, and sought aid, sending his wife Princess Wang and his heir apparent Xiao Liao (蕭嶚) to Western Wei as hostages. Yuwen Tai, the paramount general of Western Wei, accepted Xiao Cha's submission and sent the general Yang Zhong (楊忠) to aid Xiao Cha, and Yang defeated and captured Liu in spring 550. Yang subsequently entered into a treaty with Xiao Yi, putting Xiao Cha under Western Wei's protection. Xiao Yi sacked Changsha and executed Xiao Yu in 550.
In the summer of 550, Western Wei offered to declare Xiao Cha the Emperor of Liang to inherit Emperor Wu's throne. Xiao Cha declined, but accepted the lesser title of Prince of Liang and also assumed acting imperial authority. Later that year, made a trip to the Western Wei capital Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Wen of Western Wei and Yuwen. In spring 551, when his uncle Xiao Guan (蕭綸) the Prince of Shaoling was captured and killed by Western Wei troops commanded by Yang, Xiao Cha, who respected Xiao Guan, took his body and buried it with honors. In summer 551, when he heard that Hou was launching an attack on Xiao Yi's domain, he sent his general Cai Dabao (蔡大寶) with an army heading toward Jiangling, claiming to be ready to render assistance, but after Xiao Yi sent a rebuking letter, he ordered Cai to withdraw.
In 552, after defeating Hou, Xiao Yi declared himself emperor (as Emperor Yuan) and set his capital at Jiangling. Believing himself to be strong, he was arrogant in his dealings with Western Wei, drawing attention from Yuwen, who began to consider invading Liang. When Xiao Cha became aware of this, he paid additional tribute to Western Wei to try to fan the flame. Subsequently, in spring 553, when Emperor Yuan not only made the Western Wei envoy Yuwen Renshu (宇文仁恕) felt insulted by not treating him with as much respect as the envoy from Northern Qi, but further made demands to Yuwen Tai to return former Liang territory taken by Western Wei, Yuwen Tai decided to invade the Liang. In winter 553, Northern Zhou troops, commanded by Yu Jin (于謹), arrived at Xiangyang, and Xiao Cha's forces joined them and continued to advance south toward Jiangling. Emperor Yuan was caught unprepared, and while he summoned his generals Wang Sengbian and Wang Lin to come to his aid, Emperor Yuan surrendered before they could arrive. Xiao Cha took the custody of Emperor Yuan, interrogating and insulting him heavily. Around the new year 555, with approval from Western Wei authorities, Xiao Cha put Emperor Yuan to death by suffocating him with a large bag full of dirt. He also executed Emperor Yuan's sons who were captured when Jiangling fell.
Reign
Western Wei created Xiao Cha Emperor of (Western) Liang, and he declared himself as such in spring 555 (as Emperor Xuan). Western Wei forces transferred Jiangling and the surrounding area to Emperor Xuan, but required him to transfer control of the Xiangyang region in exchange, and further left a military garrison at Jiangling, both to protect Emperor Xuan and to make sure that he would not rebel. Further, Western Wei troops pillaged Jiangling and took most of the inhabitants and the Liang imperial treasures back to Chang'an. While Western Wei troops under Yu were still at Jiangling, Emperor Xuan's subordinate Yin Deyi (尹德毅) suggested that he make a surprise attack on Yu and slaughter the Western Wei troops, then reassert Liang's independence. Emperor Xuan declined, reasoning that Western Wei had protected him greatly and that to turn against Western Wei would be unjust. He later regretted the decision, but the decision was probably a correct one as the other Liang generals showed no inclination of recognizing him as emperor. (As whether Emperor Xuan was a "legitimate" emperor of Liang was thereafter historically debated, his state is usually referred to by historians as either Western Liang or Later Liang.)
Emperor Xuan posthumously honored his father Xiao Tong and Xiao Tong's wife Crown Princess Cai as emperor and empress, and honored his mother Consort Gong as empress dowager. He created his wife Princess Wang empress, and as his heir apparent Xiao Liao had died by this point, he created Xiao Liao's younger brother Xiao Kui as crown prince. He entrusted much of the governmental matters to Cai Dabao and Wang Cao (王操), both of whom served him faithfully. He appeared to have full expectation that he would be able to put additional Liang provinces under his control, but immediately, the Liang generals, including Wang Sengbian and Wang Lin, refused to recognize him. Wang Lin, who controlled modern Hunan and later parts of modern Hubei, indeed, sent his general Hou Ping (侯平) to attack Emperor Xuan, and while the attack was unsuccessful, Emperor Xuan was unable to expand his holdings.
Later in 555, Wang Sengbian declared Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming emperor. In fall 555, after Wang Sengbian was killed by his lieutenant Chen Baxian, Chen deposed Xiao Yuanming and declared Emperor Yuan's son Xiao Fangzhi emperor (as Emperor Jing). After Chen had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him in 558, establishing Chen Dynasty as its Emperor Wu, Wang Lin declared Emperor Yuan's grandson Xiao Zhuang emperor, thus maintaining a competing claim for the Liang throne.
In late 558, with Wang Lin having advanced east to try to attack Chen, Emperor Xuan sent Wang Cao to try to seize the commanderies forming modern Hunan from Xiao Zhuang's domain, although the scope of success for this action was unclear. In any case, however, when Hou Tian (侯瑱), a general of Chen Baxian's nephew Emperor Wen of Chen defeated Wang Lin in spring 560, a combination of Emperor Xuan's and Northern Zhou troops were able to take the western half of Xiao Zhuang's territory, and Emperor Xuan assumed control over that territory, albeit requiring Northern Zhou military support.
In fall 560, Hou Tian continued his advance, intending to take Xiang Province from Emperor Xuan. Northern Zhou generals Heruo Dun (賀若敦) and Dugu Sheng (獨孤盛) led their troops against Hou, and Chen and Northern Zhou troops soon stalemated, and while initially, Hou was unable to make much progress against Heruo and Dugu, soon, problems with food supplies and illnesses caused Northern Zhou troops to be worn down. Around the new year 561, Dugu was forced to withdraw, putting Heruo under even greater pressure. By spring 561, Yin Liang (殷亮), who was defending Changsha, surrendered to Chen. Hou Tian then proposed to Heruo to let him withdraw peacefully. Heruo agreed and withdrew, and all of the territory previously taken from Xiao Zhuang were now in Chen hands, limiting Emperor Xuan's domain to the Jiangling region again.
Emperor Xuan, depressed that his territory was small and heavily damaged by warfare, soon began to suffer from a serious skin lesion on his back. He died in spring 562. Xiao Kui succeeded him (as Emperor Ming).
The historian Li Yanshou (李延寿), in his History of Northern Dynasties, had this to say about Emperor Xuan, both praising him and noting some of his idiosyncrasies:
Xiao Cha had great ambitions from his youth, and he was not bogged down with details. Although he often suspected others, he was gracious to his soldiers and received their loyalty. He did not drink and was content with frugal living. He served his mother with great filial piety, and did not preoccupy himself with feasting. He particularly disliked women, and even when they were several steps away from him, he would state that he could smell them. Any clothes he wore while having sexual contact with women would be discarded thereafter. After having sexual intercourse with a consort, he would have to take a day to recuperate. He also disliked seeing human hair, and his servants had to either wear turbans or hats so that their hairs would not be exposed.
Emperor Xuan wrote 15 volumes of literary works and 36 volumes of commentary on Buddhist sutras.
Era name
Dading (大定 dà dìng) 555-562
Family
Consorts and issues:
Empress Jing, of the Wang clan (靜皇后王氏, d. 563)
Xiao Liao, Crown Prince Xiaohui (孝惠太子 蕭嶚,d. 550), first son
Consort Dowager Xiao, of the Cao clan (孝皇太妃曹氏,d. 562)
Xiao Kui, Emperor Ming (明帝蕭巋, 542 – 585), second son
Unknown
Xiao Yan, Prince of Anping (安平王蕭巖, d. 588), third son
Xiao Ji, Prince Xiao of Dongping (东平孝王蕭岌, d. 566), fourth son
Xiao Cen, Prince of Wu Commandery (吴郡王蕭岑), fifth son
Princess Xuancheng (宣成公主), first daughter
married Cai Yanshou (蔡延寿), second son of Cai Dabao (蔡大宝)
References
^ ren'wu day of the 1st month of the 1st year of the Shao'tai era, per vol.166 of Zizhi Tongjian. The day was also the first day of the lunar year.
^ According to Xiao Cha's biography in Book of Zhou, he died aged 44 (by East Asian reckoning) in the 2nd month of the 2nd year of the Bao'ding era of Yuwen Yong's reign. The month corresponds to 21 Mar to 18 Apr 562 in the Julian calendar. (察在位八载，年四十四，保定二年二月，薨。) Zhou Shu, vol.48. Thus by calculation, his birth year should be 519.
^ Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping, eds. (2014). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol.3 & 4): A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four. BRILL. p. 1468. ISBN 9789004271852.
^ In the Twenty-Four Histories, the biographies of the emperors of Western Liang were listed as zhuan (传) rather than ji (纪), a term reserved for emperors' biographies. Xiao Cha had a biography in volume 48 of Book of Zhou (presumably because of his status as a vassal of Northern Zhou), while his son Xiao Kui and grandson Xiao Cong had biographies in volume 79 of Book of Sui, as Xiao Kui's daughter was Emperor Yang's wife. Xiao Cha and his male descendants also had biographies in volume 93 of History of the Northern Dynasties; the volume was titled "False (emperors) and vassals" (僭伪附庸).
^ (萧察字理孙，兰陵人也，梁武帝之孙，昭明太子统之第三子。) Zhou Shu, vol.48.
^ 6th year of the Pu'tong era of Xiao Yan's reign, per Xiao Cha's biography in Book of Zhou
^ ji'wei day of the 7th month of the 4th year of the Da'tong era, per Emperor Wu's biography in Book of Liang
^ yi'hai day of the 10th month of the 1st year of the Zhong Da'tong era, per Emperor Wu's biography in Book of Liang
Regnal titles
Preceded byEmperor Yuan of Liang
Emperor of Liang Dynasty (Western) 555–562
Succeeded byEmperor Ming of Western Liang
Emperor of Western Liang 555–562
Preceded byXiao Zhuang (Prince of Yongjia)
Emperor of China (Hunan) 560–561
Succeeded byEmperor Wen of Chen
vteEmperors of the Southern dynastiesLiu Song
Wu
Shao
Wen
Liu Shao
Xiaowu
Former Deposed
Ming
Latter Deposed
Shun
Southern Qi
Gao
Wu
Prince of Yulin
Prince of Hailing
Ming
Marquess of Donghun
He
Liang
Wu
Jianwen
Prince of Yuzhang
Yuan
Min
Jing
Western Liang
Xiao Cha
Xiao Kui
Xiao Cong
Chen
Wu
Wen
Fei
Xuan
Houzhu
Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"courtesy name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China"},{"link_name":"Western Liang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Liang_(555%E2%80%93587)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Liang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Western Wei dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wei"},{"link_name":"Emperor Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Liang"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Emperor of the Western Liang dynastyEmperor Xuan of Western Liang ((西)梁宣帝; 519 – March or April 562[2]), personal name Xiao Cha (蕭詧), courtesy name Lisun (理孫), was the founding emperor of the Western Liang dynasty of China.[3] He took the throne of the Liang dynasty with support from the Western Wei dynasty after Western Wei forces had defeated and killed his uncle Emperor Yuan in January 555. However, scholars consider his regime, known as the Western Liang or Later Liang in historiography, to be separate from the Liang dynasty proper.[4]","title":"Xiao Cha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xiao Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Tong"},{"link_name":"crown prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_prince"},{"link_name":"Liang Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"concubine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubine"},{"link_name":"Consort Gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Gong"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"sutras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian"},{"link_name":"Xiao Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jianwen_of_Liang"},{"link_name":"Eastern Yang Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhou_(ancient_China)"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Kuaiji Commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuaiji_Commandery"},{"link_name":"Hangzhou Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou_Bay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Xiao Cha was born in 519, as the third son of Xiao Tong, then the crown prince to Liang Dynasty's founder Emperor Wu.[5] His mother was Xiao Tong's concubine Consort Gong. He was considered studious, concentrating particularly on Buddhist sutras, and as Emperor Wu was a devout Buddhist, he was happy that his grandson studied sutras in this manner. When Emperor Wu created Xiao Tong's sons dukes sometime between 520 and 527, Xiao Cha was created the Duke of Qujiang (曲江县公) in 525.[6]In May 531, Xiao Tong died, but instead of creating Xiao Tong's oldest son Xiao Huan (蕭歡) the Duke of Huarong crown prince to succeed him (as was expected under Confucian principles of succession), Emperor Wu created Xiao Tong's younger brother Xiao Gang crown prince instead. However, he felt that he did not treat Xiao Tong's sons fairly, and therefore he created them princes—in Xiao Cha's case, the Prince of Yueyang—and gave them honors only slightly subordinate to their uncles. Because the capital commandery of Eastern Yang Province (東揚州, modern central and eastern Zhejiang), Kuaiji Commandery (the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay), was the richest commandery of the entire empire, he rotated them as the governor of Eastern Yang Province, and Xiao Cha was thus rotated there on 12 August 538.[7] However, despite these special treatments, Xiao Cha was still angry that he and his brothers were passed over by Emperor Wu. He saw that Emperor Wu, late in his long reign (since 502), was ruling over an imperial regime that was becoming inefficient and beset by factionalism between Emperor Wu's sons. Therefore, when he was made the governor of Yong Province (雍州, modern northwestern Hubei) on 14 November 546,[8] he thought that this would be a good chance for him to establish a power base of his own, and therefore he cultivated the loyalty of the people to him by governing carefully.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hou Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou_Jing"},{"link_name":"Jiankang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiankang"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"Xiao Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Liang"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"Changsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"Jiangling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangling_County"},{"link_name":"Wang Sengbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Sengbian"},{"link_name":"Xiangfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangfan"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Western Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wei"},{"link_name":"Princess Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Xiao_Cha)"},{"link_name":"Yuwen Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuwen_Tai"},{"link_name":"Prince of Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_(realm)"},{"link_name":"Chang'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wen of Western Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Western_Wei"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Wang Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Lin_(general)"}],"text":"In 548, the general Hou Jing rebelled and attacked the capital Jiankang, capturing it in 549 and taking Emperor Wu and Crown Prince Gang hostage. (Emperor Wu died later that year and was succeeded by Crown Prince Gang (as Emperor Jianwen), albeit under Hou's control.) Meanwhile, also in 548, Emperor Wu had made Xiao Cha's older brother Xiao Yu (蕭譽) the Prince of Hedong the governor of Xiang Province (湘州, modern central Hunan), rotating the previous governor of Xiang Province, Zhang Zuan (張纘) to Yong Province. Zhang was a close friend of Emperor Wu's powerful son Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong, who was then the governor of the key Jing Province (荊州, modern western and central Hubei), and he did not take Xiao Yu seriously, making Xiao Yu felt disrespected. Xiao Yu therefore detained Zhang and did not permit him to leave. Further, when Xiao Yi called for the provincial governors in his command region (which, inter alia, included both Xiang and Yong Provinces) to send troops to help lift the siege on Jiankang, Xiao Yu refused, and while Xiao Cha sent a detachment, he refused to command the detachment personally. When Zhang fled from Xiao Yu's custody late in 548, then, he went to Xiao Yi, and, bearing grudges against Xiao Yu, falsely accused Xiao Yu, Xiao Cha, and their cousin Xiao Cao (蕭慥) the Prince of Guiyang and governor of Xin Province (信州, modern eastern Chongqing) of conspiring against Xiao Yi. Xiao Yi therefore killed Xiao Cao and prepared an army to attack Xiao Yu.Xiao Yu was initially able to repel Xiao Yi's attack and cause Xiao Yi's heir apparent Xiao Fangdeng (蕭方等) to die in battle in summer 549, but by fall 549, he had been defeated by Xiao Yi's general Bao Quan (鮑泉), who put Xiao Yu's headquarters at Changsha (長沙, in modern Changsha, Hunan) under siege. Xiao Yu requested aid from Xiao Cha, and Xiao Cha commanded an army to attack Xiao Yi's headquarters at Jiangling. He put Jiangling under siege, but his attack was affected by heavy rains and repelled by Xiao Yi's general Wang Sengbian, and when his own general Du Ze (杜崱) surrendered to Xiao Yi, and Du Ze's brother Du An (杜岸) further launched a surprise attack on Xiao Cha's headquarters at Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), Xiao Cha was forced to withdraw back to Xiangyang. Unable to help his brother and fearing that he would become Xiao Yi's next target—indeed, Xiao Yi then sent the general Liu Zhongli (柳仲禮) to attack Xiao Cha—Xiao Cha submitted to Western Wei, offering to become a vassal, and sought aid, sending his wife Princess Wang and his heir apparent Xiao Liao (蕭嶚) to Western Wei as hostages. Yuwen Tai, the paramount general of Western Wei, accepted Xiao Cha's submission and sent the general Yang Zhong (楊忠) to aid Xiao Cha, and Yang defeated and captured Liu in spring 550. Yang subsequently entered into a treaty with Xiao Yi, putting Xiao Cha under Western Wei's protection. Xiao Yi sacked Changsha and executed Xiao Yu in 550.In the summer of 550, Western Wei offered to declare Xiao Cha the Emperor of Liang to inherit Emperor Wu's throne. Xiao Cha declined, but accepted the lesser title of Prince of Liang and also assumed acting imperial authority. Later that year, made a trip to the Western Wei capital Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Wen of Western Wei and Yuwen. In spring 551, when his uncle Xiao Guan (蕭綸) the Prince of Shaoling was captured and killed by Western Wei troops commanded by Yang, Xiao Cha, who respected Xiao Guan, took his body and buried it with honors. In summer 551, when he heard that Hou was launching an attack on Xiao Yi's domain, he sent his general Cai Dabao (蔡大寶) with an army heading toward Jiangling, claiming to be ready to render assistance, but after Xiao Yi sent a rebuking letter, he ordered Cai to withdraw.In 552, after defeating Hou, Xiao Yi declared himself emperor (as Emperor Yuan) and set his capital at Jiangling. Believing himself to be strong, he was arrogant in his dealings with Western Wei, drawing attention from Yuwen, who began to consider invading Liang. When Xiao Cha became aware of this, he paid additional tribute to Western Wei to try to fan the flame. Subsequently, in spring 553, when Emperor Yuan not only made the Western Wei envoy Yuwen Renshu (宇文仁恕) felt insulted by not treating him with as much respect as the envoy from Northern Qi, but further made demands to Yuwen Tai to return former Liang territory taken by Western Wei, Yuwen Tai decided to invade the Liang. In winter 553, Northern Zhou troops, commanded by Yu Jin (于謹), arrived at Xiangyang, and Xiao Cha's forces joined them and continued to advance south toward Jiangling. Emperor Yuan was caught unprepared, and while he summoned his generals Wang Sengbian and Wang Lin to come to his aid, Emperor Yuan surrendered before they could arrive. Xiao Cha took the custody of Emperor Yuan, interrogating and insulting him heavily. Around the new year 555, with approval from Western Wei authorities, Xiao Cha put Emperor Yuan to death by suffocating him with a large bag full of dirt. He also executed Emperor Yuan's sons who were captured when Jiangling fell.","title":"Struggles against Xiao Yi (Emperor Yuan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"empress dowager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_dowager"},{"link_name":"Xiao Kui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Western_Liang"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Xiao Yuanming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Yuanming"},{"link_name":"Chen Baxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Baxian"},{"link_name":"Xiao Fangzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Liang"},{"link_name":"Chen Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Xiao Zhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Zhuang"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wen of Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Chen"},{"link_name":"Li Yanshou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_Yanshou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"History of Northern Dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Northern_Dynasties"}],"text":"Western Wei created Xiao Cha Emperor of (Western) Liang, and he declared himself as such in spring 555 (as Emperor Xuan). Western Wei forces transferred Jiangling and the surrounding area to Emperor Xuan, but required him to transfer control of the Xiangyang region in exchange, and further left a military garrison at Jiangling, both to protect Emperor Xuan and to make sure that he would not rebel. Further, Western Wei troops pillaged Jiangling and took most of the inhabitants and the Liang imperial treasures back to Chang'an. While Western Wei troops under Yu were still at Jiangling, Emperor Xuan's subordinate Yin Deyi (尹德毅) suggested that he make a surprise attack on Yu and slaughter the Western Wei troops, then reassert Liang's independence. Emperor Xuan declined, reasoning that Western Wei had protected him greatly and that to turn against Western Wei would be unjust. He later regretted the decision, but the decision was probably a correct one as the other Liang generals showed no inclination of recognizing him as emperor. (As whether Emperor Xuan was a \"legitimate\" emperor of Liang was thereafter historically debated, his state is usually referred to by historians as either Western Liang or Later Liang.)Emperor Xuan posthumously honored his father Xiao Tong and Xiao Tong's wife Crown Princess Cai as emperor and empress, and honored his mother Consort Gong as empress dowager. He created his wife Princess Wang empress, and as his heir apparent Xiao Liao had died by this point, he created Xiao Liao's younger brother Xiao Kui as crown prince. He entrusted much of the governmental matters to Cai Dabao and Wang Cao (王操), both of whom served him faithfully. He appeared to have full expectation that he would be able to put additional Liang provinces under his control, but immediately, the Liang generals, including Wang Sengbian and Wang Lin, refused to recognize him. Wang Lin, who controlled modern Hunan and later parts of modern Hubei, indeed, sent his general Hou Ping (侯平) to attack Emperor Xuan, and while the attack was unsuccessful, Emperor Xuan was unable to expand his holdings.Later in 555, Wang Sengbian declared Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming emperor. In fall 555, after Wang Sengbian was killed by his lieutenant Chen Baxian, Chen deposed Xiao Yuanming and declared Emperor Yuan's son Xiao Fangzhi emperor (as Emperor Jing). After Chen had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him in 558, establishing Chen Dynasty as its Emperor Wu, Wang Lin declared Emperor Yuan's grandson Xiao Zhuang emperor, thus maintaining a competing claim for the Liang throne.In late 558, with Wang Lin having advanced east to try to attack Chen, Emperor Xuan sent Wang Cao to try to seize the commanderies forming modern Hunan from Xiao Zhuang's domain, although the scope of success for this action was unclear. In any case, however, when Hou Tian (侯瑱), a general of Chen Baxian's nephew Emperor Wen of Chen defeated Wang Lin in spring 560, a combination of Emperor Xuan's and Northern Zhou troops were able to take the western half of Xiao Zhuang's territory, and Emperor Xuan assumed control over that territory, albeit requiring Northern Zhou military support.In fall 560, Hou Tian continued his advance, intending to take Xiang Province from Emperor Xuan. Northern Zhou generals Heruo Dun (賀若敦) and Dugu Sheng (獨孤盛) led their troops against Hou, and Chen and Northern Zhou troops soon stalemated, and while initially, Hou was unable to make much progress against Heruo and Dugu, soon, problems with food supplies and illnesses caused Northern Zhou troops to be worn down. Around the new year 561, Dugu was forced to withdraw, putting Heruo under even greater pressure. By spring 561, Yin Liang (殷亮), who was defending Changsha, surrendered to Chen. Hou Tian then proposed to Heruo to let him withdraw peacefully. Heruo agreed and withdrew, and all of the territory previously taken from Xiao Zhuang were now in Chen hands, limiting Emperor Xuan's domain to the Jiangling region again.Emperor Xuan, depressed that his territory was small and heavily damaged by warfare, soon began to suffer from a serious skin lesion on his back. He died in spring 562. Xiao Kui succeeded him (as Emperor Ming).The historian Li Yanshou (李延寿), in his History of Northern Dynasties, had this to say about Emperor Xuan, both praising him and noting some of his idiosyncrasies:Xiao Cha had great ambitions from his youth, and he was not bogged down with details. Although he often suspected others, he was gracious to his soldiers and received their loyalty. He did not drink and was content with frugal living. He served his mother with great filial piety, and did not preoccupy himself with feasting. He particularly disliked women, and even when they were several steps away from him, he would state that he could smell them. Any clothes he wore while having sexual contact with women would be discarded thereafter. After having sexual intercourse with a consort, he would have to take a day to recuperate. He also disliked seeing human hair, and his servants had to either wear turbans or hats so that their hairs would not be exposed.Emperor Xuan wrote 15 volumes of literary works and 36 volumes of commentary on Buddhist sutras.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dading (大定 dà dìng) 555-562","title":"Era name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empress Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Xiao_Cha)"},{"link_name":"Consort Dowager Xiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Dowager_Cao"},{"link_name":"Xiao Kui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Kui"}],"text":"Consorts and issues:Empress Jing, of the Wang clan (靜皇后王氏, d. 563)\nXiao Liao, Crown Prince Xiaohui (孝惠太子 蕭嶚,d. 550), first son\nConsort Dowager Xiao, of the Cao clan (孝皇太妃曹氏,d. 562)\nXiao Kui, Emperor Ming (明帝蕭巋, 542 – 585), second son\nUnknown\nXiao Yan, Prince of Anping (安平王蕭巖, d. 588), third son\nXiao Ji, Prince Xiao of Dongping (东平孝王蕭岌, d. 566), fourth son\nXiao Cen, Prince of Wu Commandery (吴郡王蕭岑), fifth son\nPrincess Xuancheng (宣成公主), first daughter\nmarried Cai Yanshou (蔡延寿), second son of Cai Dabao (蔡大宝)","title":"Family"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping, eds. (2014). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol.3 & 4): A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four. BRILL. p. 1468. ISBN 9789004271852.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004271852","url_text":"9789004271852"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Xiao+Cha%22","external_links_name":"\"Xiao Cha\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Xiao+Cha%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Xiao+Cha%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Xiao+Cha%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Xiao+Cha%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Xiao+Cha%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Doran_(athlete) | Jake Doran (athlete) | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"] | Australian sprinter
For the Australian cricketer, see Jake Doran.
Jake DoranPersonal informationNationality AustraliaBorn (2000-07-18) 18 July 2000 (age 23)Sydney, New South WalesHeight185 cm (6 ft 1 in)Weight80 kg (176 lb)SportSportTrack and FieldEvent(s)100 metres, 200 metresAchievements and titlesPersonal best10.15
Jake Doran (born 18 July 2000) is an Australian athlete who competes as a sprinter. In 2022 he became Australian national champion over 100 metres and represented Australia at the World Athletics Championships and Commonwealth Games.
Early life
From Townsville, Jake attended Townsville Grammar School. As a junior Doran broke the Australian junior 100m record with a 10.15 second run in Finland in July 2018 before representing Australia at the 2018 IAAF World U20 Championships in Tampere, Finland.
Career
Doran won gold in the 100m at the 2022 Oceania Athletics Championships having previously won the silver medal at the 2019 Oceania Athletics Championships in the same event. He also became national champion over 100 metres in 2022. Doran subsequently represented Australia at the World Athletics Championships and Commonwealth Games in 2022. In 2023 Doran won the national 200m title at the Australian Athletics Championships and later competed at the World Athletics Championships in Budapest in the 100m.
In January 2024, he set a new stadium record of 10.40 seconds for the 100 meters at the Cook Classic in Whanganui, beating the 24 year-old record of Gus Nketia.
References
^ "Jake Doran". World Athletics.
^ "Townsville Sprinter Jake Doran Has Smashed Aussie Junior 100m Record". Triplem.com.au.
^ "Jake Doran". Athletics.com.au.
^ "Emotional Doran wins Australian 100m title". 7news.com.au.
^ "Aussie champion Jake Doran capitalises after rival's inexplicable 'rookie error' offers Comm Games lifeline". 7news.com.
^ "Browning bows out in opening round of 100m". Sydney Morning Herald. 16 July 2022.
^ Tweed, Mike (27 January 2024). "Athletics: Sam Tanner and Rebekah Aitkenhead triumph at Whanganui's Cooks Classic". NZHerald. Retrieved 29 January 2024. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jake Doran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Doran"},{"link_name":"100 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metres"},{"link_name":"World Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_World_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metres"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the Australian cricketer, see Jake Doran.Jake Doran (born 18 July 2000) is an Australian athlete who competes as a sprinter. In 2022 he became Australian national champion over 100 metres and represented Australia at the World Athletics Championships and Commonwealth Games.[1]","title":"Jake Doran (athlete)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Townsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville"},{"link_name":"2018 IAAF World U20 Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_IAAF_World_U20_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tampere, Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere,_Finland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"From Townsville, Jake attended Townsville Grammar School. As a junior Doran broke the Australian junior 100m record with a 10.15 second run in Finland in July 2018 before representing Australia at the 2018 IAAF World U20 Championships in Tampere, Finland.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Oceania Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Oceania_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"2019 Oceania Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Oceania_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_World_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metres"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Whanganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whanganui"},{"link_name":"Gus Nketia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Nketia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Doran won gold in the 100m at the 2022 Oceania Athletics Championships having previously won the silver medal at the 2019 Oceania Athletics Championships in the same event. He also became national champion over 100 metres in 2022.[3][4] Doran subsequently represented Australia at the World Athletics Championships and Commonwealth Games in 2022.[5][6] In 2023 Doran won the national 200m title at the Australian Athletics Championships and later competed at the World Athletics Championships in Budapest in the 100m.[citation needed]In January 2024, he set a new stadium record of 10.40 seconds for the 100 meters at the Cook Classic in Whanganui, beating the 24 year-old record of Gus Nketia.[7]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jake Doran\". World Athletics.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/australia/jake-doran-14731617","url_text":"\"Jake Doran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Townsville Sprinter Jake Doran Has Smashed Aussie Junior 100m Record\". Triplem.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://amp.triplem.com.au/story/townsville-sprinter-jake-doran-has-smashed-aussie-junior-100m-record-99661","url_text":"\"Townsville Sprinter Jake Doran Has Smashed Aussie Junior 100m Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jake Doran\". Athletics.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.athletics.com.au/olympic-athlete-profiles/jakedoran/","url_text":"\"Jake Doran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emotional Doran wins Australian 100m title\". 7news.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://7news.com.au/sport/athletics/emotional-doran-wins-australian-100m-title-c-6294822.","url_text":"\"Emotional Doran wins Australian 100m title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aussie champion Jake Doran capitalises after rival's inexplicable 'rookie error' offers Comm Games lifeline\". 7news.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://7news.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/aussie-champion-jake-doran-capitalises-as-inexplicable-rookie-error-ruins-fightback-c-7739298.","url_text":"\"Aussie champion Jake Doran capitalises after rival's inexplicable 'rookie error' offers Comm Games lifeline\""}]},{"reference":"\"Browning bows out in opening round of 100m\". Sydney Morning Herald. 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/athletics/rohan-browning-bows-out-in-opening-round-of-100m-20220716-p5b23i.html","url_text":"\"Browning bows out in opening round of 100m\""}]},{"reference":"Tweed, Mike (27 January 2024). \"Athletics: Sam Tanner and Rebekah Aitkenhead triumph at Whanganui's Cooks Classic\". NZHerald. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/whanganui-chronicle/news/athletics-sam-tanner-and-rebekah-aitkenhead-triumph-at-whanganuis-cooks-classic/LSWGGECTLFFORC3CGRYADZZC4M/","url_text":"\"Athletics: Sam Tanner and Rebekah Aitkenhead triumph at Whanganui's Cooks Classic\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/australia/jake-doran-14731617","external_links_name":"\"Jake Doran\""},{"Link":"https://amp.triplem.com.au/story/townsville-sprinter-jake-doran-has-smashed-aussie-junior-100m-record-99661","external_links_name":"\"Townsville Sprinter Jake Doran Has Smashed Aussie Junior 100m Record\""},{"Link":"https://www.athletics.com.au/olympic-athlete-profiles/jakedoran/","external_links_name":"\"Jake Doran\""},{"Link":"https://7news.com.au/sport/athletics/emotional-doran-wins-australian-100m-title-c-6294822.","external_links_name":"\"Emotional Doran wins Australian 100m title\""},{"Link":"https://7news.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/aussie-champion-jake-doran-capitalises-as-inexplicable-rookie-error-ruins-fightback-c-7739298.","external_links_name":"\"Aussie champion Jake Doran capitalises after rival's inexplicable 'rookie error' offers Comm Games lifeline\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/athletics/rohan-browning-bows-out-in-opening-round-of-100m-20220716-p5b23i.html","external_links_name":"\"Browning bows out in opening round of 100m\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/whanganui-chronicle/news/athletics-sam-tanner-and-rebekah-aitkenhead-triumph-at-whanganuis-cooks-classic/LSWGGECTLFFORC3CGRYADZZC4M/","external_links_name":"\"Athletics: Sam Tanner and Rebekah Aitkenhead triumph at Whanganui's Cooks Classic\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Leandro_Ferreira | Leandro (footballer, born 1959) | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 After retirement","4 Style of play","5 Honours","5.1 Club","5.2 Individual","6 References","7 External links"] | Brazilian footballer
In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is de Souza and the second or paternal family name is Ferreira.
LeandroPersonal informationFull name
José Leandro de Souza FerreiraDate of birth
(1959-03-17) 17 March 1959 (age 65)Place of birth
Cabo Frio, BrazilHeight
1.82 m (5 ft 11+1⁄2 in)Position(s)
Right wing-backSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1978–1990
Flamengo
119
(5)International career1981–1986
Brazil
27
(2)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
José Leandro de Souza Ferreira (born 17 March 1959), known as Leandro, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a defender.
He played for Flamengo during his whole professional career, first as a right-sided full-back and, from 1983 on, as a central defender. He also played for the Brazil national team in the 1980s, including at the 1982 FIFA World Cup.
Club career
Leandro spent his entire club career Flamengo, where he won four Brazilian national leagues, five Rio State championships, one Libertadores da América, and one Intercontinental Cup against Liverpool. In total, he played 417 matches and scored 14 goals for Flamengo.
International career
Leandro was capped 27 times for Brazil between September 1981 and May 1986, scoring two goals. He took part at the 1982 FIFA World Cup, where he was part of a star-studded Brazilian team, along with Zico, Júnior, Falcão, Sócrates, and many others, including Éder and Toninho Cerezo. Despite the plethora of creative midfield talent in the team, and the exciting brand of attacking football that they displayed throughout the tournament, Brazil were eliminated in the second round, after placing second in the so-called "Group of Death" with rivals and defending champions Argentina, as well as the eventual champions Italy.
Leandro also took part at the 1983 Copa América, where Brazil finished in second place. A principled man, he refused to go to 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico, however, after a disagreement with the coach Telê Santana over the exclusion of his teammate Renato from the squad.
After retirement
Leandro prematurely retired in 1990 at 31 years of age. He currently owns and manages a restaurant and hotel in his hometown Cabo Frio.
Style of play
Considered one of the greatest Brazilian defenders of all-time, Leandro started his career as an offensive-minded right-sided full-back or wing-back. In this role, he was capable of delivering decisive crosses to the forwards, or indeed taking a shot at goal himself. He also had an ability to dribble past opposing players and get forward. Leandro was also able to cover the flank both offensively and defensively: he could often be found in the outside right position, yet would get back to defence when needed.
After several knee injuries and some surgeries in 1985, Leandro started to play as a centre-back, also achieving much success in this role, and was still called up to the Brazil national squad to play in this new position.
Honours
Club
Flamengo
Campeonato Carioca: 1978, 1979, 1979, 1981, 1986
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1980, 1982, 1983
Copa União: 1987
Intercontinental Cup: 1981
Copa Libertadores: 1981
Copa do Brasil: 1990
Individual
Bola de Prata: 1982, 1985
References
^ "Craques de uma era". Placar (in Portuguese). April 2010. p. 65.
^ "Calcio Compleanno: Roberto Donadoni". m.Goal.com. September 9, 2008. Archived from the original on November 30, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2008.
^ a b Leandro – Trophies Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
External links
Leandro at National-Football-Teams.com
vte1982 Bola de Prata
GK: Carlos
DF: Leandro
DF: Juninho
DF: Edinho
DF: Wladimir
MF: Batista
MF: Biro-Biro
MF: Pita
MF: Zico
FW: Lúcio
FW: Careca
vte1985 Bola de Prata
GK: Rafael
DF: Winck
DF: Leandro
DF: Mauro Galvão
DF: Baby
MF: Alemão
MF: Dema
MF: Paz
FW: Marinho
FW: Careca
FW: Ado
vteBrazil squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup
1 Waldir Peres
2 Leandro
3 Oscar
4 Luizinho
5 Cerezo
6 Júnior
7 Paulo Isidoro
8 Sócrates (c)
9 Serginho
10 Zico
11 Éder
12 Paulo Sérgio
13 Edevaldo
14 Juninho
15 Falcão
16 Edinho
17 Pedrinho
18 Batista
19 Renato
20 Roberto Dinamite
21 Dirceu
22 Carlos
Coach: Telê Santana
vteBrazil squad – 1983 Copa América runners-up
1 Leão
2 Leandro
3 Márcio
4 Mozer
5 Andrade
6 Júnior
7 Renato Gaúcho
8 Sócrates
9 Roberto Dinamite
10 Tita
11 Jorginho
12 João Marcos
13 Paulo Roberto
14 Toninho Carlos
15 Wladimir
16 China
17 Renato
18 Careca
19 Éder
20 Leiz
21 João Paulo
22 Acácio
23 Geraldo
24 Mendonça
25 Douglas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury_Country_Club | Woodbury Country Club | ["1 Notes","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°49′55″N 75°08′31″W / 39.832°N 75.142°W / 39.832; -75.142Woodbury Country ClubClub informationLocation467 Cooper St.Woodbury, New Jersey, U.S.Established1897TypePrivateOperated byJohn FitzgeraldTotal holes9WebsiteOfficial websiteForward teesDesigned byH. H. Clarke (redesigned by Alexander H. Findlay)Par35Length2,960 yardsCourse rating36.7
Back teesPar36Length3,066 yardsCourse rating34.9
The Woodbury Country Club (WCC) was a private golf club in Woodbury, New Jersey. It was incorporated in August 1897 and had been one of the 100 oldest private golf clubs in the country as of August 2009. Among some of the club's original officers was George Gill Green, a patent medicine entrepreneur, who served as the club's vice president. Due to the economy, the golf club was unable to sustain operations, and the club went into foreclosure in 2010.
Notes
^a The golf course is described as being nine holes, but it actually has 13 different greens to shoot to.
References
^ "About". Woodbury Country Club. 2005. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
^ a b "History". Woodbury Country Club. 2005. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
External links
Philadelphia portalNew Jersey portal
Official website
GolfLink rating
39°49′55″N 75°08′31″W / 39.832°N 75.142°W / 39.832; -75.142
This golf club or course-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a sports venue in New Jersey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HIST-2"},{"link_name":"George Gill Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gill_Green"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HIST-2"}],"text":"The Woodbury Country Club (WCC) was a private golf club in Woodbury, New Jersey. It was incorporated in August 1897 and had been one of the 100 oldest private golf clubs in the country as of August 2009.[1][2] Among some of the club's original officers was George Gill Green, a patent medicine entrepreneur, who served as the club's vice president.[2] Due to the economy, the golf club was unable to sustain operations, and the club went into foreclosure in 2010.","title":"Woodbury Country Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"}],"text":"^a The golf course is described as being nine holes, but it actually has 13 different greens to shoot to.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"About\". Woodbury Country Club. 2005. Retrieved August 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.woodburycountryclub.org/about/index.htm","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Woodbury Country Club. 2005. Retrieved August 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.woodburycountryclub.org/about/history.htm","url_text":"\"History\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Woodbury_Country_Club¶ms=39.832_N_75.142_W_","external_links_name":"39°49′55″N 75°08′31″W / 39.832°N 75.142°W / 39.832; -75.142"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury_Country_Club#endnote_a","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.woodburycountryclub.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.woodburycountryclub.org/about/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"http://www.woodburycountryclub.org/about/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.woodburycountryclub.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.golflink.com/golf-courses/course.aspx?course=754545","external_links_name":"GolfLink rating"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Woodbury_Country_Club¶ms=39.832_N_75.142_W_","external_links_name":"39°49′55″N 75°08′31″W / 39.832°N 75.142°W / 39.832; -75.142"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodbury_Country_Club&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodbury_Country_Club&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Lamb | Dwayne Lamb | ["1 Playing career","2 References","3 External links"] | Australian rules footballer
Australian rules footballer
Dwayne LambPersonal informationFull name
Dwayne Francis LambDate of birth
(1961-12-20) 20 December 1961 (age 62)Place of birth
Perth, Western AustraliaOriginal team(s)
North InnalooHeight
180 cm (5 ft 11 in)Weight
93 kg (205 lb)Position(s)
UtilityPlaying career1Years
Club
Games (Goals)1980–86, 89, 93–96
Subiaco
190 (67)1987–1994
West Coast
151 (44)Total
351 (111)Representative team honoursYears
Team
Games (Goals)1985–1992
Western Australia
8 (2)
1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1996.2 State and international statistics correct as of 1992.Career highlights
Subiaco premiership side 1986
Simpson Medal 1988
West Coast Eagles premiership side 1992
West Coast Eagles Team of the Decade 1996
West Coast Eagles Team 20 2006
Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com
Dwayne Francis Lamb (born 20 December 1961) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with West Coast in the Victorian Football League (VFL) (Australian Football League (AFL) from 1990) and Subiaco in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). A utility player, he was often used as a ruck rover or in defence.
Playing career
Lamb began his junior playing career for North Innaloo before joining Subiaco. He made his league debut in round 2 of the 1980 WAFL season, becoming a regular league player the following season. At the time Subiaco were the league's chopping block, but Lamb quickly established himself in the team and by 1982 – a season when the Lions were on track for a win less season before beating East Fremantle in their seventeenth match – Lamb's tough but unspectacular style won Subiaco's best and fairest award, an achievement repeated in 1984 when under legendary coach Haydn Bunton, Jr., Subiaco finally took steps away from the WAFL cellar.
In 1986, Lamb played in Subiaco's premiership-winning team, kicking two early goals and being part of an on-ball brigade that defeated the Sharks in the Grand Final. Consequently, Lamb made his VFL debut in West Coast's inaugural side in 1987, and became the first player to reach 50, 100 and 150 games for the Eagles. In 1991 against Geelong Football Club, Lamb was knocked out in a sling tackle, which resulted in him swallowing his tongue and his airway being blocked. His airway was opened up by a Geelong trainer with an oropharyngeal airway before he was taken off on a stretcher. Lamb played in West Coast's premiership team in 1992. However, in 1993 Lamb's form declined so much that by 1994 he played only five AFL games and returned to the WAFL, where he played his 300th match of senior football and his 150th with Subiaco in consecutive weeks at the end of the home-and-away season.
In 1996 Lamb was named in the Eagles' official "Team of the Decade". He was named in the Western Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2010.
References
^ Spillman, Ken; Diehards – the Story of the Subiaco Football Club 1946–2000; p. 209 ISBN 0-9578185-0-5
^ Spillman; Diehards 1946–2000, p. 218
^ a b "2010 Hall of Fame inductees". West Australian Football Commission. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
^ "Every League Premiership Player in Page Finals System Era – 1931 – 2009". West Australian Football Commission. p. 8. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
^ Lague, Steve; "Subiaco Does it for Lamb"; The West Australian, 29 August 1994, p. 89
^ "WEST AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL HALL OF FAME Playing Record of all Members @ March 2012". West Australian Football Commission. March 2012. p. 2. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
External links
Dwayne Lamb's playing statistics from AFL Tables
vteSubiaco Football Club – Team of the CenturyFull-back
Dwayne Lamb
Brian Sarre
Lou Daily
Half-back
Laurie Kettlewell
Brighton Diggins
Bill Faul
Centre
Snowy Hamilton
Peter Featherby
Dean Kemp
Half-forward
George Young
Phil Matson
Gary Buckenara
Forward
Allistair Pickett
Austin Robertson Jr.
Tom Outridge Sr.
Ruck
Mike Fitzpatrick (c)
Haydn Bunton Sr.
Johnny Leonard
Interchange
Laurie Keene
Fred Williams
Drew Banfield
Brett Heady
Coach
Haydn Bunton Jr.
selected in 2008
vteWest Coast Eagles 1992 AFL premiersWest Coast Eagles 16.17 (113) defeated Geelong 12.13 (85), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground
1. Heady
2. Kemp
3. Mainwaring
4. Sumich
5. Lamb
7. Turley
9. Wilson
10. Pyke
11. McIntosh
14. Brennan
17. McKenna
18. Evans
19. Langdon
23. Harding
24. Worsfold (c)
27. Jakovich
28. Lewis
30. Matera
31. White
39. Waterman
Coach: Malthouse
vteSimpson Medal winnersWAFL Grand Finals
1945: Ebbs
1946: Loughridge
1947: Eriksson
1948: Ingraham
1949: Larcombe
1950: Lewington
1951: Porter
1952: Kelly
1953: Marsh
1954: Tyson
1955: M. McIntosh
1956: Parentich
1957: Conway
1958: Bull
1959: Farmer
1960: Foley
1961: Slater
1962: Sorrell
1963: Bagley
1964: Rogers
1965: Imrie
1966: Cable
1967: Cable
1968: Cable
1969: Dempsey
1970: Ciccotosto
1971: Sheridan
1972: McAullay
1973: Blair
1974: Gibellini/Pretty
1975: Whinnen
1976: Day
1977: Rosbender
1978: Miller
1979: K. Taylor
1980: Rioli
1981: Shaw/Rioli
1982: Melrose
1983: Shine
1984: Kimberley
1985: B. Taylor
1986: Zanotti
1987: Thorne
1988: Lee
1989: Allan
1990: Walker
1991: Kickett
1992: Browning
1993: Kickett
1994: Amaranti
1995: Harris
1996: Ridley
1997: Hynes
1998: Bromage
1999: Kelly
2000: Cox
2001: Turnbull
2002: Turnbull
2003: LeCras
2004: Vines
2005: McGrath
2006: Webb
2007: B. Smith
2008: Hall
2009: Hams
2010: Krakouer
2011: Wilkes
2012: Medhurst
2013: Hutchings
2014: Bristow
2015: Boland
2016: Blakely
2017: Ryan
2018: Horsley
2019: Sokol
2020: Bolton
2021: Clark
2022: Meadows
Interstate Rep. Matches
1948: Curran (VIC)
1949: Heal (WA)
1951: Buttsworth (WA)
1952: M. McIntosh (WA)
1954: Harper (WA)
1955: Williams (SA)
1956: Farmer (WA)/Goldsmith (VIC)
1957: Whitten (VIC)
1958: Farmer (WA)
1959: Watts (WA)
1960: Aylett (VIC)
1962: Sorrell (WA)/Harper (WA)
1963: Sarre (WA)
1964: Shearman (SA)
1965: Murray (WA)/Spargo (WA)
1967: Walker (WA)
1968: Nicholls (VIC)
1970: Stiles (WA)
1971: Knights (VIC)
1973: Featherby (WA)
1974: Alexander (WA)
1975: Magro (WA)
1976: Elliott (WA)
1977: Moss (WA)/James (SA)/Cable (WA)
1978: Knights (VIC)
1979: Cornes (SA)
1981: Beasley (WA)/Buckenara (WA)/Krakouer (WA)
1982: Browning (WA)/K. Taylor (WA)
1983: Michael (WA)/Rioli (WA)
1984: Hardie (WA)
1985: Bradley (SA)/Weightman (VIC)
1986: Hardie (WA)
1987: McDermott (SA)/Bews (VIC)
1988: Allan (WA)/Thorne (WA)/Healy (VIC)
1989: Dunstall (VIC)
1990: Madden (VIC)/Allan (WA)
1991: Harding (WA)/Retzlaff (WA)
1993: Atkins (WA)
1994: Symmons (WA)
1995: Treleven (WA)
1996: Snow (WA)
1997: Dorotich (WA)
1998: Irving (WA)
1999: Tregenza (WA)
2000: Campbell (WA)
2002: Johnson (WA)
2003: Webster (WA)
2004: Bossong (WA)
2005: Priddis (WA)
2006: Hayes (WA)
2007: Hay (WA)
2008: Richardson (WA)
2009: LeCras (WA)
2010: Blackwell (WA)
2011: J. Smith (WA)
2012: Johnson (WA)
2013: Twomey (WA)
2014: Hams (WA)
2015: Davis (WA)
2016: Bolton (WA)
2017: Saunders (WA)
2018: Bolton (WA)
2019: Deluca (WA)
2021: Bolton (WA)
2022: Kitchin (WA)
Interstate Carnivals/Tours
1950: Maffina
1953: M. McIntosh
1961: Gabelich
1964: Chadwick
1966: J. McIntosh
1969: Cable/Farmer
1972: McAullay
1988: Lamb
Interstate Club Matches
1946: Richards (Coll) (East Frem v Collingwood)
1947: Jenkins (SF) (South Frem v Essendon)
vteInaugural West Coast Eagles VFL teamFull-back
Dwayne Lamb
Michael Brennan
Paul Peos
Half-back
Geoff Miles
Ross Glendinning (c)
Mark Zanotti
Centre
Phil Narkle
Murray Wrensted
Peter Davidson
Half-forward
Dean Laidley
Laurie Keene
Don Holmes
Full-forward
Steve Malaxos
Darren Bennett
Andrew Macnish
Ruck
Alex Ishchenko
John Annear
Wally Matera
Interchange
Chris Lewis
Adrian Barich
Coach
Ron Alexander
West Coast defeated Richmond 20.13 (133) to 16.23 (119), Round 1, 1987, at Subiaco Oval
vteWestern Australian team – 1985 Interstate ChampionshipsSouth Australia 30.18 (198) defeated Western Australia 16.15 (111), at Subiaco Oval, 15 June 1985
Victoria 19.16 (130) defeated Western Australia 9.11 (65), at Subiaco Oval, 16 July 1985Both games
Browning
Mitchell
G. Sidebottom
State Game vs. South Australia
Bairstow
Bradmore
Brennan
Carter
Caton
Cousins
Fogarty
Harding
Lamb
Langsford (c)
Rance
S. Richardson
Scott
Skwirowski
Waterson
Wilkinson
Wilson
Wrensted
State of Origin vs. Victoria
Annear
Baker
Beasley
Blackwell
Buckenara
Daniels
Glendinning
Hardie
Holden
Hunter
Krakouer
Lester-Smith
Peake
Purser
Richardson
Rioli
Sewell
A. Sidebottom
Wiley
Coach: Todd
vteWestern Australian team – 1986 Interstate ChampionshipsWestern Australia 18.19 (127) defeated South Australia 12.16 (88), at Football Park, 27 May 1986
Western Australia 21.11 (137) defeated Victoria 20.14 (134), at Subiaco Oval, 8 July 1986Both games
Bairstow
Ellis
Harding
Keene
Laidley
Lamb
Macnish
Miles
Mitchell
Peake
Sartori
Waterson
Wilson
State game vs. South Australia
Bewick
Christie
Dean
Malaxos
Panizza
Taylor
Wiley
Wilkinson
Wrensted
State of Origin vs. Victoria
Baker
Blackwell
Buckenara
Davidson
Glendinning
Hardie
Lester-Smith
Narkle
Rioli
Coach: Alexander
vteWestern Australian team – 1991 State of OriginWestern Australia 19.13 (127) defeated Victoria 7.9 (41), at the WACA, 16 July 1991
Allan
Bairstow
Bewick
Harding
Heady
A. Jakovich
G. Jakovich
Kemp
Lamb
Langdon
Mainwaring (c)
Matera
McIntosh
McKenna
Pyke
Spalding
Starcevich
Sumich
Turley
Waterman
Watters
Winmar
Coach: Malthouse
vteWestern Australian team – 1992 State of OriginVictoria 23.19 (157) defeated Western Australia 13.12 (90), at the MCG, 26 May 1992
Allan
Bain
Bewick
Dorotich
Hepburn
Jakovich
Kemp
Kickett
Lamb
Langdon
Lewis
Mainwaring
Matera
McIntosh
Seecamp
Spalding
Starcevich
Waterman
Watters
Wilson
Winmar
Worsfold (c)
Coach: Malthouse | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Subiaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiaco_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"West Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League"}],"text":"Australian rules footballerDwayne Francis Lamb (born 20 December 1961) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with West Coast in the Victorian Football League (VFL) (Australian Football League (AFL) from 1990) and Subiaco in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). A utility player, he was often used as a ruck rover or in defence.","title":"Dwayne Lamb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Subiaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiaco_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"1980 WAFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_WAFL_season"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_WAFL_season"},{"link_name":"a win less season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_season"},{"link_name":"best and fairest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_and_fairest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"in 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_WAFL_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Haydn Bunton, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydn_Bunton,_Jr."},{"link_name":"In 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_WAFL_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-premierships-4"},{"link_name":"in 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_VFL_season"},{"link_name":"In 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"Geelong Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"oropharyngeal airway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airway"},{"link_name":"in 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"the WAFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_WAFL_season"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"In 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010hof-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halloffame1-6"}],"text":"Lamb began his junior playing career for North Innaloo before joining Subiaco. He made his league debut in round 2 of the 1980 WAFL season, becoming a regular league player the following season. At the time Subiaco were the league's chopping block, but Lamb quickly established himself in the team and by 1982 – a season when the Lions were on track for a win less season before beating East Fremantle in their seventeenth match – Lamb's tough but unspectacular style won Subiaco's best and fairest award,[1] an achievement repeated in 1984[2] when under legendary coach Haydn Bunton, Jr., Subiaco finally took steps away from the WAFL cellar.In 1986, Lamb played in Subiaco's premiership-winning team, kicking two early goals and being part of an on-ball brigade that defeated the Sharks in the Grand Final.[3][4] Consequently, Lamb made his VFL debut in West Coast's inaugural side in 1987, and became the first player to reach 50, 100 and 150 games for the Eagles. In 1991 against Geelong Football Club, Lamb was knocked out in a sling tackle, which resulted in him swallowing his tongue and his airway being blocked. His airway was opened up by a Geelong trainer with an oropharyngeal airway before he was taken off on a stretcher. Lamb played in West Coast's premiership team in 1992. However, in 1993 Lamb's form declined so much that by 1994 he played only five AFL games and returned to the WAFL, where he played his 300th match of senior football and his 150th with Subiaco in consecutive weeks at the end of the home-and-away season.[5]In 1996 Lamb was named in the Eagles' official \"Team of the Decade\". He was named in the Western Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2010.[3][6]","title":"Playing career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2010 Hall of Fame inductees\". West Australian Football Commission. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324110344/http://wafootball.com.au/wafc/news/1773-2010-hall-of-fame-inductees-","url_text":"\"2010 Hall of Fame inductees\""},{"url":"http://www.wafootball.com.au/wafc/news/1773-2010-hall-of-fame-inductees-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Every League Premiership Player in Page Finals System Era – 1931 – 2009\". West Australian Football Commission. p. 8. Retrieved 30 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://wafootball.com.au/resources/doc_download/10-premiership-players-1931-2008","url_text":"\"Every League Premiership Player in Page Finals System Era – 1931 – 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"WEST AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL HALL OF FAME Playing Record of all Members @ March 2012\". West Australian Football Commission. March 2012. p. 2. Retrieved 30 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wafootball.com.au/resources/doc_download/4-hall-of-fame-inductees","url_text":"\"WEST AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL HALL OF FAME Playing Record of all Members @ March 2012\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/D/Dwayne_Lamb.html","external_links_name":"AFL Tables"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Dwayne+Lamb/12430","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324110344/http://wafootball.com.au/wafc/news/1773-2010-hall-of-fame-inductees-","external_links_name":"\"2010 Hall of Fame inductees\""},{"Link":"http://www.wafootball.com.au/wafc/news/1773-2010-hall-of-fame-inductees-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://wafootball.com.au/resources/doc_download/10-premiership-players-1931-2008","external_links_name":"\"Every League Premiership Player in Page Finals System Era – 1931 – 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.wafootball.com.au/resources/doc_download/4-hall-of-fame-inductees","external_links_name":"\"WEST AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL HALL OF FAME Playing Record of all Members @ March 2012\""},{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/D/Dwayne_Lamb.html","external_links_name":"Dwayne Lamb's playing statistics"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_honours_order_of_wearing | New Zealand honours order of wearing | ["1 Order of wear","1.1 Special awards","1.2 Orders","1.3 Decorations","1.4 Medals for gallantry and bravery","1.5 Medals for meritorious service","1.6 Campaign medals","1.7 Other service medals","1.8 Jubilee, Coronation and New Zealand Commemoration medals","1.9 Efficiency and long service decorations and medals","1.10 Service medals","1.11 Commonwealth Independence medals","1.12 Miscellaneous medals","1.13 Commonwealth awards","1.14 Other Commonwealth awards","1.15 United States awards and decorations","1.16 Foreign medals","1.17 United Nations medals[3]","1.18 NATO medals","1.19 CSDP medals","2 References","3 External links"] | Order of wear
Order of wear for decorations and awards within New Zealand's honours system.
Medals in bold are distinctly New Zealand awards.
Special awards
Victoria Cross and Victoria Cross for New Zealand VC
New Zealand Cross NZC
George Cross GC
Orders
Knight/Lady Companion of the Order of the Garter KG/LG
Knight/Lady of Order of the Thistle KT/LT
Knight/Dame Grand Cross of Order of the Bath GCB
Member of the Order of Merit OM
Member of the Order of New Zealand ONZ
Baronet/Baronetess (Bt., Bart. or Btss.)
Knight/Dame Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit GNZM (formerly Principal Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit – PCNZM)
Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George GCMG
Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order GCVO
Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire GBE
Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour CH
Knight/Dame Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit KNZM/DNZM (formerly Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit – DCNZM)
Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath KCB/DCB
Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George KCMG/DCMG
Knight/Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order KCVO/DCVO
Knight/Dame Commander Order of the British Empire KBE/DBE
Knight Bachelor Confers the title of Sir with no postnominals
Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit CNZM
Companion of the Order of the Bath CB
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George CMG
Commander of the Royal Victorian Order CVO
Commander of the Order of the British Empire CBE
New Zealand Gallantry Star NZGS
New Zealand Bravery Star NZBS
Companion of the Distinguished Service Order DSO
Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order LVO
Companion of the King's Service Order KSO
Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit ONZM
Officer of the Order of the British Empire OBE
Companion of the Imperial Service Order ISO
Member of the Royal Victorian Order MVO
Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit MNZM
Member of the Order of the British Empire MBE
Decorations
New Zealand Gallantry Decoration NZGD
New Zealand Bravery Decoration NZBD
Member of the Royal Red Cross RRC
Distinguished Service Cross DSC
Military Cross MC
Distinguished Flying Cross DFC
Air Force Cross AFC
Associate of the Royal Red Cross ARRC
(Insert membership grade) of the Order of St John
Grade I – Bailiff or Dame Grand Cross GCStJ
Grade II – Knight or Dame of Justice or Grace KStJ or DStJ
Grade III – Chaplain ChStJ
Grade III – Commander CStJ
Grade IV – Officer OStJ
Grade V – Member MStJ
Grade VI – Esquire EsqStJ
Medals for gallantry and bravery
Distinguished Conduct Medal DCM
Conspicuous Gallantry Medal CGM
George Medal GM
Distinguished Service Medal DSM (Imperial)
Military Medal MM
Distinguished Flying Medal DFM
Air Force Medal AFM
Queen's Gallantry Medal QGM
New Zealand Gallantry Medal NZGM
New Zealand Bravery Medal NZBM
Medals for meritorious service
Royal Victorian Medal (Gold, Silver, Bronze) RVM
King's Service Medal KSM
New Zealand Antarctic Medal NZAM
New Zealand Distinguished Service Decoration DSD
British Empire Medal BEM
Queen's Police Medal for Distinguished Service QPM
Queen's Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service QFSM
Campaign medals
(Worn in order of date of participation in campaign or operation for which awarded.)
see New Zealand campaign medals
Other service medals
New Zealand Special Service Medal (Nuclear Testing)
New Zealand Special Service Medal (Asian Tsunami)
New Zealand Special Service Medal (Erebus)
Polar Medal (In order of date of award.)
Imperial Service Medal
Jubilee, Coronation and New Zealand Commemoration medals
King George V Coronation Medal, 1911
King George V Silver Jubilee Medal, 1935
King George VI Coronation Medal, 1937
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal, 1953
Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal, 1977
Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal, 2002 (Only for personnel who were awarded the medal while a member of the British forces)
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal, 2012
Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal, 2022
King Charles III Coronation Medal, 2023
New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal
New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal 1993
Efficiency and long service decorations and medals
New Zealand Meritorious Service Medal (formerly the Medal for Meritorious Service awarded only to members of the New Zealand Army)
New Zealand Defence Meritorious Service Medal
New Zealand Police Meritorious Service Medal
New Zealand Public Service Medal
New Zealand Armed Forces Award
New Zealand Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (formerly the Long Service and Good Conduct Medal, Military)
Royal New Zealand Navy Long Service and Good Conduct Medal
Royal New Zealand Air Force Long Service and Good Conduct Medal
New Zealand Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal
New Zealand Fire Brigades Long Service and Good Conduct Medal
New Zealand Prison Service Medal
New Zealand Traffic Service Medal
New Zealand Customs Service Medal
Efficiency Decoration ED
Efficiency Medal
Royal New Zealand Naval Reserve Decoration RD
Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve Decoration VRD
Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal
Air Efficiency Medal AE (post-nominal used only when awarded to an officer)
Queen's Medal For champion shots of the New Zealand Naval Forces
Queen's Medal For champion shots of the Military Forces
Queen's Medal For champion shots of the Air Force
Cadet Forces Medal
Service medals
New Zealand Defence Service Medal
Commonwealth Independence medals
Instituted by the Sovereign. Worn in order of date of award.
Papua New Guinea Independence Medal
Miscellaneous medals
The Service Medal of the Order of St John
Commonwealth awards
Instituted by the Sovereign as Head of State, other than in right of New Zealand or the United Kingdom.
Worn in order of date of award. At the discretion of the holder, a Commonwealth award may be worn in a position comparable to, but following, the equivalent New Zealand or British Order, Decoration or Medal.
International Force East Timor Medal
Australian Defence Medal (for ex-members of the ADF)
Other Commonwealth awards
Instituted by Commonwealth countries of which the Sovereign is not Head of State.
Instituted since 1949, otherwise than by the Sovereign, and awards by the states of Malaysia and the State of Brunei. Worn in order of date of award. These awards may only be worn when The Sovereign’s permission has been given.
Pingat Jasa Malaysia Medal
United States awards and decorations
These awards may only be worn when the Sovereign’s permission has been given.
United States Bronze Star Medal
United States Army Commendation Medal
United States Army Achievement Medal
United States Antarctica Service Medal
Foreign medals
Korean War Service Medal
South Vietnamese Campaign Medal
Zimbabwe Independence Medal (Approved for restricted wear only)
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Approved for restricted wear only)
Multinational Force and Observers Medal
Timor Leste Solidarity Medal
United Nations medals
United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation Medal (UNTSO)
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan Medal (UNMOGIP)
United Nations Service Medal for Korea
United Nations Emergency Force Medal
United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL)
United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC)
United Nations Yemen Observation Mission (UNYOM)
United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission (UNIPOM)
Second United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF II) – Middle East
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) – Golan Heights
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
United Nations Iran/Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG)
United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) – Namibia
United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM II and UNAVEM III) / United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA)
United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia (UNAMIC)
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) / United Nations Military Liaison Team (UNMLT)
United Nations Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM and UNOSOM II)
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) – Former Yugoslavia / United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation (UNCRO) – Croatia
United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH)
United Nations Operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ)
United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) – Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES)
United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP)
United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL) / United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL)
United Nations Medal for East Timor (UNAMET) (UNTAET) (UNMISET)
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)
United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS)
United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)
United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)
United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS)
United Nations Special Service Medal
NATO medals
NATO Medal for the Former Yugoslavia
NATO Medal for Non-Article 5 Operations in the Balkans
NATO Medal for the Non-Article 5 ISAF Operation in Afghanistan
NATO Non-Article 5 Medal for Africa
NATO Non-Article 5 Medal for Operation Resolute Support
CSDP medals
Common Security and Defence Policy Service Medal
References
^ "Frequently Asked Medallic Questions". medals.nzdf.mil.nz. New Zealand Defence Force. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
^ a b c "Order of Wear: Orders, Decorations and Medals in New Zealand". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of New Zealand. 4 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ UN Medal ribbons on NZDF site, for which New Zealand personnel have served
^ FOREIGN CAMPAIGN MEDALS AWARDED TO NEW ZEALANDERS – THE EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY (ESDP) SERVICE MEDAL, New Zealand Defence Force, date accessed 2011-07-06.
External links
NZ Order of Wear
NZDF Order of Wear | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New Zealand honours order of wearing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honours system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_New_Zealand"}],"text":"Order of wear for decorations and awards within New Zealand's honours system.Medals in bold are distinctly New Zealand awards.","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross for New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross_for_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//medals.nzdf.mil.nz/info/orderofwear.html"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Cross_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand 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Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_(UK).svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Commonwealth)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_New_Zealand_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Order of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baronet%27s_Badge_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"Baronetess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ord.St.Michele-Giorgio.png"},{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Victorian_Order_UK_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lint_van_de_Orde_Compaions_of_Honour.jpg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Companions of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ord.St.Michele-Giorgio.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Victorian_Order_UK_ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Knight Bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ord.St.Michele-Giorgio.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Victorian_Order_UK_ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gallantry_Star_(NZ)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Gallantry Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Gallantry_Star"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bravery_Star_(NZ)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Bravery Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Bravery_Star"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dso-ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Victorian_Order_UK_ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_bar_of_the_Queen%27s_Service_Medal.svg"},{"link_name":"King's Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Service_Order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_Imperial_Service_Order.jpg"},{"link_name":"Imperial Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Service_Order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Victorian_Order_UK_ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png"}],"sub_title":"Orders","text":"Knight/Lady Companion of the Order of the Garter KG/LG\n Knight/Lady of Order of the Thistle KT/LT\n Knight/Dame Grand Cross of Order of the Bath GCB\n Member of the Order of Merit OM\n Member of the Order of New Zealand ONZ\n Baronet/Baronetess (Bt., Bart. or Btss.)\n Knight/Dame Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit GNZM (formerly Principal Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit – PCNZM)\n Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George GCMG\n Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order GCVO\n Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire GBE\n Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour CH\n Knight/Dame Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit KNZM/DNZM (formerly Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit – DCNZM)\n Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath KCB/DCB\n Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George KCMG/DCMG\n Knight/Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order KCVO/DCVO\n Knight/Dame Commander Order of the British Empire KBE/DBE\n Knight Bachelor Confers the title of Sir with no postnominals\n Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit CNZM\n Companion of the Order of the Bath CB\n Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George CMG\n Commander of the Royal Victorian Order CVO\n Commander of the Order of the British Empire CBE\n New Zealand Gallantry Star NZGS\n New Zealand Bravery Star NZBS\n Companion of the Distinguished Service Order DSO\n Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order LVO\n Companion of the King's Service Order KSO\n Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit ONZM\n Officer of the Order of the British Empire OBE\n Companion of the Imperial Service Order ISO\n Member of the Royal Victorian Order MVO\n Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit MNZM\n Member of the Order of the British Empire MBE","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gallantry_Decoration_(NZ)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Gallantry Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Gallantry_Decoration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bravery_Decoration_(NZ)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Bravery Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Bravery_Decoration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Red_Cross_(UK)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Royal Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Red_Cross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Distinguished_Service_Cross_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Military_Cross_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_AFC_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Air Force Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Red_Cross_(UK)_ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_St_John_(UK)_ribbon_-vector.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John"}],"sub_title":"Decorations","text":"New Zealand Gallantry Decoration NZGD\n New Zealand Bravery Decoration NZBD\n Member of the Royal Red Cross RRC\n Distinguished Service Cross DSC\n Military Cross MC\n Distinguished Flying Cross DFC\n Air Force Cross AFC\n Associate of the Royal Red Cross ARRC\n (Insert membership grade) of the Order of St JohnGrade I – Bailiff or Dame Grand Cross GCStJ\nGrade II – Knight or Dame of Justice or Grace KStJ or DStJ\nGrade III – Chaplain ChStJ\nGrade III – Commander CStJ\nGrade IV – Officer OStJ\nGrade V – Member MStJ\nGrade VI – Esquire EsqStJ","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DCM_UK_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Conduct Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CGM_(Flying)_UK_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Conspicuous Gallantry Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous_Gallantry_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Medal_(UK)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"George Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distinguished_Service_Medal_UK_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Military_Medal_UK_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Military Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distinguished_Flying_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AFM_(UK)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Air Force Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queens_Gallantry_Medal_UK_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Queen's Gallantry Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gallantry_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gallantry_Medal_(NZ)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Gallantry Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Gallantry_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bravery_Medal_(NZ)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Bravery Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Bravery_Medal"}],"sub_title":"Medals for gallantry and bravery","text":"Distinguished Conduct Medal DCM\n Conspicuous Gallantry Medal CGM\n George Medal GM\n Distinguished Service Medal DSM (Imperial)\n Military Medal MM\n Distinguished Flying Medal DFM\n Air Force Medal AFM\n Queen's Gallantry Medal QGM\n New Zealand Gallantry Medal NZGM\n New Zealand Bravery Medal NZBM","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Victorian_Order_UK_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_bar_of_the_Queen%27s_Service_Medal.svg"},{"link_name":"King's Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Service_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polar_Medal_(UK)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Antarctic Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Antarctic_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NZ_Distinguished_Service_Decoration.svg"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Distinguished Service Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Distinguished_Service_Decoration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"British Empire Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queens_Police_Medal_for_Merit.png"},{"link_name":"Queen's Police Medal for Distinguished Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Police_Medal_for_Distinguished_Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_UK.png"},{"link_name":"Queen's Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Fire_Service_Medal_for_Distinguished_Service"}],"sub_title":"Medals for meritorious service","text":"Royal Victorian Medal (Gold, Silver, Bronze) RVM\n King's Service Medal KSM\n New Zealand Antarctic Medal NZAM\n New Zealand Distinguished Service Decoration DSD\n British Empire Medal BEM\n Queen's Police Medal for Distinguished Service QPM\n Queen's Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service QFSM","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand campaign medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_campaign_medals"}],"sub_title":"Campaign medals","text":"(Worn in order of date of participation in campaign or operation for which awarded.)see New Zealand campaign medals","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Special_Service_Medal_(Nuclear_Testing)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Special Service Medal (Nuclear Testing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Special_Service_Medal#New_Zealand_Special_Service_Medal_.28Nuclear_Testing.29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Special_Service_Medal_(Asian_Tsunami)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Special Service Medal (Asian Tsunami)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Special_Service_Medal#New_Zealand_Special_Service_Medal_.28Asian_Tsunami.29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Special_Service_Medal_(Erebus)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Special Service Medal (Erebus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Special_Service_Medal#New_Zealand_Special_Service_Medal_.28Erebus.29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polar_Medal_(UK)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Polar Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_Imperial_Service_Order.jpg"},{"link_name":"Imperial Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Service_Order"}],"sub_title":"Other service medals","text":"New Zealand Special Service Medal (Nuclear Testing)\n New Zealand Special Service Medal (Asian Tsunami)\n New Zealand Special Service Medal (Erebus)\n Polar Medal (In order of date of award.)\n Imperial Service Medal","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_King_George_V_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"King George V Coronation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V_Coronation_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"King George V Silver Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png"},{"link_name":"King George VI Coronation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI_Coronation_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Silver_Jubilee_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cor-Jub-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Queen_EII_Platinum_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cor-Jub-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_King_Charles_III_Coronation_Medal_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"King Charles III Coronation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Charles_III_Coronation_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cor-Jub-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_1990_Commemoration_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_1990_Commemoration_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Suffrage_Centennial_Medal_1993_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Suffrage_Centennial_Medal_1993"}],"sub_title":"Jubilee, Coronation and New Zealand Commemoration medals","text":"King George V Coronation Medal, 1911\n King George V Silver Jubilee Medal, 1935\n King George VI Coronation Medal, 1937\n Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal, 1953\n Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal, 1977\n Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal, 2002 (Only for personnel who were awarded the medal while a member of the British forces)[1]\n Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal, 2012[2]\n Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal, 2022[2]\n King Charles III Coronation Medal, 2023[2]\n New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal\n New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal 1993","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meritorious_Service_Medal_(NZ).png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Meritorious Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(New_Zealand)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Defence_Meritorious_Service_Medal.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Defence Meritorious Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Meritorious_Service_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Police_Meritorious_Service_Medal.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Police Meritorious Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Police_Meritorious_Service_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Public_Service_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Public Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Public_Service_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Armed_Forces_Award_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Armed Forces Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Armed_Forces_Award"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Army_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Army_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_New_Zealand_Navy_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Navy Long Service and Good Conduct Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force Long Service and Good Conduct Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Police_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Police_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Fire_Brigades_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Fire Brigades Long Service and Good Conduct Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Fire_Brigades_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Prison_Service_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Prison Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_Prison_Service_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Traffic_Service_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Traffic Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Traffic_Service_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NZ_Customs_Service_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Customs Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Customs_Service_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Efficiency_Decoration_(NZ)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Efficiency Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_Decoration_(New_Zealand)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Efficiency_Medal_(NZ)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Efficiency Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_Medal_(New_Zealand)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_New_Zealand_Naval_Reserve_Decoration_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Naval Reserve Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Naval_Reserve_Decoration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_New_Zealand_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve_Decoration_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve_Decoration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_New_Zealand_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Efficiency_Award_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Air Efficiency Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Efficiency_Award"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen%27s_Medal_for_Champion_Shots_(Navy).gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen%27s_Medal_for_Champion_Shots_of_the_Military_Forces_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Queen's Medal For champion shots of the Military Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Medal_for_Champion_Shots_of_the_New_Zealand_Naval_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queens_Medal_for_Champion_Shots_-_Air_Force.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cadet_Forces_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Cadet Forces Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_Forces_Medal"}],"sub_title":"Efficiency and long service decorations and medals","text":"New Zealand Meritorious Service Medal (formerly the Medal for Meritorious Service awarded only to members of the New Zealand Army)\n New Zealand Defence Meritorious Service Medal\n New Zealand Police Meritorious Service Medal\n New Zealand Public Service Medal\n New Zealand Armed Forces Award\n New Zealand Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (formerly the Long Service and Good Conduct Medal, Military)\n Royal New Zealand Navy Long Service and Good Conduct Medal\n Royal New Zealand Air Force Long Service and Good Conduct Medal\n New Zealand Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal\n New Zealand Fire Brigades Long Service and Good Conduct Medal\n New Zealand Prison Service Medal\n New Zealand Traffic Service Medal\n New Zealand Customs Service Medal\n Efficiency Decoration ED\n Efficiency Medal\n Royal New Zealand Naval Reserve Decoration RD\n Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve Decoration VRD\n Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal\n Air Efficiency Medal AE (post-nominal used only when awarded to an officer)\n Queen's Medal For champion shots of the New Zealand Naval Forces\n Queen's Medal For champion shots of the Military Forces\n Queen's Medal For champion shots of the Air Force\n Cadet Forces Medal","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Defence_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Defence Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Service_Medal"}],"sub_title":"Service medals","text":"New Zealand Defence Service Medal","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PNG_Independence_Medal.png"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea Independence Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Independence_Medal"}],"sub_title":"Commonwealth Independence medals","text":"Instituted by the Sovereign. Worn in order of date of award.Papua New Guinea Independence Medal","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Service_Medal_of_the_Order_of_St_John_Ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"The Service Medal of the Order of St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Medal_of_the_Order_of_St_John"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous medals","text":"The Service Medal of the Order of St John","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INTERFET_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"International Force East Timor Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Force_East_Timor_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Defence_Medal_(Australia)_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Australian Defence Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Defence_Medal"},{"link_name":"ADF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force"}],"sub_title":"Commonwealth awards","text":"Instituted by the Sovereign as Head of State, other than in right of New Zealand or the United Kingdom.\nWorn in order of date of award. At the discretion of the holder, a Commonwealth award may be worn in a position comparable to, but following, the equivalent New Zealand or British Order, Decoration or Medal.International Force East Timor Medal\n Australian Defence Medal (for ex-members of the ADF)","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pingat_Jasa_Malaysia_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Pingat Jasa Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingat_Jasa_Malaysia"}],"sub_title":"Other Commonwealth awards","text":"Instituted by Commonwealth countries of which the Sovereign is not Head of State.\nInstituted since 1949, otherwise than by the Sovereign, and awards by the states of Malaysia and the State of Brunei. Worn in order of date of award. These awards may only be worn when The Sovereign’s permission has been given.Pingat Jasa Malaysia Medal","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Army Achievement Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Achievement_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctica_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Antarctica Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica_Service_Medal"}],"sub_title":"United States awards and decorations","text":"These awards may only be worn when the Sovereign’s permission has been given.United States Bronze Star Medal\n United States Army Commendation Medal\n United States Army Achievement Medal\n United States Antarctica Service Medal","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoK_Replace.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korean War Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War_Service_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon,_with_60-_clasp.svg"},{"link_name":"South Vietnamese Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Campaign_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_Independence_medal.gif"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe Independence Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_Independence_Medal,_1980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuwait_Liberation_Medal_(Saudi_Arabia)_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Kuwait Liberation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Liberation_Medal_(Saudi_Arabia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MFO_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Multinational Force and Observers Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Force_and_Observers_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TLSM.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Timor Leste Solidarity Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Leste_Solidarity_Medal"}],"sub_title":"Foreign medals","text":"Korean War Service Medal\n South Vietnamese Campaign Medal\n Zimbabwe Independence Medal (Approved for restricted wear only)\n Kuwait Liberation Medal (Approved for restricted wear only)\n Multinational Force and Observers Medal\n Timor Leste Solidarity Medal","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN_Truce_Supervision_Organisation_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"UNTSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNTSO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNMOGIP_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Juliet_High_School | Mount Juliet High School | ["1 Academics","2 Athletics","2.1 Football","2.2 Baseball","2.3 Girls Basketball","2.4 Rivalries","3 Extracurricular activities","4 History and notable events","4.1 Tornado recovery","5 Notable alumni","6 References"] | Coordinates: 36°12′59″N 86°29′37″W / 36.21625°N 86.49354°W / 36.21625; -86.49354
Public grades 9–12 schoolMt. Juliet High SchoolAddress1875 Golden Bear GatewayMt. Juliet, Tennessee 37122Coordinates36°12′59″N 86°29′37″W / 36.21625°N 86.49354°W / 36.21625; -86.49354InformationTypePublic grades 9–12MottoBear Pride Mt. Juliet High.Established1854; 170 years ago (1854)PrincipalRyan HillFaculty130 (2022-23)Enrollment1,639 (2022–23)Student to teacher ratio12.61Color(s)Black and Vegas gold Team nameGolden BearsWebsitehttps://www.wcschools.com/mjhs
Mt. Juliet High School (MJHS) is a public high school located in Wilson County, Tennessee. It is not within Mt. Juliet city limits, but it serves parts of southern and eastern Mt. Juliet. Ryan Hill, a 2005 MJHS graduate, became the principal July 1, 2023.
In 2008, MJHS moved from its previous building on N Mt. Juliet Road to a new building located at 1800 Curd Road. The old building became Mt. Juliet Middle School. The address changed to 1875 Golden Bear Gateway in 2017.
The school's slogan is "Bear Pride Mt. Juliet High."
Academics
Mt. Juliet High School offers a variety of core and elective classes. These include over 25 Advanced Placement courses, 9 career and technical education programs, 16 fine arts programs, and 27 dual enrollment classes through 3 different colleges and universities.
Athletics
Mt. Juliet offers 21 separate athletic programs. Mt. Juliet competes in Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association Division 1, District 9-AAA in all sports except football. In football, Mt. Juliet participates in the TSSAA Division 1, 6A Region 4.
Football
Mt. Juliet fielded its first football team in 1923–24 and was coached by Jack Gifford. The high school has fielded a team every year since 1936. The team is coached by Trey Perry.
Mt. Juliet has appeared in the TSSAA playoffs 17 times and has appeared every year since 2006. In 2012, Mt. Juliet went to the 6A state semifinals, losing to eventual state champion Memphis Whitehaven 41–35.
Baseball
2001–2018: Mark Purvis (516–194). Under Purvis, Mt. Juliet went to eight TSSAA sectional games and won the District 9-AAA championship nine times (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016 & 2018). Over 100 of Purvis' players played collegiately, including nine in the SEC—eight to Vanderbilt University and one to the University of Tennessee.
2019: Mark Decker (349–181) replaced Mark Purvis.
Girls Basketball
TSSAA Girls Basketball AAA State Champs 1977, 1983, and 2005
Rivalries
Wilson Central, MJHS's rival school, opened in 2001. When Wilson Central opened, the area was re-zoned, moving some Mt. Juliet students to Wilson Central.
Similarly, Green Hill High School (GHHS) was completed in 2020, rezoning hundreds of students from MJHS. On October 29, 2021, GHHS defeated MJHS in their first-ever football game at Elzie D. Patton stadium. However, just under a year later, on October 28, 2022, MJHS won the TSSAA Region 5-5A football championship and was presented the Mayor's Cup, after their 26-19 victory over GHHS.
Extracurricular activities
Mt. Juliet High School has 42 student-led clubs. Clubs are faculty-sponsored and meet regularly throughout the year.
American Sign Language Club (ASL)
Art Club
Bear News Network (BNN)
BearTalk News Podcast
Best Buddies
Bible Club
Black Student Union (BSU)
British Culture Club
Creative Writing Club
Criminal Justice Club
Electronic Gamer Club
Esports
French Culture Club
Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA)
Future Farmers of America (FFA)
Future Health Professionals (HOSA)
Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA)
Girls Flag Football
Golden Bear Gazette
Interact Club
Japanese Culture Club
Latin League Literary Alliance
Men's Volleyball Club
Mock Trial
Mu Alpha Theta (ΜΑΘ)
National Art Honor Society (NAHS)
National Honor Society (NHS)
National Technology Honor Society (NTHS)
Orchestra
Ping-Pong Club
Prom Committee
Quiz Bowl
Science Bowl
South Korean Culture Club
Spanish Culture Club
STEM Club/Skills USA
Student Council
Ultimate Frisbee Team
Young Democrats
Young Republicans
Youth in Government (YIG)
Youth Prevention Coalition
History and notable events
Tornado recovery
As a result of the deadly March 2020 tornado, MJHS was temporarily converted to a grade 7-12 school to house displaced students from West Wilson Middle School (WWMS). WWMS students were relocated to the west wing of MJHS, while MJHS students were relocated to the east wing. All students shared the common areas.
Notable alumni
Levi Brown, quarterback for the Buffalo Bills
Amanda Butler, head women's basketball coach at Clemson University and former head coach at University of Florida
Alysha Clark (born 1987), American-Israeli basketball player for the Israeli team Elitzur Ramla and the Las Vegas Aces of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)
Caleb Cotham, baseball player
Jared Followill, bassist from band Kings of Leon
Matthew Followill, guitarist from band Kings of Leon
Ben Hayslip, 2011 and 2012 ASCAP Country Music Songwriter of the Year
Taylor Hill, professional baseball player
Michael Jasper, head football coach at Bethel University, football player for the New York Giants.
Dale Wainwright, Texas Supreme Court Justice (2003–12)
Barry E. Wilmore, NASA astronaut
References
^ a b c d e f "Mt. Juliet High School Profile 2022-2023" (PDF). www.wcschools.com. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
^ a b "Mount Juliet High School". Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
^ "Zoning Map". Mt. Juliet, Tennessee. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
^ "School Zone Maps". Wilson County School District. Retrieved July 6, 2021. - See Mount Juliet High School Zone, Green Hill High School Zone, and Wilson Central High School zone.
^ Aronin, Ivan (May 10, 2023). "Ryan Hill named next principal at Mt. Juliet High School - Main Street Media of Tennessee". Main Street Media of Tennessee -. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
^ "City obtains first Curd Rd right of Way," page 5. "Chronicle of Mt. Juliet," November 14, 2007
^ Humbles, Andy. "Mt. Juliet hopes for major traffic relief with new road set to open in July". The Tennessean. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Bryan, Tommy. "Joe Decker to coach MJ baseball". The Wilson Post.
^ Aronin, Ivan. "Green Hill throws two TD passes in final minute, beats Mt. Juliet 25-21". Main Street Preps. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
^ "Mt. Juliet plays Green Hill for TSSAA Region 5-5A football championship". www.tennessean.com. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
^ Brown, Adam (October 29, 2022). "Middle TN High School Football Game of The Week: Mount Juliet Golden Bears vs Green Hill Hawks". Rutherford Source. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
^ "Clemson names new women's basketball coach Amanda Butler". www.independentmail.com.
^ Amanda Butler Named Florida Women's Basketball Head Coach, Retrieved October 28, 2008
^ Alysha Clark WNBA, Retrieved April 8, 2010
^ Humbles, Andy. "Mt. Juliet's Caleb Cotham sent down after Yankees debut". The Tennessean.
^ a b Stones, Rolling. "Kings of Leon: Biography". Archived from the original on March 28, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
^ "Bethel hires Mike Jasper as new head football coach". WBBJ TV. January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
^ SB Nation – Michael Jasper, Retrieved June 16, 2013
^ ""New Texas Supreme Court Justice began aspirations in Mt. Juliet," The Tennessean, May 29, 2003".
^ NASA Biography, Retrieved on May 17, 2009.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
Geographic
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Clubs are faculty-sponsored and meet regularly throughout the year.[1]American Sign Language Club (ASL)\nArt Club\nBear News Network (BNN)\nBearTalk News Podcast\nBest Buddies\nBible Club\nBlack Student Union (BSU)\nBritish Culture Club\nCreative Writing Club\nCriminal Justice Club\nElectronic Gamer Club\nEsports\nFrench Culture Club\nFuture Business Leaders of America (FBLA)\nFuture Farmers of America (FFA)\nFuture Health Professionals (HOSA)\nGay-Straight Alliance (GSA)\nGirls Flag Football\nGolden Bear Gazette\nInteract Club\nJapanese Culture Club\nLatin League Literary Alliance\nMen's Volleyball Club\nMock Trial\nMu Alpha Theta (ΜΑΘ)\nNational Art Honor Society (NAHS)\nNational Honor Society (NHS)\nNational Technology Honor Society (NTHS)\nOrchestra\nPing-Pong Club\nProm Committee\nQuiz Bowl\nScience Bowl\nSouth Korean Culture Club\nSpanish Culture Club\nSTEM Club/Skills USA\nStudent Council\nUltimate Frisbee Team\nYoung Democrats\nYoung Republicans\nYouth in Government (YIG)\nYouth Prevention Coalition","title":"Extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History and notable events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"March 2020 tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_2%E2%80%933,_2020"}],"sub_title":"Tornado recovery","text":"As a result of the deadly March 2020 tornado, MJHS was temporarily converted to a grade 7-12 school to house displaced students from West Wilson Middle School (WWMS). WWMS students were relocated to the west wing of MJHS, while MJHS students were relocated to the east wing. All students shared the common areas.","title":"History and notable events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levi Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Brown_(quarterback)"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"Amanda Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Butler"},{"link_name":"Clemson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson_University"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Alysha Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alysha_Clark"},{"link_name":"American-Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-Israeli"},{"link_name":"Elitzur Ramla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitzur_Ramla_(women%27s_basketball)"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Aces"},{"link_name":"Women's National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Caleb Cotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Cotham"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kings of Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Leon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stonesr-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stonesr-16"},{"link_name":"Ben Hayslip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hayslip"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers"},{"link_name":"Taylor Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Hill_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jasper"},{"link_name":"Bethel University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_University_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dale Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Wainwright"},{"link_name":"Texas Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Barry E. Wilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_E._Wilmore"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Levi Brown, quarterback for the Buffalo Bills\nAmanda Butler, head women's basketball coach at Clemson University and former head coach at University of Florida[12][13]\nAlysha Clark (born 1987), American-Israeli basketball player for the Israeli team Elitzur Ramla and the Las Vegas Aces of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)[14]\nCaleb Cotham, baseball player[15]\nJared Followill, bassist from band Kings of Leon[16]\nMatthew Followill, guitarist from band Kings of Leon[16]\nBen Hayslip, 2011 and 2012 ASCAP Country Music Songwriter of the Year\nTaylor Hill, professional baseball player\nMichael Jasper, head football coach at Bethel University, football player for the New York Giants.[17][18]\nDale Wainwright, Texas Supreme Court Justice (2003–12)[19]\nBarry E. Wilmore, NASA astronaut[20]","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mt. Juliet High School Profile 2022-2023\" (PDF). www.wcschools.com. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcschools.com/cms/lib/TN02209013/Centricity/Domain/1828/Mt.%20Juliet%20High%20School%20Profile%202022-2023.pdf","url_text":"\"Mt. Juliet High School Profile 2022-2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Juliet High School\". Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association. Retrieved March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://portal.tssaa.org/common/directory/?id=356","url_text":"\"Mount Juliet High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zoning Map\". Mt. Juliet, Tennessee. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtjuliet-tn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/82/Zoning-Map-PDF","url_text":"\"Zoning Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"School Zone Maps\". Wilson County School District. 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Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/picture-gallery/sports/high-school/2022/10/29/tennessee-high-school-football-mt-juliet-vs-green-hill-region-5-5-a-title/10615337002/","url_text":"\"Mt. Juliet plays Green Hill for TSSAA Region 5-5A football championship\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Adam (October 29, 2022). \"Middle TN High School Football Game of The Week: Mount Juliet Golden Bears vs Green Hill Hawks\". Rutherford Source. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rutherfordsource.com/middle-tn-high-school-football-game-of-the-week-mount-juliet-golden-bears-vs-green-hill-hawks/","url_text":"\"Middle TN High School Football Game of The Week: Mount Juliet Golden Bears vs Green Hill Hawks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clemson names new women's basketball coach Amanda Butler\". www.independentmail.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independentmail.com/picture-gallery/sports/2018/04/13/clemson-names-new-womens-basketball-coach-amanda-butler/33804073/","url_text":"\"Clemson names new women's basketball coach Amanda Butler\""}]},{"reference":"Humbles, Andy. \"Mt. Juliet's Caleb Cotham sent down after Yankees debut\". The Tennessean.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/wilson/mt-juliet/2015/07/30/ex-mt-juliet-pitcher-caleb-cotham-impresses-yankees-debut/30878075/","url_text":"\"Mt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaw_Gizewiusz | Gustaw Gizewiusz | ["1 Further reading","2 References"] | Gustaw GizewiuszBorn(1810-05-21)21 May 1810PiszDied7 May 1848(1848-05-07) (aged 37)OstródaBurial placePolska Góra cemetery, OstródaNationalityPolishOccupation(s)folklorist, translator, Lutheran pastor
Gustaw Herman Marcin Gizewiusz, or Gustav Gisevius (21 May 1810 – 7 May 1848) was a Polish political figure, folklorist, and translator. He was married to a Mazur Polish woman, who encouraged him to become a political figure. He was born in Pisz (Johannisburg). From 1835 he was also an Evangelical-Lutheran pastor in Ostróda.
Grave of Gustaw Gizewiusz in Ostróda
In the 19th century a Polish national revival begun in the areas of the partitioned state as well as in those territories that were lost to Poland before the partitions (Silesia, Farther Pomerania). In Masurian area - which was under Polish suzerainty until the 17th century - there was a Polish linguistic, though not yet widespread political revival.
The local Prussian authorities were hostile to the movement and, beginning in the 1830s, attempted to eradicate the Polish language from schools in Masuria. The authorities' efforts however failed to bring the effects expected by the Prussian state. The defending action of the Polish population during the first half of the 19th century was led by Krzysztof Celestyn Mrongowiusz and Gizewiusz who became involved in the movement to counteract Germanization in Masuria. He encouraged the Mazurs to maintain their Polish language and culture by publishing Polish-language texts for use in schools. He also recorded Mazurian folk songs which were later published in Oskar Kolberg's Dzieła Wszystkie. He died in Ostróda (Osterode). In his honor, Łuczany (Lec, Lötzen), his ancestor's hometown, was renamed Giżycko.
Further reading
Sławomir Augusiewicz, Janusz Jasiński, Tadeusz Oracki, Wybitni Polacy w Królewcu. XV-XX wiek, Olsztyn, Littera, 2005, ISBN 83-89775-03-4
References
^ Wandycz, Piotr S. (1974). The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795-1918. ISBN 9780295953588.
^ Gieysztor, Aleksander (1968). History of Poland. ISBN 9788301003920.
^ Gustav Gisevius of Osterode
^ Sugar, Peter F. Wandycz, Piotr Stefan, The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795-1918, University of Washington Press, 1974, p. 149, ISBN 0-295-95358-6 Google Books
^ Józef Burszta, Bożena Beba, National culture of Masurs and Warmiaks, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1976, p. 58 Google books.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
Vatican
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folklorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mazur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisz"},{"link_name":"Evangelical-Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ostr%C3%B3da_-_miejsce_spoczynku_Gizewiusza_(01).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ostróda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3da"},{"link_name":"partitioned state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"Farther Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farther_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Polish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Masuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masuria"},{"link_name":"Prussian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_state"},{"link_name":"Polish population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Celestyn Mrongowiusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Celestyn_Mrongowiusz"},{"link_name":"Masuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masuria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mazurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurians"},{"link_name":"Oskar Kolberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kolberg"},{"link_name":"Ostróda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3da"},{"link_name":"Giżycko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C5%BCycko"}],"text":"Gustaw Herman Marcin Gizewiusz, or Gustav Gisevius (21 May 1810 – 7 May 1848) was a Polish political figure, folklorist, and translator.[1][2] He was married to a Mazur Polish woman, who encouraged him to become a political figure.[3] He was born in Pisz (Johannisburg). From 1835 he was also an Evangelical-Lutheran pastor in Ostróda.Grave of Gustaw Gizewiusz in OstródaIn the 19th century a Polish national revival begun in the areas of the partitioned state as well as in those territories that were lost to Poland before the partitions (Silesia, Farther Pomerania). In Masurian area - which was under Polish suzerainty until the 17th century - there was a Polish linguistic, though not yet widespread political revival.[4]\nThe local Prussian authorities were hostile to the movement and, beginning in the 1830s, attempted to eradicate the Polish language from schools in Masuria. The authorities' efforts however failed to bring the effects expected by the Prussian state. The defending action of the Polish population during the first half of the 19th century was led by Krzysztof Celestyn Mrongowiusz and Gizewiusz who became involved in the movement to counteract Germanization in Masuria.[5] He encouraged the Mazurs to maintain their Polish language and culture by publishing Polish-language texts for use in schools. He also recorded Mazurian folk songs which were later published in Oskar Kolberg's Dzieła Wszystkie. He died in Ostróda (Osterode). In his honor, Łuczany (Lec, Lötzen), his ancestor's hometown, was renamed Giżycko.","title":"Gustaw Gizewiusz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83-89775-03-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-89775-03-4"}],"text":"Sławomir Augusiewicz, Janusz Jasiński, Tadeusz Oracki, Wybitni Polacy w Królewcu. XV-XX wiek, Olsztyn, Littera, 2005, ISBN 83-89775-03-4","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Grave of Gustaw Gizewiusz in Ostróda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ostr%C3%B3da_-_miejsce_spoczynku_Gizewiusza_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Ostr%C3%B3da_-_miejsce_spoczynku_Gizewiusza_%2801%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Wandycz, Piotr S. (1974). The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795-1918. ISBN 9780295953588.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TVMmGKsbWJ4C&q=Gizewiusz+Polish&pg=PA186","url_text":"The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795-1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295953588","url_text":"9780295953588"}]},{"reference":"Gieysztor, Aleksander (1968). History of Poland. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_White_(New_South_Wales_politician) | James White (New South Wales politician) | ["1 Early life","2 Politics","3 Horse racing","4 Later life and death","5 Gallery","6 References"] | Pastoralist, racehorse owner and politician in New South Wales, Australia
For his nephew, a member of the Legislative Council from 1908, see James Cobb White.
James WhiteMember of the New South Wales Legislative Assemblyfor Upper HunterIn office15 December 1864 – 8 May 1868Preceded byThomas DangarSucceeded byArchibald BellMember of the New South Wales Legislative CouncilIn office3 November 1874 – 13 July 1890
Personal detailsBorn(1828-07-19)19 July 1828Stroud, New South WalesDied13 July 1890(1890-07-13) (aged 61)Cranbrook, Bellevue Hill, New South WalesOccupationPastoralist, politician, racehorse owner and breederKnown forThoroughbred horse racing
James White (19 July 1828 – 13 July 1890) was a pastoralist, politician in colonial New South Wales, a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and later, the New South Wales Legislative Council. White was best known as a racehorse owner, breeder and punter.
Early life
White was born in Stroud, New South Wales, the eldest son of overseer James White and Sarah née Crossman. He was educated at The King's School for four years and then by the Reverend John Gregor at West Maitland. His father died in 1842 when he was aged 13 and still at school. At the age of sixteen he was called upon to manage extensive station properties, including Edinglassie and gradually took up more and more outlying country on his own account, until he became one of the largest and most successful New South Wales squatters. On 9 July 1856 he married Emily Elizabeth Arndell at Merton,
He did a fair share of work in pioneering country on the Barwon, Hunter, and Castlereagh Rivers, and was almost uniformly successful in his enterprises. In 1868 White went to England, and remained away several years, during which time he visited all the principal cities of Europe. He returned to New South Wales in 1873, and purchased Cranbrook, alternating his time between there and Camelot, Kirkham, which was his primary stud known as Kirkham Stables.
Politics
In December 1864 White was elected to the Assembly for the Upper Hunter, serving until his resignation in May 1868. After his return from Europe, he stood again for the Upper Hunter in 1872 but was defeated. He was nominated to the New South Wales Legislative Council on 3 November 1874, a position he held until his death. He did not hold any ministerial or parliamentary office.
Horse racing
As a racing man, White was first known in connection with a steeplechaser called Hotspur, who won the A.J.C. Steeplechase in 1876. His first notable racehorse was Chester, who was trained in conjunction with Roodee by Etienne L. de Mestre, and in 1877 won the double—Victoria Derby and Melbourne Cup. Another of his horses, Democrat, won the Sydney Cup and Metropolitan in 1878, and in the spring of 1879 Palmyra won Mr. White his first Maribyrnong Plate. From around 1880 his horses were trained by Michael Fennelly at the Big Stable Newmarket in Randwick.
In 1880 Sapphire won the Oaks, and The Pontiff the AJC Metropolitan Handicap, and in 1883 Iolanthe won for him the Maribyrnong Plate, and Martini-Henry carried off the double—Derby and Melbourne Cup. Finding that from failing health he could not stand the excitement of a close attention to racing, Mr. White sold all his horses in training and yearlings in April 1890, and they realised phenomenal prices. Titan alone brought 4,000 guineas, the highest price ever given for a yearling in the Colonies, and the total for thirteen lots was 17,498 guineas. Mr. White continued his breeding establishment at Kirkham, New South Wales, with a view to racing in England. He was the most successful racing man ever known in Australia at the time. During the thirteen years he was racing White took a keen interest in everything pertaining to the welfare of the turf, and his colours of pale blue jacket, white sleeves and blue and white cap, were always popular with the public, because every one knew that once seen at the post they were there to try and win. His colts Kirkham and Narellan were both entered for the 1890 Epsom Derby, but Narellan was scratched, and Kirkham failed to secure a place, finishing 7th . Over his career 66 of his horses won 252 races and won more than £121,000 in prize money.
He was a long time member of the Australian Jockey Club, joining the committee and then becoming chairman in 1880, serving until his retirement in January 1890.
Later life and death
White died at his residence Cranbrook on 12 July 1890(1890-07-12) (aged 61), survived by his wife Emily, however they had no children. His estate was distributed between his wife, brothers and nephews.
Gallery
Cranbook c. 1917
Camelot c. 1900
The stables of the original Kirkham property
Chester c. 1878
James White's racing colours in Australia.
References
^ a b c d Rutledge, Martha. "White, James (1828–1890)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
^ a b c "Death of the Hon. James White, M.L.C." The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 July 1890. p. 5. Retrieved 21 August 2021 – via Trove.
^ a b c d Mennell, Philip (1892). "White, Hon. James" . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource.
^ Digby, Everard, ed. (1889). Australian men of mark (PDF). Vol. 1. Sydney: Charles F Maxwell. pp. 298–300. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ "Family Notices". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 July 1856. p. 1. Retrieved 21 August 2021 – via Trove.
^ Green, Antony. "1864-5 Upper Hunter". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ Green, Antony. "1872 Upper Hunter". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
^ "Mr James White (1828-1890)". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
^ "Big Stable Newmarket". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00388. Retrieved 24 August 2021. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Retirement of Mr. James White from the turf". The Argus. 7 February 1890. p. 9. Retrieved 21 August 2021 – via Trove.
^ a b "Death of Mr. James White, M.L.C." The Border Watch. 16 July 1890. p. 3. Retrieved 24 August 2021 – via Trove.
^ Jervis, James (7 April 1955). "The White family, pioneers of Hunter Valley and N. West". The Farmer and Settler. p. 21. Retrieved 21 August 2021 – via Trove.
New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Preceded byThomas Dangar
Member for Upper Hunter 1864 – 1868
Succeeded byArchibald Bell
Authority control databases International
FAST
People
Australia
Trove
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Cobb White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cobb_White"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"punter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_on_horse_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"}],"text":"For his nephew, a member of the Legislative Council from 1908, see James Cobb White.James White (19 July 1828 – 13 July 1890) was a pastoralist, politician in colonial New South Wales, a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and later, the New South Wales Legislative Council. White was best known as a racehorse owner, breeder and punter.[1]","title":"James White (New South Wales politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stroud, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroud,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"The King's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Parramatta"},{"link_name":"John Gregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Gregor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Maitland,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"Edinglassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinglassie_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mennell-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Men_of_mark-4"},{"link_name":"Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Barwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwon_River_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_River_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Castlereagh Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlereagh_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mennell-3"},{"link_name":"Cranbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbrook,_Bellevue_Hill"},{"link_name":"Camelot, Kirkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot,_Kirkham"},{"link_name":"Kirkham Stables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkham_Stables"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH_Obituary-2"}],"text":"White was born in Stroud, New South Wales, the eldest son of overseer James White and Sarah née Crossman. He was educated at The King's School for four years and then by the Reverend John Gregor at West Maitland.[2] His father died in 1842 when he was aged 13 and still at school. At the age of sixteen he was called upon to manage extensive station properties, including Edinglassie and gradually took up more and more outlying country on his own account, until he became one of the largest and most successful New South Wales squatters.[3][4] On 9 July 1856 he married Emily Elizabeth Arndell at Merton,[5]He did a fair share of work in pioneering country on the Barwon, Hunter, and Castlereagh Rivers, and was almost uniformly successful in his enterprises. In 1868 White went to England, and remained away several years, during which time he visited all the principal cities of Europe.[3] He returned to New South Wales in 1873, and purchased Cranbrook, alternating his time between there and Camelot, Kirkham, which was his primary stud known as Kirkham Stables.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Upper_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_1864-65_Upper_Hunter-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_1872_Upper_Hunter-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James_White_NSW_parl-8"}],"text":"In December 1864 White was elected to the Assembly for the Upper Hunter,[6] serving until his resignation in May 1868. After his return from Europe, he stood again for the Upper Hunter in 1872 but was defeated.[7] He was nominated to the New South Wales Legislative Council on 3 November 1874, a position he held until his death. He did not hold any ministerial or parliamentary office.[8]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Etienne L. de Mestre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_L._de_Mestre"},{"link_name":"Victoria Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Derby"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sydney Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Cup"},{"link_name":"Maribyrnong Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribyrnong_Plate"},{"link_name":"Big Stable Newmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Stable_Newmarket"},{"link_name":"Randwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randwick,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-388-9"},{"link_name":"Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Oaks"},{"link_name":"AJC Metropolitan Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJC_Metropolitan_Handicap"},{"link_name":"Martini-Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martini-Henry_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mennell-3"},{"link_name":"Kirkham, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkham,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colours-11"},{"link_name":"1890 Epsom Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Australian Jockey Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Jockey_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"}],"text":"As a racing man, White was first known in connection with a steeplechaser called Hotspur, who won the A.J.C. Steeplechase in 1876. His first notable racehorse was Chester, who was trained in conjunction with Roodee by Etienne L. de Mestre, and in 1877 won the double—Victoria Derby and Melbourne Cup. Another of his horses, Democrat, won the Sydney Cup and Metropolitan in 1878, and in the spring of 1879 Palmyra won Mr. White his first Maribyrnong Plate. From around 1880 his horses were trained by Michael Fennelly at the Big Stable Newmarket in Randwick.[9]In 1880 Sapphire won the Oaks, and The Pontiff the AJC Metropolitan Handicap, and in 1883 Iolanthe won for him the Maribyrnong Plate, and Martini-Henry carried off the double—Derby and Melbourne Cup. Finding that from failing health he could not stand the excitement of a close attention to racing, Mr. White sold all his horses in training and yearlings in April 1890,[10] and they realised phenomenal prices.[3] Titan alone brought 4,000 guineas, the highest price ever given for a yearling in the Colonies, and the total for thirteen lots was 17,498 guineas. Mr. White continued his breeding establishment at Kirkham, New South Wales, with a view to racing in England. He was the most successful racing man ever known in Australia at the time. During the thirteen years he was racing White took a keen interest in everything pertaining to the welfare of the turf, and his colours of pale blue jacket, white sleeves and blue and white cap,[11] were always popular with the public, because every one knew that once seen at the post they were there to try and win. His colts Kirkham and Narellan were both entered for the 1890 Epsom Derby, but Narellan was scratched, and Kirkham failed to secure a place, finishing 7th . Over his career 66 of his horses won 252 races and won more than £121,000 in prize money.[1][12]He was a long time member of the Australian Jockey Club, joining the committee and then becoming chairman in 1880, serving until his retirement in January 1890.[1]","title":"Horse racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mennell-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"}],"text":"White died at his residence Cranbrook on 12 July 1890(1890-07-12) (aged 61),[2][3] survived by his wife Emily, however they had no children. His estate was distributed between his wife, brothers and nephews.[1]","title":"Later life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cranbook_1917.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camelot_House,_Kirkham,_Australia_(ca_1900)_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stables_behind_Camelot_House,_Kirkham,_New_South_Wales.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chester_1874.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Owner_Lord_Rotherwick.svg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colours-11"}],"text":"Cranbook c. 1917\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCamelot c. 1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe stables of the original Kirkham property\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChester c. 1878\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames White's racing colours in Australia.[11]","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rutledge, Martha. \"White, James (1828–1890)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. 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Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=589","url_text":"\"Mr James White (1828-1890)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Big Stable Newmarket\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00388. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045439","url_text":"\"Big Stable Newmarket\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Retirement of Mr. James White from the turf\". The Argus. 7 February 1890. p. 9. Retrieved 21 August 2021 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8588045","url_text":"\"Retirement of Mr. James White from the turf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Mr. James White, M.L.C.\" The Border Watch. 16 July 1890. p. 3. Retrieved 24 August 2021 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77490555","url_text":"\"Death of Mr. James White, M.L.C.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Border_Watch","url_text":"The Border Watch"}]},{"reference":"Jervis, James (7 April 1955). \"The White family, pioneers of Hunter Valley and N. West\". The Farmer and Settler. p. 21. Retrieved 21 August 2021 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article117412897","url_text":"\"The White family, pioneers of Hunter Valley and N. West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farmer_and_Settler","url_text":"The Farmer and Settler"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/white-james-4837","external_links_name":"\"White, James (1828–1890)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","external_links_name":"1833-7538"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","external_links_name":"70677943"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13795285","external_links_name":"\"Death of the Hon. James White, M.L.C.\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Dictionary_of_Australasian_Biography/White,_Hon._James","external_links_name":"\"White, Hon. 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