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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Douglas_(letter_writer) | Richard Douglas (letter writer) | ["1 Career","2 Family","3 References"] | Scottish landowner, courtier, and letter writer
Richard Douglas (floruit 1560–1600) was a Scottish landowner, courtier, and letter writer.
Career
He was a son of William Douglas of Whittinghame and Elizabeth Lauder.
He wrote letters to his uncle, Mr Archibald Douglas, a diplomat and intriguer who was often in London, with news from Scotland. Some sources state that Richard was the brother of Mr Archibald Douglas, but in his letters to Archibald he calls himself "nephew". In his letters to Archibald Douglas, Richard Douglas disguised some personal names with code-names chosen from classical authors.
His sister Elizabeth Douglas is thought to have been the author "E. D." who composed two sonnets addressed to the poet and secretary of Anne of Denmark, William Fowler. Fowler wrote an epitaph in 1594 for Elizabeth Douglas, who was the wife of an East Lothian laird and diplomat, Samuel Cockburn of Templehall. It has also been suggested that "E. D" was Elizabeth Douglas, Countess of Erroll.
Richard Douglas had been a pledge with Francis Walsingham in London. He wrote to Walsingham in April 1584 asking him for help to redress the losses he and his brother-in-law Samuel Cockburn of Temple Hall had suffered at sea when English pirates took their chests and coffers. They had been in London attached to the embassy of Colonel Willam Stewart. They were reviving their claim because they heard the pirate had been captured, and sent Cockburn's servant John Douglas to Walsingham.
In March 1587 he wrote to his uncle Archibald Douglas describing a meeting with the Secretary, John Maitland of Thirlestane. He had conveyed Archibald's messages according to instructions. In the same month he wrote to his brother, William Douglas of Whittinghame from Whittingehame Tower mentioning a lawsuit.
In August 1587 he came to King James at Inchmurrin and went on with him to Dumbarton and Hamilton, where he discussed Archibald Douglas' letters with the King and Justice Clerk, Lewis Bellenden. He heard news of the recent Scottish diplomatic mission to Denmark. Frederick II had promised his eldest daughter Elisabeth in marriage to another, but would be happy for James VI to marry Anne of Denmark, and might even renegotiate so James VI could marry Elizabeth. There would be a convention of the nobility at Falkland Palace in September to discuss the royal marriage.
He saw the departure of the French diplomat and poet Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas. The poet left from Dumbarton Castle for La Rochelle laden with presents. James VI hired one of the best ships in Scotland for him, knighted him, and gave him a gold chain, and 2000 gold crowns, and to all his companions money and "a tablett of gold, having in itt his Majesties pourtraict", besides several hackney horses and other presents from the nobility and courtiers.
In January 1589 he wrote to Archibald that the Laird of Wemyss, James Colville of East Wemyss, would be coming to London on the king's business. There would be a tax of £100,000 Scots for the marriage of James VI of Scotland, although it had not been decided if he would marry Anne of Denmark or Catherine de Bourbon sister of Henry IV of France. His mother, Elizabeth Lauder, Lady Whittingehame, sent Archibald a gift of Westland, Loch Fyne, herrings, and would like him to send two crates of glass and lead for windows.
In January 1589 he came to London with messages for Queen Elizabeth from the Earl of Bothwell. Mr Archibald Douglas wrote to Francis Walsingham that Richard Douglas was unwell, and also he wanted Walsingham's advice before Richard went to court to have an audience, because the matters to be discussed were very important.
A letter to one of his brothers of March 1589 mentions that the king had been hunting at Biel near Dunbar. He wrote to Archibald in August 1589 that the king appreciated a gift of dogs sent by Lord Warwick but would prefer a couple of faster hounds. In March 1590 he attended a banquet for the christening of Elizabeth Stewart, daughter of the Earl of Bothwell. He sent Cecil news of disagreements among the Scottish nobles in Denmark, and that James VI had borrowed 10,000 dalers from his mother-in-law, Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Sophie's loan or gift was recorded in an account made by John Maitland of Thirlestane.
Richard Douglas enterprised with John Lowe to build a ship in Norway, which required special licences and was completed in 1592.
The English diplomat George Nicholson and the courtier Roger Aston noted he was at Falkland Palace in September 1595, speaking in favour of the Earl of Angus, and for the return of his uncle Mr Archibald Douglas from London.
Family
Richard Douglas married Christian Douglas, daughter of Richard Douglas, Earl of Buchan, and Christina Stewart, 4th Countess of Buchan.
References
^ James Daybell, 'Secret Letters in Elizabethan England', James Daybell & Peter Hinds, Material Readings of Early Modern Culture (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 53.
^ Sebastiaan Verweij, The Literary Culture of Early Modern Scotland (Oxford, 2017), pp. 84-87.
^ Sarah Dunnigan, 'Douglas, Elizabeth, Countess of Erroll', New Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women (Edinburgh, 2018), p. 118.
^ William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1584-1585, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1913), p. 62 no. 59: Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 245.
^ HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 3 (London, 1889), p. 235.
^ Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, vol. 2 (London, 1791), pp. 348-51.
^ Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, vol. 2 (London, 1791), p. 352.
^ HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 3 (London, 1889), pp. 390-1.
^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 238-9.
^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 247, 249.
^ HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 3 (London, 1889), pp. 400-1, 427.
^ Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596', Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 35.
^ HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 4, pp. 179-80.
^ M. S. Giuseppi, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1952), pp. 19, 22. | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Richard Douglas (floruit 1560–1600) was a Scottish landowner, courtier, and letter writer.","title":"Richard Douglas (letter writer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Douglas of Whittinghame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas_of_Whittinghame"},{"link_name":"Mr Archibald Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_Parson_of_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Anne of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"William Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fowler_(makar)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Cockburn of Templehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cockburn_of_Templehall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Douglas, Countess of 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Some sources state that Richard was the brother of Mr Archibald Douglas, but in his letters to Archibald he calls himself \"nephew\". In his letters to Archibald Douglas, Richard Douglas disguised some personal names with code-names chosen from classical authors.[1]His sister Elizabeth Douglas is thought to have been the author \"E. D.\" who composed two sonnets addressed to the poet and secretary of Anne of Denmark, William Fowler. Fowler wrote an epitaph in 1594 for Elizabeth Douglas, who was the wife of an East Lothian laird and diplomat, Samuel Cockburn of Templehall.[2] It has also been suggested that \"E. D\" was Elizabeth Douglas, Countess of Erroll.[3]Richard Douglas had been a pledge with Francis Walsingham in London. He wrote to Walsingham in April 1584 asking him for help to redress the losses he and his brother-in-law Samuel Cockburn of Temple Hall had suffered at sea when English pirates took their chests and coffers. They had been in London attached to the embassy of Colonel Willam Stewart. They were reviving their claim because they heard the pirate had been captured, and sent Cockburn's servant John Douglas to Walsingham.[4]In March 1587 he wrote to his uncle Archibald Douglas describing a meeting with the Secretary, John Maitland of Thirlestane. He had conveyed Archibald's messages according to instructions. In the same month he wrote to his brother, William Douglas of Whittinghame from Whittingehame Tower mentioning a lawsuit.[5]In August 1587 he came to King James at Inchmurrin and went on with him to Dumbarton and Hamilton, where he discussed Archibald Douglas' letters with the King and Justice Clerk, Lewis Bellenden. He heard news of the recent Scottish diplomatic mission to Denmark. Frederick II had promised his eldest daughter Elisabeth in marriage to another, but would be happy for James VI to marry Anne of Denmark, and might even renegotiate so James VI could marry Elizabeth. There would be a convention of the nobility at Falkland Palace in September to discuss the royal marriage.[6]He saw the departure of the French diplomat and poet Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas. The poet left from Dumbarton Castle for La Rochelle laden with presents. James VI hired one of the best ships in Scotland for him, knighted him, and gave him a gold chain, and 2000 gold crowns, and to all his companions money and \"a tablett of gold, having in itt his Majesties pourtraict\", besides several hackney horses and other presents from the nobility and courtiers.[7]In January 1589 he wrote to Archibald that the Laird of Wemyss, James Colville of East Wemyss, would be coming to London on the king's business. There would be a tax of £100,000 Scots for the marriage of James VI of Scotland, although it had not been decided if he would marry Anne of Denmark or Catherine de Bourbon sister of Henry IV of France. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADt_M%C3%BCller | Vít Müller | ["1 International competitions","2 Personal bests","3 References"] | Czech athletics competitor
Vít MüllerVít Müller in 2022Personal informationBorn (1996-08-31) 31 August 1996 (age 27)EducationCzech Technical University in PragueSportSportAthleticsEvent400 metres hurdlesClubTJ Sokol Hradec Králové
Medal record
Men's athletics
Representing Czech Republic
European Indoor Championships
2021 Toruń
4 x 400 m
European Games
2023 Kraków-Małopolska
4×400 m mixed
Summer Universiade
2017 Taipei
4 x 400 m
Vít Müller (born 31 August 1996) is a Czech athlete specialising in the 400 metres hurdles. He won a bronze medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2017 Summer Universiade.
International competitions
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Event
Notes
Representing the Czech Republic
2015
European Junior Championships
Eskilstuna, Sweden
27th (h)
400 m hurdles
54.84
2016
European Championships
Amsterdam, Netherlands
20th (sf)
400 m hurdles
50.70
2017
World Relays
Nassau, Bahamas
4th (B)
4 × 400 m relay
3:08.17
European U23 Championships
Bydgoszcz, Poland
8th
400 m hurdles
50.63
Universiade
Taipei, Taiwan
18th (sf)
400 m hurdles
51.46
3rd
4 × 400 m relay
3:08.14
2018
World Indoor Championships
Birmingham, United Kingdom
6th (h)
4 × 400 m relay
3:06.40
European Championships
Berlin, Germany
16th (h)
400 m hurdles
51.00
3rd (h)
4 × 400 m relay
3:02.52
2019
European Indoor Championships
Glasgow, United Kingdom
15th (h)
400 m
47.69
World Relays
Yokohama, Japan
3rd (B)
4 × 400 m relay
3:03.79
Universiade
Naples, Italy
8th
400 m hurdles
50.86
5th
4 × 400 m relay
3:06.78
World Championships
Doha, Qatar
19th (sf)
400 m hurdles
49.97
2021
European Indoor Championships
Toruń, Poland
29th (h)
400 m
47.60
2nd
4 × 400 m relay
3:06.54
Olympic Games
Tokyo, Japan
22nd (sf)
400 m hurdles
49.69
15th (h)
4 × 400 m relay
3:03.61
2022
World Indoor Championships
Belgrade, Serbia
5th
4 × 400 m relay
3:07.98
World Championships
Eugene, United States
30th (h)
400 m hurdles
50.71
European Championships
Munich, Germany
17th (sf)
400 m hurdles
49.78
2023
World Championships
Budapest, Hungary
24th (h)
400 m hurdles
49.37
12th (h)
4 × 400 m relay
3:00.99
2024
World Indoor Championships
Glasgow, United Kingdom
–
4 × 400 m relay
DNF
European Championships
Rome, Italy
11th (sf)
400 m hurdles
49.25
Personal bests
Outdoor
200 metres – 21.17 (-0.7 m/s, Ostrava 2018)
400 metres – 46.56 (Prague 2018)
400 metres hurdles – 49.36 (Bydgoszcz 2019)
Indoor
200 metres – 21.39 (Ostrava 2019)
400 metres – 46.63 (Ostrava 2019)
References
^ "2017 Universiade bio". Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ Vít Müller at World Athletics
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_schizophrenia | Causes of schizophrenia | ["1 Pathophysiology","1.1 Dopamine dysfunction","1.2 Glutamate dysfunction","1.3 Interneuron dysfunction","1.4 Myelination abnormalities","1.5 Immune system abnormalities","1.6 Oxidative stress","1.7 Neuropathology","1.8 GI tract dysfunction","1.9 Sleep disorders","2 Structural abnormalities","2.1 Morphometry","2.2 White matter","3 Functional abnormalities","3.1 PET","4 References","5 External links"] | Field of study
The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood. A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia.
Pathophysiology
The exact pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains poorly understood. The most commonly supported theories are the dopamine hypothesis and the glutamate hypothesis. Other theories include the specific dysfunction of interneurons, abnormalities in the immune system, abnormalities in myelination, and oxidative stress.
Dopamine dysfunction
Main article: Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
The first formulations of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia came from post-mortem studies finding increased numbers of D2/D3 receptors in the striatum, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of dopamine metabolites. Subsequently, most antipsychotics were found to have affinity for D2 receptors. Later investigations have suggested a link between striatal dopamine synthesis and positive symptoms, as well as increased dopamine transmission in subcortical regions, and decreased transmission in cortical regions.
A meta-analysis
of molecular imaging studies observed increased presynaptic indicators of dopamine function, but no difference in the availability of dopamine transporters or dopamine D2/D3 receptors. Both studies using radio labeled L-DOPA, an indicator of dopamine synthesis, and studies using amphetamine release challenges observed significant differences between those with schizophrenia and control. These findings were interpreted as increased synthesis of dopamine, and increased release of dopamine respectively. These findings were localized to the striatum, and were noted to be limited by the quality of studies used. A large degree of inconsistency has been observed in D2/D3 receptor binding, although a small but nonsignificant reduction in thalamic availability has been found. The inconsistent findings with respect to receptor expression has been emphasized as not precluding dysfunction in dopamine receptors, as many factors such as regional heterogeneity and medication status may lead to variable findings. When combined with findings in presynaptic dopamine function, most evidence suggests dysregulation of dopamine in schizophrenia.
Exactly how dopamine dysregulation can contribute to schizophrenia symptoms remains unclear. Some studies have suggested that disruption of the auditory thalamocortical projections give rise to hallucinations, while dysregulated corticostriatal circuitry and reward circuitry in the form of aberrant salience can give rise to delusions. Decreased inhibitory dopamine signals in the thalamus have been hypothesized to result in reduced sensory gating, and excessive activity in excitatory inputs into the cortex.
One hypothesis linking delusions in schizophrenia to dopamine suggests that unstable representation of expectations in prefrontal neurons occurs in psychotic states due to insufficient D1 and NMDA receptor stimulation. This, when combined with hyperactivity of expectations to modification by salient stimuli is thought to lead to improper formation of beliefs.
Glutamate dysfunction
Main article: Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia
Beside the dopamine hypothesis, interest has also focused on the neurotransmitter glutamate and the reduced function of the NMDA glutamate receptor in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This has largely been suggested by lower levels of glutamate receptors found in postmortem brains of people previously diagnosed with schizophrenia and the discovery that glutamate blocking drugs such as phencyclidine and ketamine can mimic the symptoms and cognitive problems associated with the condition.
The fact that reduced glutamate function is linked to poor performance on tests requiring frontal lobe and hippocampal function and that glutamate can affect dopamine function, all of which have been implicated in schizophrenia, have suggested an important mediating (and possibly causal) role of glutamate pathways in schizophrenia. Positive symptoms fail however to respond to glutamatergic medication.
Reduced mRNA and protein expression of several NMDA receptor subunits has also been reported in postmortem brains from people with schizophrenia. In particular, the expression of mRNA for the NR1 receptor subunit, as well as the protein itself is reduced in the prefrontal cortex in post-mortem studies of those with schizophrenia. Fewer studies have examined other subunits, and results have been equivocal, except for a reduction in prefrontal NRC2.
The large genome-wide association study mentioned above has supported glutamate abnormalities for schizophrenia, reporting several mutations in genes related to glutamatergic neurotransmission, such as GRIN2A, GRIA1, SRR, and GRM3.
Interneuron dysfunction
Another hypothesis is closely related to the glutamate hypothesis, and involves the dysfunction of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in the brain. They are local, and one type, the fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive interneuron, has been suggested to play a key role in schizophrenia pathophysiology.
Early studies have identified decreases in GAD67 mRNA and protein in post-mortem brains from those with schizophrenia compared to controls. These reductions were found in only a subset of cortical interneurons. Furthermore, GAD67 mRNA was completely undetectable in a subset of interneurons also expressing parvalbumin. Levels of parvalbumin protein and mRNA were also found to be lower in various regions in the brain. Actual numbers of parvalbumin interneurons have been found to be unchanged in these studies, however, except for a single study showing a decrease in parvalbumin interneurons in the hippocampus. Finally, excitatory synapse density is lower selectively on parvalbumin interneurons in schizophrenia and predicts the activity-dependent down-regulation of parvalbumin and GAD67. Together, this suggests that parvalbumin interneurons are somehow specifically affected in the disease.
Several studies have tried to assess levels in GABA in vivo in those with schizophrenia, but these findings have remained inconclusive.
Other studies have implicated that a loss-of-function translocation mutation in the DISC1 gene is a major risk factor in developing schizophrenia. The DISC1 gene codes for a scaffold protein that assists with neurite outgrowth and development of the cortex, operating at several intersections of neurodevelopmental pathways.
EEG studies have indirectly also pointed to interneuron dysfunction in schizophrenia (see below). These studies have pointed to abnormalities in oscillatory activity in schizophrenia, particularly in the gamma band (30–80 Hz). Gamma band activity appears to originate from intact functioning parvalbumin-positive interneuron. Together with the post-mortem findings, these EEG abnormalities point to a role for dysfunctional parvalbumin interneurons in schizophrenia.
The largest meta-analysis on copy-number variations (CNVs), structural abnormalities in the form of genetic deletions or duplications, to date for schizophrenia, published in 2015, was the first genetic evidence for the broad involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission.
Myelination abnormalities
Another hypothesis states that abnormalities in myelination are a core pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This theory originated from structural imaging studies, which found that white matter regions, in addition to grey matter regions, showed volumetric reductions in people with schizophrenia. In addition, gene expression studies have shown abnormalities in myelination and oligodendrocytes in the post-mortem brains. Furthermore, oligodendrocyte numbers appear to be reduced in several post-mortem studies.
It has been suggested that myelination abnormalities could originate from impaired maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, as these have been found to be intact in schizophrenia brains.
Immune system abnormalities
Inflammation and immune system abnormalities are seen to be key mechanisms for the development of schizophrenia. A number of causes and consequences of inflammation have been implicated many of which are stress-related. Evidence suggests that early stress may contribute to the development of schizophrenia through alterations in the functioning of the immune system. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) for example can give toxic stress. ACEs and trauma can disrupt the control of immune responses and give rise to lasting inflammatory dysregulation throughout the nervous system. Chronic trauma can promote chronic immune system activation. Persistent systemic inflammation may lead to damage of the peripheral tissue and a subsequent breach of the blood-brain-barrier. If this happens microglia can be activated and cause neuroinflammation. Inflammation can result in oxidative stress in schizophrenia which has damaging consequences for brain cells.
The immune hypothesis is supported by findings of high levels of immune markers in the blood of people with schizophrenia. High levels of immune markers have also been associated with having more severe psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies discovered that 129 out of 136 single-nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with schizophrenia were located in the major histocompatibility complex region of the genome.
A systematic review investigating neuroinflammatory markers in post-mortem schizophrenia brains has shown quite some variability, with some studies showing alterations in various markers but others failing to find any differences.
Oxidative stress
Another theory that has gained support is that a large role is played in the disease by oxidative stress. Redox dysregulation in early development can potentially influence development of different cell types that have been shown to be impaired in the disease.
Oxidative stress has also been indicated through genetic studies into schizophrenia.
Oxidative stress has been shown to affect maturation of oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cell types in the brain, potentially underlying the white matter abnormalities found in the brain (see below).
Furthermore, oxidative stress could also influence the development of GABAergic interneurons, which have also been found to be dysregulated in schizophrenia (see above).
Evidence that oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage are increased in various tissues of people with schizophrenia has been reviewed by Markkanen et al. The presence of increased oxidative DNA damage may be due, in part, to insufficient repair of such damages. Several studies have linked polymorphisms in DNA repair genes to the development of schizophrenia. In particular, the base excision repair protein XRCC1 has been implicated.
Neuropathology
The most consistent finding in post-mortem examinations of brain tissue is a lack of neurodegenerative lesions or gliosis. Abnormal neuronal organization and orientation (dysplasia) has been observed in the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and subcortical white matter, although results are not entirely consistent. A more consistent cytoarchitectural finding is reduced volume of purkinje cells and pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. This is consistent with the observation of decreased presynaptic terminals in the hippocampus, and a reduction in dendritic spines in the prefrontal cortex. The reductions in prefrontal and increase in striatal spine densities seem to be independent of antipsychotic drug use.
GI tract dysfunction
It has been hypothesized that in some people, development of schizophrenia is related to intestinal tract dysfunction such as seen with non-celiac gluten sensitivity or abnormalities in the gut microbiota. A subgroup of persons with schizophrenia present an immune response to gluten differently from that found in people with celiac, with elevated levels of certain serum biomarkers of gluten sensitivity such as anti-gliadin IgG or anti-gliadin IgA antibodies.
A link has been made between the gut microbiota and the development of TRS. The most prevalent cause put forward for TRS is that of mutation in the genes responsible for drug effectiveness. These include liver enzyme genes that control the availability of a drug to brain targets, and genes responsible for the structure and function of these targets. In the colon the bacteria encode a hundred times more genes than exist in the human genome. Only a fraction of ingested drugs reach the colon, having been already exposed to small intestinal bacteria, and absorbed in the portal circulation. This small fraction is then subject to the metabolic action of many communities of bacteria. Activation of the drug depends on the composition and enzymes of the bacteria and of the specifics of the drug, and therefore a great deal of individual variation can affect both the usefulness of the drug and its tolerability. It is suggested that parenteral administration of antipsychotics would bypass the gut and be more successful in overcoming TRS. The composition of gut microbiota is variable between individuals, but they are seen to remain stable. However, phyla can change in response to many factors including ageing, diet, substance use, and medications – especially antibiotics, laxatives, and antipsychotics. In FEP, schizophrenia has been linked to significant changes in the gut microbiota that can predict response to treatment.
Sleep disorders
It has been suggested that sleep problems may be a core component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Structural abnormalities
Further information: Morphometrics
Beside theories concerning the functional mechanism underlying the disease, structural findings have been identified as well using a wide range of imaging techniques. Studies have tended to show various subtle average differences in the volume of certain areas of brain structure between people with and without diagnoses of schizophrenia, although it has become increasingly clear that no single pathological neuropsychological or structural neuroanatomic profile exists.
Morphometry
Further information: Brain morphometry
Structural imaging studies have consistently reported differences in the size and structure of certain brain areas in schizophrenia.
The largest combined neuroimaging study with over 2000 subjects and 2500 controls focused on subcortical changes. Volumetric increases were found in the lateral ventricles (+18%), caudate nucleus and pallidum, and extensive decreases in the hippocampus (-4%), thalamus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Together, this indicates that extensive changes do occur in the brains of people with schizophrenia.
A 2006 meta-analysis of MRI studies found that whole brain and hippocampal volume are reduced and that ventricular volume is increased in those with a first psychotic episode relative to healthy controls. The average volumetric changes in these studies are however close to the limit of detection by MRI methods, so it remains to be determined whether schizophrenia is a neurodegenerative process that begins at about the time of symptom onset, or whether it is better characterised as a neurodevelopmental process that produces abnormal brain volumes at an early age. In first episode psychosis typical antipsychotics like haloperidol were associated with significant reductions in gray matter volume, whereas atypical antipsychotics like olanzapine were not. Studies in non-human primates found gray and white matter reductions for both typical and atypical antipsychotics.
Abnormal findings in the prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are found before the first onset of schizophrenia symptoms. These regions are the regions of structural deficits found in schizophrenia and first-episode subjects. Positive symptoms, such as thoughts of being persecuted, were found to be related to the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus region. Negative symptoms were found to be related to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum.
Ventricular and third ventricle enlargement, abnormal functioning of the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, neocortical temporal lobe regions, frontal lobe, prefrontal gray matter, orbitofrontal areas, parietal lobs abnormalities and subcortical abnormalities including the cavum septi pellucidi, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, thalamus and cerebellar abnormalities. Such abnormalities usually present in the form of loss of volume.
Most schizophrenia studies have found average reduced volume of the left medial temporal lobe and left superior temporal gyrus, and half of studies have revealed deficits in certain areas of the frontal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and temporal gyrus. However, at variance with some findings in individuals with chronic schizophrenia significant group differences of temporal lobe and amygdala volumes are not shown in first-episode people on average.
Finally, MRI studies utilizing modern cortical surface reconstruction techniques have shown widespread reduction in cerebral cortical thickness (i.e., "cortical thinning") in frontal and temporal regions and somewhat less widespread cortical thinning in occipital and parietal regions in people with schizophrenia, relative to healthy control subjects. Moreover, one study decomposed cortical volume into its constituent parts, cortical surface area and cortical thickness, and reported widespread cortical volume reduction in schizophrenia, mainly driven by cortical thinning, but also reduced cortical surface area in smaller frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital cortical regions.
CT scans of the brains of people with schizophrenia show several pathologies. The brain ventricles are enlarged as compared to normal brains. The ventricles hold cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and enlarged ventricles indicate a loss of brain volume. Additionally, the brains have widened sulci as compared to normal brains, also with increased CSF volumes and reduced brain volume.
Using machine learning, two neuroanatomical subtypes of schizophrenia have been described.
Subtype 1 shows widespread low grey matter volumes, particularly in the thalamus, nucleus accumbens, medial temporal, medial prefrontal, frontal, and insular cortices. Subtype 2 shows increased volume in the basal ganglia and internal capsule, with otherwise normal brain volume.
White matter
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allows for the investigation of white matter more closely than traditional MRI. Over 300 DTI imaging studies have been published examining white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia. Although quite some variation has been found pertaining to the specific regions affected, the general consensus states a reduced fractional anisotropy in brains from people with schizophrenia versus controls. Importantly, these differences between subjects and controls could potentially be attributed to lifestyle effects, medication effects etc. Other studies have looked at people with first-episode schizophrenia that have never received any medication, so-called medication-naive subjects. These studies, although few in number, also found reduced fractional anisotropy in subject brains compared to control brains. As with earlier findings, abnormalities can be found throughout the brain, although the corpus callosum seemed to be most commonly effected.
Functional abnormalities
During executive function tasks in people with schizophrenia, studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) demonstrated decreased activity relative to controls in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and left mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Increased activation was observed in the left ACC and left inferior parietal lobe. During emotional processing tasks, reduced activations have been observed in the medial prefrontal cortex, ACC, dlPFC and amygdala. A meta-analysis of facial emotional processing observed decreased activation in the amygdala, parahippocampus, lentiform nuclei, fusiform gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus, as well as increased activation in the left insula.
One meta-analysis of fMRI during acute auditory verbal hallucinations has reported increased activations in areas implicated in language, including the bilateral inferior frontal and post central gyri, as well as the left parietal operculum. Another meta analysis during both visual and auditory verbal hallucinations, replicated the findings in the inferior frontal and postcentral gyri during auditory verbal hallucinations, and also observed hippocampal, superior temporal, insular and medial prefrontal activations. Visual hallucinations were reported to be associated with increased activations in the secondary and associate visual cortices.
PET
Data from a PET study suggests that the less the frontal lobes are activated (red) during a working memory task, the greater the increase in abnormal dopamine activity in the striatum (green), thought to be related to the neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
PET scan findings in people with schizophrenia indicate cerebral blood flow decreases in the left parahippocampal region. A reduced ability to metabolize glucose in the thalamus and frontal cortex is also shown. PET scans show developmental abnormality in the medial part of the left temporal lobe, and the limbic, and frontal systems. PET scans show that thought disorders stem from increased blood flow in the frontal and temporal regions while delusions and hallucinations were associated with reduced flow in the cingulate, left frontal, and temporal areas. PET scans carried out during active auditory hallucinations revealed increased blood flow in the thalamus, left hippocampus, right striatum, parahippocampus, orbitofrontal, and cingulate areas.
In addition, a decrease in NAA uptake has been reported in the hippocampus and both the grey and white matter of the prefrontal cortex. NAA may be an indicator of neural activity of number of viable neurons. However, given methodological limitations and variance it is not possible to use this as a diagnostic method. Decreased prefrontal cortex connectivity has also been observed. DOPA PET studies have confirmed an altered synthesis capacity of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system demonstrating a dopaminergic dysregulation.
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^ Honea R, Crow TJ, Passingham D, Mackay CE (December 2005). "Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (12): 2233–45. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2233. PMID 16330585.
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^ a b Rimol LM, Hartberg CB, Nesvåg R, Fennema-Notestine C, Hagler DJ, Pung CJ, Jennings RG, Haukvik UK, Lange E, Nakstad PH, Melle I, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Agartz I (July 2010). "Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 68 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.036. PMID 20609836. S2CID 7718134.
^ Rimol LM, Nesvåg R, Hagler DJ, Bergmann O, Fennema-Notestine C, Hartberg CB, Haukvik UK, Lange E, Pung CJ, Server A, Melle I, Andreassen OA, Agartz I, Dale AM (March 2012). "Cortical volume, surface area, and thickness in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 71 (6): 552–60. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.026. PMID 22281121. S2CID 27413169.
^ Ropper AH, Brown RH (2005). Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 1324. ISBN 0-07-141620-X.
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^ Fitzsimmons J, Kubicki M, Shenton ME (March 2013). "Review of functional and anatomical brain connectivity findings in schizophrenia". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 26 (2): 172–87. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835d9e6a. PMID 23324948. S2CID 24317327.
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^ Minzenberg MJ, Laird AR, Thelen S, Carter CS, Glahn DC (August 2009). "Meta-analysis of 41 functional neuroimaging studies of executive function in schizophrenia". Archives of General Psychiatry. 66 (8): 811–22. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.91. PMC 2888482. PMID 19652121.
^ Taylor SF, Kang J, Brege IS, Tso IF, Hosanagar A, Johnson TD (January 2012). "Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of emotion perception and experience in schizophrenia". Biological Psychiatry. 71 (2): 136–45. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.007. PMC 3237865. PMID 21993193.
^ Li H, Chan RC, McAlonan GM, Gong QY (September 2010). "Facial emotion processing in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging data". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 36 (5): 1029–39. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn190. PMC 2930350. PMID 19336391.
^ Kühn S, Gallinat J (June 2012). "Quantitative meta-analysis on state and trait aspects of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 38 (4): 779–86. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq152. PMC 3406531. PMID 21177743.
^ Zmigrod L, Garrison JR, Carr J, Simons JS (October 2016). "The neural mechanisms of hallucinations: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 69: 113–23. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.037. PMID 27473935.
^ Meyer-Lindenberg A, Miletich RS, Kohn PD, Esposito G, Carson RE, Quarantelli M, Weinberger DR, Berman KF (March 2002). "Reduced prefrontal activity predicts exaggerated striatal dopaminergic function in schizophrenia". Nature Neuroscience. 5 (3): 267–71. doi:10.1038/nn804. PMID 11865311. S2CID 26098214.
^ Steen RG, Hamer RM, Lieberman JA (November 2005). "Measurement of brain metabolites by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Neuropsychopharmacology. 30 (11): 1949–62. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300850. PMID 16123764.
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^ Fusar-Poli P, Meyer-Lindenberg A (January 2013). "Striatal presynaptic dopamine in schizophrenia, part II: meta-analysis of -DOPA PET studies". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 39 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr180. PMC 3523905. PMID 22282454.
External links
Media related to Mechanisms of schizophrenia at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"psychiatric disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_disorder"},{"link_name":"hypotheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheses"},{"link_name":"dopamine hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"glutamate hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lancet09-1"}],"text":"The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood. A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia.[1]","title":"Causes of schizophrenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pathophysiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology"},{"link_name":"dopamine hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"glutamate hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lancet09-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"interneurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneuron"},{"link_name":"myelination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelination"},{"link_name":"oxidative stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22251963-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25863358-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25850619-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25000913-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26092265-9"}],"text":"The exact pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains poorly understood. The most commonly supported theories are the dopamine hypothesis and the glutamate hypothesis.[1][2][3] Other theories include the specific dysfunction of interneurons, abnormalities in the immune system, abnormalities in myelination, and oxidative stress.[4][5][6][7][8][9]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"post-mortem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-mortem"},{"link_name":"D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D2_receptor"},{"link_name":"D3 receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_D3_receptor"},{"link_name":"striatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum"},{"link_name":"cerebrospinal fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid"},{"link_name":"antipsychotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic"},{"link_name":"positive symptoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia#Positive_symptoms"},{"link_name":"meta-analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis"},{"link_name":"molecular imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_imaging"},{"link_name":"dopamine transporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter"},{"link_name":"L-DOPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA"},{"link_name":"amphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pathway-Specific_Dopamine_Abnormali-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"aberrant salience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberrant_salience"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"NMDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Dopamine dysfunction","text":"The first formulations of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia came from post-mortem studies finding increased numbers of D2/D3 receptors in the striatum, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of dopamine metabolites. Subsequently, most antipsychotics were found to have affinity for D2 receptors. Later investigations have suggested a link between striatal dopamine synthesis and positive symptoms, as well as increased dopamine transmission in subcortical regions, and decreased transmission in cortical regions.A meta-analysis\nof molecular imaging studies observed increased presynaptic indicators of dopamine function, but no difference in the availability of dopamine transporters or dopamine D2/D3 receptors. Both studies using radio labeled L-DOPA, an indicator of dopamine synthesis, and studies using amphetamine release challenges observed significant differences between those with schizophrenia and control. These findings were interpreted as increased synthesis of dopamine, and increased release of dopamine respectively. These findings were localized to the striatum, and were noted to be limited by the quality of studies used.[10] A large degree of inconsistency has been observed in D2/D3 receptor binding, although a small but nonsignificant reduction in thalamic availability has been found.[11] The inconsistent findings with respect to receptor expression has been emphasized as not precluding dysfunction in dopamine receptors, as many factors such as regional heterogeneity and medication status may lead to variable findings. When combined with findings in presynaptic dopamine function, most evidence suggests dysregulation of dopamine in schizophrenia.[12]Exactly how dopamine dysregulation can contribute to schizophrenia symptoms remains unclear. Some studies have suggested that disruption of the auditory thalamocortical projections give rise to hallucinations,[13] while dysregulated corticostriatal circuitry and reward circuitry in the form of aberrant salience can give rise to delusions.[14] Decreased inhibitory dopamine signals in the thalamus have been hypothesized to result in reduced sensory gating, and excessive activity in excitatory inputs into the cortex.[15]One hypothesis linking delusions in schizophrenia to dopamine suggests that unstable representation of expectations in prefrontal neurons occurs in psychotic states due to insufficient D1 and NMDA receptor stimulation. This, when combined with hyperactivity of expectations to modification by salient stimuli is thought to lead to improper formation of beliefs.[16]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate"},{"link_name":"NMDA glutamate receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor"},{"link_name":"glutamate receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_receptor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Konradi2003-17"},{"link_name":"phencyclidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine"},{"link_name":"ketamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lahti2001-18"},{"link_name":"frontal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"link_name":"hippocampal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coyle2003-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Touminen2005-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"GRIN2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIN2A"},{"link_name":"GRIA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIA1"},{"link_name":"SRR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRR_(gene)"},{"link_name":"GRM3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"}],"sub_title":"Glutamate dysfunction","text":"Beside the dopamine hypothesis, interest has also focused on the neurotransmitter glutamate and the reduced function of the NMDA glutamate receptor in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This has largely been suggested by lower levels of glutamate receptors found in postmortem brains of people previously diagnosed with schizophrenia[17] and the discovery that glutamate blocking drugs such as phencyclidine and ketamine can mimic the symptoms and cognitive problems associated with the condition.[18]The fact that reduced glutamate function is linked to poor performance on tests requiring frontal lobe and hippocampal function and that glutamate can affect dopamine function, all of which have been implicated in schizophrenia, have suggested an important mediating (and possibly causal) role of glutamate pathways in schizophrenia.[19] Positive symptoms fail however to respond to glutamatergic medication.[20]Reduced mRNA and protein expression of several NMDA receptor subunits has also been reported in postmortem brains from people with schizophrenia.[21] In particular, the expression of mRNA for the NR1 receptor subunit, as well as the protein itself is reduced in the prefrontal cortex in post-mortem studies of those with schizophrenia. Fewer studies have examined other subunits, and results have been equivocal, except for a reduction in prefrontal NRC2.[22]The large genome-wide association study mentioned above has supported glutamate abnormalities for schizophrenia, reporting several mutations in genes related to glutamatergic neurotransmission, such as GRIN2A, GRIA1, SRR, and GRM3.[23]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GABAergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAergic"},{"link_name":"interneurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneuron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22251963-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25863358-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25850619-6"},{"link_name":"parvalbumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvalbumin"},{"link_name":"GAD67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"parvalbumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvalbumin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"EEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"parvalbumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvalbumin"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"copy-number variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-number_variation"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Interneuron dysfunction","text":"Another hypothesis is closely related to the glutamate hypothesis, and involves the dysfunction of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in the brain.[4][5][6] They are local, and one type, the fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive interneuron, has been suggested to play a key role in schizophrenia pathophysiology.Early studies have identified decreases in GAD67 mRNA and protein in post-mortem brains from those with schizophrenia compared to controls.[24] These reductions were found in only a subset of cortical interneurons. Furthermore, GAD67 mRNA was completely undetectable in a subset of interneurons also expressing parvalbumin. Levels of parvalbumin protein and mRNA were also found to be lower in various regions in the brain. Actual numbers of parvalbumin interneurons have been found to be unchanged in these studies, however, except for a single study showing a decrease in parvalbumin interneurons in the hippocampus.[25] Finally, excitatory synapse density is lower selectively on parvalbumin interneurons in schizophrenia and predicts the activity-dependent down-regulation of parvalbumin and GAD67.[26] Together, this suggests that parvalbumin interneurons are somehow specifically affected in the disease.Several studies have tried to assess levels in GABA in vivo in those with schizophrenia, but these findings have remained inconclusive.Other studies have implicated that a loss-of-function translocation mutation in the DISC1 gene is a major risk factor in developing schizophrenia. The DISC1 gene codes for a scaffold protein that assists with neurite outgrowth and development of the cortex, operating at several intersections of neurodevelopmental pathways. [27]EEG studies have indirectly also pointed to interneuron dysfunction in schizophrenia (see below).[28] These studies have pointed to abnormalities in oscillatory activity in schizophrenia, particularly in the gamma band (30–80 Hz). Gamma band activity appears to originate from intact functioning parvalbumin-positive interneuron.[29] Together with the post-mortem findings, these EEG abnormalities point to a role for dysfunctional parvalbumin interneurons in schizophrenia.The largest meta-analysis on copy-number variations (CNVs), structural abnormalities in the form of genetic deletions or duplications, to date for schizophrenia, published in 2015, was the first genetic evidence for the broad involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission.[30]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"oligodendrocyte precursor cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_progenitor_cell"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Myelination abnormalities","text":"Another hypothesis states that abnormalities in myelination are a core pathophysiology of schizophrenia.[31][32][33] This theory originated from structural imaging studies, which found that white matter regions, in addition to grey matter regions, showed volumetric reductions in people with schizophrenia. In addition, gene expression studies have shown abnormalities in myelination and oligodendrocytes in the post-mortem brains. Furthermore, oligodendrocyte numbers appear to be reduced in several post-mortem studies.[34]It has been suggested that myelination abnormalities could originate from impaired maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells,[35] as these have been found to be intact in schizophrenia brains.","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26092265-9"},{"link_name":"stress-related","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nettis-36"},{"link_name":"Adverse childhood experiences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences"},{"link_name":"toxic stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_stress"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearce-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nettis-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chase-38"},{"link_name":"blood-brain-barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-brain-barrier"},{"link_name":"microglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microglia"},{"link_name":"neuroinflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroinflammation"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nettis-36"},{"link_name":"oxidative stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stress"},{"link_name":"brain cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_cell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26092265-9"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"genome-wide association studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study"},{"link_name":"single-nucleotide polymorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism"},{"link_name":"major histocompatibility complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Immune system abnormalities","text":"Inflammation and immune system abnormalities are seen to be key mechanisms for the development of schizophrenia.[9] A number of causes and consequences of inflammation have been implicated many of which are stress-related. Evidence suggests that early stress may contribute to the development of schizophrenia through alterations in the functioning of the immune system.[36] Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) for example can give toxic stress.[37] ACEs and trauma can disrupt the control of immune responses and give rise to lasting inflammatory dysregulation throughout the nervous system.[36] Chronic trauma can promote chronic immune system activation.[38] Persistent systemic inflammation may lead to damage of the peripheral tissue and a subsequent breach of the blood-brain-barrier. If this happens microglia can be activated and cause neuroinflammation.[36] Inflammation can result in oxidative stress in schizophrenia which has damaging consequences for brain cells.[9]The immune hypothesis is supported by findings of high levels of immune markers in the blood of people with schizophrenia.[39] High levels of immune markers have also been associated with having more severe psychotic symptoms.[40][41] Furthermore, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies discovered that 129 out of 136 single-nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with schizophrenia were located in the major histocompatibility complex region of the genome.[42]A systematic review investigating neuroinflammatory markers in post-mortem schizophrenia brains has shown quite some variability, with some studies showing alterations in various markers but others failing to find any differences.[43]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oxidative stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stress"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25000913-8"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"oligodendrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"oxidative DNA damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_oxidation"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27258260-49"},{"link_name":"polymorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_polymorphism"},{"link_name":"DNA repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27258260-49"},{"link_name":"base excision repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_excision_repair"},{"link_name":"XRCC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCC1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27258260-49"}],"sub_title":"Oxidative stress","text":"Another theory that has gained support is that a large role is played in the disease by oxidative stress.[8][44][45] Redox dysregulation in early development can potentially influence development of different cell types that have been shown to be impaired in the disease.Oxidative stress has also been indicated through genetic studies into schizophrenia.[46]Oxidative stress has been shown to affect maturation of oligodendrocytes,[47] the myelinating cell types in the brain, potentially underlying the white matter abnormalities found in the brain (see below).Furthermore, oxidative stress could also influence the development of GABAergic interneurons,[48] which have also been found to be dysregulated in schizophrenia (see above).Evidence that oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage are increased in various tissues of people with schizophrenia has been reviewed by Markkanen et al.[49] The presence of increased oxidative DNA damage may be due, in part, to insufficient repair of such damages. Several studies have linked polymorphisms in DNA repair genes to the development of schizophrenia.[49] In particular, the base excision repair protein XRCC1 has been implicated.[49]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gliosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliosis"},{"link_name":"dysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysplasia"},{"link_name":"entorhinal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Neuropathology","text":"The most consistent finding in post-mortem examinations of brain tissue is a lack of neurodegenerative lesions or gliosis. Abnormal neuronal organization and orientation (dysplasia) has been observed in the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and subcortical white matter, although results are not entirely consistent. A more consistent cytoarchitectural finding is reduced volume of purkinje cells and pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. This is consistent with the observation of decreased presynaptic terminals in the hippocampus, and a reduction in dendritic spines in the prefrontal cortex.[50] The reductions in prefrontal and increase in striatal spine densities seem to be independent of antipsychotic drug use.[51]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intestinal tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract"},{"link_name":"non-celiac gluten sensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity"},{"link_name":"gut microbiota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_microbiota"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nemani-52"},{"link_name":"gluten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten"},{"link_name":"celiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease"},{"link_name":"anti-gliadin IgG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-gliadin_antibodies#Anti-gliadin_IgG"},{"link_name":"anti-gliadin IgA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-gliadin_antibodies#Anti-gliadin_IgA"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LachanceMcKenzie2014-53"},{"link_name":"gut microbiota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_microbiota"},{"link_name":"liver enzyme genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4"},{"link_name":"availability of a drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability"},{"link_name":"colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestine"},{"link_name":"human genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome"},{"link_name":"portal circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_circulation"},{"link_name":"metabolic action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism"},{"link_name":"parenteral administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteral_administration"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seeman-54"}],"sub_title":"GI tract dysfunction","text":"It has been hypothesized that in some people, development of schizophrenia is related to intestinal tract dysfunction such as seen with non-celiac gluten sensitivity or abnormalities in the gut microbiota.[52] A subgroup of persons with schizophrenia present an immune response to gluten differently from that found in people with celiac, with elevated levels of certain serum biomarkers of gluten sensitivity such as anti-gliadin IgG or anti-gliadin IgA antibodies.[53]A link has been made between the gut microbiota and the development of TRS. The most prevalent cause put forward for TRS is that of mutation in the genes responsible for drug effectiveness. These include liver enzyme genes that control the availability of a drug to brain targets, and genes responsible for the structure and function of these targets. In the colon the bacteria encode a hundred times more genes than exist in the human genome. Only a fraction of ingested drugs reach the colon, having been already exposed to small intestinal bacteria, and absorbed in the portal circulation. This small fraction is then subject to the metabolic action of many communities of bacteria. Activation of the drug depends on the composition and enzymes of the bacteria and of the specifics of the drug, and therefore a great deal of individual variation can affect both the usefulness of the drug and its tolerability. It is suggested that parenteral administration of antipsychotics would bypass the gut and be more successful in overcoming TRS. The composition of gut microbiota is variable between individuals, but they are seen to remain stable. However, phyla can change in response to many factors including ageing, diet, substance use, and medications – especially antibiotics, laxatives, and antipsychotics. In FEP, schizophrenia has been linked to significant changes in the gut microbiota that can predict response to treatment.[54]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sleep problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Sleep disorders","text":"It has been suggested that sleep problems may be a core component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.[55]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morphometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphometrics"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flashman04-56"}],"text":"Further information: MorphometricsBeside theories concerning the functional mechanism underlying the disease, structural findings have been identified as well using a wide range of imaging techniques. Studies have tended to show various subtle average differences in the volume of certain areas of brain structure between people with and without diagnoses of schizophrenia, although it has become increasingly clear that no single pathological neuropsychological or structural neuroanatomic profile exists.[56]","title":"Structural abnormalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brain morphometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_morphometry"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"lateral ventricles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventricle"},{"link_name":"caudate nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudate_nucleus"},{"link_name":"pallidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_pallidus"},{"link_name":"hippocampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus"},{"link_name":"thalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus"},{"link_name":"amygdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala"},{"link_name":"nucleus accumbens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens"},{"link_name":"ventricular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_system"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steen2006-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieberman08-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLisi08-60"},{"link_name":"prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"temporal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_cortex"},{"link_name":"anterior cingulate cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung2010-61"},{"link_name":"medial prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"amygdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala"},{"link_name":"hippocampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus"},{"link_name":"ventrolateral prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrolateral_prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"ventral striatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_striatum"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung2010-61"},{"link_name":"cavum septi pellucidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavum_septi_pellucidi"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shenton2001-62"},{"link_name":"temporal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe"},{"link_name":"superior temporal gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_temporal_gyrus"},{"link_name":"frontal gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_gyrus"},{"link_name":"parahippocampal gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parahippocampal_gyrus"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honea05-63"},{"link_name":"temporal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe"},{"link_name":"amygdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vita06-64"},{"link_name":"MRI studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuperberg_et_al.,_2003-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rimol_et_al.,_2010-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rimol_et_al.,_2010-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rimol_et_al.,_2012-67"},{"link_name":"CT scans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"},{"link_name":"brain ventricles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_ventricles"},{"link_name":"cerebrospinal fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid"},{"link_name":"sulci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulci_(neuroanatomy)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shenton2001-62"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adams&Victor-68"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"thalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus"},{"link_name":"nucleus accumbens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens"},{"link_name":"frontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"insular cortices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_cortex"},{"link_name":"basal ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia"},{"link_name":"internal capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_capsule"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chand-69"}],"sub_title":"Morphometry","text":"Further information: Brain morphometryStructural imaging studies have consistently reported differences in the size and structure of certain brain areas in schizophrenia.The largest combined neuroimaging study with over 2000 subjects and 2500 controls focused on subcortical changes.[57] Volumetric increases were found in the lateral ventricles (+18%), caudate nucleus and pallidum, and extensive decreases in the hippocampus (-4%), thalamus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Together, this indicates that extensive changes do occur in the brains of people with schizophrenia.A 2006 meta-analysis of MRI studies found that whole brain and hippocampal volume are reduced and that ventricular volume is increased in those with a first psychotic episode relative to healthy controls. The average volumetric changes in these studies are however close to the limit of detection by MRI methods, so it remains to be determined whether schizophrenia is a neurodegenerative process that begins at about the time of symptom onset, or whether it is better characterised as a neurodevelopmental process that produces abnormal brain volumes at an early age.[58] In first episode psychosis typical antipsychotics like haloperidol were associated with significant reductions in gray matter volume, whereas atypical antipsychotics like olanzapine were not.[59] Studies in non-human primates found gray and white matter reductions for both typical and atypical antipsychotics.[60]Abnormal findings in the prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are found before the first onset of schizophrenia symptoms. These regions are the regions of structural deficits found in schizophrenia and first-episode subjects.[61] Positive symptoms, such as thoughts of being persecuted, were found to be related to the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus region. Negative symptoms were found to be related to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum.[61]Ventricular and third ventricle enlargement, abnormal functioning of the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, neocortical temporal lobe regions, frontal lobe, prefrontal gray matter, orbitofrontal areas, parietal lobs abnormalities and subcortical abnormalities including the cavum septi pellucidi, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, thalamus and cerebellar abnormalities. Such abnormalities usually present in the form of loss of volume.[62]Most schizophrenia studies have found average reduced volume of the left medial temporal lobe and left superior temporal gyrus, and half of studies have revealed deficits in certain areas of the frontal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and temporal gyrus.[63] However, at variance with some findings in individuals with chronic schizophrenia significant group differences of temporal lobe and amygdala volumes are not shown in first-episode people on average.[64]Finally, MRI studies utilizing modern cortical surface reconstruction techniques have shown widespread reduction in cerebral cortical thickness (i.e., \"cortical thinning\") in frontal and temporal regions[65][66] and somewhat less widespread cortical thinning in occipital and parietal regions[66] in people with schizophrenia, relative to healthy control subjects. Moreover, one study decomposed cortical volume into its constituent parts, cortical surface area and cortical thickness, and reported widespread cortical volume reduction in schizophrenia, mainly driven by cortical thinning, but also reduced cortical surface area in smaller frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital cortical regions.[67]CT scans of the brains of people with schizophrenia show several pathologies. The brain ventricles are enlarged as compared to normal brains. The ventricles hold cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and enlarged ventricles indicate a loss of brain volume. Additionally, the brains have widened sulci as compared to normal brains, also with increased CSF volumes and reduced brain volume.[62][68]Using machine learning, two neuroanatomical subtypes of schizophrenia have been described.\nSubtype 1 shows widespread low grey matter volumes, particularly in the thalamus, nucleus accumbens, medial temporal, medial prefrontal, frontal, and insular cortices. Subtype 2 shows increased volume in the basal ganglia and internal capsule, with otherwise normal brain volume.[69]","title":"Structural abnormalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diffusion tensor imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_tensor_imaging"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shenton2001-62"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellison-Wright2009-71"},{"link_name":"fractional anisotropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_anisotropy"},{"link_name":"fractional anisotropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_anisotropy"},{"link_name":"corpus callosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum"}],"sub_title":"White matter","text":"Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allows for the investigation of white matter more closely than traditional MRI.[62] Over 300 DTI imaging studies have been published examining white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia.[70][71] Although quite some variation has been found pertaining to the specific regions affected, the general consensus states a reduced fractional anisotropy in brains from people with schizophrenia versus controls. Importantly, these differences between subjects and controls could potentially be attributed to lifestyle effects, medication effects etc. Other studies have looked at people with first-episode schizophrenia that have never received any medication, so-called medication-naive subjects. These studies, although few in number, also found reduced fractional anisotropy in subject brains compared to control brains. As with earlier findings, abnormalities can be found throughout the brain, although the corpus callosum seemed to be most commonly effected.","title":"Structural abnormalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"executive function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_function"},{"link_name":"functional magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"anterior cingulate cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex"},{"link_name":"thalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"medial prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"amygdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala"},{"link_name":"parahippocampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parahippocampus"},{"link_name":"lentiform nuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentiform_nuclei"},{"link_name":"insula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_cortex"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"inferior frontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(brain)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"During executive function tasks in people with schizophrenia, studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) demonstrated decreased activity relative to controls in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and left mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Increased activation was observed in the left ACC and left inferior parietal lobe.[72] During emotional processing tasks, reduced activations have been observed in the medial prefrontal cortex, ACC, dlPFC and amygdala.[73] A meta-analysis of facial emotional processing observed decreased activation in the amygdala, parahippocampus, lentiform nuclei, fusiform gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus, as well as increased activation in the left insula.[74]One meta-analysis of fMRI during acute auditory verbal hallucinations has reported increased activations in areas implicated in language, including the bilateral inferior frontal and post central gyri, as well as the left parietal operculum.[75] Another meta analysis during both visual and auditory verbal hallucinations, replicated the findings in the inferior frontal and postcentral gyri during auditory verbal hallucinations, and also observed hippocampal, superior temporal, insular and medial prefrontal activations. Visual hallucinations were reported to be associated with increased activations in the secondary and associate visual cortices.[76]","title":"Functional abnormalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schizophrenia_PET_scan.jpg"},{"link_name":"PET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer-Lindenberg2002-77"},{"link_name":"frontal lobes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"link_name":"working memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"striatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum"},{"link_name":"neurocognitive deficits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocognitive_deficit"},{"link_name":"PET scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography"},{"link_name":"cerebral blood flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_blood_flow"},{"link_name":"parahippocampal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parahippocampus"},{"link_name":"metabolize glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism"},{"link_name":"thalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus"},{"link_name":"frontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"medial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"temporal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe"},{"link_name":"limbic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic"},{"link_name":"thought disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_disorder"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shenton2001-62"},{"link_name":"NAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acetylaspartic_acid"},{"link_name":"prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"nigrostriatal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigrostriatal_pathway"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pathway-Specific_Dopamine_Abnormali-12"}],"sub_title":"PET","text":"Data from a PET study[77] suggests that the less the frontal lobes are activated (red) during a working memory task, the greater the increase in abnormal dopamine activity in the striatum (green), thought to be related to the neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia.PET scan findings in people with schizophrenia indicate cerebral blood flow decreases in the left parahippocampal region. A reduced ability to metabolize glucose in the thalamus and frontal cortex is also shown. PET scans show developmental abnormality in the medial part of the left temporal lobe, and the limbic, and frontal systems. PET scans show that thought disorders stem from increased blood flow in the frontal and temporal regions while delusions and hallucinations were associated with reduced flow in the cingulate, left frontal, and temporal areas. PET scans carried out during active auditory hallucinations revealed increased blood flow in the thalamus, left hippocampus, right striatum, parahippocampus, orbitofrontal, and cingulate areas.[62]In addition, a decrease in NAA uptake has been reported in the hippocampus and both the grey and white matter of the prefrontal cortex. NAA may be an indicator of neural activity of number of viable neurons. However, given methodological limitations and variance it is not possible to use this as a diagnostic method.[78] Decreased prefrontal cortex connectivity has also been observed.[79] DOPA PET studies have confirmed an altered synthesis capacity of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system demonstrating a dopaminergic dysregulation.[80][12]","title":"Functional abnormalities"}] | [{"image_text":"Data from a PET study[77] suggests that the less the frontal lobes are activated (red) during a working memory task, the greater the increase in abnormal dopamine activity in the striatum (green), thought to be related to the neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Schizophrenia_PET_scan.jpg/220px-Schizophrenia_PET_scan.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"van Os J, Kapur S (August 2009). \"Schizophrenia\". Lancet. 374 (9690): 635–45. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8. PMID 19700006. 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PMID 16123764.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300850","url_text":"\"Measurement of brain metabolites by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300850","url_text":"10.1038/sj.npp.1300850"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16123764","url_text":"16123764"}]},{"reference":"Davis KL, American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (2002). \"Chapter 53: Neural Circuitry and the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia\". Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress : an Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 731–743. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank | Navy blue Guy Laroche dress of Hilary Swank | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Navy blue Guy Laroche dress of Hilary SwankDesignerGuy LarocheYear2005 (2005)TypeNavy blue backless dress
The navy blue Guy Laroche dress of Hilary Swank refers to the navy blue backless Guy Laroche dress worn by Hilary Swank at the 77th Academy Awards on February 27, 2005. In a poll by Debenhams published in The Daily Telegraph the dress was voted the 16th greatest red carpet gown of all time. Cosmopolitan magazine cited the dress as one of the Best Oscar dresses of all time, saying, "Making a serious comeback from that pink gauze number two years before, Hilary shows off her flawless back in this stunning sapphire gown by Guy Laroche. Appropriately, this is the year she won the Oscar for Best Actress in Million Dollar Baby, because that's exactly what she looks like in this dress."
See also
List of individual dresses
References
^ Allaire, Christian (2017-02-24). "The 51 Best Oscars Red Carpet Dresses of All Time". Vogue. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
^ Urmee Khan (9 October 2008). "Liz Hurley 'safety pin' dress voted the greatest dress". The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
^ "Oscars Best and Worst Dressed". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
vteNotable red carpet outfits1950s
White floral Givenchy dress (Audrey Hepburn, 1954)
1990s
Red Versace dress (Cindy Crawford, 1991)
Black Versace dress (Elizabeth Hurley, 1994)
Lavender Prada dress (Uma Thurman, 1995)
American Express Gold card dress (Lizzy Gardiner, 1995)
Chartreuse Dior dress (Nicole Kidman, 1997)
Pink Ralph Lauren dress (Gwyneth Paltrow, 1999)
2000sEarly
Green Versace dress (Jennifer Lopez, 2000)
Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (Uma Thurman, 2000)
Black and white Valentino dress (Julia Roberts, 2001)
Swan dress (Björk, 2001)
Elie Saab net dress (Halle Berry, 2002)
Red Ben de Lisi dress (Kate Winslet, 2002)
Red Tarvydas dress (Rebecca Twigley, 2004)
White Marc Bouwer dress (Angelina Jolie, 2004)
Late
Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (Hilary Swank, 2005)
Yellow Valentino dress (Cate Blanchett, 2005)
Plum Vera Wang dress (Keira Knightley, 2006)
Saffron Vera Wang dress (Michelle Williams, 2006)
Pink feathered Versace dress (Penélope Cruz, 2007)
Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (Cate Blanchett, 2007)
Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (Marion Cotillard, 2008)
2010s
Meat dress (Lady Gaga, 2010)
Black Versace dress (Angelina Jolie, 2012)
Blue Prada dress (Lupita Nyong'o, 2014)
Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (Billy Porter, 2019)
2020s
Autograph suit (Sandy Powell, 2020)
Other notable dresses
Category
This clothing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Laroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Laroche"},{"link_name":"Hilary Swank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Swank"},{"link_name":"77th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Debenhams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debenhams"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph08-2"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Million Dollar Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Dollar_Baby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The navy blue Guy Laroche dress of Hilary Swank refers to the navy blue backless Guy Laroche dress worn by Hilary Swank at the 77th Academy Awards on February 27, 2005.[1] In a poll by Debenhams published in The Daily Telegraph the dress was voted the 16th greatest red carpet gown of all time.[2] Cosmopolitan magazine cited the dress as one of the Best Oscar dresses of all time, saying, \"Making a serious comeback from that pink gauze number two years before, Hilary shows off her flawless back in this stunning sapphire gown by Guy Laroche. Appropriately, this is the year she won the Oscar for Best Actress in Million Dollar Baby, because that's exactly what she looks like in this dress.\"[3]","title":"Navy blue Guy Laroche dress of Hilary Swank"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of individual dresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses"}] | [{"reference":"Allaire, Christian (2017-02-24). \"The 51 Best Oscars Red Carpet Dresses of All Time\". Vogue. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/vogue-editors-favorite-oscar-dresses-photos","url_text":"\"The 51 Best Oscars Red Carpet Dresses of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"Urmee Khan (9 October 2008). \"Liz Hurley 'safety pin' dress voted the greatest dress\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3167702/Liz-Hurley-safety-pin-dress-voted-the-greatest-dress.html","url_text":"\"Liz Hurley 'safety pin' dress voted the greatest dress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Oscars Best and Worst Dressed\". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 24 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/best-and-worst-oscar-style","url_text":"\"Oscars Best and Worst Dressed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)","url_text":"Cosmopolitan"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/vogue-editors-favorite-oscar-dresses-photos","external_links_name":"\"The 51 Best Oscars Red Carpet Dresses of All Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3167702/Liz-Hurley-safety-pin-dress-voted-the-greatest-dress.html","external_links_name":"\"Liz Hurley 'safety pin' dress voted the greatest dress\""},{"Link":"http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/best-and-worst-oscar-style","external_links_name":"\"Oscars Best and Worst Dressed\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_Amusantes | Théâtre des Variétés-Amusantes | ["1 History","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°52′07″N 2°21′36″E / 48.8686°N 2.3600°E / 48.8686; 2.3600
The Théâtre des Variétés-Amusantes was a theatre company in Paris.
History
In 1778, Louis Lécluse (or Lécluze), a former actor at the Opéra-Comique turned dentist, opened a theatre at foire Saint-Laurent, which shortly afterwards he transferred to the boulevard du Temple, at the corner of rue de Lancry and rue de Bondy (now rue René-Boulanger, Xe arrondissement).
Unable to bear the hostility this new enterprise generated, Lécluse ceded his theatre and its company to three former dancers of the Opéra – Fierville fils, Malter and Hamoir – as well as the financier Lemercier. The theatre opened on 12 April 1779 and it attracted large audiences by its varied and well-performed repertoire. Dorvigny wrote several plays for it, including Janot ou les Battus paient l'amende (11 June 1779), which was a great success.
In 1784, the theatre's directors had their privilege revoked by a Conseil d'État decree, in favour of Gaillard and Dorfeuille, after a complaint from the Académie royale de Musique. The new directors moved the theatre to the Palais-Royal and opened their new building on 1 January 1785, under the name Variétés du Palais-Royal. Its fare until that date had been farces, which they replaced with comedies, welcoming Monvel and Julie Candeille, then Talma, Dugazon and Mme Vestris. From then on the theatre was renamed the Théâtre-Français de la rue Richelieu, then the Théâtre de la République.
External links
All the shows put on at Les Variétés-Amusantes on the CESAR site
48°52′07″N 2°21′36″E / 48.8686°N 2.3600°E / 48.8686; 2.3600 | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Théâtre des Variétés-Amusantes was a theatre company in Paris.","title":"Théâtre des Variétés-Amusantes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Opéra-Comique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_national_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra-Comique"},{"link_name":"foire Saint-Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_foire"},{"link_name":"boulevard du Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_du_Temple"},{"link_name":"Xe arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Xe_arrondissement"},{"link_name":"Opéra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Malter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duval_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Hamoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamoir_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Dorvigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorvigny"},{"link_name":"Académie royale de Musique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Palais-Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais-Royal"},{"link_name":"Monvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Marie_Boutet"},{"link_name":"Julie Candeille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Candeille"},{"link_name":"Talma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Talma"},{"link_name":"Dugazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugazon"},{"link_name":"Mme Vestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Vestris"},{"link_name":"Théâtre de la République","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise"}],"text":"In 1778, Louis Lécluse (or Lécluze), a former actor at the Opéra-Comique turned dentist, opened a theatre at foire Saint-Laurent, which shortly afterwards he transferred to the boulevard du Temple, at the corner of rue de Lancry and rue de Bondy (now rue René-Boulanger, Xe arrondissement).Unable to bear the hostility this new enterprise generated, Lécluse ceded his theatre and its company to three former dancers of the Opéra – Fierville fils, Malter and Hamoir – as well as the financier Lemercier. The theatre opened on 12 April 1779 and it attracted large audiences by its varied and well-performed repertoire. Dorvigny wrote several plays for it, including Janot ou les Battus paient l'amende (11 June 1779), which was a great success.In 1784, the theatre's directors had their privilege revoked by a Conseil d'État decree, in favour of Gaillard and Dorfeuille, after a complaint from the Académie royale de Musique. The new directors moved the theatre to the Palais-Royal and opened their new building on 1 January 1785, under the name Variétés du Palais-Royal. Its fare until that date had been farces, which they replaced with comedies, welcoming Monvel and Julie Candeille, then Talma, Dugazon and Mme Vestris. From then on the theatre was renamed the Théâtre-Français de la rue Richelieu, then the Théâtre de la République.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s-Amusantes¶ms=48.8686_N_2.3600_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"48°52′07″N 2°21′36″E / 48.8686°N 2.3600°E / 48.8686; 2.3600"},{"Link":"http://cesar.org.uk/cesar2/places/places.php?fct=edit&location_UOID=102341","external_links_name":"All the shows put on at Les Variétés-Amusantes"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s-Amusantes¶ms=48.8686_N_2.3600_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"48°52′07″N 2°21′36″E / 48.8686°N 2.3600°E / 48.8686; 2.3600"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_United_Kingdom_tornado_outbreak | 1913 United Kingdom tornado outbreak | ["1 Meteorological background","2 Tornadoes","2.1 Most intense tornadoes","2.2 Other tornadoes","3 See also","4 References"] | Tornado outbreak in the United Kingdom
1913 United Kingdom tornado outbreakDamage caused by the tornado in Abercynon
TypeTornado outbreakExtratropical cycloneFormed27 October 1913Dissipated28 October 1913
Lowest pressure974 mb (28.76 inHg)
Fatalitiesat least 6 fatalities, 150 injured Damage£100,000 (1913) £11.6 million (2020) Areas affectedNorth East Scotland, North West England, English Midlands, Eastern England, South Wales, Southern England, Cornwall, Munster
The 1913 United Kingdom tornado outbreak was an outbreak of tornadoes, particularly over England and Wales, on 27 October 1913. The most notable tornadoes occurred in South Wales, where at least two tornadoes had winds of at least 160 miles per hour (260 km/h). This is equal to an F3 on the Fujita scale. One of the tornadoes, at Edwardsville, Merthyr Tydfil, resulted in 6 deaths and hundreds of injuries. This is the deadliest-known tornado to occur in the United Kingdom. Other notable tornadoes struck in Cheshire and Shropshire.
Meteorological background
The atmospheric set up at the height of the outbreak – 18:00 on 27 October.
A rapidly deepening low-pressure extratropical cyclone tracked quickly south on the afternoon of 27 October. The central pressure of the system was 990 millibars (29 inHg) at midnight on the 27th, deepening to 975 millibars (28.8 inHg) by 18:00. The low pressure helped to sustain a stream of strong southerly winds, as in days previous, sustaining significantly warmer than average conditions. Temperatures were widely reported over 21 °C (70 °F) in some places. Active weather fronts arriving from the Atlantic Ocean resulted in the instability needed to cause such tornadoes. The low pressure brought cooler air to the country by the 31st.
Tornadoes
Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU
F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Total
10
0
0
1
2
0
0
15 known
Most intense tornadoes
Most intense tornadoes - Monday 27 October 1913
F#
T#
Location
County
Comments/Damage
Wales
F3
T7
Llantwit Fardre to Bedlinog
Glamorgan
5+ Deaths - A T7 rated tornado tracked up the Taff Valley impacting the communities of Llantwit Fadre, Treforest, Cilfynydd, Abercynon, Edwardsville and Bedlinog. The worst damage occurred in Abercynon and Edwardsville, where at least 5 people died. Over 100 people were injured.
England
F3
T6
Runcorn
Cheshire
Struck the town around 20:30 to 21:00 before moving off to Lancashire. Caused much damage.
F2
T5
Shrewsbury
Shropshire
Categorised as a T5 on the TORRO scale with winds between 137 and 160 mph.
Other tornadoes
Other tornadoes were reported in England at Blackpool, Craypole, Peckforton, Oundle, Exeter, Collumpton and Worthing. The final tornado of the outbreak was reported at Witcombe Park, Gloucester at around 17:20 on 28 October. A tornado was reported in Scotland at Crathes and in Ireland at Crosshaven. However, all of these tornadoes were generally weak.
See also
List of European tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak
1091 London tornado
1761 Great Malvern tornado
2005 Birmingham tornado
2006 London tornado
References
^ "An Extraordinary Tornado". Trove. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "UK Inflation Calculator". in2013dollars.com. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "Storms, floods, tornados, heat waves. So, what's new?". The Times. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "Storms, floods, tornados, heat waves. So, what's new?". Phenomena.org. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "Storms, floods, tornados, heat waves. So, what's new?". The Times. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "500hPa Geopot. Height – Mon 27 Oct 00:00 1913". Wetterzentrale. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "500hPa Geopot. Height – Mon 27 Oct 18:00 1913". Wetterzentrale. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "850hPa Temp – Sat 25 Oct 18:00 1913". Wetterzentrale. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "Monthly Weather Report For The Year 1913". Met Office. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "850hPa Temp – Fri 31 Oct 18:00 1913". Wetterzentrale. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "Deadly Merthyr Tydfil tornado of 1913 recalled in new heritage project". Trove. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "The Devastating South Wales Tornadoes of 1913". Geology Wales. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "Tornadoes in Wales". Phenomena.org. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "Tornadoes in Wales". Phenomena.org. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
vteWeather events in the United Kingdom
Climate of the United Kingdom
climate change
Drought in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom weather records
Avalanches
Lewes 1836
Buachaille Etive Mòr 2009
Cold snaps
1683–84
1709
1894–95
1946–47
1962–63
1981–82
1985–86
1987
1990–91
October 2008
2009–10
2010–11
February 2012
Spring 2013
February–March 2018
Snow events
January 1881
March 1891
April 1981
January 1995
February 2009
March 2013
March 2018 (Emma)
March 2023 (Larisa)
Flash floods
Louth 1920
Lynmouth 1952
Chew Stoke 1968
Glasgow 2002
Boscastle 2004
Morpeth 2008
Yorkshire Dales 2019
London 2021
Floods
Bristol Channel 16071
Holmfirth 1738, 1777, 1944
North East England 1771
Strathspey 1829
Thames 1928
Thames 1947
South England 1968
Autumn 2000
Summer 2007
August 2008
November–December 2009
Workington 2009
2012–13
Winter 2013–14
Somerset Levels 2013–14
Winter 2015–16
June 2016
Winter 2019–20
Yorkshire Dales 2019
Summer 2022
2023
2024
Storm surges
South England 1287
North Sea 1287
Thames 1928
North Sea 1953
North Sea 1976
North Sea 1978
North Sea 2007
North Sea and Irish Sea 2013
Thunderstorms
Widecombe-in-the-Moor 1638
July 1968
Tornadoes
London 1091
Great Malvern 1761
October 1913
November 1981
Birmingham 2005
London 2006
October 2022
Windstorms andformer hurricanes
December 1703
November 1824
January 1839
August 1848
October 1859
February 1871
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October 2013
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February 2014
October 2014 (Gonzalo)
November 2015 (Abigail)
December 2015 (Desmond)
December 2015 (Eva)
October 2017 (Ophelia)
January 2018 (Eleanor)
October 2019 (Lorenzo)
February 2020 (Ciara)
February 2020 (Dennis)
September 2020 (Alex)
December 2021 (Barra)
February 2022 (Eunice)
October 2023 (Babet)
November 2023 (Ciarán)
Windstorm seasons
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
HeatwavesDroughts
1757
1808
1906
1911
1955
1976
1990
1995
2003
2006
2013
2018
2019
2021
2022
Wildfires
Summer 2018
February–May 2019
Wareham 2020
April–August 2022
Wennington 2022
Cannich 2023
Other
Great Smog 1952
Great Stink 1858
1 Disputed tsunami | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fujita scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita_scale"},{"link_name":"Edwardsville, Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardsville,_Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"}],"text":"The 1913 United Kingdom tornado outbreak was an outbreak of tornadoes, particularly over England and Wales, on 27 October 1913. The most notable tornadoes occurred in South Wales, where at least two tornadoes had winds of at least 160 miles per hour (260 km/h). This is equal to an F3 on the Fujita scale. One of the tornadoes, at Edwardsville, Merthyr Tydfil, resulted in 6 deaths and hundreds of injuries. This is the deadliest-known tornado to occur in the United Kingdom.[5] Other notable tornadoes struck in Cheshire and Shropshire.","title":"1913 United Kingdom tornado outbreak"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atmospheric_setup_27_October_1913.png"},{"link_name":"rapidly deepening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_intensification"},{"link_name":"extratropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The atmospheric set up at the height of the outbreak – 18:00 on 27 October.A rapidly deepening low-pressure extratropical cyclone tracked quickly south on the afternoon of 27 October. The central pressure of the system was 990 millibars (29 inHg) at midnight on the 27th,[6] deepening to 975 millibars (28.8 inHg) by 18:00.[7] The low pressure helped to sustain a stream of strong southerly winds, as in days previous,[8] sustaining significantly warmer than average conditions. Temperatures were widely reported over 21 °C (70 °F) in some places.[9] Active weather fronts arriving from the Atlantic Ocean resulted in the instability needed to cause such tornadoes. The low pressure brought cooler air to the country by the 31st.[10]","title":"Meteorological background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tornadoes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most intense tornadoes","title":"Tornadoes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool"},{"link_name":"Peckforton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peckforton"},{"link_name":"Oundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oundle"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"Collumpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collumpton"},{"link_name":"Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Crosshaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosshaven"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Other tornadoes","text":"Other tornadoes were reported in England at Blackpool, Craypole, Peckforton, Oundle, Exeter, Collumpton and Worthing. The final tornado of the outbreak was reported at Witcombe Park, Gloucester at around 17:20 on 28 October. A tornado was reported in Scotland at Crathes and in Ireland at Crosshaven. However, all of these tornadoes were generally weak.[14]","title":"Tornadoes"}] | [{"image_text":"The atmospheric set up at the height of the outbreak – 18:00 on 27 October.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atmospheric_setup_27_October_1913.png/250px-Atmospheric_setup_27_October_1913.png"}] | [{"title":"List of European tornadoes and tornado outbreaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks"},{"title":"1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_United_Kingdom_tornado_outbreak"},{"title":"1091 London tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1091_London_tornado"},{"title":"1761 Great Malvern tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1761_Great_Malvern_tornado"},{"title":"2005 Birmingham tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Birmingham_tornado"},{"title":"2006 London tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_London_tornado"}] | [{"reference":"\"An Extraordinary Tornado\". 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Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/deadly-merthyr-tydfil-tornado-1913-6085794","url_text":"\"Deadly Merthyr Tydfil tornado of 1913 recalled in new heritage project\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Devastating South Wales Tornadoes of 1913\". Geology Wales. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geologywales.co.uk/storms/1913.htm","url_text":"\"The Devastating South Wales Tornadoes of 1913\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tornadoes in Wales\". Phenomena.org. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phenomena.org.uk/tornadoes/page91/page91.html","url_text":"\"Tornadoes in Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tornadoes in Wales\". Phenomena.org. 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Height – Mon 27 Oct 18:00 1913\""},{"Link":"https://www.wetterzentrale.de/reanalysis.php?map=1&model=noaa&var=2&jaar=1913&maand=10&dag=25&h=0&nmaps=24","external_links_name":"\"850hPa Temp – Sat 25 Oct 18:00 1913\""},{"Link":"https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_2ec4a11a-60e2-4165-a5bf-3fd50eb7d4ec/","external_links_name":"\"Monthly Weather Report For The Year 1913\""},{"Link":"https://www.wetterzentrale.de/reanalysis.php?map=1&model=noaa&var=2&jaar=1913&maand=10&dag=31&uur=1800&h=0&tr=360&nmaps=24#mapref","external_links_name":"\"850hPa Temp – Fri 31 Oct 18:00 1913\""},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/deadly-merthyr-tydfil-tornado-1913-6085794","external_links_name":"\"Deadly Merthyr Tydfil tornado of 1913 recalled in new heritage project\""},{"Link":"http://www.geologywales.co.uk/storms/1913.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Devastating South Wales Tornadoes of 1913\""},{"Link":"http://www.phenomena.org.uk/tornadoes/page91/page91.html","external_links_name":"\"Tornadoes in Wales\""},{"Link":"http://www.phenomena.org.uk/tornadoes/page91/page91.html","external_links_name":"\"Tornadoes in Wales\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_shrew | Desperate shrew | ["1 Sources"] | Species of mammal
Desperate shrew
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Eulipotyphla
Family:
Soricidae
Genus:
Crocidura
Species:
C. desperata
Binomial name
Crocidura desperataHutterer, Jenkins & Verheyen, 1991
Desperate shrew range
The desperate shrew (Crocidura desperata) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is endemic to Tanzania. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Sources
^ Dando, T.; Kennerley, R. (2019). "Crocidura desperata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T5624A22300601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5624A22300601.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
vteExtant species of Eulipotyphla
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Family: Erinaceidae
subfamily: Erinaceinae
Atelerix
Four-toed hedgehog (A. albiventris)
North African hedgehog (A. algirus)
Southern African hedgehog (A. frontalis)
Somali hedgehog (A. sclateri)
Erinaceus
Amur hedgehog (E. amurensis)
Southern white-breasted hedgehog (E. concolor)
West European hedgehog (E. europaeus)
Northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus)
Hemiechinus
Long-eared hedgehog (H. auritus)
Indian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris)
Mesechinus
Daurian hedgehog (M. dauuricus)
Hugh's hedgehog (M. hughi)
Gaoligong forest hedgehog (M. wangi)
Small-toothed forest hedgehog (M. miodon)
Eastern forest hedgehog (M. orientalis)
Paraechinus
Desert hedgehog (P. aethiopicus)
Brandt's hedgehog (P. hypomelas)
Indian hedgehog (P. micropus)
Bare-bellied hedgehog (P. nudiventris)
Family: Erinaceidae
subfamily: Galericinae
Echinosorex
Moonrat (E. gymnura)
Hylomys
Dwarf gymnure (H. parvus)
Javan short-tailed gymnure (H. suillus)
Bornean short-tailed gymnure (H. dorsalis)
Max's short-tailed gymnure (H. maxi)
Dalat gymnure (H. macarong)
Northern short-tailed gymnure (H. peguensis)
Leuser gymnure (H. vorax)
Neohylomys
Hainan gymnure (N. hainanensis)
Neotetracus
Shrew gymnure (N. sinensis)
Otohylomys
Long-eared gymnure (O. megalotis)
Podogymnura
Dinagat gymnure (P. aureospinula)
Mindanao gymnure (P. truei)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Crocidurinae
Crocidura(White-toothedshrews)
Cyrenaica shrew (C. aleksandrisi)
East African highland shrew (C. allex)
Andaman shrew (C. andamanensis)
C. annamitensis
Ansell's shrew (C. ansellorum)
Arabian shrew (C. arabica)
Jackass shrew (C. arispa)
Armenian shrew (C. armenica)
Asian gray shrew (C. attenuata)
Hun shrew (C. attila)
Bailey's shrew (C. baileyi)
Kinabalu shrew (C. baluensis)
Batak shrew (C. batakorum)
Mindanao shrew (C. beatus)
Beccari's shrew (C. beccarii)
Bottego's shrew (C. bottegi)
Bale shrew (C. bottegoides)
Thick-tailed shrew (C. brunnea)
Buettikofer's shrew (C. buettikoferi)
African dusky shrew (C. caliginea)
Canarian shrew (C. canariensis)
Caspian shrew (C. caspica)
Cinderella shrew (C. cinderella)
Congo white-toothed shrew (C. congobelgica)
C. cranbrooki
Long-footed shrew (C. crenata)
Crosse's shrew (C. crossei)
Reddish-gray musk shrew (C. cyanea)
Dent's shrew (C. denti)
Desperate shrew (C. desperata)
Dhofar shrew (C. dhofarensis)
Long-tailed musk shrew (C. dolichura)
Doucet's musk shrew (C. douceti)
Dsinezumi shrew (C. dsinezumi)
Eisentraut's shrew (C. eisentrauti)
Elgon shrew (C. elgonius)
Elongated shrew (C. elongata)
Heather shrew (C. erica)
Fischer's shrew (C. fischeri)
Greater red musk shrew (C. flavescens)
Flower's shrew (C. floweri)
Bornean shrew (C. foetida)
Fox's shrew (C. foxi)
Southeast Asian shrew (C. fuliginosa)
Savanna shrew (C. fulvastra)
Smoky white-toothed shrew (C. fumosa)
Bicolored musk shrew (C. fuscomurina)
Glass's shrew (C. glassi)
Gmelin's white-toothed shrew (C. gmelini)
Goliath shrew (C. goliath)
Peters's musk shrew (C. gracilipes)
Large-headed shrew (C. grandiceps)
Greater Mindanao shrew (C. grandis)
Grasse's shrew (C. grassei)
Luzon shrew (C. grayi)
Greenwood's shrew (C. greenwoodi)
C. guy
Harenna shrew (C. harenna)
C. hikmiya
Hildegarde's shrew (C. hildegardeae)
Hill's shrew (C. hilliana)
Lesser red musk shrew (C. hirta)
Andaman spiny shrew (C. hispida)
Horsfield's shrew (C. horsfieldii)
Hutan shrew (C. hutanis)
North African white-toothed shrew (C. ichnusae)
Indochinese shrew (C. indochinensis)
Jackson's shrew (C. jacksoni)
Jenkins's shrew (C. jenkinsi)
Jouvenet's shrew (C. jouvenetae)
Katinka's shrew (C. katinka)
Ke Go shrew (C. kegoensis)
Kivu shrew (C. kivuana)
Lamotte's shrew (C. lamottei)
Kivu long-haired shrew (C. lanosa)
Ussuri white-toothed shrew (C. lasiura)
Latona's shrew (C. latona)
Sulawesi shrew (C. lea)
Sumatran giant shrew (C. lepidura)
Bicolored shrew (C. leucodon)
Sulawesi tiny shrew (C. levicula)
Butiaba naked-tailed shrew (C. littoralis)
Savanna swamp shrew (C. longipes)
Lucina's shrew (C. lucina)
Ludia's shrew (C. ludia)
Moonshine shrew (C. luna)
Mauritanian shrew (C. lusitania)
MacArthur's shrew (C. macarthuri)
MacMillan's shrew (C. macmillani)
Nyiro shrew (C. macowi)
Malayan shrew (C. malayana)
Manenguba shrew (C. manengubae)
Makwassie musk shrew (C. maquassiensis)
Swamp musk shrew (C. mariquensis)
Gracile naked-tailed shrew (C. maurisca)
Javanese shrew (C. maxi)
Mindoro shrew (C. mindorus)
Sri Lankan long-tailed shrew (C. miya)
Kilimanjaro shrew (C. monax)
Sunda shrew (C. monticola)
Montane white-toothed shrew (C. montis)
West African long-tailed shrew (C. muricauda)
Mossy forest shrew (C. musseri)
Ugandan musk shrew (C. mutesae)
Somali dwarf shrew (C. nana)
Savanna dwarf shrew (C. nanilla)
Peninsular shrew (C. negligens)
Negros shrew (C. negrina)
Nicobar shrew (C. nicobarica)
Nigerian shrew (C. nigeriae)
Blackish white-toothed shrew (C. nigricans)
Black-footed shrew (C. nigripes)
African black shrew (C. nigrofusca)
Nimba shrew (C. nimbae)
Niobe's shrew (C. niobe)
West African pygmy shrew (C. obscurior)
African giant shrew (C. olivieri)
Oriental shrew (C. orientalis)
Ryukyu shrew (C. orii)
Palawan shrew (C. palawanensis)
Panay shrew (C. panayensis)
Sumatran long-tailed shrew (C. paradoxura)
Small-footed shrew (C. parvipes)
Sahelian tiny shrew (C. pasha)
Pale gray shrew (C. pergrisea)
Guramba shrew (C. phaeura)
C. phanluongi
Phu Hoc shrew (C. phuquocensis)
Cameroonian shrew (C. picea)
Pitman's shrew (C. pitmani)
Flat-headed shrew (C. planiceps)
Fraser's musk shrew (C. poensis)
Polia's shrew (C. polia)
Kashmir white-toothed shrew (C. pullata)
Rainey's shrew (C. raineyi)
Negev shrew (C. ramona)
Chinese white-toothed shrew (C. rapax)
Egyptian pygmy shrew (C. religiosa)
Sulawesi white-handed shrew (C. rhoditis)
Roosevelt's shrew (C. roosevelti)
Greater white-toothed shrew (C. russula)
Ugandan lowland shrew (C. selina)
Lesser rock shrew (C. serezkyensis)
Asian lesser white-toothed shrew (C. shantungensis)
Siberian shrew (C. sibirica)
Sicilian shrew (C. sicula)
Lesser gray-brown musk shrew (C. silacea)
Desert musk shrew (C. smithii)
Sokolov's shrew (C. sokolovi)
Somali shrew (C. somalica)
Kahuzi swamp shrew (C. stenocephala)
Lesser white-toothed shrew (C. suaveolens)
Iranian shrew (C. susiana)
Tanzanian shrew (C. tansaniana)
Tarella shrew (C. tarella)
Saharan shrew (C. tarfayensis)
Telford's shrew (C. telfordi)
Timor shrew (C. tenuis)
Thalia's shrew (C. thalia)
Therese's shrew (C. theresae)
São Tomé shrew (C. thomensis)
Christmas Island shrew (C. trichura)
Turbo shrew (C. turba)
Ultimate shrew (C. ultima)
Usambara shrew (C. usambarae)
Savanna path shrew (C. viaria)
Mamfe shrew (C. virgata)
Voi shrew (C. voi)
Voracious shrew (C. vorax)
Banka shrew (C. vosmaeri)
Lesser Ryukyu shrew (C. watasei)
Whitaker's shrew (C. whitakeri)
Wimmer's shrew (C. wimmeri)
Hainan Island shrew (C. wuchihensis)
Xanthippe's shrew (C. xantippe)
Yankari shrew (C. yankariensis)
Mikhail Zaitsev's shrew (C. zaitsevi )
Zaphir's shrew (C. zaphiri)
Zarudny's rock shrew (C. zarudnyi)
Upemba shrew (C. zimmeri)
Cretan shrew (C. zimmermanni)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Crocidurinae (continued)
Diplomesodon
Piebald shrew (D. pulchellus)
Feroculus
Kelaart's long-clawed shrew (F. feroculus)
Palawanosorex
Palawan moss shrew (P. muscorum)
Paracrocidura(Large-headedshrews)
Grauer's large-headed shrew (P. graueri)
Greater large-headed shrew (P. maxima)
Lesser large-headed shrew (P. schoutedeni)
Ruwenzorisorex
Ruwenzori shrew (R. suncoides)
Scutisorex
Hero shrew (S. somereni)
Thor's hero shrew (S. thori)
Solisorex
Pearson's long-clawed shrew (S. pearsoni)
Suncus
Taita shrew (S. aequatorius)
Black shrew (S. ater)
Day's shrew (S. dayi)
Etruscan shrew (S. etruscus)
Sri Lankan shrew (S. fellowesgordoni)
Bornean pygmy shrew (S. hosei)
Least dwarf shrew (S. infinitesimus)
Greater dwarf shrew (S. lixus)
Madagascan pygmy shrew (S. madagascariensis)
Malayan pygmy shrew (S. malayanus)
Climbing shrew (S. megalura)
Flores shrew (S. mertensi)
Asian highland shrew (S. montanus)
Asian house shrew (S. murinus)
Remy's pygmy shrew (S. remyi)
Anderson's shrew (S. stoliczkanus)
Lesser dwarf shrew (S. varilla)
Jungle shrew (S. zeylanicus)
Sylvisorex(Forest shrews)
Dudu Akaibe's pygmy shrew (S. akaibei)
Cameroonian forest shrew (S. cameruniensis)
Corbet's forest shrew (S. corbeti)
Grant's forest shrew (S. granti)
Howell's forest shrew (S. howelli)
Bioko forest shrew (S. isabellae)
Johnston's forest shrew (S. johnstoni)
Kongana shrew (S. konganensis)
Moon forest shrew (S. lunaris)
Mount Cameroon forest shrew (S. morio)
Greater forest shrew (S. ollula)
Lesser forest shrew (S. oriundus)
Rain forest shrew (S. pluvialis)
Volcano shrew (S. vulcanorum)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Soricinae
AnourosoriciniAnourosorex(Asian mole shrews)
Assam mole shrew (A. assamensis)
Giant mole shrew (A. schmidi)
Chinese mole shrew (A. squamipes)
Taiwanese mole shrew (A. yamashinai)
BlarinelliniBlarinella(some Asiatic short-tailedshrews)
Asiatic short-tailed shrew (B. quadraticauda)
Burmese short-tailed shrew (B. wardi)
Parablarinella(some Asiatic short-tailedshrews)
Indochinese short-tailed shrew (P. griselda)
Anhui short-tailed shrew (P. latimaxillata)
BlarininiBlarina(American short-tailedshrews)
Northern short-tailed shrew (B. brevicauda)
Southern short-tailed shrew (B. carolinensis)
Elliot's short-tailed shrew (B. hylophaga)
Everglades short-tailed shrew (B. peninsulae)
Sherman's short-tailed shrew (B. shermani)
Cryptotis(Small-earedshrews)
C. mexicana group
Mexican small-eared shrew (C. mexicana)
Nelson's small-eared shrew (C. nelsoni)
Grizzled Mexican small-eared shrew (C. obscura)
Phillips' small-eared shrew (C. phillipsii)
C. goldmani set
Central Mexican broad-clawed shrew (C. alticola)
Goldman's broad-clawed shrew (C. goldmani)
Goodwin's broad-clawed shrew (C. goodwini)
Guatemalan broad-clawed shrew (C. griseoventris)
C. lacertosus
C. mam
Oaxacan broad-clawed shrew (C. peregrina)
C. nigrescens group
Eastern Cordillera small-footed shrew (C. brachyonyx)
Colombian small-eared shrew (C. colombiana)
Honduran small-eared shrew (C. hondurensis)
Yucatan small-eared shrew (C. mayensis)
Darién small-eared shrew (C. mera)
Merriam's small-eared shrew (C. merriami)
Blackish small-eared shrew (C. nigrescens)
C. thomasi group
Southern Colombian small-eared shrew (C. andinus)
Ecuadorian small-eared shrew (C. equatoris)
Rainer's small-eared shrew (C. huttereri)
Medellín small-eared shrew (C. medellinia)
Merida small-eared shrew (C. meridensis)
Wandering small-eared shrew (C. montivaga)
Peruvian small-eared shrew (C. peruviensis)
Scaly-footed small-eared shrew (C. squaipes)
Tamá small-eared shrew (C. tamensis)
Thomas's small-eared shrew (C. thomasi)
C. parva group
Central American least shrew (C. orophila)
North American least shrew (C. parva)
Tropical small-eared shrew (C. tropicalis)
Ungrouped / relict
Enders's small-eared shrew (C. endersi)
Talamancan small-eared shrew (C. gracilis)
Big Mexican small-eared shrew (C. magna)
NectogaliniChimarrogale(Asiatic watershrews)
Malayan water shrew (C. hantu)
Himalayan water shrew (C. himalayica)
Bornean water shrew (C. phaeura)
Japanese water shrew (C. platycephalus)
Chinese water shrew (C. styani)
Sumatran water shrew (C. sumatrana)
Chodsigoa
Van Sung's shrew (C. caovansunga)
De Winton's shrew (C. hypsibia)
Lamulate shrew (C. lamula)
Lowe's shrew (C. parca)
Pygmy brown-toothed shrew (C. parva)
Salenski's shrew (C. salenskii)
Smith's shrew (C. smithii)
Lesser Taiwanese shrew (C. sodalis)
Episoriculus
Hodgsons's brown-toothed shrew (E. caudatus)
Taiwanese brown-toothed shrew (E. fumidus)
Long-tailed brown-toothed shrew (E. leucops)
Long-tailed mountain shrew (E. macrurus)
Nectogale
Elegant water shrew (N. elegans)
Neomys
Mediterranean water shrew (N. anomalus)
Eurasian water shrew (N. fodiens)
Transcaucasian water shrew (N. teres)
Soriculus
Himalayan shrew (S. nigrescens)
NotiosoriciniMegasorex
Mexican shrew (M. gigas)
Notiosorex
Cockrum's gray shrew (N. cockrumi)
Crawford's gray shrew (N. crawfordi)
Large-eared gray shrew (N. evotis)
Villa's gray shrew (N. villai)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Soricinae (tribe: Soricini)
Sorex(Long-tailedshrews)SubgenusOtisorex
Long-tailed shrew (S. dispar)
Smoky shrew (S. fumeus)
American pygmy shrew (S. hoyi)
Large-toothed shrew (S. macrodon)
Carmen mountain shrew (S. milleri)
Dwarf shrew (S. nanus)
Mexican long-tailed shrew (S. oreopolus)
Orizaba long-tailed shrew (S. orizabae)
Ornate shrew (S. ornatus)
Inyo shrew (S. tenellus)
Verapaz shrew (S. veraepacis)
S. vagrans complex
Glacier Bay water shrew (S. alaskanus)
Baird's shrew (S. bairdii)
Marsh shrew (S. bendirii)
Montane shrew (S. monticolus)
New Mexico shrew (S. neomexicanus)
Pacific shrew (S. pacificus)
American water shrew (S. palustris)
Fog shrew (S. sonomae)
Vagrant shrew (S. vagrans)
S. cinereus group
Kamchatka shrew (S. camtschatica)
Cinereus shrew (S. cinereus)
Prairie shrew (S. haydeni)
Saint Lawrence Island shrew (S. jacksoni)
Paramushir shrew (S. leucogaster)
Southeastern shrew (S. longirostris)
Mount Lyell shrew (S. lyelli)
Portenko's shrew (S. portenkoi)
Preble's shrew (S. preblei)
Pribilof Island shrew (S. pribilofensis)
Olympic shrew (S. rohweri)
Barren ground shrew (S. ugyunak)
SubgenusSorex
Dneper common shrew (S. averini)
Lesser striped shrew (S. bedfordiae)
Greater stripe-backed shrew (S. cylindricauda)
Chinese highland shrew (S. excelsus)
Azumi shrew (S. hosonoi)
Chinese shrew (S. sinalis)
Alaska tiny shrew (S. yukonicus)
S. alpinus group
Alpine shrew (S. alpinus)
Ussuri shrew (S. mirabilis)
S. araneus group
Valais shrew (S. antinorii)
Common shrew (S. araneus)
Udine shrew (S. arunchi)
Crowned shrew (S. coronatus)
Siberian large-toothed shrew (S. daphaenodon)
Iberian shrew (S. granarius)
Caucasian shrew (S. satunini)
S. arcticus group
Arctic shrew (S. arcticus)
Maritime shrew (S. maritimensis)
S. tundrensis group
Tien Shan shrew (S. asper)
Gansu shrew (S. cansulus)
Tundra shrew (S. tundrensis)
S. minutus group
Buchara shrew (S. buchariensis)
Kozlov's shrew (S. kozlovi)
Caucasian pygmy shrew (S. volnuchini)
S. caecutiens group
Laxmann's shrew (S. caecutiens)
Taiga shrew (S. isodon)
Eurasian least shrew (S. minutissimus)
Eurasian pygmy shrew (S. minutus)
Flat-skulled shrew (S. roboratus)
Shinto shrew (S. shinto)
Long-clawed shrew (S. unguiculatus)
S. gracillimus group
Slender shrew (S. gracillimus)
S. raddei group
Radde's shrew (S. raddei)
S. samniticus group
Apennine shrew (S. samniticus)
incertae sedis
Arizona shrew (S. arizonae)
Zacatecas shrew (S. emarginatus)
Merriam's shrew (S. merriami)
Kashmir pygmy shrew (S. planiceps)
Saussure's shrew (S. saussurei)
Sclater's shrew (S. sclateri)
San Cristobal shrew (S. stizodon)
Tibetan shrew (S. thibetanus)
Trowbridge's shrew (S. trowbridgii)
Chestnut-bellied shrew (S. ventralis)
Veracruz shrew (S. veraecrucis)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Myosoricinae
Congosorex(Congo shrews)
Phillips's shrew (C. phillipsorum)
Greater Congo shrew (C. polli)
Lesser Congo shrew (C. verheyeni)
Myosorex(Mouse shrews)
Babault's mouse shrew (M. babaulti)
Montane mouse shrew (M. blarina)
Bururi forest shrew (M. bururiensis)
Dark-footed mouse shrew (M. cafer)
Eisentraut's mouse shrew (M. eisentrauti)
Geata mouse shrew (M. geata)
Nyika mouse shrew (M. gnoskei)
Kihaule's mouse shrew (M. kihaulei)
Long-tailed forest shrew (M. longicaudatus)
Oku mouse shrew (M. okuensis)
Rumpi mouse shrew (M. rumpii)
Schaller's mouse shrew (M. schalleri)
Sclater's mouse shrew (M. sclateri)
Thin mouse shrew (M. tenuis)
Forest shrew (M. varius)
Kilimanjaro mouse shrew (M. zinki)
Surdisorex(African moleshrews)
Aberdare mole shrew (S. norae)
Mount Kenya mole shrew (S. polulus)
Family: Talpidae
Scalopinae(New World molesand relatives)Condylura
Star-nosed mole (C. cristata)
Parascalops
Hairy-tailed mole (P. breweri)
Scalopus
Eastern mole (S. aquaticus)
Scapanulus
Gansu mole (S. oweni)
Scapanus(Western NorthAmerican moles)
Broad-footed mole (S. latimanus)
Coast mole (S. orarius)
Townsend's mole (S. townsendii)
Talpinae(Old World molesand relatives)Desmana
Russian desman (D. moschata)
Dymecodon
True's shrew mole (D. pilirostris)
Euroscaptor
Greater Chinese mole (E. grandis)
Kloss's mole (E. klossi)
Long-nosed mole (E. longirostris)
Himalayan mole (E. micrura)
Small-toothed mole (E. parvidens)
Vietnamese mole (E. subanura)
Galemys
Pyrenean desman (G. pyrenaicus)
Mogera
Echigo mole (M. etigo)
Insular mole (M. insularis)
Kano mole (M. kanoana)
Kobe mole (M. kobeae)
Small Japanese mole (M. imaizumii)
Large mole (M. robusta)
Sado mole (M. tokudae)
Japanese mole (M. wogura)
Senkaku mole (M. uchidai)
Neurotrichus
American shrew mole (N. gibbsii)
Oreoscaptor
Japanese mountain mole (O. mizura)
Parascaptor
White-tailed mole (P. leucura)
Scaptochirus
Short-faced mole (S. moschatus)
Scaptonyx
Long-tailed mole (S. fusicaudus)
Talpa
Altai mole (T. altaica)
Aquitanian mole (T. aquitania)
Blind mole (T. caeca)
Caucasian mole (T. caucasica)
European mole (T. europaea)
Père David's mole (T. davidiana)
Levant mole (T. levantis)
Martino's mole (T. martinorum)
Spanish mole (T. occidentalis)
Ognev's mole (T. ognevi)
Roman mole (T. romana)
Balkan mole (T. stankovici)
Talysch mole (T. talyschensis)
Urotrichus
Japanese shrew mole (U. talpoides)
Uropsilinae(Chinese shrew-likemoles)Uropsilus
Equivalent-teeth shrew mole (U. aequodonenia)
Anderson's shrew mole (U. andersoni)
Black-backed shrew mole (U. atronates)
Dabie Mountains shrew mole (U. dabieshanensis)
Gracile shrew mole (U. gracilis)
Inquisitive shrew mole (U. investigator)
Snow Mountain shrew mole (U. nivatus)
Chinese shrew mole (U. soricipes)
Family: Solenodontidae
Atopogale
Cuban solenodon (A. cubana)
Solenodon
Hispaniolan solenodon (S. paradoxus)
Taxon identifiersCrocidura desperata
Wikidata: Q305204
Wikispecies: Crocidura desperata
CoL: ZK42
EoL: 1178771
GBIF: 2435617
iNaturalist: 46657
IRMNG: 10973441
ITIS: 633577
IUCN: 5624
MDD: 1003874
MSW: 13700053
Observation.org: 82771
Open Tree of Life: 3614575
ZooBank: 03E0453F-A740-4E7F-8389-DCF09B0A167A
This article about a white-toothed shrew is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"Soricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soricidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"montane forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"}],"text":"The desperate shrew (Crocidura desperata) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is endemic to Tanzania. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.","title":"Desperate shrew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iucn_status_14_November_2021_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Crocidura desperata\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iucnredlist.org/species/5624/22300601"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5624A22300601.en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5624A22300601.en"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eulipotyphla"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Eulipotyphla"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eulipotyphla"},{"link_name":"Eulipotyphla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulipotyphla"},{"link_name":"Animalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia"},{"link_name":"Chordata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordata"},{"link_name":"Mammalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia"},{"link_name":"Eutheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria"},{"link_name":"Laurasiatheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria"},{"link_name":"Erinaceidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceidae"},{"link_name":"Erinaceinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Atelerix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelerix"},{"link_name":"Four-toed hedgehog (A. albiventris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-toed_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"North African hedgehog (A. algirus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Southern African hedgehog (A. frontalis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Somali hedgehog (A. sclateri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Erinaceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceus"},{"link_name":"Amur hedgehog (E. amurensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Southern white-breasted hedgehog (E. concolor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_white-breasted_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"West European hedgehog (E. europaeus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_white-breasted_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Hemiechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiechinus"},{"link_name":"Long-eared hedgehog (H. auritus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-eared_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Indian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_long-eared_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Mesechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesechinus"},{"link_name":"Daurian hedgehog (M. dauuricus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daurian_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Hugh's hedgehog (M. hughi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%27s_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Gaoligong forest hedgehog (M. wangi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaoligong_forest_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Small-toothed forest hedgehog (M. miodon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small-toothed_forest_hedgehog&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eastern forest hedgehog (M. orientalis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_forest_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Paraechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraechinus"},{"link_name":"Desert hedgehog (P. aethiopicus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Brandt's hedgehog (P. hypomelas)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandt%27s_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Indian hedgehog (P. micropus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Bare-bellied hedgehog (P. nudiventris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare-bellied_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Erinaceidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceidae"},{"link_name":"Galericinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnure"},{"link_name":"Echinosorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonrat"},{"link_name":"Moonrat (E. gymnura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonrat"},{"link_name":"Hylomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylomys"},{"link_name":"Dwarf gymnure (H. parvus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Javan short-tailed gymnure (H. suillus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_short-tailed_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Bornean short-tailed gymnure (H. dorsalis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_short-tailed_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Max's short-tailed gymnure (H. maxi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%27s_short-tailed_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Dalat gymnure (H. macarong)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalat_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Northern short-tailed gymnure (H. peguensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_short-tailed_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Leuser gymnure (H. vorax)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuser_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Neohylomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Hainan gymnure (N. hainanensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Neotetracus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Shrew gymnure (N. sinensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Otohylomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otohylomys"},{"link_name":"Long-eared gymnure (O. megalotis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-eared_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Podogymnura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podogymnura"},{"link_name":"Dinagat gymnure (P. aureospinula)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinagat_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Mindanao gymnure (P. truei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Soricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew"},{"link_name":"Crocidurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Crocidura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocidura"},{"link_name":"Cyrenaica shrew (C. aleksandrisi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica_shrew"},{"link_name":"East African highland shrew (C. allex)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_highland_shrew"},{"link_name":"Andaman shrew (C. andamanensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_shrew"},{"link_name":"C. annamitensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocidura_annamitensis"},{"link_name":"Ansell's shrew (C. ansellorum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansell%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Arabian shrew (C. arabica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Jackass shrew (C. arispa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackass_shrew"},{"link_name":"Armenian shrew (C. armenica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Asian gray shrew (C. attenuata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_gray_shrew"},{"link_name":"Hun shrew (C. attila)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun_shrew"},{"link_name":"Bailey's shrew (C. baileyi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Kinabalu shrew (C. baluensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabalu_shrew"},{"link_name":"Batak shrew (C. batakorum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_shrew"},{"link_name":"Mindanao shrew (C. beatus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao_shrew"},{"link_name":"Beccari's shrew (C. beccarii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beccari%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Bottego's shrew (C. bottegi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottego%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Bale shrew (C. bottegoides)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_shrew"},{"link_name":"Thick-tailed shrew (C. brunnea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Buettikofer's shrew (C. buettikoferi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buettikofer%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"African dusky shrew (C. caliginea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_dusky_shrew"},{"link_name":"Canarian shrew (C. canariensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Caspian shrew (C. caspica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Cinderella shrew (C. cinderella)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_shrew"},{"link_name":"Congo white-toothed shrew (C. congobelgica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"C. cranbrooki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocidura_cranbrooki"},{"link_name":"Long-footed shrew (C. crenata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-footed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Crosse's shrew (C. crossei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosse%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Reddish-gray musk shrew (C. cyanea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddish-gray_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Dent's shrew (C. denti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Desperate shrew (C. desperata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Dhofar shrew (C. dhofarensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_shrew"},{"link_name":"Long-tailed musk shrew (C. dolichura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Doucet's musk shrew (C. douceti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doucet%27s_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Dsinezumi shrew (C. dsinezumi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsinezumi_shrew"},{"link_name":"Eisentraut's shrew (C. eisentrauti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisentraut%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Elgon shrew (C. elgonius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgon_shrew"},{"link_name":"Elongated shrew (C. elongata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongated_shrew"},{"link_name":"Heather shrew (C. erica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_shrew"},{"link_name":"Fischer's shrew (C. fischeri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Greater red musk shrew (C. flavescens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_red_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Flower's shrew (C. floweri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Bornean shrew (C. foetida)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_shrew"},{"link_name":"Fox's shrew (C. foxi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asian shrew (C. fuliginosa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Savanna shrew (C. fulvastra)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_shrew"},{"link_name":"Smoky white-toothed shrew (C. fumosa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Bicolored musk shrew (C. fuscomurina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicolored_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Glass's shrew (C. glassi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Gmelin's white-toothed shrew (C. gmelini)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelin%27s_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Goliath shrew (C. goliath)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_shrew"},{"link_name":"Peters's musk shrew (C. gracilipes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peters%27s_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Large-headed shrew (C. grandiceps)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocidura_grandiceps"},{"link_name":"Greater Mindanao shrew (C. grandis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Mindanao_shrew"},{"link_name":"Grasse's shrew (C. grassei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasse%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Luzon shrew (C. grayi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon_shrew"},{"link_name":"Greenwood's shrew (C. greenwoodi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"C. guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocidura_guy"},{"link_name":"Harenna shrew (C. harenna)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harenna_shrew"},{"link_name":"C. hikmiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocidura_hikmiya"},{"link_name":"Hildegarde's shrew (C. hildegardeae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegarde%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Hill's shrew (C. hilliana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lesser red musk shrew (C. hirta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_red_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Andaman spiny shrew (C. hispida)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_spiny_shrew"},{"link_name":"Horsfield's shrew (C. horsfieldii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsfield%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Hutan shrew (C. hutanis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan_shrew"},{"link_name":"North African white-toothed shrew (C. ichnusae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Indochinese shrew (C. indochinensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochinese_shrew"},{"link_name":"Jackson's shrew (C. jacksoni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Jenkins's shrew (C. jenkinsi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenkins%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Jouvenet's shrew (C. jouvenetae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouvenet%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Katinka's shrew (C. katinka)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katinka%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Ke Go shrew (C. kegoensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke_Go_shrew"},{"link_name":"Kivu shrew (C. kivuana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lamotte's shrew (C. lamottei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotte%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Kivu long-haired shrew (C. lanosa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu_long-haired_shrew"},{"link_name":"Ussuri white-toothed shrew (C. lasiura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussuri_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Latona's shrew (C. latona)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latona%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi shrew (C. lea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sumatran giant shrew (C. lepidura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_giant_shrew"},{"link_name":"Bicolored shrew (C. leucodon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicolored_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi tiny shrew (C. levicula)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_tiny_shrew"},{"link_name":"Butiaba naked-tailed shrew (C. littoralis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butiaba_naked-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Savanna swamp shrew (C. longipes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_swamp_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lucina's shrew (C. lucina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucina%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Ludia's shrew (C. ludia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludia%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Moonshine shrew (C. luna)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshine_shrew"},{"link_name":"Mauritanian shrew (C. lusitania)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanian_shrew"},{"link_name":"MacArthur's shrew (C. macarthuri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"MacMillan's shrew (C. macmillani)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacMillan%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Nyiro shrew (C. macowi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyiro_shrew"},{"link_name":"Malayan shrew (C. malayana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_shrew"},{"link_name":"Manenguba shrew (C. manengubae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manenguba_shrew"},{"link_name":"Makwassie musk shrew (C. maquassiensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makwassie_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Swamp musk shrew (C. mariquensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Gracile naked-tailed shrew (C. maurisca)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracile_naked-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Javanese shrew (C. maxi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_shrew"},{"link_name":"Mindoro shrew (C. mindorus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindoro_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan long-tailed shrew (C. miya)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_long-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Kilimanjaro shrew (C. monax)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sunda shrew (C. monticola)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_shrew"},{"link_name":"Montane white-toothed shrew (C. montis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"West African long-tailed shrew (C. muricauda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_long-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Mossy forest shrew (C. musseri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossy_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Ugandan musk shrew (C. mutesae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Somali dwarf shrew (C. nana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_dwarf_shrew"},{"link_name":"Savanna dwarf shrew (C. nanilla)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_dwarf_shrew"},{"link_name":"Peninsular shrew (C. negligens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_shrew"},{"link_name":"Negros shrew (C. negrina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negros_shrew"},{"link_name":"Nicobar shrew (C. nicobarica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicobar_shrew"},{"link_name":"Nigerian shrew (C. nigeriae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Blackish white-toothed shrew (C. nigricans)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackish_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Black-footed shrew (C. nigripes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-footed_shrew"},{"link_name":"African black shrew (C. nigrofusca)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_black_shrew"},{"link_name":"Nimba shrew (C. nimbae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimba_shrew"},{"link_name":"Niobe's shrew (C. niobe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobe%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"West African pygmy shrew (C. obscurior)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_pygmy_shrew"},{"link_name":"African giant shrew (C. olivieri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_giant_shrew"},{"link_name":"Oriental shrew (C. orientalis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_shrew"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu shrew (C. orii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_shrew"},{"link_name":"Palawan shrew (C. palawanensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan_shrew"},{"link_name":"Panay shrew (C. panayensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panay_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sumatran long-tailed shrew (C. paradoxura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_long-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Small-footed shrew (C. parvipes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-footed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sahelian tiny shrew (C. pasha)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelian_tiny_shrew"},{"link_name":"Pale gray shrew (C. pergrisea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_gray_shrew"},{"link_name":"Guramba shrew (C. phaeura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guramba_shrew"},{"link_name":"C. phanluongi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocidura_phanluongi"},{"link_name":"Phu Hoc shrew (C. phuquocensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phu_Hoc_shrew"},{"link_name":"Cameroonian shrew (C. picea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Pitman's shrew (C. pitmani)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitman%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Flat-headed shrew (C. planiceps)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-headed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Fraser's musk shrew (C. poensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser%27s_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Polia's shrew (C. polia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polia%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Kashmir white-toothed shrew (C. pullata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Rainey's shrew (C. raineyi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainey%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Negev shrew (C. ramona)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev_shrew"},{"link_name":"Chinese white-toothed shrew (C. rapax)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pygmy shrew (C. religiosa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pygmy_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi white-handed shrew (C. rhoditis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_white-handed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt's shrew (C. roosevelti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Greater white-toothed shrew (C. russula)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Ugandan lowland shrew (C. selina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_lowland_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lesser rock shrew (C. serezkyensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_rock_shrew"},{"link_name":"Asian lesser white-toothed shrew (C. shantungensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_lesser_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Siberian shrew (C. sibirica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sicilian shrew (C. sicula)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lesser gray-brown musk shrew (C. silacea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_gray-brown_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Desert musk shrew (C. smithii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sokolov's shrew (C. sokolovi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolov%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Somali shrew (C. somalica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shrew"},{"link_name":"Kahuzi swamp shrew (C. stenocephala)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahuzi_swamp_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lesser white-toothed shrew (C. suaveolens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_white-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Iranian shrew (C. susiana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Tanzanian shrew (C. tansaniana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Tarella shrew (C. tarella)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarella_shrew"},{"link_name":"Saharan shrew (C. tarfayensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_shrew"},{"link_name":"Telford's shrew (C. telfordi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telford%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Timor shrew (C. tenuis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_shrew"},{"link_name":"Thalia's shrew (C. thalia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalia%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Therese's shrew (C. theresae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"São Tomé shrew (C. thomensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_shrew"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island shrew (C. trichura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island_shrew"},{"link_name":"Turbo shrew (C. turba)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_shrew"},{"link_name":"Ultimate shrew (C. ultima)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_shrew"},{"link_name":"Usambara shrew (C. usambarae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usambara_shrew"},{"link_name":"Savanna path shrew (C. viaria)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_path_shrew"},{"link_name":"Mamfe shrew (C. virgata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamfe_shrew"},{"link_name":"Voi shrew (C. voi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voi_shrew"},{"link_name":"Voracious shrew (C. vorax)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voracious_shrew"},{"link_name":"Banka shrew (C. vosmaeri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lesser Ryukyu shrew (C. watasei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Ryukyu_shrew"},{"link_name":"Whitaker's shrew (C. whitakeri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitaker%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Wimmer's shrew (C. wimmeri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimmer%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Hainan Island shrew (C. wuchihensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Island_shrew"},{"link_name":"Xanthippe's shrew (C. xantippe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthippe%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Yankari shrew (C. yankariensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankari_shrew"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Zaitsev's shrew (C. zaitsevi )","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Zaitsev%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Zaphir's shrew (C. zaphiri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaphir%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Zarudny's rock shrew (C. zarudnyi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarudny%27s_rock_shrew"},{"link_name":"Upemba shrew (C. zimmeri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upemba_shrew"},{"link_name":"Cretan shrew (C. zimmermanni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_shrew"},{"link_name":"Soricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew"},{"link_name":"Crocidurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Diplomesodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomesodon"},{"link_name":"Piebald shrew (D. pulchellus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piebald_shrew"},{"link_name":"Feroculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroculus"},{"link_name":"Kelaart's long-clawed shrew (F. feroculus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelaart%27s_long-clawed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Palawanosorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawanosorex"},{"link_name":"Palawan moss shrew (P. muscorum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan_moss_shrew"},{"link_name":"Paracrocidura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrocidura"},{"link_name":"Grauer's large-headed shrew (P. graueri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauer%27s_large-headed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Greater large-headed shrew (P. maxima)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_large-headed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lesser large-headed shrew (P. schoutedeni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_large-headed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Ruwenzorisorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwenzorisorex"},{"link_name":"Ruwenzori shrew (R. suncoides)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwenzori_shrew"},{"link_name":"Scutisorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutisorex"},{"link_name":"Hero shrew (S. somereni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_shrew"},{"link_name":"Thor's hero shrew (S. thori)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor%27s_hero_shrew"},{"link_name":"Solisorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solisorex"},{"link_name":"Pearson's long-clawed shrew (S. pearsoni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson%27s_long-clawed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Suncus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncus"},{"link_name":"Taita shrew (S. aequatorius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taita_shrew"},{"link_name":"Black shrew (S. ater)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_shrew"},{"link_name":"Day's shrew (S. dayi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Etruscan shrew (S. etruscus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan shrew (S. fellowesgordoni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_shrew"},{"link_name":"Bornean pygmy shrew (S. hosei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_pygmy_shrew"},{"link_name":"Least dwarf shrew (S. infinitesimus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_dwarf_shrew"},{"link_name":"Greater dwarf shrew (S. lixus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_dwarf_shrew"},{"link_name":"Madagascan pygmy shrew (S. madagascariensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascan_pygmy_shrew"},{"link_name":"Malayan pygmy shrew (S. malayanus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_pygmy_shrew"},{"link_name":"Climbing shrew (S. megalura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_shrew"},{"link_name":"Flores shrew (S. mertensi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_shrew"},{"link_name":"Asian highland shrew (S. montanus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_highland_shrew"},{"link_name":"Asian house shrew (S. murinus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_house_shrew"},{"link_name":"Remy's pygmy shrew (S. remyi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remy%27s_pygmy_shrew"},{"link_name":"Anderson's shrew (S. stoliczkanus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lesser dwarf shrew (S. varilla)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_dwarf_shrew"},{"link_name":"Jungle shrew (S. zeylanicus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sylvisorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvisorex"},{"link_name":"Dudu Akaibe's pygmy shrew (S. akaibei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudu_Akaibe%27s_pygmy_shrew"},{"link_name":"Cameroonian forest shrew (S. cameruniensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Corbet's forest shrew (S. corbeti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbet%27s_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Grant's forest shrew (S. granti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%27s_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Howell's forest shrew (S. howelli)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell%27s_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Bioko forest shrew (S. isabellae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioko_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Johnston's forest shrew (S. johnstoni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston%27s_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Kongana shrew (S. konganensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongana_shrew"},{"link_name":"Moon forest shrew (S. lunaris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Mount Cameroon forest shrew (S. morio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Cameroon_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Greater forest shrew (S. ollula)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lesser forest shrew (S. oriundus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Rain forest shrew (S. pluvialis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Volcano shrew (S. vulcanorum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_shrew"},{"link_name":"Soricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew"},{"link_name":"Soricinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Anourosoricini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anourosoricini"},{"link_name":"Anourosorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_mole_shrew"},{"link_name":"Assam mole shrew (A. assamensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_mole_shrew"},{"link_name":"Giant mole shrew (A. schmidi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_mole_shrew"},{"link_name":"Chinese mole shrew (A. squamipes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mole_shrew"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese mole shrew (A. yamashinai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_mole_shrew"},{"link_name":"Blarinellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarinellini"},{"link_name":"Blarinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarinella"},{"link_name":"Asiatic short-tailed shrew (B. quadraticauda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_short-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Burmese short-tailed shrew (B. wardi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_short-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Parablarinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parablarinella"},{"link_name":"Indochinese short-tailed shrew (P. griselda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochinese_short-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Anhui short-tailed shrew (P. latimaxillata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui_short-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Blarinini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarinini"},{"link_name":"Blarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_short-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Northern short-tailed shrew (B. brevicauda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_short-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Southern short-tailed shrew (B. carolinensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_short-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Elliot's short-tailed shrew (B. hylophaga)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot%27s_short-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Everglades short-tailed shrew (B. peninsulae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades_short-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sherman's short-tailed shrew (B. shermani)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cryptotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Mexican small-eared shrew (C. mexicana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Nelson's small-eared shrew (C. nelsoni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Grizzled Mexican small-eared shrew (C. obscura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzled_Mexican_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Phillips' small-eared shrew (C. phillipsii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips%27_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Central Mexican broad-clawed shrew (C. alticola)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Mexican_broad-clawed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Goldman's broad-clawed shrew (C. goldmani)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman%27s_broad-clawed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Goodwin's broad-clawed shrew (C. goodwini)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwin%27s_broad-clawed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Guatemalan broad-clawed shrew (C. griseoventris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_broad-clawed_shrew"},{"link_name":"C. lacertosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptotis_lacertosus"},{"link_name":"C. mam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptotis_mam"},{"link_name":"Oaxacan broad-clawed shrew (C. peregrina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxacan_broad-clawed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cordillera small-footed shrew (C. brachyonyx)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cordillera_small-footed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Colombian small-eared shrew (C. colombiana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Honduran small-eared shrew (C. hondurensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduran_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Yucatan small-eared shrew (C. mayensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucatan_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Darién small-eared shrew (C. mera)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Merriam's small-eared shrew (C. merriami)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam%27s_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Blackish small-eared shrew (C. nigrescens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackish_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Southern Colombian small-eared shrew (C. andinus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Colombian_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Ecuadorian small-eared shrew (C. equatoris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Rainer's small-eared shrew (C. huttereri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer%27s_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Medellín small-eared shrew (C. medellinia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Merida small-eared shrew (C. meridensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merida_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Wandering small-eared shrew (C. montivaga)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Peruvian small-eared shrew (C. peruviensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Scaly-footed small-eared shrew (C. squaipes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaly-footed_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Tamá small-eared shrew (C. tamensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%A1_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Thomas's small-eared shrew (C. thomasi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%27s_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Central American least shrew (C. orophila)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_least_shrew"},{"link_name":"North American least shrew (C. parva)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_least_shrew"},{"link_name":"Tropical small-eared shrew (C. tropicalis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Enders's small-eared shrew (C. endersi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enders%27s_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Talamancan small-eared shrew (C. gracilis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talamancan_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Big Mexican small-eared shrew (C. magna)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mexican_small-eared_shrew"},{"link_name":"Nectogalini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectogalini"},{"link_name":"Chimarrogale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Malayan water shrew (C. hantu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Himalayan water shrew (C. himalayica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Bornean water shrew (C. phaeura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Japanese water shrew (C. platycephalus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Chinese water shrew (C. styani)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sumatran water shrew (C. sumatrana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Chodsigoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chodsigoa"},{"link_name":"Van Sung's shrew (C. caovansunga)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Sung%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"De Winton's shrew (C. hypsibia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Winton%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lamulate shrew (C. lamula)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamulate_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lowe's shrew (C. parca)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowe%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Pygmy brown-toothed shrew (C. parva)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_brown-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Salenski's shrew (C. salenskii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salenski%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Smith's shrew (C. smithii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lesser Taiwanese shrew (C. sodalis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Taiwanese_shrew"},{"link_name":"Episoriculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episoriculus"},{"link_name":"Hodgsons's brown-toothed shrew (E. caudatus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgson%27s_brown-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese brown-toothed shrew (E. fumidus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_brown-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Long-tailed brown-toothed shrew (E. leucops)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_brown-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Long-tailed mountain shrew (E. macrurus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_mountain_shrew"},{"link_name":"Nectogale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectogale"},{"link_name":"Elegant water shrew (N. elegans)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegant_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Neomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomys"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean water shrew (N. anomalus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Eurasian water shrew (N. fodiens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasian water shrew (N. teres)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Soriculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soriculus"},{"link_name":"Himalayan shrew (S. nigrescens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_shrew"},{"link_name":"Notiosoricini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notiosoricini"},{"link_name":"Megasorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megasorex"},{"link_name":"Mexican shrew (M. gigas)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_shrew"},{"link_name":"Notiosorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notiosorex"},{"link_name":"Cockrum's gray shrew (N. cockrumi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notiosorex_cockrumi"},{"link_name":"Crawford's gray shrew (N. crawfordi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford%27s_gray_shrew"},{"link_name":"Large-eared gray shrew (N. evotis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-eared_gray_shrew"},{"link_name":"Villa's gray shrew (N. villai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa%27s_gray_shrew"},{"link_name":"Soricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew"},{"link_name":"Soricinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Soricini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soricini"},{"link_name":"Sorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorex"},{"link_name":"Otisorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otisorex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Long-tailed shrew (S. dispar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Smoky shrew (S. fumeus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_shrew"},{"link_name":"American pygmy shrew (S. hoyi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_pygmy_shrew"},{"link_name":"Large-toothed shrew (S. macrodon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Carmen mountain shrew (S. milleri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_mountain_shrew"},{"link_name":"Dwarf shrew (S. nanus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_shrew"},{"link_name":"Mexican long-tailed shrew (S. oreopolus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_long-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Orizaba long-tailed shrew (S. orizabae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orizaba_long-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Ornate shrew (S. ornatus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornate_shrew"},{"link_name":"Inyo shrew (S. tenellus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyo_shrew"},{"link_name":"Verapaz shrew (S. veraepacis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verapaz_shrew"},{"link_name":"Glacier Bay water shrew (S. alaskanus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_Bay_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Baird's shrew (S. bairdii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Marsh shrew (S. bendirii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_shrew"},{"link_name":"Montane shrew (S. monticolus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_shrew"},{"link_name":"New Mexico shrew (S. neomexicanus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_shrew"},{"link_name":"Pacific shrew (S. pacificus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_shrew"},{"link_name":"American water shrew (S. palustris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_water_shrew"},{"link_name":"Fog shrew (S. sonomae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_shrew"},{"link_name":"Vagrant shrew (S. vagrans)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrant_shrew"},{"link_name":"Kamchatka shrew (S. camtschatica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_shrew"},{"link_name":"Cinereus shrew (S. cinereus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinereus_shrew"},{"link_name":"Prairie shrew (S. haydeni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_shrew"},{"link_name":"Saint Lawrence Island shrew (S. jacksoni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Island_shrew"},{"link_name":"Paramushir shrew (S. leucogaster)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramushir_shrew"},{"link_name":"Southeastern shrew (S. longirostris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_shrew"},{"link_name":"Mount Lyell shrew (S. lyelli)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lyell_shrew"},{"link_name":"Portenko's shrew (S. portenkoi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portenko%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Preble's shrew (S. preblei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preble%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Pribilof Island shrew (S. pribilofensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribilof_Island_shrew"},{"link_name":"Olympic shrew (S. rohweri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_shrew"},{"link_name":"Barren ground shrew (S. ugyunak)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barren_ground_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorex_(subgenus)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dneper common shrew (S. averini)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dneper_common_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lesser striped shrew (S. bedfordiae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_striped_shrew"},{"link_name":"Greater stripe-backed shrew (S. cylindricauda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_stripe-backed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Chinese highland shrew (S. excelsus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_highland_shrew"},{"link_name":"Azumi shrew (S. hosonoi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumi_shrew"},{"link_name":"Chinese shrew (S. sinalis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_shrew"},{"link_name":"Alaska tiny shrew (S. yukonicus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_tiny_shrew"},{"link_name":"Alpine shrew (S. alpinus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_shrew"},{"link_name":"Ussuri shrew (S. mirabilis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussuri_shrew"},{"link_name":"Valais shrew (S. antinorii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_shrew"},{"link_name":"Common shrew (S. araneus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_shrew"},{"link_name":"Udine shrew (S. arunchi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udine_shrew"},{"link_name":"Crowned shrew (S. coronatus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowned_shrew"},{"link_name":"Siberian large-toothed shrew (S. daphaenodon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_large-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Iberian shrew (S. granarius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Caucasian shrew (S. satunini)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_shrew"},{"link_name":"Arctic shrew (S. arcticus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_shrew"},{"link_name":"Maritime shrew (S. maritimensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_shrew"},{"link_name":"Tien Shan shrew (S. asper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tien_Shan_shrew"},{"link_name":"Gansu shrew (S. cansulus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu_shrew"},{"link_name":"Tundra shrew (S. tundrensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_shrew"},{"link_name":"Buchara shrew (S. buchariensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchara_shrew"},{"link_name":"Kozlov's shrew (S. kozlovi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozlov%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Caucasian pygmy shrew (S. volnuchini)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_pygmy_shrew"},{"link_name":"Laxmann's shrew (S. caecutiens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxmann%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Taiga shrew (S. isodon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga_shrew"},{"link_name":"Eurasian least shrew (S. minutissimus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_least_shrew"},{"link_name":"Eurasian pygmy shrew (S. minutus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_pygmy_shrew"},{"link_name":"Flat-skulled shrew (S. roboratus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-skulled_shrew"},{"link_name":"Shinto shrew (S. shinto)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto_shrew"},{"link_name":"Long-clawed shrew (S. unguiculatus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-clawed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Slender shrew (S. gracillimus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slender_shrew"},{"link_name":"Radde's shrew (S. raddei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radde%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Apennine shrew (S. samniticus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennine_shrew"},{"link_name":"incertae sedis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis"},{"link_name":"Arizona shrew (S. arizonae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_shrew"},{"link_name":"Zacatecas shrew (S. emarginatus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacatecas_shrew"},{"link_name":"Merriam's shrew (S. merriami)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Kashmir pygmy shrew (S. planiceps)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_pygmy_shrew"},{"link_name":"Saussure's shrew (S. saussurei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saussure%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sclater's shrew (S. sclateri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclater%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"San Cristobal shrew (S. stizodon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Cristobal_shrew"},{"link_name":"Tibetan shrew (S. thibetanus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_shrew"},{"link_name":"Trowbridge's shrew (S. trowbridgii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowbridge%27s_shrew"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-bellied shrew (S. ventralis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-bellied_shrew"},{"link_name":"Veracruz shrew (S. veraecrucis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_shrew"},{"link_name":"Soricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew"},{"link_name":"Myosoricinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosoricinae"},{"link_name":"Congosorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_shrew"},{"link_name":"Phillips's shrew (C. phillipsorum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phillips%27s_shrew&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greater Congo shrew (C. polli)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Congo_shrew"},{"link_name":"Lesser Congo shrew (C. verheyeni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Congo_shrew"},{"link_name":"Myosorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosorex"},{"link_name":"Babault's mouse shrew (M. babaulti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babault%27s_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Montane mouse shrew (M. blarina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Bururi forest shrew (M. bururiensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bururi_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Dark-footed mouse shrew (M. cafer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-footed_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Eisentraut's mouse shrew (M. eisentrauti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisentraut%27s_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Geata mouse shrew (M. geata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geata_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Nyika mouse shrew (M. gnoskei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyika_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Kihaule's mouse shrew (M. kihaulei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihaule%27s_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Long-tailed forest shrew (M. longicaudatus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_forest_shrew"},{"link_name":"Oku mouse shrew (M. okuensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oku_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Rumpi mouse shrew (M. rumpii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpi_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Schaller's mouse shrew (M. schalleri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaller%27s_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sclater's mouse shrew (M. sclateri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclater%27s_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Thin mouse shrew (M. tenuis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Forest shrew (M. varius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosorex_varius"},{"link_name":"Kilimanjaro mouse shrew (M. zinki)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_mouse_shrew"},{"link_name":"Surdisorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surdisorex"},{"link_name":"Aberdare mole shrew (S. norae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare_mole_shrew"},{"link_name":"Mount Kenya mole shrew (S. polulus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya_mole_shrew"},{"link_name":"Talpidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpidae"},{"link_name":"Scalopinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalopinae"},{"link_name":"Condylura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condylura"},{"link_name":"Star-nosed mole (C. cristata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed_mole"},{"link_name":"Parascalops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parascalops"},{"link_name":"Hairy-tailed mole (P. breweri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy-tailed_mole"},{"link_name":"Scalopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalopus"},{"link_name":"Eastern mole (S. aquaticus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_mole"},{"link_name":"Scapanulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapanulus"},{"link_name":"Gansu mole (S. oweni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu_mole"},{"link_name":"Scapanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapanus"},{"link_name":"Broad-footed mole (S. latimanus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_broad-footed_mole"},{"link_name":"Coast mole (S. orarius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_mole"},{"link_name":"Townsend's mole (S. townsendii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend%27s_mole"},{"link_name":"Talpinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpinae"},{"link_name":"Desmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmana"},{"link_name":"Russian desman (D. moschata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_desman"},{"link_name":"Dymecodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymecodon"},{"link_name":"True's shrew mole (D. pilirostris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%27s_shrew_mole"},{"link_name":"Euroscaptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscaptor"},{"link_name":"Greater Chinese mole (E. grandis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Chinese_mole"},{"link_name":"Kloss's mole (E. klossi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloss%27s_mole"},{"link_name":"Long-nosed mole (E. longirostris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-nosed_mole"},{"link_name":"Himalayan mole (E. micrura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_mole"},{"link_name":"Small-toothed mole (E. parvidens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-toothed_mole"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese mole (E. subanura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_mole"},{"link_name":"Galemys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galemys"},{"link_name":"Pyrenean desman (G. pyrenaicus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenean_desman"},{"link_name":"Mogera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogera"},{"link_name":"Echigo mole (M. etigo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echigo_mole"},{"link_name":"Insular mole (M. insularis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_mole"},{"link_name":"Kano mole (M. kanoana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_mole"},{"link_name":"Kobe mole (M. kobeae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_mole"},{"link_name":"Small Japanese mole (M. imaizumii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Japanese_mole"},{"link_name":"Large mole (M. robusta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_mole"},{"link_name":"Sado mole (M. tokudae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sado_mole"},{"link_name":"Japanese mole (M. wogura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_mole"},{"link_name":"Senkaku mole (M. uchidai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_mole"},{"link_name":"Neurotrichus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrichus"},{"link_name":"American shrew mole (N. gibbsii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_shrew_mole"},{"link_name":"Oreoscaptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreoscaptor"},{"link_name":"Japanese mountain mole (O. mizura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_mountain_mole"},{"link_name":"Parascaptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parascaptor"},{"link_name":"White-tailed mole (P. leucura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_mole"},{"link_name":"Scaptochirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaptochirus"},{"link_name":"Short-faced mole (S. moschatus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-faced_mole"},{"link_name":"Scaptonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaptonyx"},{"link_name":"Long-tailed mole (S. fusicaudus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_mole"},{"link_name":"Talpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpa_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Altai mole (T. altaica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_mole"},{"link_name":"Aquitanian mole (T. aquitania)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitanian_mole"},{"link_name":"Blind mole (T. caeca)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_mole"},{"link_name":"Caucasian mole (T. caucasica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_mole"},{"link_name":"European mole (T. europaea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_mole"},{"link_name":"Père David's mole (T. davidiana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_mole"},{"link_name":"Levant mole (T. levantis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant_mole"},{"link_name":"Martino's mole (T. martinorum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martino%27s_mole"},{"link_name":"Spanish mole (T. occidentalis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_mole"},{"link_name":"Ognev's mole (T. ognevi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ognev%27s_mole"},{"link_name":"Roman mole (T. romana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mole"},{"link_name":"Balkan mole (T. stankovici)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_mole"},{"link_name":"Talysch mole (T. talyschensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysch_mole"},{"link_name":"Urotrichus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urotrichus"},{"link_name":"Japanese shrew mole (U. talpoides)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_shrew_mole"},{"link_name":"Uropsilinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropsilinae"},{"link_name":"Uropsilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropsilus"},{"link_name":"Equivalent-teeth shrew mole (U. aequodonenia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent-teeth_shrew_mole"},{"link_name":"Anderson's shrew mole (U. andersoni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%27s_shrew_mole"},{"link_name":"Black-backed shrew mole (U. atronates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-backed_shrew_mole"},{"link_name":"Dabie Mountains shrew mole (U. dabieshanensis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabie_Mountains_shrew_mole"},{"link_name":"Gracile shrew mole (U. gracilis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracile_shrew_mole"},{"link_name":"Inquisitive shrew mole (U. investigator)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitive_shrew_mole"},{"link_name":"Snow Mountain shrew mole (U. nivatus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Mountain_shrew_mole"},{"link_name":"Chinese shrew mole (U. soricipes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_shrew_mole"},{"link_name":"Solenodontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenodon"},{"link_name":"Atopogale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopogale"},{"link_name":"Cuban solenodon (A. cubana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_solenodon"},{"link_name":"Solenodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenodon"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan solenodon (S. paradoxus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_solenodon"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q305204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q305204"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Crocidura desperata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crocidura_desperata"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"ZK42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/ZK42"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"1178771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/1178771"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"2435617","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/2435617"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"46657","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/46657"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"10973441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10973441"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"633577","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=633577"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"5624","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/5624"},{"link_name":"MDD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database"},{"link_name":"1003874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1003874"},{"link_name":"MSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"13700053","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13700053"},{"link_name":"Observation.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org"},{"link_name":"82771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//observation.org/species/82771/"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"3614575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3614575"},{"link_name":"ZooBank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZooBank"},{"link_name":"03E0453F-A740-4E7F-8389-DCF09B0A167A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/03E0453F-A740-4E7F-8389-DCF09B0A167A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myosorex_varius.png"},{"link_name":"white-toothed shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-toothed_shrew"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desperate_shrew&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Whitetoothed-shrew-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Whitetoothed-shrew-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whitetoothed-shrew-stub"}],"text":"^ Dando, T.; Kennerley, R. (2019). \"Crocidura desperata\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T5624A22300601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5624A22300601.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.vteExtant species of Eulipotyphla\nKingdom: Animalia\nPhylum: Chordata\nClass: Mammalia\nInfraclass: Eutheria\nSuperorder: Laurasiatheria\n\nFamily: Erinaceidae\nsubfamily: Erinaceinae\nAtelerix\nFour-toed hedgehog (A. albiventris)\nNorth African hedgehog (A. algirus)\nSouthern African hedgehog (A. frontalis)\nSomali hedgehog (A. sclateri)\nErinaceus\nAmur hedgehog (E. amurensis)\nSouthern white-breasted hedgehog (E. concolor)\nWest European hedgehog (E. europaeus)\nNorthern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus)\nHemiechinus\nLong-eared hedgehog (H. auritus)\nIndian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris)\nMesechinus\nDaurian hedgehog (M. dauuricus)\nHugh's hedgehog (M. hughi)\nGaoligong forest hedgehog (M. wangi)\nSmall-toothed forest hedgehog (M. miodon)\nEastern forest hedgehog (M. orientalis)\nParaechinus\nDesert hedgehog (P. aethiopicus)\nBrandt's hedgehog (P. hypomelas)\nIndian hedgehog (P. micropus)\nBare-bellied hedgehog (P. nudiventris)\n\nFamily: Erinaceidae\nsubfamily: Galericinae\nEchinosorex\nMoonrat (E. gymnura)\nHylomys\nDwarf gymnure (H. parvus)\nJavan short-tailed gymnure (H. suillus)\nBornean short-tailed gymnure (H. dorsalis)\nMax's short-tailed gymnure (H. maxi)\nDalat gymnure (H. macarong)\nNorthern short-tailed gymnure (H. peguensis)\nLeuser gymnure (H. vorax)\nNeohylomys\nHainan gymnure (N. hainanensis)\nNeotetracus\nShrew gymnure (N. sinensis)\nOtohylomys\nLong-eared gymnure (O. megalotis)\nPodogymnura\nDinagat gymnure (P. aureospinula)\nMindanao gymnure (P. truei)\n\nFamily: Soricidae\nsubfamily: Crocidurinae\nCrocidura(White-toothedshrews)\nCyrenaica shrew (C. aleksandrisi)\nEast African highland shrew (C. allex)\nAndaman shrew (C. andamanensis)\nC. annamitensis\nAnsell's shrew (C. ansellorum)\nArabian shrew (C. arabica)\nJackass shrew (C. arispa)\nArmenian shrew (C. armenica)\nAsian gray shrew (C. attenuata)\nHun shrew (C. attila)\nBailey's shrew (C. baileyi)\nKinabalu shrew (C. baluensis)\nBatak shrew (C. batakorum)\nMindanao shrew (C. beatus)\nBeccari's shrew (C. beccarii)\nBottego's shrew (C. bottegi)\nBale shrew (C. bottegoides)\nThick-tailed shrew (C. brunnea)\nBuettikofer's shrew (C. buettikoferi)\nAfrican dusky shrew (C. caliginea)\nCanarian shrew (C. canariensis)\nCaspian shrew (C. caspica)\nCinderella shrew (C. cinderella)\nCongo white-toothed shrew (C. congobelgica)\nC. cranbrooki\nLong-footed shrew (C. crenata)\nCrosse's shrew (C. crossei)\nReddish-gray musk shrew (C. cyanea)\nDent's shrew (C. denti)\nDesperate shrew (C. desperata)\nDhofar shrew (C. dhofarensis)\nLong-tailed musk shrew (C. dolichura)\nDoucet's musk shrew (C. douceti)\nDsinezumi shrew (C. dsinezumi)\nEisentraut's shrew (C. eisentrauti)\nElgon shrew (C. elgonius)\nElongated shrew (C. elongata)\nHeather shrew (C. erica)\nFischer's shrew (C. fischeri)\nGreater red musk shrew (C. flavescens)\nFlower's shrew (C. floweri)\nBornean shrew (C. foetida)\nFox's shrew (C. foxi)\nSoutheast Asian shrew (C. fuliginosa)\nSavanna shrew (C. fulvastra)\nSmoky white-toothed shrew (C. fumosa)\nBicolored musk shrew (C. fuscomurina)\nGlass's shrew (C. glassi)\nGmelin's white-toothed shrew (C. gmelini)\nGoliath shrew (C. goliath)\nPeters's musk shrew (C. gracilipes)\nLarge-headed shrew (C. grandiceps)\nGreater Mindanao shrew (C. grandis)\nGrasse's shrew (C. grassei)\nLuzon shrew (C. grayi)\nGreenwood's shrew (C. greenwoodi)\nC. guy\nHarenna shrew (C. harenna)\nC. hikmiya\nHildegarde's shrew (C. hildegardeae)\nHill's shrew (C. hilliana)\nLesser red musk shrew (C. hirta)\nAndaman spiny shrew (C. hispida)\nHorsfield's shrew (C. horsfieldii)\nHutan shrew (C. hutanis)\nNorth African white-toothed shrew (C. ichnusae)\nIndochinese shrew (C. indochinensis)\nJackson's shrew (C. jacksoni)\nJenkins's shrew (C. jenkinsi)\nJouvenet's shrew (C. jouvenetae)\nKatinka's shrew (C. katinka)\nKe Go shrew (C. kegoensis)\nKivu shrew (C. kivuana)\nLamotte's shrew (C. lamottei)\nKivu long-haired shrew (C. lanosa)\nUssuri white-toothed shrew (C. lasiura)\nLatona's shrew (C. latona)\nSulawesi shrew (C. lea)\nSumatran giant shrew (C. lepidura)\nBicolored shrew (C. leucodon)\nSulawesi tiny shrew (C. levicula)\nButiaba naked-tailed shrew (C. littoralis)\nSavanna swamp shrew (C. longipes)\nLucina's shrew (C. lucina)\nLudia's shrew (C. ludia)\nMoonshine shrew (C. luna)\nMauritanian shrew (C. lusitania)\nMacArthur's shrew (C. macarthuri)\nMacMillan's shrew (C. macmillani)\nNyiro shrew (C. macowi)\nMalayan shrew (C. malayana)\nManenguba shrew (C. manengubae)\nMakwassie musk shrew (C. maquassiensis)\nSwamp musk shrew (C. mariquensis)\nGracile naked-tailed shrew (C. maurisca)\nJavanese shrew (C. maxi)\nMindoro shrew (C. mindorus)\nSri Lankan long-tailed shrew (C. miya)\nKilimanjaro shrew (C. monax)\nSunda shrew (C. monticola)\nMontane white-toothed shrew (C. montis)\nWest African long-tailed shrew (C. muricauda)\nMossy forest shrew (C. musseri)\nUgandan musk shrew (C. mutesae)\nSomali dwarf shrew (C. nana)\nSavanna dwarf shrew (C. nanilla)\nPeninsular shrew (C. negligens)\nNegros shrew (C. negrina)\nNicobar shrew (C. nicobarica)\nNigerian shrew (C. nigeriae)\nBlackish white-toothed shrew (C. nigricans)\nBlack-footed shrew (C. nigripes)\nAfrican black shrew (C. nigrofusca)\nNimba shrew (C. nimbae)\nNiobe's shrew (C. niobe)\nWest African pygmy shrew (C. obscurior)\nAfrican giant shrew (C. olivieri)\nOriental shrew (C. orientalis)\nRyukyu shrew (C. orii)\nPalawan shrew (C. palawanensis)\nPanay shrew (C. panayensis)\nSumatran long-tailed shrew (C. paradoxura)\nSmall-footed shrew (C. parvipes)\nSahelian tiny shrew (C. pasha)\nPale gray shrew (C. pergrisea)\nGuramba shrew (C. phaeura)\nC. phanluongi\nPhu Hoc shrew (C. phuquocensis)\nCameroonian shrew (C. picea)\nPitman's shrew (C. pitmani)\nFlat-headed shrew (C. planiceps)\nFraser's musk shrew (C. poensis)\nPolia's shrew (C. polia)\nKashmir white-toothed shrew (C. pullata)\nRainey's shrew (C. raineyi)\nNegev shrew (C. ramona)\nChinese white-toothed shrew (C. rapax)\nEgyptian pygmy shrew (C. religiosa)\nSulawesi white-handed shrew (C. rhoditis)\nRoosevelt's shrew (C. roosevelti)\nGreater white-toothed shrew (C. russula)\nUgandan lowland shrew (C. selina)\nLesser rock shrew (C. serezkyensis)\nAsian lesser white-toothed shrew (C. shantungensis)\nSiberian shrew (C. sibirica)\nSicilian shrew (C. sicula)\nLesser gray-brown musk shrew (C. silacea)\nDesert musk shrew (C. smithii)\nSokolov's shrew (C. sokolovi)\nSomali shrew (C. somalica)\nKahuzi swamp shrew (C. stenocephala)\nLesser white-toothed shrew (C. suaveolens)\nIranian shrew (C. susiana)\nTanzanian shrew (C. tansaniana)\nTarella shrew (C. tarella)\nSaharan shrew (C. tarfayensis)\nTelford's shrew (C. telfordi)\nTimor shrew (C. tenuis)\nThalia's shrew (C. thalia)\nTherese's shrew (C. theresae)\nSão Tomé shrew (C. thomensis)\nChristmas Island shrew (C. trichura)\nTurbo shrew (C. turba)\nUltimate shrew (C. ultima)\nUsambara shrew (C. usambarae)\nSavanna path shrew (C. viaria)\nMamfe shrew (C. virgata)\nVoi shrew (C. voi)\nVoracious shrew (C. vorax)\nBanka shrew (C. vosmaeri)\nLesser Ryukyu shrew (C. watasei)\nWhitaker's shrew (C. whitakeri)\nWimmer's shrew (C. wimmeri)\nHainan Island shrew (C. wuchihensis)\nXanthippe's shrew (C. xantippe)\nYankari shrew (C. yankariensis)\nMikhail Zaitsev's shrew (C. zaitsevi )\nZaphir's shrew (C. zaphiri)\nZarudny's rock shrew (C. zarudnyi)\nUpemba shrew (C. zimmeri)\nCretan shrew (C. zimmermanni)\n\nFamily: Soricidae\nsubfamily: Crocidurinae (continued)\nDiplomesodon\nPiebald shrew (D. pulchellus)\nFeroculus\nKelaart's long-clawed shrew (F. feroculus)\nPalawanosorex\nPalawan moss shrew (P. muscorum)\nParacrocidura(Large-headedshrews)\nGrauer's large-headed shrew (P. graueri)\nGreater large-headed shrew (P. maxima)\nLesser large-headed shrew (P. schoutedeni)\nRuwenzorisorex\nRuwenzori shrew (R. suncoides)\nScutisorex\nHero shrew (S. somereni)\nThor's hero shrew (S. thori)\nSolisorex\nPearson's long-clawed shrew (S. pearsoni)\nSuncus\nTaita shrew (S. aequatorius)\nBlack shrew (S. ater)\nDay's shrew (S. dayi)\nEtruscan shrew (S. etruscus)\nSri Lankan shrew (S. fellowesgordoni)\nBornean pygmy shrew (S. hosei)\nLeast dwarf shrew (S. infinitesimus)\nGreater dwarf shrew (S. lixus)\nMadagascan pygmy shrew (S. madagascariensis)\nMalayan pygmy shrew (S. malayanus)\nClimbing shrew (S. megalura)\nFlores shrew (S. mertensi)\nAsian highland shrew (S. montanus)\nAsian house shrew (S. murinus)\nRemy's pygmy shrew (S. remyi)\nAnderson's shrew (S. stoliczkanus)\nLesser dwarf shrew (S. varilla)\nJungle shrew (S. zeylanicus)\nSylvisorex(Forest shrews)\nDudu Akaibe's pygmy shrew (S. akaibei)\nCameroonian forest shrew (S. cameruniensis)\nCorbet's forest shrew (S. corbeti)\nGrant's forest shrew (S. granti)\nHowell's forest shrew (S. howelli)\nBioko forest shrew (S. isabellae)\nJohnston's forest shrew (S. johnstoni)\nKongana shrew (S. konganensis)\nMoon forest shrew (S. lunaris)\nMount Cameroon forest shrew (S. morio)\nGreater forest shrew (S. ollula)\nLesser forest shrew (S. oriundus)\nRain forest shrew (S. pluvialis)\nVolcano shrew (S. vulcanorum)\n\nFamily: Soricidae\nsubfamily: Soricinae\nAnourosoriciniAnourosorex(Asian mole shrews)\nAssam mole shrew (A. assamensis)\nGiant mole shrew (A. schmidi)\nChinese mole shrew (A. squamipes)\nTaiwanese mole shrew (A. yamashinai)\nBlarinelliniBlarinella(some Asiatic short-tailedshrews)\nAsiatic short-tailed shrew (B. quadraticauda)\nBurmese short-tailed shrew (B. wardi)\nParablarinella(some Asiatic short-tailedshrews)\nIndochinese short-tailed shrew (P. griselda)\nAnhui short-tailed shrew (P. latimaxillata)\nBlarininiBlarina(American short-tailedshrews)\nNorthern short-tailed shrew (B. brevicauda)\nSouthern short-tailed shrew (B. carolinensis)\nElliot's short-tailed shrew (B. hylophaga)\nEverglades short-tailed shrew (B. peninsulae)\nSherman's short-tailed shrew (B. shermani)\nCryptotis(Small-earedshrews)\nC. mexicana group\nMexican small-eared shrew (C. mexicana)\nNelson's small-eared shrew (C. nelsoni)\nGrizzled Mexican small-eared shrew (C. obscura)\nPhillips' small-eared shrew (C. phillipsii)\n\nC. goldmani set\nCentral Mexican broad-clawed shrew (C. alticola)\nGoldman's broad-clawed shrew (C. goldmani)\nGoodwin's broad-clawed shrew (C. goodwini)\nGuatemalan broad-clawed shrew (C. griseoventris)\nC. lacertosus\nC. mam\nOaxacan broad-clawed shrew (C. peregrina)\n\nC. nigrescens group\nEastern Cordillera small-footed shrew (C. brachyonyx)\nColombian small-eared shrew (C. colombiana)\nHonduran small-eared shrew (C. hondurensis)\nYucatan small-eared shrew (C. mayensis)\nDarién small-eared shrew (C. mera)\nMerriam's small-eared shrew (C. merriami)\nBlackish small-eared shrew (C. nigrescens)\nC. thomasi group\nSouthern Colombian small-eared shrew (C. andinus)\nEcuadorian small-eared shrew (C. equatoris)\nRainer's small-eared shrew (C. huttereri)\nMedellín small-eared shrew (C. medellinia)\nMerida small-eared shrew (C. meridensis)\nWandering small-eared shrew (C. montivaga)\nPeruvian small-eared shrew (C. peruviensis)\nScaly-footed small-eared shrew (C. squaipes)\nTamá small-eared shrew (C. tamensis)\nThomas's small-eared shrew (C. thomasi)\nC. parva group\nCentral American least shrew (C. orophila)\nNorth American least shrew (C. parva)\nTropical small-eared shrew (C. tropicalis)\nUngrouped / relict\nEnders's small-eared shrew (C. endersi)\nTalamancan small-eared shrew (C. gracilis)\nBig Mexican small-eared shrew (C. magna)\nNectogaliniChimarrogale(Asiatic watershrews)\nMalayan water shrew (C. hantu)\nHimalayan water shrew (C. himalayica)\nBornean water shrew (C. phaeura)\nJapanese water shrew (C. platycephalus)\nChinese water shrew (C. styani)\nSumatran water shrew (C. sumatrana)\nChodsigoa\nVan Sung's shrew (C. caovansunga)\nDe Winton's shrew (C. hypsibia)\nLamulate shrew (C. lamula)\nLowe's shrew (C. parca)\nPygmy brown-toothed shrew (C. parva)\nSalenski's shrew (C. salenskii)\nSmith's shrew (C. smithii)\nLesser Taiwanese shrew (C. sodalis)\nEpisoriculus\nHodgsons's brown-toothed shrew (E. caudatus)\nTaiwanese brown-toothed shrew (E. fumidus)\nLong-tailed brown-toothed shrew (E. leucops)\nLong-tailed mountain shrew (E. macrurus)\nNectogale\nElegant water shrew (N. elegans)\nNeomys\nMediterranean water shrew (N. anomalus)\nEurasian water shrew (N. fodiens)\nTranscaucasian water shrew (N. teres)\nSoriculus\nHimalayan shrew (S. nigrescens)\nNotiosoriciniMegasorex\nMexican shrew (M. gigas)\nNotiosorex\nCockrum's gray shrew (N. cockrumi)\nCrawford's gray shrew (N. crawfordi)\nLarge-eared gray shrew (N. evotis)\nVilla's gray shrew (N. villai)\n\nFamily: Soricidae\nsubfamily: Soricinae (tribe: Soricini)\nSorex(Long-tailedshrews)SubgenusOtisorex\nLong-tailed shrew (S. dispar)\nSmoky shrew (S. fumeus)\nAmerican pygmy shrew (S. hoyi)\nLarge-toothed shrew (S. macrodon)\nCarmen mountain shrew (S. milleri)\nDwarf shrew (S. nanus)\nMexican long-tailed shrew (S. oreopolus)\nOrizaba long-tailed shrew (S. orizabae)\nOrnate shrew (S. ornatus)\nInyo shrew (S. tenellus)\nVerapaz shrew (S. veraepacis)\nS. vagrans complex\nGlacier Bay water shrew (S. alaskanus)\nBaird's shrew (S. bairdii)\nMarsh shrew (S. bendirii)\nMontane shrew (S. monticolus)\nNew Mexico shrew (S. neomexicanus)\nPacific shrew (S. pacificus)\nAmerican water shrew (S. palustris)\nFog shrew (S. sonomae)\nVagrant shrew (S. vagrans)\nS. cinereus group\nKamchatka shrew (S. camtschatica)\nCinereus shrew (S. cinereus)\nPrairie shrew (S. haydeni)\nSaint Lawrence Island shrew (S. jacksoni)\nParamushir shrew (S. leucogaster)\nSoutheastern shrew (S. longirostris)\nMount Lyell shrew (S. lyelli)\nPortenko's shrew (S. portenkoi)\nPreble's shrew (S. preblei)\nPribilof Island shrew (S. pribilofensis)\nOlympic shrew (S. rohweri)\nBarren ground shrew (S. ugyunak)\nSubgenusSorex\nDneper common shrew (S. averini)\nLesser striped shrew (S. bedfordiae)\nGreater stripe-backed shrew (S. cylindricauda)\nChinese highland shrew (S. excelsus)\nAzumi shrew (S. hosonoi)\nChinese shrew (S. sinalis)\nAlaska tiny shrew (S. yukonicus)\nS. alpinus group\nAlpine shrew (S. alpinus)\nUssuri shrew (S. mirabilis)\nS. araneus group\nValais shrew (S. antinorii)\nCommon shrew (S. araneus)\nUdine shrew (S. arunchi)\nCrowned shrew (S. coronatus)\nSiberian large-toothed shrew (S. daphaenodon)\nIberian shrew (S. granarius)\nCaucasian shrew (S. satunini)\nS. arcticus group\nArctic shrew (S. arcticus)\nMaritime shrew (S. maritimensis)\nS. tundrensis group\nTien Shan shrew (S. asper)\nGansu shrew (S. cansulus)\nTundra shrew (S. tundrensis)\nS. minutus group\nBuchara shrew (S. buchariensis)\nKozlov's shrew (S. kozlovi)\nCaucasian pygmy shrew (S. volnuchini)\nS. caecutiens group\nLaxmann's shrew (S. caecutiens)\nTaiga shrew (S. isodon)\nEurasian least shrew (S. minutissimus)\nEurasian pygmy shrew (S. minutus)\nFlat-skulled shrew (S. roboratus)\nShinto shrew (S. shinto)\nLong-clawed shrew (S. unguiculatus)\nS. gracillimus group\nSlender shrew (S. gracillimus)\nS. raddei group\nRadde's shrew (S. raddei)\nS. samniticus group\nApennine shrew (S. samniticus)\nincertae sedis\nArizona shrew (S. arizonae)\nZacatecas shrew (S. emarginatus)\nMerriam's shrew (S. merriami)\nKashmir pygmy shrew (S. planiceps)\nSaussure's shrew (S. saussurei)\nSclater's shrew (S. sclateri)\nSan Cristobal shrew (S. stizodon)\nTibetan shrew (S. thibetanus)\nTrowbridge's shrew (S. trowbridgii)\nChestnut-bellied shrew (S. ventralis)\nVeracruz shrew (S. veraecrucis)\n\nFamily: Soricidae\nsubfamily: Myosoricinae\nCongosorex(Congo shrews)\nPhillips's shrew (C. phillipsorum)\nGreater Congo shrew (C. polli)\nLesser Congo shrew (C. verheyeni)\nMyosorex(Mouse shrews)\nBabault's mouse shrew (M. babaulti)\nMontane mouse shrew (M. blarina)\nBururi forest shrew (M. bururiensis)\nDark-footed mouse shrew (M. cafer)\nEisentraut's mouse shrew (M. eisentrauti)\nGeata mouse shrew (M. geata)\nNyika mouse shrew (M. gnoskei)\nKihaule's mouse shrew (M. kihaulei)\nLong-tailed forest shrew (M. longicaudatus)\nOku mouse shrew (M. okuensis)\nRumpi mouse shrew (M. rumpii)\nSchaller's mouse shrew (M. schalleri)\nSclater's mouse shrew (M. sclateri)\nThin mouse shrew (M. tenuis)\nForest shrew (M. varius)\nKilimanjaro mouse shrew (M. zinki)\nSurdisorex(African moleshrews)\nAberdare mole shrew (S. norae)\nMount Kenya mole shrew (S. polulus)\n\nFamily: Talpidae\nScalopinae(New World molesand relatives)Condylura\nStar-nosed mole (C. cristata)\nParascalops\nHairy-tailed mole (P. breweri)\nScalopus\nEastern mole (S. aquaticus)\nScapanulus\nGansu mole (S. oweni)\nScapanus(Western NorthAmerican moles)\nBroad-footed mole (S. latimanus)\nCoast mole (S. orarius)\nTownsend's mole (S. townsendii)\nTalpinae(Old World molesand relatives)Desmana\nRussian desman (D. moschata)\nDymecodon\nTrue's shrew mole (D. pilirostris)\nEuroscaptor\nGreater Chinese mole (E. grandis)\nKloss's mole (E. klossi)\nLong-nosed mole (E. longirostris)\nHimalayan mole (E. micrura)\nSmall-toothed mole (E. parvidens)\nVietnamese mole (E. subanura)\nGalemys\nPyrenean desman (G. pyrenaicus)\nMogera\nEchigo mole (M. etigo)\nInsular mole (M. insularis)\nKano mole (M. kanoana)\nKobe mole (M. kobeae)\nSmall Japanese mole (M. imaizumii)\nLarge mole (M. robusta)\nSado mole (M. tokudae)\nJapanese mole (M. wogura)\nSenkaku mole (M. uchidai)\nNeurotrichus\nAmerican shrew mole (N. gibbsii)\nOreoscaptor\nJapanese mountain mole (O. mizura)\nParascaptor\nWhite-tailed mole (P. leucura)\nScaptochirus\nShort-faced mole (S. moschatus)\nScaptonyx\nLong-tailed mole (S. fusicaudus)\nTalpa\nAltai mole (T. altaica)\nAquitanian mole (T. aquitania)\nBlind mole (T. caeca)\nCaucasian mole (T. caucasica)\nEuropean mole (T. europaea)\nPère David's mole (T. davidiana)\nLevant mole (T. levantis)\nMartino's mole (T. martinorum)\nSpanish mole (T. occidentalis)\nOgnev's mole (T. ognevi)\nRoman mole (T. romana)\nBalkan mole (T. stankovici)\nTalysch mole (T. talyschensis)\nUrotrichus\nJapanese shrew mole (U. talpoides)\nUropsilinae(Chinese shrew-likemoles)Uropsilus\nEquivalent-teeth shrew mole (U. aequodonenia)\nAnderson's shrew mole (U. andersoni)\nBlack-backed shrew mole (U. atronates)\nDabie Mountains shrew mole (U. dabieshanensis)\nGracile shrew mole (U. gracilis)\nInquisitive shrew mole (U. investigator)\nSnow Mountain shrew mole (U. nivatus)\nChinese shrew mole (U. soricipes)\n\nFamily: Solenodontidae\nAtopogale\nCuban solenodon (A. cubana)\nSolenodon\nHispaniolan solenodon (S. paradoxus)Taxon identifiersCrocidura desperata\nWikidata: Q305204\nWikispecies: Crocidura desperata\nCoL: ZK42\nEoL: 1178771\nGBIF: 2435617\niNaturalist: 46657\nIRMNG: 10973441\nITIS: 633577\nIUCN: 5624\nMDD: 1003874\nMSW: 13700053\nObservation.org: 82771\nOpen Tree of Life: 3614575\nZooBank: 03E0453F-A740-4E7F-8389-DCF09B0A167AThis article about a white-toothed shrew is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dando, T.; Kennerley, R. (2019). \"Crocidura desperata\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T5624A22300601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5624A22300601.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/5624/22300601","url_text":"\"Crocidura desperata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5624A22300601.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5624A22300601.en"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/5624/22300601","external_links_name":"\"Crocidura desperata\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5624A22300601.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5624A22300601.en"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/ZK42","external_links_name":"ZK42"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1178771","external_links_name":"1178771"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2435617","external_links_name":"2435617"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/46657","external_links_name":"46657"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10973441","external_links_name":"10973441"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=633577","external_links_name":"633577"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/5624","external_links_name":"5624"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1003874","external_links_name":"1003874"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13700053","external_links_name":"13700053"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/82771/","external_links_name":"82771"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3614575","external_links_name":"3614575"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/03E0453F-A740-4E7F-8389-DCF09B0A167A","external_links_name":"03E0453F-A740-4E7F-8389-DCF09B0A167A"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desperate_shrew&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carn_Carby | List of Ender's Game characters | ["1 Wiggin family","2 Battle School students","2.1 Ender's army","2.2 Other Battle School students","3 International Fleet personnel","4 Other Ender's Game characters","5 Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead","5.1 Figueira family","5.2 Os Venerados family","5.3 Other colonists","5.4 Pequeninos","6 Characters introduced in Xenocide","7 Characters from Ender in Exile","7.1 Shakespeare planet","7.2 Ganges planet","8 Characters introduced in the Ender's Shadow/Bean Quartet series","9 References"] | This literature-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it to include characters from the First Formic War trilogy.
This is a partial list of characters in the Ender's Game series.
Wiggin family
Andrew "Ender" Wiggin is the protagonist of the Ender quintet and is present in the Bean quartet. He is enlisted in the International Fleet's Battle School for his strategic ability and leadership skills. He is eventually tricked into leading battles in the war against the Formics, resulting in the almost-complete destruction of that race. He spends most of his life attempting to find absolution for his unknowing act of "xenocide" by becoming a Speaker for the Dead.
Peter Wiggin is Ender's older brother. A sociopath, he takes sadistic pleasure in manipulating and brutalizing other children, especially Ender. Peter is rejected from Battle School ostensibly due to his violence, but it is later revealed that his rejection was due to Graff believing that his men would never love him as a commander. In Ender's Game, he helps end a global war (with Valentine's reluctant assistance). In later books, he becomes Hegemon of the free world and founds the Free People of Earth, the Enderverse's first world government.
Valentine Wiggin is Ender's older sister, being the middle child of the Wiggin family. Rejected from Battle School for being too sensitive, she serves as the intermediary between Ender and Peter during the former's childhood. Later, she helps Peter on his rise to power by becoming "Demosthenes", an essayist whose rabble-rousing demagoguery is contrasted strongly against Peter's statesmanlike essays as "Locke". After the end of the Formic War, she leaves with Ender on an odyssey through time and space, turning Demosthenes into a historian whose essays are considered the definitive word on whatever subject they address. After marrying on the planet Trondheim, she eventually uproots her family to follow Ender to Lusitania, where she helps to defuse the onrushing Lusitania Fleet and save the alien inhabitants from xenocide.
John Paul Wiggin and Theresa Wiggin are Ender's parents. Ender's Game portrays them as being dull and oblivious despite the genius children they raised. However, both characters were expanded upon in later works and revealed to be more intelligent than even their children imagined. John Paul is Catholic and Theresa Mormon. Furthermore, Colonel Graff revealed that Ender's father was baptized with the surname Wieczorek, hinting at his Polish roots, and was born the seventh of nine children, a serious offense in the Enderverse's overpopulation sanctions, both of which he has cast himself away from. It is also later revealed that John Paul was originally accepted to Battle School, but he declined, causing Graff to move him to America in the hopes that he might marry someone brilliant and foster children worthy of leading the war against the Formics.
Battle School students
Ender's army
Ender's army is a collection of his closest friends at Battle School, particularly those who serve under him in the Dragon Army in Battle School before serving as team leads under his command during the Third Invasion, ending with the destruction of the Formic homeworld. As chronicled in the Bean Quartet, many of them move into positions of international significance during the chaotic years after the end of the Formic War, particularly due to the machinations of Achilles de Flandres. Ender's jeesh is the group that works under Ender in fighting the Formics.
Alai (pronounced ah-lie) is a Muslim of North African descent. In Battle School, he was an exceptional student, adroit in the battle room, and was one of the first children to befriend Ender, with the word "salaam" and a kiss on the cheek.: 69 They became the best of friends. He also helped lead the special training sessions Ender conducted, and later, during the Third Invasion, became one of the most trusted members of Ender's jeesh, due to his innate talent. After his return to Earth, he is eventually elected Caliph of a unified Muslim world.
Bean is a student of Greek and Igbo descent from the streets of Rotterdam. Though the smallest and youngest member of the jeesh, he is also the smartest and most fair-minded. Ender initially notes that he isolates Bean as Ender himself was once isolated to force Bean to flourish. Though only a supporting character in Ender's Game, Bean (real name Julian Delphiki II) is the lead character of the parallel storyline book series known as the "Bean Quartet" or "Shadow Quartet", revealing his role as the behind-the-scenes facilitator of most of the main events of that time period (the victory against the Formics, the uniting of Earth under Peter Wiggin, and so on); being "behind the scenes" is a central theme in these works.
Dink Meeker is a Battle School student of Dutch descent. He is portrayed as one of those who refuses to play the teacher's game. He says that he was offered command of an army twice, but refused to play. He was paranoid about the game, convinced that the teachers were the enemy and that the Bugger War was fake so that all children with the ability for command were in the hands of the International Fleet; however, he loved the game, so he stayed as a toon leader. Eventually, he agreed to become a commander in Ender's Shadow.
Carn Carby is an Australian veteran who commands Rabbit Army. In the original short story version of Ender's Game, Ender held a low opinion of him: In the novel, when Bean was transferred into Rabbit Army, Ender says, "How can they put you under an idiot like Carby!", but in the expanded novel, Ender's reply is, "Carby's a good man; I hope he recognizes you for what you're worth." Carby's Rabbit Army was the first to battle Ender's Dragon Army and was beaten badly. When Carby told the other commanders of Ender's new tactics, they didn't believe him, so Carby told Ender "to beat the snot out of them" in battle, as a personal favor. His honest and sympathetic behavior made Ender "mentally him to his private list of people who also qualified as human beings". He is transferred to Command School and serves under Ender during the Third Invasion, one of the few Army members who were never in an army with Ender during Battle School.
Crazy Tom is a British student. He is a veteran soldier who leads "C" Toon in Dragon Army. He got his nickname due to his temperament, as he couldn't stand working under commanders he considered stupid. He wrecked rooms and once sent a message to every kid in the school about how bad his commander was.
Dumper is the leader of "E" toon in Dragon Army. He is described by Bean as being among the most worshipful of Ender. Along with the other toon leaders, he is part of Ender's jeesh. He is of Peruvian descent, and his real name is Champi T'it'u.
Fly Molo is a Filipino veteran soldier who leads "A" Toon in Dragon Army. He is portrayed initially as being contemptuous of Ender's five-toon formation but later accepts it as wise, after arguing the concept with Bean. He was acting blatantly insubordinate and saying that it was a real "loser strategy", and when Bean stood up for Ender, who was at the time a very young commander, he got mad and almost hurt Bean, but finally, he had to accept that Bean was smarter than he was and that it was a good strategy.
Han Tzu (nicknamed Hot Soup) is a veteran soldier from China who leads "D" Toon in Dragon Army. Eventually, he was shipped to Command School to become a member of Ender's Army and was one of the commanders that served under him during the end of the Formic War. After the war, Han Tzu returned to China before being kidnapped by Achilles. He later returned and became involved in military planning. He is the subject of the 2006 short story 'Cheater' and a descendant of Yuan Shikai.
Petra Arkanian is an Armenian student who is the only female in the jeesh. During Earth's invasion of the Bugger worlds, Ender relies on her heavily, often giving her complicated and critical assignments; she is the first student to burn out, falling asleep during a battle. She is a major character later on in the Shadow Series. She and Bean travel around the world to stay alive and eventually get married. Together they have children (nine embryos, one implanted in Petra and the other eight stolen by Achilles; all but one are recovered by the end of Shadow of the Giant) and facilitate the downfall of Achilles.
Shen is a Japanese student who is part of Ender's group of launchies. He is introduced as the kid who has a big butt that wriggles when he walks and is constantly mocked by Bernard and his gang. Ender steps in and sends a number of messages under pseudonyms (such as "Cover your butt. Bernard is watching. - God") to break Bernard's control over the room. He becomes Ender's first friend in Battle School.: 53 He later guides Bean and tells him why the students love Ender.
Vlad was born in Belarus under the New Warsaw Pact. He is known as being a solid student who was always passed up in favor of more ambitious students in the various Battle School armies. Vlad is one of the 40 students chosen to serve in the Dragon Army under Ender's command, where he is made leader of "B" Toon. Vlad is one of the eleven students chosen to be in Ender's jeesh, helping command the warships of the International Fleet against the Formics in the Third Invasion.
Other Battle School students
Achilles de Flandres is the main villain of the Bean Quartet. Like Bean, he grew up in Rotterdam, an orphan on the streets; like Peter, he displays sociopathic tendencies, particularly by murdering anyone who has ever seen or made him helpless. During the years after the Formic War, he takes steps to begin unifying the world under his rule, causing a series of costly wars between India, China, Russia, a united Islam, and large parts of Europe and southeast Asia. He gets assassinated at the end of Shadow Puppets by Bean after he gets tricked by Suriyawong who didn't kill Bean as promised.
Suriyawong is a Battle School grad from Thailand who becomes Bean's friend during the wars caused by Achilles. He was known as "Surly" due to his pugilistic disposition, but during his time with Bean, he develops into a mature and capable commander.
Virlomi is a Battle School grad from India who is instrumental in rousting Achilles from his power base in India. In Shadow Puppets, as the conflict between China and India increases, she returns to rural India to devise and encourage civil disobedience there, where she begins to cultivate a divine image. In Ender in Exile, she becomes governor of an Indian colony on the planet Ganges.
William Bee is a minor character who is primarily notable due to his involvement in one of the more unusual battles in the "Battle Room". In the Battle School's first numerically handicapped battle, Ender Wiggin, commander of Dragon Army, was required to face both Bee's Griffin Army, as well as Talo Momoe's Tiger Army.
Bernard is part of Ender's launch group and treats the precocious Ender with great contempt (mostly because Ender had broken Bernard's arm on the shuttle to the Battle School). Bernard is also seen as a ringleader and the main antagonist in the first few chapters of the book, and he takes great delight in picking on Ender and Shen, a young boy who is also in the launch group. However, his stranglehold on the clique falls apart when Ender and Alai become friends in the battle room, and after Ender manages to hack into the computer system and posts a message saying "Cover your butts, Bernard is watching," signed "God". Later Ender also writes another note, seemingly by Bernard, saying "I love your butt, let me kiss it. - Bernard." Bernard is one of the six students who accompanies Bonzo Madrid when he fights Ender in the bathroom.
Nikolai Delphiki is a major character of the book Ender's Shadow and a side character in Shadow of the Hegemon by Orson Scott Card. Nikolai is one of twenty-four fertilized eggs produced by Greek natives Elena Delphiki and Julian Delphiki Sr. A defect in one of Elena's fallopian tube and an ectopic pregnancy in the other made it impossible for her to conceive. In their hopes for a child, Elena had several eggs taken out, and Julian's sperm was harvested to produce numerous fertilized eggs. The healthiest were cloned, and then the twenty-four healthiest of those were chosen. One was implanted, producing Nikolai.
Bonzo Madrid is an antagonistic supporting character, serving to bring out Ender's brutal nature while at Battle School. Bonzo, whose real name is Bonito de Madrid, is described as a strikingly beautiful boy of aristocratic Spanish lineage from the town of Cartagena. As commander of Salamander Army, the autocratic Bonzo suddenly has Ender Wiggin thrust upon him when Ender is promoted from his launch group. He is accidentally killed in a confrontation with Ender, bringing six students with him to attack Ender in a bathroom. In the 2013 film adaptation, he survives with a career ending head injury.
Talo Momoe is the commander of one of the numerous armies at Battle School. He is paired up with William Bee's army in a battle against Ender's undefeated Dragon Army. Momoe favors a very direct approach, and argues with Bee that, because they outnumber Ender, they should do a frontal assault. Bee's disagreement leads to a prolonged war of words. After Ender comes out with a formation, Momoe orders his army to rebound and assault the army directly.: 53217–218
Rose de Nose, although his first name is Rosen, is the commander of Rat Army when Ender is transferred there. Rose de Nose is also the only Jewish commander at the time in Battle School, which he uses as a crutch of sorts, as military legend has it that Jewish commanders never lose. Rose de Nose treats Ender with considerably more decency than does Bonzo Madrid, the commander of Ender's first army, Salamander Army. He is also much more lax about rules; the Rat Army barracks are messy when compared to the discipline and order of Salamander. Rose attempts to impose rules on Ender, but Dink Meeker tells Ender not to listen. As a result, Rose sends Ender out on what is, in essence, a suicide run at the beginning of Ender's first battle with Rat Army so that he will get immediately frozen. Instead, due to his unique "legs first" strategy, he is able to disable or freeze many of the enemies' soldiers to give Rat Army a sizable advantage. Rose gives up picking on Ender, and leaves him to do things his own way. By the time Ender and his group of companions rise to prominence, Rose de Nose has already graduated from Battle School.
Pol Slattery is a recurring commander that Ender twice faces at Battle School. In their first known battle, Ender was still a soldier in Bonzo's Salamander Army and Slattery was the new commander of the lowly Leopard Army. What everyone expected to be an easy battle turned into an upset by Slattery. Ender, who had been given orders by Bonzo to stay in the corridor until four minutes after everyone had gone through and then stay in the corner of the battle room, begins to observe Slattery's strategies and is impressed. Despite being young, Slattery is sharp and has new ideas; he always keeping his army moving against the stolid Salamanders who are unable to adapt to the situation. Eventually Leopard annihilates the entire Salamander Army, not including Ender. When Slattery is about to send his remaining men to open the gates, Ender ambushes them and takes out enough men to end the game in a draw. Despite helping Salamander Army achieve a tie, Bonzo is furious at Ender for disobeying his orders and would later cause more troubles for Ender.
Zeck Morgan (Zechariah Morgan) is an American boy, mentioned only in the novella, A War of Gifts. Zeck is a member of Rat army, but due to his orthodox Christian upbringing, is a pacifist and refuses to fire in the Battleroom. Throughout the novella, he comes into conflict with Dink and Ender, ruining Dink's latest rebellion, but at the end, he is accepted as a person and treated as such. His future after Battle School's closing is unknown.
Pinual is a minor character mentioned briefly when Ender encounters the Giant's Drink puzzle in the "Mind Game", a fantasy game meant to evaluate the students personality for the benefit of the Battle School teachers and commanders. Major Anderson mentions that Ender seems like Pinual because he keeps returning to the Giant's Drink, to which Hyrum Graff replies that "Everybody looks like Pinual at one time or another. But he's the only one who killed himself.": 54 When Ender returns to Earth after Bonzo Madrid's death, Major Imbu mentions that Pinual is the only student in the history of the Battle School to have committed suicide.: 226
Wu is the only girl in Dragon Army. She is given the nickname "Woo-hoo" during her time in battle school. Because of her name, she is most likely of Asian origin. She is one of the few soldiers whom Bean managed to nab for the Dragon Army roster. Wu is a brilliant soldier both academically and physically, but always refuses to become a Toon Leader. When a commander asks her to, she puts in a transfer request and refuses to fight until it is granted.
International Fleet personnel
Colonel Hyrum Graff is the principal of Battle School, and personally supervised much of Ender's training. After the war he is put on trial for his controversial actions there, but is given a position within the Hegemony as Minister of Colonization, responsible for sending humanity out to colonize the now-deserted worlds formerly held by the Formics.
Mazer Rackham is the half-Māori captain who singlehandedly stopped the Second Invasion by realizing that the Buggers are a hive mind. Due to his inability to pass on his knowledge, he was forced to spend fifty years at relativistic speeds (eight years for Rackham) so that he could train the next commander, Ender Wiggin. After the end of the war, he joins Graff's crusade to keep the human race from destroying itself.
Major Anderson was Graff's second-in-command at Battle School, generally seen in the epistolary conversations from Ender's Game attempting to moderate his superior's unorthodox training of Ender. His passion is the Battle Room; after the war's end, he accepts the post of commissioner for an American football league, and does not appear in the latter three books of either the Ender or Bean quartets. In the film, Major Gwen Anderson is a psychologist who looks after the Battle School students, and is portrayed by Viola Davis.
Admiral Chamrajnagar is the ranking Admiral at Eros, the International Fleet's headquarters, during the final stages of the Formic War; he was not Polemarch during that time, and has assumed that post by the time Achilles de Flandres begins his power plays.
Other Ender's Game characters
The Hive Queen is the physical embodiment of the central consciousness of the Formics.
Victor Delgado is a mechanic born on the free mining ship El Cavador, that mined asteroids in the Kuiper Belt. When the Formic's scout ship was discovered and deemed as a real threat, he was sent on a quick ship to Luna to report the news. On Luna, he was promptly arrested, but freed by Imala. After, he and Imala began teaming up with Lem Jukes to infiltrate the Formic ship and were successful in doing so. They were able to replicate the infiltration mission with a team of MOPs and were successful in destroying the Formic scout ship.
Jane is an AI that exists within the ansible network.
Stilson is a bully in Ender's Game. In the very first chapter of the book, he and three friends gang up on Ender, who decides to win thoroughly. Ender's counterattacks are so effective that Stilson, unbeknownst to Ender, suffers enough injuries to later die in hospital.
Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead
Characters from the planet Lusitania as introduced in the book Speaker for the Dead
Figueira family
Pipo (PEE-po fee-GAY-ra; born João Figueira Alvarez; died 1948) is the first xenologer of Lusitania. He is one of the few people on the planet who treats Novinha as a real person, and becomes her beloved father-figure during her teenage years. He is the first human killed by the piggies, an alien species, and his death prompts Novinha to call for a speaker for the dead.
Conceição Figueira, is Pipo's wife and the archivist of Lusitania.
Libo (LEE-bo; Liberdade Graças a Deus Figueira de Medici; 1931-1965) is Pipo's son and the xenologer after his death. Libo is Novinha's first love. Unfortunately, like his father he is vivisected by the pequeninos. His apprentice, Miro, calls for a speaking of his death, which Ender performs. Libo is the father of Novinha's children.
Pipinho (João) is Libo's sibling.
Maria (d. 1936) was Libo's sibling who died of the Descolada.
Bimba (Abençoada) is Libo's sibling.
Patinha (Isolde) is Libo's sibling.
Rã (Tomãs) is Libo's sibling.
Bruxinha (Portuguese for "little witch"; born Cleopatra Figueira) is Libo's wife.
Ouanda Quenhatta Figueira Mucumbi (b. 1951), is Libo and Bruxinha's eldest child and a xenologer, who falls in love with Miro.
China Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.
Prega Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.
Zinha Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.
Os Venerados family
Gusto (Vladimir Tiago Gussman; d. 1936) was Cida's husband, Novinha's father, and a xenobiologist of Lusitania. He helped cure the Descolada virus before succumbing to it. He and his wife Cida were known as Os Venerados after their beatification.
Cida (Ekaterina Maria Aparecida do Norte von Hesse-Gussman; d 1936) was Gusto's wife, Novinha's mother, and a xenobiologist of Lusitania. She helped cure the Descolada virus before succumbing to it themselves. She and her husband were known as Os Venerados after their beatification.
Novinha (no-VEEN-ya; born Ivanova Santa Catarina von Hesse; b. 1931) is the daughter of Lusitania's xenobiologists. Orphaned, Novinha became distant and formal until finding a scientific sanctuary with Pipo and Libo. Though she and Libo are in love, she refuses to marry and give him legal access to her xenobiology files, which she believes caused Pipo's death. She instead marries the abusive Marcão. Her pain, sorrow, and isolation draws Ender Wiggin to Lusitania, and the two eventually marry. Despite this, Novinha never loses her fragility and fear of losing those dearest to her.
Mingo (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.
Amado (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.
Guti (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.
Marcão (mar-COWNG; born Marcos Maria Ribeira; aka "Big Marcos"; d. 1970), is Novinha's late husband. He is known for his fearsome stature, surly temper, and habit of beating his wife, traits which earned him the epithet "cão", dog; he dies a few weeks before Ender arrives at Lusitania, of a congenital disease which caused his glands to turn to fatty tissues. Among other things, this rendered him sterile, and it is revealed during Ender's speaking of his death that none of Novinha's children are actually his, but rather Libo's; the two agreed to this form of cuckoldry before getting married.
Miro (MIE-roe; Marcos Vladimir Ribeira von Hesse; b. 1951) is Novinha's eldest child. He follows Libo into xenology and falls in love with Ouanda, Libo's firstborn daughter by his (actual) wife. In response to this and other factors, he attempts to cross the nerve-stimulating fence separating the piggies from the human compound, suffering brain damage and becoming crippled. He is sent out into space to greet Valentine Wiggin and her family, and later becomes a key player in the events leading up to the almost-second Xenocide. Miro is later healed by Jane.
Ela (EH-la; Ekaterina Elanora Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1952) is Novinha's second child. Like all the females in her line, she becomes a xenobiologist, and is one of the first members of the Ribeira family to warm to Ender. Later in life, she is instrumental in the destruction of the descolada virus, and its replacement with a far-more-benign variant, the recolada.
Quim (KEENG; Estevão Rei Ribeira von Hesse; b.1955) is Novinha's third child. He is extremely pious and at first resists Andrew Wiggin on grounds of his atheistic avocation, but later warms to the Speaker, partially for his reputation as a crusader. He later becomes the first Christian evangelist to the pequeninos and holds great respect among them, but is martyred by a particularly heretical forest who believe that the descolada is the Holy Ghost and that it is the pequeninos' duty to judge all humans with it.
Olhado (ol-YAH-doe; Lauro Suleimão Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1958) is Novinha's fourth child. He is also called "the guy with the eyes", because a freak laser accident blinded him in his youth, requiring the implant of metal replacements. He has reduced binocular vision and depth perception but can plug a computer jack directly into one eye to upload visual recordings. Due to the resulting ostracism, he becomes a keen observer of human nature and interaction. Later in life he becomes a brickmaker (or at least a manager of them) because, to him, family is a far more important calling than the sciences that took his relatives; nonetheless he has revolutionary ways of looking at physics and metaphysics, and is crucial in the development of faster-than-light travel (via a modified hyperspace mechanic related to philotic theory). Like Ela, he quickly warms to Ender; as he relates to Valentine in Xenocide, his greatest secret is that, while alone with Ender, they call each other "Father" and "Son".
Quara (KWA-rah; Lembrança das Milagres de Jesus Ribeira von Hesse, 1963) is Novinha's fifth child. Throughout her life she exhibits stubbornness and contrariness, generally doing whatever the people who love her don't want her to do. She also becomes a xenobiologist, and assists Ela in "truncating" the descolada, despite discovering that the virus is quite possibly sentient and is certainly able to communicate with other individuals of its species.
Grego (GRE-goe; Gerão Gregorio Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1964) is Novinha's sixth child, only six years old when Ender arrives. As a child he showed a disturbing capacity for destruction, modeled on his father's habit of domestic violence, a temper which does not subside during later years. After Quim's death, he attempts to whip a mob into a frenzy to attack the responsible forest, only to have them jump on the nearest one to hand Human and Rooter's forest after being chewed out by Valentine, Grego tries to end the massacre with as little bloodshed as possible, eventually placing himself between the surviving piggies and his own riot. He later collaborates with Olhado on faster-than-light travel.
Other colonists
Bosquinha (Faria Lima Maria do Bosque) is governor of Lusitania and mayor of the colony Milagre.
Peregrino (Armão Cebola) is the Bishop of the Catholic church of Lusitania.
Dom Cristão (Amai a Tudomundo Para Que Deus Vos Ame, Portuguese for Ye Must Love Everyone So That God Will Love You) is the abbott the Filhos de Mente de Cristo, Children of the Mind of Christ.
Dona Cristã (Detestai o Pecado e Fazei o Direito, Portuguese for Hate Sin and Do the Right) is the principal monk of the order of the Children of the Mind of Christ.
Pequeninos
The Pequeninos (Portuguese for "Little Ones"), also known as Lusitanian Aborigines or piggies, are an alien species in the category ramen, or sentient non-human. They are forest-dwelling and technologically primitive, but incredibly intelligent species able to learn languages extremely quickly. They are given the nickname "piggy" by the colonists of the planet Lusitania where part of the series is set due to their pig-like appearance.
Rooter: One of the first pequeninos introduced in the series, Rooter was the most inquisitive of the piggies and had a strong relationship with Libo before he was abruptly brought into his third life as a father-tree.
Mandachuva: When Pipo discovered that the Descolada virus, which had nearly destroyed the human population of Lusitania, was a part of the pequeninos' normal physiology, he went to share that information with the pequeninos. The pequenino Mandachuva brought that news back to the wives, along with the implication that the humans were not all-powerful and godlike, and that in some respects pequeninos were even more powerful than humans. It was a revelation to be rewarded, but when Pipo was asked to bring Mandachuva to the "third life", Pipo, not understanding the nature of pequenino transformation, thought he was being asked to kill Mandachuva. He refused, preferring to lose his own life in the process. Mandachuva, and the pequeninos in general, thought that they were rewarding Pipo by killing him, bringing him on to his third life, not understanding that no such thing existed for humans. The first crisis in human-pequenino relations occurred with the death of the first xenologer, Pipo Figueira, at the hands of the pequeninos.
Leaf-eater: Seventeen years after the incident involving Pipo and Mandachuva, the new xenologer and Pipo's son, Libo Figueira, suffered a similar fate. The piggy Leaf-eater had convinced the wives to let many more little mothers conceive than normal and then convinced Libo to help them out with the famine that they were sure to face. It was an enormous risk because if Libo refused to help that whole generation of pequeinos would have starved, but the humans did in fact step in and provide assistance. After the first amaranth harvest, Libo was, like Pipo before him, asked to bring Leaf-eater to the third life, and, like his father, refused, thinking that he was saving Leaf-eater's life. Leaf-eater killed Libo, thinking on his part that he was helping Libo achieve his third life even though humans did not have a third life.
Human: One of the sons of Rooter. Human was offered a chance to be brought into the third life as a fathertree, but only if Ender performed the ritual. Like Pipo and Libo before him, Ender showed extreme distaste at the concept, but he managed to do so with a full understanding of the consequences of his actions. Soon after, Ender wrote a biography called "Life of Human" in memory of his friend. The name "Human" was given to him by the Pequeninos "because he was very smart".
Star-looker: One of the wives. She represented the pequeninos in their treaty with the humans. She is also called "Shouter" by the brothers behind her back because of her loud voice.
Warmaker: A pequenino that died and entered the "third life" as a tree. He convinced a tribe of Pequeninos that the Descolada virus was a form of the Holy Ghost of Christ and that it should be spread to all humans on the Hundred Worlds. The tribe kidnapped and tortured Father Estevão, Ender's stepson, by exposing him to the virus for several days without medication. This event triggered a massacre of the pequeninos by the humans of Lusitania.
Planter: A pequenino featured prominently in Xenocide. When it was revealed to him that the descolada was manipulating pequenino behavior, he became almost suicidal, insisting that he be deprived of the descolada until death to prove that the pequenino's sentience was not caused by the descolada. Although he never entered the third life as a fathertree, he was awarded the honor of retaining his name after being planted, something which no other brothertree was given.
Glass: Similar to Planter, Glass was the subject of a descolada deprivation test. However, Glass's experiment was the testing of Ela's new recolada virus. He successfully made the transition into the third life as fathertree.
Fire-quencher: The pequenino representative who travels to the planet of the descoladores with Miro, Val, and the others in Children of the Mind.
Arrow: A pequenino mentioned in Speaker for the Dead. His name shows how humans affected pequenino culture.
Characters introduced in Xenocide
Several of the key characters in the Xenocide novel are from the planet of Path. They include:
Han Fei-tzu is a "godspoken" man from the planet of Path, and a reluctant follower of his religion. His treaty ended a burgeoning rebellion within the Hundred Worlds some three thousand years after Ender's Xenocide. Since then he has been retained as an advisor to Starways Congress.
Han Jiang-qing was the wife of Han Fei-tzu. She was named after an ancient revolutionary leader and was a loving godspoken follower of her religion. She died of a brittle bone disease when Qing-jao was four years old.
Han Qing-jao is the daughter of Han Fei-tzu and Han Jiang-qing, also godspoken like her parents. When confronted with evidence that the godspoken affliction is not a sign of deitic favor but rather a genetic modification, giving her and all other godspoken both genius-level intelligence and obsessive-compulsive disorder, she is unable to cope with the truth and clings to her old traditions, spending the rest of her life doing nothing but carrying out her obsessive-compulsive ritual of tracing grains in wooden floors. Some of the phrases she mutters while doing so were later compiled into a book. Her name means "Gloriously Bright".
Si Wang-mu is Qing-jao's "secret maid", an ambitious and extremely bright commoner whom Qing-jao takes under her wing. She met Qing-Jao after she encountered her working in the rice paddy field after bribing her guard with sex. She is named after the Queen Mother of the West, a powerful figure in Chinese mythology. When the godspoken genes are studied in hopes of retaining the genius-level intellect but removing the OCD, it is discovered that Wang-mu has naturally mutated into such a condition, and her genes are treated as a model of what the revision is intended to do. Later, she accompanies the reborn Peter Wiggin on his quest to stop the destruction of Lusitania, and eventually marries him.
Characters from Ender in Exile
Shakespeare planet
Alessandra Toscano is an Italian girl whose mother encourages her to seduce Ender. Ender rebuffs her attempts, and at the end of Ender in Exile she opts to stay on Shakespeare instead of travelling with her mother.
Sel Menach is a xenobiologist who was involved in numerous discoveries about the ecology of Shakespeare and eventually was honored with a currency named after him. On the flight to Shakespeare, he is alerted to Quincy Morgan's plans to become governor instead of Ender.
Vitaly Denisovitch Kolmogorov is an admiral who alerted Menach to Quincy Morgan's plans.
Ix Tolo
Po
Abra is the boy who Ender was with at the end of Ender's Game, when Ender discovered the cocooned Hive Queen at the End of the World the Buggers built for him. In Ender in Exile, Abra is revealed to be a bright boy of eleven years old who can fix nearly any machine. Abra is not really accepted by the children of his age because he is seen as someone who is at the level of an adult, while the adults mostly see him as a child.
Quincy Morgan is the captain of the ship travelling to Shakespeare. He attempts to usurp Ender as the governor of the colony, but is forced to stay aboard his ship upon landing and leaves the planet thwarted.
Ganges planet
Randall Firth: Originally named Achilles Flanders II, Firth is the missing ninth child of Bean and Petra. Randall was born prematurely and appears to have Anton's Key turned. His mother, Nichelle Firth, also known as Randi, believes Achilles is a hero assassinated by foul enemies. Nichelle allows Achilles to implant an embryo, believing that she would be carrying Achilles' child. To avoid persecution by Peter Wiggin, Randi determines to leave Earth and live in a colony, where she can raise her child and return him to Earth later to become the new Achilles. Nichelle ends up as a part of the colony Ganges led by Virlomi. Randall, called "Achilles" by Nichelle, is raised to see Peter the Hegemon and Julian Delphiki (otherwise known as Bean) as monsters, and to believe that Achilles was a true hero. Randall was one of the first to read "The Hive Queen" and treat it like a holy book, and thus he was also the first to paint Ender in a negative light, as Ender "The Xenocide". When Ender encounters Randall on Ganges, Randall plots to provoke Ender so that Ender will strike out and kill Randall. He thinks if this can be done, the universe will realize that Ender was a dangerous criminal. However, Ender does not strike out and instead tells Randall about his true mother and father: Petra Arkanian and Julian Delphiki. Randall is so enraged by this that he proceeds to brutally beat Ender, but Ender does not retaliate at all. Just before he delivers the final blow, Randall realizes that what Ender has told him is true, and he takes Ender to a doctor immediately. Randall then decides to rename himself Arkanian Delphiki, after his true parents.
Virlomi: see Other Battle School students
Characters introduced in the Ender's Shadow/Bean Quartet series
Anton is a scientist of European descent who discovers two genetic modifications which will allow the human brain unlimited growth, at the cost of unlimited physical growth. This discovery is named "Anton's Key" in his honor. However, research into human genetic engineering was outlawed by the international community, and when the nature of his work was discovered, he was subjected to classical conditioning to make it difficult for him to continue or even discuss his research.
Volescu is an unethical scientist of European descent, and the brother of Bean's father. He stole Bean's parent's embryos and illegally modified all 23, "turning" Anton's Key within them; only one, Bean himself, ever grew to maturity. Volescu was later discovered and had to destroy all his "research," but Bean escaped him by, at the age of 9 months, hiding himself in the tank of a toilet. Volescu was later imprisoned for his crimes.
Poke is an orphan girl from the streets of Rotterdam, the leader of a "crew" of fellow orphans who eventually take in Bean — and Achilles. Poke gave Bean his name, which he was originally unfond of, but later recognizes himself as Bean and ignores Colonel Graff, who tells Bean his true identity as Julian Delphiki. In Rotterdam, Bean, on some instinct, tells Poke to kill Achilles when she has the chance; she refuses, and Achilles later kills her, after kissing her, by stabbing her in the eye and then throwing her in the Rhine. Bean witnessed the kiss in the dark and, after leaving the scene, came to the realization that Poke was unsafe. He rushes back to find Poke already dead; Bean then blames himself for Poke's death. When Bean tells the story of Poke to Ender's jeesh on the journey to Eros, he decides to trust Petra, saying to her, "You cried for Poke, and that makes us friends."
Sergeant is the second in command of Poke's crew, and later Achilles' family. He finds out Achilles killed Poke, but keeps this a secret for his, and everyone else's, protection.
Sister Carlotta is a Catholic nun who works as a recruiter for Battle School. Like Poke, she takes in both Bean and Achilles; however, her battery of psychological tests manage to identify Achilles for who he truly is. Later, when he escapes from a mental institution in Belgium and begins his reign of terror, she and Bean go undercover to oppose him, eventually linking up with Peter Wiggin. She, like Poke, meets her death at Achilles' hands; Bean is never able to forgive himself for these deaths.
Ullysses is a bully in Rotterdam. To help his family receive food from a soup kitchen, Achilles makes a point of beating up Ullysses. When he is released from a hospital he gloats about getting even with him. Ullysses is later killed by Achilles.
Andrew 'Ender' Delphiki is Bean and Petra's son who travels in the relativistic spaceship with Bean and his two siblings. He is one of four children in which Anton's Key is turned. He is determined to find a cure for Anton's Key. When he and his siblings find a new world to settle in, he devises and administers a virus that will develop an organelle to shut off their growth genome, leaving their intelligence intact but saving them from the giantism half of Anton's Key.
Rymus Ojman is the chairman of the cabinet of Starways Congress around the year 1970 S.C..
Jakt is Valentine Wiggin's husband. He is originally from Trondheim, where he was one of the most respected lords of a fishing fleet on the planet. He chooses to depart from Trondheim with Valentine while in his sixties.
Syfte is Jakt and Valentine's daughter. She departs her homeworld of Trondheim with her parents and newlywed husband Lars.
Ro is Jakt and Valentine's child.
Varsam is Jakt and Valentine's child.
Plikt is a young student of Ender's from Trondheim. After his departure, she independently figures out that the man she knows as Andrew Wiggin is the original Speaker for the Dead as well as Ender Wiggin the Xenocide. She becomes a long-time friend and tutor of Valentine's family and departs Trondheim with them.
References
^ a b c d e Orson Scott Card, Ender's Game, Rev. mass-marketed., NY: Tor, 1994.
^ Scott Card, Orson (2009). Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show An Anthology. Tom Doherty Associates.
^ Smith, Grady (2012-03-13). "Viola Davis | 'Ender's Game': Meet the Cast! | Photo 9 of 17". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
vteWorks by Orson Scott CardEnder's Game seriesBooksEnder Series
Ender's Game (1985)
Speaker for the Dead (1986)
Xenocide (1991)
Children of the Mind (1996)
Ender in Exile (2008)
Shadow Saga
Ender's Shadow (1999)
Shadow of the Hegemon (2001)
Shadow Puppets (2002)
Shadow of the Giant (2005)
Shadows in Flight (2012)
The Last Shadow (2021)
Formic Wars
Earth Unaware (2012)
Earth Afire (2013)
Earth Awakens (2014)
The Swarm (2016)
The Hive (2019)
The Queens (TBA)
First Meetings (2002)
A War of Gifts: An Ender Story (2007)
Children of the Fleet (2017)
Short stories
"Ender's Game" (1977)
"Gloriously Bright" (1991)
"Investment Counselor"
"The Polish Boy"
"Teacher's Pest"
"Mazer in Prison"
"Pretty Boy"
"Cheater"
"A Young Man with Prospects"
"The Gold Bug"
"Ender's Stocking"
"Ender's Homecoming"
"Ender in Flight"
"Renegat"
"Governor Wiggin"
"Messenger"
Other media
Comics
Film
Characters
Ender Wiggin
Formics
Jane
The Tales of Alvin MakerBooks
Seventh Son (1987)
Red Prophet (1988)
Prentice Alvin (1989)
Alvin Journeyman (1995)
Heartfire (1998)
The Crystal City (2003)
Other media
"Prentice Alvin and the No-Good Plow" (poem, 1989)
Red Prophet: The Tales of Alvin Maker (comic book, 2006)
The Worthing seriesBooks
Capitol (1979)
Hot Sleep (1979)
The Worthing Chronicle (1983)
The Worthing Saga (1990)
Other worksHomecoming Saga
The Memory of Earth (1992)
The Call of Earth (1992)
The Ships of Earth (1994)
Earthfall (1995)
Earthborn (1995)
Women of Genesis
Sarah (2000)
Rebekah (2001)
Rachel and Leah (2004)
The Wives of Israel (TBA)
Mithermages series
Sandmagic (1979)
Stonefather (2008)
The Lost Gate (2011)
The Gate Thief (2013)
Gatefather (2015)
Mayflower series
Lovelock (1994)
Rasputin (TBA)
The Empire duet
Empire (2006)
Hidden Empire (2009)
The Pathfinder series
Pathfinder (2010)
Ruins (2012)
Visitors (2014)
Standalone novels
A Planet Called Treason (1979)
Songmaster (1980)
Hart's Hope (1983)
Saints (1984)
Wyrms (1987)
Treason (1988)
The Abyss (1989)
Lost Boys (1992)
Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (1996)
Treasure Box (1996)
Stone Tables (1997)
Homebody (1998)
Enchantment (1999)
Magic Street (2005)
Invasive Procedures (2007)
Bully and the Beast (TBA)
Story collections
Unaccompanied Sonata and Other Stories (1980)
Cardography (1987)
The Folk of the Fringe (1989)
Maps in a Mirror (1990)
Keeper of Dreams (2008)
Other works
Listen, Mom and Dad (1977)
Ainge (1981)
Saintspeak (1981)
Eye for Eye (1987)
Loom (1990)
The Secret of Monkey Island (1990)
The Dig (1995)
NeoHunter (1996)
Magic Mirror (1999)
Robota (2003)
An Open Book (2004)
Ultimate Iron Man (2005)
Advent Rising (2005)
InterGalactic Medicine Show (2005)
Hamlet's Father (2011)
Firefall (2014) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_literature.svg"},{"link_name":"incomplete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ender%27s_Game_characters&action=edit"},{"link_name":"First Formic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Formic_War"},{"link_name":"Ender's Game series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game_(series)"}],"text":"This literature-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it to include characters from the First Formic War trilogy.This is a partial list of characters in the Ender's Game series.","title":"List of Ender's Game characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew \"Ender\" Wiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_%22Ender%22_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"International Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_force"},{"link_name":"Battle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_academy"},{"link_name":"Formics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formics"},{"link_name":"xenocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"Speaker for the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"sociopath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"sadistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"Hegemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemon"},{"link_name":"Demosthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosthenes"},{"link_name":"demagoguery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagogue"},{"link_name":"Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon"}],"text":"Andrew \"Ender\" Wiggin is the protagonist of the Ender quintet and is present in the Bean quartet. He is enlisted in the International Fleet's Battle School for his strategic ability and leadership skills. He is eventually tricked into leading battles in the war against the Formics, resulting in the almost-complete destruction of that race. He spends most of his life attempting to find absolution for his unknowing act of \"xenocide\" by becoming a Speaker for the Dead.\nPeter Wiggin is Ender's older brother. A sociopath, he takes sadistic pleasure in manipulating and brutalizing other children, especially Ender. Peter is rejected from Battle School ostensibly due to his violence, but it is later revealed that his rejection was due to Graff believing that his men would never love him as a commander. In Ender's Game, he helps end a global war (with Valentine's reluctant assistance). In later books, he becomes Hegemon of the free world and founds the Free People of Earth, the Enderverse's first world government.\nValentine Wiggin is Ender's older sister, being the middle child of the Wiggin family. Rejected from Battle School for being too sensitive, she serves as the intermediary between Ender and Peter during the former's childhood. Later, she helps Peter on his rise to power by becoming \"Demosthenes\", an essayist whose rabble-rousing demagoguery is contrasted strongly against Peter's statesmanlike essays as \"Locke\". After the end of the Formic War, she leaves with Ender on an odyssey through time and space, turning Demosthenes into a historian whose essays are considered the definitive word on whatever subject they address. After marrying on the planet Trondheim, she eventually uproots her family to follow Ender to Lusitania, where she helps to defuse the onrushing Lusitania Fleet and save the alien inhabitants from xenocide.\nJohn Paul Wiggin and Theresa Wiggin are Ender's parents. Ender's Game portrays them as being dull and oblivious despite the genius children they raised. However, both characters were expanded upon in later works and revealed to be more intelligent than even their children imagined. John Paul is Catholic and Theresa Mormon. Furthermore, Colonel Graff revealed that Ender's father was baptized with the surname Wieczorek, hinting at his Polish roots, and was born the seventh of nine children, a serious offense in the Enderverse's overpopulation sanctions, both of which he has cast himself away from. It is also later revealed that John Paul was originally accepted to Battle School, but he declined, causing Graff to move him to America in the hopes that he might marry someone brilliant and foster children worthy of leading the war against the Formics.","title":"Wiggin family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle School students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achilles de Flandres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_de_Flandres"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"North African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-salamu_alaykum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-1"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Igbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Peter Wiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Ender's Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_(continent)"},{"link_name":"Ender's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Peruvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvians"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Cheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheater_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"Yuan Shikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Shadow of the Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Giant"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bernard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-1"},{"link_name":"Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_(Enderverse)"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Formics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formics"}],"sub_title":"Ender's army","text":"Ender's army is a collection of his closest friends at Battle School, particularly those who serve under him in the Dragon Army in Battle School before serving as team leads under his command during the Third Invasion, ending with the destruction of the Formic homeworld. As chronicled in the Bean Quartet, many of them move into positions of international significance during the chaotic years after the end of the Formic War, particularly due to the machinations of Achilles de Flandres. Ender's jeesh is the group that works under Ender in fighting the Formics.Alai (pronounced ah-lie) is a Muslim of North African descent. In Battle School, he was an exceptional student, adroit in the battle room, and was one of the first children to befriend Ender, with the word \"salaam\" and a kiss on the cheek.[1]: 69 They became the best of friends. He also helped lead the special training sessions Ender conducted, and later, during the Third Invasion, became one of the most trusted members of Ender's jeesh, due to his innate talent. After his return to Earth, he is eventually elected Caliph of a unified Muslim world.\nBean is a student of Greek and Igbo descent from the streets of Rotterdam. Though the smallest and youngest member of the jeesh, he is also the smartest and most fair-minded. Ender initially notes that he isolates Bean as Ender himself was once isolated to force Bean to flourish. Though only a supporting character in Ender's Game, Bean (real name Julian Delphiki II) is the lead character of the parallel storyline book series known as the \"Bean Quartet\" or \"Shadow Quartet\", revealing his role as the behind-the-scenes facilitator of most of the main events of that time period (the victory against the Formics, the uniting of Earth under Peter Wiggin, and so on); being \"behind the scenes\" is a central theme in these works.\nDink Meeker is a Battle School student of Dutch descent. He is portrayed as one of those who refuses to play the teacher's game. He says that he was offered command of an army twice, but refused to play. He was paranoid about the game, convinced that the teachers were the enemy and that the Bugger War was fake so that all children with the ability for command were in the hands of the International Fleet; however, he loved the game, so he stayed as a toon leader. Eventually, he agreed to become a commander in Ender's Shadow.\nCarn Carby is an Australian veteran who commands Rabbit Army. In the original short story version of Ender's Game, Ender held a low opinion of him: In the novel, when Bean was transferred into Rabbit Army, Ender says, \"How can they put you under an idiot like Carby!\", but in the expanded novel, Ender's reply is, \"Carby's a good man; I hope he recognizes you for what you're worth.\" Carby's Rabbit Army was the first to battle Ender's Dragon Army and was beaten badly. When Carby told the other commanders of Ender's new tactics, they didn't believe him, so Carby told Ender \"to beat the snot out of them\" in battle, as a personal favor. His honest and sympathetic behavior made Ender \"mentally [add] him to his private list of people who also qualified as human beings\". He is transferred to Command School and serves under Ender during the Third Invasion, one of the few Army members who were never in an army with Ender during Battle School.\nCrazy Tom is a British student. He is a veteran soldier who leads \"C\" Toon in Dragon Army. He got his nickname due to his temperament, as he couldn't stand working under commanders he considered stupid. He wrecked rooms and once sent a message to every kid in the school about how bad his commander was.\nDumper is the leader of \"E\" toon in Dragon Army. He is described by Bean as being among the most worshipful of Ender. Along with the other toon leaders, he is part of Ender's jeesh. He is of Peruvian descent, and his real name is Champi T'it'u.\nFly Molo is a Filipino veteran soldier who leads \"A\" Toon in Dragon Army. He is portrayed initially as being contemptuous of Ender's five-toon formation but later accepts it as wise, after arguing the concept with Bean. He was acting blatantly insubordinate and saying that it was a real \"loser strategy\", and when Bean stood up for Ender, who was at the time a very young commander, he got mad and almost hurt Bean, but finally, he had to accept that Bean was smarter than he was and that it was a good strategy.\nHan Tzu (nicknamed Hot Soup) is a veteran soldier from China who leads \"D\" Toon in Dragon Army. Eventually, he was shipped to Command School to become a member of Ender's Army and was one of the commanders that served under him during the end of the Formic War. After the war, Han Tzu returned to China before being kidnapped by Achilles. He later returned and became involved in military planning. He is the subject of the 2006 short story 'Cheater' and a descendant of Yuan Shikai.[2]\nPetra Arkanian is an Armenian student who is the only female in the jeesh. During Earth's invasion of the Bugger worlds, Ender relies on her heavily, often giving her complicated and critical assignments; she is the first student to burn out, falling asleep during a battle. She is a major character later on in the Shadow Series. She and Bean travel around the world to stay alive and eventually get married. Together they have children (nine embryos, one implanted in Petra and the other eight stolen by Achilles; all but one are recovered by the end of Shadow of the Giant) and facilitate the downfall of Achilles.\nShen is a Japanese student who is part of Ender's group of launchies. He is introduced as the kid who has a big butt that wriggles when he walks and is constantly mocked by Bernard and his gang. Ender steps in and sends a number of messages under pseudonyms (such as \"Cover your butt. Bernard is watching. - God\") to break Bernard's control over the room. He becomes Ender's first friend in Battle School.[1]: 53 He later guides Bean and tells him why the students love Ender.\nVlad was born in Belarus under the New Warsaw Pact. He is known as being a solid student who was always passed up in favor of more ambitious students in the various Battle School armies. Vlad is one of the 40 students chosen to serve in the Dragon Army under Ender's command, where he is made leader of \"B\" Toon. Vlad is one of the eleven students chosen to be in Ender's jeesh, helping command the warships of the International Fleet against the Formics in the Third Invasion.","title":"Battle School students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"murdering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Shadow Puppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Puppets"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Shadow Puppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Puppets"},{"link_name":"Ender Wiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"Ender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"Alai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Alai"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Ender's Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Shadow of the Hegemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Hegemon"},{"link_name":"Orson Scott Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card"},{"link_name":"ectopic pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Ender Wiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"2013 film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-1"},{"link_name":"Ender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"Bonzo Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonzo_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Dink Meeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dink_Meeker"},{"link_name":"A War of Gifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_War_of_Gifts"},{"link_name":"orthodox Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Ender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"Major Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Ender%27s_Game_series#International_Fleet_personnel"},{"link_name":"Ender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-1"},{"link_name":"Bonzo Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bonzo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-1"}],"sub_title":"Other Battle School students","text":"Achilles de Flandres is the main villain of the Bean Quartet. Like Bean, he grew up in Rotterdam, an orphan on the streets; like Peter, he displays sociopathic tendencies, particularly by murdering anyone who has ever seen or made him helpless. During the years after the Formic War, he takes steps to begin unifying the world under his rule, causing a series of costly wars between India, China, Russia, a united Islam, and large parts of Europe and southeast Asia. He gets assassinated at the end of Shadow Puppets by Bean after he gets tricked by Suriyawong who didn't kill Bean as promised.\nSuriyawong is a Battle School grad from Thailand who becomes Bean's friend during the wars caused by Achilles. He was known as \"Surly\" due to his pugilistic disposition, but during his time with Bean, he develops into a mature and capable commander.\nVirlomi is a Battle School grad from India who is instrumental in rousting Achilles from his power base in India. In Shadow Puppets, as the conflict between China and India increases, she returns to rural India to devise and encourage civil disobedience there, where she begins to cultivate a divine image. In Ender in Exile, she becomes governor of an Indian colony on the planet Ganges.\nWilliam Bee is a minor character who is primarily notable due to his involvement in one of the more unusual battles in the \"Battle Room\". In the Battle School's first numerically handicapped battle, Ender Wiggin, commander of Dragon Army, was required to face both Bee's Griffin Army, as well as Talo Momoe's Tiger Army.\nBernard is part of Ender's launch group and treats the precocious Ender with great contempt (mostly because Ender had broken Bernard's arm on the shuttle to the Battle School). Bernard is also seen as a ringleader and the main antagonist in the first few chapters of the book, and he takes great delight in picking on Ender and Shen, a young boy who is also in the launch group. However, his stranglehold on the clique falls apart when Ender and Alai become friends in the battle room, and after Ender manages to hack into the computer system and posts a message saying \"Cover your butts, Bernard is watching,\" signed \"God\". Later Ender also writes another note, seemingly by Bernard, saying \"I love your butt, let me kiss it. - Bernard.\" Bernard is one of the six students who accompanies Bonzo Madrid when he fights Ender in the bathroom.\nNikolai Delphiki is a major character of the book Ender's Shadow and a side character in Shadow of the Hegemon by Orson Scott Card. Nikolai is one of twenty-four fertilized eggs produced by Greek natives Elena Delphiki and Julian Delphiki Sr. A defect in one of Elena's fallopian tube and an ectopic pregnancy in the other made it impossible for her to conceive. In their hopes for a child, Elena had several eggs taken out, and Julian's sperm was harvested to produce numerous fertilized eggs. The healthiest were cloned, and then the twenty-four healthiest of those were chosen. One was implanted, producing Nikolai.\nBonzo Madrid is an antagonistic supporting character, serving to bring out Ender's brutal nature while at Battle School. Bonzo, whose real name is Bonito de Madrid, is described as a strikingly beautiful boy of aristocratic Spanish lineage from the town of Cartagena. As commander of Salamander Army, the autocratic Bonzo suddenly has Ender Wiggin thrust upon him when Ender is promoted from his launch group. He is accidentally killed in a confrontation with Ender, bringing six students with him to attack Ender in a bathroom. In the 2013 film adaptation, he survives with a career ending head injury.\nTalo Momoe is the commander of one of the numerous armies at Battle School. He is paired up with William Bee's army in a battle against Ender's undefeated Dragon Army. Momoe favors a very direct approach, and argues with Bee that, because they outnumber Ender, they should do a frontal assault. Bee's disagreement leads to a prolonged war of words. After Ender comes out with a formation, Momoe orders his army to rebound and assault the army directly.[1]: 53217–218 \nRose de Nose, although his first name is Rosen, is the commander of Rat Army when Ender is transferred there. Rose de Nose is also the only Jewish commander at the time in Battle School, which he uses as a crutch of sorts, as military legend has it that Jewish commanders never lose. Rose de Nose treats Ender with considerably more decency than does Bonzo Madrid, the commander of Ender's first army, Salamander Army. He is also much more lax about rules; the Rat Army barracks are messy when compared to the discipline and order of Salamander. Rose attempts to impose rules on Ender, but Dink Meeker tells Ender not to listen. As a result, Rose sends Ender out on what is, in essence, a suicide run at the beginning of Ender's first battle with Rat Army so that he will get immediately frozen. Instead, due to his unique \"legs first\" strategy, he is able to disable or freeze many of the enemies' soldiers to give Rat Army a sizable advantage. Rose gives up picking on Ender, and leaves him to do things his own way. By the time Ender and his group of companions rise to prominence, Rose de Nose has already graduated from Battle School.\nPol Slattery is a recurring commander that Ender twice faces at Battle School. In their first known battle, Ender was still a soldier in Bonzo's Salamander Army and Slattery was the new commander of the lowly Leopard Army. What everyone expected to be an easy battle turned into an upset by Slattery. Ender, who had been given orders by Bonzo to stay in the corridor until four minutes after everyone had gone through and then stay in the corner of the battle room, begins to observe Slattery's strategies and is impressed. Despite being young, Slattery is sharp and has new ideas; he always keeping his army moving against the stolid Salamanders who are unable to adapt to the situation. Eventually Leopard annihilates the entire Salamander Army, not including Ender. When Slattery is about to send his remaining men to open the gates, Ender ambushes them and takes out enough men to end the game in a draw. Despite helping Salamander Army achieve a tie, Bonzo is furious at Ender for disobeying his orders and would later cause more troubles for Ender.\nZeck Morgan (Zechariah Morgan) is an American boy, mentioned only in the novella, A War of Gifts. Zeck is a member of Rat army, but due to his orthodox Christian upbringing, is a pacifist and refuses to fire in the Battleroom. Throughout the novella, he comes into conflict with Dink and Ender, ruining Dink's latest rebellion, but at the end, he is accepted as a person and treated as such. His future after Battle School's closing is unknown.\nPinual is a minor character mentioned briefly when Ender encounters the Giant's Drink puzzle in the \"Mind Game\", a fantasy game meant to evaluate the students personality for the benefit of the Battle School teachers and commanders. Major Anderson mentions that Ender seems like Pinual because he keeps returning to the Giant's Drink, to which Hyrum Graff replies that \"Everybody looks like Pinual at one time or another. But he's the only one who killed himself.\"[1]: 54 When Ender returns to Earth after Bonzo Madrid's death, Major Imbu mentions that Pinual is the only student in the history of the Battle School to have committed suicide.[1]: 226 \nWu is the only girl in Dragon Army. She is given the nickname \"Woo-hoo\" during her time in battle school. Because of her name, she is most likely of Asian origin. She is one of the few soldiers whom Bean managed to nab for the Dragon Army roster. Wu is a brilliant soldier both academically and physically, but always refuses to become a Toon Leader. When a commander asks her to, she puts in a transfer request and refuses to fight until it is granted.","title":"Battle School students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_(school)"},{"link_name":"Hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"hive mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)"},{"link_name":"relativistic speeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_speed"},{"link_name":"Ender Wiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football"},{"link_name":"Viola Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Davis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Polemarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemarch"}],"text":"Colonel Hyrum Graff is the principal of Battle School, and personally supervised much of Ender's training. After the war he is put on trial for his controversial actions there, but is given a position within the Hegemony as Minister of Colonization, responsible for sending humanity out to colonize the now-deserted worlds formerly held by the Formics.\nMazer Rackham is the half-Māori captain who singlehandedly stopped the Second Invasion by realizing that the Buggers are a hive mind. Due to his inability to pass on his knowledge, he was forced to spend fifty years at relativistic speeds (eight years for Rackham) so that he could train the next commander, Ender Wiggin. After the end of the war, he joins Graff's crusade to keep the human race from destroying itself.\nMajor Anderson was Graff's second-in-command at Battle School, generally seen in the epistolary conversations from Ender's Game attempting to moderate his superior's unorthodox training of Ender. His passion is the Battle Room; after the war's end, he accepts the post of commissioner for an American football league, and does not appear in the latter three books of either the Ender or Bean quartets. In the film, Major Gwen Anderson is a psychologist who looks after the Battle School students, and is portrayed by Viola Davis.[3]\nAdmiral Chamrajnagar is the ranking Admiral at Eros, the International Fleet's headquarters, during the final stages of the Formic War; he was not Polemarch during that time, and has assumed that post by the time Achilles de Flandres begins his power plays.","title":"International Fleet personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_(Ender%27s_Game)"},{"link_name":"Ender's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game"}],"text":"The Hive Queen is the physical embodiment of the central consciousness of the Formics.\nVictor Delgado is a mechanic born on the free mining ship El Cavador, that mined asteroids in the Kuiper Belt. When the Formic's scout ship was discovered and deemed as a real threat, he was sent on a quick ship to Luna to report the news. On Luna, he was promptly arrested, but freed by Imala. After, he and Imala began teaming up with Lem Jukes to infiltrate the Formic ship and were successful in doing so. They were able to replicate the infiltration mission with a team of MOPs and were successful in destroying the Formic scout ship.\nJane is an AI that exists within the ansible network.\nStilson is a bully in Ender's Game. In the very first chapter of the book, he and three friends gang up on Ender, who decides to win thoroughly. Ender's counterattacks are so effective that Stilson, unbeknownst to Ender, suffers enough injuries to later die in hospital.","title":"Other Ender's Game characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Speaker for the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead"}],"text":"Characters from the planet Lusitania as introduced in the book Speaker for the Dead","title":"Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"speaker for the dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_dead"}],"sub_title":"Figueira family","text":"Pipo (PEE-po fee-GAY-ra; born João Figueira Alvarez; died 1948) is the first xenologer of Lusitania. He is one of the few people on the planet who treats Novinha as a real person, and becomes her beloved father-figure during her teenage years. He is the first human killed by the piggies, an alien species, and his death prompts Novinha to call for a speaker for the dead.\nConceição Figueira, is Pipo's wife and the archivist of Lusitania.\nLibo (LEE-bo; Liberdade Graças a Deus Figueira de Medici; 1931-1965) is Pipo's son and the xenologer after his death. Libo is Novinha's first love. Unfortunately, like his father he is vivisected by the pequeninos. His apprentice, Miro, calls for a speaking of his death, which Ender performs. Libo is the father of Novinha's children.\nPipinho (João) is Libo's sibling.\nMaria (d. 1936) was Libo's sibling who died of the Descolada.\nBimba (Abençoada) is Libo's sibling.\nPatinha (Isolde) is Libo's sibling.\nRã (Tomãs) is Libo's sibling.\nBruxinha (Portuguese for \"little witch\"; born Cleopatra Figueira) is Libo's wife.\nOuanda Quenhatta Figueira Mucumbi (b. 1951), is Libo and Bruxinha's eldest child and a xenologer, who falls in love with Miro.\nChina Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.\nPrega Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.\nZinha Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.","title":"Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beatification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"beatification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"xenobiologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiologist"},{"link_name":"Descolada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descolada"},{"link_name":"dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland"},{"link_name":"cuckoldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoldry"},{"link_name":"xenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenology"},{"link_name":"brain damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_damage"},{"link_name":"Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_(Ender%27s_Game)"},{"link_name":"xenobiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiologist"},{"link_name":"descolada virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descolada"},{"link_name":"atheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist"},{"link_name":"Christian evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"},{"link_name":"martyred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"Holy Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"binocular vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocular_vision"},{"link_name":"depth perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_perception"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"faster-than-light travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster-than-light_travel"},{"link_name":"hyperspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperspace_(science_fiction)"},{"link_name":"Xenocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocide"}],"sub_title":"Os Venerados family","text":"Gusto (Vladimir Tiago Gussman; d. 1936) was Cida's husband, Novinha's father, and a xenobiologist of Lusitania. He helped cure the Descolada virus before succumbing to it. He and his wife Cida were known as Os Venerados after their beatification.\nCida (Ekaterina Maria Aparecida do Norte von Hesse-Gussman; d 1936) was Gusto's wife, Novinha's mother, and a xenobiologist of Lusitania. She helped cure the Descolada virus before succumbing to it themselves. She and her husband were known as Os Venerados after their beatification.\nNovinha (no-VEEN-ya; born Ivanova Santa Catarina von Hesse; b. 1931) is the daughter of Lusitania's xenobiologists. Orphaned, Novinha became distant and formal until finding a scientific sanctuary with Pipo and Libo. Though she and Libo are in love, she refuses to marry and give him legal access to her xenobiology files, which she believes caused Pipo's death. She instead marries the abusive Marcão. Her pain, sorrow, and isolation draws Ender Wiggin to Lusitania, and the two eventually marry. Despite this, Novinha never loses her fragility and fear of losing those dearest to her.\nMingo (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.\nAmado (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.\nGuti (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.\nMarcão (mar-COWNG; born Marcos Maria Ribeira; aka \"Big Marcos\"; d. 1970), is Novinha's late husband. He is known for his fearsome stature, surly temper, and habit of beating his wife, traits which earned him the epithet \"cão\", dog; he dies a few weeks before Ender arrives at Lusitania, of a congenital disease which caused his glands to turn to fatty tissues. Among other things, this rendered him sterile, and it is revealed during Ender's speaking of his death that none of Novinha's children are actually his, but rather Libo's; the two agreed to this form of cuckoldry before getting married.\nMiro (MIE-roe; Marcos Vladimir Ribeira von Hesse; b. 1951) is Novinha's eldest child. He follows Libo into xenology and falls in love with Ouanda, Libo's firstborn daughter by his (actual) wife. In response to this and other factors, he attempts to cross the nerve-stimulating fence separating the piggies from the human compound, suffering brain damage and becoming crippled. He is sent out into space to greet Valentine Wiggin and her family, and later becomes a key player in the events leading up to the almost-second Xenocide. Miro is later healed by Jane.\nEla (EH-la; Ekaterina Elanora Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1952) is Novinha's second child. Like all the females in her line, she becomes a xenobiologist, and is one of the first members of the Ribeira family to warm to Ender. Later in life, she is instrumental in the destruction of the descolada virus, and its replacement with a far-more-benign variant, the recolada.\nQuim (KEENG; Estevão Rei Ribeira von Hesse; b.1955) is Novinha's third child. He is extremely pious and at first resists Andrew Wiggin on grounds of his atheistic avocation, but later warms to the Speaker, partially for his reputation as a crusader. He later becomes the first Christian evangelist to the pequeninos and holds great respect among them, but is martyred by a particularly heretical forest who believe that the descolada is the Holy Ghost and that it is the pequeninos' duty to judge all humans with it.\nOlhado (ol-YAH-doe; Lauro Suleimão Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1958) is Novinha's fourth child. He is also called \"the guy with the eyes\", because a freak laser accident blinded him in his youth, requiring the implant of metal replacements. He has reduced binocular vision and depth perception but can plug a computer jack directly into one eye to upload visual recordings. Due to the resulting ostracism, he becomes a keen observer of human nature and interaction. Later in life he becomes a brickmaker (or at least a manager of them) because, to him, family is a far more important calling than the sciences that took his relatives; nonetheless he has revolutionary ways of looking at physics and metaphysics, and is crucial in the development of faster-than-light travel (via a modified hyperspace mechanic related to philotic theory). Like Ela, he quickly warms to Ender; as he relates to Valentine in Xenocide, his greatest secret is that, while alone with Ender, they call each other \"Father\" and \"Son\".\nQuara (KWA-rah; Lembrança das Milagres de Jesus Ribeira von Hesse, 1963) is Novinha's fifth child. Throughout her life she exhibits stubbornness and contrariness, generally doing whatever the people who love her don't want her to do. She also becomes a xenobiologist, and assists Ela in \"truncating\" the descolada, despite discovering that the virus is quite possibly sentient and is certainly able to communicate with other individuals of its species.\nGrego (GRE-goe; Gerão Gregorio Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1964) is Novinha's sixth child, only six years old when Ender arrives. As a child he showed a disturbing capacity for destruction, modeled on his father's habit of domestic violence, a temper which does not subside during later years. After Quim's death, he attempts to whip a mob into a frenzy to attack the responsible forest, only to have them jump on the nearest one to hand Human and Rooter's forest after being chewed out by Valentine, Grego tries to end the massacre with as little bloodshed as possible, eventually placing himself between the surviving piggies and his own riot. He later collaborates with Olhado on faster-than-light travel.","title":"Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of the Catholic church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"}],"sub_title":"Other colonists","text":"Bosquinha (Faria Lima Maria do Bosque) is governor of Lusitania and mayor of the colony Milagre.\nPeregrino (Armão Cebola) is the Bishop of the Catholic church of Lusitania.\nDom Cristão (Amai a Tudomundo Para Que Deus Vos Ame, Portuguese for Ye Must Love Everyone So That God Will Love You) is the abbott the Filhos de Mente de Cristo, Children of the Mind of Christ.\nDona Cristã (Detestai o Pecado e Fazei o Direito, Portuguese for Hate Sin and Do the Right) is the principal monk of the order of the Children of the Mind of Christ.","title":"Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"Holy Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre"},{"link_name":"Xenocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocide"},{"link_name":"Children of the Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_Mind"},{"link_name":"Speaker for the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead"}],"sub_title":"Pequeninos","text":"The Pequeninos (Portuguese for \"Little Ones\"), also known as Lusitanian Aborigines or piggies, are an alien species in the category ramen, or sentient non-human. They are forest-dwelling and technologically primitive, but incredibly intelligent species able to learn languages extremely quickly. They are given the nickname \"piggy\" by the colonists of the planet Lusitania where part of the series is set due to their pig-like appearance.Rooter: One of the first pequeninos introduced in the series, Rooter was the most inquisitive of the piggies and had a strong relationship with Libo before he was abruptly brought into his third life as a father-tree.\nMandachuva: When Pipo discovered that the Descolada virus, which had nearly destroyed the human population of Lusitania, was a part of the pequeninos' normal physiology, he went to share that information with the pequeninos. The pequenino Mandachuva brought that news back to the wives, along with the implication that the humans were not all-powerful and godlike, and that in some respects pequeninos were even more powerful than humans. It was a revelation to be rewarded, but when Pipo was asked to bring Mandachuva to the \"third life\", Pipo, not understanding the nature of pequenino transformation, thought he was being asked to kill Mandachuva. He refused, preferring to lose his own life in the process. Mandachuva, and the pequeninos in general, thought that they were rewarding Pipo by killing him, bringing him on to his third life, not understanding that no such thing existed for humans. The first crisis in human-pequenino relations occurred with the death of the first xenologer, Pipo Figueira, at the hands of the pequeninos.\nLeaf-eater: Seventeen years after the incident involving Pipo and Mandachuva, the new xenologer and Pipo's son, Libo Figueira, suffered a similar fate. The piggy Leaf-eater had convinced the wives to let many more little mothers conceive than normal and then convinced Libo to help them out with the famine that they were sure to face. It was an enormous risk because if Libo refused to help that whole generation of pequeinos would have starved, but the humans did in fact step in and provide assistance. After the first amaranth harvest, Libo was, like Pipo before him, asked to bring Leaf-eater to the third life, and, like his father, refused, thinking that he was saving Leaf-eater's life. Leaf-eater killed Libo, thinking on his part that he was helping Libo achieve his third life even though humans did not have a third life.\nHuman: One of the sons of Rooter. Human was offered a chance to be brought into the third life as a fathertree, but only if Ender performed the ritual. Like Pipo and Libo before him, Ender showed extreme distaste at the concept, but he managed to do so with a full understanding of the consequences of his actions. Soon after, Ender wrote a biography called \"Life of Human\" in memory of his friend. The name \"Human\" was given to him by the Pequeninos \"because he was very smart\".\nStar-looker: One of the wives. She represented the pequeninos in their treaty with the humans. She is also called \"Shouter\" by the brothers behind her back because of her loud voice.\nWarmaker: A pequenino that died and entered the \"third life\" as a tree. He convinced a tribe of Pequeninos that the Descolada virus was a form of the Holy Ghost of Christ and that it should be spread to all humans on the Hundred Worlds. The tribe kidnapped and tortured Father Estevão, Ender's stepson, by exposing him to the virus for several days without medication. This event triggered a massacre of the pequeninos by the humans of Lusitania.\nPlanter: A pequenino featured prominently in Xenocide. When it was revealed to him that the descolada was manipulating pequenino behavior, he became almost suicidal, insisting that he be deprived of the descolada until death to prove that the pequenino's sentience was not caused by the descolada. Although he never entered the third life as a fathertree, he was awarded the honor of retaining his name after being planted, something which no other brothertree was given.\nGlass: Similar to Planter, Glass was the subject of a descolada deprivation test. However, Glass's experiment was the testing of Ela's new recolada virus. He successfully made the transition into the third life as fathertree.\nFire-quencher: The pequenino representative who travels to the planet of the descoladores with Miro, Val, and the others in Children of the Mind.\nArrow: A pequenino mentioned in Speaker for the Dead. His name shows how humans affected pequenino culture.","title":"Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xenocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocide"},{"link_name":"genetic modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_modification"},{"link_name":"obsessive-compulsive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder"},{"link_name":"Queen Mother of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mother_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"OCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder"},{"link_name":"mutated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"}],"text":"Several of the key characters in the Xenocide novel are from the planet of Path. They include:Han Fei-tzu is a \"godspoken\" man from the planet of Path, and a reluctant follower of his religion. His treaty ended a burgeoning rebellion within the Hundred Worlds some three thousand years after Ender's Xenocide. Since then he has been retained as an advisor to Starways Congress.\nHan Jiang-qing was the wife of Han Fei-tzu. She was named after an ancient revolutionary leader and was a loving godspoken follower of her religion. She died of a brittle bone disease when Qing-jao was four years old.\nHan Qing-jao is the daughter of Han Fei-tzu and Han Jiang-qing, also godspoken like her parents. When confronted with evidence that the godspoken affliction is not a sign of deitic favor but rather a genetic modification, giving her and all other godspoken both genius-level intelligence and obsessive-compulsive disorder, she is unable to cope with the truth and clings to her old traditions, spending the rest of her life doing nothing but carrying out her obsessive-compulsive ritual of tracing grains in wooden floors. Some of the phrases she mutters while doing so were later compiled into a book. Her name means \"Gloriously Bright\".\nSi Wang-mu is Qing-jao's \"secret maid\", an ambitious and extremely bright commoner whom Qing-jao takes under her wing. She met Qing-Jao after she encountered her working in the rice paddy field after bribing her guard with sex. She is named after the Queen Mother of the West, a powerful figure in Chinese mythology. When the godspoken genes are studied in hopes of retaining the genius-level intellect but removing the OCD, it is discovered that Wang-mu has naturally mutated into such a condition, and her genes are treated as a model of what the revision is intended to do. Later, she accompanies the reborn Peter Wiggin on his quest to stop the destruction of Lusitania, and eventually marries him.","title":"Characters introduced in Xenocide "},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters from Ender in Exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ender's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game"},{"link_name":"Ender in Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_in_Exile"}],"sub_title":"Shakespeare planet","text":"Alessandra Toscano is an Italian girl whose mother encourages her to seduce Ender. Ender rebuffs her attempts, and at the end of Ender in Exile she opts to stay on Shakespeare instead of travelling with her mother.\nSel Menach is a xenobiologist who was involved in numerous discoveries about the ecology of Shakespeare and eventually was honored with a currency named after him. On the flight to Shakespeare, he is alerted to Quincy Morgan's plans to become governor instead of Ender.\nVitaly Denisovitch Kolmogorov is an admiral who alerted Menach to Quincy Morgan's plans.\nIx Tolo\nPo\nAbra is the boy who Ender was with at the end of Ender's Game, when Ender discovered the cocooned Hive Queen at the End of the World the Buggers built for him. In Ender in Exile, Abra is revealed to be a bright boy of eleven years old who can fix nearly any machine. Abra is not really accepted by the children of his age because he is seen as someone who is at the level of an adult, while the adults mostly see him as a child.\nQuincy Morgan is the captain of the ship travelling to Shakespeare. He attempts to usurp Ender as the governor of the colony, but is forced to stay aboard his ship upon landing and leaves the planet thwarted.","title":"Characters from Ender in Exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Other Battle School students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Other_Battle_School_students"}],"sub_title":"Ganges planet","text":"Randall Firth: Originally named Achilles Flanders II, Firth is the missing ninth child of Bean and Petra. Randall was born prematurely and appears to have Anton's Key turned. His mother, Nichelle Firth, also known as Randi, believes Achilles is a hero assassinated by foul enemies. Nichelle allows Achilles to implant an embryo, believing that she would be carrying Achilles' child. To avoid persecution by Peter Wiggin, Randi determines to leave Earth and live in a colony, where she can raise her child and return him to Earth later to become the new Achilles. Nichelle ends up as a part of the colony Ganges led by Virlomi. Randall, called \"Achilles\" by Nichelle, is raised to see Peter the Hegemon and Julian Delphiki (otherwise known as Bean) as monsters, and to believe that Achilles was a true hero. Randall was one of the first to read \"The Hive Queen\" and treat it like a holy book, and thus he was also the first to paint Ender in a negative light, as Ender \"The Xenocide\". When Ender encounters Randall on Ganges, Randall plots to provoke Ender so that Ender will strike out and kill Randall. He thinks if this can be done, the universe will realize that Ender was a dangerous criminal. However, Ender does not strike out and instead tells Randall about his true mother and father: Petra Arkanian and Julian Delphiki. Randall is so enraged by this that he proceeds to brutally beat Ender, but Ender does not retaliate at all. Just before he delivers the final blow, Randall realizes that what Ender has told him is true, and he takes Ender to a doctor immediately. Randall then decides to rename himself Arkanian Delphiki, after his true parents.\nVirlomi: see Other Battle School students","title":"Characters from Ender in Exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning"},{"link_name":"toilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_River"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"}],"text":"Anton is a scientist of European descent who discovers two genetic modifications which will allow the human brain unlimited growth, at the cost of unlimited physical growth. This discovery is named \"Anton's Key\" in his honor. However, research into human genetic engineering was outlawed by the international community, and when the nature of his work was discovered, he was subjected to classical conditioning to make it difficult for him to continue or even discuss his research.\nVolescu is an unethical scientist of European descent, and the brother of Bean's father. He stole Bean's parent's embryos and illegally modified all 23, \"turning\" Anton's Key within them; only one, Bean himself, ever grew to maturity. Volescu was later discovered and had to destroy all his \"research,\" but Bean escaped him by, at the age of 9 months, hiding himself in the tank of a toilet. Volescu was later imprisoned for his crimes.\nPoke is an orphan girl from the streets of Rotterdam, the leader of a \"crew\" of fellow orphans who eventually take in Bean — and Achilles. Poke gave Bean his name, which he was originally unfond of, but later recognizes himself as Bean and ignores Colonel Graff, who tells Bean his true identity as Julian Delphiki. In Rotterdam, Bean, on some instinct, tells Poke to kill Achilles when she has the chance; she refuses, and Achilles later kills her, after kissing her, by stabbing her in the eye and then throwing her in the Rhine. Bean witnessed the kiss in the dark and, after leaving the scene, came to the realization that Poke was unsafe. He rushes back to find Poke already dead; Bean then blames himself for Poke's death. When Bean tells the story of Poke to Ender's jeesh on the journey to Eros, he decides to trust Petra, saying to her, \"You cried for Poke, and that makes us friends.\"\nSergeant is the second in command of Poke's crew, and later Achilles' family. He finds out Achilles killed Poke, but keeps this a secret for his, and everyone else's, protection.\nSister Carlotta is a Catholic nun who works as a recruiter for Battle School. Like Poke, she takes in both Bean and Achilles; however, her battery of psychological tests manage to identify Achilles for who he truly is. Later, when he escapes from a mental institution in Belgium and begins his reign of terror, she and Bean go undercover to oppose him, eventually linking up with Peter Wiggin. She, like Poke, meets her death at Achilles' hands; Bean is never able to forgive himself for these deaths.\nUllysses is a bully in Rotterdam. To help his family receive food from a soup kitchen, Achilles makes a point of beating up Ullysses. When he is released from a hospital he gloats about getting even with him. Ullysses is later killed by Achilles.\nAndrew 'Ender' Delphiki is Bean and Petra's son who travels in the relativistic spaceship with Bean and his two siblings. He is one of four children in which Anton's Key is turned. He is determined to find a cure for Anton's Key. When he and his siblings find a new world to settle in, he devises and administers a virus that will develop an organelle to shut off their growth genome, leaving their intelligence intact but saving them from the giantism half of Anton's Key.\nRymus Ojman is the chairman of the cabinet of Starways Congress around the year 1970 S.C..\nJakt is Valentine Wiggin's husband. He is originally from Trondheim, where he was one of the most respected lords of a fishing fleet on the planet. He chooses to depart from Trondheim with Valentine while in his sixties.\nSyfte is Jakt and Valentine's daughter. She departs her homeworld of Trondheim with her parents and newlywed husband Lars.\nRo is Jakt and Valentine's child.\nVarsam is Jakt and Valentine's child.\nPlikt is a young student of Ender's from Trondheim. After his departure, she independently figures out that the man she knows as Andrew Wiggin is the original Speaker for the Dead as well as Ender Wiggin the Xenocide. She becomes a long-time friend and tutor of Valentine's family and departs Trondheim with them.","title":"Characters introduced in the Ender's Shadow/Bean Quartet series"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Scott Card, Orson (2009). Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show An Anthology. Tom Doherty Associates.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Grady (2012-03-13). \"Viola Davis | 'Ender's Game': Meet the Cast! | Photo 9 of 17\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2014-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/gallery/enders-game-meet-cast/?slide=368428#368428","url_text":"\"Viola Davis | 'Ender's Game': Meet the Cast! | Photo 9 of 17\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ender%27s_Game_characters&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://ew.com/gallery/enders-game-meet-cast/?slide=368428#368428","external_links_name":"\"Viola Davis | 'Ender's Game': Meet the Cast! | Photo 9 of 17\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Massey_Clark | Hugh Massey Clark | ["1 Philatelic editing","2 Philatelic activity","3 Honors and awards","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | American philatelist and publisher (1886–1956)
Hugh Massey ClarkBorn1886DiedJanuary 21, 1956NationalityAmericanOccupationEngineerSpouseTheresa Maria ClarkEngineering careerInstitutionsAmerican Stamp Dealers Association Association for Stamp ExhibitionsPhilatelic FoundationProjectsPurchased Scott Stamp and Coin Company in 1938; served in various philatelic organizationsAwardsRoll of Distinguished Philatelists APS Hall of Fame
Hugh Massey Clark (21 January 1886 – 21 January 1956), of New York City, was a noted philatelist and publisher. He was married to Theresa Maria Clark.
Philatelic editing
Hugh Clark joined the Scott Stamp and Coin Company in 1912 and served in various capacities at the company, including being appointed as manager in 1914. Theresa Maria Clark (née Scheidemantel) also worked as an editor at the firm, and they eventually married. In 1935 he and his wife Theresa co-edited the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue.
In 1938 Hugh and Theresa purchased the firm, sold off the retail postage stamp and coin sales portions of the business, and renamed it Scott Publications. They both continued their work at Scott until they finally sold the firm to Gordon R. Harmer in 1946.
Philatelic activity
Hugh Clark was active in promoting stamp collecting through various media, including radio, newspapers, advertising, and lending frames to philatelists for use at philatelic exhibitions.
Clark was active in supporting or founding a number of philatelic organizations. He was president of the American Stamp Dealers Association for a number of years, was very active in supporting philatelic exhibitions in association with the Association for Stamp Exhibitions, and was a founding member of the Philatelic Foundation.
Honors and awards
In 1947 Hugh Clark signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists, and, he was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1957.
Legacy
When the Clarks sold Scott Publications, they donated its famous reference collection, originally constructed by John Nicholas Luff, to the Philatelic Foundation.
See also
Stamp collecting
Philatelic literature
References
^ Background notes on The Roll of Distinguished Philatelists September 2011, Roll of Distinguished Philatelists Trust, London, 2011. Archived here.
External links
APS Hall of Fame – Hugh Massey Clark
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"philatelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philately"},{"link_name":"Theresa Maria Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Maria_Clark"}],"text":"Hugh Massey Clark (21 January 1886 – 21 January 1956), of New York City, was a noted philatelist and publisher. He was married to Theresa Maria Clark.","title":"Hugh Massey Clark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scott Stamp and Coin Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_catalog"}],"text":"Hugh Clark joined the Scott Stamp and Coin Company in 1912 and served in various capacities at the company, including being appointed as manager in 1914. Theresa Maria Clark (née Scheidemantel) also worked as an editor at the firm, and they eventually married. In 1935 he and his wife Theresa co-edited the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue.In 1938 Hugh and Theresa purchased the firm, sold off the retail postage stamp and coin sales portions of the business, and renamed it Scott Publications. They both continued their work at Scott until they finally sold the firm to Gordon R. Harmer in 1946.","title":"Philatelic editing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"philatelic exhibitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philatelic_exhibition"},{"link_name":"American Stamp Dealers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Stamp_Dealers_Association"},{"link_name":"Philatelic Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philatelic_Foundation"}],"text":"Hugh Clark was active in promoting stamp collecting through various media, including radio, newspapers, advertising, and lending frames to philatelists for use at philatelic exhibitions.Clark was active in supporting or founding a number of philatelic organizations. He was president of the American Stamp Dealers Association for a number of years, was very active in supporting philatelic exhibitions in association with the Association for Stamp Exhibitions, and was a founding member of the Philatelic Foundation.","title":"Philatelic activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roll of Distinguished Philatelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_of_Distinguished_Philatelists"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philatelic_Society_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"In 1947 Hugh Clark signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists,[1] and, he was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1957.","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Nicholas Luff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nicholas_Luff"},{"link_name":"Philatelic Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philatelic_Foundation"}],"text":"When the Clarks sold Scott Publications, they donated its famous reference collection, originally constructed by John Nicholas Luff, to the Philatelic Foundation.","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | [{"title":"Stamp collecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_collecting"},{"title":"Philatelic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philatelic_literature"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.abps.org.uk/Awards/Roll_of_Distinguished_Philatelists/RDP_Background_20111231_LR.pdf","external_links_name":"Background notes on The Roll of Distinguished Philatelists September 2011"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130819000841/http://abps.org.uk/Awards/Roll_of_Distinguished_Philatelists/RDP_Background_20111231_LR.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived here."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091102075807/http://www.stamps.org/Almanac/alm_HallofFame_1955-59.htm#Clark","external_links_name":"APS Hall of Fame – Hugh Massey Clark"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/220755905","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrGC4jFK7CPCrBFk4Xh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011190018","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbeline_(film) | Cymbeline (film) | ["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"] | 2014 film by Michael Almereyda
CymbelineTheatrical release posterDirected byMichael AlmereydaWritten byMichael AlmereydaBased onCymbelineby William ShakespeareProduced by
Michael Benaroya
Anthony Katagas
Michael Almereyda
Starring
Ethan Hawke
Ed Harris
Milla Jovovich
John Leguizamo
Penn Badgley
Dakota Johnson
Anton Yelchin
Peter Gerety
Kevin Corrigan
Vondie Curtis-Hall
James Ransone
Bill Pullman
Delroy Lindo
CinematographyTim OrrEdited by
Barbara Tulliver
John Scott Cook
Music by
David Ludwig
Bryan Senti
Productioncompanies
Grindstone Entertainment Group
Benaroya Pictures
Distributed byLionsgateRelease dates
September 3, 2014 (2014-09-03) (Venice)
March 14, 2015 (2015-03-14) (United States)
Running time97 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$3.2 million
Cymbeline (also known as Anarchy) is a 2014 American crime thriller film written, produced, and directed by Michael Almereyda, based on the play of the same name by William Shakespeare. The film stars Ethan Hawke, Ed Harris, Milla Jovovich, John Leguizamo, and Dakota Johnson.
Synopsis
Based on the play Cymbeline by William Shakespeare, the story revolves around a war between dirty cops and a biker gang. The king of the bikers has lost his sons and needs his daughter to marry royalty to maintain the bloodline. The new Queen wishes to kill the king and her step-daughter in order to install her own son as the new gang leader. The step-daughter has married a penniless gang member, who is banished from the gang territory by the King. The banished son-in-law is tricked into believing that his wife is unfaithful through a photograph taken while she was sleeping. These many intertwined players will travel through desperate straits before all is resolved.
Cast
Ethan Hawke as Iachimo, who bets that he can seduce Posthumus' chaste Imogen
Ed Harris as Cymbeline, King of the Briton Motorcycle Club
Milla Jovovich as Queen, second wife of the King, who wants to cement her power by having Cloten marry Imogen
John Leguizamo as Pisanio, Cymbeline's right hand man, tricked by the Queen into delivering (imagined) poison to Imogen
Penn Badgley as Posthumus, penniless amour, then secret husband, of Imogen. Plans to kill her after he is deceived by Iachimo.
Dakota Johnson as Imogen, daughter of Cymbeline, calls herself Fidel while later traveling disguised as a boy when searching for her banished love
Anton Yelchin as Cloten, son of the Queen
Peter Gerety as Dr. Cornelius, who undermines the Queen’s plans to kill Cymbeline and Imogen by giving her sleeping pills instead of poison.
Kevin Corrigan as The Hangman
Vondie Curtis-Hall as Caius Lucius, Chief of the Rome Police Department
James Ransone as Philario, who befriends the banished Posthumus
Bill Pullman as Sicilius Leonatus, Posthumus' father
Delroy Lindo as Belarius, who kidnapped and lovingly raised Cymbeline‘s two sons, Guiderius and Arvirargus, as his own
Spencer Treat Clark as Guiderius, a (unaware) prince
Production
On July 31, 2013, it was announced that Ethan Hawke was re-teaming with director Michael Almereyda to star in the adaptation of Cymbeline. He would play Iachimo and production was set to start on August 19 in New York City. Anthony Katagas and Michael Benaroya would be the producers of the film. On August 5, it was announced that Ed Harris had signed to star opposite Hawke. He would play the role of King Cymbeline. Penn Badgley joined the cast in the adaptation of Cymbeline to play the role of orphan Posthumus who secretly marries the daughter of King Cymbeline and is banished by the monarch who raised Posthumus as a son.
On August 8, 2013, Milla Jovovich also joined the cast as a female lead; she would play the role of Queen who schemes to move her own son from a previous marriage onto the throne at the expense of the orphan Posthumus and the King’s daughter. Additional cast members added on August 12 included Anton Yelchin and Dakota Johnson, Yelchin would play Cloten, the son of the Queen by a former husband and Johnson would be playing the role of Imogen, the daughter of King Cymbeline from a previous marriage.
Release
Prior to the world premiere of the film, it was announced Lionsgate had acquired all distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere at the 71st Venice International Film Festival on September 3, 2014. The film then went to screen at the Busan International Film Festival in South Korea on October 3, 2014. For a short time, the film's U.S. title was Anarchy, but it was changed back to Cymbeline, though in some markets it is known as Anarchy: Ride or Die to avoid confusion with Sons of Anarchy. The film was released in select theaters and through video on demand on March 14, 2015.
Reception
On review aggregating website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 31%, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10. On Metacritic, which uses a weighted score, the film has a rating of 54 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
References
^ "Film Tax Credit – Quarterly Report" (PDF). Empire State Development. March 31, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
^ a b "Ethan Hawke To Reunite With 'Hamlet' Director For Modern-Day 'Cymbeline'". Deadline Hollywood. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
^ "Ethan Hawke to Reteam With Michael Almereyda for 'Cymbeline'". The Hollywood Reporter. July 31, 2013.
^ "Ethan Hawke Starring in Shakespeare's 'Cymbeline' Movie". variety.com. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
^ "Ed Harris to Star Opposite Ethan Hawke in Film Adaption of Shakespeare 'Cymbeline'". The Hollywood Reporter. August 5, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
^ "Penn Badgley Added To Shakespeare Adaptation 'Cymbeline'". Deadline Hollywood. August 7, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
^ "Milla Jovovich Joins Cymbeline". ComingSoon.net. August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
^ "'Resident Evil's Milla Jovovich Joins Shakespeare Modernization 'Cymbeline'". Deadline Hollywood. August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
^ "'Cymbeline' casts Anton Yelchin, Dakota Johnson". Digital Spy. August 13, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
^ "Anton Yelchin and Dakota Johnson Board Cymbeline". ComingSoon.net. August 12, 2013. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
^ McNary, Dave (September 2, 2014). "Ethan Hawke's 'Cymbeline' Gets U.S. Distribution".
^ Debruge, Peter (September 3, 2014). "Venice Film Review: 'Cymbeline'".
^ "Cymbeline Release Dates". Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
^ Jagernauth, Kevin (January 14, 2015). "Watch: New Trailer For Fiery Shakespeare Tale 'Anarchy' (aka 'Cymbeline') With Ethan Hawke, Milla Jovovich & More". IndieWire. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015.
^ "Anarchy: Ride or Die (2014) aka Cymbeline". Horror Cult Films. September 29, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
^ Rizov, Vadim (March 3, 2015). "Sons of Anarchy: Cymbeline at Film Comment Selects". Filmmaker. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
^ "Dakota Johnson gets Shakespearean in new 'Cymbeline' clip". Entertainment Weekly. March 11, 2015.
^ "Cymbeline (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
^ "Cymbeline (2015)". Metacritic. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
External links
Cymbeline at IMDb
Cymbeline at AllMovie
Cymbeline at Rotten Tomatoes
vteWilliam Shakespeare's CymbelineCharacters
Cymbeline
Queen
Imogen
Posthumus Leonatus
Cloten
Belarius
Guiderius
Arvirargus
Jupiter
Sources
Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136)
The Decameron (c. 1353)
Holinshed's Chronicles (1577)
Adaptations
Cymbeline (1982; TV)
Cymbeline (2014)
Related
Shakespeare's late romances
Philaster (c.1609)
Deus ex machina
Milford Haven
vteFilms directed by Michael Almereyda
Twister (1989)
Another Girl Another Planet (1992)
Nadja (1994)
Trance (1998)
Hamlet (2000)
Happy Here and Now (2002)
William Eggleston in the Real World (2005)
Cymbeline (2014)
Experimenter (2015)
Marjorie Prime (2017)
Escapes (2017)
Tesla (2020) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Michael Almereyda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Almereyda"},{"link_name":"play of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbeline"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Ethan Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Ed Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Harris"},{"link_name":"Milla Jovovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milla_Jovovich"},{"link_name":"John Leguizamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leguizamo"},{"link_name":"Dakota Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethan-2"}],"text":"Cymbeline (also known as Anarchy) is a 2014 American crime thriller film written, produced, and directed by Michael Almereyda, based on the play of the same name by William Shakespeare. The film stars Ethan Hawke, Ed Harris, Milla Jovovich, John Leguizamo, and Dakota Johnson.[2]","title":"Cymbeline (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cymbeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbeline"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"}],"text":"Based on the play Cymbeline by William Shakespeare, the story revolves around a war between dirty cops and a biker gang. The king of the bikers has lost his sons and needs his daughter to marry royalty to maintain the bloodline. The new Queen wishes to kill the king and her step-daughter in order to install her own son as the new gang leader. The step-daughter has married a penniless gang member, who is banished from the gang territory by the King. The banished son-in-law is tricked into believing that his wife is unfaithful through a photograph taken while she was sleeping. These many intertwined players will travel through desperate straits before all is resolved.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethan Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Ed Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Harris"},{"link_name":"Cymbeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunobeline"},{"link_name":"Milla Jovovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milla_Jovovich"},{"link_name":"John Leguizamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leguizamo"},{"link_name":"Penn Badgley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Badgley"},{"link_name":"Dakota Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Imogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imogen_(Cymbeline)"},{"link_name":"Anton Yelchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Yelchin"},{"link_name":"Peter Gerety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gerety"},{"link_name":"Kevin Corrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Corrigan"},{"link_name":"Vondie Curtis-Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vondie_Curtis-Hall"},{"link_name":"James Ransone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ransone"},{"link_name":"Bill Pullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pullman"},{"link_name":"Delroy Lindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delroy_Lindo"},{"link_name":"Guiderius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiderius"},{"link_name":"Arvirargus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvirargus"},{"link_name":"Spencer Treat Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Treat_Clark"}],"text":"Ethan Hawke as Iachimo, who bets that he can seduce Posthumus' chaste Imogen\nEd Harris as Cymbeline, King of the Briton Motorcycle Club\nMilla Jovovich as Queen, second wife of the King, who wants to cement her power by having Cloten marry Imogen\nJohn Leguizamo as Pisanio, Cymbeline's right hand man, tricked by the Queen into delivering (imagined) poison to Imogen\nPenn Badgley as Posthumus, penniless amour, then secret husband, of Imogen. Plans to kill her after he is deceived by Iachimo.\nDakota Johnson as Imogen, daughter of Cymbeline, calls herself Fidel while later traveling disguised as a boy when searching for her banished love\nAnton Yelchin as Cloten, son of the Queen\nPeter Gerety as Dr. Cornelius, who undermines the Queen’s plans to kill Cymbeline and Imogen by giving her sleeping pills instead of poison.\nKevin Corrigan as The Hangman\nVondie Curtis-Hall as Caius Lucius, Chief of the Rome Police Department\nJames Ransone as Philario, who befriends the banished Posthumus\nBill Pullman as Sicilius Leonatus, Posthumus' father\nDelroy Lindo as Belarius, who kidnapped and lovingly raised Cymbeline‘s two sons, Guiderius and Arvirargus, as his own\nSpencer Treat Clark as Guiderius, a (unaware) prince","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethan Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Michael Almereyda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Almereyda"},{"link_name":"Cymbeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbeline"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethan-2"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Michael Benaroya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Benaroya"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ed Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Harris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ed-5"},{"link_name":"Penn Badgley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Badgley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Milla Jovovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milla_Jovovich"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Anton Yelchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Yelchin"},{"link_name":"Dakota Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anton-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dakota-10"}],"text":"On July 31, 2013, it was announced that Ethan Hawke was re-teaming with director Michael Almereyda to star in the adaptation of Cymbeline.[2] He would play Iachimo and production was set to start on August 19 in New York City.[3] Anthony Katagas and Michael Benaroya would be the producers of the film.[4] On August 5, it was announced that Ed Harris had signed to star opposite Hawke. He would play the role of King Cymbeline.[5] Penn Badgley joined the cast in the adaptation of Cymbeline to play the role of orphan Posthumus who secretly marries the daughter of King Cymbeline and is banished by the monarch who raised Posthumus as a son.[6]On August 8, 2013, Milla Jovovich also joined the cast as a female lead;[7] she would play the role of Queen who schemes to move her own son from a previous marriage onto the throne at the expense of the orphan Posthumus and the King’s daughter.[8] Additional cast members added on August 12 included Anton Yelchin and Dakota Johnson,[9] Yelchin would play Cloten, the son of the Queen by a former husband and Johnson would be playing the role of Imogen, the daughter of King Cymbeline from a previous marriage.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate_Films"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"71st Venice International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_Venice_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Busan International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sons of Anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Anarchy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"select theaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_theatrical_release"},{"link_name":"video on demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Prior to the world premiere of the film, it was announced Lionsgate had acquired all distribution rights to the film.[11] The film had its world premiere at the 71st Venice International Film Festival on September 3, 2014.[12] The film then went to screen at the Busan International Film Festival in South Korea on October 3, 2014.[13] For a short time, the film's U.S. title was Anarchy,[14] but it was changed back to Cymbeline, though in some markets it is known as Anarchy: Ride or Die[15] to avoid confusion with Sons of Anarchy.[16] The film was released in select theaters and through video on demand on March 14, 2015.[17]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"On review aggregating website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 31%, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10.[18] On Metacritic, which uses a weighted score, the film has a rating of 54 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[19]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Film Tax Credit – Quarterly Report\" (PDF). Empire State Development. March 31, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.esd.ny.gov/Reports/2015_2016/Q1_2016_FTC_Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Film Tax Credit – Quarterly Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State","url_text":"Empire State Development"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethan Hawke To Reunite With 'Hamlet' Director For Modern-Day 'Cymbeline'\". Deadline Hollywood. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2013/07/ethan-hawke-to-reunite-with-hamlet-director-for-modern-day-cymbeline/","url_text":"\"Ethan Hawke To Reunite With 'Hamlet' Director For Modern-Day 'Cymbeline'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethan Hawke to Reteam With Michael Almereyda for 'Cymbeline'\". The Hollywood Reporter. July 31, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ethan-hawke-reteam-michael-almereyda-597092","url_text":"\"Ethan Hawke to Reteam With Michael Almereyda for 'Cymbeline'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethan Hawke Starring in Shakespeare's 'Cymbeline' Movie\". variety.com. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2013/film/news/ethan-hawke-skakespeare-cymbeline-movie-1200570253/","url_text":"\"Ethan Hawke Starring in Shakespeare's 'Cymbeline' Movie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ed Harris to Star Opposite Ethan Hawke in Film Adaption of Shakespeare 'Cymbeline'\". The Hollywood Reporter. August 5, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ed-harris-star-opposite-ethan-599634","url_text":"\"Ed Harris to Star Opposite Ethan Hawke in Film Adaption of Shakespeare 'Cymbeline'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Penn Badgley Added To Shakespeare Adaptation 'Cymbeline'\". Deadline Hollywood. August 7, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2013/08/penn-badgley-cymbeline-ed-harris-ethan-hawke/","url_text":"\"Penn Badgley Added To Shakespeare Adaptation 'Cymbeline'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Milla Jovovich Joins Cymbeline\". ComingSoon.net. August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=107559","url_text":"\"Milla Jovovich Joins Cymbeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComingSoon.net","url_text":"ComingSoon.net"}]},{"reference":"\"'Resident Evil's Milla Jovovich Joins Shakespeare Modernization 'Cymbeline'\". Deadline Hollywood. August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2013/08/milla-jovovich-cymbeline-shakespeare-ed-harris-ethan-hawke-resident-evil/","url_text":"\"'Resident Evil's Milla Jovovich Joins Shakespeare Modernization 'Cymbeline'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"'Cymbeline' casts Anton Yelchin, Dakota Johnson\". Digital Spy. August 13, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a506180/cymbeline-casts-anton-yelchin-dakota-johnson.html","url_text":"\"'Cymbeline' casts Anton Yelchin, Dakota Johnson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Anton Yelchin and Dakota Johnson Board Cymbeline\". ComingSoon.net. August 12, 2013. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130815034026/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=107639","url_text":"\"Anton Yelchin and Dakota Johnson Board Cymbeline\""},{"url":"https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=107639","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (September 2, 2014). \"Ethan Hawke's 'Cymbeline' Gets U.S. Distribution\".","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2014/film/news/ethan-hawkes-cymbeline-distribution-1201295980/","url_text":"\"Ethan Hawke's 'Cymbeline' Gets U.S. Distribution\""}]},{"reference":"Debruge, Peter (September 3, 2014). \"Venice Film Review: 'Cymbeline'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/venice-film-review-cymbeline-1201296677/","url_text":"\"Venice Film Review: 'Cymbeline'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cymbeline Release Dates\". Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722044649/http://everythingdakotajohnson.tumblr.com/post/101266297032/cymbeline-release-dates","url_text":"\"Cymbeline Release Dates\""},{"url":"https://everythingdakotajohnson.tumblr.com/post/101266297032/cymbeline-release-dates","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jagernauth, Kevin (January 14, 2015). \"Watch: New Trailer For Fiery Shakespeare Tale 'Anarchy' (aka 'Cymbeline') With Ethan Hawke, Milla Jovovich & More\". IndieWire. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150721220533/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/watch-new-trailer-for-fiery-shakespeare-tale-anarchy-aka-cymbeline-with-ethan-hawke-milla-jovovich-more-20150114","url_text":"\"Watch: New Trailer For Fiery Shakespeare Tale 'Anarchy' (aka 'Cymbeline') With Ethan Hawke, Milla Jovovich & More\""},{"url":"http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/watch-new-trailer-for-fiery-shakespeare-tale-anarchy-aka-cymbeline-with-ethan-hawke-milla-jovovich-more-20150114","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anarchy: Ride or Die (2014) aka Cymbeline\". Horror Cult Films. September 29, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://horrorcultfilms.co.uk/2015/09/anarchy-ride-or-die-2014-aka-cymbeline/","url_text":"\"Anarchy: Ride or Die (2014) aka Cymbeline\""}]},{"reference":"Rizov, Vadim (March 3, 2015). \"Sons of Anarchy: Cymbeline at Film Comment Selects\". Filmmaker. Retrieved December 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmmakermagazine.com/93337-sons-of-anarchy-cymbeline-at-film-comment-selects/","url_text":"\"Sons of Anarchy: Cymbeline at Film Comment Selects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaker_(magazine)","url_text":"Filmmaker"}]},{"reference":"\"Dakota Johnson gets Shakespearean in new 'Cymbeline' clip\". Entertainment Weekly. March 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ew.com/article/2015/03/11/dakota-johson-gets-shakespearean-new-cymbeline-clip","url_text":"\"Dakota Johnson gets Shakespearean in new 'Cymbeline' clip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Cymbeline (2015)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/anarchy/","url_text":"\"Cymbeline (2015)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"Cymbeline (2015)\". Metacritic. Retrieved November 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/cymbeline","url_text":"\"Cymbeline (2015)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://cdn.esd.ny.gov/Reports/2015_2016/Q1_2016_FTC_Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Film Tax Credit – Quarterly Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2013/07/ethan-hawke-to-reunite-with-hamlet-director-for-modern-day-cymbeline/","external_links_name":"\"Ethan Hawke To Reunite With 'Hamlet' Director For Modern-Day 'Cymbeline'\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ethan-hawke-reteam-michael-almereyda-597092","external_links_name":"\"Ethan Hawke to Reteam With Michael Almereyda for 'Cymbeline'\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2013/film/news/ethan-hawke-skakespeare-cymbeline-movie-1200570253/","external_links_name":"\"Ethan Hawke Starring in Shakespeare's 'Cymbeline' Movie\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ed-harris-star-opposite-ethan-599634","external_links_name":"\"Ed Harris to Star Opposite Ethan Hawke in Film Adaption of Shakespeare 'Cymbeline'\""},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2013/08/penn-badgley-cymbeline-ed-harris-ethan-hawke/","external_links_name":"\"Penn Badgley Added To Shakespeare Adaptation 'Cymbeline'\""},{"Link":"https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=107559","external_links_name":"\"Milla Jovovich Joins Cymbeline\""},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2013/08/milla-jovovich-cymbeline-shakespeare-ed-harris-ethan-hawke-resident-evil/","external_links_name":"\"'Resident Evil's Milla Jovovich Joins Shakespeare Modernization 'Cymbeline'\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a506180/cymbeline-casts-anton-yelchin-dakota-johnson.html","external_links_name":"\"'Cymbeline' casts Anton Yelchin, Dakota Johnson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130815034026/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=107639","external_links_name":"\"Anton Yelchin and Dakota Johnson Board Cymbeline\""},{"Link":"https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=107639","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2014/film/news/ethan-hawkes-cymbeline-distribution-1201295980/","external_links_name":"\"Ethan Hawke's 'Cymbeline' Gets U.S. Distribution\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/venice-film-review-cymbeline-1201296677/","external_links_name":"\"Venice Film Review: 'Cymbeline'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722044649/http://everythingdakotajohnson.tumblr.com/post/101266297032/cymbeline-release-dates","external_links_name":"\"Cymbeline Release Dates\""},{"Link":"https://everythingdakotajohnson.tumblr.com/post/101266297032/cymbeline-release-dates","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150721220533/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/watch-new-trailer-for-fiery-shakespeare-tale-anarchy-aka-cymbeline-with-ethan-hawke-milla-jovovich-more-20150114","external_links_name":"\"Watch: New Trailer For Fiery Shakespeare Tale 'Anarchy' (aka 'Cymbeline') With Ethan Hawke, Milla Jovovich & More\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/watch-new-trailer-for-fiery-shakespeare-tale-anarchy-aka-cymbeline-with-ethan-hawke-milla-jovovich-more-20150114","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://horrorcultfilms.co.uk/2015/09/anarchy-ride-or-die-2014-aka-cymbeline/","external_links_name":"\"Anarchy: Ride or Die (2014) aka Cymbeline\""},{"Link":"https://filmmakermagazine.com/93337-sons-of-anarchy-cymbeline-at-film-comment-selects/","external_links_name":"\"Sons of Anarchy: Cymbeline at Film Comment Selects\""},{"Link":"https://www.ew.com/article/2015/03/11/dakota-johson-gets-shakespearean-new-cymbeline-clip","external_links_name":"\"Dakota Johnson gets Shakespearean in new 'Cymbeline' clip\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/anarchy/","external_links_name":"\"Cymbeline (2015)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/cymbeline","external_links_name":"\"Cymbeline (2015)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3093522/","external_links_name":"Cymbeline"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v615007","external_links_name":"Cymbeline"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/anarchy","external_links_name":"Cymbeline"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Parker | Richard E. Parker | ["1 Early and family life","2 Career","3 Death and legacy","4 References","5 External links"] | American judge
Richard Elliott ParkerJustice of the Virginia Supreme CourtIn officeFebruary 9, 1837 – September 10, 1840United States Senatorfrom VirginiaIn officeDecember 12, 1836 – March 13, 1837Preceded byBenjamin W. LeighSucceeded byWilliam H. RoaneMember of the Virginia House of Delegates representing Westmoreland CountyIn officeDecember 7, 1807 – December 4, 1808Serving with Stephen BaileyPreceded byBaldwin M. LeeSucceeded byPeter P. Cox
Personal detailsBorn(1783-12-27)December 27, 1783Westmoreland County, VirginiaDiedSeptember 10, 1840(1840-09-10) (aged 56)Bluemont, VirginiaPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseElizabeth Foushee ParkerMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited States of AmericaRankLieutenant colonelUnit35th Virginia RegimentBattles/warsWar of 1812
Richard Elliott Parker (December 27, 1783 – September 10, 1840) was a lawyer, soldier, judge and politician in Virginia. Parker served in the Virginia House of Delegates and the United States Senate, before later serving on the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.
Early and family life
Parker was born at ‘Rock Spring,’ Westmoreland County, Virginia, son of Captain William Harwar Parker and Mary (Sturman) Parker, and grandson of Judge Richard Parker and Elizabeth (Beale) Parker. He studied law under his grandfather Parker at ‘Lawfield,’ his grandfather's residence in Westmoreland County.
Career
After being admitted to the bar, he practiced in Westmoreland, his native county, which he twice represented in the Virginia House of Delegates, although when he was re-elected the vote contested, and the narrow loser would succeed to the seat in the next election.
During the War of 1812, Parker served as Lieutenant colonel in the Thirty-fifth Virginia Regiment Militia. As such, he was in charge of the defense of the Northern Neck of Virginia from British incursions. On September 16, 1814, Parker was wounded during the British attack that resulted in the burning of Washington.
After the war, Parker returned to private legal practice. The legislature elected him a judge of the general court on July 26, 1817. On December 12, 1836, Virginia legislators elected Judge Parker as the United States Senator from Virginia. A Jacksonian, he filled the vacancy caused by the resignation of Benjamin W. Leigh. Parker would resigned from the Senate on March 13, 1837, to accept a seat on the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals (again elected by his former state legislative colleagues). He refused the cabinet office of United States Attorney General offered him by President Van Buren.
Death and legacy
Parker died on his estate, ‘Soldier’s Retreat,’ near Snickersville (now Bluemont, Clarke County), Virginia, September 10, 1840. He was buried alongside his wife, Elizabeth Foushee Parker at Grace Episcopal Church in Berryville, Virginia in the county of Clarke.
References
^ "PARKER, Richard Elliott, (1783 - 1840)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
^ Cynthia Miller Leonard, The General Assembly of Virginia: 1619-1978 (Richmond: Virginia State Library 1978) pp. 249, 254
^ a b Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography; Volume 2 (Lyon Gardiner Tyler ed.). Lewis Historical Publishing Company. 1915. p. 65. ISBN 9781154336733. Retrieved 21 June 2014. Richard Elliott Parker.
Clarke County Historical Association, Berryville, Va.
Grace Episcopal Church Burial Records
Find a Grave for Judge Richard E. Parker, Grace Episcopal Church, Berryville, Va.
External links
United States Congress. "Richard E. Parker (id: P000069)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
"Parker, Richard Elliott" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
Richard E. Parker at Find a Grave
U.S. Senate
Preceded byBenjamin W. Leigh
U.S. senator (Class 2) from Virginia December 15, 1836 – February 13, 1837 Served alongside: William C. Rives
Succeeded byWilliam H. Roane
vteUnited States senators from VirginiaClass 1
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Richard Elliott Parker (December 27, 1783 – September 10, 1840) was a lawyer, soldier, judge and politician in Virginia. Parker served in the Virginia House of Delegates and the United States Senate, before later serving on the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.[1]","title":"Richard E. 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On September 16, 1814, Parker was wounded during the British attack that resulted in the burning of Washington.[3]After the war, Parker returned to private legal practice. The legislature elected him a judge of the general court on July 26, 1817. On December 12, 1836, Virginia legislators elected Judge Parker as the United States Senator from Virginia. A Jacksonian, he filled the vacancy caused by the resignation of Benjamin W. Leigh. Parker would resigned from the Senate on March 13, 1837, to accept a seat on the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals (again elected by his former state legislative colleagues). He refused the cabinet office of United States Attorney General offered him by President Van Buren.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bluemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluemont,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Clarke County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_County,_Virginia"}],"text":"Parker died on his estate, ‘Soldier’s Retreat,’ near Snickersville (now Bluemont, Clarke County), Virginia, September 10, 1840. He was buried alongside his wife, Elizabeth Foushee Parker at Grace Episcopal Church in Berryville, Virginia in the county of Clarke.","title":"Death and legacy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"PARKER, Richard Elliott, (1783 - 1840)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 22 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000069","url_text":"\"PARKER, Richard Elliott, (1783 - 1840)\""}]},{"reference":"Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography; Volume 2 (Lyon Gardiner Tyler ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbett_Top | List of Corbett mountains | ["1 Corbett mountains by height","2 Bibliography","3 DoBIH codes","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Scottish peaks of 2,500 to 3,000 ft
CorbettGoat Fell is the highest point on the Isle of Arran, and the Corbett with the greatest prominenceHighest pointElevation2,500–3,000 ft (762.0–914.4 m)Prominenceover 500 ft (152.4 m)GeographyLocation222 Scotland
This is a list of Corbett mountains in Scotland by height. Corbetts are defined as Scottish mountains between 2,500–3,000 feet (762.0–914.4 m) in height with a prominence of at least 500 feet (152.4 m); solely imperial measurement thresholds.
The first list was compiled in the 1920s by John Rooke Corbett, a Bristol-based climber and Scottish Mountaineering Club ("SMC") member, and was published posthumously, after his sister passed it to the SMC, in the 1953 edition of Munro's Tables. Corbetts are the next category down from the Munros and Munro Tops in terms of height (i.e. below the elevation threshold of 3,000 ft or 914.4 m), but their explicit prominence threshold of 500 feet (152 m), ensure they are material peaks. By definition, all Corbetts, given their prominence, are Marilyns. The SMC keeps a list of Corbetts.
As of October 2018, there were 222 Corbetts in Scotland. 21 of these 222 Corbetts have a prominence that exceeds the P600 threshold of 600 metres (1,969 ft), which would class them as "Majors". The highest Corbett, Beinn a' Chlaidheimh, at 914 metres (2,999 ft) is just below the threshold for a Munro, a status it held until it was demoted in 2012 based on new surveys; it ranks as the 478th highest mountain in the British Isles, on the Simms classification. The Corbett with the greatest prominence is Goat Fell at 874 metres (2,867 ft), which ranks it as the 16th most prominent mountain in the British Isles.
Climbers who climb all of the Corbetts are called Corbetteers, with the first being John Corbett himself who completed them in 1943. The second completion was by William McKnight Docharty in May 1960. A list of Corbetteers is maintained, which as of July 2018, totalled 678.
Corbett mountains by height
This list was downloaded from the Database of British and Irish Hills ("DoBIH") in September 2020, and are peaks the DoBIH marks as being Corbetts ("C"). The SMC updates their list of official Corbetts from time to time, and the DoBIH also updates their measurements as more detailed surveys are recorded, so these tables should not be amended or updated unless the entire DoBIH data is re-downloaded again.
Previously classed as a Munro ("xM" § DoBIH codes), or a Munro Top ("xMT § DoBIH codes).
Previously classed as a Graham ("xG" § DoBIH codes).
Scottish Mountaineering Club ("SMC") Corbetts, ranked by height (DoBIH, September 2020)
Rank
Name
Section/Region
County
Height(m)
Prom.(m)
Height(ft)
Prom.(ft)
Topo Map
OS GridReference
Classification(§ DoBIH codes)
1
Beinn a' Chlaidheimh
14A: Loch Maree to Loch Broom
Highland
913.96
268
2,999
879
19
NH061775
Ma,C,Sim,xMT
2
Beinn Dearg
13A: Loch Torridon to Loch Maree
Highland
913.7
469
2,998
1,539
19 24
NG895608
Ma,C,Sim
3
Sgùrr nan Ceannaichean
12A: Kyle of Lochalsh to Garve
Highland
913.43
185
2,997
607
25
NH087480
Ma,C,Sim,xMT
4
Sgùrr a' Choire-bheithe
10B: Knoydart to Glen Kingie
Highland
913.32
390
2,996
1,280
33
NG895015
Ma,C,Sim
5
Beinn Bhreac
06A: Glen Tromie to Glen Tilt
Perth and Kinross
912.44
171
2,994
561
43
NN868820
Ma,C,Sim
6
Leathad an Taobhain
06A: Glen Tromie to Glen Tilt
Highland/Perth and Kinross
911.7
155
2,991
509
43
NN821858
Ma,C,Sim
7
The Fara
04B: Loch Treig to Loch Ericht
Highland
911.4
475
2,990
1,558
42
NN598842
Ma,C,Sim
8
Foinaven
16B: Durness to Loch Shin
Highland
911.05
688
2,989
2,257
9
NC315506
Ma,C,Sim
9
Beinn nan Oighreag
02B: Glen Lyon to Glen Dochart & Loch Tay
Perth and Kinross/Stirling
909.6
272
2,984
892
51
NN541412
Ma,C,Sim
10
Streap
10D: Mallaig to Fort William
Highland
909
438
2,982
1,437
40
NM946863
Ma,C,Sim
11
Meall Buidhe
02A: Loch Rannoch to Glen Lyon
Argyll and Bute/Perth and Kinross
908.2
259
2,980
850
51
NN426449
Ma,C,Sim
12
Fuar Tholl
13B: Applecross to Achnasheen
Highland
907
242
2,976
794
25
NG975489
Ma,C,Sim
13
Leum Uilleim
04A: Fort William to Loch Treig & Loch Leven
Highland
906.5
496
2,974
1,627
41
NN330641
Ma,C,Sim
14
Beinn Maol Chaluim
03B: Loch Linnhe to Loch Etive
Highland
906.3
197
2,973
650
41
NN134525
Ma,C,Sim
15
Beinn Dearg Mòr
14A: Loch Maree to Loch Broom
Highland
906.28
564
2,973
1,850
19
NH032799
Ma,C,Sim
16
Ben Tee
10C: Loch Arkaig to Glen Moriston
Highland
904
356
2,966
1,168
34
NN240972
Ma,C,Sim
17
Beinn Damh
13B: Applecross to Achnasheen
Highland
903
518
2,963
1,699
24
NG892502
Ma,C,Sim
18
Ben Vuirich
06B: Pitlochry to Braemar & Blairgowrie
Perth and Kinross
903
345
2,963
1,132
43
NN997700
Ma,C,Sim
19
Beinn an Lochain
19C: Loch Fyne to Bute and the Firth of Clyde
Argyll and Bute
901.7
640
2,958
2,100
56
NN218078
Ma,C,Sim,xMT
20
Sgùrr an Fhuarain
10B: Knoydart to Glen Kingie
Highland
901
183
2,956
600
33 40
NM987979
Ma,C,Sim
21
Beinn Mheadhonach
06A: Glen Tromie to Glen Tilt
Perth and Kinross
900.9
164.7
2,956
540
43
NN880759
Ma,C,Sim
22
Beinn Odhar
02B: Glen Lyon to Glen Dochart & Loch Tay
Argyll and Bute/Stirling
900.8
457
2,955
1,499
50
NN337338
Ma,C,Sim
23
Culardoch
08B: Cairngorms
Aberdeenshire
900
312
2,953
1,024
36 43
NO193988
Ma,C,Sim
24
Aonach Buidhe
12B: Killilan to Inverness
Highland
899
474
2,949
1,555
25
NH057324
Ma,C,Sim
25
Sgùrr nan Eugallt
10B: Knoydart to Glen Kingie
Highland
897.5
612
2,945
2,008
33
NG927048
Ma,C,Sim
26
Beinn a' Bhuiridh
03C: Glen Etive to Glen Lochy
Argyll and Bute
897
169
2,943
554
50
NN094283
Ma,C,Sim
27
Beinn Bhàn
13B: Applecross to Achnasheen
Highland
896
851
2,940
2,792
24
NG803450
Ma,C,Sim
28
Ben Tirran
07B: Braemar to Montrose
Angus
896
244
2,940
801
44
NO373746
Ma,C,Sim
29
Ruadh-stac Beag
13A: Loch Torridon to Loch Maree
Highland
896
181
2,940
594
19
NG972613
Ma,C,Sim
30
Gairbeinn
09B: Glen Albyn and the Monadh Liath
Highland
895.5
211
2,938
692
34
NN460985
Ma,C,Sim
31
Creag Mhòr
08B: Cairngorms
Moray
895
167
2,936
548
36
NJ057047
Ma,C,Sim
32
Beinn a' Chuallaich
05A: Loch Ericht to Glen Tromie & Glen Garry
Perth and Kinross
892
527
2,927
1,729
42
NN684617
Ma,C,Sim
33
An Ruadh-stac
13B: Applecross to Achnasheen
Highland
890.4
327
2,921
1,079
25
NG921480
Ma,C,Sim
34
Beinn Enaiglair
15A: Loch Broom to Strath Oykel
Highland
890
234
2,920
768
20
NH225805
Ma,C,Sim
35
Aonach Shasuinn
11B: Glen Affric to Glen Moriston
Highland
888
237
2,913
778
34
NH173180
Ma,C,Sim
36
Creagan na Beinne
01A: Loch Tay to Perth
Perth and Kinross
888
455
2,913
1,493
51 52
NN744368
Ma,C,Sim
37
Sgùrr Dhòmhnuill
18B: Sunart and Ardgour
Highland
888
873
2,913
2,864
40
NM889678
Ma,C,Sim
38
Ben Aden
10B: Knoydart to Glen Kingie
Highland
887
251
2,910
823
33 40
NM899986
Ma,C,Sim
39
Meall a' Ghiubhais
13A: Loch Torridon to Loch Maree
Highland
887
418
2,910
1,371
19
NG976634
Ma,C,Sim
40
Beinn a' Chaisteil
02B: Glen Lyon to Glen Dochart & Loch Tay
Argyll and Bute/Perth and Kinross
886
467
2,907
1,532
50
NN347364
Ma,C,Sim
41
Buidhe Bheinn
10A: Glen Shiel to Loch Hourn and Loch Quoich
Highland
885.5
165
2,905
525
33
NG963090
Ma,C,Sim
42
Garbh Bheinn
18B: Sunart and Ardgour
Highland
885
687
2,904
2,254
40
NM904622
Ma,C,Sim
43
Cam Chreag
02B: Glen Lyon to Glen Dochart & Loch Tay
Argyll and Bute/Perth and Kinross/Stirling
884
159
2,900
522
50
NN375346
Ma,C,Sim
44
The Cobbler
01D: Inveraray to Crianlarich
Argyll and Bute
884
256
2,900
840
56
NN259058
Ma,C,Sim
45
Beinn Odhar Bheag
18A: Moidart and Ardnamurchan
Highland
883.3
775
2,898
1,719
40
NM846778
Ma,C,Sim
46
Stob Dubh
03C: Glen Etive to Glen Lochy
Highland
883
521
2,897
1,709
50
NN166488
Ma,C,Sim
47
Rois-Bheinn
18A: Moidart and Ardnamurchan
Highland
882
524
2,894
2,539
40
NM756778
Ma,C,Sim
48
Beinn Chùirn
01D: Inveraray to Crianlarich
Argyll and Bute/Stirling
880
446
2,887
1,463
50
NN280292
Ma,C,Sim
49
Sgurr Mhurlagain
10B: Knoydart to Glen Kingie
Highland
880
515
2,887
1,690
33
NN012944
Ma,C,Sim
50
Ben Ledi
01C: Loch Lomond to Strathyre
Stirling
879
528
2,884
1,732
57
NN562097
Ma,C,Sim
51
Creag Uchdag
01A: Loch Tay to Perth
Perth and Kinross/Stirling
879
273
2,884
896
51 52
NN708323
Ma,C,Sim
52
Fraochaidh
03B: Loch Linnhe to Loch Etive
Argyll and Bute/Highland
879
551
2,884
1,808
41
NN029517
Ma,C,Sim
53
Sguman Coinntich
12B: Killilan to Inverness
Highland
879
415
2,884
1,362
25
NG977303
Ma,C,Sim
54
Sgurr a' Mhuilinn
12A: Kyle of Lochalsh to Garve
Highland
878.8
580
2,883
1,903
25
NH264557
Ma,C,Sim
55
Càrn an Fhreiceadain
09B: Glen Albyn and the Monadh Liath
Highland
878
172
2,881
564
35
NH725071
Ma,C,Sim
56
A' Chaoirnich
06A: Glen Tromie to Glen Tilt
Highland
875
213
2,871
699
42
NN735807
Ma,C,Sim
57
Baosbheinn
13A: Loch Torridon to Loch Maree
Highland
875
443
2,871
1,453
19 24
NG870654
Ma,C,Sim
58
Goat Fell
20C: Arran and Holy Island
North Ayrshire
875
875
2,871
2,867
62 69
NR991415
Ma,C,Sim,CoH, CoU,SIB
59
Sgùrr na Ba Glaise
18A: Moidart and Ardnamurchan
Highland
874
173
2,867
568
40
NM770777
Ma,C,Sim
60
Ben Hee
16B: Durness to Loch Shin
Highland
873
607
2,864
1,991
16
NC426339
Ma,C,Sim
61
Morven
21A: Tomintoul to Banff
Aberdeenshire
872
387
2,861
1,270
37
NJ376039
Ma,C,Sim
62
Sgorr nan Lochan Uaine
13B: Applecross to Achnasheen
Highland
871
206
2,858
676
25
NG969531
Ma,C,Sim
63
Stob a' Choin
01C: Loch Lomond to Strathyre
Stirling
869
480
2,851
1,575
56
NN417159
Ma,C,Sim
64
Faochaig
12B: Killilan to Inverness
Highland
868
230
2,848
755
25
NH021317
Ma,C,Sim
65
Bidein a' Chabair
10D: Mallaig to Fort William
Highland
867.5
553
2,846
1,811
33 40
NM889930
Ma,C,Sim
66
Beinn Pharlagain
04B: Loch Treig to Loch Ericht
Perth and Kinross
867.3
190
2,845
627
42
NN448642
Ma,C,Sim
67
Garbh Bheinn
03A: Loch Leven to Rannoch Station
Highland
867
332
2,844
1,089
41
NN169600
Ma,C,Sim
68
Càrn a' Choire Ghairbh
11B: Glen Affric to Glen Moriston
Highland
865
201
2,838
659
34
NH136188
Ma,C,Sim
69
Conachcraig
07A: Braemar to Montrose
Aberdeenshire
865
187
2,838
614
44
NO279865
Ma,C,Sim
70
Beinn Mhic Chasgaig
03C: Glen Etive to Glen Lochy
Highland
864
166
2,835
545
41
NN221502
Ma,C,Sim
71
Beinn Tharsuinn
12A: Kyle of Lochalsh to Garve
Highland
863
226
2,831
741
25
NH055433
Ma,C,Sim
72
Creag an Dail Bheag
08B: Cairngorms
Aberdeenshire
863
211
2,831
692
36 43
NO157981
Ma,Sim,C
73
Sgùrr na Feartaig
12A: Kyle of Lochalsh to Garve
Highland
863
267
2,831
876
25
NH055453
Ma,C,Sim
74
Beinn a' Bhathaich Àrd
12A: Kyle of Lochalsh to Garve
Highland
862
241
2,828
791
26
NH360434
Ma,C,Sim
75
Cam Chreag
02A: Loch Rannoch to Glen Lyon
Perth and Kinross
862
166
2,828
545
51
NN536491
Ma,C,Sim
76
Meall na h-Aisre
09B: Glen Albyn and the Monadh Liath
Highland
862
155
2,828
509
35
NH515000
Ma,C,Sim
77
Beinn Luibhean
01D: Inveraray to Crianlarich
Argyll and Bute
859.7
181
2,821
600
56
NN242079
Ma,C,Sim
78
Morrone
06B: Pitlochry to Braemar & Blairgowrie
Aberdeenshire
859.5
157.6
2,820
509
43
NO132886
Ma,C,Sim
79
Beinn Lair
14A: Loch Maree to Loch Broom
Highland
859
455
2,818
1,493
19
NG981732
Ma,C,Sim
80
Caisteal Abhail
20C: Arran and Holy Island
North Ayrshire
859
427
2,818
1,401
62 69
NR969443
Ma,C,Sim
81
Fraoch Bheinn
10B: Knoydart to Glen Kingie
Highland
857.3
399
2,813
1,313
33 40
NM986940
Ma,C,Sim
82
Beinn a' Chrulaiste
03A: Loch Leven to Rannoch Station
Highland
857
464
2,812
1,522
41
NN246566
Ma,C,Sim
83
Càrn Dearg Mòr
06A: Glen Tromie to Glen Tilt
Highland
857
292
2,812
958
35 43
NN823911
Ma,C,Sim
84
Cruach Innse
04A: Fort William to Loch Treig & Loch Leven
Highland
857
306
2,812
1,004
41
NN279763
Ma,C,Sim
85
Beinn a' Chaisgein Mòr
14A: Loch Maree to Loch Broom
Highland
856
345
2,808
1,132
19
NG982785
Ma,C,Sim
86
Beinn an Eoin
13A: Loch Torridon to Loch Maree
Highland
855
434
2,805
1,424
19
NG905646
Ma,C,Sim
87
Beinn Bhuidhe
10B: Knoydart to Glen Kingie
Highland
855
308
2,805
1,010
33 40
NM821967
Ma,C,Sim
88
Stob an Aonaich Mhòir
05A: Loch Ericht to Glen Tromie & Glen Garry
Perth and Kinross
855
230
2,805
755
42
NN537694
Ma,C,Sim
89
Creach Bheinn
18C: Morvern and Kingairloch
Highland
853
755
2,799
2,477
49
NM870576
Ma,C,Sim
90
Meall an t-Seallaidh
01C: Loch Lomond to Strathyre
Stirling
852
427
2,795
1,401
51
NN542234
Ma,C,Sim
91
Bac an Eich
12A: Kyle of Lochalsh to Garve
Highland
849
334
2,785
1,096
25
NH222489
Ma,C,Sim
92
Beinn nan Imirean
02B: Glen Lyon to Glen Dochart & Loch Tay
Stirling
849
185
2,785
607
51
NN419309
Ma,C,Sim
93
Cùl Mòr
16F: Lochinver to Ullapool
Highland
849
651
2,785
2,136
15
NC162119
Ma,C,Sim
94
Sgùrr Ghiubhsachain
18B: Sunart and Ardgour
Highland
849
614
2,785
2,014
40
NM875751
Ma,C,Sim
95
Ben Donich
19C: Loch Fyne to Bute and the Firth of Clyde
Argyll and Bute
847
558
2,779
1,831
56
NN218043
Ma,C,Sim
96
Canisp
16F: Lochinver to Ullapool
Highland
847
689
2,779
2,260
15
NC202187
Ma,C,Sim
97
Beinn Resipol
18B: Sunart and Ardgour
Highland
845
502
2,772
1,647
40
NM766654
Ma,C,Sim
98
Merrick
27B: Carrick and Galloway
Dumfries and Galloway
843
705
2,766
2,313
77
NX427855
Ma,C,Sim,D, CoH,CoU,CoA
99
Ben Vrackie
06B: Pitlochry to Braemar & Blairgowrie
Perth and Kinross
842
403
2,762
1,322
43
NN950632
Ma,C,Sim
100
Càrn Bàn
15A: Loch Broom to Strath Oykel
Highland
842
204
2,762
669
20
NH338875
Ma,C,Sim
101
Beinn Mholach
05A: Loch Ericht to Glen Tromie & Glen Garry
Perth and Kinross
841.7
196
2,761
643
42
NN587654
Ma,C,Sim
102
Sgùrr an Airgid
11A: Loch Duich to Cannich
Highland
841.2
394
2,760
1,294
25 33
NG940227
Ma,C,Sim
103
Ben Rinnes
21A: Tomintoul to Banff
Moray
841
513
2,759
1,683
28
NJ254354
Ma,C,Sim
104
Beinn Udlaidh
03C: Glen Etive to Glen Lochy
Argyll and Bute
840.4
522
2,757
1,713
50
NN280331
Ma,C,Sim
105
Broad Law
28B: The River Tweed to the English Border
Scottish Borders
840.1
653
2,756
2,142
72
NT146235
Ma,C,Sim,D, CoH,CoU,CoA
106
Beinn Trilleachan
03B: Loch Linnhe to Loch Etive
Argyll and Bute/Highland
840
478
2,756
1,568
50
NN086439
Ma,C,Sim
107
Càrn Chuinneag
15B: Loch Vaich to Moray Firth
Highland
839
461
2,753
1,512
20
NH483833
Ma,C,Sim
108
Sgùrr Gaorsaic
11A: Loch Duich to Cannich
Highland
839
170
2,753
558
25 33
NH035218
Ma,C,Sim
109
Meallan nan Uan
12A: Kyle of Lochalsh to Garve
Highland
838.3
156.4
2,750
509
25
NH263544
Ma,C,Sim
110
Meall na h-Eilde
10C: Loch Arkaig to Glen Moriston
Highland
837.2
450
2,747
1,486
34
NN185946
Ma,C,Sim
111
Sgùrr Cos na Breachd-laoidh
10B: Knoydart to Glen Kingie
Highland
835
187
2,740
614
33 40
NM947946
Ma,C,Sim
112
Sròn a' Choire Chnapanich
02A: Loch Rannoch to Glen Lyon
Perth and Kinross
835
205.8
2,740
676
51
NN456453
Ma,C,Sim
113
Càrn Dearg
09C: Loch Lochy to Loch Laggan
Highland
834
251
2,736
823
34 41
NN345887
Ma,C,Sim
114
Creag nan Gabhar
07A: Braemar to Montrose
Aberdeenshire
834
178
2,736
584
43
NO154841
Ma,C,Sim
115
Beinn Dearg
02A: Loch Rannoch to Glen Lyon
Perth and Kinross
830
201
2,723
659
51
NN608497
Ma,C,Sim
116
Brown Cow Hill
08B: Cairngorms
Aberdeenshire
829
295
2,720
968
36
NJ221044
Ma,C,Sim
117
Càrn Mòr
10D: Mallaig to Fort William
Highland
829
613
2,720
2,011
33 40
NM903909
Ma,C,Sim
118
An Dùn
05B: Loch Ericht to Glen Tromie & Glen Garry
Highland/Perth and Kinross
827.4
232
2,715
761
42
NN716801
Ma,Sim,C
119
Beinn Tarsuinn
20C: Arran and Holy Island
North Ayrshire
826
236.9
2,710
771
62 69
NR960412
Ma,C,Sim
120
Geal-chàrn Mòr
09B: Glen Albyn and the Monadh Liath
Highland
824
227
2,703
745
35
NH836123
Ma,C,Sim
121
Benvane
01C: Loch Lomond to Strathyre
Stirling
821
215
2,694
705
57
NN535137
Ma,C,Sim
122
Geal Chàrn
08B: Cairngorms
Highland
821
173
2,694
568
36
NJ090126
Ma,C,Sim
123
White Coomb
28B: The River Tweed to the English Border
Dumfries and Galloway
821
374
2,694
1,227
79
NT163150
Ma,C,Sim,D,CoH
124
Beinn Dearg Bheag
14A: Loch Maree to Loch Broom
Highland
820
225
2,690
738
19
NH019811
Ma,C,Sim
125
Beinn Chaorach
02B: Glen Lyon to Glen Dochart & Loch Tay
Argyll and Bute/Stirling
818
180
2,684
591
50
NN358328
Ma,C,Sim
126
Càrn na Drochaide
08B: Cairngorms
Aberdeenshire
818
222
2,684
728
36 43
NO127938
Ma,C,Sim
127
Sgorr na Diollaid
12B: Killilan to Inverness
Highland
818
306
2,684
1,004
25
NH281362
Ma,C,Sim
128
Càrn a' Chuilinn
09B: Glen Albyn and the Monadh Liath
Highland
817
178
2,680
584
34
NH416034
Ma,C,Sim
129
Càrn Dearg
09B: Glen Albyn and the Monadh Liath
Highland
817
201
2,680
659
34
NN349966
Ma,C,Sim
130
Stob Coire Creagach
01D: Inveraray to Crianlarich
Argyll and Bute
817
504
2,680
1,654
50 56
NN230109
Ma,C,Sim
131
Breabag
16E: Scourie to Lairg
Highland
815
307
2,674
1,007
15
NC286157
Ma,C,Sim
132
An Sìthean
12A: Kyle of Lochalsh to Garve
Highland
814
270
2,671
886
25
NH171453
Ma,C,Sim
133
An Stac
18A: Moidart and Ardnamurchan
Highland
814
255
2,671
837
40
NM762792
Ma,C,Sim
134
Corserine
27B: Carrick and Galloway
Dumfries and Galloway
814
488
2,671
1,601
77
NX497870
Ma,C,Sim,D
135
Beinn Each
01B: Strathyre to Strathallan
Stirling
813
158
2,667
518
57
NN601158
Ma,C,Sim
136
Sgor Mòr
08A: Cairngorms
Aberdeenshire
813
234
2,667
768
43
NO007914
Ma,C,Sim
137
Askival
17D: Canna, Rhum and Eigg
Highland
812
812
2,664
2,664
39
NM393952
Ma,C,Sim,SIB
138
Càrn na Saobhaidhe
09B: Glen Albyn and the Monadh Liath
Highland
811.1
170
2,661
558
35
NH598144
Ma,C,Sim
139
Creach Bheinn
03B: Loch Linnhe to Loch Etive
Argyll and Bute
810
245
2,657
804
50
NN023422
Ma,C,Sim
140
Meall a' Bhuachaille
08A: Cairngorms
Highland
810
436
2,657
1,430
36
NH990115
Ma,C,Sim
141
Meall na Fearna
01B: Strathyre to Strathallan
Perth and Kinross
809
236
2,654
774
57
NN650186
Ma,C,Sim
142
Quinag - Sail Gharbh
16E: Scourie to Lairg
Highland
809
550
2,654
1,804
15
NC209292
Ma,C,Sim
143
Sgùrr Innse
04A: Fort William to Loch Treig & Loch Leven
Highland
809
216
2,654
709
41
NN290748
Ma,C,Sim
144
Creag Mac Ranaich
01C: Loch Lomond to Strathyre
Stirling
808.6
213
2,653
699
51
NN545255
Ma,C,Sim
145
Garbh-bheinn
17B: Minginish and the Cuillin Hills
Highland
808
181
2,651
594
32
NG531232
Ma,C,Sim
146
Hart Fell
28B: The River Tweed to the English Border
Dumfries and Galloway/Scottish Borders
808
200
2,651
656
78
NT113135
Ma,C,Sim,D
147
Creag Rainich
14A: Loch Maree to Loch Broom
Highland
807
451
2,648
1,480
19
NH096751
Ma,C,Sim
148
Monamenach
07A: Braemar to Montrose
Angus/Perth and Kinross
807
199
2,648
653
43
NO176706
Ma,C,Sim
149
Beinn nam Fuaran
02B: Glen Lyon to Glen Dochart & Loch Tay
Argyll and Bute/Perth and Kinross
806
260
2,644
853
50
NN361381
Ma,C,Sim
150
Ben Gulabin
06B: Pitlochry to Braemar & Blairgowrie
Perth and Kinross
806
203
2,644
666
43
NO100722
Ma,C,Sim
151
Meall nan Subh
02B: Glen Lyon to Glen Dochart & Loch Tay
Perth and Kinross
806
214
2,644
702
51
NN460397
Ma,C,Sim
152
Beinn Iaruinn
09C: Loch Lochy to Loch Laggan
Highland
805
446
2,641
1,463
34
NN296900
Ma,C,Sim
153
Beinn na h-Eaglaise
10A: Glen Shiel to Loch Hourn and Loch Quoich
Highland
805
201
2,641
659
33
NG854120
Ma,C,Sim
154
Càrn Mòr
21A: Tomintoul to Banff
Aberdeenshire/Moray
804
349
2,638
1,145
37
NJ265183
Ma,C,Sim
155
Geal Chàrn
10C: Loch Arkaig to Glen Moriston
Highland
804
156
2,638
512
34
NN156942
Ma,C,Sim
156
The Sow of Atholl
05A: Loch Ericht to Glen Tromie & Glen Garry
Perth and Kinross
803
166
2,635
545
42
NN625741
Ma,C,Sim
157
Beinn Bhreac-liath
03C: Glen Etive to Glen Lochy
Argyll and Bute
802
215
2,631
705
50
NN302339
Ma,C,Sim
158
Cranstackie
16B: Durness to Loch Shin
Highland
801
560
2,628
1,837
9
NC350556
Ma,C,Sim
159
Meallan Liath Coire Mhic Dhùghaill
16B: Durness to Loch Shin
Highland
801
349
2,628
1,145
15
NC357391
Ma,C,Sim
160
An Cliseam
24B: Harris and Nearby Islands
Na h-Eileanan Siar
799
799
2,621
2,621
13 14
NB154073
Ma,C,Sim, CoU,CoA,SIB
161
Am Bàthach
11A: Loch Duich to Cannich
Highland
798.1
232.4
2,618
758
33
NH073143
Ma,C,Sim
162
Cìr Mhòr
20C: Arran and Holy Island
North Ayrshire
798.1
176.6
2,618
574
62 69
NR972431
Ma,C,Sim
163
Beinn Dronaig
12A: Kyle of Lochalsh to Garve
Highland
797
434
2,615
1,424
25
NH037381
Ma,C,Sim
164
Cairnsmore of Carsphairn
27C: The Glenkens to Annandale
Dumfries and Galloway
797
582
2,615
1,909
77
NX594979
Ma,C,Sim,D
165
Beinn Bhàn
10D: Mallaig to Fort William
Highland
796
495
2,612
1,624
34 41
NN140857
Ma,C,Sim
166
Beinn Mhic-Mhonaidh
03C: Glen Etive to Glen Lochy
Argyll and Bute
796
420
2,612
1,378
50
NN208350
Ma,C,Sim
167
Mam na Gualainn
04A: Fort William to Loch Treig & Loch Leven
Highland
796
461
2,612
1,512
41
NN115625
Ma,C,Sim
168
Sgùrr an Utha
10D: Mallaig to Fort William
Highland
796
499
2,612
1,637
40
NM885839
Ma,C,Sim
169
Sgùrr Coire Choinnichean
10B: Knoydart to Glen Kingie
Highland
796
304
2,612
997
33
NG790010
Ma,C,Sim
170
Beinn Airigh Charr
14A: Loch Maree to Loch Broom
Highland
792
477
2,598
1,565
19
NG930761
Ma,C,Sim
171
Beinn Leoid
16E: Scourie to Lairg
Highland
792
495
2,598
1,624
15
NC320294
Ma,C,Sim
172
Càrn Ealasaid
08B: Cairngorms
Aberdeenshire/Moray
792
156
2,598
512
36
NJ227117
Ma,C,Sim
173
Glas Bheinn
04A: Fort William to Loch Treig & Loch Leven
Highland
792
388
2,598
1,273
41
NN258641
Ma,C,Sim
174
Sgùrr a' Chaorachain
13B: Applecross to Achnasheen
Highland
792
210
2,598
689
24
NG796417
Ma,C,Sim
175
Auchnafree Hill
01A: Loch Tay to Perth
Perth and Kinross
789
211
2,589
692
52
NN808308
Ma,C,Sim
176
Beinn Loinne
10A: Glen Shiel to Loch Hourn and Loch Quoich
Highland
789
354
2,589
1,161
34
NH130076
Ma,C,Sim
177
Meall Dubh
10C: Loch Arkaig to Glen Moriston
Highland
789
544
2,589
1,785
34
NH245078
Ma,C,Sim
178
The Brack
19C: Loch Fyne to Bute and the Firth of Clyde
Argyll and Bute
787.5
403
2,584
1,322
56
NN245030
Ma,C,Sim
179
Arkle
16B: Durness to Loch Shin
Highland
787
392
2,582
1,286
9
NC302461
Ma,C,Sim
180
Beinn a' Chaisteil
15B: Loch Vaich to Moray Firth
Highland
787
280
2,582
919
20
NH369801
Ma,C,Sim
181
Meall Tàirneachan
02A: Loch Rannoch to Glen Lyon
Perth and Kinross
787
420
2,582
1,378
52
NN807543
Ma,C,Sim
182
Càrn na Nathrach
18B: Sunart and Ardgour
Highland
786
382
2,579
1,253
40
NM886698
Ma,C,Sim
183
Beinn an Òir
20A: Jura, Scarba and Colonsay
Argyll and Bute
785
785
2,575
2,575
60 61
NR498749
Ma,C,Sim,SIB
184
Beinn na Caillich
10B: Knoydart to Glen Kingie
Highland
785
317
2,575
1,040
33
NG795066
Ma,C,Sim
185
Beinn Mhic Ceididh
18A: Moidart and Ardnamurchan
Highland
783
296
2,569
971
40
NM828788
Ma,C,Sim
186
Farragon Hill
02A: Loch Rannoch to Glen Lyon
Perth and Kinross
782.4
185.6
2,567
609
52
NN840553
Ma,C,Sim
187
Sgùrr Dubh
13B: Applecross to Achnasheen
Highland
782
215
2,566
705
25
NG979557
Ma,C,Sim
188
Ainshval
17D: Canna, Rhum and Eigg
Highland
781
326
2,562
1,070
39
NM378943
Ma,C,Sim
189
Corryhabbie Hill
21A: Tomintoul to Banff
Moray
781
278
2,562
912
37
NJ280288
Ma,C,Sim
190
Beinn Bheula
19C: Loch Fyne to Bute and the Firth of Clyde
Argyll and Bute
779
557
2,556
1,827
56
NS154983
Ma,C,Sim
191
Sgùrr Mhic Bharraich
10A: Glen Shiel to Loch Hourn and Loch Quoich
Highland
779
317
2,556
1,040
33
NG917173
Ma,C,Sim
192
Meall nam Maigheach
02B: Glen Lyon to Glen Dochart & Loch Tay
Perth and Kinross
778.9
176
2,555
577
51
NN586435
Ma,C,Sim
193
Mount Battock
07B: Braemar to Montrose
Aberdeenshire/Angus
778
286
2,552
938
44
NO549844
Ma,C,Sim,CoH
194
Meall na Leitreach
05A: Loch Ericht to Glen Tromie & Glen Garry
Perth and Kinross
777.1
331
2,550
1,086
42
NN640702
Ma,C,Sim
195
Meall Horn
16B: Durness to Loch Shin
Highland
777
264
2,549
866
9
NC352449
Ma,C,Sim
196
Glas Bheinn
16E: Scourie to Lairg
Highland
776
159
2,546
522
15
NC254265
Ma,C,Sim
197
Quinag - Sàil Gorm
16E: Scourie to Lairg
Highland
776
158
2,546
518
15
NC198304
Ma,C,Sim
198
Glamaig - Sgùrr Mhàiri
17B: Minginish and the Cuillin Hills
Highland
775
486
2,543
1,594
32
NG513300
Ma,C,Sim
199
Sgorr Craobh a' Chaorainn
18B: Sunart and Ardgour
Highland
775
187
2,543
614
40
NM895757
Ma,C,Sim
200
Shalloch on Minnoch
27B: Carrick and Galloway
South Ayrshire
774.2
193.6
2,540
635
77
NX407905
Ma,C,Sim,D
201
Beinn nan Caorach
10A: Glen Shiel to Loch Hourn and Loch Quoich
Highland
774
227
2,539
745
33
NG871121
Ma,C,Sim
202
Beinn Spionnaidh
16B: Durness to Loch Shin
Highland
773
211
2,536
692
9
NC361572
Ma,C,Sim
203
Meall a' Phubuill
10D: Mallaig to Fort William
Highland
772.7
467
2,535
1,535
41
NN029854
Ma,C,Sim
204
Meall Lighiche
03B: Loch Linnhe to Loch Etive
Highland
772
247
2,533
810
41
NN094528
Ma,C,Sim
205
Beinn Stacach
01C: Loch Lomond to Strathyre
Stirling
771.8
364
2,532
1,191
57
NN474163
Ma,C,Sim
206
Stob Coire a' Chearcaill
18B: Sunart and Ardgour
Highland
771
575
2,530
1,886
41
NN016726
Ma,C,Sim
207
Druim Tarsuinn
18B: Sunart and Ardgour
Highland
770
259
2,526
850
40
NM874727
Ma,C,Sim
208
Cùl Beag
16F: Lochinver to Ullapool
Highland
769.4
546
2,524
1,791
15
NC140088
Ma,C,Sim
209
Meallach Mhòr
06A: Glen Tromie to Glen Tilt
Highland
769
232
2,523
761
35
NN776908
Ma,C,Sim
210
Beinn a' Chòin
01C: Loch Lomond to Strathyre
Argyll and Bute/Stirling
768.7
345
2,522
1,132
50 56
NN354130
Ma,C,Sim
211
Càrn Dearg
09B: Glen Albyn and the Monadh Liath
Highland
768
196
2,520
643
34
NN357948
Ma,C,Sim
212
Sail Mhòr
14A: Loch Maree to Loch Broom
Highland
767
322
2,516
1,056
19
NH032887
Ma,C,Sim
213
Beinn Liath Mhòr a' Ghiubhais
14B: The Fannaichs
Highland
766
281
2,513
922
20
NH280713
Ma,C,Sim
214
Dùn da Ghaoithe
17E: Mull and Nearby Islands
Argyll and Bute
766
659
2,513
2,162
49
NM672362
Ma,C,Sim
215
Fuar Bheinn
18C: Morvern and Kingairloch
Highland
766
226
2,513
741
49
NM853563
Ma,C,Sim
216
Bràigh nan Uamhachan
10D: Mallaig to Fort William
Highland
765
276
2,510
906
40
NM975866
Ma,C,Sim
217
Ben Loyal - An Caisteal
16B: Durness to Loch Shin
Highland
764.2
609
2,507
1,998
10
NC578488
Ma,C,Sim
218
Meall an Fhudair
01D: Inveraray to Crianlarich
Argyll and Bute
764
382
2,507
1,253
50 56
NN270192
Ma,C,Sim
219
Quinag - Spidean Coinich
16E: Scourie to Lairg
Highland
764
192
2,507
630
15
NC206277
Ma,C,Sim
220
Cnoc Coinnich
19C: Loch Fyne to Bute and the Firth of Clyde
Argyll and Bute
763.5
273.6
2,505
906
56
NN233007
Ma,C,Sim,xG
221
Little Wyvis
15B: Loch Vaich to Moray Firth
Highland
763
249
2,503
817
20
NH429644
Ma,C,Sim
222
Beinn na h-Uamha
18B: Sunart and Ardgour
Highland
762.4
269
2,501
883
40
NM917664
Ma,C,Sim
Bibliography
G.Scott Johnstone; Donald J. Bennet; Hamish M. Brown; Rob Milne (2002). The Corbetts and Other Scottish Hills. Scottish Mountaineering Club. ISBN 978-0907521716.
Alan Dawson; Dave Hewitt (1999). Corbett Tops and Corbetteers (TACit Tables). TACit Press. ISBN 978-0953437610.
DoBIH codes
The DoBIH uses the following codes for the various classifications of mountains and hills in the British Isles, which many of the above peaks also fall into:
Ma Marilyn
Hu HuMP
Sim Simm
5 Dodd
M Munro
MT Munro Top
F Furth
C Corbett
G Graham
D Donald
DT Donald Top
Hew Hewitt
N Nuttall
Dew Dewey
DDew Donald Dewey
HF Highland Five
4 400-499m Tump
3 300-399m Tump (GB)
2 200-299m Tump (GB)
1 100-199m Tump (GB)
0 0-99m Tump (GB)
W Wainwright
WO Wainwright Outlying Fell
B Birkett
Sy Synge
Fel Fellranger
CoH County Top – Historic (pre-1974)
CoA County Top – Administrative (1974 to mid-1990s)
CoU County Top – Current County or Unitary Authority
CoL County Top – Current London Borough
SIB Significant Island of Britain
Dil Dillon
A Arderin
VL Vandeleur-Lynam
MDew Myrddyn Dewey
O Other list (which includes):
Bin Binnion
Bg Bridge
BL Buxton & Lewis
Ca Carn
CT Corbett Top
GT Graham Top
Mur Murdo
P500 P500
P600 P600
Un unclassified
Prefixes: *s sub; *x deleted
Suffixes: = twin
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corbetts.
Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles
List of mountains of the British Isles by height
Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles
Lists of mountains in Ireland
List of Munro mountains
List of Murdo mountains
List of Furth mountains in the British Isles
List of Marilyns in the British Isles
List of P600 mountains in the British Isles
Notes
^ The Database of British and Irish Hills ("DoBIH") is the most referenced database for the classification of peaks in the British Isles, and the DoBIH is licensed under a "Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License".
References
^ a b "Corbetts". Scottish Mountaineering Club. 2018. The list of all peaks in Scotland with a height of 2500ft (762m) or more and less than 3000ft (914.4m) with a drop of at least 500ft (152.4m) between each peak and any higher land. The Corbetts are more clearly defined than is the case with the Munros, only the aforementioned rules and sufficiently detailed topographic data are necessary to reproduce the list of hills in the set. John Rooke Corbett was a district valuer based in Bristol and a keen member of the Scottish Mountaineering Club (SMC) in the years between the two World Wars. When Corbett died, his list was passed to the SMC by his sister. As has been the case with the Munros, the list of Corbetts has changed over the years as a result of changes in hill and bealach heights recognised by the Ordnance Survey. There are currently 222 Corbetts.
^ a b c d Alan Dawson (July 1999). "Corbett Tops and Corbetters". The Relative Hills of Britain (rhb.org.uk).
^ Alan Dawson; Dave Hewitt (1999). Corbett Tops and Corbetteers (TACit Tables). TACit Press. ISBN 978-0953437610.
^ Bearhop, D.A. (1997). Munro's Tables. Scottish Mountaineering Club & Trust. ISBN 0-907521-53-3.
^ "The Corbets". HillBaggingUK. 2018. A Corbett is "a Scottish hill between 2500 and 2999 feet high with a drop of at least 500 feet (152.4m) on all sides". They are named after the list's compiler, J.Rooke Corbett. The Corbetts are a subset of the Marilyns.
^ a b c d Chris Cocker; Graham Jackson (2018). "The Corbetts 1953-2016". Database of British and Irish Hills.
^ "Munro demoted as it fails to hit heights". The Herald of Scotland. 8 September 2012. Beinn a' Chlaidheimh was found to be just under the 3000ft required for a Munro. The society said any re-classification decision would be made by the Scottish Mountaineering Club which issues the tables listing Scotland's Munros. The club has now listed it as a Corbett.
^ a b Dave Hewitt (July 2018). "Known corbetteers as of July 2018". Corbetts are Scottish hills between 762 metres and 914 metres high (2500-2999 feet), with a drop of 500 feet (152.4 metres) or more all round. Currently, there are 222 of them. Current Corbetteers: 678
^ Clerk of the List (October 2018). "Compleators". Scottish Mountaineering Club. The SMC hold a record of Munros, Corbetts, Grahams and Donalds compleators.
^ Jackson, Mark. "More Relative Hills of Britain" (PDF). Relative Hills of Britain. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
^ "Copyright". Database of British and Irish Hills. 3 August 2018. We place no restrictions on use of the data by third parties and encourage authors of other websites and applications to do so. We just ask users to observe the terms of the Creative Commons license
^ "Background to the lists". Database of British and Irish Hills. 2 August 2018.
^ "Classification". Database of British and Irish Hills. 3 August 2018.
^ "Welcome to the online version of the Database of British and Irish Hills (DoBIH)". HillBagging. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
External links
The Database of British and Irish Hills (DoBIH), the largest database of British Isles mountains
Hill Bagging UK & Ireland, the searchable interface for the DoBIH
The Relative Hills of Britain, a website dedicated to mountain and hill classification
vteMountains and hills of Great Britain and IrelandBritish Isles
P600s
Marilyns
Fell
Mountains by height by prominence (Simms classification)
Scotland
Mountains and hills
Munros
Murdos
Corbetts
Grahams
Donalds
Outside Scotland
Furths
Hewitts
Nuttalls
England
Wales
England
Birketts
Ethels
Wainwrights
Ireland
Mountains in Ireland
Vandeleur-Lynams
Arderins
MountainViews
County tops
England and Wales (1964)
England (ceremonial)
Wales (local government areas)
Scotland
counties
council areas
Northern Ireland
counties
districts
Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland county and provincial tops | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corbetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Corbetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smc-1"},{"link_name":"imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_measures"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cor-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Rooke Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rooke_Corbett"},{"link_name":"Scottish Mountaineering Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Mountaineering_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cor-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-munros-4"},{"link_name":"Munros and Munro Tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Munros"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cor-2"},{"link_name":"Marilyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Marilyns"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smc-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Corbett_mountains&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbc-6"},{"link_name":"P600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#P600_(the_%22Majors%22)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbc-6"},{"link_name":"Beinn a' Chlaidheimh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_a%27_Chlaidheimh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"highest mountain in the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_British_Isles_by_height"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbc-6"},{"link_name":"Goat Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_Fell"},{"link_name":"most prominent mountain in the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_British_Isles_by_prominence"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbc-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cor-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cc-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cc-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"This is a list of Corbett mountains in Scotland by height. Corbetts are defined as Scottish mountains between 2,500–3,000 feet (762.0–914.4 m) in height with a prominence of at least 500 feet (152.4 m);[1] solely imperial measurement thresholds.[2][3]The first list was compiled in the 1920s by John Rooke Corbett, a Bristol-based climber and Scottish Mountaineering Club (\"SMC\") member, and was published posthumously, after his sister passed it to the SMC, in the 1953 edition of Munro's Tables.[2][4] Corbetts are the next category down from the Munros and Munro Tops in terms of height (i.e. below the elevation threshold of 3,000 ft or 914.4 m), but their explicit prominence threshold of 500 feet (152 m), ensure they are material peaks.[2] By definition, all Corbetts, given their prominence, are Marilyns.[5] The SMC keeps a list of Corbetts.[1]As of October 2018[update], there were 222 Corbetts in Scotland.[6] 21 of these 222 Corbetts have a prominence that exceeds the P600 threshold of 600 metres (1,969 ft), which would class them as \"Majors\".[6] The highest Corbett, Beinn a' Chlaidheimh, at 914 metres (2,999 ft) is just below the threshold for a Munro, a status it held until it was demoted in 2012 based on new surveys;[7] it ranks as the 478th highest mountain in the British Isles, on the Simms classification.[6] The Corbett with the greatest prominence is Goat Fell at 874 metres (2,867 ft), which ranks it as the 16th most prominent mountain in the British Isles.[6]Climbers who climb all of the Corbetts are called Corbetteers, with the first being John Corbett himself who completed them in 1943. The second completion was by William McKnight Docharty in May 1960.[2][8] A list of Corbetteers is maintained, which as of July 2018, totalled 678.[8][9]","title":"List of Corbett mountains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Database of British and Irish Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Database_of_British_and_Irish_Hills"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dobih-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dobih-13"},{"link_name":"Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Munros"},{"link_name":"§ DoBIH codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#DoBIH_codes"},{"link_name":"Munro Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Munros"},{"link_name":"§ DoBIH codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#DoBIH_codes"},{"link_name":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Grahams"},{"link_name":"§ DoBIH codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#DoBIH_codes"}],"text":"This list was downloaded from the Database of British and Irish Hills (\"DoBIH\") in September 2020, and are peaks the DoBIH marks as being Corbetts (\"C\").[a][12] The SMC updates their list of official Corbetts from time to time, and the DoBIH also updates their measurements as more detailed surveys are recorded, so these tables should not be amended or updated unless the entire DoBIH data is re-downloaded again.Previously classed as a Munro (\"xM\" § DoBIH codes), or a Munro Top (\"xMT § DoBIH codes).Previously classed as a Graham (\"xG\" § DoBIH codes).","title":"Corbett mountains by height"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Mountaineering Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Mountaineering_Club"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0907521716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907521716"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0953437610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0953437610"}],"text":"G.Scott Johnstone; Donald J. Bennet; Hamish M. Brown; Rob Milne (2002). The Corbetts and Other Scottish Hills. Scottish Mountaineering Club. ISBN 978-0907521716.\nAlan Dawson; Dave Hewitt (1999). Corbett Tops and Corbetteers (TACit Tables). TACit Press. ISBN 978-0953437610.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classifications of mountains and hills in the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Marilyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Marilyns"},{"link_name":"HuMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#HuMPs"},{"link_name":"Simm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Simms"},{"link_name":"Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Dodds"},{"link_name":"Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Munros"},{"link_name":"Munro Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Munros"},{"link_name":"Furth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Furths"},{"link_name":"Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Corbetts"},{"link_name":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Grahams"},{"link_name":"Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Donalds"},{"link_name":"Donald Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Donalds"},{"link_name":"Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Hewitts"},{"link_name":"Nuttall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Nuttalls"},{"link_name":"Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Deweys"},{"link_name":"Donald Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Deweys"},{"link_name":"Highland Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Deweys"},{"link_name":"Tump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#TuMPs"},{"link_name":"Tump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#TuMPs"},{"link_name":"Tump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#TuMPs"},{"link_name":"Tump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#TuMPs"},{"link_name":"Tump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#TuMPs"},{"link_name":"Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Wainwrights"},{"link_name":"Wainwright Outlying Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Wainwrights"},{"link_name":"Birkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Birketts"},{"link_name":"Synge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Synges"},{"link_name":"Fellranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Fellrangers"},{"link_name":"County Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#County_tops"},{"link_name":"County Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#County_tops"},{"link_name":"County Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#County_tops"},{"link_name":"County Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#County_tops"},{"link_name":"Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland#Dillon"},{"link_name":"Arderin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Arderins"},{"link_name":"Vandeleur-Lynam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Vandeleur-Lynams"},{"link_name":"Myrddyn Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Deweys"},{"link_name":"Binnion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Binnions"},{"link_name":"Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Bridges"},{"link_name":"Buxton & Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Buxton_&_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Carn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Carns"},{"link_name":"Corbett Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Corbetts"},{"link_name":"Graham Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Grahams"},{"link_name":"Murdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#Murdos"},{"link_name":"P500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#P600_(the_%22Majors%22)"},{"link_name":"P600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles#P600_(the_%22Majors%22)"}],"text":"The DoBIH uses the following codes for the various classifications of mountains and hills in the British Isles, which many of the above peaks also fall into:[13][14]Ma\tMarilyn\nHu\tHuMP\nSim\tSimm\n5\tDodd\nM\tMunro\nMT\tMunro Top\nF\tFurth\nC\tCorbett\nG\tGraham\nD\tDonald\nDT\tDonald Top\nHew\tHewitt\nN\tNuttall\nDew\tDewey\nDDew\tDonald Dewey\nHF\tHighland Five\n4\t400-499m Tump\n3\t300-399m Tump (GB)\n2\t200-299m Tump (GB)\n1\t100-199m Tump (GB)\n0\t0-99m Tump (GB)\nW\tWainwright\nWO\tWainwright Outlying Fell\nB\tBirkett\nSy\tSynge\nFel\tFellranger\nCoH\tCounty Top – Historic (pre-1974)\nCoA\tCounty Top – Administrative (1974 to mid-1990s)\nCoU\tCounty Top – Current County or Unitary Authority\nCoL\tCounty Top – Current London Borough\nSIB\tSignificant Island of Britain\nDil\tDillon\nA\tArderin\nVL\tVandeleur-Lynam\nMDew\tMyrddyn Dewey\nO\tOther list (which includes):\nBin Binnion\nBg Bridge\nBL Buxton & Lewis\nCa Carn\nCT Corbett Top\nGT Graham Top\nMur Murdo\nP500 P500\nP600 P600\nUn\tunclassifiedPrefixes: *s\tsub; *x\tdeletedSuffixes: =\ttwin","title":"DoBIH codes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dobih_12-0"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"^ The Database of British and Irish Hills (\"DoBIH\") is the most referenced database for the classification of peaks in the British Isles,[10] and the DoBIH is licensed under a \"Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License\".[11]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Corbetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Corbetts"},{"title":"Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles"},{"title":"List of mountains of the British Isles by height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_British_Isles_by_height"},{"title":"Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles"},{"title":"Lists of mountains in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland"},{"title":"List of Munro mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Munro_mountains"},{"title":"List of Murdo mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Murdo_mountains"},{"title":"List of Furth mountains in the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Furth_mountains_in_the_British_Isles"},{"title":"List of Marilyns in the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marilyns_in_the_British_Isles"},{"title":"List of P600 mountains in the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_P600_mountains_in_the_British_Isles"}] | [{"reference":"G.Scott Johnstone; Donald J. Bennet; Hamish M. Brown; Rob Milne (2002). The Corbetts and Other Scottish Hills. Scottish Mountaineering Club. ISBN 978-0907521716.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Mountaineering_Club","url_text":"Scottish Mountaineering Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907521716","url_text":"978-0907521716"}]},{"reference":"Alan Dawson; Dave Hewitt (1999). Corbett Tops and Corbetteers (TACit Tables). TACit Press. ISBN 978-0953437610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0953437610","url_text":"978-0953437610"}]},{"reference":"\"Corbetts\". Scottish Mountaineering Club. 2018. The list of all peaks in Scotland with a height of 2500ft (762m) or more and less than 3000ft (914.4m) with a drop of at least 500ft (152.4m) between each peak and any higher land. The Corbetts are more clearly defined than is the case with the Munros, only the aforementioned rules and sufficiently detailed topographic data are necessary to reproduce the list of hills in the set. John Rooke Corbett was a district valuer based in Bristol and a keen member of the Scottish Mountaineering Club (SMC) in the years between the two World Wars. [...] When Corbett died, his list was passed to the SMC by his sister. As has been the case with the Munros, the list of Corbetts has changed over the years as a result of changes in hill and bealach heights recognised by the Ordnance Survey. There are currently 222 Corbetts.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smc.org.uk/hills/hill-lists#Corbetts","url_text":"\"Corbetts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Mountaineering_Club","url_text":"Scottish Mountaineering Club"}]},{"reference":"Alan Dawson (July 1999). \"Corbett Tops and Corbetters\". The Relative Hills of Britain (rhb.org.uk).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhb.org.uk/tables/corbetttops1999.htm","url_text":"\"Corbett Tops and Corbetters\""}]},{"reference":"Alan Dawson; Dave Hewitt (1999). Corbett Tops and Corbetteers (TACit Tables). TACit Press. ISBN 978-0953437610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0953437610","url_text":"978-0953437610"}]},{"reference":"Bearhop, D.A. (1997). Munro's Tables. Scottish Mountaineering Club & Trust. ISBN 0-907521-53-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907521-53-3","url_text":"0-907521-53-3"}]},{"reference":"\"The Corbets\". HillBaggingUK. 2018. A Corbett is \"a Scottish hill between 2500 and 2999 feet high with a drop of at least 500 feet (152.4m) on all sides\". They are named after the list's compiler, J.Rooke Corbett. The Corbetts are a subset of the Marilyns.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/Corbetts.php","url_text":"\"The Corbets\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Cocker; Graham Jackson (2018). \"The Corbetts 1953-2016\". Database of British and Irish Hills.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hills-database.co.uk/downloads.html","url_text":"\"The Corbetts 1953-2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_of_British_and_Irish_Hills","url_text":"Database of British and Irish Hills"}]},{"reference":"\"Munro demoted as it fails to hit heights\". The Herald of Scotland. 8 September 2012. Beinn a' Chlaidheimh was found to be just under the 3000ft required for a Munro. The society said any re-classification decision would be made by the Scottish Mountaineering Club which issues the tables listing Scotland's Munros. The club has now listed it as a Corbett.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13072347.Munro_demoted_as_it_fails_to_hit_heights/","url_text":"\"Munro demoted as it fails to hit heights\""}]},{"reference":"Dave Hewitt (July 2018). \"Known corbetteers as of July 2018\". Corbetts are Scottish hills between 762 metres and 914 metres high (2500-2999 feet), with a drop of 500 feet (152.4 metres) or more all round. Currently, there are 222 of them. Current Corbetteers: 678","urls":[{"url":"http://corbetteers.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"Known corbetteers as of July 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Clerk of the List (October 2018). \"Compleators\". Scottish Mountaineering Club. The SMC hold a record of Munros, Corbetts, Grahams and Donalds compleators.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smc.org.uk/hills/completionists","url_text":"\"Compleators\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Mountaineering_Club","url_text":"Scottish Mountaineering Club"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Mark. \"More Relative Hills of Britain\" (PDF). Relative Hills of Britain. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012150300/http://www.rhb.org.uk/humps/humps_1_1_0c.pdf","url_text":"\"More Relative Hills of Britain\""},{"url":"http://www.rhb.org.uk/humps/humps_1_1_0c.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Copyright\". Database of British and Irish Hills. 3 August 2018. We place no restrictions on use of the data by third parties and encourage authors of other websites and applications to do so. We just ask users to observe the terms of the Creative Commons license","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hills-database.co.uk/downloads.html","url_text":"\"Copyright\""}]},{"reference":"\"Background to the lists\". Database of British and Irish Hills. 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hills-database.co.uk/database_notes.html#list_of_lists","url_text":"\"Background to the lists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classification\". Database of British and Irish Hills. 3 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hills-database.co.uk/database_notes.html#classification","url_text":"\"Classification\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the online version of the Database of British and Irish Hills (DoBIH)\". HillBagging. Retrieved 8 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/index.php","url_text":"\"Welcome to the online version of the Database of British and Irish Hills (DoBIH)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Corbett_mountains&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.smc.org.uk/hills/hill-lists#Corbetts","external_links_name":"\"Corbetts\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhb.org.uk/tables/corbetttops1999.htm","external_links_name":"\"Corbett Tops and Corbetters\""},{"Link":"https://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/Corbetts.php","external_links_name":"\"The Corbets\""},{"Link":"http://www.hills-database.co.uk/downloads.html","external_links_name":"\"The Corbetts 1953-2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13072347.Munro_demoted_as_it_fails_to_hit_heights/","external_links_name":"\"Munro demoted as it fails to hit heights\""},{"Link":"http://corbetteers.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"\"Known corbetteers as of July 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.smc.org.uk/hills/completionists","external_links_name":"\"Compleators\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012150300/http://www.rhb.org.uk/humps/humps_1_1_0c.pdf","external_links_name":"\"More Relative Hills of Britain\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhb.org.uk/humps/humps_1_1_0c.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hills-database.co.uk/downloads.html","external_links_name":"\"Copyright\""},{"Link":"http://www.hills-database.co.uk/database_notes.html#list_of_lists","external_links_name":"\"Background to the lists\""},{"Link":"http://www.hills-database.co.uk/database_notes.html#classification","external_links_name":"\"Classification\""},{"Link":"https://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the online version of the Database of British and Irish Hills (DoBIH)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hills-database.co.uk/downloads.html","external_links_name":"The Database of British and Irish Hills (DoBIH)"},{"Link":"http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Hill Bagging UK & Ireland"},{"Link":"https://www.rhb.org.uk/","external_links_name":"The Relative Hills of Britain"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infield_shift | Infield shift | ["1 History in Major League Baseball","2 Implementing the shift","2.1 Ortiz Shift","3 Defensive vulnerability","4 Regulation","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading"] | Defensive realignment of players in baseball
Traditional baseball defensive positioning; note the two infielders on each side of second base
Baseball defensive positioning using a shift; note there is only one infielder to the left side of second base
The infield shift in baseball is a defensive realignment from the standard positions, to place more fielders on one side of the field or another. Used primarily against left-handed batters, it is designed to protect against base hits pulled hard into the gaps between the fielders on one side. Originally called the Williams shift, it has periodically been referred to as the Boudreau shift or Ortiz shift since then. After shifts became very effective in reducing base hits by Major League Baseball (MLB) batters, MLB and the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) agreed to begin restricting shifts starting in the 2023 season.
History in Major League Baseball
The infield shift strategy is often associated with Ted Williams, yet was first employed against Cy Williams during the 1920s. Cy Williams, a left-handed outfielder with the Chicago Cubs and Philadelphia Phillies, was second only to Babe Ruth in major league career home runs from 1923 to 1928. Opposing defenses would shift "practically to the entire right side" when he batted.
The shift was used by Cleveland Indians manager Lou Boudreau between games of a doubleheader in July 1946 to halt Ted Williams' hot hitting. The shift was later used against Williams during the 1946 World Series, as a defensive gimmick by St. Louis Cardinals manager Eddie Dyer to psych out and hopefully contain the Boston slugger. In his book Player-Manager, Boudreau later wrote, "I have always regarded the Boudreau Shift as a psychological, rather than a tactical, victory.": 77
The shift has subsequently been employed to thwart extreme pull hitters (mostly those batting left-handed), such as Barry Bonds, Fred McGriff, Ryan Howard, Jason Giambi, David Ortiz, Jim Thome, Adam Dunn, Mark Teixeira, Matt Carpenter, Joey Gallo, and Anthony Rizzo.
Implementing the shift
A May 1923 description of how teams implemented a shift against Cy Williams of the Philadelphia Phillies
In a typical shift against a left-handed hitter, the third baseman moves to their left where the shortstop plays; the shortstop plays to the right of second base; the second baseman plays between first and second base, and usually out on the grass in shallow right field; the center fielder plays in right-center; and the first baseman and right fielder hug the foul line. Sometimes, the third baseman, rather than the shortstop, will play to the right of second base, allowing the shortstop (who is usually the team's best infielder) to remain near their usual position.
Ortiz Shift
An extreme example of the infield shift is that used against left-handed designated hitter David Ortiz. The shortstop and second baseman move to the outfield between first base and second base while the left fielder and center fielder are moved towards the right side of the field with the third baseman going to the left side of the outfield.
Joe Maddon, as manager of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, had an upcoming series against the Boston Red Sox in 2006 and was considering a strategy on how to defend against Ortiz. Maddon was cycling on an exercise bike as he looked at Ortiz's sabermetrics and noticed that Ortiz mostly hit to right field and the majority of those hits landed in the outfield. Maddon created the Ortiz Shift to counter it. The shift was first used in the Devil Rays' 7–4 loss to the Red Sox on April 18, 2006 at Fenway Park. Though Ortiz was 2-for-5 in that game, the tactic was successful and a number of other clubs employed it against Ortiz, with his batting average dropping from .300 over 2004–2006 to .265 midway through the 2006 season.
Baseball historian Bill James—who worked for the Red Sox at the time—criticized the Ortiz shift as only working for ground balls and not for home runs, which he described as Ortiz's true danger. Though the shift was mostly used against Ortiz, it has been used elsewhere in baseball.
Defensive vulnerability
As the infield shift leaves some areas less covered than others, a batter who hits toward those areas may obtain better results than against an un-shifted infield. For example, a batter can bunt towards third base, when the third baseman is positioned elsewhere. Boston's Ortiz started to hit more balls towards the left side of the field, taking advantage of the lack of defenders in left field. A stark example occurred in a 1970 game between the Philadelphia Phillies and the San Francisco Giants: Giant Willie McCovey bunted hard down the third base line when the shift was on. With no one covering third, Willie Mays, on first at the time, came all the way around to score, while McCovey reached second for a double.
Infield shifts can also provide base running opportunities to the batting team. A notable example occurred in Game 4 of the 2009 World Series: with switch hitter Mark Teixeira of the New York Yankees batting left-handed, and the Philadelphia Phillies implementing an infield shift, baserunner Johnny Damon stole second base and then continued on to third base in one continuous play, as there was no fielder on the left side of the infield. Damon subsequently scored what proved to be the winning run of the game.
Regulation
As early as 2015, the Commissioner of Baseball considered banning the shift, with some MLB managers expressing agreement, although there was no consensus on such an idea. In 2019, the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, as part of an agreement with MLB to test experimental rules, significantly restricted the shift by requiring two infielders to be positioned on either side of second base.
As part of a new collective bargaining agreement (CBA) reached after the 2021–22 lockout, MLB could potentially regulate infield shifts starting with the 2023 season, with the league's 11-member competition committee empowered to approve such a change, along with other potential changes such as a pitch clock. In Minor League Baseball during 2022, shift restrictions were tested at the Double-A and Class A levels (four players required to be in the infield, two on each side of second base) with a further experiment in the Florida State League starting in July (a wedge-shaped exclusion area around second base). In 2023, a new rule was added in Major League Baseball requiring two infielders to be positioned on either side of second base before each pitch is thrown, in an attempt to curtail the shift.
See also
Baseball positioning
Fielding restrictions (cricket)
Notes
^ Boudreau writes that Williams had three home runs in the first game of the doubleheader,: 76 which corresponds to July 14, 1946, as Williams was 4-for-5 with three home runs in the first game of a doubleheader between Boston and Cleveland that day. Boudreau does not mention that even with the shift, Williams was 1-for-2 with two walks in the second game of the doubleheader. Contemporary reporting also notes that Boudreau actually employed shifts against Williams in both games of the doubleheader, with the shift in the second game being more radical.
References
^ Vass, George (August 1999). 20th Century All-Overlooked Stars. Retrieved 24 April 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Vass, George (July 2004). Baseball's Forgotten Stars. Retrieved 24 April 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ "(untitled)", The Constitution, Atlanta, p. 18, June 19, 1927, retrieved June 27, 2019 – via newspapers.com
^ a b Boudreau, Lou (1949). Player-Manager. with Ed Fitzgerald. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 1125962402.
^ a b "The 1946 BOS A Regular Season Batting Log for Ted Williams". Retrosheet. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
^ Birtwell, Roger (July 15, 1946). "Boudreau Tried Everything, but Nothing Seemed to Work". The Boston Globe. p. 6. Retrieved June 27, 2019 – via newspapers.com.
^ Arthur, Rob (June 6, 2017). "Ryan Howard's Career Is Dead. The Shift Killed It". FiveThirtyEight.
^ Paine, Neil (October 13, 2016). "Why Baseball Revived A 60-Year-Old Strategy Designed To Stop Ted Williams". FiveThirtyEight.
^ a b c d Chen, Albert (2006-06-19). "The Ortiz Shift". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
^ a b "Boston Red Sox – Game shifted into the bizarre". Boston Globe. 2006-04-19. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
^ "Box Score of Game played on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 at Fenway Park". Baseball Almanac. 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
^ "Q & A: Baseball Guru Bill James". Time. 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
^ Richard, Mike. "The Sporting Goods: Pursuit of pitching perfection". Barnstable Patriot. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
^ "Boston Red Sox – Yanked out of first". Boston Globe. 2005-09-29. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
^ "Boston Red Sox DH David Ortiz could benefit from elimination of defensive shifts". MassLive. 2015-01-26. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
^ Neyer, Rob (2008). Rob Neyer's Big Book of Baseball Legends: The Truth, the Lies, and Everything Else. Touchstone. p. 140. ISBN 978-0743284905.
^ "Philadelphia Phillies 13, San Francisco Giants 6 (2)". Retrosheet. May 3, 1970. On a bunt McCovey doubled to left
^ "2009 WS Gm 4: Damon singles, then steals two bases". MLB. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved June 27, 2019 – via YouTube.
^ "New York Yankees 7, Philadelphia Phillies 4". Retrosheet. November 1, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2019. Johnny Damon stole 2B and no one covered 3B because of big shift in the infield, so Damon continued to 3B for a second steal on the same play
^ Baccellieri, Emma (July 25, 2018). "Proposing a Shift Ban Is Easy, but How Would MLB Implement One?". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
^ Jung, Tristan (March 8, 2019). "MLB's Experimental Rule Changes for 2019 Atlantic League Include Moving Mound Back, Banning Shifts". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
^ Joyce, Greg (July 19, 2022). "Pitch clock, shift bans among MLB rule changes on table for 2023". New York Post. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
^ "MLB testing 'pie slice' infield experiment aimed at reining in defensive shift in Class A FSL". ESPN.com. AP. July 12, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
^ Miller, Scott (September 22, 2022). "M.L.B. Bans the Shift and Adds a Pitch Clock for 2023". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
Further reading
Castrovince, Anthony (February 27, 2020). "This terrible college team invented the shift ... sort of". MLB.com. Retrieved February 22, 2021. The 1994 Oberlin College baseball team and the infield shift
Fink, Devan (April 29, 2019). "The Atlantic League Utilizes the No-Shift Rule for the First Time". Fangraphs. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
Waldstein, David (12 May 2014). "Who's on Third? In Baseball's Shifting Defenses, Maybe Nobody". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
"The Shift: Redesigning Baseball's Defense". 99% Invisible. November 1, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
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WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baseballpositioning-normal.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baseballpositioning-shift.png"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"base hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_hit"},{"link_name":"pulled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull_hitter"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball Players Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Players_Association"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Major_League_Baseball_season"}],"text":"Traditional baseball defensive positioning; note the two infielders on each side of second baseBaseball defensive positioning using a shift; note there is only one infielder to the left side of second baseThe infield shift in baseball is a defensive realignment from the standard positions, to place more fielders on one side of the field or another. Used primarily against left-handed batters, it is designed to protect against base hits pulled hard into the gaps between the fielders on one side. Originally called the Williams shift, it has periodically been referred to as the Boudreau shift or Ortiz shift since then. After shifts became very effective in reducing base hits by Major League Baseball (MLB) batters, MLB and the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) agreed to begin restricting shifts starting in the 2023 season.","title":"Infield shift"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ted Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Williams"},{"link_name":"Cy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Williams"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"major league career home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_progressive_career_home_runs_leaders"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"Lou Boudreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1946 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_World_Series"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Eddie Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Dyer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlayerManager-4"},{"link_name":"pull hitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull_hitter"},{"link_name":"Barry Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bonds"},{"link_name":"Fred McGriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_McGriff"},{"link_name":"Ryan Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Howard"},{"link_name":"Jason Giambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Giambi"},{"link_name":"David Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Jim Thome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Thome"},{"link_name":"Adam Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Mark Teixeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Teixeira"},{"link_name":"Matt Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Carpenter_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Joey Gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Gallo"},{"link_name":"Anthony Rizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Rizzo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The infield shift strategy is often associated with Ted Williams, yet was first employed against Cy Williams during the 1920s.[1][2] Cy Williams, a left-handed outfielder with the Chicago Cubs and Philadelphia Phillies, was second only to Babe Ruth in major league career home runs from 1923 to 1928. Opposing defenses would shift \"practically to the entire right side\" when he batted.[3]The shift was used by Cleveland Indians manager Lou Boudreau between games of a doubleheader in July 1946 to halt Ted Williams' hot hitting.[a] The shift was later used against Williams during the 1946 World Series, as a defensive gimmick by St. Louis Cardinals manager Eddie Dyer to psych out and hopefully contain the Boston slugger. In his book Player-Manager, Boudreau later wrote, \"I have always regarded the Boudreau Shift as a psychological, rather than a tactical, victory.\"[4]: 77The shift has subsequently been employed to thwart extreme pull hitters (mostly those batting left-handed), such as Barry Bonds, Fred McGriff, Ryan Howard, Jason Giambi, David Ortiz, Jim Thome, Adam Dunn, Mark Teixeira, Matt Carpenter, Joey Gallo, and Anthony Rizzo.[7][8]","title":"History in Major League Baseball"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cy_Williams_defensive_shift.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Williams"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"shortstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"second baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_baseman"},{"link_name":"right field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_field"},{"link_name":"center fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_fielder"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"right fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_fielder"},{"link_name":"foul line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_baseball_(F)#foul_lines"}],"text":"A May 1923 description of how teams implemented a shift against Cy Williams of the Philadelphia PhilliesIn a typical shift against a left-handed hitter, the third baseman moves to their left where the shortstop plays; the shortstop plays to the right of second base; the second baseman plays between first and second base, and usually out on the grass in shallow right field; the center fielder plays in right-center; and the first baseman and right fielder hug the foul line. Sometimes, the third baseman, rather than the shortstop, will play to the right of second base, allowing the shortstop (who is usually the team's best infielder) to remain near their usual position.","title":"Implementing the shift"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"designated hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_hitter"},{"link_name":"David Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"shortstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"second baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_baseman"},{"link_name":"left fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_fielder"},{"link_name":"center fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_fielder"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si-10"},{"link_name":"Joe Maddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Maddon"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays"},{"link_name":"Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si-10"},{"link_name":"sabermetrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabermetrics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h-11"},{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si-10"},{"link_name":"Bill James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_James"},{"link_name":"ground balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_ball"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Ortiz Shift","text":"An extreme example of the infield shift is that used against left-handed designated hitter David Ortiz. The shortstop and second baseman move to the outfield between first base and second base while the left fielder and center fielder are moved towards the right side of the field with the third baseman going to the left side of the outfield.[9]Joe Maddon, as manager of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, had an upcoming series against the Boston Red Sox in 2006 and was considering a strategy on how to defend against Ortiz.[9] Maddon was cycling on an exercise bike as he looked at Ortiz's sabermetrics and noticed that Ortiz mostly hit to right field and the majority of those hits landed in the outfield. Maddon created the Ortiz Shift to counter it.[9][10] The shift was first used in the Devil Rays' 7–4 loss to the Red Sox on April 18, 2006 at Fenway Park.[10] Though Ortiz was 2-for-5 in that game,[11] the tactic was successful and a number of other clubs employed it against Ortiz, with his batting average dropping from .300 over 2004–2006 to .265 midway through the 2006 season.[9]Baseball historian Bill James—who worked for the Red Sox at the time—criticized the Ortiz shift as only working for ground balls and not for home runs, which he described as Ortiz's true danger.[12] Though the shift was mostly used against Ortiz, it has been used elsewhere in baseball.[13]","title":"Implementing the shift"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunt_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ml-16"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"Willie McCovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_McCovey"},{"link_name":"Willie Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Mays"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2009 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Series"},{"link_name":"switch hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_hitter"},{"link_name":"Mark Teixeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Teixeira"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Johnny Damon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Damon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"As the infield shift leaves some areas less covered than others, a batter who hits toward those areas may obtain better results than against an un-shifted infield. For example, a batter can bunt towards third base, when the third baseman is positioned elsewhere.[14] Boston's Ortiz started to hit more balls towards the left side of the field, taking advantage of the lack of defenders in left field.[15] A stark example occurred in a 1970 game between the Philadelphia Phillies and the San Francisco Giants: Giant Willie McCovey bunted hard down the third base line when the shift was on. With no one covering third, Willie Mays, on first at the time, came all the way around to score, while McCovey reached second for a double.[16][17]Infield shifts can also provide base running opportunities to the batting team. A notable example occurred in Game 4 of the 2009 World Series: with switch hitter Mark Teixeira of the New York Yankees batting left-handed, and the Philadelphia Phillies implementing an infield shift, baserunner Johnny Damon stole second base and then continued on to third base in one continuous play, as there was no fielder on the left side of the infield.[18] Damon subsequently scored what proved to be the winning run of the game.[19]","title":"Defensive vulnerability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commissioner of Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Baseball"},{"link_name":"managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_baseball_league"},{"link_name":"Atlantic League of Professional Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"collective bargaining agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining_agreement"},{"link_name":"2021–22 lockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Major_League_Baseball_lockout"},{"link_name":"pitch clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_clock"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Florida State League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_League"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"As early as 2015, the Commissioner of Baseball considered banning the shift, with some MLB managers expressing agreement, although there was no consensus on such an idea.[20] In 2019, the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, as part of an agreement with MLB to test experimental rules, significantly restricted the shift by requiring two infielders to be positioned on either side of second base.[21]As part of a new collective bargaining agreement (CBA) reached after the 2021–22 lockout, MLB could potentially regulate infield shifts starting with the 2023 season, with the league's 11-member competition committee empowered to approve such a change, along with other potential changes such as a pitch clock.[22] In Minor League Baseball during 2022, shift restrictions were tested at the Double-A and Class A levels (four players required to be in the infield, two on each side of second base) with a further experiment in the Florida State League starting in July (a wedge-shaped exclusion area around second base).[23] In 2023, a new rule was added in Major League Baseball requiring two infielders to be positioned on either side of second base before each pitch is thrown, in an attempt to curtail the shift.[24]","title":"Regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlayerManager-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July14box-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July14box-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birtwell-6"}],"text":"^ Boudreau writes that Williams had three home runs in the first game of the doubleheader,[4]: 76 which corresponds to July 14, 1946, as Williams was 4-for-5 with three home runs in the first game of a doubleheader between Boston and Cleveland that day.[5] Boudreau does not mention that even with the shift, Williams was 1-for-2 with two walks in the second game of the doubleheader.[5] Contemporary reporting also notes that Boudreau actually employed shifts against Williams in both games of the doubleheader, with the shift in the second game being more radical.[6]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"This terrible college team invented the shift ... sort of\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mlb.com/news/featured/oberlin-college-baseball-team-and-the-infield-shift"},{"link_name":"MLB.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com"},{"link_name":"\"The Atlantic League Utilizes the No-Shift Rule for the First Time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blogs.fangraphs.com/the-atlantic-league-utilizes-the-no-shift-rule-for-the-first-time/"},{"link_name":"Fangraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangraphs"},{"link_name":"\"Who's on Third? In Baseball's Shifting Defenses, Maybe Nobody\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nyti.ms/1nBGaIX"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"The Shift: Redesigning Baseball's Defense\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//99percentinvisible.org/episode/shift-redesigning-baseballs-defense/"},{"link_name":"99% 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play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_play"},{"link_name":"Baseball card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_card"},{"link_name":"Baseball statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_statistics"},{"link_name":"Bench jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_jockey"},{"link_name":"Bench-clearing brawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench-clearing_brawl"},{"link_name":"Dead ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_ball#Baseball"},{"link_name":"Doubleheader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleheader_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jargon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_baseball_terms"},{"link_name":"Injured list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_list"},{"link_name":"List of baseball films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baseball_films"},{"link_name":"Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Scorekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_scorekeeping"},{"link_name":"Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Seventh-inning stretch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-inning_stretch"},{"link_name":"Shagging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shagging_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Sign stealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_stealing"},{"link_name":"Slump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slump_(sports)"},{"link_name":"losing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losing_streak#Baseball"},{"link_name":"winning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_streak#Baseball"},{"link_name":"Variations of baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variations_of_baseball"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Baseball"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"link_name":"WikiProject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Baseball"}],"text":"Castrovince, Anthony (February 27, 2020). \"This terrible college team invented the shift ... sort of\". MLB.com. Retrieved February 22, 2021. The 1994 Oberlin College baseball team and the infield shift\nFink, Devan (April 29, 2019). \"The Atlantic League Utilizes the No-Shift Rule for the First Time\". Fangraphs. Retrieved June 28, 2019.\nWaldstein, David (12 May 2014). \"Who's on Third? In Baseball's Shifting Defenses, Maybe Nobody\". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 May 2014.\n\"The Shift: Redesigning Baseball's Defense\". 99% Invisible. November 1, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2019.vteBaseball and softball conceptsOutline · GlossaryRules\nRules of baseball\nEjections\nGround rules\nInfield fly rule\nIn flight\nInterference\nPitch clock\nProtested game\nStrike zone\nSuspended game\nUnwritten rules\nCheating\nComparison of baseball and softball\nfastpitch softball\n16-inch softball\nBallpark/field\nBackstop\nBaseball diamond\nBatter's box\nBatter's eye\nBullpen\nDugout\nFoul pole\nFoul territory\nInfield\nOn-deck circle\nOutfield\nWarning track\nEquipment\nBall\nBat\nBatting cage\nBatting glove\nBatting helmet\nCap\nDoughnut\nGlove (defense)\nPitching machine\nProtective cup\nShin guard\nStirrups\nUniform\nUniform number\nGame process\nBatting order\nInnings\nextra innings\nOut\nPositions\nRun\nPace of play\nBatting\nAt bat\nBaltimore chop\nBat flip\nBatted ball\nBatting count\nBatting out of order\nBunt\nsacrifice bunt\nslap bunt\nsqueeze play\nCharging the mound\nChecked swing\nCleanup hitter\nDesignated hitter\nDouble\nDouble switch\nFoul ball\nFoul tip\nGolden sombrero\nGround rule double\nHat trick\nHit\nHit and run\nHit by pitch\nHitting for the cycle\nHome run\nGrand slam\nInside-the-park\nWalk-off\nMoonshot\nChinese\nInfield hit\nLeadoff hitter\nLefty-righty switch\nLine drive\nMendoza Line\nOn-deck\nPlate appearance\nPlatoon system\nPull hitter\nSacrifice fly\nSingle\nStrikeout\nStrike zone\nSweet spot\nSwitch hitter\nTriple\nWalk\nPitching(softball)\nBalk\nBeanball\nBreaking ball\nBrushback pitch\nChangeup\nVulcan changeup\nCurveball\nEephus\nEmery ball\nFastball\ntwo-seam\nfour-seam\ncutter\nsinker\nsplit-finger\nFull count\nImmaculate inning\nInside pitching\nIntentional balk\nIntentional walk\nKnuckleball\nMaddux\nNo-hitter\nPerfect game\nPickoff\nPitch count\nPitching position\nPitchout\nQuick pitch\nScrewball\nShutout\nSlider\nSpitball\nStrikeout\nStrike zone\nStriking out the side\nTime of pitch\nWild pitch\nBase running\nBalk\nBases loaded\nCaught stealing\nHit and run\nLead off\nLeft on base\nObstruction\nRundown\nSafe\nScoring position\nSlide\nSmall ball\nSqueeze play\nStolen base\nTag up\nTie goes to the runner\nFielding(positioning)\nAppeal play\nAssist\nBlocking the plate\nCatch\nCaught stealing\nCovering a base\nDefensive indifference\nDouble play\nError\nFielder's choice\nFifth infielder\nForce play\nFourth out\nHidden ball trick\nIn-between hop\nInfield fly rule\nInfield shift\nInterference\nNeighborhood play\nPassed ball\nPickoff\nPutout\nRundown\nTag out\nTriple play\nunassisted\nUncaught third strike\nWall climb\nWheel play\nRelated\nBaseball card\nBaseball statistics\nBench jockey\nBench-clearing brawl\nDead ball\nDoubleheader\nJargon\nInjured list\nList of baseball films\nPepper\nScorekeeping\nSeries\nSeventh-inning stretch\nShagging\nSign stealing\nSlump\nStreak\nlosing\nwinning\nVariations of baseball\n\n Category\n Portal\n WikiProject","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Traditional baseball defensive positioning; note the two infielders on each side of second base","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Baseballpositioning-normal.png/280px-Baseballpositioning-normal.png"},{"image_text":"Baseball defensive positioning using a shift; note there is only one infielder to the left side of second base","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baseballpositioning-shift.png/280px-Baseballpositioning-shift.png"},{"image_text":"A May 1923 description of how teams implemented a shift against Cy Williams of the Philadelphia Phillies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cy_Williams_defensive_shift.jpg/220px-Cy_Williams_defensive_shift.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Baseball positioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_positioning"},{"title":"Fielding restrictions (cricket)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_restrictions_(cricket)"}] | [{"reference":"Vass, George (August 1999). 20th Century All-Overlooked Stars. Retrieved 24 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zCoDAAAAMBAJ&q=eddie+yost+baseball+digest&pg=PA41","url_text":"20th Century All-Overlooked Stars"}]},{"reference":"Vass, George (July 2004). Baseball's Forgotten Stars. Retrieved 24 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4i0DAAAAMBAJ&q=ken+williams+baseball+digest&pg=PA30","url_text":"Baseball's Forgotten Stars"}]},{"reference":"\"(untitled)\", The Constitution, Atlanta, p. 18, June 19, 1927, retrieved June 27, 2019 – via newspapers.com","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33316635/untitled/","url_text":"\"(untitled)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution","url_text":"The Constitution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta","url_text":"Atlanta"}]},{"reference":"Boudreau, Lou (1949). Player-Manager. with Ed Fitzgerald. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 1125962402.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau","url_text":"Boudreau, Lou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1125962402","url_text":"1125962402"}]},{"reference":"\"The 1946 BOS A Regular Season Batting Log for Ted Williams\". Retrosheet. Retrieved June 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1946/Iwillt1030051946.htm","url_text":"\"The 1946 BOS A Regular Season Batting Log for Ted Williams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"Birtwell, Roger (July 15, 1946). \"Boudreau Tried Everything, but Nothing Seemed to Work\". The Boston Globe. p. 6. Retrieved June 27, 2019 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33315785/boudreau_tried_everything_but_nothing/","url_text":"\"Boudreau Tried Everything, but Nothing Seemed to Work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Arthur, Rob (June 6, 2017). \"Ryan Howard's Career Is Dead. The Shift Killed It\". FiveThirtyEight.","urls":[{"url":"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/ryan-howards-career-is-dead-the-shift-killed-it/","url_text":"\"Ryan Howard's Career Is Dead. The Shift Killed It\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight","url_text":"FiveThirtyEight"}]},{"reference":"Paine, Neil (October 13, 2016). \"Why Baseball Revived A 60-Year-Old Strategy Designed To Stop Ted Williams\". FiveThirtyEight.","urls":[{"url":"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/ahead-of-their-time-why-baseball-revived-a-60-year-old-strategy-designed-to-stop-ted-williams/","url_text":"\"Why Baseball Revived A 60-Year-Old Strategy Designed To Stop Ted Williams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight","url_text":"FiveThirtyEight"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Albert (2006-06-19). \"The Ortiz Shift\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2018-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/2006/06/19/8380105/the-ortiz-shift","url_text":"\"The Ortiz Shift\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston Red Sox – Game shifted into the bizarre\". Boston Globe. 2006-04-19. Retrieved 2018-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2006/04/19/game_shifted_into_the_bizarre/","url_text":"\"Boston Red Sox – Game shifted into the bizarre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score of Game played on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 at Fenway Park\". Baseball Almanac. 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2018-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baseball-almanac.com/box-scores/boxscore.php?boxid=200604180BOS","url_text":"\"Box Score of Game played on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 at Fenway Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q & A: Baseball Guru Bill James\". Time. 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2018-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1720044,00.html","url_text":"\"Q & A: Baseball Guru Bill James\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Richard, Mike. \"The Sporting Goods: Pursuit of pitching perfection\". Barnstable Patriot. Retrieved 2018-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barnstablepatriot.com/news/20180508/sporting-goods-pursuit-of-pitching-perfection","url_text":"\"The Sporting Goods: Pursuit of pitching perfection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston Red Sox – Yanked out of first\". Boston Globe. 2005-09-29. Retrieved 2018-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2005/09/29/yanked_out_of_first/","url_text":"\"Boston Red Sox – Yanked out of first\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston Red Sox DH David Ortiz could benefit from elimination of defensive shifts\". MassLive. 2015-01-26. Retrieved 2018-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.masslive.com/redsox/index.ssf/2015/01/boston_red_sox_dh_david_ortiz_4.html","url_text":"\"Boston Red Sox DH David Ortiz could benefit from elimination of defensive shifts\""}]},{"reference":"Neyer, Rob (2008). Rob Neyer's Big Book of Baseball Legends: The Truth, the Lies, and Everything Else. Touchstone. p. 140. ISBN 978-0743284905.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/robneyersbigbook0000neye_n7c4/page/140","url_text":"Rob Neyer's Big Book of Baseball Legends: The Truth, the Lies, and Everything Else"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/robneyersbigbook0000neye_n7c4/page/140","url_text":"140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743284905","url_text":"978-0743284905"}]},{"reference":"\"Philadelphia Phillies 13, San Francisco Giants 6 (2)\". Retrosheet. May 3, 1970. On a bunt McCovey doubled to left [Mays scored]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1970/B05032SFN1970.htm","url_text":"\"Philadelphia Phillies 13, San Francisco Giants 6 (2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 WS Gm 4: Damon singles, then steals two bases\". MLB. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved June 27, 2019 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePx54DlQdh0&t=0m43s","url_text":"\"2009 WS Gm 4: Damon singles, then steals two bases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball","url_text":"MLB"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ePx54DlQdh0","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Yankees 7, Philadelphia Phillies 4\". Retrosheet. November 1, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2019. Johnny Damon stole 2B and no one covered 3B because of big shift in the infield, so Damon continued to 3B for a second steal on the same play","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2009/B11010PHI2009.htm","url_text":"\"New York Yankees 7, Philadelphia Phillies 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"Baccellieri, Emma (July 25, 2018). \"Proposing a Shift Ban Is Easy, but How Would MLB Implement One?\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/mlb/2018/07/25/defensive-shifts-official-baseball-rules","url_text":"\"Proposing a Shift Ban Is Easy, but How Would MLB Implement One?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Jung, Tristan (March 8, 2019). \"MLB's Experimental Rule Changes for 2019 Atlantic League Include Moving Mound Back, Banning Shifts\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/mlb/2019/03/08/atlantic-league-rule-changes-pitchers-mound-distance-infield-shift","url_text":"\"MLB's Experimental Rule Changes for 2019 Atlantic League Include Moving Mound Back, Banning Shifts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Joyce, Greg (July 19, 2022). \"Pitch clock, shift bans among MLB rule changes on table for 2023\". New York Post. Retrieved July 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2022/07/19/pitch-clock-shift-bans-among-mlb-rule-changes-on-table-for-2023/","url_text":"\"Pitch clock, shift bans among MLB rule changes on table for 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"}]},{"reference":"\"MLB testing 'pie slice' infield experiment aimed at reining in defensive shift in Class A FSL\". ESPN.com. AP. July 12, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/34234057/mlb-testing-pie-slice-infield-experiment-aimed-reining-defensive-shift-class-fsl","url_text":"\"MLB testing 'pie slice' infield experiment aimed at reining in defensive shift in Class A FSL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Scott (September 22, 2022). \"M.L.B. Bans the Shift and Adds a Pitch Clock for 2023\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/09/sports/baseball/mlb-bans-shift.html","url_text":"\"M.L.B. Bans the Shift and Adds a Pitch Clock for 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Castrovince, Anthony (February 27, 2020). \"This terrible college team invented the shift ... sort of\". MLB.com. Retrieved February 22, 2021. The 1994 Oberlin College baseball team and the infield shift","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/featured/oberlin-college-baseball-team-and-the-infield-shift","url_text":"\"This terrible college team invented the shift ... sort of\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"Fink, Devan (April 29, 2019). \"The Atlantic League Utilizes the No-Shift Rule for the First Time\". Fangraphs. Retrieved June 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.fangraphs.com/the-atlantic-league-utilizes-the-no-shift-rule-for-the-first-time/","url_text":"\"The Atlantic League Utilizes the No-Shift Rule for the First Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangraphs","url_text":"Fangraphs"}]},{"reference":"Waldstein, David (12 May 2014). \"Who's on Third? In Baseball's Shifting Defenses, Maybe Nobody\". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nyti.ms/1nBGaIX","url_text":"\"Who's on Third? In Baseball's Shifting Defenses, Maybe Nobody\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Shift: Redesigning Baseball's Defense\". 99% Invisible. November 1, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/shift-redesigning-baseballs-defense/","url_text":"\"The Shift: Redesigning Baseball's Defense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99%25_Invisible","url_text":"99% Invisible"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zCoDAAAAMBAJ&q=eddie+yost+baseball+digest&pg=PA41","external_links_name":"20th Century All-Overlooked Stars"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4i0DAAAAMBAJ&q=ken+williams+baseball+digest&pg=PA30","external_links_name":"Baseball's Forgotten Stars"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33316635/untitled/","external_links_name":"\"(untitled)\""},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1946/Iwillt1030051946.htm","external_links_name":"\"The 1946 BOS A Regular Season Batting Log for Ted Williams\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33315785/boudreau_tried_everything_but_nothing/","external_links_name":"\"Boudreau Tried Everything, but Nothing Seemed to Work\""},{"Link":"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/ryan-howards-career-is-dead-the-shift-killed-it/","external_links_name":"\"Ryan Howard's Career Is Dead. The Shift Killed It\""},{"Link":"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/ahead-of-their-time-why-baseball-revived-a-60-year-old-strategy-designed-to-stop-ted-williams/","external_links_name":"\"Why Baseball Revived A 60-Year-Old Strategy Designed To Stop Ted Williams\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/vault/2006/06/19/8380105/the-ortiz-shift","external_links_name":"\"The Ortiz Shift\""},{"Link":"http://archive.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2006/04/19/game_shifted_into_the_bizarre/","external_links_name":"\"Boston Red Sox – Game shifted into the bizarre\""},{"Link":"http://www.baseball-almanac.com/box-scores/boxscore.php?boxid=200604180BOS","external_links_name":"\"Box Score of Game played on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 at Fenway Park\""},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1720044,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Q & A: Baseball Guru Bill James\""},{"Link":"http://www.barnstablepatriot.com/news/20180508/sporting-goods-pursuit-of-pitching-perfection","external_links_name":"\"The Sporting Goods: Pursuit of pitching perfection\""},{"Link":"http://archive.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2005/09/29/yanked_out_of_first/","external_links_name":"\"Boston Red Sox – Yanked out of first\""},{"Link":"http://www.masslive.com/redsox/index.ssf/2015/01/boston_red_sox_dh_david_ortiz_4.html","external_links_name":"\"Boston Red Sox DH David Ortiz could benefit from elimination of defensive shifts\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/robneyersbigbook0000neye_n7c4/page/140","external_links_name":"Rob Neyer's Big Book of Baseball Legends: The Truth, the Lies, and Everything Else"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/robneyersbigbook0000neye_n7c4/page/140","external_links_name":"140"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1970/B05032SFN1970.htm","external_links_name":"\"Philadelphia Phillies 13, San Francisco Giants 6 (2)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePx54DlQdh0&t=0m43s","external_links_name":"\"2009 WS Gm 4: Damon singles, then steals two bases\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ePx54DlQdh0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2009/B11010PHI2009.htm","external_links_name":"\"New York Yankees 7, Philadelphia Phillies 4\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/mlb/2018/07/25/defensive-shifts-official-baseball-rules","external_links_name":"\"Proposing a Shift Ban Is Easy, but How Would MLB Implement One?\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/mlb/2019/03/08/atlantic-league-rule-changes-pitchers-mound-distance-infield-shift","external_links_name":"\"MLB's Experimental Rule Changes for 2019 Atlantic League Include Moving Mound Back, Banning Shifts\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2022/07/19/pitch-clock-shift-bans-among-mlb-rule-changes-on-table-for-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Pitch clock, shift bans among MLB rule changes on table for 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/34234057/mlb-testing-pie-slice-infield-experiment-aimed-reining-defensive-shift-class-fsl","external_links_name":"\"MLB testing 'pie slice' infield experiment aimed at reining in defensive shift in Class A FSL\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/09/sports/baseball/mlb-bans-shift.html","external_links_name":"\"M.L.B. Bans the Shift and Adds a Pitch Clock for 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/news/featured/oberlin-college-baseball-team-and-the-infield-shift","external_links_name":"\"This terrible college team invented the shift ... sort of\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.fangraphs.com/the-atlantic-league-utilizes-the-no-shift-rule-for-the-first-time/","external_links_name":"\"The Atlantic League Utilizes the No-Shift Rule for the First Time\""},{"Link":"http://nyti.ms/1nBGaIX","external_links_name":"\"Who's on Third? In Baseball's Shifting Defenses, Maybe Nobody\""},{"Link":"https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/shift-redesigning-baseballs-defense/","external_links_name":"\"The Shift: Redesigning Baseball's Defense\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Lewis | Sophie Lewis | ["1 Cycling career","2 Major results","2.1 Track","3 References"] | British cyclist
This article is about the British cyclist. For British academic and author, see Sophie Lewis (author).
Sophie LewisLewis in 2021Personal informationBorn (2002-06-17) 17 June 2002 (age 22)EnglandTeam informationCurrent teamDAS-HandslingDisciplineTrack cyclingRoleRiderRider typeomnium, madison, road
Sophie Lewis (born 2002) is a British and English track cyclist.
Cycling career
Lewis became a British champion when winning the Omnium event at the 2022 British National Track Championships. In addition she won a silver medal in the madison event.
Major results
Track
2022
National Championships
1st Omnium
2nd Madison (with Maddie Leech)
3rd Team pursuit, Commonwealth Games
2023
UEC European Under-23 Championships
1st Team pursuit
1st Madison (with Maddie Leech)
References
^ "rider profile". ProCycling Stats. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
^ "Points". British Cycling. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
^ "Rider Details". UCI. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
^ "OSCAR NILSSON JULIEN AND SOPHIE LEWIS TAKE 2022 BRITISH NATIONAL OMNIUM TITLES". British Cycling. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
^ "DAME LAURA KENNY AND NEAH EVANS RIDE TO VICTORY AT THE NATIONAL MADISON CHAMPIONSHIPS". British Cycling. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
This biographical article related to United Kingdom cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sophie Lewis (author)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Lewis_(author)"},{"link_name":"track cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_cycling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the British cyclist. For British academic and author, see Sophie Lewis (author).Sophie Lewis (born 2002) is a British and English track cyclist.[2][3]","title":"Sophie Lewis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omnium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Omnium_Championships"},{"link_name":"2022 British National Track Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_British_National_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Lewis became a British champion when winning the Omnium event at the 2022 British National Track Championships.[4] In addition she won a silver medal in the madison event.[5]","title":"Cycling career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_British_National_Track_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotReinoUnido.PNG"},{"link_name":"Omnium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Omnium_Championships"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Madison_Championships"},{"link_name":"Maddie Leech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddie_Leech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_blank.svg"},{"link_name":"Team pursuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_pursuit"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"UEC European Under-23 Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UEC_European_Track_Championships_(under-23_%26_junior)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_champion_jersey_2016.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_champion_jersey_2016.svg"},{"link_name":"Maddie Leech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddie_Leech"}],"sub_title":"Track","text":"2022\nNational Championships\n1st Omnium\n2nd Madison (with Maddie Leech)\n3rd Team pursuit, Commonwealth Games\n2023\nUEC European Under-23 Championships\n1st Team pursuit\n1st Madison (with Maddie Leech)","title":"Major results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"rider profile\". ProCycling Stats. Retrieved 7 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/sophie-lewis","url_text":"\"rider profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Points\". British Cycling. Retrieved 7 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/points?person_id=170141&type=national&year=2012","url_text":"\"Points\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rider Details\". UCI. Retrieved 7 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uci.org/rider-details/861362","url_text":"\"Rider Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"OSCAR NILSSON JULIEN AND SOPHIE LEWIS TAKE 2022 BRITISH NATIONAL OMNIUM TITLES\". British Cycling. Retrieved 7 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/track/article/20220403-Oscar-Nilsson-Julien-and-Sophie-Lewis-take-2022-British-National-Omnium-titles-0","url_text":"\"OSCAR NILSSON JULIEN AND SOPHIE LEWIS TAKE 2022 BRITISH NATIONAL OMNIUM TITLES\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAME LAURA KENNY AND NEAH EVANS RIDE TO VICTORY AT THE NATIONAL MADISON CHAMPIONSHIPS\". British Cycling. Retrieved 2 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/track/article/20220402-Dame-Laura-Kenny-and-Neah-Evans-ride-to-victory-at-the-National-Madison-Championships-0","url_text":"\"DAME LAURA KENNY AND NEAH EVANS RIDE TO VICTORY AT THE NATIONAL MADISON CHAMPIONSHIPS\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/sophie-lewis","external_links_name":"\"rider profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/points?person_id=170141&type=national&year=2012","external_links_name":"\"Points\""},{"Link":"https://www.uci.org/rider-details/861362","external_links_name":"\"Rider Details\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/track/article/20220403-Oscar-Nilsson-Julien-and-Sophie-Lewis-take-2022-British-National-Omnium-titles-0","external_links_name":"\"OSCAR NILSSON JULIEN AND SOPHIE LEWIS TAKE 2022 BRITISH NATIONAL OMNIUM TITLES\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/track/article/20220402-Dame-Laura-Kenny-and-Neah-Evans-ride-to-victory-at-the-National-Madison-Championships-0","external_links_name":"\"DAME LAURA KENNY AND NEAH EVANS RIDE TO VICTORY AT THE NATIONAL MADISON CHAMPIONSHIPS\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Lewis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasma:_The_Sky_Is_the_Limit | Aasma: The Sky Is the Limit | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Music","4 References","5 External links"] | 2009 film
Aasma: The Sky Is the LimitDirected byRohit NayyarRelease date
23 January 2009 (2009-01-23)
Running time4 hoursCountryIndiaLanguageHindi
Aasma: The Sky Is the Limit is a Bollywood film released on 23 January 2009.
Plot
It is a story about a theatre group composed of college students who are talented and aspiring actors. They are unable to get acting offers and then their main sponsor (Sachin Khedekar) backs out of the group. From then on, the group tries to overcome several hurdles, and all of a sudden, it is discovered that the main character Shubh has HIV disease.
Cast
Seema Biswas
Hrishitaa Bhatt
Music
Music direction for the film was provided by Sajid Ali and Mohammed Afsar. Rahat Fateh Ali Khan provided vocals. Other singers include KK, Shaan, Kailash Kher, Mahalaxmi and Debojit. Call (band) was also involved in the music of this film as well as Xulfi.
References
^ Hungama, Bollywood. "Aasma-The sky is the limit | Latest Hindi Movie Review by Taran Adarsh – Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ "Aasma Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ "Review: Aasma fails to reach that high". sify. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ "Aasma: The Sky Is the Limit music review : glamsham.com". www.glamsham.com. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
External links
Aasma: The Sky Is the Limit at IMDb
This article about a Hindi film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"}],"text":"Aasma: The Sky Is the Limit is a Bollywood film released on 23 January 2009.","title":"Aasma: The Sky Is the Limit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"It is a story about a theatre group composed of college students who are talented and aspiring actors. They are unable to get acting offers and then their main sponsor (Sachin Khedekar) backs out of the group. From then on, the group tries to overcome several hurdles, and all of a sudden, it is discovered that the main character Shubh has HIV disease.[1][2][3]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seema Biswas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seema_Biswas"},{"link_name":"Hrishitaa Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrishitaa_Bhatt"}],"text":"Seema Biswas\nHrishitaa Bhatt","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rahat Fateh Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahat_Fateh_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"KK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Shaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaan_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Kailash Kher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailash_Kher"},{"link_name":"Mahalaxmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalaxmi"},{"link_name":"Call (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_(band)"},{"link_name":"Xulfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xulfi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Music direction for the film was provided by Sajid Ali and Mohammed Afsar. Rahat Fateh Ali Khan provided vocals. Other singers include KK, Shaan, Kailash Kher, Mahalaxmi and Debojit. Call (band) was also involved in the music of this film as well as Xulfi.[4]","title":"Music"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hungama, Bollywood. \"Aasma-The sky is the limit | Latest Hindi Movie Review by Taran Adarsh – Bollywood Hungama\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 22 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/382/Aasma-The%2520sky%2520is%2520the%2520limit","url_text":"\"Aasma-The sky is the limit | Latest Hindi Movie Review by Taran Adarsh – Bollywood Hungama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Aasma Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Aasma/movie-review/4023597.cms","url_text":"\"Aasma Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Aasma fails to reach that high\". sify. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010221152/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-aasma-fails-to-reach-that-high-review-bollywood-pclwTxjieejbg.html","url_text":"\"Review: Aasma fails to reach that high\""},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/review-aasma-fails-to-reach-that-high-review-bollywood-pclwTxjieejbg.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aasma: The Sky Is the Limit music review : glamsham.com\". www.glamsham.com. Retrieved 22 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glamsham.com/music/reviews/16-aasma-music-review-010903.asp","url_text":"\"Aasma: The Sky Is the Limit music review : glamsham.com\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/382/Aasma-The%2520sky%2520is%2520the%2520limit","external_links_name":"\"Aasma-The sky is the limit | Latest Hindi Movie Review by Taran Adarsh – Bollywood Hungama\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Aasma/movie-review/4023597.cms","external_links_name":"\"Aasma Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010221152/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-aasma-fails-to-reach-that-high-review-bollywood-pclwTxjieejbg.html","external_links_name":"\"Review: Aasma fails to reach that high\""},{"Link":"http://www.sify.com/movies/review-aasma-fails-to-reach-that-high-review-bollywood-pclwTxjieejbg.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.glamsham.com/music/reviews/16-aasma-music-review-010903.asp","external_links_name":"\"Aasma: The Sky Is the Limit music review : glamsham.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1252594/","external_links_name":"Aasma: The Sky Is the Limit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aasma:_The_Sky_Is_the_Limit&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyadana | Kanyadana | ["1 Etymology","2 Kanyadana songs","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"] | Performance of the kanyadanaHindu wedding ritual
For the 1965 film, see Kanyadan (film).
Kanyadana (Sanskrit: कन्यादान, romanized: Kanyādāna) is a Hindu wedding ritual. One possible origin of this tradition can be traced to 15th century stone inscriptions found in the Vijayanagara Empire in South India. There are different interpretations regarding kanyadana across South Asia.
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Etymology
Kanyadana is made of the Sanskrit words kanyā (maiden) and dāna (giving away), referring to the tradition of a father giving his daughter in marriage to a groom. symbolizing the transfer of responsibility and care from one family to another.
Kanyadana songs
In communities where kanyadana is performed as part of the actual wedding, the ritual is carried out through a variety of kanyadana songs. These songs may include the parents lamenting the loss of their daughter etc. Other songs focus on the groom, for example comparing him to the "ideal groom", the god Rama, in the epic Ramayana. Importantly, the kanyadana ritual occurs right before the sindoor ritual (sinduradana).
See also
Vivaha
Marriage in Hinduism
References
^ Enslin, Elizabeth. "Imagined Sisters: The Ambiguities of Women’s Poetics and Collective Actions". Selves in Time and Place: Identities, Experience, and History in Nepal. Ed. Debra Skinner, Alfred Pach III, and Dorothy Holland. Lanham; Boulder; New York; Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1998 (269-299).
^ Mahalingam, T.V (1940). Administration and Social Life under Vijayanagar. University of Madras. pp. 255-256.
^ Hunt, Stephen (15 May 2017). Religions of the East. Routledge. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-351-90476-6.
^ Henry, Edward O. "Folk Song Genres and Their Melodies in India: Music Use and Genre Process". Asian Music (Spring-Summer 2000). JSTOR. 20 February 2008.
Further reading
Gutschow, Niels; Michaels, Axel; Bau, Christian (2008). The Girl's Hindu Marriage to the Bel Fruit: Ihi and The Girl's Buddhist Marriage to the Bel Fruit: Ihi in Growing up - Hindu and Buddhist Initiation Ritual among Newar Children in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Germany. ISBN 3-447-05752-1. pp. 93–173.
vteSouth Asian weddingBy religion
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By region or culture
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Types
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Websites | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanyadan (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyadan_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Hindu wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_wedding"},{"link_name":"ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enslin-1"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"}],"text":"Hindu wedding ritualFor the 1965 film, see Kanyadan (film).Kanyadana (Sanskrit: कन्यादान, romanized: Kanyādāna) is a Hindu wedding ritual.[1] One possible origin of this tradition can be traced to 15th century stone inscriptions found in the Vijayanagara Empire in South India.[2] There are different interpretations regarding kanyadana across South Asia.","title":"Kanyadana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kanyadana is made of the Sanskrit words kanyā (maiden) and dāna (giving away), referring to the tradition of a father giving his daughter in marriage to a groom. symbolizing the transfer of responsibility and care from one family to another.[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"sindoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindoor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry-4"}],"text":"In communities where kanyadana is performed as part of the actual wedding, the ritual is carried out through a variety of kanyadana songs. 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Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DK-eoCXM_WsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-447-05752-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-05752-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indian_wedding"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_wedding"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_wedding"},{"link_name":"Bahá'í","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_marriage"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_view_of_marriage"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_wedding"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_marital_practices#India"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Karaj"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding"},{"link_name":"Arunachal Pradesh (Panchai baja)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panche_baja"},{"link_name":"Bengal (Muslim)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding"},{"link_name":"Bengal (Hindu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding"},{"link_name":"Hajong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajong_marriage"},{"link_name":"Kerala (Kettu Kalyanam)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettu_Kalyanam"},{"link_name":"Odia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_Hindu_wedding"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_wedding_traditions"},{"link_name":"Sikkim (Limbu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_people#Wedding_practices"},{"link_name":"Tamil (Iyer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyer_wedding"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_wedding_ceremony"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh#Weddings"},{"link_name":"India (Hindu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivaha"},{"link_name":"Nepal (Ihi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka (Buddhist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poruwa_ceremony"},{"link_name":"Arranged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriage_in_the_Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Inter-caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-caste_marriages_in_India"},{"link_name":"Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_marriage"},{"link_name":"Baraat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraat"},{"link_name":"Dahej (dowry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry_system_in_India"},{"link_name":"Mahr (dower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahr"},{"link_name":"Nikah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Stealing shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groomsman#In_various_cultures"},{"link_name":"Kanyadana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Balle Mallarada Puje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balle_Mallarada_Puje"},{"link_name":"Vadhu Pravesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadhu_Pravesha"},{"link_name":"Bou Bhaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou_Bhat"},{"link_name":"Gauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauna"},{"link_name":"Gaye holud (Bengali)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaye_holud"},{"link_name":"Kankana Dharane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankana_Dharane"},{"link_name":"Mangala Ashtaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangala_Ashtaka"},{"link_name":"Parikrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parikrama"},{"link_name":"Saptapadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptapadi"},{"link_name":"Satphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satphere"},{"link_name":"Shakunamanojaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakunamanojaya"},{"link_name":"Upanayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanayana"},{"link_name":"Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_(dye)"},{"link_name":"Bangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangle"},{"link_name":"Henna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henna"},{"link_name":"Mangala sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangala_sutra"},{"link_name":"Nose ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose_piercing"},{"link_name":"Palki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_India#Palanquin"},{"link_name":"Pheta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheta"},{"link_name":"Sehra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehra_(headdress)"},{"link_name":"Sindur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindur"},{"link_name":"Tiara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara"},{"link_name":"Topor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topor_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"Upanayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanayana"},{"link_name":"Varamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varamala"},{"link_name":"Wedding mandapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_mandapa"},{"link_name":"Wedding sari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_sari"},{"link_name":"Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wedding_card"},{"link_name":"Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wedding_photography"},{"link_name":"Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_wedding_songs"},{"link_name":"Websites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonial_website#In_India"}],"text":"Gutschow, Niels; Michaels, Axel; Bau, Christian (2008). The Girl's Hindu Marriage to the Bel Fruit: Ihi and The Girl's Buddhist Marriage to the Bel Fruit: Ihi in Growing up - Hindu and Buddhist Initiation Ritual among Newar Children in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Germany. ISBN 3-447-05752-1. pp. 93–173.vteSouth Asian weddingBy religion\nBahá'í\nBuddhist\nChristian\nHindu\nIslamic\nJewish\nSikh\nZoroastrian\nBy region or culture\nArunachal Pradesh (Panchai baja)\nBengal (Muslim)\nBengal (Hindu)\nHajong\nKerala (Kettu Kalyanam)\nOdia\nPunjabi\nSikkim (Limbu)\nTamil (Iyer)\nTelugu\nBy country\nBangladesh\nIndia (Hindu)\nNepal (Ihi)\nPakistan\nSri Lanka (Buddhist)\nTypes\nArranged\nInter-caste\nLove\nTraditions\nBaraat\nDahej (dowry)\nMahr (dower)\nNikah\nStealing shoes\nRituals\nKanyadana\nBalle Mallarada Puje\nVadhu Pravesha\nBou Bhaat\nGauna\nGaye holud (Bengali)\nKankana Dharane\nMangala Ashtaka\nParikrama\nSaptapadi\nSatphere\nShakunamanojaya\nUpanayana\nItems\nAlta\nBangles\nHenna\nMangala sutra\nNose ring\nPalki\nPheta\nSehra\nSindur\nTiara\nTopor\nUpanayana\nVaramala\nWedding mandapa\nWedding sari\nOther\nCard\nPhotography\nSongs\nWebsites","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Performance of the kanyadana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kanyadaan1306.jpg/250px-Kanyadaan1306.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Vivaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_wedding"},{"title":"Marriage in Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism"}] | [{"reference":"Mahalingam, T.V (1940). Administration and Social Life under Vijayanagar. University of Madras. pp. 255-256.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103527","url_text":"Administration and Social Life under Vijayanagar"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103527/page/n283","url_text":"255"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Stephen (15 May 2017). Religions of the East. Routledge. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-351-90476-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oFsPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA213","url_text":"Religions of the East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-90476-6","url_text":"978-1-351-90476-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103527","external_links_name":"Administration and Social Life under Vijayanagar"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103527/page/n283","external_links_name":"255"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oFsPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA213","external_links_name":"Religions of the East"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DK-eoCXM_WsC","external_links_name":"Growing up - Hindu and Buddhist Initiation Ritual among Newar Children in Bhaktapur, Nepal"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Erratt | Jacob Erratt | ["1 References"] | Canadian mayor
Jacob ErrattMayor Jacob Erratt18th Mayor of OttawaIn office1888 (acting) 1889 – 1890Preceded byMcLeod StewartSucceeded byThomas Birkett
Personal detailsBornNovember 16, 1847Winchester, OntarioDiedApril 28, 1928Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan
Jacob Erratt (November 16, 1847 - April 28, 1928) was mayor of the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada from 1889 to 1890.
He was born in West Winchester, Ontario and came to Ottawa in 1869. He owned a furniture store in the city. He served on city council from 1882 to 1884. In 1888, he was named acting mayor. During his term as mayor, he served on the board of the Central Canada Exhibition Association. He also was a member of the Provisional Committee of the Lady Stanley institute for Trained Nurses at its incorporation in Ottawa in 1890. In 1902, he moved to Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, where he opened a real estate office; he died there in 1928.
References
^ Dave Mullington "Chain of Office: Biographic Sketches of Ottawa's Mayors (1847-1948)" (Renfrew, Ontario: General Store Publishing House, 2005)
^ The Lady Stanley Institute for Trained Nurses, incorporated 1890. Ottawa : Free Press Office, Cor. Queen and Elgin Street, 1892. Published by Scholar Select, reproduction of original artifact, page 11.
Chain of Office: Biographical Sketches of the Early Mayors of Ottawa (1847-1948), Dave Mullington (ISBN 1-897113-17-X)
vte Mayors of OttawaBytown (1847–55)
J. Scott
J. B. Lewis
Hervey
Sparrow
R. W. Scott
Turgeon
Friel
Ottawa (1855–2001)
J. B. Lewis
McGillivray
Workman
Friel
Dickinson
Lyon
Rochester
Martineau
Featherston
Lyon-Fellowes
Waller
Bangs
Mackintosh
St. Jean
Bate
McDougal
Stewart
Erratt
Birkett
Durocher
Cox
Borthwick
Bingham
Payment
Morris
Davidson
Cook
J. Ellis
Hastey
D. Scott
Champagne
Hopewell
Hinchey
McVeity
Porter
Fisher
Plant
Watters
Balharrie
A. Ellis
Allen
Nolan
J. E. S. Lewis
Bourque
Goodwin
Whitton
Nelms
Reid
Fogarty
Benoit
Greenberg
Dewar
Durrell
Laviolette
Holzman
Watson
Higdon (acting)
Ottawa (2001 amalgamation – present)
Chiarelli
O'Brien
Bellemare (acting)
Thompson (acting)
O'Brien
Watson
Sutcliffe
Preceded byMcLeod Stewart
Mayor of Ottawa 1889-1890
Succeeded byThomas Birkett
This article about a mayor in Ontario is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"West Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Central Canada Exhibition Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_SuperEX"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_Jaw,_Saskatchewan"}],"text":"Jacob Erratt (November 16, 1847 - April 28, 1928) was mayor of the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada from 1889 to 1890.[1]He was born in West Winchester, Ontario and came to Ottawa in 1869. He owned a furniture store in the city. He served on city council from 1882 to 1884. In 1888, he was named acting mayor. During his term as mayor, he served on the board of the Central Canada Exhibition Association. He also was a member of the Provisional Committee of the Lady Stanley institute for Trained Nurses at its incorporation in Ottawa in 1890.[2] In 1902, he moved to Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, where he opened a real estate office; he died there in 1928.","title":"Jacob Erratt"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Erratt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odumodublvck | Odumodublvck | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Political awareness","3 Artistry","4 Discography","4.1 Mixtape albums","4.2 Extended plays","4.3 Selected singles","5 Accolades","6 References"] | Nigerian rapper (born 1993)
OdumodublvckBackground informationBirth nameTochukwu Gbubemi OjogwuAlso known asBig KalaBig GunOye PumperVladimirovichBorn (1993-10-19) 19 October 1993 (age 30)Lagos, NigeriaOriginAbuja, NigeriaGenresHip-hopGrimeDrillAfropopOccupation(s)Rapper, singer, songwriterYears active2017–presentLabelsNATIVE Records, Def JamMember ofAnti-World Gangstars, Blvck Sheep Music.Musical artist
Tochukwu Gbubemi Ojogwu (born 19 October 1993), popularly known as Odumodublvck, is a Nigerian rapper, singer and songwriter. He is known for his stage performances, genre-blend and his often portrayal of Okpu Agu. Odumodublvck is a member of the hip-hop collective Anti World Gangstars. He currently resides in Abuja, Nigeria.
In 2022, he signed a record deal with NATIVE Records, in partnership with Def Jam. On 23 November 2022, he released his first single under the NATIVE, titled "Picanto" featuring Ecko Miles, and Zlatan, which earned him his first chart entry on the Nigeria Top 100 at number 79, and reached number 65. On 23 January 2023, he ranked number 4 on TurnTable's NXT Emerging Top Artistes. In 2023, Def Jam Recordings signed an exclusive deal with Odumodublvck upon the release of EZIOKWU mixtape.
Early life
Born in Lagos, he relocated with his family to Abuja at the age of 7. He had his junior high education at Christ the King College at Gwagwalada Abuja, where he got the stage name "Odumodu" in his second year of his junior high. He attended Bowen University for his first year tertiary education, then left and finished up at the University of Lagos, Akoka
Career
In 2022, Odumodublvck released a joint studio album with B.O.C Madaki, titled The Drop, and a few months later he released a follow-up single, "Picanto", featuring Ecko Miles, and Zlatan. On 21 November 2022, the single debuted on TurnTable Bubbling Under Top 100 at number 8, and number 15 on Nigeria Hip-Hop/Rap Songs chart. On 28 November 2022, "Picanto" debuted at number 79 on the Top 100, and number 44 on Nigeria Radio, the song also reached Number 6 at Nigeria Hip-Hop/Rap Songs chart.
On 26 March 2022, Odumodublvck performed at the Jameson Connects concert alongside DRB LasGidi, and Victony at Abuja. On 8 December 2022, he won the Next Rated Artist category at Galaxy Music Awards. The rapper gets a new Lexus IS 350, as part of the prize that comes with the Next Rated award. On 9 December 2022, he was announced on the line up of Vertical Rave concert opening acts alongside Teezee, Cruel Santino, PsychoYP, Odunsi the Engine, among others, to be held on 17 December 2022.
In March 2023, he released his first single on Friday 24, titled "Declan Rice", shortly after surviving a surgery that almost took his life. On 27 March 2023, Odumodublvck earned his first top 10 entry on TurnTable official Nigeria Top 100 Songs chart at number 8. On 1 April 2023, "Declan Rice" leads TheCable Lifestyle airplay chart at number 1.
West Ham united captain, Declan Rice expressed his excitement as Nigerians sang his name, courtesy of Odumodublavk. On 15 July 2023, Arsenal announced the signing of Declan Rice using his song in the background
Taking to his Instagram page on Thursday, January 25, 2024, Odumodublvck shared a snapshot showcasing his stylish pose alongside the three well-deserved plaques. Additional posts captured the artist celebrating this remarkable accomplishment with a group of friends, symbolising the significance of the moment.
In the TurnTable Charts standings, Blood On The Dance Floor and Cast claimed the top spot in the TurnTable Top 100 songs, showcasing Odumodublvck's undeniable impact on the music scene. Simultaneously, Eziokwu (Uncut) secured the number one position for the album category on the TurnTable Official Top 50 Albums Chart in Nigeria.
Political awareness
On 25 May 2023, Odumodu tweeted about the presidential inauguration of the 16th President of Nigeria Bola Tinubu Renewed Hope concert. In the quote, he wrote "They Tried To Get Me To Perform At The Inauguration. They Did Not Do Their Research." However, on 2 March 2023, following the release of NATIVE Sound System single "Vex", Odumodu declared his support to Peter Obi in the second verse "I dey hope on Peter Obi to save me", and earlier described himself as Peter Obi's running mate on social media.
Artistry
Odumodublvck is known for fusing Afrobeat, with Drill and Grime music. According to Dazed, "His unrelenting style of drill employs high-life inspired melodies which he calls OKPOROKO RHYTHMS and Nigerian Pidgin English to tell vivid stories about his community and everyday experiences – his narrative style is so specific to Nigerians, it’s hard to pick up on the nuances as an outsider."
Discography
Mixtape albums
List of studio mixtape albums, with selected details and chart positions
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
NG
T.A.B.S (TO ALL Blvcksheep)
Released: 22 August 2017
Label: Blvcksheep Media House
Formats: Digital download
—
Anti-World Gangstars
Released: 15 December 2018
Label: Blvcksheep Media House
Formats: Digital download
—
Odiegwu
Released: 3 December 2021
Label: Blvcksheep Media House
Formats: Digital download
—
The Drop
Released: 18 February 2022
Label: Gametime Records
Formats: Digital download
—
EZIOKWU
Released: 6 October 2023
Label: NATIVE, Def Jam, UMG
Formats: Digital download
1
Extended plays
List of extended plays, with selected details and chart positions
Title
EP details
Peak chart positions
NG
Time & Chance
Released: 19 October 2018
Format: Digital download, streaming
Label: Blvcksheep Media House
—
T a D E : The Afro Drill Experiment
Released: 1 July 2020
Format: Digital download, streaming
Label: Coincidence Music & Entertainment, Blvcksheep
—
Time & Chance
Released: 12 March 2021
Format: Digital download, streaming
Label: TopBoy Music
—
T a D E : The Afro Drill Experiment II
Released: 1 July 2022
Format: Digital download, streaming
Label:
—
Selected singles
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2022)
List of singles, showing title and year released with selected chart positions
Title
Year
Chart positions
Certifications
Album
NG
NGRap
NGAlt.
UK
UKAfrobeats
US
USAfrobeats
"Dog Eat Dog"
2022
96
—
—
—
—
—
—
TCSN: Platinum
Non-album single
"Picanto"
(featuring ECko Miles, and Zlatan)
25
6
—
—
—
—
—
EZIOKWU
"Declan Rice"
2023
8
1
—
—
—
—
27
TCSN: Gold
"DOG EAT DOG II"
(featuring Cruel Santino, and Bella Shmurda)
17
—
1
—
—
—
—
"FIREGUN"
(featuring Fireboy DML)
10
—
—
—
15
—
—
"WOTOWOTO SEASONiNG"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Non-album single
"Declan Rice (Arsenal Version)"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Non-album single
"MC OLUOMO"
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
EZIOKWU
"BLOOD ON THE DANCE FLOOR"
(featuring Bloody Civilian & Wale)
1
—
—
—
10
—
18
Accolades
Year
Awards ceremony
Award description(s)
Nominated work
Results
2022
Galaxy Music Awards
Next Rated Artist
Himself
Won
2023
African Muzik Magazine Awards
Best Newcomer
Won
Best Male Rap Act
Nominated
The Headies
Rookie of the Year
Won
Best Rap Single
"Declan Rice"
Won
Trace Awards & Festival
Best Newcomer
Himself
Nominated
2024
Telecel Ghana Music Awards
International Collaboration of the year
Wotowoto Season
Nominated
References
^ Ihekire, Chinonso. "Odumodublvck pays homage with Declan Rice". Retrieved 25 March 2023.
^ Sare, Watimagbo (2019). "Happy Birthday Odumodublvck". Facebook.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ Yawson, Jude. "Meet Odumodublvck, The West Ham-Loving Naija Rapper Co-Signed By Skepta". Complex. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
^ Dazed (18 October 2023). "Odumodublvck: the rising Nigerian artist fusing Afrobeats and drill". Dazed. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
^ Ihekire, Chinonso (10 December 2022). "Native records sign Smada, Odumodublvck". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ Igwe, Nwanneamaka (7 December 2022). "Turntable Top 100: BNXN's "Traboski" Debuts On The Top 10". The NATIVE. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ a b "TurnTable Nigeria Top 100". www.turntablecharts.com. TurnTable. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ "TurnTable NXT Emerging Top Artistes". www.turntablecharts.com. TurnTable. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ Udugba, Anthony (14 September 2023). "Odumodublvck signs exclusive deal with Def Jam Recordings". Businessday NG. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
^ a b c Idowu, Anu-oluwapo (17 November 2022). "Nigerian Drill; Odumodublvck is the Heartbeat of Afro Drill Rap". Radr Africa. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ Alake, Motolani (13 April 2021). "Pulse Torch Vol. 3: Meet ODUMODUBLVCK, the enigmatic Abuja-based rapper". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ Bassey, Ekaete. "Why I dropped out of Bowen varsity, Odumodublvck reveals". The Nation. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
^ "B.O.C. Madaki & Odumodublvck Release Joint Album titled "The Drop"". BellaNaija. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ a b "TurnTable Top Hip-Hop/Rap Songs". www.turntablecharts.com. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ "TurnTable Top Radio Songs". www.turntablecharts.com. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ Mix, Pulse (6 April 2022). "#JamesonConnectsAbuja: Premium Vibes like Never Before!". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ Ogunye, Joseph Adeoye (9 December 2022). "Galaxy Music Awards 2022: Burna Boy, Omah Lay, TG Aomori shine (Full list of winners)". The Informant247. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ ""Picanto" Rapper, Odumodublvck Upgrades From A Picanto To Lexus At..." NotjustOk. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ Esomnofu, Emmanuel (24 March 2023). "ODUMODUBLVCK Shares Highly Anticipated Single, "Declan Rice"". The NATIVE. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
^ "Odumodublvck Records His First Top Ten Entry in Nigeria With "Declan Rice"". www.turntablecharts.com. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
^ "TCL radio picks: Odumodublvck's 'Declan Rice' tops as Davido dominates chart". TheCable Lifestyle. 1 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
^ Itodo, Sunny Green (15 July 2023). "Odumodublvck reacts as Arsenal use his song to announce Declan Rice signing". Daily Post Nigeria. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Sports, Pulse (15 July 2023). "Odumodublvck to the world as Arsenal features his song on Declan Rice's announcement". Pulse Sports Nigeria. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ "Odumodublvck receives 3 plaques from TurnTable Charts". NotjustOk. 26 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
^ a b Adebiyi, Adeayo (26 May 2023). "Odumodu Blvck refuses to perform at Tinubu's Renewed Hope concert". Pulse Nigeria. Pulse Africa. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
^ Ihekire, Chinonso (4 March 2023). "Sholz taps native sound Ssystem on Cruel Love, Vex". The Guardian Nigeria News. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
^ "Meet the artists pushing Nigeria's burgeoning drill scene". Dazed. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ Bartee, Richardine (8 October 2023). "Stream Abuja star ODUMODUBLVCK's new mixtape 'EZIOKWU (THE TRUTH)'". GRUNGECAKE™. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
^ "Official Top 50 Albums". TurnTable Charts. TurnTable. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
^ "ODUMODUBLVCK". Official Charts. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
^ "ODUMODUBLVCK WINS THE NEXT RATED ACT AT THE GMA22". The GMAs. 11 December 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
^ Ayodele, Racheal (17 August 2023). "Davido leads 2023 AFRIMMA with six nominations ". Daily Post Nigeria. Retrieved 18 August 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Okpu Agu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiagu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"NATIVE Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATIVE_Records_(Nigerian_record_label)"},{"link_name":"Def Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Picanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picanto"},{"link_name":"Ecko Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecko_Miles"},{"link_name":"Zlatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurnTable_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TurnTable_Charts-7"},{"link_name":"TurnTable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurnTable"},{"link_name":"NXT Emerging Top Artistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurnTable_charts#Other_Charts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Def Jam Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings"},{"link_name":"EZIOKWU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eziokwu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Musical artistTochukwu Gbubemi Ojogwu (born 19 October 1993),[2] popularly known as Odumodublvck, is a Nigerian rapper, singer and songwriter.[3] He is known for his stage performances, genre-blend and his often portrayal of Okpu Agu.[4] Odumodublvck is a member of the hip-hop collective Anti World Gangstars. He currently resides in Abuja, Nigeria.In 2022, he signed a record deal with NATIVE Records, in partnership with Def Jam.[5] On 23 November 2022, he released his first single under the NATIVE, titled \"Picanto\" featuring Ecko Miles, and Zlatan, which earned him his first chart entry on the Nigeria Top 100 at number 79,[6] and reached number 65.[7] On 23 January 2023, he ranked number 4 on TurnTable's NXT Emerging Top Artistes.[8] In 2023, Def Jam Recordings signed an exclusive deal with Odumodublvck upon the release of EZIOKWU mixtape.[9]","title":"Odumodublvck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radr_Africa-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radr_Africa-10"},{"link_name":"Bowen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radr_Africa-10"}],"text":"Born in Lagos, he relocated with his family to Abuja at the age of 7. He had his junior high education at Christ the King College at Gwagwalada Abuja,[10] where he got the stage name \"Odumodu\" in his second year of his junior high.[11][10] He attended Bowen University for his first year tertiary education, then left and finished up at the University of Lagos, Akoka[12][10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ecko Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecko_Miles"},{"link_name":"Zlatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"TurnTable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurnTable_charts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Top_Hip-Hop/Rap_Songs-14"},{"link_name":"Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurnTable_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Top_Hip-Hop/Rap_Songs-14"},{"link_name":"DRB LasGidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRB_LasGidi"},{"link_name":"Victony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victony"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Teezee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teezee"},{"link_name":"Cruel Santino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruel_Santino"},{"link_name":"PsychoYP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsychoYP"},{"link_name":"Odunsi the Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odunsi_the_Engine"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"TurnTable official Nigeria Top 100 Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurnTable_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"TheCable Lifestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheCable"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Declan Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Rice"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In 2022, Odumodublvck released a joint studio album with B.O.C Madaki, titled The Drop,[13] and a few months later he released a follow-up single, \"Picanto\", featuring Ecko Miles, and Zlatan. On 21 November 2022, the single debuted on TurnTable Bubbling Under Top 100 at number 8, and number 15 on Nigeria Hip-Hop/Rap Songs chart.[14] On 28 November 2022, \"Picanto\" debuted at number 79 on the Top 100, and number 44 on Nigeria Radio,[15] the song also reached Number 6 at Nigeria Hip-Hop/Rap Songs chart.[14]On 26 March 2022, Odumodublvck performed at the Jameson Connects concert alongside DRB LasGidi, and Victony at Abuja.[16] On 8 December 2022, he won the Next Rated Artist category at Galaxy Music Awards.[17] The rapper gets a new Lexus IS 350, as part of the prize that comes with the Next Rated award.[18] On 9 December 2022, he was announced on the line up of Vertical Rave concert opening acts alongside Teezee, Cruel Santino, PsychoYP, Odunsi the Engine, among others, to be held on 17 December 2022.In March 2023, he released his first single on Friday 24, titled \"Declan Rice\",[19] shortly after surviving a surgery that almost took his life. On 27 March 2023, Odumodublvck earned his first top 10 entry on TurnTable official Nigeria Top 100 Songs chart at number 8.[20] On 1 April 2023, \"Declan Rice\" leads TheCable Lifestyle airplay chart at number 1.[21]West Ham united captain, Declan Rice expressed his excitement as Nigerians sang his name, courtesy of Odumodublavk. On 15 July 2023, Arsenal announced the signing of Declan Rice using his song in the background[22][23]Taking to his Instagram page on Thursday, January 25, 2024, Odumodublvck shared a snapshot showcasing his stylish pose alongside the three well-deserved plaques. Additional posts captured the artist celebrating this remarkable accomplishment with a group of friends, symbolising the significance of the moment.In the TurnTable Charts standings, Blood On The Dance Floor and Cast claimed the top spot in the TurnTable Top 100 songs, showcasing Odumodublvck's undeniable impact on the music scene. Simultaneously, Eziokwu (Uncut) secured the number one position for the album category on the TurnTable Official Top 50 Albums Chart in Nigeria.[24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"presidential inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nigerian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Bola Tinubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Tinubu"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pulse_Nigeria-25"},{"link_name":"NATIVE Sound System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATIVE_Sound_System"},{"link_name":"Peter Obi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Obi"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pulse_Nigeria-25"}],"sub_title":"Political awareness","text":"On 25 May 2023, Odumodu tweeted about the presidential inauguration of the 16th President of Nigeria Bola Tinubu Renewed Hope concert. In the quote, he wrote \"They Tried To Get Me To Perform At The Inauguration. They Did Not Do Their Research.\"[25] However, on 2 March 2023, following the release of NATIVE Sound System single \"Vex\", Odumodu declared his support to Peter Obi in the second verse \"I dey hope on Peter Obi to save me\",[26] and earlier described himself as Peter Obi's running mate on social media.[25]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afrobeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat"},{"link_name":"Drill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_music"},{"link_name":"Grime music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grime_music"},{"link_name":"Dazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazed"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Odumodublvck is known for fusing Afrobeat, with Drill and Grime music. According to Dazed, \"His unrelenting style of drill employs high-life inspired melodies which he calls OKPOROKO RHYTHMS and Nigerian Pidgin English to tell vivid stories about his community and everyday experiences – his narrative style is so specific to Nigerians, it’s hard to pick up on the nuances as an outsider.\"[27]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixtape albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Selected singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ihekire, Chinonso. \"Odumodublvck pays homage with Declan Rice\". Retrieved 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/odumodublvck-pays-homage-with-declan-rice/amp/","url_text":"\"Odumodublvck pays homage with Declan Rice\""}]},{"reference":"Sare, Watimagbo (2019). \"Happy Birthday Odumodublvck\". Facebook.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/reeplaysumtin/videos/795579367528503/?app=fbl","url_text":"\"Happy Birthday Odumodublvck\""}]},{"reference":"Yawson, Jude. \"Meet Odumodublvck, The West Ham-Loving Naija Rapper Co-Signed By Skepta\". Complex. Retrieved 15 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/a/jude-yawson/odumodublvck-declan-rice-interview","url_text":"\"Meet Odumodublvck, The West Ham-Loving Naija Rapper Co-Signed By Skepta\""}]},{"reference":"Dazed (18 October 2023). \"Odumodublvck: the rising Nigerian artist fusing Afrobeats and drill\". Dazed. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/61137/1/odumodublvck-the-rising-nigerian-artist-fusing-afrobeats-and-drill","url_text":"\"Odumodublvck: the rising Nigerian artist fusing Afrobeats and drill\""}]},{"reference":"Ihekire, Chinonso (10 December 2022). \"Native records sign Smada, Odumodublvck\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/native-records-sign-smada-odumodublvck/","url_text":"\"Native records sign Smada, Odumodublvck\""}]},{"reference":"Igwe, Nwanneamaka (7 December 2022). \"Turntable Top 100: BNXN's \"Traboski\" Debuts On The Top 10\". The NATIVE. Retrieved 7 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://thenativemag.com/turntable-top-100-bnxn-traboski/","url_text":"\"Turntable Top 100: BNXN's \"Traboski\" Debuts On The Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"TurnTable Nigeria Top 100\". www.turntablecharts.com. TurnTable. Retrieved 7 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/top100","url_text":"\"TurnTable Nigeria Top 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"TurnTable NXT Emerging Top Artistes\". www.turntablecharts.com. TurnTable. Retrieved 5 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/14","url_text":"\"TurnTable NXT Emerging Top Artistes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurnTable","url_text":"TurnTable"}]},{"reference":"Udugba, Anthony (14 September 2023). \"Odumodublvck signs exclusive deal with Def Jam Recordings\". Businessday NG. Retrieved 29 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/odumodublvck-signs-exclusive-deal-with-def-jam-recordings/","url_text":"\"Odumodublvck signs exclusive deal with Def Jam Recordings\""}]},{"reference":"Idowu, Anu-oluwapo (17 November 2022). \"Nigerian Drill; Odumodublvck is the Heartbeat of Afro Drill Rap\". Radr Africa. Retrieved 6 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://radrafrica.com/radrmusic/nigerian-drill-odumodublvck-is-the-heartbeat-of-afro-drill-rap/","url_text":"\"Nigerian Drill; Odumodublvck is the Heartbeat of Afro Drill Rap\""}]},{"reference":"Alake, Motolani (13 April 2021). \"Pulse Torch Vol. 3: Meet ODUMODUBLVCK, the enigmatic Abuja-based rapper\". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/pulse-torch-vol-3-meet-odumodublvck-the-enigmatic-abuja-based-rapper-interview/lrsym4x","url_text":"\"Pulse Torch Vol. 3: Meet ODUMODUBLVCK, the enigmatic Abuja-based rapper\""}]},{"reference":"Bassey, Ekaete. \"Why I dropped out of Bowen varsity, Odumodublvck reveals\". The Nation. Retrieved 17 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenationonlineng.net/why-i-dropped-out-of-bowen-varsity-odumodublvck-reveals/","url_text":"\"Why I dropped out of Bowen varsity, Odumodublvck reveals\""}]},{"reference":"\"B.O.C. Madaki & Odumodublvck Release Joint Album titled \"The Drop\"\". BellaNaija. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/03/b-o-c-madaki-odumodublvck-the-drop/","url_text":"\"B.O.C. Madaki & Odumodublvck Release Joint Album titled \"The Drop\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"TurnTable Top Hip-Hop/Rap Songs\". www.turntablecharts.com. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/9","url_text":"\"TurnTable Top Hip-Hop/Rap Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"TurnTable Top Radio Songs\". www.turntablecharts.com. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/5","url_text":"\"TurnTable Top Radio Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Mix, Pulse (6 April 2022). \"#JamesonConnectsAbuja: Premium Vibes like Never Before!\". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/jamesonconnectsabuja-premium-vibes-like-never-before/pbx6vyw","url_text":"\"#JamesonConnectsAbuja: Premium Vibes like Never Before!\""}]},{"reference":"Ogunye, Joseph Adeoye (9 December 2022). \"Galaxy Music Awards 2022: Burna Boy, Omah Lay, TG Aomori shine (Full list of winners)\". The Informant247. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theinformant247.com/galaxy-music-awards-2022-burna-boy-omah-lay-tg-aomori-shine-full-list-of-winners/","url_text":"\"Galaxy Music Awards 2022: Burna Boy, Omah Lay, TG Aomori shine (Full list of winners)\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Picanto\" Rapper, Odumodublvck Upgrades From A Picanto To Lexus At...\" NotjustOk. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://notjustok.com/news/odumodublvck-upgrades-from-a-picanto-to-lexus-after-winning-next-rated-awards-at/","url_text":"\"\"Picanto\" Rapper, Odumodublvck Upgrades From A Picanto To Lexus At...\""}]},{"reference":"Esomnofu, Emmanuel (24 March 2023). \"ODUMODUBLVCK Shares Highly Anticipated Single, \"Declan Rice\"\". The NATIVE. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://thenativemag.com/odumodublvck-declan-rice/","url_text":"\"ODUMODUBLVCK Shares Highly Anticipated Single, \"Declan Rice\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Odumodublvck Records His First Top Ten Entry in Nigeria With \"Declan Rice\"\". www.turntablecharts.com. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.turntablecharts.com/news/799","url_text":"\"Odumodublvck Records His First Top Ten Entry in Nigeria With \"Declan Rice\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"TCL radio picks: Odumodublvck's 'Declan Rice' tops as Davido dominates chart\". TheCable Lifestyle. 1 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/tcl-radio-picks-odumodublvcks-declan-rice-tops-as-davido-dominates-chart/","url_text":"\"TCL radio picks: Odumodublvck's 'Declan Rice' tops as Davido dominates chart\""}]},{"reference":"Itodo, Sunny Green (15 July 2023). \"Odumodublvck reacts as Arsenal use his song to announce Declan Rice signing\". Daily Post Nigeria. Retrieved 17 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailypost.ng/2023/07/15/odumodublvck-reacts-as-arsenal-use-his-song-to-announce-declan-rice-signing/","url_text":"\"Odumodublvck reacts as Arsenal use his song to announce Declan Rice signing\""}]},{"reference":"Sports, Pulse (15 July 2023). \"Odumodublvck to the world as Arsenal features his song on Declan Rice's announcement\". Pulse Sports Nigeria. Retrieved 17 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/odumodublvck-to-the-world-as-arsenal-features-his-song-on-declan-rices-announcement-2023071514132792142","url_text":"\"Odumodublvck to the world as Arsenal features his song on Declan Rice's announcement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Odumodublvck receives 3 plaques from TurnTable Charts\". NotjustOk. 26 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://notjustok.com/news/odumodublvck-receives-3-plaques-from-turntable-charts/","url_text":"\"Odumodublvck receives 3 plaques from TurnTable Charts\""}]},{"reference":"Adebiyi, Adeayo (26 May 2023). \"Odumodu Blvck refuses to perform at Tinubu's Renewed Hope concert\". Pulse Nigeria. Pulse Africa. Retrieved 31 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/odumodu-blvck-refuses-to-perform-at-tinubus-renewed-hope-concert/4xszxtj","url_text":"\"Odumodu Blvck refuses to perform at Tinubu's Renewed Hope concert\""}]},{"reference":"Ihekire, Chinonso (4 March 2023). \"Sholz taps native sound Ssystem on Cruel Love, Vex\". The Guardian Nigeria News. Retrieved 31 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/sholz-taps-native-sound-system-on-cruel-love-vex/","url_text":"\"Sholz taps native sound Ssystem on Cruel Love, Vex\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the artists pushing Nigeria's burgeoning drill scene\". Dazed. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/57358/1/meet-the-artists-pushing-nigeria-drill-scene-abuja-odumodublvck","url_text":"\"Meet the artists pushing Nigeria's burgeoning drill scene\""}]},{"reference":"Bartee, Richardine (8 October 2023). \"Stream Abuja star ODUMODUBLVCK's new mixtape 'EZIOKWU (THE TRUTH)'\". GRUNGECAKE™. Retrieved 9 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://grungecake.com/odumodublvck-eziokwu-the-truth/articles/104298","url_text":"\"Stream Abuja star ODUMODUBLVCK's new mixtape 'EZIOKWU (THE TRUTH)'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Top 50 Albums\". TurnTable Charts. TurnTable. Retrieved 18 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/2","url_text":"\"Official Top 50 Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"ODUMODUBLVCK\". Official Charts. 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Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailypost.ng/2023/08/17/davido-leads-2023-afrimma-with-six-nominations-full-list/?amp=1","url_text":"\"Davido leads 2023 AFRIMMA with six nominations [FULL LIST]\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odumodublvck&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://hypetrendz.com.ng/tag/ecko-miles","external_links_name":"ECko Miles"},{"Link":"https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/odumodublvck-pays-homage-with-declan-rice/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Odumodublvck pays homage with Declan Rice\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/reeplaysumtin/videos/795579367528503/?app=fbl","external_links_name":"\"Happy Birthday Odumodublvck\""},{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/a/jude-yawson/odumodublvck-declan-rice-interview","external_links_name":"\"Meet Odumodublvck, The West Ham-Loving Naija Rapper Co-Signed By Skepta\""},{"Link":"https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/61137/1/odumodublvck-the-rising-nigerian-artist-fusing-afrobeats-and-drill","external_links_name":"\"Odumodublvck: the rising Nigerian artist fusing Afrobeats and drill\""},{"Link":"https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/native-records-sign-smada-odumodublvck/","external_links_name":"\"Native records sign Smada, Odumodublvck\""},{"Link":"http://thenativemag.com/turntable-top-100-bnxn-traboski/","external_links_name":"\"Turntable Top 100: BNXN's \"Traboski\" Debuts On The Top 10\""},{"Link":"https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/top100","external_links_name":"\"TurnTable Nigeria Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/14","external_links_name":"\"TurnTable NXT Emerging Top Artistes\""},{"Link":"https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/odumodublvck-signs-exclusive-deal-with-def-jam-recordings/","external_links_name":"\"Odumodublvck signs exclusive deal with Def Jam Recordings\""},{"Link":"https://radrafrica.com/radrmusic/nigerian-drill-odumodublvck-is-the-heartbeat-of-afro-drill-rap/","external_links_name":"\"Nigerian Drill; Odumodublvck is the Heartbeat of Afro Drill Rap\""},{"Link":"https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/pulse-torch-vol-3-meet-odumodublvck-the-enigmatic-abuja-based-rapper-interview/lrsym4x","external_links_name":"\"Pulse Torch Vol. 3: Meet ODUMODUBLVCK, the enigmatic Abuja-based rapper\""},{"Link":"https://thenationonlineng.net/why-i-dropped-out-of-bowen-varsity-odumodublvck-reveals/","external_links_name":"\"Why I dropped out of Bowen varsity, Odumodublvck reveals\""},{"Link":"https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/03/b-o-c-madaki-odumodublvck-the-drop/","external_links_name":"\"B.O.C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joelle_Leandre | Joëlle Léandre | ["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"] | French musician
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Joëlle Léandre" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Joëlle LéandreJoëlle Léandre at Cornelia Street Cafe 2 July 2010 Photo: Claire StefaniBackground informationBorn (1951-09-12) 12 September 1951 (age 72)Aix-en-Provence, FranceGenresContemporary classical, free improvisationOccupation(s)Musician, composerInstrument(s)Double bass, vocalsLabelsFMP, Leo, RogueArt, Setola di Maiale Red Toucan, Intakt, Hat Art, Ambiances MagnétiqueMusical artist
Joëlle Léandre (born 12 September 1951 in Aix-en-Provence, France) is a French double bassist, vocalist, and composer active in new music and free improvisation.
In the field of contemporary music, she has performed with Pierre Boulez's Ensemble InterContemporain, and worked with Merce Cunningham and John Cage. Both Cage and Giacinto Scelsi have composed works specifically for her.
She gave a solo concert at Jazz em Agosto in 2007 (Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal). At this same jazz festival, Léandre also performed in the Quartet Noir, a quartet which rarely performed live, with Marilyn Crispell, Urs Leimgruber and Fritz Hauser.
She has also collaborated with musicians in the fields of jazz and improvised music, including Derek Bailey, Barre Phillips, Anthony Braxton, George E. Lewis, India Cooke, Evan Parker, Irène Schweizer, Steve Lacy, Maggie Nicols, Fred Frith, Vinny Golia, Carlos Zingaro, John Zorn, Susie Ibarra, J. D. Parran, Kevin Norton, Eric Watson, Ernst Reijseger, Akosh S. and Sylvie Courvoisier.
In 1983 she became a member of the European Women Improvising Group (EWIG), which evolved from the Feminist Improvising Group, and in the early 1990s she co-founded the feminist improvising trio Les Diaboliques, with Schweizer and Nicols.
Discography
1981 Contrabassiste (QCA Redmark-Liben)
1981–1982 Instant Replay with Lol Coxhill (Nato)
1982 Live at The Bastille with Maggie Nicols and Lindsay Cooper (Sync Pulse)
1982 28 rue Dunois juillet 1982 with Derek Bailey, George Lewis, Evan Parker (Fou)
1983 Couscous with Lol Coxhill (Nato)
1983 Les Douze sons (Nato)
1983 Trios (Incus)
1984 Live at Taktlos with Irène Schweizer and Paul Lovens (Intakt)
1984 Sweet Zee, Daunik Lazro (Hat Art)
1984 Pour un demi-poulet (Nato)
1985–1987 Paris Quartet (Intakt)
1985 Sincerely (Plainisphare)
1986 Canaille (Intakt)
1986 Cordial gratin with Irène Schweizer (FMP)
1986 Frerebet with Peter Kowald (FMP)
1986 Soeurbet with Peter Kowald (FMP)
1986–1988 The Storming of the Winter Palace (Intakt)
1987 Contrabasse et voix (ADDA)
1987 Les domestiques with Jon Rose (Konnex)
1987 Violin Music for Restaurants with Jon Rose (ReR)
1988 Anthony Braxton Group, Ensemble (Victoriaville)
1988 En Chair et en os, on the poems of Julien Blaine (DCC)
1990 Écritures, with Carlos Zingaro (In Situ)
1990 Trend, avec Mario Schiano, Evan Parker, Alex Von Schlippenbach and Paul Lytton (Splasc (h))
1990 Urban Bass (EDD)
1991 Palimpseste with Eric Watson (Hat Art)
1991 Canaille 91)
1992 Haunting the Spirits Inside Them (Music & Arts)
1992 Okanagon, compositions of Giacinto Scelsi (Hat Art)
1992 L'Histoire de Mme Tasco, Canvas Trio (Hat Art)
1992 Urgent Meeting 221 (with Un Drame Musical Instantané) (GRRR)
1992 Letter 3, duo with Sainkho Namchylak (Leo)
1993 Les Diaboliques (Intakt)
1993 Blue Goo Park, duo with Rüdiger Carl (FMP)
1993 Nuage en voyage, duo with Annick Nozati (Zoo)
1993 Tracks, with Mario Schiano and Peter Kowald (Le Parc Music)
1994 Sound on Stage Part 1, with Carlos Zingaro (Musicworks)
1994 Sincerely (Plainisphare)
1994 Joëlle Léandre – Pascal Contet (Grave)
1994 Blue Memories, with Mario Schiano and Renato Geremia (Splasc (h))
1994 Jon Rose, ://shoppinglive@victo (ReR)
1994 Les Diaboliques, Splitting Image (Intakt, 1997)
1994–1995 No Comment (Red Toucan)
1995 John Cage (Auvidis Montaigne)
1995 Not Missing Drums Project, with Urban Voices (Leo)
1996 Live @ Banlieues Bleues, with Georg Graewe and François Houle (Red Toucan)
1996 18 Colors, duo with Lauren Newton (Leo)
1996 Duos 3–13, For 4 Ears, duos with Fredy Studer
1996 Moments, Canvas Trio (Music & Arts)
1996 No Try No Fail, trio with Urs Leimgruber and Fritz Hauser (Hatology)
1998 Joëlle et Tetsu, duo with Tetsu Saitoh (Omba)
1997 Philippe Fénelon, Five Pieces on New Music (MFA)
1997 Incandescences, duo with Giorgio Occhipinti (Tonesetters)
1997 No Waiting, duo with Derek Bailey (Potlatch)
1997 E'vero, duo with Sebi Tramontana (Leo)
1997 Les Diaboliques, Live at the Rhinefalls (Intakt)
1997 Chantal Dumas, Le parfum des femmes (OHM/AVTR)
1998 Contrabasses, duo with William Parker (Leo)
1998 Short Takes, duo with Haruna Miyake (Egg Farm)
1998 Improvisation & Performance (Mesostics)
1998 Ryoanji: John Cage Concert in Hiroshima with Kumi Wakao (Mesostics)
1998 Solo Bass (Mesostics)
1998 Sapporo Duets, duo with Ryoji Hojito (Tonesetters/Jazz Halo)
1998 Quartet Noir, with Urs Leimgruber, Marilyn Crispell and Fritz Hauser (Victo)
1998–1999 Saadet Türköz, Marmara Sea (Intakt)
1999 Joëlle Léandre Project (Leo)
1999 Tricotage, duo with Danielle P Roger (Ambiances Magnétiques)
1999 Organic – Mineral, with Kazue Sawai (In Situ)
1994–2000 Amalgam (e): 10 ans de Red Toucan (Red Toucan)
2000 Dire du dire (Rectangle)
2000 Quelque part (Lithium)
2000 C'est ça, with Hasse Poulsen and François Houle (Red Toucan)
2000 John Cage #4, with Kumi Wakao (Mesostics)
2000 Joëlle Léandre & Yu Wakao (Mesostics)
2000 Signature: live at the Egg Farm, duos with Masahiko Satoh and Yuji Takahashi (Red Toucan)
2000 Festival Beyond Innocence: 4 1999–2000 (two pieces on a compilation) (Innocent)
2000 Concerten, Muziekinstrumentenmuseum (one piece and solo on a compilation) (MIM)
2000 La 5e feuille, The poetry of Julien Blaine (DCC)
2001 Out of Sound (Leo)
2001 Timbreplus, Timbre with Hauser, Léandre, Leimgruber (ARBE)
2001 Madly You, Lazro, Léandre, Zingaro, Lovens (Potlatch)
2001 1/2, Léandre, Zingaro, Tramontana (No label)
2001 The Chicken Check in Complex, Zingaro, Léandre, Tramontana (Leo)
2001 For Flowers, Joëlle Léandre, Mat Maneri, Joel Ryan, Christophe Marguet (Leo)
2001 Passaggio, Sylvie Courvoisier, Joëlle Léandre, Susie Ibarra (Intakt)
2002 Roland Kirk,Duets 2, avec Ramón López (Leo)
2002 Ocean of Earth, Kevin Norton, Joëlle Léandre, Tomas Ulrich (Barking Hoop)
2002 Tempted to Smile, Fred Frith, Joëlle Léandre, Jonathan Segel (Spool)
2002 No Day Rising, Brett Larner, Joëlle Léandre, Kazuhisa Uchihashi (Spool)
2002 The Space_Between, Philip Gelb, Pauline Oliveras, Dana Reason, Joëlle Léandre (482 Music)
2002 Evident, duo avec Mark Nauseef (482 Music)
2002 One More Time, Steve Lac, Joëlle Léandre (Leo)
2003 After You Gone, Barre Phillips, Joëlle Léandre, William Parker, Tetsu Saitoh (Victo)
2003 Györ, duo with Akosh S (Reqords)
2003 Sur une balançoire, duo with Gianni Lenoci (Ambiances Magnétiques)
2003–2004 Irène Schweizer un film de Gitta Gsell (Intakt DVD)
2004 India Cooke, Firedance (Red Toucan)
2004 Ramón López Flowers Trio, Flowers of Peace (Leo)
2004 Quartet Noir, Lugano (Victo)
2004 Cruxes, Aurora Josephson, Joëlle Léandre, Damon Smith, Martin Blume (Balance Point Acoustics)
2005 Concerto Grosso, Tonesetters (Jazz Halo)
2005 Face It!, duo with Lauren Newton (Leo)
2005 At The Le Mans Jazz Festival (Leo)
2005 Voyages, duo with Masahiko Satoh (BJSP)
2005 Open Waves Concert, duo with Carlos Bechegas (Forward)
2005 Freeway, duo with Pascal Contet (Clean Feed)
2005 25th NWM, Ninth World Music (one piece on a compilation)
2006 Les Diaboliques, Jubilee Concert (Intakt DVD)
2006 Winter in New York, duo with Kevin Norton (Leo)
2006 9 moments, Houle, Léandre, Strid (Red Toucan)
2006 DMG @ The Stone Volume 1: December 22, 2006, with The Stone Quartet (Léandre, Marilyn Crispell, Roy Campbell, Mat Maneri) (DMG)
2006 À l'improviste, Joëlle Léandre, Barre Phillips (Kadima Collective)
2007 Psychomagic Combination, Joëlle Léandre, Gianni Lenoci, Vittorino Curci, Marcello Magliocchi (Setola di Maiale)
2007 Duo (Heidelberg Loppem), duo with Anthony Braxton (Leo)
2007 Live in Israël, solo and collective improvisations (Kadima Collective)
2008 Trace, Léandre, Vidal, Boni (Red Toucan)
2008 Out of Nowhere, duo with Quentin Sirjacq (Ambiances Magnétiques)
2008 Basse Continue, DVD with interviews and in concert (Hors Œl éditions)
2008 KOR, duo with Akosh S (Leo)
2008 Transatlantic Visions, duo with George Lewis (RogueArt)
2009 Live at Dunois, duo with William Parker (Leo)
2009 Live aux Instants Chavirés, duo with Jean-Luc Cappozzo (Kadima Collective)
2010 Before After, trio with Nicole Mitchell and Dylan Van Der Schyff (RogueArt)
2011 That Overt Desire Of Object, duo with Phillip Greenlief (Relative Pitch)
2011 Live at Vision Festival, with The Stone Quartet (Léandre, Marilyn Crispell, Roy Campbell, Mat Maneri) (Ayler)
2012 Trans, en duo with Serge Teyssot-Gay (Intervalle Triton)
2013 The Bill Has Been Paid, en duo with Steve Dalachinsky (Dark Tree)
2013 Trio Ceccaldi avec Joëlle Leandre (Ayler)
2913 14 rue Paul Fort, Paris with Benoit Delbecq, François Houle (Leo)
2014 Tout va monter, trio with Benoît Delbecq and Carnage The Executioner (Nato)
2014 Hasparren Daunik Lazro (NoBusiness)
2014 3 with Pascal Contet (Ayler)
2014 Sisters Where with Nicole Mitchell (RogueArt)
2015 MMM Quartet with Fred Frith, Alvin Curran, Urs Leimgruber (RogueArt)
2016 Joëlle Léandre 10, Can You Hear Me?, with Guillaume Aknine, Florent Stache, Jean-Brice Godet, Théo Ceccaldi (Ayler)
2016 Unleashed Myra Melford, Nicole Mitchell (RogueArt)
References
^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 254. ISBN 0-85112-580-8.
^ a b Layne, Joslyn. "Joëlle Léandre: Biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
^ Hareuveni, Eyal (2008-01-21). "Joelle Leandre: On Freedom and Responsibility". All About Jazz. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
External links
Profile at All About Jazz
Authority control databases International
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ISNI
VIAF
National
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France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
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Parran, Kevin Norton, Eric Watson, Ernst Reijseger, Akosh S. and Sylvie Courvoisier.In 1983 she became a member of the European Women Improvising Group (EWIG),[2] which evolved from the Feminist Improvising Group, and in the early 1990s she co-founded the feminist improvising trio Les Diaboliques, with Schweizer and Nicols.","title":"Joëlle Léandre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lol Coxhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lol_Coxhill"},{"link_name":"Maggie Nicols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Nicols"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Lol Coxhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lol_Coxhill"},{"link_name":"Incus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incus_Records"},{"link_name":"Live at Taktlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Taktlos"},{"link_name":"Irène Schweizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Schweizer"},{"link_name":"Paul Lovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lovens"},{"link_name":"Intakt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intakt_Records"},{"link_name":"Plainisphare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainisphare"},{"link_name":"FMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMP/Free_Music_Production"},{"link_name":"Peter Kowald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kowald"},{"link_name":"The Storming of the Winter Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Storming_of_the_Winter_Palace_(album)"},{"link_name":"Jon Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Rose"},{"link_name":"Konnex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konnex_Records"},{"link_name":"Anthony Braxton Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Carlos Zingaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Zingaro"},{"link_name":"Mario Schiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Schiano"},{"link_name":"Evan Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Parker"},{"link_name":"Alex Von Schlippenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Von_Schlippenbach"},{"link_name":"Paul Lytton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lytton"},{"link_name":"Eric Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Watson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Music & Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Arts"},{"link_name":"Giacinto Scelsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacinto_Scelsi"},{"link_name":"Un Drame Musical Instantané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Drame_Musical_Instantan%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Records"},{"link_name":"Jon Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Rose"},{"link_name":"Splitting Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting_Image_(album)"},{"link_name":"Georg Graewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Graewe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François Houle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Houle"},{"link_name":"Lauren Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Newton"},{"link_name":"Fredy Studer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredy_Studer"},{"link_name":"Urs Leimgruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs_Leimgruber"},{"link_name":"Fritz Hauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hauser"},{"link_name":"Hatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathut"},{"link_name":"Tetsu Saitoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetsu_Saitoh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Occhipinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Occhipinti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Derek Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Bailey_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"William Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Haruna Miyake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruna_Miyake"},{"link_name":"Kumi Wakao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumi_Wakao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ryoji Hojito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryoji_Hojito&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joëlle Léandre Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABlle_L%C3%A9andre_Project"},{"link_name":"Danielle P Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danielle_P_Roger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ambiances Magnétiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiances_Magn%C3%A9tiques"},{"link_name":"Kazue Sawai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazue_Sawai"},{"link_name":"Rectangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangle_(label)"},{"link_name":"Hasse Poulsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasse_Poulsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kumi Wakao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumi_Wakao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roland Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Ramón López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_L%C3%B3pez_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spool_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Barre Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barre_Phillips"},{"link_name":"William Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Akosh S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akosh_Szelev%C3%A9nyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gianni Lenoci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Lenoci"},{"link_name":"Kevin Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Norton"},{"link_name":"DMG @ The Stone Volume 1: December 22, 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMG_@_The_Stone_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"Setola di Maiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setola_di_Maiale"},{"link_name":"Anthony Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Boni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Boni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Akosh S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akosh_Szelev%C3%A9nyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RogueArt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RogueArt"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Cappozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Luc_Cappozzo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Relative Pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_Pitch_Records"},{"link_name":"Live at Vision Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Vision_Festival"},{"link_name":"Ayler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayler_Records"},{"link_name":"Serge Teyssot-Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Teyssot-Gay"},{"link_name":"Steve Dalachinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Dalachinsky"},{"link_name":"Benoît Delbecq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Delbecq"},{"link_name":"Carnage The Executioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnage_The_Executioner"},{"link_name":"NoBusiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoBusiness_Records"},{"link_name":"Théo Ceccaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9o_Ceccaldi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1981 Contrabassiste (QCA Redmark-Liben)\n1981–1982 Instant Replay with Lol Coxhill (Nato)\n1982 Live at The Bastille with Maggie Nicols and Lindsay Cooper (Sync Pulse)\n1982 28 rue Dunois juillet 1982 with Derek Bailey, George Lewis, Evan Parker (Fou)\n1983 Couscous with Lol Coxhill (Nato)\n1983 Les Douze sons (Nato)\n1983 Trios (Incus)\n1984 Live at Taktlos with Irène Schweizer and Paul Lovens (Intakt)\n1984 Sweet Zee, Daunik Lazro (Hat Art)\n1984 Pour un demi-poulet (Nato)\n1985–1987 Paris Quartet (Intakt)\n1985 Sincerely (Plainisphare)\n1986 Canaille (Intakt)\n1986 Cordial gratin with Irène Schweizer (FMP)\n1986 Frerebet with Peter Kowald (FMP)\n1986 Soeurbet with Peter Kowald (FMP)\n1986–1988 The Storming of the Winter Palace (Intakt)\n1987 Contrabasse et voix (ADDA)\n1987 Les domestiques with Jon Rose (Konnex)\n1987 Violin Music for Restaurants with Jon Rose (ReR)\n1988 Anthony Braxton Group, Ensemble (Victoriaville)\n1988 En Chair et en os, on the poems of Julien Blaine (DCC)\n1990 Écritures, with Carlos Zingaro (In Situ)\n1990 Trend, avec Mario Schiano, Evan Parker, Alex Von Schlippenbach and Paul Lytton (Splasc (h))\n1990 Urban Bass (EDD)\n1991 Palimpseste with Eric Watson (Hat Art)\n1991 Canaille 91)\n1992 Haunting the Spirits Inside Them (Music & Arts)\n1992 Okanagon, compositions of Giacinto Scelsi (Hat Art)\n1992 L'Histoire de Mme Tasco, Canvas Trio (Hat Art)\n1992 Urgent Meeting 221 (with Un Drame Musical Instantané) (GRRR)\n1992 Letter 3, duo with Sainkho Namchylak (Leo)\n1993 Les Diaboliques (Intakt)\n1993 Blue Goo Park, duo with Rüdiger Carl (FMP)\n1993 Nuage en voyage, duo with Annick Nozati (Zoo)\n1993 Tracks, with Mario Schiano and Peter Kowald (Le Parc Music)\n1994 Sound on Stage Part 1, with Carlos Zingaro (Musicworks)\n1994 Sincerely (Plainisphare)\n1994 Joëlle Léandre – Pascal Contet (Grave)\n1994 Blue Memories, with Mario Schiano and Renato Geremia (Splasc (h))\n1994 Jon Rose, ://shoppinglive@victo (ReR)\n1994 Les Diaboliques, Splitting Image (Intakt, 1997)\n1994–1995 No Comment (Red Toucan)\n1995 John Cage (Auvidis Montaigne)\n1995 Not Missing Drums Project, with Urban Voices (Leo)\n1996 Live @ Banlieues Bleues, with Georg Graewe and François Houle (Red Toucan)\n1996 18 Colors, duo with Lauren Newton (Leo)\n1996 Duos 3–13, For 4 Ears, duos with Fredy Studer\n1996 Moments, Canvas Trio (Music & Arts)\n1996 No Try No Fail, trio with Urs Leimgruber and Fritz Hauser (Hatology)\n1998 Joëlle et Tetsu, duo with Tetsu Saitoh (Omba)\n1997 Philippe Fénelon, Five Pieces on New Music (MFA)\n1997 Incandescences, duo with Giorgio Occhipinti (Tonesetters)\n1997 No Waiting, duo with Derek Bailey (Potlatch)\n1997 E'vero, duo with Sebi Tramontana (Leo)\n1997 Les Diaboliques, Live at the Rhinefalls (Intakt)\n1997 Chantal Dumas, Le parfum des femmes (OHM/AVTR)\n1998 Contrabasses, duo with William Parker (Leo)\n1998 Short Takes, duo with Haruna Miyake (Egg Farm)\n1998 Improvisation & Performance (Mesostics)\n1998 Ryoanji: John Cage Concert in Hiroshima with Kumi Wakao (Mesostics)\n1998 Solo Bass (Mesostics)\n1998 Sapporo Duets, duo with Ryoji Hojito (Tonesetters/Jazz Halo)\n1998 Quartet Noir, with Urs Leimgruber, Marilyn Crispell and Fritz Hauser (Victo)\n1998–1999 Saadet Türköz, Marmara Sea (Intakt)\n1999 Joëlle Léandre Project (Leo)\n1999 Tricotage, duo with Danielle P Roger (Ambiances Magnétiques)\n1999 Organic – Mineral, with Kazue Sawai (In Situ)\n1994–2000 Amalgam (e): 10 ans de Red Toucan (Red Toucan)\n2000 Dire du dire (Rectangle)\n2000 Quelque part (Lithium)\n2000 C'est ça, with Hasse Poulsen and François Houle (Red Toucan)\n2000 John Cage #4, with Kumi Wakao (Mesostics)\n2000 Joëlle Léandre & Yu Wakao (Mesostics)\n2000 Signature: live at the Egg Farm, duos with Masahiko Satoh and Yuji Takahashi (Red Toucan)\n2000 Festival Beyond Innocence: 4 1999–2000 (two pieces on a compilation) (Innocent)\n2000 Concerten, Muziekinstrumentenmuseum (one piece and solo on a compilation) (MIM)\n2000 La 5e feuille, The poetry of Julien Blaine (DCC)\n2001 Out of Sound (Leo)\n2001 Timbreplus, Timbre with Hauser, Léandre, Leimgruber (ARBE)\n2001 Madly You, Lazro, Léandre, Zingaro, Lovens (Potlatch)\n2001 1/2, Léandre, Zingaro, Tramontana (No label)\n2001 The Chicken Check in Complex, Zingaro, Léandre, Tramontana (Leo)\n2001 For Flowers, Joëlle Léandre, Mat Maneri, Joel Ryan, Christophe Marguet (Leo)\n2001 Passaggio, Sylvie Courvoisier, Joëlle Léandre, Susie Ibarra (Intakt)\n2002 Roland Kirk,Duets 2, avec Ramón López (Leo)\n2002 Ocean of Earth, Kevin Norton, Joëlle Léandre, Tomas Ulrich (Barking Hoop)\n2002 Tempted to Smile, Fred Frith, Joëlle Léandre, Jonathan Segel (Spool)\n2002 No Day Rising, Brett Larner, Joëlle Léandre, Kazuhisa Uchihashi (Spool)\n2002 The Space_Between, Philip Gelb, Pauline Oliveras, Dana Reason, Joëlle Léandre (482 Music)\n2002 Evident, duo avec Mark Nauseef (482 Music)\n2002 One More Time, Steve Lac, Joëlle Léandre (Leo)\n2003 After You Gone, Barre Phillips, Joëlle Léandre, William Parker, Tetsu Saitoh (Victo)\n2003 Györ, duo with Akosh S (Reqords)\n2003 Sur une balançoire, duo with Gianni Lenoci (Ambiances Magnétiques)\n2003–2004 Irène Schweizer un film de Gitta Gsell (Intakt DVD)\n2004 India Cooke, Firedance (Red Toucan)\n2004 Ramón López Flowers Trio, Flowers of Peace (Leo)\n2004 Quartet Noir, Lugano (Victo)\n2004 Cruxes, Aurora Josephson, Joëlle Léandre, Damon Smith, Martin Blume (Balance Point Acoustics)\n2005 Concerto Grosso, Tonesetters (Jazz Halo)\n2005 Face It!, duo with Lauren Newton (Leo)\n2005 At The Le Mans Jazz Festival (Leo)\n2005 Voyages, duo with Masahiko Satoh (BJSP)\n2005 Open Waves Concert, duo with Carlos Bechegas (Forward)\n2005 Freeway, duo with Pascal Contet (Clean Feed)\n2005 25th NWM, Ninth World Music (one piece on a compilation)\n2006 Les Diaboliques, Jubilee Concert (Intakt DVD)\n2006 Winter in New York, duo with Kevin Norton (Leo)\n2006 9 moments, Houle, Léandre, Strid (Red Toucan)\n2006 DMG @ The Stone Volume 1: December 22, 2006, with The Stone Quartet (Léandre, Marilyn Crispell, Roy Campbell, Mat Maneri) (DMG)\n2006 À l'improviste, Joëlle Léandre, Barre Phillips (Kadima Collective)\n2007 Psychomagic Combination, Joëlle Léandre, Gianni Lenoci, Vittorino Curci, Marcello Magliocchi (Setola di Maiale)\n2007 Duo (Heidelberg Loppem), duo with Anthony Braxton (Leo)\n2007 Live in Israël, solo and collective improvisations (Kadima Collective)\n2008 Trace, Léandre, Vidal, Boni (Red Toucan)\n2008 Out of Nowhere, duo with Quentin Sirjacq (Ambiances Magnétiques)\n2008 Basse Continue, DVD with interviews and in concert (Hors Œl éditions)\n2008 KOR, duo with Akosh S (Leo)\n2008 Transatlantic Visions, duo with George Lewis (RogueArt)\n2009 Live at Dunois, duo with William Parker (Leo)\n2009 Live aux Instants Chavirés, duo with Jean-Luc Cappozzo (Kadima Collective)\n2010 Before After, trio with Nicole Mitchell and Dylan Van Der Schyff (RogueArt)\n2011 That Overt Desire Of Object, duo with Phillip Greenlief (Relative Pitch)\n2011 Live at Vision Festival, with The Stone Quartet (Léandre, Marilyn Crispell, Roy Campbell, Mat Maneri) (Ayler)\n2012 Trans, en duo with Serge Teyssot-Gay (Intervalle Triton)\n2013 The Bill Has Been Paid, en duo with Steve Dalachinsky (Dark Tree)\n2013 Trio Ceccaldi avec Joëlle Leandre (Ayler)\n2913 14 rue Paul Fort, Paris with Benoit Delbecq, François Houle (Leo)\n2014 Tout va monter, trio with Benoît Delbecq and Carnage The Executioner (Nato)\n2014 Hasparren Daunik Lazro (NoBusiness)\n2014 3 with Pascal Contet (Ayler)\n2014 Sisters Where with Nicole Mitchell (RogueArt)\n2015 MMM Quartet with Fred Frith, Alvin Curran, Urs Leimgruber (RogueArt)\n2016 Joëlle Léandre 10, Can You Hear Me?, with Guillaume Aknine, Florent Stache, Jean-Brice Godet, Théo Ceccaldi (Ayler)\n2016 Unleashed Myra Melford, Nicole Mitchell (RogueArt)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 254. ISBN 0-85112-580-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-580-8","url_text":"0-85112-580-8"}]},{"reference":"Layne, Joslyn. \"Joëlle Léandre: Biography\". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p97219/biography","url_text":"\"Joëlle Léandre: Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Hareuveni, Eyal (2008-01-21). \"Joelle Leandre: On Freedom and Responsibility\". All About Jazz. Retrieved 2010-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=28024","url_text":"\"Joelle Leandre: On Freedom and Responsibility\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jo%C3%ABlle+L%C3%A9andre%22","external_links_name":"\"Joëlle Léandre\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jo%C3%ABlle+L%C3%A9andre%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jo%C3%ABlle+L%C3%A9andre%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jo%C3%ABlle+L%C3%A9andre%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jo%C3%ABlle+L%C3%A9andre%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jo%C3%ABlle+L%C3%A9andre%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p97219/biography","external_links_name":"\"Joëlle Léandre: Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=28024","external_links_name":"\"Joelle Leandre: On Freedom and Responsibility\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaboutjazz.com/joelle-leandre-joelle-leandre-by-kurt-gottschalk.php?page=1","external_links_name":"Profile at All About Jazz"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/288236/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081219274","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/98151776767018011097","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1075890","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139618255","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139618255","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/128758252","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007334755605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21173542","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr91023375","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2015872341&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p136542158","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810686915305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11006199?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/18b85c1e-5a33-486e-8041-95d3a049dde5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd128758252.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65b34cj","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/056988966","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2290 | List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2200–2299) | ["1 FM 2200","1.1 FM 2200 (1953)","2 FM 2201","3 FM 2202","4 FM 2203","5 FM 2204","6 FM 2205","7 FM 2206","8 FM 2207","9 FM 2208","10 FM 2209","11 FM 2210","12 FM 2211","13 FM 2212","14 FM 2213","15 FM 2214","16 FM 2215","16.1 FM 2215 (1954)","17 FM 2216","17.1 FM 2216 (1953)","18 FM 2217","19 FM 2218","20 FM 2219","21 FM 2220","22 FM 2221","23 RM 2222","24 FM 2223","24.1 FM 2223 (May 1954)","25 FM 2224","26 FM 2225","26.1 FM 2225 (1954)","27 FM 2226","28 FM 2227","29 FM 2228","30 FM 2229","31 FM 2230","32 FM 2231","33 FM 2232","33.1 FM 2232 (1954)","34 RM 2233","34.1 FM 2233 (1954)","34.2 FM 2233 (1961)","35 FM 2234","36 FM 2235","37 FM 2236","37.1 FM 2236 (1954)","38 FM 2237","39 FM 2238","40 FM 2239","41 FM 2240","41.1 FM 2240 (1954)","42 RM 2241","43 RM 2242","44 RM 2243","45 RM 2244","46 FM 2245","47 FM 2246","48 FM 2247","49 RM 2248","49.1 FM 2248","50 FM 2249","51 FM 2250","52 FM 2251","53 FM 2252","54 FM 2253","55 FM 2254","56 FM 2255","56.1 FM 2255 (1954)","57 FM 2256","57.1 FM 2256 (1954)","58 FM 2257","58.1 FM 2257 (1954)","59 FM 2258","60 FM 2259","61 FM 2260","62 FM 2261","63 FM 2262","64 FM 2263","65 FM 2264","66 FM 2265","66.1 FM 2265 (1954)","66.2 FM 2265 (1955)","66.3 FM 2265 (1958)","67 FM 2266","68 FM 2267","69 FM 2268","70 FM 2269","71 FM 2270","71.1 FM 2270 (1954)","72 FM 2271","73 FM 2272","74 FM 2273","75 FM 2274","76 FM 2275","77 FM 2276","78 RM 2277","79 FM 2278","80 FM 2279","81 FM 2280","81.1 FM 2280 (1954)","82 FM 2281","83 FM 2282","84 FM 2283","85 FM 2284","86 FM 2285","87 FM 2286","88 FM 2287","88.1 FM 2287 (1954)","89 FM 2288","90 FM 2289","91 FM 2290","92 RM 2291","93 FM 2292","94 FM 2293","95 FM 2294","96 FM 2295","97 FM 2296","98 FM 2297","98.1 FM 2297 (1954)","99 FM 2298","99.1 FM 2298 (1954)","99.2 FM 2298 (1956)","100 FM 2299","100.1 FM 2299 (1954)","100.2 FM 2299 (1956)","101 Notes","102 References"] | This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas" 2200–2299 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Texas Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road markersHighway namesInterstatesInterstate Highway X (IH-X, I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Highway X (SH X)Loops:Loop XSpurs:Spur XRecreational:Recreational Road X (RE X)Farm or Ranch to Market Roads:Farm to Market Road X (FM X)Ranch to Market Road X (RM X)Park Roads:Park Road X (PR X)System links
Highways in Texas
Interstate
US
State
Toll
Loops
Spurs
FM/RM
Park
Rec
Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).
FM 2200
Farm to Market Road 2200LocationMedina CountyLength33.418 mi (53.781 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1958–present
Farm to Market Road 2200 (FM 2200) is located in Medina County.
FM 2200 begins at an intersection with US 90 in D'Hanis. The highway travels in a southern direction along the eastern edge of the town, leaving the city limits near County Road 5223. FM 2200 generally runs in a southern direction through rural farming areas, turning east at County Road 731. The highway has an overlap with FM 462 near Yancey. After leaving Yancey, FM 2200 mostly runs in an eastern direction towards Devine, ending at an intersection with SH 173.
The current FM 2200 was designated on October 31, 1958, running from SH 173 in Devine westward to FM 462 near Yancey at a distance of 14.2 miles (22.9 km). The highway was extended 5.1 miles (8.2 km) northwest of FM 462 on May 2, 1962, creating an overlap with that highway. FM 2200 was extended 11.0 miles (17.7 km) to US 90 on May 6, 1964.
Junction list
The entire route is in Medina County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
D'Hanis0.00.0 US 90 – Uvalde, Hondo
Yancey19.731.7 FM 462 north – HondoWest end of FM 462 overlap
20.332.7 FM 462 south – MooreEast end of FM 462 overlap
Devine34.154.9 SH 173 – Hondo, Jourdanton
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
FM 2200 (1953)
Farm to Market Road 2200LocationWilson CountyExistedOctober 29, 1953–October 29, 1954
A previous route numbered FM 2200 was designated on October 29, 1953, traveling from SH 123 near Stockdale, southwestward to a road intersection at a distance of 5.9 miles (9.5 km). The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 537 on October 29, 1954.
FM 2201
Farm to Market Road 2201LocationPalo Pinto CountyLength6.414 mi (10.322 km)ExistedDecember 2, 1953–present
Farm to Market Road 2201 (FM 2201) is located in Palo Pinto County.
FM 2201 begins at an intersection with FM 4 in Santo. The highway travels in a northeast direction before turning in a more eastern direction near the Santo Volunteer Fire Department. FM 2201 continues to travel in a mostly eastern direction through rural farming areas, ending at an intersection with US 281 just north of I-20.
FM 2201 was designated on December 2, 1953, along the current route.
FM 2202
Farm to Market Road 2202LocationMoore CountyLength5.186 mi (8.346 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1953–present
Farm to Market Road 2202 (FM 2202) is located in Moore County in the Panhandle. It runs from SH 354 northward 5.2 miles (8.4 km) to FM 722 southwest of Dumas.
FM 2202 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route.
FM 2203
Farm to Market Road 2203LocationMoore CountyLength4.069 mi (6.548 km)Existed1953–present
Farm to Market Road 2203 (FM 2203) is located in Moore County in the Panhandle.
FM 2203 begins at an intersection with SH 152 in Dumas. The highway travels in a northern direction along Maddox Avenue through a suburban area of the town. FM 2203 leaves Dumas at an intersection with McClary Lane, with the route becoming more rural. The highway travels in a northern direction through rural farming and ranching areas, ending at an intersection with FM 119 near the North Plains Country Club.
FM 2203 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route.
FM 2204
Farm to Market Road 2204LocationGregg CountyLength8.636 mi (13.898 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1953–present
Farm to Market Road 2204 (FM 2204) is located in Gregg County. It runs from US 259 Bus. in Kilgore east to SH 322 at East Texas Regional Airport. It is known locally as Stone Road. FM 2204 was designated on October 28, 1953, along its current route.
Junction list
The entire route is in Gregg County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Kilgore0.00.0 Bus. US 259
2.03.2 US 259 – Longview, HendersonInterchange
3.45.5 FM 2276 – Longview, Henderson
7.011.3 FM 2011 – Longview, Henderson
8.613.8 SH 322 – Lakeport, Henderson, East Texas Regional Airport
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 2205
Farm to Market Road 2205LocationGregg CountyLength0.613 mi (987 m)ExistedOctober 28, 1953–present
Farm to Market Road 2205 (FM 2205) is located in Gregg County. Known locally as Jaycee Road, it runs from Loop 281 east to SH 31 in Longview.
FM 2205 was designated on October 28, 1953, along its current route. On June 27, 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 2205 (UR 2205). The designation reverted to FM 2205 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 2206
Farm to Market Road 2206LocationGregg CountyLength3.681 mi (5.924 km)Existed1953–present
Farm to Market Road 2206 (FM 2206) is located in Gregg County. Known locally as Harrison Road, it runs from SH 42 near White Oak east to Loop 281 in Longview.
FM 2206 was designated on October 28, 1953, along its current route. On June 27, 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 2206 (UR 2206). The designation reverted to FM 2206 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 2207
Farm to Market Road 2207LocationGregg CountyLength5.987 mi (9.635 km)Existed1953–present
Farm to Market Road 2207 (FM 2207) is located in Gregg County. It begins at SH 135, near that route's junction with I-20, northwest of Kilgore. FM 2207 runs to the northwest, crossing FM 1252, before ending at another intersection with SH 135 between Liberty City and Gladewater.
FM 2207 was designated on October 28, 1953, from SH 135 south to FM 1252. On October 26, 1954, it was extended south to its current southern terminus at SH 135.
FM 2208
Farm to Market Road 2208LocationGregg, Harrison, and Marion countiesLength24.176 mi (38.908 km)Existed1953–present
Farm to Market Road 2208 (FM 2208) is located in Gregg, Harrison, and Marion counties. It runs from US 80 in Longview northeast to FM 134 near Jefferson.
FM 2208 was designated on October 28, 1953, from US 80 to the Harrison County line. On October 31, 1957, it was extended to FM 449. On December 31, 1959, it replaced FM 449 to its intersection with FM 450; it also replaced FM 2256 from FM 450 to FM 134. On October 27, 1963, the section from FM 450 to FM 2657 was transferred to FM 449, along with FM 2657 itself. On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 2879 to US 80 was redesignated Urban Road 2208 (UR 2208). The designation reverted to FM 2208 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
GreggLongview0.00.0 US 80 (Marshall Avenue) – White Oak, Hallsville
1.01.6 US 259 (Eastman Road) – Ore City, Kilgore
2.13.4 Loop 281Interchange; access to Longview Regional Hospital
Harrison2.94.7 FM 2879 north
8.513.7 FM 449 westSouth end of FM 449 overlap
12.520.1 FM 450 south – HallsvilleSouth end of FM 450 overlap
12.620.3 FM 449 east – MarshallNorth end of FM 449 overlap
17.027.4 FM 450 north – HarletonNorth end of FM 450 overlap
18.229.3 SH 154 – Harleton, Nesbitt
Marion25.440.9 FM 3001 – Marshall
31.450.5 US 59 (Future I-369) – Jefferson, MarshallU.S. 59 is the future Interstate 369
32.552.3 FM 134 – Karnack, Caddo Lake State Park, Cypress River Airport
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 2209
Farm to Market Road 2209LocationWillacy CountyLength6.558 mi (10.554 km)Existed1953–present
Farm to Market Road 2209 (FM 2209) is located in Willacy County.
FM 2209 begins at an intersection with County Road 380. The highway travels in an eastern direction, turning south at an unnamed county road. FM 2209 intersects FM 3142, then travels through the town of San Perlita. The highway continues to travel in a southern direction, ending at an intersection with SH 186.
FM 2209 was designated on December 2, 1953, traveling from SH 186 (current junction with FM 3142) at San Perlita northward to a road intersection at a distance of 1.7 miles (2.7 km). The highway was extended 3.4 miles (5.5 km) east and south to FM 497 on May 2, 1962. FM 2209 was extended 3.6 miles (5.8 km) north and west from its previous north end at a road intersection to another road intersection on May 5, 1966. On May 31, 1973, the highway's routing was changed, with the old route east of San Perlita being renumbered FM 3142, while FM 2209 was rerouted replacing a section of SH 186 to FM 497. SH 186 was truncated, but SH 186 was signed but not designated along FM 497. The redesignation of FM 497 to SH 186 became official on August 26, 1990.
FM 2210
Farm to Market Road 2210LocationJack and Wise countiesLength29.794 mi (47.949 km)Existed1953–present
Farm to Market Road 2210 (FM 2210) is located in Jack and Wise counties.
FM 2210 begins at an intersection with FM 4 in the Bartons Chapel area. The highway travels in an eastern direction, turning south at Pump Station Road, then turning back east near Heliport Road. FM 2210 continues to run in an eastern direction, intersecting US 281 in Perrin. A few miles east of Perrin, the highway turns north at Lone Star Road, intersects SH 199 southeast of Joplin, then turns back to the east near Willow Point. FM 2210 continues to run in an eastern direction, ending at an intersection with FM 920 in Balsora.
FM 2210 was designated on October 28, 1953, traveling from SH 199 southward to Gibtown at a distance of 3.0 miles (4.8 km). On September 20, 1961, a farm-to-market road from Gibtown to FM 2350 was designated. The highway was extended 13.4 miles (21.6 km) to a road intersection northwest of Perrin on October 3, 1961, absorbing all of FM 2350. The highway was extended 6.1 miles (9.8 km) westward to FM 206 (now FM 4) on June 28, 1963. FM 2210 was extended 3.9 miles (6.3 km) northeast of SH 199 to the Wise County line on May 5, 1966. The highway was extended 5.3 miles (8.5 km) to FM 920 at Balsora on May 7, 1970.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Jack0.00.0 FM 4 – Jacksboro, Graford
Perrin11.618.7 US 281 – Jacksboro, Mineral Wells
21.734.9 SH 199 – Jacksboro, Fort Worth
WiseBalsora29.848.0 FM 920 – Bridgeport, Weatherford
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 2211
Farm to Market Road 2211LocationStonewall CountyLength14.64 mi (23.56 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2212
Farm to Market Road 2212LocationDawson, Martin, and Howard countiesLength10.464 mi (16.840 km)Existed1953–present
FM 2213
Farm to Market Road 2213LocationSan Augustine CountyLength4.203 mi (6.764 km)ExistedFebruary 24, 1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2213 (FM 2213) is located in San Augustine County. It runs from US 96 northward 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to SH 21 in San Augustine.
FM 2213 was established on February 24, 1954, along the current route.
FM 2214
Farm to Market Road 2214LocationEastland CountyLength14.674 mi (23.616 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2215
Farm to Market Road 2215LocationHenderson CountyLength1.339 mi (2.155 km)ExistedApril 25, 1978–present
Farm to Market Road 2215 (FM 2215) is located in southeast Henderson County. It runs about 1.3 miles (2.1 km) within Berryville, from SH 155 north of Frankston eastward to CR 4117, near the western shore of Lake Palestine.
The current FM 2215 was commissioned on April 25, 1978.
FM 2215 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2215LocationErath CountyExistedJanuary 27, 1954–August 1, 1967
A previous route numbered FM 2215 was designated in Erath County on January 27, 1954, running 1.2 miles (1.9 km) from FM 8 near Stephenville southeastward to US 67. FM 2215 was removed from the state highway system on August 1, 1967, in exchange for FM 988, and was cancelled when that route opened.
FM 2216
Farm to Market Road 2216LocationFannin and Lamar countiesLength4.661 mi (7.501 km)ExistedMay 6, 1964–present
FM 2216 (1953)
Farm to Market Road 2216LocationHansford CountyExistedDecember 1, 1953–November 21, 1963
A previous route numbered FM 2216 was designated on December 1, 1953, from the Oklahoma state line south, southeast, and south 18.4 miles (29.6 km) to FM 289 (now SH 15) at Gruver. FM 2216 was cancelled on November 21, 1963, and transferred to SH 136.
FM 2217
Farm to Market Road 2217LocationHudspeth CountyLength1.27 mi (2.04 km)Existed1954–present
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2217KML is not from Wikidata
Farm to Market Road 2217 (FM 2217) is located in Hudspeth County. It connects I-10 with FM 192.
FM 2217 runs southward from I-10 at exit 81 about 4 miles (6.4 km) east of McNary, then eastward before ending at FM 192.
On February 25, 1954, FM 2217 was designated from US 80 (present-day I-10) southeastward to FM 192.
FM 2218
Farm to Market Road 2218LocationFort Bend CountyLength5.657 mi (9.104 km)Existed1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2218 (FM 2218) is located in Fort Bend County. The highway begins at SH 36 in Pleak, heads northeast through Rosenberg and ends at FM 1640 in Richmond.
FM 2218 begins at a traffic signal on SH 36 in Pleak. There is a filling station on the northeast corner and the Pleak City Hall is nearby. The highway immediately heads northeast. On the outskirts of Pleak, FM 2218 curves north, then it turns north-northeast near the Meadow Bend Park Estates subdivision. Near Lane Airpark, the highway veers northeast again. At a distance 3.8 miles (6.1 km) from its starting point, the highway comes to the I-69/US 59 overpass. FM 2218 continues northeast from I-69/US 59 through Rosenberg, with traffic lights at Airport Avenue, Avenue N, Reading Road and Town Center Boulevard. This stretch of the highway is also known as B. F. Terry Boulevard. B. F. Terry High School in the Lamar Consolidated Independent School District is situated on the northwest side of FM 2218 between Airport and Avenue N. The highway ends at a traffic signal on FM 1640. There is a Walmart on the south side and a Wharton County Junior College campus on the north side.
FM 2218 was first designated on March 24, 1954, to run from FM 1640 at Richmond to SH 36 at Pleak. Since its original authorization there has been no change to the route.
Junction list
The entire highway is in Fort Bend County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Pleak0.00.0 SH 36 – Rosenberg, West ColumbiaSouthern terminus of FM 2218
Rosenberg3.7–3.86.0–6.1 I-69 / US 59 (Southwest Freeway) / Bryan Road – Houston, VictoriaI-69/US 59 exit 99
Richmond5.79.2 FM 1640 (Avenue I) – Rosenberg, RichmondNorthern terminus of FM 2218
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Petrol station on FM 2218 near SH 36 in Pleak
What is now the I-69/US 59 overpass on FM 2218 in Rosenberg
View southwest at FM 1640 and FM 2218 in Richmond
FM 2219
Farm to Market Road 2219LocationRandall CountyLength10.294 mi (16.567 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2220
Farm to Market Road 2220LocationHidalgo CountyLength13.851 mi (22.291 km)ExistedApril 20, 1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2220 (FM 2220) is located in Hidalgo County. It runs from FM 1925 to FM 1016.
FM 2220 was designated on April 20, 1954, from SH 107, 2.3 miles (3.7 km) west of SH 336, south 2 miles (3.2 km) to US 83 (now Bus. US 83), 2 miles (3.2 km) west of SH 336. On May 2, 1962, the road was extended north 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to FM 1925. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was redesignated Urban Road 2220 (UR 2220). On April 25, 1996, a section from US 83 and Spur 487 south to FM 1016 was added, creating a gap. This gap was closed on December 19, 1996, when the route was extended from Bus. US 83 to US 83, replacing Spur 487. The designation of the route reverted to FM 2220 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 2221
Farm to Market Road 2221LocationHidalgo CountyLength14.646 mi (23.570 km)Existed1954–present
RM 2222
Main article: Ranch to Market Road 2222
Ranch to Market Road 2222LocationTravis CountyLength10.844 mi (17.452 km)ExistedSeptember 29, 1954–present
Ranch to Market Road 2222 (RM 2222) is located in Travis County.
FM 2223
Farm to Market Road 2223LocationBrazos CountyLength6.586 mi (10.599 km)ExistedOctober 26, 1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2223 (FM 2223) is located in Brazos County. It runs from FM 974, 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Bryan, northwestward to SH OSR, 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Benchley. It is known locally as Old Cameron Ranch Road.
The current FM 2223 was designated on its current route on October 26, 1954.
FM 2223 (May 1954)
Farm to Market Road 2223LocationHood CountyExistedMay 21, 1954–October 25, 1954
A previous route numbered FM 2223 was designated on May 21, 1954, from FM 201 (now FM 56) southwest to the Paluxy River. FM 2223 was cancelled five months later and transferred to FM 204 (now FM 51).
FM 2224
Farm to Market Road 2224LocationArcher CountyLength5.142 mi (8.275 km)ExistedSeptember 29, 1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2224 (FM 2224) is located in Archer County. It runs from SH 79 westward and northward 5.1 miles (8.2 km) to FM 1954 southeast of Holliday.
FM 2224 was established on September 29, 1954, along the current route.
FM 2225
Farm to Market Road 2225LocationWood CountyLength8.858 mi (14.256 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1958–present
FM 2225 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2225LocationArcher CountyExistedSeptember 29, 1954–July 18, 1958
A previous route numbered FM 2225 was designated on September 29, 1954, from SH 25 near Archer City to a point 5.9 miles (9.5 km) southeast. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended southeast 6.8 miles (10.9 km) to US 281. On February 28, 1957, the northern terminus was shifted east 1.5 miles (2.4 km), shortening the route by 0.7 miles (1.1 km). FM 2225 was cancelled on July 18, 1958, and removed from the highway system as the county could not acquire right-of-way for the route.
FM 2226
Farm to Market Road 2226LocationWichita CountyLength1.192 mi (1.918 km)ExistedSeptember 29, 1954–present
FM 2227
Farm to Market Road 2227LocationEctor CountyExistedSeptember 29, 1954–September 29, 1992
Farm to Market Road 2227 (FM 2227) was located in Ector County.
FM 2227 was designated on September 29, 1954, running from US 80 (now BL I-20) in Odessa southward to SH 51 (now US 385) at a distance of 3.7 miles (6.0 km). The highway was cancelled on September 29, 1992, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1882.
FM 2228
Farm to Market Road 2228LocationCallahan CountyLength13.864 mi (22.312 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2229
Farm to Market Road 2229LocationHaskell and Knox countiesLength17.303 mi (27.846 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2230
Farm to Market Road 2230LocationHoward CountyLength17.658 mi (28.418 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2231
Farm to Market Road 2231LocationStephens CountyLength10.385 mi (16.713 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2232
Farm to Market Road 2232LocationSherman CountyLength4.006 mi (6.447 km)ExistedSeptember 21, 1955–present
Farm to Market Road 2232 (FM 2232) is located in Sherman County. It runs from SH 15 east of Stratford southward 4 miles (6.4 km) to CR Q. The roadway continues beyond both termini as CR 13.
FM 2232 was designated on September 21, 1955, along the current route. At the time, SH 15 at the northern terminus was designated FM 289.
FM 2232 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2232LocationStephens CountyExistedSeptember 29, 1954–November 3, 1954
A previous route numbered FM 2232 was designated in Stephens County on September 29, 1954, from FM 717, 10 miles (16 km) south of Caddo, east 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to the Palo Pinto County line. FM 2232 was cancelled on November 3 of that year and became a portion of FM 207.
RM 2233
Ranch to Market Road 2233LocationLlano CountyLength5.394 mi (8.681 km)ExistedJune 1, 1965–present
FM 2233 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2233LocationEl Paso CountyExistedSeptember 29, 1954–December 19, 1959
The first route numbered FM 2233 was designated on September 29, 1954, running from Loop 16 (now US 62 / US 85) in El Paso, eastward and southeastward to FM 659 near Ysleta at a distance of 8.0 miles (12.9 km). The highway was extended 18.2 miles (29.3 km) southeastward to a road intersection near Fabens on November 29, 1955. FM 2233 was cancelled on December 19, 1959, becoming part of I-10.
FM 2233 (1961)
Farm to Market Road 2233LocationJohnson CountyExistedSeptember 20, 1961–May 21, 1964
The second route numbered FM 2233 was designated on September 20, 1961, running from SH 174 northwestward to the Tarrant County line at a distance of 2.2 miles (3.5 km). On May 6, 1964, the road was extended north to FM 1187. The highway was cancelled fifteen days later, with the mileage being transferred to FM 731.
FM 2234
Farm to Market Road 2234LocationBrazoria and Fort Bend countiesLength11.597 mi (18.664 km)ExistedSeptember 29, 1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2234 (FM 2234) is an urban and suburban route between Missouri City and Pearland, south-southwest of Houston. Beginning at US 90 Alt., the road follows a southerly path through neighborhoods of Missouri City, in Fort Bend County, passing briefly through Stafford. After making an east curve, FM 2234 passes briefly through Houston and then crosses under the Fort Bend Parkway. It then travels into more undeveloped areas, for a distance following a south boundary of Houston. After intersecting with FM 521, FM 2234 enters Brazoria County and ends at SH 288 in the Shadow Creek Ranch area of Pearland. The highway is signed north–south until it reaches the FM 521 intersection, from which it is signed as an east–west highway.
FM 2234 was designated on September 29, 1954, from US 59 (now US 90 Alt.) to the Blue Ridge State Prison Farm (current junction with Blue Ridge Road). On September 21, 1955, it was extended east to FM 521. On April 30, 1987, it was extended east to SH 288. Effective June 27, 1995, FM 2234 was redesignated as Urban Road 2234 (UR 2234). The designation reverted to FM 2234 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
The portion within Missouri City is also known as Texas Parkway. The portion from the Missouri City line to FM 521 is also known as McHard Road. The portion from FM 521 to SH 288 is also known as Shadow Creek Parkway.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Fort BendMissouri City0.00.0South Gessner RoadContinuation west of US 90 Alt.
0.00.0 US 90 Alt.Interchange
2.74.3 FM 3345 west (Cartwright Road)
Houston4.06.4Fort Bend Parkway Toll RoadInterchange
Pearland8.513.7 FM 521
Brazoria11.618.7 SH 288 – Houston, Angleton, Lake Jackson, FreeportInterchange
11.618.7McHard RoadContinuation east of SH 288
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 2235
Farm to Market Road 2235LocationCalhoun CountyLength7.39 mi (11.89 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2236
Farm to Market Road 2236LocationCrosby CountyLength4.897 mi (7.881 km)ExistedSeptember 21, 1955–present
Farm to Market Road 2236 (FM 2236) is located in Crosby County.
FM 2236 was designated on September 21, 1955, on its current route.
FM 2236 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2236LocationDe Witt CountyExistedSeptember 29, 1954–1955
A previous route numbered FM 2236 was designated on September 29, 1954, from FM 240 east 5.4 miles (8.7 km) to US 87 some 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Cuero. This was eliminated by 1955.
FM 2237
Farm to Market Road 2237LocationFayette CountyLength13.764 mi (22.151 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2238
Farm to Market Road 2238LocationFayette CountyLength7.245 mi (11.660 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2239
Farm to Market Road 2239LocationLee and Bastrop countiesLength6.681 mi (10.752 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2240
Farm to Market Road 2240LocationBowie CountyLength1.606 mi (2.585 km)ExistedJune 22, 1964–present
Farm to Market Road 2240 (FM 2240) is located in Bowie County in the city of Texarkana. The highway is known locally as Moores Lane.
FM 2240 begins at an intersection with FM 559. The highway travels in an eastern direction through a suburban area, passing Pleasant Grove Middle School and the First Baptist Church, ending at an intersection with FM 1397. FM 2240 is three lanes for its entire length: one eastbound lane, one westbound, and a center turn-lane.
The current FM 2240 was designated on June 22, 1964, from FM 559 to FM 1397. On June 27, 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 2240 (UR 2240). The designation reverted to FM 2240 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 2240 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2240LocationCaldwell CountyExistedSeptember 29, 1954–May 15, 1964
A previous route numbered FM 2240 was designated on September 29, 1954, running from FM 20 near Lockhart, southeastward to FM 86 near Brownsboro at a distance of 9.7 miles (15.6 km). This highway was cancelled on May 15, 1964, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1322.
RM 2241
Ranch to Market Road 2241LocationLlano CountyLength16.417 mi (26.421 km)Existed1954–present
RM 2242
Ranch to Market Road 2242LocationMason CountyLength1.449 mi (2.332 km)Existed1954–present
RM 2243
Ranch to Market Road 2243LocationWilliamson CountyLength11.286 mi (18.163 km)ExistedSeptember 29, 1954–present
Ranch to Market Road 2243 (RM 2243) is located in Williamson County. It is approximately 11.3 miles (18.2 km) long.
RM 2243 begins in Leander, at an intersection with US 183. It travels to the east along South Street, crossing the current 183A Toll Road along its current non-controlled-access northern stub. RM 2243 then crosses the Ronald Reagan Boulevard arterial, which provides access to FM 734 and RM 1431 in Cedar Park to the south and to SH 29 to the north. Farther east, the route enters Georgetown, where it is known as Leander Drive, and has a junction with I-35 at its exit 260. The RM 2243 designation ends at South Austin Avenue (the former I-35 Business, now designated Spur 26). The roadway continues as FM 1460.
RM 2243 was first designated on September 29, 1954, as Farm to Market Road 2243 (FM 2243), connecting US 183 in Leander to US 81 (later replaced by I-35 Business) in Georgetown. On May 5, 1966, a westward extension of about 4.4 mi (7.1 km), from US 183 to Travis County, was added, and the designation was changed to RM 2243. The segment west of US 183 was removed from the state highway system and returned to the city of Leander's jurisdiction on April 24, 2003.
Junction list
The entire route is in Williamson County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Leander0.00.0 US 183 – Austin, LampasasWestern terminus; road continues as South Street
1.01.6 183A Toll Road
2.84.5Ronald Reagan Boulevard
Georgetown10.617.1 I-35 – Austin, WacoI-35 exit 260
11.318.2 Spur 26 (Austin Avenue) / FM 1460Eastern terminus; road continues as FM 1460
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
RM 2244
Main article: Ranch to Market Road 2244
Ranch to Market Road 2244LocationTravis CountyLength11.26 mi (18.12 km)Existed1954–present
Ranch to Market Road 2244 (RM 2244) is located in Travis County.
FM 2245
Farm to Market Road 2245LocationJasper CountyLength3.655 mi (5.882 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2246
Farm to Market Road 2246LocationJasper CountyLength9.241 mi (14.872 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2247
Farm to Market Road 2247LocationComanche CountyLength15.061 mi (24.238 km)Existed1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2247 (FM 2247) is located in Comanche County.
The southern terminus of FM 2247 is at SH 16 in Comanche. It runs west along Wright Avenue for approximately 0.46 miles (0.74 km) before turning to the north; from this point, FM Spur 2247 continues to the west for approximately 0.38 miles (0.61 km) to an intersection with SH 36. North of Comanche, FM 2247 intersects FM 588. The route's northern terminus is at an intersection with FM 587 west of De Leon.
FM 2247 was designated on September 29, 1954, from Comanche to a junction with FM 588 12.0 miles (19.3 km) to the north. On April 23, 1958, FM 588 was truncated, with the segment from this junction north to FM 587 being transferred to FM 2247. The spur connection was designated on May 24, 1963.
RM 2248
Ranch to Market Road 2248LocationLipscomb CountyLength3.574 mi (5.752 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1958–present
FM 2248
Farm to Market Road 2248LocationMills CountyExistedSeptember 29, 1954–September 2, 1955
A previous route numbered FM 2248 was designated on September 29, 1954, running from FM 575 northeastward to a road intersection at a distance of 5.1 miles (8.2 km). On July 28, 1955, the road was extended northeast
4.8 miles (7.7 km) to the Hamilton County line. The highway was cancelled on September 2, 1955, with the mileage being transferred to FM 2005.
FM 2249
Farm to Market Road 2249LocationHudspeth CountyLength5.121 mi (8.241 km)ExistedSeptember 29, 1954–present
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2249KML is not from Wikidata
Farm to Market Road 2249 (FM 2249) is located in Hudspeth County. Its western terminus is at a county road 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Dell City. It runs eastward through the city, intersecting FM 1437, before ending at FM 1576.
FM 2249 was designated on September 29, 1954, from Dell City, 4 miles (6.4 km) eastward and 2 miles (3.2 km) northward. On December 17 of that year, its routing was changed so that it went 3.0 miles (4.8 km) eastward and 3.0 miles (4.8 km) northward. On July 28, 1955, FM 2249 was extended west 2.0 miles (3.2 km). On September 18, 1957, the south–north portion was transferred to FM 1576.
FM 2250
Farm to Market Road 2250LocationArmstrong CountyLength5.173 mi (8.325 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2251
Farm to Market Road 2251LocationAngelina CountyLength5.431 mi (8.740 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2252
Farm to Market Road 2252LocationBexar and Comal countiesLength14.254 mi (22.940 km)Existed1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2252 (FM 2252) is located in Greater San Antonio. It is approximately 14.3 miles (23.0 km) long.
FM 2252 begins at a junction with Interstate 410 in San Antonio, and travels north along Perrin-Beitel Road. It crosses the controlled-access portion of Wurzbach Parkway, and turns to the northeast, where the route becomes Nacogdoches Road. FM 2252 intersects Loop 1604 before entering Comal County and the community of Bracken. The route continues to the northeast, intersecting FM 3009 in Garden Ridge, before making a dogleg turn to the southeast at the intersection with Old Nacogdoches Road. Here, FM 2252 changes cardinal directions, from south–north to west–east. FM 2252 ends at an intersection with FM 482, which provides access to Interstate 35 in Schertz.
FM 2252 was designated on October 13, 1954, with a northern terminus at the Comal County line. It was extended to its current length on September 5, 1973, through Comal County to and along FM 1337 which started at Bracken, with a spur route into Bracken. The spur route was removed on March 31, 1976. On June 27, 1995, the portion between I-410 and FM 3009 was officially changed to Urban Road 2252 (UR 2252); the designation reverted to FM 2252 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. The section of FM 2252 south of Loop 1604 was proposed for decommissioning in 2014 as part of TxDOT's San Antonio turnback proposal, which would have turned back over 129 miles of roads to the city of San Antonio, but the city of San Antonio rejected that proposal.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
BexarSan Antonio0.00.0 I-410 (Connally Loop)Southern terminus; I-410 exit 25 eastbound, 25B westbound; continues as Perrin-Beitel Road
1.42.3 Wurzbach Parkway (PA 1502)
6.911.1 Loop 1604 (Anderson Loop)
Cibolo Creek8.714.0Bridge
ComalGarden Ridge11.418.3 FM 3009
Schertz14.323.0 FM 482 – ComalEastern terminus; road continues as FM 482 east
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 2253
Farm to Market Road 2253LocationBowie CountyLength6.328 mi (10.184 km)ExistedOctober 13, 1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2253 (FM 2253) is located in Bowie County.
FM 2253 begins at an intersection with US 82 in eastern Leary. The highway travels in a generally northern direction, intersecting I-30 and FM 2148 before leaving the town. North of Leary, FM 2253 travels through rural areas with playa lakes and farms, ending at an intersection with FM 559 northeast of Wamba.
FM 2253 was designated on October 13, 1954, traveling from FM 2148 northward to FM 559 at a distance of 4.8 miles (7.7 km). On May 26, 1966, the highway was extended 1.7 miles (2.7 km) southward to US 82 over part of FM 2148.
Junction list
The entire route is in Bowie County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Leary0.00.0 US 82 – New Boston, Texarkana
0.30.48 I-30 – Dallas, TexarkanaI-30 exit 213
1.72.7 FM 2148 south – Red Lick
6.310.1 FM 559 – Texarkana
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 2254
Farm to Market Road 2254LocationCamp CountyLength6.362 mi (10.239 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2255
Farm to Market Road 2255LocationLubbock CountyLength8.696 mi (13.995 km)Existed1955–present
Farm to Market Road 2255 (FM 2255) is located in Lubbock.
FM 2255 begins at an intersection with Spur 309 in Lubbock near Reese Center. The highway runs east, meeting FM 179 (Inler Avenue) at a stop sign-controlled intersection. Between Inler Avenue and Milwaukee Avenue, FM 2255 runs in a rural area of northern Lubbock. East of Milwaukee Avenue, the highway sees much more development along its route, including commercial developments and numerous subdivisions. From Quaker Avenue to US 82 (Marsha Sharp Freeway), FM 2255 runs through the northern half of Texas Tech University and passes by University Medical Center. The highway ends at an interchange with the Marsha Sharp Freeway.
The entire highway is known locally in Lubbock as 4th Street.
FM 2255 was designated on September 21, 1955, from War Highway 5 (now Spur 309) east to west Lubbock City Limits. On March 29, 1956, FM 2255 was extended east to US 82. On June 27, 1995, FM 2255 changed to Urban Road 2255 (UR 2255). The designation reverted to FM 2255 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
The entire route is in Lubbock, Lubbock County.
mikmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0 Spur 309 south / Research Boulevard – Reese Center
1.01.6 FM 179 (Inler Avenue) – Shallowater, Wolfforth
4.97.9 FM 2528 (Frankford Avenue)
5.58.9 Loop 289 (West Loop)Interchange
8.714.0 US 82 east (Marsha Sharp Freeway) / University AvenueInterchange; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Incomplete access
FM 2255 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2255LocationJack CountyExistedOctober 13, 1954–February 15, 1955
A previous route numbered FM 2255 was designated on October 13, 1954, from SH 24 (now US 380) in Bryson, southward 4.2 miles (6.8 km). The road became part of FM 1191 on February 15, 1955.
FM 2256
Farm to Market Road 2256LocationPalo Pinto CountyLength5.109 mi (8.222 km)ExistedSeptember 20, 1961–present
FM 2256 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2256LocationHarrison and Marion countiesExistedOctober 13, 1954–December 31, 1959
A previous route numbered FM 2256 was designated on October 13, 1954, from SH 154 southeast of Harleton northeast 13.2 miles (21.2 km) to US 59 south of Jefferson. On May 25, 1955, the road was extended northeast 1.1 miles (1.8 km) over former US 59 to FM 134 near Jefferson. On January 29, 1959, the road was extended southwest 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to FM 450. FM 2256 was cancelled on December 31, 1959, and transferred to FM 2208.
FM 2257
Farm to Market Road 2257LocationParker and Tarrant countiesLength7.579 mi (12.197 km)ExistedSeptember 20, 1961–present
Farm to Market Road 2257 (FM 2257) is located in Parker and Tarrant counties.
FM 2257 begins at an intersection with SH 199 between Springtown and Azle. The highway travels in a mostly northern direction along Jay Bird Lane before turning east onto Knob Hill Road at an intersection with Knob Road. FM 2257 continues to travel east along Knob Hill Road before ending at an intersection with FM 730 in Briar.
The current FM 2257 was designated in 1961, running from FM 730 westward to a road intersection at length of 4.1 miles (6.6 km). In 1965, the highway was extended 3.7 miles (6.0 km) southward to SH 199.
FM 2257 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2257LocationSan Jacinto CountyExistedOctober 13, 1954–November 28, 1958
A previous route numbered FM 2257 was designated on October 13, 1954, from SH 150 at Waverly southeast 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to a road intersection. FM 2257 was cancelled on November 28, 1958, and transferred to FM 1725.
FM 2258
Farm to Market Road 2258LocationJohnson and Ellis countiesLength9.351 mi (15.049 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2259
Farm to Market Road 2259LocationNacogdoches CountyLength9.723 mi (15.648 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2260
Farm to Market Road 2260LocationPanola CountyLength1.71 mi (2.75 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2261
Farm to Market Road 2261LocationShelby CountyLength9.013 mi (14.505 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2262
Farm to Market Road 2262LocationTrinity CountyLength20.75 mi (33.39 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2263
Farm to Market Road 2263LocationUpshur CountyLength6.225 mi (10.018 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2264
Farm to Market Road 2264LocationWise CountyLength13.347 mi (21.480 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2265
Farm to Market Road 2265LocationWise CountyLength8.928 mi (14.368 km)ExistedSeptember 20, 1961–present
FM 2265 was designated on September 20, 1961, from SH 114 east to FM 1655. On June 1, 1965, FM 2265 was extended west to FM 2127.
FM 2265 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2265LocationHill CountyExistedOctober 26, 1954–January 24, 1955
The first use of FM 2265 was designated on October 26, 1954, from FM 66 at Itasca southeast 14.0 miles (22.5 km) to US 77 some 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Hillsboro. This was cancelled and removed from the designated highway system on January 24, 1955, in exchange for extending FM 309, FM 934, and FM 1242.
FM 2265 (1955)
Farm to Market Road 2265LocationFloyd CountyExistedSeptember 21, 1955–March 24, 1958
The second use of FM 2265 was designated on September 21, 1955, from US 70, 2.3 miles (3.7 km) west of the Floyd–Motley county line, northward 5.3 miles (8.5 km) to a road intersection. FM 2265 was cancelled on March 24, 1958, and mileage was transferred to FM 28.
FM 2265 (1958)
Farm to Market Road 2265LocationPalo Pinto CountyExistedOctober 31, 1958–December 15, 1959
The third use of FM 2265 was designated on October 31, 1958, from FM 4 northeastward 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to west of Brazos. This was cancelled on December 15, 1959, and mileage was transferred to FM 129.
FM 2266
Farm to Market Road 2266LocationHemphill CountyLength10.76 mi (17.32 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2267
Farm to Market Road 2267LocationAnderson CountyLength5.32 mi (8.56 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2268
Farm to Market Road 2268LocationBell and Milam countiesLength20.102 mi (32.351 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2269
Farm to Market Road 2269LocationMilam CountyLength9.996 mi (16.087 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2270
Farm to Market Road 2270LocationPalo Pinto CountyLength0.518 mi (834 m)ExistedSeptember 20, 1961–present
FM 2270 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2270LocationBell and Milam countiesExistedOctober 26, 1954–December 31, 1959
A previous route numbered FM 2270 was designated on October 25, 1954, from SH 95, south of Holland, east 7.3 miles (11.7 km) to Vilas. On July 28, 1955, the road was extended east 1.4 miles (2.3 km) to the Milam County line, and another 1.2 miles (1.9 km) east to FM 437 four weeks later. FM 2270 was cancelled on December 31, 1959, and transferred to FM 2268.
FM 2271
Farm to Market Road 2271LocationBell CountyLength2.001 mi (3.220 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2272
Farm to Market Road 2272LocationArmstrong CountyLength6.077 mi (9.780 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2273
Farm to Market Road 2273LocationBrown CountyLength7.898 mi (12.711 km)Existed1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2273 (FM 2273) is located in Brown County. The road begins at US 183 south of May, and continues west until it reaches FM 2559 northeast of Grosvenor, where it subsequently changes numbers.
FM 2273 was designated on October 26, 1954, along its current route.
FM 2274
Farm to Market Road 2274LocationCherokee CountyLength12.241 mi (19.700 km)Existed1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2274 (FM 2274) is located in east-northeast Cherokee County. It is approximately 12.2 miles (19.6 km) in length. It runs from SH 204 in Ponta to FM 856 south of Concord.
FM 2274 was designated on October 26, 1954, running 8.3 miles (13.4 km) between SH 204 at Ponta and US 79. On May 6, 1964, the route was extended 4.1 miles (6.6 km) northward to US 79 and to FM 856 near Concord.
Junction list
The entire route is in Cherokee County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Ponta0.00.0 SH 204 – Nacogdoches, JacksonvilleSouthern terminus
4.16.6 FM 235 east – ReklawSouth end of FM 235 overlap
4.57.2 FM 235 west – New SummerfieldNorth end of FM 235 overlap
6.710.8 FM 3288 – Lake Striker
8.413.5 US 79 north – HendersonSouth end of US 79 overlap
8.814.2 US 79 south – New Summerfield, JacksonvilleNorth end of US 79 overlap
12.920.8 FM 856 – ConcordNorthern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
FM 2275
Farm to Market Road 2275LocationGregg CountyLength8.186 mi (13.174 km)Existed1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2275 (FM 2275) runs from US 271 in Gladewater east to US 259 in Longview. It is known as Vesta Avenue in Gladewater, and as George Richey Road elsewhere along its route.
FM 2275 was designated on October 26, 1954, from US 271 east to FM 1403 (now SH 300). On June 27, 1995, the entire route was redesignated Urban Road 2275 (UR 2275); the designation of the route reverted to FM 2275 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
In February 2011, TxDOT announced plants to extend the route by 4.4 miles (7.1 km) to US 259.
Junction list
The entire route is in Gregg County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Gladewater0.00.0 US 271 (Main Street) – Gilmer, Tyler
White Oak4.57.2 FM 3272 south (White Oak Road)
Longview6.310.1 FM 1845 (Pine Tree Road)
8.213.2 SH 300 (Gilmer Road) – Gilmer
10.016.1 FM 1343
11.318.2 Spur 502 (Judson Road) – Judson, Longview
12.420.0 US 259 – Daingerfield, Longview
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 2276
Farm to Market Road 2276LocationGregg and Rusk countiesLength18.223 mi (29.327 km)Existed1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2276 (FM 2276) runs from SH 323 near Henderson north to FM 2087 near Kilgore.
FM 2276 was designated on October 26, 1954, from FM 2087 to SH 322. On March 29, 1957, FM 2276 was rerouted to end at US 259. On May 6, 1964, FM 2276 was extended to SH 323.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Rusk0.00.0 SH 323 – Henderson, New London
0.60.97 Loop 571
2.84.5 US 259 – Kilgore, Henderson
7.712.4 FM 850
12.520.1 FM 1249 – Kilgore, Monroe
Gregg15.625.1 FM 2204 – Kilgore, East Texas Regional Airport
17.027.4 FM 349 – Kilgore, Lakeport
18.229.3 FM 2087 – Kilgore, Longview
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
RM 2277
Ranch to Market Road 2277LocationHutchinson CountyLength7.586 mi (12.208 km)ExistedOctober 26, 1954–present
Originally this was Farm to Market Road 2277 (FM 2277).
FM 2278
Farm to Market Road 2278LocationCottle CountyLength8.776 mi (14.124 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2279
Farm to Market Road 2279LocationKnox and Haskell countiesLength15.467 mi (24.892 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2280
Farm to Market Road 2280LocationJohnson CountyLength5.813 mi (9.355 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1958–present
FM 2280 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2280LocationCoryell CountyExistedOctober 26, 1954–March 21, 1958
A previous route numbered FM 2280 was designated on October 26, 1954, from SH 36 at Jonesboro east 9.8 miles (15.8 km) to FM 182 at Turnersville. FM 2280 was cancelled on March 21, 1958, and transferred to FM 217, although this did not take effect until the 1959 Travel Map was released.
FM 2281
Farm to Market Road 2281LocationDenton CountyLength2.153 mi (3.465 km)Existed1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2281 (FM 2281) is located in southeastern Denton County. The highway begins at Hebron Parkway in Carrollton and runs north to the Sam Rayburn Tollway in Lewisville. It is known locally as Old Denton Road.
FM 2281 was designated on October 26, 1954, from FM 544 south to the Denton–Dallas county line. On July 28, 1994, FM 2281 was extended north to SH 121. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was redesignated Urban Road 2281 (UR 2281). On November 16, 2000, the section south of Hebron Parkway was given to the city of Carrollton. The designation of the extant section reverted to FM 2281 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
The entire route is in Denton County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Carrollton0.00.0Hebron ParkwayContinues south as Old Denton Road
Lewisville1.82.9 FM 544 (Parker Road)
2.23.5 Sam Rayburn Tollway / SH 121
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 2282
Farm to Market Road 2282LocationLynn and Garza countiesLength7.172 mi (11.542 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2283
Farm to Market Road 2283LocationRed River CountyLength2.163 mi (3.481 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2284
Farm to Market Road 2284LocationHale CountyLength8.101 mi (13.037 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2285
Farm to Market Road 2285LocationHopkins CountyLength9.925 mi (15.973 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2286
Farm to Market Road 2286LocationHale and Floyd countiesLength26.345 mi (42.398 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2287
Farm to Market Road 2287LocationCallahan CountyLength14.769 mi (23.768 km)ExistedJune 2, 1967–present
FM 2287 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2287LocationJim Wells and Live Oak countiesExistedOctober 26, 1954–May 18, 1966
A previous route numbered FM 2287 was designated on October 26, 1954, from US 59, 3.3 miles (5.3 km) northeast of Orange Grove, northwest 6.3 miles (10.1 km) to the Live Oak County line. On September 21, 1955, the road was extended north 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to Lagarto. FM 2287 was cancelled on May 18, 1966, and became a portion of FM 534, although this section was not signed as FM 534 until 1967.
FM 2288
Farm to Market Road 2288LocationTom Green CountyLength11.411 mi (18.364 km)Existed1954–present
Farm to Market Road 2288 (FM 2288) is located in Tom Green County.
FM 2288 begins at an intersection with US 67 in western San Angelo near a major retail center. The highway travels in a north/northwest direction near a large subdivision then leaves the city near an intersection with RM 853. After leaving San Angelo, FM 2288 curves and bends around San Angelo State Park and the southern and western shores of O.C. Fisher Reservoir. The highway crosses over the North Concho River and enters the town of Grape Creek, ending at a junction with US 87.
FM 2288 was designated on October 26, 1954, traveling from US 87 southward to FM 853 at a distance of 10.2 miles (16.4 km). The highway was extended 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of FM 853 to US 67 on October 31, 1957. The section of FM 2288 between US 67 and RM 853 was redesignated Urban Road 2288 (UR 2288) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 2288 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
The entire route is in Tom Green County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
San Angelo0.00.0 US 67 (Sherwood Way) / Southland Boulevard – Mertzon, San Angelo
1.62.6 RM 853 (Arden Road) – Arden, San Angelo
Grape Creek11.418.3 US 87 / Grape Creek Road – Sterling City, San AngeloInterchange
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 2289
Farm to Market Road 2289LocationMadison CountyLength10.446 mi (16.811 km)Existed1954–present
FM 2290
Farm to Market Road 2290LocationParmer CountyLength8.882 mi (14.294 km)Existed1954–present
RM 2291
Ranch to Market Road 2291LocationMenard and Kimble countiesLength30.949 mi (49.808 km)ExistedOctober 26, 1954–present
Originally this was Farm to Market Road 2291 (FM 2291).
FM 2292
Farm to Market Road 2292LocationNueces CountyLength7.592 mi (12.218 km)ExistedOctober 26, 1954–present
FM 2293
Farm to Market Road 2293LocationRobertson CountyLength11.788 mi (18.971 km)ExistedOctober 26, 1954–present
FM 2294
Farm to Market Road 2294LocationStarr CountyLength16.668 mi (26.825 km)ExistedOctober 26, 1954–present
FM 2295
Farm to Market Road 2295LocationDuval and Jim Wells countiesLength34.485 mi (55.498 km)ExistedOctober 26, 1954–present
FM 2296
Farm to Market Road 2296LocationWalker CountyLength7.398 mi (11.906 km)ExistedOctober 26, 1954–present
FM 2297
Farm to Market Road 2297LocationHopkins CountyLength7.78 mi (12.52 km)ExistedNovember 21, 1956–present
FM 2297 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2297LocationMoore CountyExistedOctober 26, 1954–May 23, 1956
A previous route numbered FM 2297 was designated in Moore County on October 26, 1954, from FM 119 southwest of Sunray to a point 2.6 miles (4.2 km) northwest. FM 2297 was cancelled on May 23, 1956, because the county could not acquire right-of-way for the route.
FM 2298
Farm to Market Road 2298LocationDeaf Smith and Parmer countiesLength8.017 mi (12.902 km)ExistedSeptember 20, 1961–present
FM 2298 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2298LocationMoore CountyExistedOctober 26, 1954–May 23, 1956
The first use of the FM 2298 designation was in Moore County, from SH 152 near the Hutchinson–Moore county line to a point 2.9 miles (4.7 km) south. FM 2298 was cancelled on May 23, 1956, and removed from the highway system because the county could not acquire right-of-way for the route.
FM 2298 (1956)
Farm to Market Road 2298LocationHunt CountyExistedNovember 21, 1956–March 5, 1959
The next use of the FM 2298 designation was in Hunt County, from FM 1570 near Majors Field north 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to US 69. FM 2298 was cancelled on March 5, 1959, and transferred to FM 1570.
FM 2299
Farm to Market Road 2299LocationWheeler CountyLength4.159 mi (6.693 km)ExistedSeptember 27, 1960–present
FM 2299 (1954)
Farm to Market Road 2299LocationMoore CountyExistedOctober 26, 1954–May 23, 1956
The first use of the FM 2299 designation was in Moore County, from SH 152, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of the Hutchinson County line, to a point 4.7 miles (7.6 km) south. FM 2299 was cancelled on May 23, 1956, and removed from the highway system because the county could not acquire right-of-way for the route.
FM 2299 (1956)
Farm to Market Road 2299LocationRains CountyExistedNovember 21, 1956–December 31, 1959
The next use of the FM 2299 designation was in Rains County, from SH 19 at Emory to a point 3.0 miles (4.8 km) miles north. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended north 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to FM 275 at Daugherty. FM 2299 was cancelled on December 31, 1959, and transferred to FM 275.
Notes
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2200 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 462.
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2208 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 449.
^ RM 2243 was originally designated as FM 2243 from 1954 to 1966.
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2274 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 79.
^ RM 2277 was originally designated as FM 2277 from 1954 to 1955.
^ RM 2291 was originally designated as FM 2291 from 1954 to 1957.
References
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2200". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Google (June 29, 2018). "Route of FM 2200" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 537". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2201". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2202". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 96. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 81. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2203". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2204". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ Google (June 29, 2018). "Route of FM 2204" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2205". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2205". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Minute Order 115371" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2206". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2206". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2207". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 800. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 758. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2208". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2208". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Google (June 30, 2018). "Route of FM 2208" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2209". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 497". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 3142". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2210". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2350". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Google (June 30, 2018). "Route of FM 2210" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2211". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2212". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2213". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1175. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1118. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2214". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2215". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 881. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 988". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2216". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2217". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1235. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2218". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Google (February 18, 2013). "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2200–2299)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
^ Google (June 30, 2018). "Route of FM 2218" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2219". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2220". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2220". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2221". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2222". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2223". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 204". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 51". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2224". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 366. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2225". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2226". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2227". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1882". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2228". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2229". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2230". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2231". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b c d e f Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2232". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 21. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 36. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2233". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 731". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2234". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2234". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
^ "Major Thoroughfare Map". Public Works Dept, Missouri City. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
^ Google (June 30, 2018). "Route of FM 2234" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2235". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2236". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676459.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2237". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2238". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2239". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2240". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2240". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1322". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2241". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2242". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2243". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1488. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 26". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1460". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
^ Google (June 30, 2018). "Route of RM 2243" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2244". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2245". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2246". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2247". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 983. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 925. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 867. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 588". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2248". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2005". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2249". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 895. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 896. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1576". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2250". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2251". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b c d e Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2252". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1830. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1831. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1337". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2252". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Davila, Vianna (November 20, 2013). "City officials say no to TxDOT turnback program". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved August 10, 2020 – via MySA.com.
^ Google (January 5, 2011). "Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2252 Distances Between Interchanges" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2253". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2148". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Google (June 30, 2018). "Route of FM 2253" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2254". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2255". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2255". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
^ Google (August 2, 2016). "Map of FM 2255" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2256". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2257". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2258". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2259". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2260". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2261". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2262". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2263". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2264". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2265". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676461.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676465.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2266". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2267". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2268". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2269". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2270". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2271". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2272". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2273". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2274". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Google (June 29, 2018). "Route of FM 2274" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2275". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2275". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ http://www.txdot.gov/about_us/commission/2011_meetings/documents/minute_orders/feb24/17c1.pdf
^ Google (June 30, 2018). "Route of FM 2275" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2276". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Google (June 30, 2018). "Route of FM 2276" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2277". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2278". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2279". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2280". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2281". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2281". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
^ Google (June 30, 2018). "Route of FM 2281" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2282". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2283". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2284". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2285". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2286". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2287". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2288". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2288". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ Google (July 2, 2018). "Route of FM 2288" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2289". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2290". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2291". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2292". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2293". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2294". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2295". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2296". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2297". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2298". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2299". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm to Market Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm-to-market_road"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).","title":"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2200–2299)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"D'Hanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Hanis,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_462"},{"link_name":"Yancey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancey,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devine,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_173"},{"link_name":"Medina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2200 (FM 2200) is located in Medina County.FM 2200 begins at an intersection with US 90 in D'Hanis. The highway travels in a southern direction along the eastern edge of the town, leaving the city limits near County Road 5223. FM 2200 generally runs in a southern direction through rural farming areas, turning east at County Road 731. The highway has an overlap with FM 462 near Yancey. After leaving Yancey, FM 2200 mostly runs in an eastern direction towards Devine, ending at an intersection with SH 173.The current FM 2200 was designated on October 31, 1958, running from SH 173 in Devine westward to FM 462 near Yancey at a distance of 14.2 miles (22.9 km). The highway was extended 5.1 miles (8.2 km) northwest of FM 462 on May 2, 1962, creating an overlap with that highway. FM 2200 was extended 11.0 miles (17.7 km) to US 90 on May 6, 1964.Junction listThe entire route is in Medina County.","title":"FM 2200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_123"},{"link_name":"Stockdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockdale,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 537","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_537"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"FM 2200 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2200 was designated on October 29, 1953, traveling from SH 123 near Stockdale, southwestward to a road intersection at a distance of 5.9 miles (9.5 km). The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 537 on October 29, 1954.[3]","title":"FM 2200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palo Pinto County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Pinto_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_4"},{"link_name":"Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2201 (FM 2201) is located in Palo Pinto County.FM 2201 begins at an intersection with FM 4 in Santo. The highway travels in a northeast direction before turning in a more eastern direction near the Santo Volunteer Fire Department. FM 2201 continues to travel in a mostly eastern direction through rural farming areas, ending at an intersection with US 281 just north of I-20.FM 2201 was designated on December 2, 1953, along the current route.","title":"FM 2201"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moore County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"SH 354","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_354"},{"link_name":"FM 722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_722"},{"link_name":"Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2202-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_96-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_81-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2202-6"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2202 (FM 2202) is located in Moore County in the Panhandle. It runs from SH 354 northward 5.2 miles (8.4 km) to FM 722 southwest of Dumas.[5][6][7]FM 2202 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route.[5]","title":"FM 2202"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moore County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"SH 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_152"},{"link_name":"Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_119"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2203 (FM 2203) is located in Moore County in the Panhandle.FM 2203 begins at an intersection with SH 152 in Dumas. The highway travels in a northern direction along Maddox Avenue through a suburban area of the town. FM 2203 leaves Dumas at an intersection with McClary Lane, with the route becoming more rural. The highway travels in a northern direction through rural farming and ranching areas, ending at an intersection with FM 119 near the North Plains Country Club.FM 2203 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route.","title":"FM 2203"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 259 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_259_Business_(Kilgore,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Kilgore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilgore,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_322"},{"link_name":"East Texas Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Texas_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Gregg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2204 (FM 2204) is located in Gregg County. It runs from US 259 Bus. in Kilgore east to SH 322 at East Texas Regional Airport. It is known locally as Stone Road. FM 2204 was designated on October 28, 1953, along its current route.Junction listThe entire route is in Gregg County.","title":"FM 2204"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_281"},{"link_name":"SH 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"Longview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2205-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2205 (FM 2205) is located in Gregg County. Known locally as Jaycee Road, it runs from Loop 281 east to SH 31 in Longview.FM 2205 was designated on October 28, 1953, along its current route. On June 27, 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 2205 (UR 2205).[12] The designation reverted to FM 2205 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]","title":"FM 2205"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_42"},{"link_name":"White Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Oak,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_281"},{"link_name":"Longview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2206 (FM 2206) is located in Gregg County. Known locally as Harrison Road, it runs from SH 42 near White Oak east to Loop 281 in Longview.FM 2206 was designated on October 28, 1953, along its current route. On June 27, 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 2206 (UR 2206).[15] The designation reverted to FM 2206 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]","title":"FM 2206"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_135"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kilgore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilgore,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1252"},{"link_name":"Liberty City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gladewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladewater,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2207-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_800-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_758-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2207-17"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2207 (FM 2207) is located in Gregg County. It begins at SH 135, near that route's junction with I-20, northwest of Kilgore. FM 2207 runs to the northwest, crossing FM 1252, before ending at another intersection with SH 135 between Liberty City and Gladewater.[16][17][18]FM 2207 was designated on October 28, 1953, from SH 135 south to FM 1252. On October 26, 1954, it was extended south to its current southern terminus at SH 135.[16]","title":"FM 2207"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Longview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_134"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2256"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2208 (FM 2208) is located in Gregg, Harrison, and Marion counties. It runs from US 80 in Longview northeast to FM 134 near Jefferson.FM 2208 was designated on October 28, 1953, from US 80 to the Harrison County line. On October 31, 1957, it was extended to FM 449. On December 31, 1959, it replaced FM 449 to its intersection with FM 450; it also replaced FM 2256 from FM 450 to FM 134. On October 27, 1963, the section from FM 450 to FM 2657 was transferred to FM 449, along with FM 2657 itself. On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 2879 to US 80 was redesignated Urban Road 2208 (UR 2208).[20] The designation reverted to FM 2208 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]Junction list","title":"FM 2208"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willacy County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willacy_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3142"},{"link_name":"San Perlita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Perlita,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_186"},{"link_name":"FM 497","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_497"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2209 (FM 2209) is located in Willacy County.FM 2209 begins at an intersection with County Road 380. The highway travels in an eastern direction, turning south at an unnamed county road. FM 2209 intersects FM 3142, then travels through the town of San Perlita. The highway continues to travel in a southern direction, ending at an intersection with SH 186.FM 2209 was designated on December 2, 1953, traveling from SH 186 (current junction with FM 3142) at San Perlita northward to a road intersection at a distance of 1.7 miles (2.7 km). The highway was extended 3.4 miles (5.5 km) east and south to FM 497 on May 2, 1962. FM 2209 was extended 3.6 miles (5.8 km) north and west from its previous north end at a road intersection to another road intersection on May 5, 1966. On May 31, 1973, the highway's routing was changed, with the old route east of San Perlita being renumbered FM 3142, while FM 2209 was rerouted replacing a section of SH 186 to FM 497. SH 186 was truncated, but SH 186 was signed but not designated along FM 497. The redesignation of FM 497 to SH 186 became official on August 26, 1990.[23][24]","title":"FM 2209"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_4"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Perrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_199"},{"link_name":"Joplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joplin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_920"},{"link_name":"Balsora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsora,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2350"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"FM 206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_206"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2210 (FM 2210) is located in Jack and Wise counties.FM 2210 begins at an intersection with FM 4 in the Bartons Chapel area. The highway travels in an eastern direction, turning south at Pump Station Road, then turning back east near Heliport Road. FM 2210 continues to run in an eastern direction, intersecting US 281 in Perrin. A few miles east of Perrin, the highway turns north at Lone Star Road, intersects SH 199 southeast of Joplin, then turns back to the east near Willow Point. FM 2210 continues to run in an eastern direction, ending at an intersection with FM 920 in Balsora.FM 2210 was designated on October 28, 1953, traveling from SH 199 southward to Gibtown at a distance of 3.0 miles (4.8 km). On September 20, 1961, a farm-to-market road from Gibtown to FM 2350 was designated. The highway was extended 13.4 miles (21.6 km) to a road intersection northwest of Perrin on October 3, 1961, absorbing all of FM 2350.[26] The highway was extended 6.1 miles (9.8 km) westward to FM 206 (now FM 4) on June 28, 1963. FM 2210 was extended 3.9 miles (6.3 km) northeast of SH 199 to the Wise County line on May 5, 1966. The highway was extended 5.3 miles (8.5 km) to FM 920 at Balsora on May 7, 1970.Junction list","title":"FM 2210"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2211"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2212"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Augustine County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_96"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"San Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2213-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1175-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1118-34"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2213-32"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2213 (FM 2213) is located in San Augustine County. It runs from US 96 northward 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to SH 21 in San Augustine.[30][31][32]FM 2213 was established on February 24, 1954, along the current route.[30]","title":"FM 2213"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2214"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henderson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Berryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berryville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_155"},{"link_name":"Frankston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lake Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_881-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2215-36"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2215 (FM 2215) is located in southeast Henderson County. It runs about 1.3 miles (2.1 km) within Berryville, from SH 155 north of Frankston eastward to CR 4117, near the western shore of Lake Palestine.[35]The current FM 2215 was commissioned on April 25, 1978.[34]","title":"FM 2215"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erath County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erath_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_8"},{"link_name":"Stephenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephenville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_988"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_988-38"}],"sub_title":"FM 2215 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2215 was designated in Erath County on January 27, 1954, running 1.2 miles (1.9 km) from FM 8 near Stephenville southeastward to US 67. FM 2215 was removed from the state highway system on August 1, 1967, in exchange for FM 988, and was cancelled when that route opened.[36]","title":"FM 2215"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2216"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_15"},{"link_name":"SH 136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_136"}],"sub_title":"FM 2216 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2216 was designated on December 1, 1953, from the Oklahoma state line south, southeast, and south 18.4 miles (29.6 km) to FM 289 (now SH 15) at Gruver. FM 2216 was cancelled on November 21, 1963, and transferred to SH 136.","title":"FM 2216"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2217&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2217&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2217"},{"link_name":"Hudspeth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudspeth_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_192"},{"link_name":"McNary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNary,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2217-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1235-41"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2217-40"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2217KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 2217 (FM 2217) is located in Hudspeth County. It connects I-10 with FM 192.FM 2217 runs southward from I-10 at exit 81 about 4 miles (6.4 km) east of McNary, then eastward before ending at FM 192.[38][39]On February 25, 1954, FM 2217 was designated from US 80 (present-day I-10) southeastward to FM 192.[38]","title":"FM 2217"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Bend County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Pleak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleak,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenberg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1640"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"B. F. Terry High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Terry_High_School"},{"link_name":"Lamar Consolidated Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Consolidated_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"Wharton County Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_County_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2218-42"},{"link_name":"Fort Bend County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pleak_TX_Pleak_Korner.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosenberg_TX_US_59_and_FM_2218.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richmond_TX_FM_1640_and_2218.JPG"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2218 (FM 2218) is located in Fort Bend County. The highway begins at SH 36 in Pleak, heads northeast through Rosenberg and ends at FM 1640 in Richmond.FM 2218 begins at a traffic signal on SH 36 in Pleak. There is a filling station on the northeast corner and the Pleak City Hall is nearby. The highway immediately heads northeast. On the outskirts of Pleak, FM 2218 curves north, then it turns north-northeast near the Meadow Bend Park Estates subdivision. Near Lane Airpark, the highway veers northeast again. At a distance 3.8 miles (6.1 km) from its starting point, the highway comes to the I-69/US 59 overpass. FM 2218 continues northeast from I-69/US 59 through Rosenberg, with traffic lights at Airport Avenue, Avenue N, Reading Road and Town Center Boulevard. This stretch of the highway is also known as B. F. Terry Boulevard. B. F. Terry High School in the Lamar Consolidated Independent School District is situated on the northwest side of FM 2218 between Airport and Avenue N. The highway ends at a traffic signal on FM 1640. There is a Walmart on the south side and a Wharton County Junior College campus on the north side.[41]FM 2218 was first designated on March 24, 1954, to run from FM 1640 at Richmond to SH 36 at Pleak. Since its original authorization there has been no change to the route.[40]Junction listThe entire highway is in Fort Bend County.Petrol station on FM 2218 near SH 36 in Pleak\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhat is now the I-69/US 59 overpass on FM 2218 in Rosenberg\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView southwest at FM 1640 and FM 2218 in Richmond","title":"FM 2218"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2219"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1925"},{"link_name":"FM 1016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road"},{"link_name":"SH 107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_107"},{"link_name":"SH 336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_336"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_Business_(McAllen,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2220-47"},{"link_name":"Spur 487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_487"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2220 (FM 2220) is located in Hidalgo County. It runs from FM 1925 to FM 1016.FM 2220 was designated on April 20, 1954, from SH 107, 2.3 miles (3.7 km) west of SH 336, south 2 miles (3.2 km) to US 83 (now Bus. US 83), 2 miles (3.2 km) west of SH 336. On May 2, 1962, the road was extended north 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to FM 1925. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was redesignated Urban Road 2220 (UR 2220).[45] On April 25, 1996, a section from US 83 and Spur 487 south to FM 1016 was added, creating a gap. This gap was closed on December 19, 1996, when the route was extended from Bus. US 83 to US 83, replacing Spur 487. The designation of the route reverted to FM 2220 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]","title":"FM 2220"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2221"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2222 (RM 2222) is located in Travis County.","title":"RM 2222"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazos County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_974"},{"link_name":"Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH OSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_OSR"},{"link_name":"Benchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchley,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2223 (FM 2223) is located in Brazos County. It runs from FM 974, 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Bryan, northwestward to SH OSR, 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Benchley. It is known locally as Old Cameron Ranch Road.The current FM 2223 was designated on its current route on October 26, 1954.","title":"FM 2223"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_201"},{"link_name":"Paluxy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paluxy_River"},{"link_name":"FM 204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_204"},{"link_name":"FM 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"FM 2223 (May 1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2223 was designated on May 21, 1954, from FM 201 (now FM 56) southwest to the Paluxy River. FM 2223 was cancelled five months later and transferred to FM 204 (now FM 51).[49][50]","title":"FM 2223"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_79"},{"link_name":"FM 1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1954"},{"link_name":"Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliday,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2224-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_366-54"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2224-53"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2224 (FM 2224) is located in Archer County. It runs from SH 79 westward and northward 5.1 miles (8.2 km) to FM 1954 southeast of Holliday.[51][52]FM 2224 was established on September 29, 1954, along the current route.[51]","title":"FM 2224"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2225"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2225 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2225 was designated on September 29, 1954, from SH 25 near Archer City to a point 5.9 miles (9.5 km) southeast. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended southeast 6.8 miles (10.9 km) to US 281. On February 28, 1957, the northern terminus was shifted east 1.5 miles (2.4 km), shortening the route by 0.7 miles (1.1 km). FM 2225 was cancelled on July 18, 1958, and removed from the highway system as the county could not acquire right-of-way for the route.","title":"FM 2225"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2226"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ector County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ector_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"BL I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_Business_(Odessa-Midland,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_51"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1882"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2227 (FM 2227) was located in Ector County.FM 2227 was designated on September 29, 1954, running from US 80 (now BL I-20) in Odessa southward to SH 51 (now US 385) at a distance of 3.7 miles (6.0 km). The highway was cancelled on September 29, 1992, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1882.[56]","title":"FM 2227"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2228"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2229"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2230"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2231"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_15"},{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2232-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_21-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_36-65"},{"link_name":"FM 289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_289"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2232-63"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2232 (FM 2232) is located in Sherman County. It runs from SH 15 east of Stratford southward 4 miles (6.4 km) to CR Q. The roadway continues beyond both termini as CR 13.[61][62][63]FM 2232 was designated on September 21, 1955, along the current route. At the time, SH 15 at the northern terminus was designated FM 289.[61]","title":"FM 2232"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephens County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephens_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_717"},{"link_name":"Caddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo,_Stephens_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Palo Pinto County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Pinto_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_207"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2232-63"}],"sub_title":"FM 2232 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2232 was designated in Stephens County on September 29, 1954, from FM 717, 10 miles (16 km) south of Caddo, east 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to the Palo Pinto County line. FM 2232 was cancelled on November 3 of that year and became a portion of FM 207.[61]","title":"FM 2232"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2233"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loop 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_16"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_659"},{"link_name":"Ysleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysleta,_El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fabens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabens,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 2233 (1954)","text":"The first route numbered FM 2233 was designated on September 29, 1954, running from Loop 16 (now US 62 / US 85) in El Paso, eastward and southeastward to FM 659 near Ysleta at a distance of 8.0 miles (12.9 km). The highway was extended 18.2 miles (29.3 km) southeastward to a road intersection near Fabens on November 29, 1955. FM 2233 was cancelled on December 19, 1959, becoming part of I-10.","title":"RM 2233"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_174"},{"link_name":"Tarrant County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 731","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_731"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"FM 2233 (1961)","text":"The second route numbered FM 2233 was designated on September 20, 1961, running from SH 174 northwestward to the Tarrant County line at a distance of 2.2 miles (3.5 km). On May 6, 1964, the road was extended north to FM 1187. The highway was cancelled fifteen days later, with the mileage being transferred to FM 731.[65]","title":"RM 2233"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pearland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"US 90 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Alternate_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Fort Bend County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Bend Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_Parkway"},{"link_name":"FM 521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_521"},{"link_name":"Brazoria County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 288","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_288"},{"link_name":"Shadow Creek Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Creek_Ranch"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2234-69"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2234 (FM 2234) is an urban and suburban route between Missouri City and Pearland, south-southwest of Houston. Beginning at US 90 Alt., the road follows a southerly path through neighborhoods of Missouri City, in Fort Bend County, passing briefly through Stafford. After making an east curve, FM 2234 passes briefly through Houston and then crosses under the Fort Bend Parkway. It then travels into more undeveloped areas, for a distance following a south boundary of Houston. After intersecting with FM 521, FM 2234 enters Brazoria County and ends at SH 288 in the Shadow Creek Ranch area of Pearland. The highway is signed north–south until it reaches the FM 521 intersection, from which it is signed as an east–west highway.FM 2234 was designated on September 29, 1954, from US 59 (now US 90 Alt.) to the Blue Ridge State Prison Farm (current junction with Blue Ridge Road). On September 21, 1955, it was extended east to FM 521. On April 30, 1987, it was extended east to SH 288. Effective June 27, 1995, FM 2234 was redesignated as Urban Road 2234 (UR 2234).[67] The designation reverted to FM 2234 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]The portion within Missouri City is also known as Texas Parkway.[68] The portion from the Missouri City line to FM 521 is also known as McHard Road. The portion from FM 521 to SH 288 is also known as Shadow Creek Parkway.Junction list","title":"FM 2234"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2235"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crosby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2236 (FM 2236) is located in Crosby County.FM 2236 was designated on September 21, 1955, on its current route.","title":"FM 2236"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"FM 2236 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2236 was designated on September 29, 1954, from FM 240 east 5.4 miles (8.7 km) to US 87 some 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Cuero. This was eliminated by 1955.[72]","title":"FM 2236"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2237"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2238"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2239"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texarkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_559"},{"link_name":"FM 1397","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1397"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2240-79"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2240 (FM 2240) is located in Bowie County in the city of Texarkana. The highway is known locally as Moores Lane.FM 2240 begins at an intersection with FM 559. The highway travels in an eastern direction through a suburban area, passing Pleasant Grove Middle School and the First Baptist Church, ending at an intersection with FM 1397. FM 2240 is three lanes for its entire length: one eastbound lane, one westbound, and a center turn-lane.The current FM 2240 was designated on June 22, 1964, from FM 559 to FM 1397. On June 27, 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 2240 (UR 2240).[77] The designation reverted to FM 2240 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]","title":"FM 2240"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_20"},{"link_name":"Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockhart,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_86"},{"link_name":"Brownsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsboro,_Caldwell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1322"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"FM 2240 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2240 was designated on September 29, 1954, running from FM 20 near Lockhart, southeastward to FM 86 near Brownsboro at a distance of 9.7 miles (15.6 km). This highway was cancelled on May 15, 1964, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1322.[78]","title":"FM 2240"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2241"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2242"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Williamson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_2243-83"},{"link_name":"Leander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1488-85"},{"link_name":"183A Toll Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/183A_Toll_Road"},{"link_name":"FM 734","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_734"},{"link_name":"RM 1431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1431"},{"link_name":"Cedar Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Park,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_29"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_Business_(Georgetown,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Spur 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_26"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_26-86"},{"link_name":"FM 1460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1460"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_2243-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1460-87"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_81"},{"link_name":"Travis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Williamson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2243 (RM 2243) is located in Williamson County. It is approximately 11.3 miles (18.2 km) long.[81]RM 2243 begins in Leander, at an intersection with US 183.[82] It travels to the east along South Street, crossing the current 183A Toll Road along its current non-controlled-access northern stub. RM 2243 then crosses the Ronald Reagan Boulevard arterial, which provides access to FM 734 and RM 1431 in Cedar Park to the south and to SH 29 to the north. Farther east, the route enters Georgetown, where it is known as Leander Drive, and has a junction with I-35 at its exit 260. The RM 2243 designation ends at South Austin Avenue (the former I-35 Business, now designated Spur 26).[83] The roadway continues as FM 1460.[81][84]RM 2243 was first designated on September 29, 1954, as Farm to Market Road 2243 (FM 2243), connecting US 183 in Leander to US 81 (later replaced by I-35 Business) in Georgetown. On May 5, 1966, a westward extension of about 4.4 mi (7.1 km), from US 183 to Travis County, was added, and the designation was changed to RM 2243. The segment west of US 183 was removed from the state highway system and returned to the city of Leander's jurisdiction on April 24, 2003.Junction listThe entire route is in Williamson County.","title":"RM 2243"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2244 (RM 2244) is located in Travis County.","title":"RM 2244"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2245"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2246"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comanche County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_983-93"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"FM 588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_588"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_925-94"},{"link_name":"FM 587","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_587"},{"link_name":"De Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Leon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2247-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_867-95"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_588-96"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2247-92"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2247 (FM 2247) is located in Comanche County.The southern terminus of FM 2247 is at SH 16 in Comanche.[90] It runs west along Wright Avenue for approximately 0.46 miles (0.74 km) before turning to the north; from this point, FM Spur 2247 continues to the west for approximately 0.38 miles (0.61 km) to an intersection with SH 36. North of Comanche, FM 2247 intersects FM 588.[91] The route's northern terminus is at an intersection with FM 587 west of De Leon.[89][92]FM 2247 was designated on September 29, 1954, from Comanche to a junction with FM 588 12.0 miles (19.3 km) to the north. On April 23, 1958, FM 588 was truncated, with the segment from this junction north to FM 587 being transferred to FM 2247.[93] The spur connection was designated on May 24, 1963.[89]","title":"FM 2247"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2248"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_575"},{"link_name":"FM 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2005"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"FM 2248","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2248 was designated on September 29, 1954, running from FM 575 northeastward to a road intersection at a distance of 5.1 miles (8.2 km). On July 28, 1955, the road was extended northeast \n4.8 miles (7.7 km) to the Hamilton County line. The highway was cancelled on September 2, 1955, with the mileage being transferred to FM 2005.[95]","title":"RM 2248"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2249&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2249&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2249"},{"link_name":"Hudspeth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudspeth_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dell City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_895-100"},{"link_name":"FM 1437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1437"},{"link_name":"FM 1576","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1576"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_896-101"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2249KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 2249 (FM 2249) is located in Hudspeth County. Its western terminus is at a county road 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Dell City.[97] It runs eastward through the city, intersecting FM 1437, before ending at FM 1576.[98]FM 2249 was designated on September 29, 1954, from Dell City, 4 miles (6.4 km) eastward and 2 miles (3.2 km) northward. On December 17 of that year, its routing was changed so that it went 3.0 miles (4.8 km) eastward and 3.0 miles (4.8 km) northward. On July 28, 1955, FM 2249 was extended west 2.0 miles (3.2 km). On September 18, 1957, the south–north portion was transferred to FM 1576.[99]","title":"FM 2249"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2250"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2251"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2252-105"},{"link_name":"Interstate 410","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_410"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wurzbach Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurzbach_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Loop 1604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_1604"},{"link_name":"Comal County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comal_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracken,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_3009"},{"link_name":"Garden Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Ridge,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 482","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_482"},{"link_name":"Interstate 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Schertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schertz,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1830-106"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2252-105"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1831-107"},{"link_name":"FM 1337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1337"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2252-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR2252-109"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turnback_rejected-110"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2252 (FM 2252) is located in Greater San Antonio. It is approximately 14.3 miles (23.0 km) long.[102]FM 2252 begins at a junction with Interstate 410 in San Antonio, and travels north along Perrin-Beitel Road. It crosses the controlled-access portion of Wurzbach Parkway, and turns to the northeast, where the route becomes Nacogdoches Road. FM 2252 intersects Loop 1604 before entering Comal County and the community of Bracken. The route continues to the northeast, intersecting FM 3009 in Garden Ridge, before making a dogleg turn to the southeast at the intersection with Old Nacogdoches Road. Here, FM 2252 changes cardinal directions, from south–north to west–east. FM 2252 ends at an intersection with FM 482, which provides access to Interstate 35 in Schertz.[103][102][104]FM 2252 was designated on October 13, 1954, with a northern terminus at the Comal County line. It was extended to its current length on September 5, 1973, through Comal County to and along FM 1337 which started at Bracken, with a spur route into Bracken.[105] The spur route was removed on March 31, 1976.[102] On June 27, 1995, the portion between I-410 and FM 3009 was officially changed to Urban Road 2252 (UR 2252); the designation reverted to FM 2252 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[106][13] The section of FM 2252 south of Loop 1604 was proposed for decommissioning in 2014 as part of TxDOT's San Antonio turnback proposal, which would have turned back over 129 miles of roads to the city of San Antonio, but the city of San Antonio rejected that proposal.[107]Junction list","title":"FM 2252"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leary,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_30"},{"link_name":"FM 2148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2148"},{"link_name":"playa lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_lake"},{"link_name":"FM 559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_559"},{"link_name":"Wamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamba,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Bowie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2253 (FM 2253) is located in Bowie County.FM 2253 begins at an intersection with US 82 in eastern Leary. The highway travels in a generally northern direction, intersecting I-30 and FM 2148 before leaving the town. North of Leary, FM 2253 travels through rural areas with playa lakes and farms, ending at an intersection with FM 559 northeast of Wamba.FM 2253 was designated on October 13, 1954, traveling from FM 2148 northward to FM 559 at a distance of 4.8 miles (7.7 km). On May 26, 1966, the highway was extended 1.7 miles (2.7 km) southward to US 82 over part of FM 2148.[110]Junction listThe entire route is in Bowie County.","title":"FM 2253"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2254"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Reese Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese_Center,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Tech University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_University"},{"link_name":"University Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Medical_Center_(Lubbock,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2255-117"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lubbock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2255 (FM 2255) is located in Lubbock.FM 2255 begins at an intersection with Spur 309 in Lubbock near Reese Center. The highway runs east, meeting FM 179 (Inler Avenue) at a stop sign-controlled intersection. Between Inler Avenue and Milwaukee Avenue, FM 2255 runs in a rural area of northern Lubbock. East of Milwaukee Avenue, the highway sees much more development along its route, including commercial developments and numerous subdivisions. From Quaker Avenue to US 82 (Marsha Sharp Freeway), FM 2255 runs through the northern half of Texas Tech University and passes by University Medical Center. The highway ends at an interchange with the Marsha Sharp Freeway.The entire highway is known locally in Lubbock as 4th Street.FM 2255 was designated on September 21, 1955, from War Highway 5 (now Spur 309) east to west Lubbock City Limits. On March 29, 1956, FM 2255 was extended east to US 82. On June 27, 1995, FM 2255 changed to Urban Road 2255 (UR 2255).[114] The designation reverted to FM 2255 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]Junction listThe entire route is in Lubbock, Lubbock County.","title":"FM 2255"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1191"}],"sub_title":"FM 2255 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2255 was designated on October 13, 1954, from SH 24 (now US 380) in Bryson, southward 4.2 miles (6.8 km). The road became part of FM 1191 on February 15, 1955.","title":"FM 2255"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2256"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2256-119"}],"sub_title":"FM 2256 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2256 was designated on October 13, 1954, from SH 154 southeast of Harleton northeast 13.2 miles (21.2 km) to US 59 south of Jefferson. On May 25, 1955, the road was extended northeast 1.1 miles (1.8 km) over former US 59 to FM 134 near Jefferson. On January 29, 1959, the road was extended southwest 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to FM 450. FM 2256 was cancelled on December 31, 1959, and transferred to FM 2208.[116]","title":"FM 2256"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tarrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Springtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtown,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Azle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azle,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Briar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briar,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_730"},{"link_name":"SH 199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_199"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2257 (FM 2257) is located in Parker and Tarrant counties.FM 2257 begins at an intersection with SH 199 between Springtown and Azle. The highway travels in a mostly northern direction along Jay Bird Lane before turning east onto Knob Hill Road at an intersection with Knob Road. FM 2257 continues to travel east along Knob Hill Road before ending at an intersection with FM 730 in Briar.The current FM 2257 was designated in 1961, running from FM 730 westward to a road intersection at length of 4.1 miles (6.6 km). In 1965, the highway was extended 3.7 miles (6.0 km) southward to SH 199.","title":"FM 2257"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2257-120"}],"sub_title":"FM 2257 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2257 was designated on October 13, 1954, from SH 150 at Waverly southeast 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to a road intersection. FM 2257 was cancelled on November 28, 1958, and transferred to FM 1725.[117]","title":"FM 2257"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2258"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2259"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2260"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2261"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2262"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2263"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2264"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"FM 2265 was designated on September 20, 1961, from SH 114 east to FM 1655. On June 1, 1965, FM 2265 was extended west to FM 2127.","title":"FM 2265"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"sub_title":"FM 2265 (1954)","text":"The first use of FM 2265 was designated on October 26, 1954, from FM 66 at Itasca southeast 14.0 miles (22.5 km) to US 77 some 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Hillsboro.[126] This was cancelled and removed from the designated highway system on January 24, 1955, in exchange for extending FM 309, FM 934, and FM 1242.[127]","title":"FM 2265"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2265 (1955)","text":"The second use of FM 2265 was designated on September 21, 1955, from US 70, 2.3 miles (3.7 km) west of the Floyd–Motley county line, northward 5.3 miles (8.5 km) to a road intersection. FM 2265 was cancelled on March 24, 1958, and mileage was transferred to FM 28.","title":"FM 2265"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2265 (1958)","text":"The third use of FM 2265 was designated on October 31, 1958, from FM 4 northeastward 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to west of Brazos. This was cancelled on December 15, 1959, and mileage was transferred to FM 129.","title":"FM 2265"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2266"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2267"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2268"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2269"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2270"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2270 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2270 was designated on October 25, 1954, from SH 95, south of Holland, east 7.3 miles (11.7 km) to Vilas. On July 28, 1955, the road was extended east 1.4 miles (2.3 km) to the Milam County line, and another 1.2 miles (1.9 km) east to FM 437 four weeks later. FM 2270 was cancelled on December 31, 1959, and transferred to FM 2268.","title":"FM 2270"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2271"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2272"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brown County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2559"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2273 (FM 2273) is located in Brown County. The road begins at US 183 south of May, and continues west until it reaches FM 2559 northeast of Grosvenor, where it subsequently changes numbers.FM 2273 was designated on October 26, 1954, along its current route.","title":"FM 2273"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_204"},{"link_name":"Ponta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_856"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2274 (FM 2274) is located in east-northeast Cherokee County. It is approximately 12.2 miles (19.6 km) in length. It runs from SH 204 in Ponta to FM 856 south of Concord.FM 2274 was designated on October 26, 1954, running 8.3 miles (13.4 km) between SH 204 at Ponta and US 79. On May 6, 1964, the route was extended 4.1 miles (6.6 km) northward to US 79 and to FM 856 near Concord.Junction listThe entire route is in Cherokee County.","title":"FM 2274"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_271_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gladewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladewater,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_259_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Longview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gladewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladewater,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1403"},{"link_name":"SH 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_300"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2275-143"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"},{"link_name":"US 259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_259"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-February_24_meeting_minutes-144"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Gregg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2275 (FM 2275) runs from US 271 in Gladewater east to US 259 in Longview. It is known as Vesta Avenue in Gladewater, and as George Richey Road elsewhere along its route.FM 2275 was designated on October 26, 1954, from US 271 east to FM 1403 (now SH 300). On June 27, 1995, the entire route was redesignated Urban Road 2275 (UR 2275);[139] the designation of the route reverted to FM 2275 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]In February 2011, TxDOT announced plants to extend the route by 4.4 miles (7.1 km) to US 259.[140][needs update]Junction listThe entire route is in Gregg County.","title":"FM 2275"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_323"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2087","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2087"},{"link_name":"Kilgore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilgore,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_322"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2276 (FM 2276) runs from SH 323 near Henderson north to FM 2087 near Kilgore.FM 2276 was designated on October 26, 1954, from FM 2087 to SH 322. On March 29, 1957, FM 2276 was rerouted to end at US 259. On May 6, 1964, FM 2276 was extended to SH 323.Junction list","title":"FM 2276"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Originally this was Farm to Market Road 2277 (FM 2277).","title":"RM 2277"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2278"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2279"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2280"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2280 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2280 was designated on October 26, 1954, from SH 36 at Jonesboro east 9.8 miles (15.8 km) to FM 182 at Turnersville. FM 2280 was cancelled on March 21, 1958, and transferred to FM 217, although this did not take effect until the 1959 Travel Map was released.","title":"FM 2280"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Carrollton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sam Rayburn Tollway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Rayburn_Tollway"},{"link_name":"Lewisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 544","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_544"},{"link_name":"SH 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_121"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"},{"link_name":"Denton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2281 (FM 2281) is located in southeastern Denton County. The highway begins at Hebron Parkway in Carrollton and runs north to the Sam Rayburn Tollway in Lewisville. It is known locally as Old Denton Road.FM 2281 was designated on October 26, 1954, from FM 544 south to the Denton–Dallas county line. On July 28, 1994, FM 2281 was extended north to SH 121. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was redesignated Urban Road 2281 (UR 2281).[149] On November 16, 2000, the section south of Hebron Parkway was given to the city of Carrollton. The designation of the extant section reverted to FM 2281 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]Junction listThe entire route is in Denton County.","title":"FM 2281"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2282"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2283"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2284"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2285"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2286"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2287"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2287 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2287 was designated on October 26, 1954, from US 59, 3.3 miles (5.3 km) northeast of Orange Grove, northwest 6.3 miles (10.1 km) to the Live Oak County line. On September 21, 1955, the road was extended north 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to Lagarto. FM 2287 was cancelled on May 18, 1966, and became a portion of FM 534, although this section was not signed as FM 534 until 1967.","title":"FM 2287"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Green County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Green_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_853"},{"link_name":"San Angelo State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Angelo_State_Park"},{"link_name":"O.C. Fisher Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.C._Fisher_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"North Concho River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Concho_River"},{"link_name":"Grape Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_Creek,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"},{"link_name":"Tom Green County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Green_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2288 (FM 2288) is located in Tom Green County.FM 2288 begins at an intersection with US 67 in western San Angelo near a major retail center. The highway travels in a north/northwest direction near a large subdivision then leaves the city near an intersection with RM 853. After leaving San Angelo, FM 2288 curves and bends around San Angelo State Park and the southern and western shores of O.C. Fisher Reservoir. The highway crosses over the North Concho River and enters the town of Grape Creek, ending at a junction with US 87.FM 2288 was designated on October 26, 1954, traveling from US 87 southward to FM 853 at a distance of 10.2 miles (16.4 km). The highway was extended 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of FM 853 to US 67 on October 31, 1957. The section of FM 2288 between US 67 and RM 853 was redesignated Urban Road 2288 (UR 2288) on June 27, 1995.[158] The designation reverted to FM 2288 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]Junction listThe entire route is in Tom Green County.","title":"FM 2288"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2289"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2290"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Originally this was Farm to Market Road 2291 (FM 2291).","title":"RM 2291"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2292"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2293"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2294"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2295"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2296"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2297"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moore County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_119"},{"link_name":"Sunray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunray,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 2297 (1954)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2297 was designated in Moore County on October 26, 1954, from FM 119 southwest of Sunray to a point 2.6 miles (4.2 km) northwest. FM 2297 was cancelled on May 23, 1956, because the county could not acquire right-of-way for the route.","title":"FM 2297"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2298"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moore County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 2298 (1954)","text":"The first use of the FM 2298 designation was in Moore County, from SH 152 near the Hutchinson–Moore county line to a point 2.9 miles (4.7 km) south. FM 2298 was cancelled on May 23, 1956, and removed from the highway system because the county could not acquire right-of-way for the route.","title":"FM 2298"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 2298 (1956)","text":"The next use of the FM 2298 designation was in Hunt County, from FM 1570 near Majors Field north 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to US 69. FM 2298 was cancelled on March 5, 1959, and transferred to FM 1570.","title":"FM 2298"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2299"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moore County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 2299 (1954)","text":"The first use of the FM 2299 designation was in Moore County, from SH 152, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of the Hutchinson County line, to a point 4.7 miles (7.6 km) south. FM 2299 was cancelled on May 23, 1956, and removed from the highway system because the county could not acquire right-of-way for the route.","title":"FM 2299"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rains County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rains_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 2299 (1956)","text":"The next use of the FM 2299 designation was in Rains County, from SH 19 at Emory to a point 3.0 miles (4.8 km) miles north. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended north 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to FM 275 at Daugherty. FM 2299 was cancelled on December 31, 1959, and transferred to FM 275.","title":"FM 2299"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2200-concur_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2208-concur_21-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RM_2243_84-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2274-concur_140-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RM_2277_149-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RM_2291_168-0"}],"text":"^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2200 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 462.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2208 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 449.\n\n^ RM 2243 was originally designated as FM 2243 from 1954 to 1966.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2274 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 79.\n\n^ RM 2277 was originally designated as FM 2277 from 1954 to 1955.\n\n^ RM 2291 was originally designated as FM 2291 from 1954 to 1957.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2200\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2200.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2200\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 29, 2018). \"Route of FM 2200\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/29.33176,-99.2758486/29.1464552,-98.9152146/@29.2231148,-99.1662561,12z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-99.0066813!2d29.1398985!3s0x865c3298eef14787:0xb31156fc91cb621!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2200\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 537\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0537.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 537\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2201\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2201.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2201\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2202\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2202.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2202\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 96. Retrieved July 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/96.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 81. Retrieved July 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/81.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2203\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2203.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2203\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2204\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2204.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2204\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 29, 2018). \"Route of FM 2204\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.3923092,-94.8619705/32.3876638,-94.7216706/@32.4051219,-94.8233871,13.25z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-94.8286923!2d32.3818205!3s0x8636313e623b1a7b:0x92b006a40243321a!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2204\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2205\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2205.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2205\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2205\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2205.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2205\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115371\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115371\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2206\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2206.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2206\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2206\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2206.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2206\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2207\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2207.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2207\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 800. Retrieved June 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/800.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 758. Retrieved June 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/758.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2208\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2208.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2208\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2208\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2208.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2208\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2018). \"Route of FM 2208\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.5035684,-94.7220182/32.7428869,-94.3389261/@32.6458119,-94.6206361,11.5z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-94.6514233!2d32.5840993!3s0x863641824ffb863b:0x507ccea348d98053!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2208\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2209\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2209.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2209\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 497\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0497.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 497\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 3142\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3000/FM3142.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3142\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2210\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2210.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2210\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2350\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2350.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2350\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2018). \"Route of FM 2210\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.0642962,-98.2365826/33.1145373,-97.8519025/@33.0896346,-98.108898,11.88z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2210\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2211\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2211.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2211\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2212\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2212.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2212\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2213\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2213.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2213\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1175. Retrieved July 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1175.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1118. Retrieved July 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1118.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2214\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2214.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2214\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2215\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2215.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2215\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 881. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/881.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 988\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0988.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 988\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2216\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2216.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2216\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2217\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2217.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2217\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1235. Retrieved December 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1235.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2218\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2218.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2218\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 18, 2013). \"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2200–2299)\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=George+Memorial+Library,+1001+Golfview+Dr,+Richmond,+TX&daddr=pleak+texas&hl=en&ll=29.525521,-95.783443&spn=0.112773,0.21698&sll=29.489129,-95.807729&sspn=0.112814,0.21698&geocode=FakUwwEdyNZK-iGDD1XqylHPhCljukwZ2x1BhjGDD1XqylHPhA%3BFen3wQEdDxdK-imZV7_xqBxBhjGPjvTtM6AKrQ&oq=george&mra=ls&t=m&z=13","url_text":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2200–2299)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2018). \"Route of FM 2218\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/29.488774,-95.807803/29.558603,-95.7626742/@29.5258555,-95.7998234,13.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2218\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2219\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2219.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2219\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2220\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2220.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2220\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2220\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2220.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2220\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2221\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2221.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2221\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2222\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2222.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2222\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2223\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2223.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2223\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 204\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0204.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 204\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 51\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0051.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 51\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2224\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2224.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2224\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 366. Retrieved July 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/366.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2225\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2225.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2225\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2226\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2226.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2226\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2227\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2227.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2227\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1882\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1882.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1882\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2228\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2228.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2228\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2229\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2229.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2229\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2230\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2230.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2230\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2231\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2231.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2231\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2232\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2232.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2232\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 21. Retrieved July 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/21.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 36. Retrieved July 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/36.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2233\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2233.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2233\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 731\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0731.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 731\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2234\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2234.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2234\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2234\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2234.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2234\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Thoroughfare Map\". Public Works Dept, Missouri City. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://tx-missouricity2.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/3615/Major-Thoroughfares?bidId=","url_text":"\"Major Thoroughfare Map\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2018). \"Route of FM 2234\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/29.6188317,-95.5384519/29.5802095,-95.3854219/@29.5885787,-95.4941585,13.25z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-95.523791!2d29.5804054!3s0x8640ef2b487339bf:0xcc6adfbd1bd1556f!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2234\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2235\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2235.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2235\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2236\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2236.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2236\""}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676459.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676459.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676459.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2237\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2237.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2237\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2238\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2238.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2238\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2239\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2239.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2239\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2240\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2240.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2240\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2240\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2240.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2240\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1322\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1322.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1322\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2241\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2241.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2241\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2242\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2242.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2242\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2243\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2243.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2243\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1488. Retrieved December 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1488.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 26\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0026.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 26\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1460\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1460.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1460\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2018). \"Route of RM 2243\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.5786979,-97.8528456/30.6227603,-97.6799806/@30.597913,-97.8119188,13z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of RM 2243\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2244\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2244.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2244\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2245\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2245.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2245\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2246\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2246.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2246\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2247\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2247.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2247\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 983. Retrieved June 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/983.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 925. Retrieved June 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/925.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 867. Retrieved June 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/867.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 588\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0588.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 588\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2248\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2248.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2248\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2005\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2005.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2005\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2249\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2249.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2249\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 895. Retrieved December 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/895.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 896. Retrieved December 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/896.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1576\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1576.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1576\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2250\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2250.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2250\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2251\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2251.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2251\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2252\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2252.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2252\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1830. Retrieved December 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1830.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1831. Retrieved December 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1831.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1337\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1337.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1337\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2252\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2252.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2252\""}]},{"reference":"Davila, Vianna (November 20, 2013). \"City officials say no to TxDOT turnback program\". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved August 10, 2020 – via MySA.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/City-officials-say-no-to-TxDOT-turnback-program-4997151.php","url_text":"\"City officials say no to TxDOT turnback program\""}]},{"reference":"Google (January 5, 2011). \"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2252 Distances Between Interchanges\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Perrin+Beitel+Rd&daddr=Farm+to+Market+2252+N%2FPerrin+Beitel+Rd+to:Farm+to+Market+2252+N%2FNacogdoches+Rd+to:Farm+to+Market+2252+N+to:Farm+to+Market+2252+N&hl=en&geocode=FW5fwgEdrl0i-g%3BFRatwgEdOl4i-g%3BFdaHwwEdyEIj-g%3BFdgCxAEdwjMk-g%3BFcX7wwEdY70k-g&mra=mr&mrcr=3&sll=29.588087,-98.281975&sspn=0.257352,0.528374&ie=UTF8&z=12","url_text":"\"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2252 Distances Between Interchanges\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2253\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2253.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2253\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2148\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2148.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2148\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2018). \"Route of FM 2253\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.4592709,-94.2034887/33.5416004,-94.1776345/@33.501336,-94.2093365,13.25z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2253\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2254\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2254.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2254\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2255\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2255.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2255\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2255\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2255.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2255\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (August 2, 2016). \"Map of FM 2255\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.5922109,-102.026358/33.5923581,-101.8746006/@33.5894016,-101.8768208,16z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Map of FM 2255\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2256\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2256.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2256\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2257\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2257.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2257\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2258\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2258.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2258\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2259\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2259.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2259\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2260\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2260.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2260\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2261\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2261.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2261\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2262\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2262.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2262\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2263\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2263.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2263\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2264\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2264.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2264\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2265\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2265.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2265\""}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676461.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676461.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676461.pdf"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676465.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676465.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676465.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2266\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2266.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2266\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2267\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2267.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2267\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2268\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2268.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2268\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2269\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2269.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2269\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2270\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2270.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2270\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2271\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2271.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2271\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2272\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2272.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2272\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2273\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2273.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2273\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2274\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2274.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2274\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 29, 2018). \"Route of FM 2274\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. 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Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.5507601,-94.932353/32.5767438,-94.7608671/32.5726623,-94.7356961/@32.5760106,-94.8814803,12.75z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2275\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2276\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2276.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2276\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2018). \"Route of FM 2276\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.1755817,-94.8183476/32.4196788,-94.8019686/@32.2992736,-94.929388,11.75z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-94.8082759!2d32.3606088!3s0x863636ac8593d391:0xde7855fc76840f88!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2276\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2277\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2277.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2277\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2278\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2278.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2278\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2279\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2279.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2279\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2280\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2280.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2280\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2281\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2281.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2281\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2281\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2281.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2281\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2018). \"Route of FM 2281\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.0207097,-96.9156124/33.0462206,-96.9184674/33.0513726,-96.9203458/@33.0363262,-96.9327078,14.75z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2281\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2282\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2282.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2282\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2283\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2283.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2283\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2284\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2284.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2284\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2285\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2285.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2285\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2286\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2286.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2286\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2287\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2287.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2287\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2288\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2288.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2288\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2288\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2288.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2288\""}]},{"reference":"Google (July 2, 2018). \"Route of FM 2288\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.4273276,-100.5128379/31.5595484,-100.5463823/@31.4901943,-100.5591192,12.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2288\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2289\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2289.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2289\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2290\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2290.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2290\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2291\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2291.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2291\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2292\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2292.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2292\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2293\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2293.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2293\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2294\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2294.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2294\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2295\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2295.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2295\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2296\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2296.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2296\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2297\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2297.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2297\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2298\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2298.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2298\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2299\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2299.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2299\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+2200%E2%80%932299","external_links_name":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas\" 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Rochambeau | Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau | ["1 Military life","2 American Revolution","3 Return to France","4 Later life and death","5 Legacy","5.1 Honors","5.2 Memoirs","5.3 Monuments","6 Motto and coat of arms","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"] | French nobleman and army officer (1725–1807)
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur de RochambeauPortrait by Charles Wilson Peale, 1782Born(1725-07-01)1 July 1725Vendôme, Orléanais, FranceDied30 May 1807(1807-05-30) (aged 81)Thoré, Loir-et-Cher, FranceAllegianceFranceService/branchFrench ArmyYears of service1742–1792RankMarshal of FranceBattles/wars
War of the Austrian Succession
Siege of Maastricht
Seven Years' War
Battle of Minorca
Battle of Krefeld
Battle of Corbach
Battle of Kloster Kampen
American Revolutionary War
Yorktown campaign
Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
Battle of the Chesapeake
Siege of Yorktown
French Revolutionary Wars
War of the First Coalition
Awards Order of the Holy Spirit Order of Saint LouisSociety of the CincinnatiSignature
Marshal Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1 July 1725 – 10 May 1807) was a French nobleman and general whose army played a critical role in helping the United States defeat the British Army at Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War. He was commander-in-chief of the French expeditionary force sent by France to help the American Continental Army fight against British forces.
Military life
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur was born in Vendôme, in the province of Orléanais, and he was educated at the Jesuit college in Blois. After the death of his elder brother, he entered a cavalry regiment and served in Bohemia, Bavaria, and on the Rhine during the War of the Austrian Succession. By 1747, he had attained the rank of colonel. He took part in the siege of Maastricht and became governor of Vendôme in 1749. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Minorca on the Seven Years' War outbreak and was promoted to Brigadier General of infantry. In 1758, he fought in Germany, notably in the Battle of Krefeld and the Battle of Clostercamp, receiving several wounds at Clostercamp.
American Revolution
Main article: Franco-American alliance
Landing of a French auxiliary army in Newport, Rhode Island on 11 July 1780 under the command of the comte de Rochambeau. This image is one of 12 scenes from the American Revolution printed in Allgemeines historisches Taschenbuch by Daniel Nickolaus Chodowiecki, a well-known Polish engraver.
NPS map of the Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
In 1780, Rochambeau was appointed commander of land forces as part of the project code-named Expédition Particulière. He was given the rank of Lieutenant General in command of 7,000 French troops and sent to join the Continental Army under George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. Axel von Fersen the Younger served as his aide-de-camp and interpreter. The small size of the force at his disposal made him initially reluctant to lead the expedition.
Bataille de Yorktown by Auguste Couder
Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull, depicting Cornwallis surrendering at Yorktown; the French troops of General Rochambeau are on the left and the American troops of Washington are on the right; oil on canvas, 1820
He landed at Newport, Rhode Island on 10 July but was held there inactive for a year due to his reluctance to abandon the French fleet blockaded by the British in Narragansett Bay. The College in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (now Brown University) served as an encampment site for some of Rochambeau's troops. The College Edifice was converted into a military hospital, now known as University Hall. In July 1781, the force left Rhode Island and marched across Connecticut to join Washington on the Hudson River in Mount Kisco, New York. The Odell farm served as Rochambeau's headquarters from 6 July to 18 August 1781.
Washington and Rochambeau then marched their combined forces to the siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake. On 22 September, they combined with the Marquis de Lafayette's troops and forced Cornwallis to surrender on 19 October. The Congress of the Confederation presented Rochambeau with two cannons taken from the British in recognition of his service. He returned them to Vendôme, and they were requisitioned in 1792.
Return to France
Upon his return to France, Rochambeau was honored by King Louis XVI and was made governor of the province of Picardy. He supported the French Revolution of 1789, and on 28 December 1791 he and Nicolas Luckner became the last two generals created Marshal of France by Louis XVI.
When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out, he commanded the Armée du Nord for a time in 1792 but resigned after several reversals to the Austrians. He was arrested during the Reign of Terror in 1793–94 and imprisoned in the Conciergerie. He narrowly avoided the guillotine, with his execution being scheduled mere days away when the Thermidorian Reaction occurred, ending the Reign of Terror.
Later life and death
After his imprisonment and subsequent release, Rochambeau was pensioned after meeting Napoleon in 1801 and later received the Legion d'honneur in 1804 after Napoleon's ascension to emperor. Rochambeau died in 1807 at Thoré-la-Rochette during the First French Empire.
Legacy
Honors
US Postage Stamp, 1931 issue, honoring Rochambeau, George Washington, and François Joseph Paul de Grasse, commemorating 150th anniversary of the victory at Yorktown, 1781 President Theodore Roosevelt unveiled a statue of Rochambeau by Ferdinand Hamar as a gift from France to the United States on 24 May 1902, standing in Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C. The ceremony was made the occasion of a great demonstration of friendship between the two nations. France was represented by ambassador Jules Cambon, Admiral Fournier, General Henri Brugère, and a detachment of sailors and marines from the battleship Gaulois. Representatives of the Lafayette and Rochambeau families also attended. A Rochambeau fête was held simultaneously in Paris. In 1934, A. Kingsley Macomber donated a statue of General Rochambeau to Newport, Rhode Island. The sculpture is a replica of a statue in Paris.
The French Navy gave his name to the ironclad frigate Rochambeau. USS Rochambeau was a transport ship that saw service in the United States Navy during World War II. President Obama signed the Omnibus Public Land Management Act on 30 March 2009 with a provision to designate the Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route as a National Historic Trail. A bridge was named for Rochambeau in the complex of bridges known as the 14th Street Bridge (Potomac River) connecting Washington, D.C., with Virginia. A mansion on the campus of Brown University is named Rochambeau House and houses the French Department.
Memoirs
Jeanne Therese Tilles D'Acosta, Madame la Marquise de Rochambeau
Rochambeau's Mémoires militaires, historiques et politiques, de Rochambeau was published by Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival in 1809. Part of the first volume was translated into English and published in 1838 under the title Memoirs of the Marshal Count de R. relative to the War of Independence in the United States. His correspondence during the American campaign was published in 1892 in H. Doniol's History of French Participation in the Establishment of the United States.
Monuments
Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau in Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C.
There is a statue of Rochambeau in Newport, Rhode Island, and another in Washington, D.C., on Pennsylvania Avenue across from the White House in Lafayette Park that was sculpted by Fernand Hamar and cast by the Pal d'Osne foundry in France and dedicated 24 May 1904
There is a Rochambeau monument at French Hill in Marion, Connecticut, close to the Asa Barnes Tavern, the eighth campsite of his troops through Connecticut in 1781.
Motto and coat of arms
Coat of arms
Motto
VIVRE EN PREUX, Y MOURIR (To live and die valiantly)
Notes
^ a b c d e f g One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 425–426.
^ Kennett, Lee (1977). The French Forces in America, 1780–1783. Greenwood Press, Inc. Page 10
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, Count de Rochambeau" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ "05-137 (March to Yorktown)".
^ Lenore M. Rennenkampf (February 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Registration:Odell House". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
^ a b "General Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau". National Park Service. National Park Service. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
^ "Rochambeau, (sculpture)". Smithsonian.
^ Doniol, H. Histoire de la participation de la France en l'établissement des Etats Unis d'Amérique, Vol. V. Paris: 1892
^ Johannes Baptist Rietstap, Armorial général : contenant la description des armoiries des familles nobles et patriciennes de l'Europe : précédé d'un dictionnaire des termes du blason, G.B. van Goor, 1861, 1171 p
References
"Jean Baptiste Donatien De Vimeur Rochambeau." in Dictionary of American Biography (1936). online
Kennett, Lee. The French Forces in America, 1780–1783 (Greenwood, 1977),
Nager, Cody E. "The Fading Mirage Of Revolution: The French Expeditionary Force's Disillusionment With America, 1780–1782." The Historian 81#3 (2019), p. 426+. online
Whitridge, Arnold. "Rochambeau And The American Revolution" History Today (May 1962), Vol. 12 Issue 5, pp 312–320.
Tugdual de Langlais, L'armateur préféré de Beaumarchais Jean Peltier Dudoyer, de Nantes à l'Isle de France, Éd. Coiffard, 2015, 340 p. (ISBN 9782919339280).
Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, Memoirs of the Marshal Count de Rochambeau, Relative to the War of Independence of the United States, ed. and trans, by M. W. E. Wright (New York: The New York Times and Arno Press, 1971),
External links
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Jean-Baptiste-Donatien Count de Rochambeau at Find a Grave
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This image is one of 12 scenes from the American Revolution printed in Allgemeines historisches Taschenbuch by Daniel Nickolaus Chodowiecki, a well-known Polish engraver.NPS map of the Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary RouteIn 1780, Rochambeau was appointed commander of land forces as part of the project code-named Expédition Particulière.[2] He was given the rank of Lieutenant General in command of 7,000 French troops and sent to join the Continental Army under George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. Axel von Fersen the Younger served as his aide-de-camp and interpreter. The small size of the force at his disposal made him initially reluctant to lead the expedition.[3]Bataille de Yorktown by Auguste CouderSurrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull, depicting Cornwallis surrendering at Yorktown; the French troops of General Rochambeau are on the left and the American troops of Washington are on the right; oil on canvas, 1820He landed at Newport, Rhode Island on 10 July but was held there inactive for a year due to his reluctance to abandon the French fleet blockaded by the British in Narragansett Bay.[1] The College in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (now Brown University) served as an encampment site for some of Rochambeau's troops. The College Edifice was converted into a military hospital, now known as University Hall.[4] In July 1781, the force left Rhode Island and marched across Connecticut to join Washington on the Hudson River in Mount Kisco, New York. The Odell farm served as Rochambeau's headquarters from 6 July to 18 August 1781.[5]Washington and Rochambeau then marched their combined forces to the siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake. On 22 September, they combined with the Marquis de Lafayette's troops and forced Cornwallis to surrender on 19 October. The Congress of the Confederation presented Rochambeau with two cannons taken from the British in recognition of his service. He returned them to Vendôme, and they were requisitioned in 1792.","title":"American Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"Picardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Luckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Luckner"},{"link_name":"Marshal of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars"},{"link_name":"Armée du Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(France)"},{"link_name":"Reign of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"Conciergerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciergerie"},{"link_name":"Thermidorian Reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction"},{"link_name":"Reign of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-General_Jean_Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau-6"}],"text":"Upon his return to France, Rochambeau was honored by King Louis XVI and was made governor of the province of Picardy.[1] He supported the French Revolution of 1789, and on 28 December 1791 he and Nicolas Luckner became the last two generals created Marshal of France by Louis XVI.When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out, he commanded the Armée du Nord for a time in 1792 but resigned after several reversals to the Austrians. He was arrested during the Reign of Terror in 1793–94 and imprisoned in the Conciergerie. He narrowly avoided the guillotine, with his execution being scheduled mere days away when the Thermidorian Reaction occurred, ending the Reign of Terror.[1][6]","title":"Return to France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Legion d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Thoré-la-Rochette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor%C3%A9-la-Rochette"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-General_Jean_Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau-6"}],"text":"After his imprisonment and subsequent release, Rochambeau was pensioned after meeting Napoleon in 1801 and later received the Legion d'honneur in 1804 after Napoleon's ascension to emperor. Rochambeau died in 1807 at Thoré-la-Rochette during the First French Empire.[1][6]","title":"Later life and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yorktown_1931_Issue-2c.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"François Joseph Paul de Grasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"statue of Rochambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General_Comte_Jean_de_Rochambeau"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Jules Cambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Cambon"},{"link_name":"Gaulois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Gaulois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"A. Kingsley Macomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Kingsley_Macomber"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rochambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dunderberg"},{"link_name":"USS Rochambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Rochambeau"},{"link_name":"Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Rochambeau_Revolutionary_Route"},{"link_name":"14th Street Bridge (Potomac River)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Street_Bridge_(Potomac_River)"}],"sub_title":"Honors","text":"US Postage Stamp, 1931 issue, honoring Rochambeau, George Washington, and François Joseph Paul de Grasse, commemorating 150th anniversary of the victory at Yorktown, 1781President Theodore Roosevelt unveiled a statue of Rochambeau by Ferdinand Hamar as a gift from France to the United States on 24 May 1902, standing in Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C. The ceremony was made the occasion of a great demonstration of friendship between the two nations. France was represented by ambassador Jules Cambon, Admiral Fournier, General Henri Brugère, and a detachment of sailors and marines from the battleship Gaulois. Representatives of the Lafayette and Rochambeau families also attended. A Rochambeau fête was held simultaneously in Paris.[1] In 1934, A. Kingsley Macomber donated a statue of General Rochambeau to Newport, Rhode Island. The sculpture is a replica of a statue in Paris.[7]The French Navy gave his name to the ironclad frigate Rochambeau. USS Rochambeau was a transport ship that saw service in the United States Navy during World War II. President Obama signed the Omnibus Public Land Management Act on 30 March 2009 with a provision to designate the Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route as a National Historic Trail. A bridge was named for Rochambeau in the complex of bridges known as the 14th Street Bridge (Potomac River) connecting Washington, D.C., with Virginia. A mansion on the campus of Brown University is named Rochambeau House and houses the French Department.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeanne_Therese_Tilles_D%27Acosta,_Madame_la_Marquise_de_Rochambeau.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Charles-Julien_Luce_de_Lancival"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"}],"sub_title":"Memoirs","text":"Jeanne Therese Tilles D'Acosta, Madame la Marquise de RochambeauRochambeau's Mémoires militaires, historiques et politiques, de Rochambeau was published by Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival in 1809. Part of the first volume was translated into English and published in 1838 under the title Memoirs of the Marshal Count de R. relative to the War of Independence in the United States. His correspondence during the American campaign was published in 1892 in H. Doniol's History of French Participation in the Establishment of the United States.[8][1]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rochambeau_DC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General_Comte_Jean_de_Rochambeau"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Square_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Fernand Hamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Hamar"},{"link_name":"Marion, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Asa Barnes Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Barnes_Tavern"}],"sub_title":"Monuments","text":"Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau in Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C.There is a statue of Rochambeau in Newport, Rhode Island, and another in Washington, D.C., on Pennsylvania Avenue across from the White House in Lafayette Park that was sculpted by Fernand Hamar and cast by the Pal d'Osne foundry in France and dedicated 24 May 1904\nThere is a Rochambeau monument at French Hill in Marion, Connecticut, close to the Asa Barnes Tavern, the eighth campsite of his troops through Connecticut in 1781.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Motto and coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-6"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rochambeau,_Jean_Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, Count de Rochambeau\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Jean-Baptiste-Donatien_de_Vimeur,_Count_de_Rochambeau"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"05-137 (March to Yorktown)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2005-06/05-137.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nrhpinv_ny_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration:Odell House\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=10430"},{"link_name":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-General_Jean_Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-General_Jean_Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"General Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/waro/learn/historyculture/general-rochambeau.htm#"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Rochambeau, (sculpture)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!320779!0#focus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 425–426.\n\n^ Kennett, Lee (1977). The French Forces in America, 1780–1783. Greenwood Press, Inc. Page 10\n\n^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, Count de Rochambeau\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n\n^ \"05-137 (March to Yorktown)\".\n\n^ Lenore M. Rennenkampf (February 1973). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration:Odell House\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 24 December 2010.\n\n^ a b \"General Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau\". National Park Service. National Park Service. Retrieved 21 March 2024.\n\n^ \"Rochambeau, (sculpture)\". Smithsonian.\n\n^ Doniol, H. Histoire de la participation de la France en l'établissement des Etats Unis d'Amérique, Vol. V. [publisher unknown] Paris: 1892\n\n^ Johannes Baptist Rietstap, Armorial général : contenant la description des armoiries des familles nobles et patriciennes de l'Europe : précédé d'un dictionnaire des termes du blason, G.B. van Goor, 1861, 1171 p","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Landing of a French auxiliary army in Newport, Rhode Island on 11 July 1780 under the command of the comte de Rochambeau. This image is one of 12 scenes from the American Revolution printed in Allgemeines historisches Taschenbuch by Daniel Nickolaus Chodowiecki, a well-known Polish engraver.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Landung_einer_Franz%C3%B6sischen_H%C3%BClfs-Armee_in_America%2C_zu_Rhode_Island%2C_am_11ten_Julius_1780_LCCN2004670207.jpg/220px-Landung_einer_Franz%C3%B6sischen_H%C3%BClfs-Armee_in_America%2C_zu_Rhode_Island%2C_am_11ten_Julius_1780_LCCN2004670207.jpg"},{"image_text":"NPS map of the Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/W-RSimpleMap.gif/220px-W-RSimpleMap.gif"},{"image_text":"Bataille de Yorktown by Auguste Couder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg/220px-Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg"},{"image_text":"Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull, depicting Cornwallis surrendering at Yorktown; the French troops of General Rochambeau are on the left and the American troops of Washington are on the right; oil on canvas, 1820","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg"},{"image_text":"US Postage Stamp, 1931 issue, honoring Rochambeau, George Washington, and François Joseph Paul de Grasse, commemorating 150th anniversary of the victory at Yorktown, 1781","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yorktown_1931_Issue-2c.jpg/250px-Yorktown_1931_Issue-2c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jeanne Therese Tilles D'Acosta, Madame la Marquise de Rochambeau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jeanne_Therese_Tilles_D%27Acosta%2C_Madame_la_Marquise_de_Rochambeau.jpg/220px-Jeanne_Therese_Tilles_D%27Acosta%2C_Madame_la_Marquise_de_Rochambeau.jpg"},{"image_text":"Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau in Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rochambeau_DC.jpg/170px-Rochambeau_DC.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_Hall | City Hall, Norwich | ["1 History","2 Architecture","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°37′43″N 1°17′30″E / 52.6286°N 1.2917°E / 52.6286; 1.2917Municipal building in Norwich, Norfolk, England
City HallView of City Hall from St. Peter's StreetGeneral informationTypeCity hallArchitectural styleArt DecoLocationNorwich, EnglandAddressCity Hall, St. Peter's Street, Norwich, NR2 1NHCurrent tenantsNorwich City CouncilCompleted1938Height56.4 m (185 ft)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Charles Holloway James, Stephen Rowland PierceWebsitewww.norwich.gov.uk
Listed Building – Grade II*Official nameCity Hall including Police StationDesignated29 January 1971Reference no.1210484
Norwich City Hall is an Art Deco building completed in 1938 which houses the city hall for the city of Norwich, East Anglia, in Eastern England. It is one of the Norwich 12, a collection of twelve heritage buildings in Norwich deemed of particular historical and cultural importance. It was designated as a Grade II* listed building in 1971.
History
The new City Hall saw the demolition in Norwich of Tudor, Regency and Victorian buildings on St Peters Street and the Market Place, including many yards and dilapidated municipal buildings. The architects Charles Holloway James and Stephen Rowland Pierce, designed the building after Robert Atkinson had prepared a layout for the whole Civic Centre site at the request of Norwich Corporation (now the City Council). A competition took place in 1931 which attracted 143 entries, with Atkinson as the sole judge. After the winning design was chosen the Depression and a protracted planning process delayed the start of the building, and the foundation stone was not laid until 1936. Norwich City Hall was officially opened by King George VI and Queen Elizabeth on 29 October 1938.
Architecture
One of the two heraldic lions which flank the entrance, sculpted by Alfred Hardiman.
The architects designed for Norwich an Art Deco public building of national significance. It was built to the highest standards, using superior materials and methods of its day. Even the bricks were specially made, each one being two inches longer than usual to better reflect the proportions of the finished building. Charles Holloway James and Stephen Rowland Pierce engaged Alfred Hardiman as their consultant sculptor. He contributed the iconic lions passant which guard the building, and three figures of Recreation, Wisdom and Education outside the Council Chamber. His colleague James Woodford designed the six main bronze doors, incorporating 18 roundels showing the history and industry of Norwich. Eric Aumonier carved the city arms above the Regalia Room window on Bethel Street, and Margaret Calkin James provided textiles for some of the important rooms.
The materials used include Italian marble and English stone, Honduras mahogany and Australian walnut. Seating is upholstered in Moroccan leather, and rooms panelled in elm, oak, teak and birch. The Lord Mayor's octagonal parlour is panelled in sycamore with French walnut trim, with the door finished in English walnut. The main frontage of the building is 280 feet long, incorporating a 200ft balcony. The city council claims that the balcony is the longest such structure in the UK. Meanwhile, the bell in the clock tower has the deepest tone in East Anglia; it, together with the clock, was manufactured by Gillett & Johnston of Croydon.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to City Hall, Norwich.
Norwich Market
References
^ a b Historic England. "City Hall including Police Station (1210484)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
^ Architectural Review, November 1938
^ Official opening brochure, 29 October 1938
^ "When King George VI came to visit Norwich". Norwich Evening News. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
^ Eastern Daily Press, 21 October 1937
^ "Public Sculpture in Central Norwich" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
^ Miles, Betty (2005). At the Sign of the Rainbow - Margaret Calkin James 1895-1985. Warwickshire: Felix Scribo. ISBN 978-0952848110.
^ Architectural Review, pp.212-216 November 1938
^ "Norwich's City Hall to celebrate its 75th birthday". Eastern Daily Press. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
^ "City Hall". Norfolk Heritage Explorer. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
^ "Telling the Time in Norwich" (PDF). The Norwich Society. p. 9. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
^ "Commissions". Gillett & Johnston. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
External links
Norwich City Council
Norwich City Hall on YouTube
52°37′43″N 1°17′30″E / 52.6286°N 1.2917°E / 52.6286; 1.2917 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"city hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_hall"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Norwich 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_12"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"}],"text":"Municipal building in Norwich, Norfolk, EnglandNorwich City Hall is an Art Deco building completed in 1938 which houses the city hall for the city of Norwich, East Anglia, in Eastern England. It is one of the Norwich 12, a collection of twelve heritage buildings in Norwich deemed of particular historical and cultural importance. It was designated as a Grade II* listed building in 1971.[1]","title":"City Hall, Norwich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Holloway James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Holloway_James"},{"link_name":"Stephen Rowland Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Rowland_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Robert Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Atkinson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"King George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The new City Hall saw the demolition in Norwich of Tudor, Regency and Victorian buildings on St Peters Street and the Market Place, including many yards and dilapidated municipal buildings. The architects Charles Holloway James and Stephen Rowland Pierce, designed the building after Robert Atkinson had prepared a layout for the whole Civic Centre site at the request of Norwich Corporation (now the City Council). A competition took place in 1931 which attracted 143 entries, with Atkinson as the sole judge. 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It was built to the highest standards, using superior materials and methods of its day. Even the bricks were specially made, each one being two inches longer than usual to better reflect the proportions of the finished building. Charles Holloway James and Stephen Rowland Pierce engaged Alfred Hardiman as their consultant sculptor.[5] He contributed the iconic lions passant which guard the building, and three figures of Recreation, Wisdom and Education outside the Council Chamber. His colleague James Woodford designed the six main bronze doors, incorporating 18 roundels showing the history and industry of Norwich.[6] Eric Aumonier carved the city arms above the Regalia Room window on Bethel Street,[1] and Margaret Calkin James provided textiles for some of the important rooms.[7]The materials used include Italian marble and English stone, Honduras mahogany and Australian walnut. Seating is upholstered in Moroccan leather, and rooms panelled in elm, oak, teak and birch. The Lord Mayor's octagonal parlour is panelled in sycamore with French walnut trim, with the door finished in English walnut. The main frontage of the building is 280 feet long, incorporating a 200ft balcony.[8] The city council claims that the balcony is the longest such structure in the UK.[9] Meanwhile, the bell in the clock tower has the deepest tone in East Anglia;[10][11] it, together with the clock, was manufactured by Gillett & Johnston of Croydon.[12]","title":"Architecture"}] | [{"image_text":"One of the two heraldic lions which flank the entrance, sculpted by Alfred Hardiman.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hardiman_lion_City_Hall_Norwich_1938.jpg/150px-Hardiman_lion_City_Hall_Norwich_1938.jpg"}] | [{"title":"City Hall, Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:City_Hall,_Norwich"},{"title":"Norwich Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_Market"}] | [{"reference":"Historic England. \"City Hall including Police Station (1210484)\". National Heritage List for England. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavago_District | Mavago District | ["1 Coordinates","2 Towns and villages","3 Further reading"] | Mavago district in Mozambique
Mavago District is a district of Niassa Province in north-western Mozambique. The principal town is Mavago. The district lies along the border with Tanzania.
Population (est. 2005): 17,046
Area: 9,112 km2.
Coordinates
Latitude: 12° 16' 12" South
Longitude: 36° 33' 31" East
Towns and villages
Aldeia Calembe
Aldeia Chitolo
Aldeia Milepa
Aldeia Wanga
Antigo Posto Maziua
Bilandega
Cachepa
Cajomomba
Mamudo
Mataca
Mavago
Metotela
M'sawize
Namacambale
Nhalopa
Omar
Further reading
District profile (PDF)
vteDistricts of Mozambique by provinceCapital: MaputoCabo Delgado
Ancuabe
Balama
Chiúre
Ibo
Macomia
Mecúfi
Meluco
Mocímboa da Praia
Montepuez
Mueda
Muidumbe
Namuno
Nangade
Palma
Pemba-Metuge
Quissanga
Gaza
Bilene Macia
Chibuto
Chicualacuala
Chigubo
Chókwè
Guijá
Mabalane
Manjacaze
Massangena
Massingir
Xai-Xai
Inhambane
Funhalouro
Govuro
Homoine
Inharrime
Inhassoro
Jangamo
Mabote
Massinga
Morrumbene
Panda
Vilanculos
Zavala
Manica
Báruè
Gondola
Guro
Machaze
Macossa
Manica
Mossurize
Sussundenga
Tambara
Maputo
Boane
Magude
Manhiça
Marracuene
Matutuíne
Moamba
Namaacha
Nampula
Angoche
Eráti
Lalaua
Malema
Meconta
Mecubúri
Memba
Mogincual
Mogovolas
Moma
Monapo
Mossuril
Muecate
Murrupula
Nacala-a-Velha
Nacarôa
Nampula
Ribáuè
Niassa
Cuamba
Lago
Lichinga
Majune
Mandimba
Marrupa
Maúa
Mavago
Mecanhelas
Mecula
Metarica
Muembe
N'gauma
Nipepe
Sanga
Sofala
Buzi
Caia
Chemba
Cheringoma
Chibabava
Dondo
Gorongosa
Marromeu
Machanga
Maringué
Muanza
Nhamatanda
Tete
Angónia
Cahora-Bassa
Changara
Chifunde
Chiuta
Doa
Macanga
Magoé
Marávia
Moatize
Mutarara
Tsangano
Zumbo
Zambezia
Alto Molocue
Chinde
Gilé
Gurué
Ile
Inhassunge
Lugela
Maganja da Costa
Milange
Mocuba
Mopeia
Morrumbala
Namacurra
Namarroi
Nicoadala
Pebane
This Mozambique location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Niassa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niassa_Province"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Mavago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mavago&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"}],"text":"Mavago District is a district of Niassa Province in north-western Mozambique. The principal town is Mavago. 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Molocue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_Molocue_District"},{"link_name":"Chinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinde_District"},{"link_name":"Gilé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%C3%A9_District"},{"link_name":"Gurué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru%C3%A9_District"},{"link_name":"Ile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile_District,_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Inhassunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhassunge_District"},{"link_name":"Lugela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugela_District"},{"link_name":"Maganja da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maganja_da_Costa_District"},{"link_name":"Milange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milange_District"},{"link_name":"Mocuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocuba_District"},{"link_name":"Mopeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopeia_District"},{"link_name":"Morrumbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrumbala_District"},{"link_name":"Namacurra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namacurra_District"},{"link_name":"Namarroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namarroi_District"},{"link_name":"Nicoadala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicoadala_District"},{"link_name":"Pebane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebane_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_map_of_Mozambique.svg"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mavago_District&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mozambique-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mozambique-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mozambique-geo-stub"}],"text":"District profile (PDF)vteDistricts of Mozambique by provinceCapital: MaputoCabo Delgado\nAncuabe\nBalama\nChiúre\nIbo\nMacomia\nMecúfi\nMeluco\nMocímboa da Praia\nMontepuez\nMueda\nMuidumbe\nNamuno\nNangade\nPalma\nPemba-Metuge\nQuissanga\nGaza\nBilene Macia\nChibuto\nChicualacuala\nChigubo\nChókwè\nGuijá\nMabalane\nManjacaze\nMassangena\nMassingir\nXai-Xai\nInhambane\nFunhalouro\nGovuro\nHomoine\nInharrime\nInhassoro\nJangamo\nMabote\nMassinga\nMorrumbene\nPanda\nVilanculos\nZavala\nManica\nBáruè\nGondola\nGuro\nMachaze\nMacossa\nManica\nMossurize\nSussundenga\nTambara\nMaputo\nBoane\nMagude\nManhiça\nMarracuene\nMatutuíne\nMoamba\nNamaacha\nNampula\nAngoche\nEráti\nLalaua\nMalema\nMeconta\nMecubúri\nMemba\nMogincual\nMogovolas\nMoma\nMonapo\nMossuril\nMuecate\nMurrupula\nNacala-a-Velha\nNacarôa\nNampula\nRibáuè\nNiassa\nCuamba\nLago\nLichinga\nMajune\nMandimba\nMarrupa\nMaúa\nMavago\nMecanhelas\nMecula\nMetarica\nMuembe\nN'gauma\nNipepe\nSanga\nSofala\nBuzi\nCaia\nChemba\nCheringoma\nChibabava\nDondo\nGorongosa\nMarromeu\nMachanga\nMaringué\nMuanza\nNhamatanda\nTete\nAngónia\nCahora-Bassa\nChangara\nChifunde\nChiuta\nDoa\nMacanga\nMagoé\nMarávia\nMoatize\nMutarara\nTsangano\nZumbo\nZambezia\nAlto Molocue\nChinde\nGilé\nGurué\nIle\nInhassunge\nLugela\nMaganja da Costa\nMilange\nMocuba\nMopeia\nMorrumbala\nNamacurra\nNamarroi\nNicoadala\nPebaneThis Mozambique location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Mavago district in Mozambique","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mavago_District_in_Mozambique_2018.svg/300px-Mavago_District_in_Mozambique_2018.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/por/content/download/2843/23267/version/1/file/Mavago.pdf","external_links_name":"District profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mavago_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_156_in_Kansas | K-156 (Kansas highway) | ["1 Route description","1.1 Finney and Hodgeman counties","1.2 Pawnee County","1.3 Barton and Ellsworth counties","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 References","5 External links"] | Highway in Kansas
K-156K-156 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by KDOT and the cities of Garden City, Larned and Great BendLength175.663 mi (282.702 km)ExistedApril 1, 1981–presentTouristroutes Wetlands and Wildlife Scenic BywayMajor junctionsWest end US 50 Bus. / US 83 Bus. in Garden CityMajor intersections
US-50 / US-83 / US-400 in Garden City
US-283 in Jetmore
US-183 near Rozel
US-56 from Larned to east of Great Bend
East end I-70 / US-40 near Ellsworth
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateKansasCountiesFinney, Hodgeman, Pawnee, Barton, Ellsworth
Highway system
Kansas State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Spurs
← K-155→ K-157
K-156 is a 175.663-mile-long (282.702 km) west–east state highway in the U.S. state of Kansas. K-156's western terminus is at U.S. Route 50 Business (US-50 Bus.) and US-83 Bus. in Garden City and the eastern terminus is at Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Route 40 (US-40) northeast of Ellsworth. Along the way, it intersects several major highways including US-50, US-83 and US-400 in Garden City; US-283 in Jetmore; and US-183 near Rozel, and it overlaps its implied parent, US-56, from Larned to east of Great Bend.
Before state highways were numbered in Kansas, there were auto trails; the section of K-156 from Larned to Great Bend followed the National Old Trails Road and Old Santa Fe Trail. By 1927, the section of K-156 from Garden City to Great Bend was established as US-50N. K-156 was originally US-156, an intrastate U.S. Highway that was formed in 1957, and ran from Garden City to Great Bend. Between 1966 and 1967, US-156 was extended northeast, along K-45, to I-70 northeast of Ellsworth. On April 1, 1981, US-156 was redesignated K-156.
Route description
K-156 begins at US-50 Bus. and US-83 Bus. in Garden City and runs in a generally northeast direction to I-70 and US-40 northeast of Ellsworth. K-156 is signed as east–west its entire length. According to 2018 traffic counts conducted by the Kansas Department of Transportation, on average, traffic varied from 1,080 vehicles per day slightly east of the Finney–Hodgeman county line to 14,500 vehicles per day in Great Bend, slightly west of US-281. The second highest volume of traffic was 11,500 vehicles per day, at the western terminus. The section of K-156 from the western end of the overlap with US-56 to its eastern terminus is included in the National Highway System. K-156 also connects to the National Highway System at its junction with US-50, US-83 and US-400 in Garden City.
All but 5.973 miles (10 km) of K-156's 175.663-mile (283 km) alignment is maintained by KDOT. The first .465 miles (1 km) from the western terminus eastward is maintained by Garden City. The entire 1.409-mile (2 km) section of K-156 in Larned and the entire 4.099-mile (7 km) section of K-156 through Great Bend are maintained by the cities.
Finney and Hodgeman counties
K-156 overlapped with US 56 and K-96
The route begins in Garden City, on Kansas Avenue at the junction with US-50 Business and US-83 Business (Main Street). The highway continues over Kansas Avenue then turns northeast at a junction with Campus Drive. K-156 then intersects US-50, US-83 and US-400 via a diamond interchange and then continues to follows Kansas Avenue in a northeast direction out of the city. It then curves east at East 6 Mile Road, then intersects Mennonite Road 1.7 miles (2.7 km) later. From here, the highway continues east for about eleven miles (18 km) through rural farmlands before intersecting K-23, passing by Concannon State Fishing Lake and crossing Pawnee River along the way. Here K-156 begins a six-mile-long (9.7 km) overlap with K-23. At the end of the overlap K-23 turns south toward Cimarron, as K-156 continues east. K-156 then passes through Kalvesta, then curves to the northeast as it crosses into Hodgeman County. About one mile (1.6 km) into the county, K-156 curves back to the east, then crosses Sand Creek 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later. Roughly 10.4 miles (16.7 km) further east the highway curves northeast for about one-mile (1.6 km) then curves back east. The highway continues another 3.5 miles (5.6 km) then enters Jetmore. In Jetmore it intersects US-283, also known as Main Street. As it exits the city it travels a short distance then curves to the northeast at Bosse. The roadway then curves more to the northeast and passes to the north of Hanston. As it passes by Hanston, K-156 curves east briefly then back northeast as it begins to parallel a Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad track. About three miles (4.8 km) later, the highway passes through Gray. It continues past Gray for another 3.5 miles (5.6 km) then enters into Pawnee County.
Pawnee County
K-156 westbound at its junction with US-183
As it enters the county it continues to parallel a Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad track and the Pawnee River. After about 1.4 miles (2.3 km) K-156 curves east, passes to the north of Rucker Airport, then enters the southern section of Burdett as Broadway Avenue. It exits the city and continues east, crosses Sawmill Creek, then reaches an intersection with Pawnee Street and 280th Avenue just south of Rozel. About three miles (4.8 km) past Rozel it crosses a railroad track. From here the highway continues east through rural farmlands to US-183, crossing the Pawnee River and Cocklebur Creek along the way. It continues east for about nine miles (14 km) before intersecting K-264, passing Fort Larned National Historic Site along the way. K-264 heads south to Larned State Hospital, and K-156 continues east toward Larned. It enters Larned becoming Edwards Street then becomes 14th Street at an intersection with State Street. It continues along 14th Street and soon intersects its implied parent US-56, at Broadway Street. Here the two highways begin to overlap as they continue east. The two routes curve northeast as they exit the city and begin to parallel a Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad track. The highways then cross Ash Creek and enters Barton County 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later.
Barton and Ellsworth counties
K-156 at junction with K-14 and K-14 Truck
As K-156 enters the county it enters the city of Pawnee Rock. It continues northeast and soon passes Dundee. As it exits Dundee it passes to the south of Great Bend Municipal Airport. K-156 and US-56 then curve north and enter Great Bend as South Patton Road. The highways turn east at 10th Street then soon intersects and begins to overlap with K-96. The three roads continue east along 10th Street for 1.8 miles (2.9 km) to an intersection with US-281 (Main Street), crossing a Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad track along the way. After the three highways cross US-281, they leave Great Bend and 2.2 miles (3.5 km) later, K-156 splits from US-56 and K-96, heading northeast from there. K-156 passes to the east of Cheyenne Bottoms Reservoir, crosses a Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad, then intersects K-4 at a folded diamond interchange east of Claflin. After an interchange with K-4, the highway enters Ellsworth County two miles (3.2 km) later. The highway enters the county and continues northeast before entering Holyrood. As it exits the city, it continues through rural farm lands transitioning into grasslands, and soon intersects K-14 south of Ellsworth. At that junction, K-156 begins carrying a concurrency with K-14 Truck route. The two routes then cross the Smoky Hill River and a Union Pacific Railroad track then enter Ellsworth. Inside the city the two highways curve north at an intersection with 8th Street. The highway passes Memorial Cemetery and soon intersects K-140, known as East 15th Street westbound and Avenue J eastbound. Here, K-14 Truck splits from K-156 and follows K-140 westbound, and K-156 continues north. The highway soon exits the city and continues north for about .8 miles (1.3 km) then curves northeast and crosses Oak Creek. K-156 then reaches a junction with K-111, crossing Spring Creek and East Spring Creek along the way. Past K-111, the landscape around the highway begins to transition to rolling hills covered by grasslands. K-156 then crosses and begins to parallel East Elkhorn Creek. It continues north along the creek for a few miles before reaching its northern terminus at exit 225 of I-70 and US-40 at a diamond interchange.
History
A map of Kansas's U.S. Highways as laid out in 1926
Before state highways were numbered in Kansas, there were auto trails, which were an informal network of marked routes that existed in the United States and Canada in the early part of the 20th century. From the western terminus, K-156 closely follows the former Old Santa Fe Trail, New Santa Fe Trail, National Old Trails Road and Albert Pike Highway. In Jetmore, K-156 intersects the former Star Highway. The highway then overlaps the National Old Trails Road and Old Santa Fe Trail from Larned to Great Bend. East of Claflin, the highway crosses the former Bee Line and Sunflower Trail, then crosses the former Golden Belt in Ellsworth.
U.S. Highway 156ExistedJune 27, 1956–April 1, 1981
By 1927, the section of modern K-156 from Garden City to Great Bend was established as US-50N. Between 1944 and 1945, the section of current K-156 between Holyrood to south of Ellsworth was established as a section of K-45. In the early 1950s, towns along what was then the K-45 corridor, connecting Ellsworth, Kansas to the Oklahoma state line at Elkhart, formed the Mid-Continent Diagonal Highway Association to push for a new highway from Springer, New Mexico (on US-85) northeast across the Oklahoma Panhandle, along K-45, and continuing to Manitowoc, Wisconsin on Lake Michigan. By mid-1954, it was being promoted as US-55 between the Great Lakes and the Southwestern United States. The first submissions to the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) to establish the route were made in 1954. The first route considered in northeast Kansas was via US-40 from Ellsworth to Topeka and K-4 and US-59 via Atchison to St. Joseph, Missouri. A revised route adopted in March 1955, due to AASHO objections to the original route, which traveled concurrently with other U.S. highways for over half of its length, followed K-14, K-18, US-24, K-63, K-16, and US-59 via Lincoln and Manhattan. In July, the US 50N Association proposed a plan that would have eliminated US-50N by routing US-55 along most of its length, from Larned east to Baldwin Junction, and then along US-59 to Lawrence and K-10 to Kansas City; towns on US-50N west of Larned, which would have been bypassed, led a successful fight against this. However, in September of that year, the Kansas Highway Commission accepted that plan, taking US-55 east to Kansas City. On June 27, 1956, the AASHO Route Numbering Committee considered this refined plan for US-55, between Springer, New Mexico and Kansas City, Missouri, with a short US-155 along the remaining portion of US-50N from Larned west to Garden City. The committee approved the request, but since the proposed route was more east–west than north–south, it changed it to an even number – US 56 – and the spur to US-156.
Between 1962 and 1963, K-45 was extended southwest from Claflin to US-56 east of Great Bend. In a AASHO meeting on July 4–5, 1966, it was approved to extend US-156 from Larned northwest through Great Bend and Ellsworth to I-70. By 1967, US-156 had been extended northeast from Larned along US-56 to Great Bend, then along K-45 to I-70 northeast of Ellsworth. At this time the K-45 designation was removed. In a resolution on October 13, 1967, US-40 between I-70 north of Dorrance to I-70 north of Salina was realigned onto I-70. At this time K-111 was extended north to end at US-156. Between 1975 and 1980, a folded diamond interchange was constructed at the junction with K-4. In a December 17, 1980 resolution, US-50 and US-83 were moved to their current alignment in Garden City, and US-50 Business and US-83 Business became US-156's western terminus.
The entirety of US-156, from Garden City to I-70 northeast of Ellsworth, was decommissioned on April 1, 1981, and redesignated as K-156. In a May 3, 1996 resolution, US-400 was established from the Colorado border to K-156, then to the southern end of the overlap between US-83 and US-50 in Garden City. On July 6, 2020, work began on a project to add turning lanes at the interchange with Eighth Street in Ellsworth County. The $1.2 million project was completed by Venture Corporation of Great Bend.
Major intersections
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
FinneyGarden City0.0000.000 US 50 Bus. / US 83 Bus. – Lakin, Scott City, LiberalWestern terminus
1.9363.116 US-50 / US-83 / US-400 – Scott City, LiberalDiamond interchange
24.21038.962 K-23 north – DightonWestern end of K-23 overlap
30.19048.586 K-23 south – CimarronEastern end of K-23 overlap
HodgemanJetmore56.06990.234 US-283 (Main Street) – Ness City, Jetmore
Pawnee89.939144.743 US-183 – Lacrosse, Kinsley
98.908159.177 K-264 south – Larned State HospitalNorthern terminus of K-264
Larned101.734163.725 US-56 west (Broadway Street) – Belpre, KinsleyWestern end of US 56 overlap
BartonGreat Bend122.153196.586 K-96 west – Ness CityWestern end of K-96 overlap
123.930199.446 US-281 (Main Street) – Russell, St. John
127.725205.553 US-56 / K-96 east – LyonsEastern end of US 56/K-96 overlap
142.989230.118 K-4 – Lindsborg, HoisingtonFolded diamond interchange
Ellsworth162.671261.794 K-14 (Grand Avenue) / K-14 Truck begins – Ellsworth, LyonsSouthern terminus of K-14 Truck; west end of K-14 Truck overlap
Ellsworth163.747263.525Kanopolis via Blake StreetPartial interchange; access via westbound exit ramp and connector road
164.966265.487 K-14 Truck north (15th Street) / K-140 to I-135East end of K-14 Truck overlap
170.417274.260 K-111 south – KanopolisNorthern terminus of K-111
175.663282.702 I-70 / US-40 – Salina, HaysEastern terminus; I-70 exit 225; diamond interchange
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
References
^ a b Staff (2016). "Pavement Management Information System". Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
^ a b c d Resolution to redesignate a Highway (Map). KDOT. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (2019). Traffic Flow Map Kansas State Highway System (PDF) (Map). . Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (2019). Traffic Flow Inset Map Kansas State Highway System (PDF) (Map). . Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Federal Highway Administration (May 8, 2019). National Highway System: Kansas (PDF) (Map). . Federal Highway Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike; Adderly, Kevin (September 26, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (August 14, 2000). "Resolution Designating City Connecting Links in State Highway System". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (April 1, 1981). "Resolution Designating City Connecting Links in State Highway System". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (July 20, 2012). "Resolution Designating City Connecting Links in State Highway System". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (April 2011). City of Garden City (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (July 2007). Finney County (PDF) (Map). . General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (December 2008). City of Jetmore (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (October 2003). City of Hanston (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (December 2008). Hodgeman County (PDF) (Map). . General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ a b c Google (August 10, 2020). "Overview map of K-156" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (April 2008). City of Burdett (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (December 2001). City of Larned (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (October 2010). Pawnee County (PDF) (Map). . General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (January 2002). City of Pawnee Rock (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (April 2007). City of Great Bend (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (September 2009). Barton County (PDF) (Map). . General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (February 2011). City of Holyrood (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (March 2011). City of Ellsworth (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (July 2011). Ellsworth County (PDF) (Map). . General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Rand McNally and Company (1924). "Kansas" (Map). AutoTrails Map, Southern Nebraska, Eastern Colorado, Kansas, Northeastern New Mexico, Northern Oklahoma. 1:1,600,000. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. OCLC 2078375. Retrieved August 10, 2020 – via Rumsey Collection.
^ a b Oklahoma Department of Transportation, Chronological History Documentation: US 56 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (correspondence between ODOT, AASHO, and other DOTs)
^ Rand McNally and Company (1927). "Kansas" (Map). Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas of the United States and Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces of Canada, with a Brief Description of the National Parks and Monuments. 1:1,600,000. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. pp. 54–55. OCLC 2078375 – via Rumsey Collection.
^ State Farm Insurance Companies Travel Bureau (1944). "Kansas" (Map). State Farm Road map: Kansas. 1:1,235,520. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. Retrieved August 10, 2020 – via Rumsey Collection.
^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (1945). Kansas State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ "Highway Assured". Atchison Daily Globe. December 17, 1953. p. 20. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Vernon Tip Traylor..." Great Bend Daily Tribune. October 1, 1953. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "New Mexico Okays US-55 Road Proposal". Great Bend Daily Tribune. June 2, 1954. p. 7. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Another Effort to Reroute Proposed Federal Highway". Great Bend Daily Tribune. January 6, 1955. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020 – via NewspaperArchive.
^ "New US-55 Route Approved Here". Great Bend Daily Tribune. March 20, 1955. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Call Meeting On Road Proposals". Great Bend Daily Tribune. July 26, 1955. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "US 50N Boosters Turn Down New Route, Name". Great Bend Daily Tribune. July 29, 1955. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Highway Boosters Here Oppose New US-55 Plan". Great Bend Daily Tribune. September 16, 1955. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020 – via NewspaperArchive.
^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (1962). Kansas State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (1963–1964). Kansas State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (July 18, 1966). "Resolution for Location and Designation of Road in Ellsworth County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (1966). Kansas State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (1967). Kansas State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (October 13, 1967). "Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Russell, Ellsworth and Saline Counties". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (1975). Barton County (PDF) (Map). . General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (1980). Barton County (PDF) (Map). . General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (December 17, 1980). "Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of highways in Finney County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Kansas Department of Transportation (May 3, 1996). "Resolution to establish Highway US 400 in Hamilton, Keeney, and Finney counties". Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ "KDOT to add turning lanes on K-156 in Ellsworth County". salinapost.com. April 4, 2020. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/K-156 (Kansas highway)KML is from Wikidata
Kansas Department of Transportation State Map
KDOT: Historic State Maps
Historic endpoints of U.S. Highway 156 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 50 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Kansas#Special_routes"},{"link_name":"US-83 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Kansas#Business_route"},{"link_name":"Garden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Interstate 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_400_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_283_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Jetmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetmore,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Rozel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozel,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_56_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Larned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larned,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Great Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bend,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"auto trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_trail"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_numbered_highways"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1981resolution-2"}],"text":"Highway in KansasK-156 is a 175.663-mile-long (282.702 km) west–east state highway in the U.S. state of Kansas. K-156's western terminus is at U.S. Route 50 Business (US-50 Bus.) and US-83 Bus. in Garden City and the eastern terminus is at Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Route 40 (US-40) northeast of Ellsworth. Along the way, it intersects several major highways including US-50, US-83 and US-400 in Garden City; US-283 in Jetmore; and US-183 near Rozel, and it overlaps its implied parent, US-56, from Larned to east of Great Bend.Before state highways were numbered in Kansas, there were auto trails; the section of K-156 from Larned to Great Bend followed the National Old Trails Road and Old Santa Fe Trail. By 1927, the section of K-156 from Garden City to Great Bend was established as US-50N. K-156 was originally US-156, an intrastate U.S. Highway that was formed in 1957, and ran from Garden City to Great Bend. Between 1966 and 1967, US-156 was extended northeast, along K-45, to I-70 northeast of Ellsworth. On April 1, 1981, US-156 was redesignated K-156.[2]","title":"K-156 (Kansas highway)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US-50 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Kansas#Special_routes"},{"link_name":"US-83 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Kansas#Business_route"},{"link_name":"Garden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"on average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_average_daily_traffic"},{"link_name":"Finney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finney_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Hodgeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgeman_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Great Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bend,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AADT-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"US-56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_56_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHSKansas-5"},{"link_name":"US-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_400_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"K-156 begins at US-50 Bus. and US-83 Bus. in Garden City and runs in a generally northeast direction to I-70 and US-40 northeast of Ellsworth. K-156 is signed as east–west its entire length. According to 2018 traffic counts conducted by the Kansas Department of Transportation, on average, traffic varied from 1,080 vehicles per day slightly east of the Finney–Hodgeman county line to 14,500 vehicles per day in Great Bend, slightly west of US-281. The second highest volume of traffic was 11,500 vehicles per day, at the western terminus.[3][4] The section of K-156 from the western end of the overlap with US-56 to its eastern terminus is included in the National Highway System.[5] K-156 also connects to the National Highway System at its junction with US-50, US-83 and US-400 in Garden City.[6]All but 5.973 miles (10 km) of K-156's 175.663-mile (283 km) alignment is maintained by KDOT. The first .465 miles (1 km) from the western terminus eastward is maintained by Garden City.[7] The entire 1.409-mile (2 km) section of K-156 in Larned and the entire 4.099-mile (7 km) section of K-156 through Great Bend are maintained by the cities.[8][9]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-56,K-96,K-156.jpg"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_Map_Garden_City-10"},{"link_name":"K-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-23_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"Cimarron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimarron,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kalvesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalvesta,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007finney-11"},{"link_name":"Jetmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetmore,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_283_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_Map_Jetmore-12"},{"link_name":"Bosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosse,_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hanston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanston,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_and_Oklahoma_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_Map_Hanston-13"},{"link_name":"Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gray,_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pawnee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008hodgeman-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-15"}],"sub_title":"Finney and Hodgeman counties","text":"K-156 overlapped with US 56 and K-96The route begins in Garden City, on Kansas Avenue at the junction with US-50 Business and US-83 Business (Main Street). The highway continues over Kansas Avenue then turns northeast at a junction with Campus Drive. K-156 then intersects US-50, US-83 and US-400 via a diamond interchange and then continues to follows Kansas Avenue in a northeast direction out of the city.[10] It then curves east at East 6 Mile Road, then intersects Mennonite Road 1.7 miles (2.7 km) later. From here, the highway continues east for about eleven miles (18 km) through rural farmlands before intersecting K-23, passing by Concannon State Fishing Lake and crossing Pawnee River along the way. Here K-156 begins a six-mile-long (9.7 km) overlap with K-23. At the end of the overlap K-23 turns south toward Cimarron, as K-156 continues east. K-156 then passes through Kalvesta, then curves to the northeast as it crosses into Hodgeman County.[11] About one mile (1.6 km) into the county, K-156 curves back to the east, then crosses Sand Creek 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later. Roughly 10.4 miles (16.7 km) further east the highway curves northeast for about one-mile (1.6 km) then curves back east. The highway continues another 3.5 miles (5.6 km) then enters Jetmore. In Jetmore it intersects US-283, also known as Main Street.[12] As it exits the city it travels a short distance then curves to the northeast at Bosse. The roadway then curves more to the northeast and passes to the north of Hanston. As it passes by Hanston, K-156 curves east briefly then back northeast as it begins to parallel a Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad track.[13] About three miles (4.8 km) later, the highway passes through Gray. It continues past Gray for another 3.5 miles (5.6 km) then enters into Pawnee County.[14][15]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K156_westbound_at_US183.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pawnee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_River"},{"link_name":"Burdett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdett,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_Map_Burdett-16"},{"link_name":"Rozel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozel,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"K-264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-264_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"Fort Larned National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Larned_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Larned State Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larned_State_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Larned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larned,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_Map_Larned-17"},{"link_name":"Barton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010pawnee-18"}],"sub_title":"Pawnee County","text":"K-156 westbound at its junction with US-183As it enters the county it continues to parallel a Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad track and the Pawnee River. After about 1.4 miles (2.3 km) K-156 curves east, passes to the north of Rucker Airport, then enters the southern section of Burdett as Broadway Avenue.[16] It exits the city and continues east, crosses Sawmill Creek, then reaches an intersection with Pawnee Street and 280th Avenue just south of Rozel. About three miles (4.8 km) past Rozel it crosses a railroad track. From here the highway continues east through rural farmlands to US-183, crossing the Pawnee River and Cocklebur Creek along the way. It continues east for about nine miles (14 km) before intersecting K-264, passing Fort Larned National Historic Site along the way. K-264 heads south to Larned State Hospital, and K-156 continues east toward Larned. It enters Larned becoming Edwards Street then becomes 14th Street at an intersection with State Street. It continues along 14th Street and soon intersects its implied parent US-56, at Broadway Street. Here the two highways begin to overlap as they continue east. The two routes curve northeast as they exit the city and begin to parallel a Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad track.[17] The highways then cross Ash Creek and enters Barton County 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later.[15][18]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K-156_at_K-14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pawnee Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_Rock,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_Map_Pawnee_Rock-19"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Great Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bend,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"K-96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-96_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"US-281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_Map_Great_Bend-20"},{"link_name":"K-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-4_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"folded diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folded_diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"Claflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claflin,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009barton-21"},{"link_name":"Holyrood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_Map_Holyrood-22"},{"link_name":"K-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-14_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"K-14 Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-14_(Kansas_highway)#K-14_Truck"},{"link_name":"Smoky Hill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Hill_River"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"K-140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-140_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_Map_Ellsworth-23"},{"link_name":"K-111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-111_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-15"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011ellsworth-24"}],"sub_title":"Barton and Ellsworth counties","text":"K-156 at junction with K-14 and K-14 TruckAs K-156 enters the county it enters the city of Pawnee Rock.[19] It continues northeast and soon passes Dundee. As it exits Dundee it passes to the south of Great Bend Municipal Airport. K-156 and US-56 then curve north and enter Great Bend as South Patton Road. The highways turn east at 10th Street then soon intersects and begins to overlap with K-96. The three roads continue east along 10th Street for 1.8 miles (2.9 km) to an intersection with US-281 (Main Street), crossing a Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad track along the way. After the three highways cross US-281, they leave Great Bend and 2.2 miles (3.5 km) later, K-156 splits from US-56 and K-96, heading northeast from there.[20] K-156 passes to the east of Cheyenne Bottoms Reservoir, crosses a Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad, then intersects K-4 at a folded diamond interchange east of Claflin. After an interchange with K-4, the highway enters Ellsworth County two miles (3.2 km) later.[21] The highway enters the county and continues northeast before entering Holyrood.[22] As it exits the city, it continues through rural farm lands transitioning into grasslands, and soon intersects K-14 south of Ellsworth. At that junction, K-156 begins carrying a concurrency with K-14 Truck route. The two routes then cross the Smoky Hill River and a Union Pacific Railroad track then enter Ellsworth. Inside the city the two highways curve north at an intersection with 8th Street. The highway passes Memorial Cemetery and soon intersects K-140, known as East 15th Street westbound and Avenue J eastbound. Here, K-14 Truck splits from K-156 and follows K-140 westbound, and K-156 continues north. The highway soon exits the city and continues north for about .8 miles (1.3 km) then curves northeast and crosses Oak Creek.[23] K-156 then reaches a junction with K-111, crossing Spring Creek and East Spring Creek along the way. Past K-111, the landscape around the highway begins to transition to rolling hills covered by grasslands. K-156 then crosses and begins to parallel East Elkhorn Creek. It continues north along the creek for a few miles before reaching its northern terminus at exit 225 of I-70 and US-40 at a diamond interchange.[15][24]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kansas_us_highway_1926.jpg"},{"link_name":"auto trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_trail"},{"link_name":"Albert Pike Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pike_Highway"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1924rm-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1927rm-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1944rm-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1945ksm-29"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Elkhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhart,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Springer, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"US-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"Manitowoc, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitowoc,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Lake Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"American Association of State Highway Officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials"},{"link_name":"US-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Topeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"K-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-4_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"US-59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Atchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"K-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-14_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"K-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-18_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"US-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_24_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"K-63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-63_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"K-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-16_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"US-50N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50N_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Larned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larned,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baldwin_Junction,_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"K-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-10_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Kansas Highway Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Highway_Commission"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"US-155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_155"},{"link_name":"Garden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_156"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODOT-26"},{"link_name":"Claflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claflin,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962ksm-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1963ksm-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1966resolution-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1966ksm-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1967ksm-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1967resolution-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1975barton-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1980barton-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1981resolution-2"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1980resolution-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"A map of Kansas's U.S. Highways as laid out in 1926Before state highways were numbered in Kansas, there were auto trails, which were an informal network of marked routes that existed in the United States and Canada in the early part of the 20th century. From the western terminus, K-156 closely follows the former Old Santa Fe Trail, New Santa Fe Trail, National Old Trails Road and Albert Pike Highway. In Jetmore, K-156 intersects the former Star Highway. The highway then overlaps the National Old Trails Road and Old Santa Fe Trail from Larned to Great Bend. East of Claflin, the highway crosses the former Bee Line and Sunflower Trail, then crosses the former Golden Belt in Ellsworth.[25]By 1927, the section of modern K-156 from Garden City to Great Bend was established as US-50N.[27] Between 1944 and 1945, the section of current K-156 between Holyrood to south of Ellsworth was established as a section of K-45.[28][29] In the early 1950s, towns along what was then the K-45 corridor, connecting Ellsworth, Kansas to the Oklahoma state line at Elkhart, formed the Mid-Continent Diagonal Highway Association[30] to push for a new highway from Springer, New Mexico (on US-85) northeast across the Oklahoma Panhandle, along K-45, and continuing to Manitowoc, Wisconsin on Lake Michigan.[31] By mid-1954, it was being promoted as US-55 between the Great Lakes and the Southwestern United States.[32] The first submissions to the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) to establish the route were made in 1954. The first route considered in northeast Kansas was via US-40 from Ellsworth to Topeka and K-4 and US-59 via Atchison to St. Joseph, Missouri.[33] A revised route adopted in March 1955, due to AASHO objections to the original route, which traveled concurrently with other U.S. highways for over half of its length, followed K-14, K-18, US-24, K-63, K-16, and US-59 via Lincoln and Manhattan.[34] In July, the US 50N Association proposed a plan that would have eliminated US-50N by routing US-55 along most of its length, from Larned east to Baldwin Junction, and then along US-59 to Lawrence and K-10 to Kansas City; towns on US-50N west of Larned, which would have been bypassed, led a successful fight against this.[35][36] However, in September of that year, the Kansas Highway Commission accepted that plan, taking US-55 east to Kansas City.[37] On June 27, 1956, the AASHO Route Numbering Committee considered this refined plan for US-55, between Springer, New Mexico and Kansas City, Missouri, with a short US-155 along the remaining portion of US-50N from Larned west to Garden City. The committee approved the request, but since the proposed route was more east–west than north–south, it changed it to an even number – US 56 – and the spur to US-156.[26]Between 1962 and 1963, K-45 was extended southwest from Claflin to US-56 east of Great Bend.[38][39] In a AASHO meeting on July 4–5, 1966, it was approved to extend US-156 from Larned northwest through Great Bend and Ellsworth to I-70.[40] By 1967, US-156 had been extended northeast from Larned along US-56 to Great Bend, then along K-45 to I-70 northeast of Ellsworth. At this time the K-45 designation was removed.[41][42] In a resolution on October 13, 1967, US-40 between I-70 north of Dorrance to I-70 north of Salina was realigned onto I-70. At this time K-111 was extended north to end at US-156.[43] Between 1975 and 1980, a folded diamond interchange was constructed at the junction with K-4.[44][45] In a December 17, 1980 resolution, US-50 and US-83 were moved to their current alignment in Garden City, and US-50 Business and US-83 Business became US-156's western terminus.[46]The entirety of US-156, from Garden City to I-70 northeast of Ellsworth, was decommissioned on April 1, 1981, and redesignated as K-156.[2] In a May 3, 1996 resolution, US-400 was established from the Colorado border to K-156, then to the southern end of the overlap between US-83 and US-50 in Garden City.[47] On July 6, 2020, work began on a project to add turning lanes at the interchange with Eighth Street in Ellsworth County. The $1.2 million project was completed by Venture Corporation of Great Bend.[48]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}] | [{"image_text":"K-156 overlapped with US 56 and K-96","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/US-56%2CK-96%2CK-156.jpg/220px-US-56%2CK-96%2CK-156.jpg"},{"image_text":"K-156 westbound at its junction with US-183","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/K156_westbound_at_US183.JPG/220px-K156_westbound_at_US183.JPG"},{"image_text":"K-156 at junction with K-14 and K-14 Truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/K-156_at_K-14.jpg/220px-K-156_at_K-14.jpg"},{"image_text":"A map of Kansas's U.S. Highways as laid out in 1926","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kansas_us_highway_1926.jpg/220px-Kansas_us_highway_1926.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Staff (2016). \"Pavement Management Information System\". Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksdot.org/matreslab/pmis/query.asp","url_text":"\"Pavement Management Information System\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313050055/http://ksdot.org/matreslab/pmis/query.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Resolution to redesignate a Highway (Map). KDOT. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003709398&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"Resolution to redesignate a Highway"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200723021635/https://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003709398&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (2019). Traffic Flow Map Kansas State Highway System (PDF) (Map). [c. 1:1,584,000]. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/CountMaps/Districts/countmap2018.pdf","url_text":"Traffic Flow Map Kansas State Highway System"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200504035302/http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/CountMaps/Districts/countmap2018.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (2019). Traffic Flow Inset Map Kansas State Highway System (PDF) (Map). [c. 1:1,584,000]. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/CountMaps/Districts/insetmap2018.pdf","url_text":"Traffic Flow Inset Map Kansas State Highway System"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200504035326/http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/CountMaps/Districts/insetmap2018.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Federal Highway Administration (May 8, 2019). National Highway System: Kansas (PDF) (Map). [c. 1:3,900,000]. Federal Highway Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"},{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/nhs_maps/kansas/ks_kansas.pdf","url_text":"National Highway System: Kansas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035300/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/nhs_maps/kansas/ks_kansas.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike; Adderly, Kevin (September 26, 2012). \"What is the National Highway System?\". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/","url_text":"\"What is the National Highway System?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120704194551/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (August 14, 2000). \"Resolution Designating City Connecting Links in State Highway System\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/docpop.aspx?clienttype=html&docid=8912010","url_text":"\"Resolution Designating City Connecting Links in State Highway System\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210801025202/https://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/PdfPop.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (April 1, 1981). \"Resolution Designating City Connecting Links in State Highway System\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/docpop.aspx?clienttype=html&docid=8912156","url_text":"\"Resolution Designating City Connecting Links in State Highway System\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210801024337/https://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/PdfPop.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (July 20, 2012). \"Resolution Designating City Connecting Links in State Highway System\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/docpop.aspx?clienttype=html&docid=8912010","url_text":"\"Resolution Designating City Connecting Links in State Highway System\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210801025243/https://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/PdfPop.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (April 2011). City of Garden City (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/garden%20city.PDF","url_text":"City of Garden City"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200505211210/https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/garden%20city.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (July 2007). Finney County (PDF) (Map). [c. 1: 211,200]. General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/PastPublishedCounty/finneyJul2007.pdf","url_text":"Finney County"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200505114341/https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/PastPublishedCounty/finneyJul2007.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (December 2008). City of Jetmore (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/jetmore.pdf","url_text":"City of Jetmore"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200505212937/https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/jetmore.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (October 2003). City of Hanston (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/hanston.PDF","url_text":"City of Hanston"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200505211557/https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/hanston.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (December 2008). Hodgeman County (PDF) (Map). [c. 1: 211,200]. General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/PastPublishedCounty/hodgemanDec2008.pdf","url_text":"Hodgeman County"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200505122008/https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/PastPublishedCounty/hodgemanDec2008.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Google (August 10, 2020). \"Overview map of K-156\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/8dv6jD7kKSKKsPas8","url_text":"\"Overview map of K-156\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (April 2008). City of Burdett (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/burdett.PDF","url_text":"City of Burdett"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200505203703/https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/burdett.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (December 2001). City of Larned (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/larned.pdf","url_text":"City of Larned"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200505213204/https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/larned.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (October 2010). Pawnee County (PDF) (Map). [c. 1: 211,200]. General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/PastPublishedCounty/pawneeOct2010.pdf","url_text":"Pawnee County"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200504093102/http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/PastPublishedCounty/pawneeOct2010.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (January 2002). City of Pawnee Rock (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. 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[c. 1: 211,200]. General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/PastPublishedCounty/bartonSep2009.pdf","url_text":"Barton County"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200505102747/https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/PastPublishedCounty/bartonSep2009.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (February 2011). City of Holyrood (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. KDOT City Maps. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. 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General Highway Map. Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/PastPublishedCounty/ellsworthJul2011.PDF","url_text":"Ellsworth County"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200505114112/https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/PastPublishedCounty/ellsworthJul2011.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally and Company (1924). \"Kansas\" (Map). AutoTrails Map, Southern Nebraska, Eastern Colorado, Kansas, Northeastern New Mexico, Northern Oklahoma. 1:1,600,000. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. OCLC 2078375. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Last_Man_(Zane_Grey_novel) | To the Last Man (Grey novel) | ["1 Origin","2 Plot introduction","3 Plot summary","4 Characters in \"To the Last Man\"","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | 1921 novel by Zane Grey
To the Last Man AuthorZane GreyLanguageEnglishGenreWesternPublisherHarper & Brothers (US hardback) &Forge (US paperback)Publication date1921Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Pages311 pp (hardback); 288 pp (paperback edition)ISBN0-8125-6465-0 (paperback edition)OCLC45577928LC ClassCPB Box no. 2090 vol. 18
To the Last Man: A Story of the Pleasant Valley War is a 1921 western novel written by Zane Grey.
Origin
To The Last Man is a shorter version of Tonto Basin. Grey submitted the manuscript of Tonto Basin to the magazine The Country Gentleman, which published it in serialization as To the Last Man from May 28, 1921, through July 30, 1921. This was a much shorter version of the original, omitting much of the backstory. This shorter version was published by Harper Brothers.
Plot introduction
It is a story of a family feud healed by young love. The story is based on a factual event involving the notorious Hashknife gang of Northern Arizona.
Plot summary
The story follows an ancient feud between two frontier families that is inflamed
when one of the families takes up cattle rustling.
The ranchers are led by Jean Isbel and, on the other side, Lee Jorth and his band of cattle rustlers.
In the grip of a relentless code of loyalty to their own people, they fight the war of the Tonto Basin, desperately, doggedly, to the last man, neither side seeing the futility of it until it is too late. And in this volatile environment, young Jean finds himself hopelessly in love with a girl from whom he is separated by an impassable barrier.
Characters in "To the Last Man"
Jean Isbel – Jean Isbel is a woodsman from Oregon drawn into the Tonto Basin feud by his father, Gaston Isbel. He has the reputation of being an excellent tracker and fighter. He is born from Gaston's second wife, who was Native American. He is in love with Ellen Jorth.
Gaston Isbel – Gaston Isbel is a Texas cattleman ranching in the Tonto Basin. He is involved in an old feud with Lee Jorth. He calls his son Jean Isbel into the feud in the hope that Jean will help him win the feud.
Lee Jorth – Lee Jorth is an ex-cattleman from Texas involved in an old feud with Gaston Isbel. He is supposedly a sheep herder running sheep on the cattle's range in the Tonto Basin. He is involved with many shady characters, including the notorious Hashknife gang. His daughter is Ellen Jorth.
Ellen Jorth – is the daughter of Lee Jorth; is caught meeting Jean Isbel early in the story but because of the family feud cannot related to him as she might like. She is told lies by her father and placed in situations where she must uphold her family but secretly being in love with Jean.
Colter – part of the Jorth group.
Greaves – store keeper and part of the Jorth group.
Bill – half brother to Jean Isbel; son of Gaston Isbel.
Guy – half brother to Jean Isbel; son of Gaston Isbel.
Jim Blaisdell – neighbor rancher to Gaston Isbel.
John Sprague – old prospector lived near Jorth; was good friend to Ellen.
Daggs – sheepman, part of the Jorth group.
Blue – older gunslinger from Texas who tells them he is really King Fisher the famous gunfighter; this brings fear to the sheepmen.
See also
Novels portal
To the Last Man (1923 film)
To the Last Man (1933 film), a 1933 Henry Hathaway film based on the Zane Grey novel starring Randolph Scott, Esther Ralston, Buster Crabbe, Barton MacLane, Noah Beery, Shirley Temple, and Eugenie Besserer.
Frederick Russell Burnham participated on the losing side in the real-life Tonto Basin feud and narrowly escaped alive. After the feud, he went home to California and left for Africa only a few years later.
References
^ Burnham, Frederick Russell (1926). Scouting on Two Continents. New York: Doubleday, Page and Co. Chapters 3 & 4. ISBN 0-86920-126-3. ASIN B000F1UKOA.
^ R. R. Money (April 1962). "Tonto Basin Feud". Blackwood's Magazine. 291. ISSN 0006-436X.
External links
To the Last Man at Project Gutenberg
To the Last Man public domain audiobook at LibriVox
vteZane GreyNovels
The Spirit of the Border (1906)
Riders of the Purple Sage (1912)
Last of the Duanes (1914)
The Lone Star Ranger (1914)
The Rainbow Trail (1915)
The Border Legion (1916)
Man of the Forest (1920)
Tonto Basin (1921)
To the Last Man (1921)
The Day of the Beast (1922)
The Call of the Canyon (1924)
Under the Tonto Rim (1925)
Forlorn River (1927)
Nevada (1928)
Other works
Code of the West (1925 film)
Born to the West (1926 film)
Tales of Tahitian Waters (1931 short story collection)
King of the Royal Mounted (1935 comics series)
Miscellaneous
White Death (1936 film)
Zane Grey Cabin
Zane Grey Estate
Zane Grey Highline Trail 50 Mile Run
Zane Grey Museum | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zane Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Grey"}],"text":"To the Last Man: A Story of the Pleasant Valley War is a 1921 western novel written by Zane Grey.","title":"To the Last Man (Grey novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonto Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonto_Basin_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Country Gentleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Country_Gentleman"},{"link_name":"Harper Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Brothers"}],"text":"To The Last Man is a shorter version of Tonto Basin. Grey submitted the manuscript of Tonto Basin to the magazine The Country Gentleman, which published it in serialization as To the Last Man from May 28, 1921, through July 30, 1921. This was a much shorter version of the original, omitting much of the backstory. 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And in this volatile environment, young Jean finds himself hopelessly in love with a girl from whom he is separated by an impassable barrier.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sheep herder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd"}],"text":"Jean Isbel – Jean Isbel is a woodsman from Oregon drawn into the Tonto Basin feud by his father, Gaston Isbel. He has the reputation of being an excellent tracker and fighter. He is born from Gaston's second wife, who was Native American. He is in love with Ellen Jorth.\nGaston Isbel – Gaston Isbel is a Texas cattleman ranching in the Tonto Basin. He is involved in an old feud with Lee Jorth. He calls his son Jean Isbel into the feud in the hope that Jean will help him win the feud.\nLee Jorth – Lee Jorth is an ex-cattleman from Texas involved in an old feud with Gaston Isbel. He is supposedly a sheep herder running sheep on the cattle's range in the Tonto Basin. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hrei%C3%B0arsson | Hermann Hreiðarsson | ["1 Club career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Brentford","1.3 Ipswich Town","1.4 Charlton Athletic","1.5 Portsmouth","1.6 Coventry City","1.7 Portsmouth trial","2 International career","3 Managerial career","4 Personal life","5 Career statistics","5.1 Club","5.2 International","6 Honours","7 References","8 External links"] | Icelandic footballer and coach
This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Hermann.
Hermann Hreiðarsson
Hermann in 2009Personal informationDate of birth
(1974-07-11) 11 July 1974 (age 49)Place of birth
Reykjavík, IcelandHeight
1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)Position(s)
Left-back, centre-backTeam informationCurrent team
ÍBV (manager)Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1993–1997
ÍBV
66
(5)1997–1998
Crystal Palace
37
(2)1998–1999
Brentford
41
(6)1999–2000
Wimbledon
25
(1)2000–2003
Ipswich Town
102
(2)2003–2007
Charlton Athletic
132
(3)2007–2012
Portsmouth
102
(7)2012
Coventry City
2
(0)2013
ÍBV
4
(0)2014
Fylkir
0
(0)Total
511
(26)International career1995
Iceland U-21
6
(1)1996–2011
Iceland
89
(5)Managerial career2013
ÍBV (player-manager)2015–2016
Fylkir2017–2018
Fylkir (women)2018
Kerala Blasters (assistant)2019–2020
Southend United (assistant)2020–2021
Þróttur Vogum2021–
ÍBV
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Hermann Hreiðarsson (born 11 July 1974) is an Icelandic former professional football player and coach. He played as a defender and spent 15 seasons in England, gaining a total of 315 appearances in the Premier League.
Hermann was relegated from the Premier League five times, a record he holds jointly with Nathan Blake. He was relegated with every Premier League club he has played for: Crystal Palace (1997–98 season), Wimbledon (1999–2000), Ipswich Town (2001–02), Charlton Athletic (2006–07), and Portsmouth (2009–10).
Club career
Early career
In 1993, Hermann started playing for his local club ÍBV, where he took part in five seasons with the team. He only played three matches out of 18 in his first season as the club finished 8th out of 10, but played all the matches in the next two seasons with the club finishing 8th and then 3rd. He then played every match but one in his fourth season as the club finished 4th. He left before the completion of his last season, but the club ended up as champions of Iceland for the second time and for the first time in 18 years, with Hermann playing a big role in the turnaround of the club's fortunes.
In 1997, Hermann was scouted by Premier League newcomers Crystal Palace. He came into English football in August that year when Palace signed him up. He was one of the team's few stand-out players in a season where Palace were relegated. At Palace, Hermann scored league goals against Sheffield Wednesday and Chelsea, with the latter goal briefly giving Palace the lead at Stamford Bridge. He also scored once in the League Cup against Torquay United.
Brentford
In September 1998, Hermann opted to move further down The Football League and followed recently departed Crystal Palace chairman Ron Noades to Brentford, where Noades was now chairman as well as the manager. He joined the London-based Third Division side for a then-club record incoming fee of £750,000.
Brentford were champions of the Third Division and Hermann scored six goals, but in October 1999, he signed for Premier League side Wimbledon in a deal worth £2.5 million, which remained Brentford's record transfer fee received until September 2014. They were later relegated from the top flight that season. During his time at Wimbledon, he scored once against West Ham United.
Ipswich Town
A £4.5 million move before the 2000–01 season saw him become newly promoted Ipswich Town's record signing. Ipswich finished fifth in the club's first season back in the Premier League, thus securing a UEFA Cup place. The following season, there was a complete reversal of fortunes, and they were relegated. Ipswich trimmed their squad to save on finances, but Hermann turned down a move to newly promoted West Bromwich Albion at the start of the 2002–03 season – reportedly due to West Bromwich offering him vastly reduced wages compared to what he was currently receiving, and also Hermann not wanting to face another relegation battle. At Ipswich he scored league goals against Manchester City and West Ham United and scored once in the UEFA Cup against Helsingborg.
Charlton Athletic
In March 2003, Hermann moved on from Ipswich, joining Premier League side Charlton Athletic. He signed a three-and-a-half-year contract, with the club paying £800,000, plus a further £100,000 if they were not relegated in the 2003–04 season to Hermann. He was able to move to Charlton outside the Premier League's transfer window as Ipswich were in administration, although he would not be eligible to play for the club for the remainder of that season.
Hermann proved his worth for Charlton after making his debut in a 3–0 home defeat at the hands of Manchester City. He would miss only five matches in his debut season, and would be a regular starter in subsequent years.
Portsmouth
On 25 May 2007, Hermann exercised a clause in his contract with Charlton which allowed him to leave on a free transfer if they were relegated and signed a two-year deal with fellow Premier League club Portsmouth. On 29 September, Hermann scored his first goal for Portsmouth in a 7–4 Premier League win at home against Reading. He followed that up with another goal the following weekend against Fulham. On 20 April 2008, Hermann was sent off for a professional foul on Darius Vassell at the City of Manchester Stadium against Manchester City, but his season ended well by lifting the FA Cup after a 1–0 victory over Cardiff City at Wembley Stadium.
Hermann scored two goals in two matches for the second season running in 2009, when he netted with headers against both Liverpool and Manchester City. In December 2009, he scored the first goal in a 2–0 victory against Burnley. On 27 March 2010, Hermann snapped his achilles tendon in an away match against Tottenham Hotspur and was ruled out for the rest of the season. After the match, Spurs and former Portsmouth manager Harry Redknapp commented, "The game was soured by Hermann's injury. The lads said they heard it pop." Due to this injury, Hermann was unable to play in the 2010 FA Cup Final.
After Portsmouth were relegated from the Premier League, it became unknown whether Hermann would stay at the club. However, on 8 October, he signed a new one-year contract. For most of the 2010–11 season, Hermann remained on the bench, as manager Steve Cotterill preferred loan signing Carl Dickinson, but in the latter part of the season, he became first-choice ahead of Dickinson and made his 500th league appearance against Barnsley on 19 February 2011. He signed a new one-year contract with Portsmouth on 8 July.
Coventry City
On 14 January 2012, after a long injury spell and limited playing time, it was announced that Hermann would sign for fellow Championship side Coventry City on a six-month contract. He was injured after only two appearances and could not play for the rest of the season.
Hermann was released by Coventry when his contract ran out at the end of the 2011–12 season. Coincidentally, both Coventry City and Portsmouth were relegated from the Championship that season.
Portsmouth trial
On 4 September 2012, a rumour circulated that Hermann was to offer his services to Portsmouth and play for nothing. The following day, the rumour was confirmed by local newspaper The News. In an online article, manager Michael Appleton stated "Hermann will come in and train with us towards the end of the week and we will see where he is from a fitness point of view. He tells me he wants to play for nothing but we will assess him. I am certainly not ruling it out. We will see how his fitness is, like we would do with any triallist". Hermann intended to play in an upcoming League One match against Crawley Town, but due to his appointment as manager of his hometown club ÍBV, he did not play.
International career
Hermann made his debut for Iceland in a June 1996 friendly match against Cyprus, coming on as a substitute for Alexander Högnason. He since become a strongly established member of the team, collecting 89 caps and captaining the side in his later years.
Managerial career
Hermann reached an agreement with his hometown club ÍBV on 19 September 2012 to become their manager for the 2013 Úrvalsdeild season. He would later sign former English international goalkeeper and Portsmouth teammate David James for the 2013 season. He then spent three years at Fylkir, managing the men's team during the 2015 and 2016 seasons, and the women's team during the 2017 season. In January 2018, he teamed up once again with David James at Kerala Blasters in the Indian Super League as assistant manager, after James' appointment as manager.
On 22 October 2019, he was appointed assistant to Sol Campbell at Southend United of English League One. Following the club's relegation, on 30 June 2020, manager Campbell and his three assistants left the club by mutual consent.
Personal life
Hermann has four children, two boys with his current fiancée Alexandra Fanney Jóhannsdóttir, and two girls, footballers Ída Marín and Thelma Lóa, from his previous marriage to Ragna Lóa Stefánsdóttir.
Career statistics
Club
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
Division
League
Cup
League Cup
Other
Europe
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
ÍBV
1993
Úrvalsdeild
2
0
0
0
—
—
—
2
0
1994
18
2
3
1
—
—
—
21
3
1995
18
1
1
0
—
—
—
19
1
1996
17
2
5
0
?
?
1
0
2
0
25
2
1997
11
0
3
1
?
?
—
0
0
14
1
Total
66
5
12
2
0
0
1
0
2
0
81
7
Crystal Palace
1997–98
Premier League
30
2
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
36
2
1998–99
First Division
7
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
10
1
Total
37
2
4
0
5
1
0
0
0
0
46
3
Brentford
1998–99
Third Division
33
4
2
1
0
0
3
1
0
0
38
6
1999–2000
Second Division
8
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
10
2
Total
41
6
2
1
2
0
3
1
0
0
48
8
Wimbledon
1999–2000
Premier League
24
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
1
2000–01
First Division
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Total
25
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
27
1
Ipswich Town
2000–01
Premier League
36
1
2
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
45
1
2001–02
38
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
6
1
47
2
2002–03
First Division
28
0
2
0
3
0
0
0
3
0
36
0
Total
102
2
6
0
11
0
0
0
9
1
128
3
Charlton Athletic
2003–04
Premier League
33
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
35
2
2004–05
34
1
3
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
39
2
2005–06
34
0
5
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
42
0
2006–07
31
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
33
0
Total
132
3
9
0
8
1
0
0
0
0
149
4
Portsmouth
2007–08
Premier League
32
3
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
39
3
2008–09
23
2
2
0
1
0
1
0
3
1
30
3
2009–10
17
1
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
23
1
2010–11
Championship
28
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
29
1
2011–12
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
Total
102
7
14
0
3
0
1
0
3
1
122
8
Coventry City
2011–12
Championship
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
ÍBV
2013
Úrvalsdeild
4
0
0
0
0
0
—
3
0
7
0
Fylkir
2014
Úrvalsdeild
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
0
0
0
0
Career total
513
26
49
3
29
2
5
1
17
2
610
34
^ Appearance in Icelandic Super Cup
^ Appearance in FA Community Shield
International
Appearances and goals by national team and year
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
Iceland
1996
3
0
1997
6
0
1998
8
0
1999
10
1
2000
7
0
2001
7
1
2002
5
0
2003
6
1
2004
8
0
2005
4
1
2006
6
1
2007
5
0
2008
7
0
2009
3
0
2010
1
0
2011
3
0
Total
89
5
Scores and results list Iceland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hermann goal.
List of international goals scored by Hermann Hreiðarsson
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
4 September 1999
Laugardalsvöllur, Iceland
Andorra
2–0
3–0
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
2
24 March 2001
Sofia, Bulgaria
Bulgaria
1–0
1–2
FIFA World Cup 2002 Qualifying
3
11 June 2003
Kaunas, Lithuania
Lithuania
2–0
3–0
UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying
4
7 September 2005
Sofia, Bulgaria
Bulgaria
2–0
3–2
FIFA World Cup 2006 Qualifying
5
2 September 2006
Belfast, Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
2–0
3–0
UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
Honours
ÍBV
Úrvalsdeild: 1997
Brentford
Football League Third Division: 1998–99
Portsmouth
FA Cup: 2007–08
Individual
Icelandic Footballer of the Year: 1997, 2000, 2007
PFA Team of the Year: 1998–99 Third Division
Ipswich Town Hall of Fame: Inducted 2019
References
^ "Hermann Hreiðarsson – Knattspyrnusamband Íslands". ksi.is.
^ "fotbollselvan – Hermann Hreidarsson, mittback i ..." blogg.se. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
^ "Sheff Wed 1 Crystal Palace 3". Sporting Life. 25 October 1997. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
^ Hadfield, Dave (11 March 1998). "Vialli double inspires Chelsea rout". The Independent. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
^ Harling, Nick (25 August 1998). "Hreidarsson scuppers battling Torquay". The Independent. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
^ Brentford Football Club Official Matchday Magazine versus Hull City 07/05/05. 2005. p. 46.
^ "Forshaw completes Wigan move as Brentford receive record fee with Everton picking up sell-on". London 24. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
^ Tongue, Steve (26 December 1999). "Hislop's error rescues Wimbledon". The Independent. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
^ "Hreidarsson snubs West Brom". BBC News. 13 August 2002. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
^ "Ipswich give City the blues". BBC Sport. 25 November 2000. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
^ "Hammers sink Ipswich". BBC Sport. 28 October 2001. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
^ "Ipswich battle through". BBC Sport. 1 November 2001. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
^ Sinnott, John (25 May 2007). "Pompey sign defender Hreidarsson". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
^ a b "Games played by Hermann Hreidarsson in 2007/2008". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
^ McNulty, Phil (17 May 2008). "Portsmouth 1–0 Cardiff". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
^ "Tottenham 2–0 Portsmouth". BBC Sport. 27 March 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
^ "Hreidarsson signs new deal". Sky Sports. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
^ "Portsmouth vs. Barnsley – 19 fevereiro 2011". Soccerway. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
^ "Portsmouth Football Club". Portsmouth F.C. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
^ "Fótbolti.net". Retrieved 21 October 2015.
^ "Hermann to train with Pompey again". portsmouth.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
^ Iceland – Record International Players – Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
^ "Fótbolti.net". Retrieved 21 October 2015.
^ "Kerala Blasters assistant coach Hermann Hreiðarsson - There is work to be done". www.goal.com. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
^ "Southend appoint Campbell as manager". BBC Sport.
^ "Sol Campbell: Southend United manager leaves by mutual consent". BBC Sport. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
^ Kristín María Þorsteinsdóttir (26 June 2020). "Hermann Hreiðars og Alexandra eiga von á barni nr. 2". Morgunblaðið. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
^ "Kippir í kynið". Morgunblaðið. 17 June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
^ "Hermann Hreiðarsson". Soccerbase. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
^ a b "Hermann Hreiðarsson". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
^ "Hermann Hreiðarsson games in Iceland". Knattspyrnusamband Íslands. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
^ McNulty, Phil (17 May 2008). "Portsmouth 1–0 Cardiff". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
^ Hugman, Barry J., ed. (1999). The 1999–2000 Official PFA Footballers Factfile. Harpenden: Queen Anne Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-1-85291-607-7.
^ Pearce, Steve (30 March 2019). "DeVos and Hreidarsson Honoured". Ipswich Town Official Website. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hermann Hreiðarsson.
Hermann Hreiðarsson – FIFA competition record (archived)
Hermann Hreiðarsson at Soccerbase
Hermann Hreiðarsson at National-Football-Teams.com
Awards
vte1998–99 Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year
GK: Hallworth
DF: Delaney
DF: Hope
DF: Hreiðarsson
DF: Gibbs
MF: Minton
MF: Fowler
MF: Evans
MF: Davies / Etherington
FW: Forrester
FW: Butler
vteIcelandic Footballer of the YearMen & Women
1973: Kjartansson
1974: Eðvaldsson
1975: Stefánsson
1976: Pétursson
1977: Gí. Torfason
1978: K. Þórðarson
1979: Geirsson
1980: Hallgrímsson
1981: Baldursson
1982: Bjarnason
1983: Si. Jónsson
1984: B. Sigurðsson
1985: Þorbjörnsson
1986: Gu. Torfason
1987: Ormslev
1988: Sæ. Jónsson
1989: O. Þórðarson
1990: B. Sigurðsson
1991: Sverrisson
1992: Gunnlaugsson
1993: Si. Jónsson
1994: Gunnlaugsdóttir
1995: B. Kristinsson
1996: Adolfsson
Men
1997: Hreiðarsson
1998: Sverrisson
1999: Sverrisson
2000: Hreiðarsson
2001: Guðjohnsen
2002: R. Kristinsson
2003: Guðjohnsen
2004: Guðjohnsen
2005: Guðjohnsen
2006: Guðjohnsen
2007: Hreiðarsson
2008: Guðjohnsen
2009: Guðjohnsen
2010: G. Sigurðsson
2011: Helguson
2012: G. Sigurðsson
2013: G. Sigurðsson
2014: G. Sigurðsson
2015: G. Sigurðsson
2016: G. Sigurðsson
2017: G. Sigurðsson
2018: G. Sigurðsson
2019: G. Sigurðsson
2020: G. Sigurðsson
2021: Árnason
2022: Haraldsson
Women
1997: Kristjánsdóttir
1998: K. Jónsdóttir
1999: G. Jónsdóttir
2000: Ögmundsdóttir
2001: Færseth
2002: Á. Helgadóttir
2003: Á. Helgadóttir
2004: Viðarsdóttir
2005: Á. Helgadóttir
2006: Viðarsdóttir
2007: Viðarsdóttir
2008: Viðarsdóttir
2009: Þ. Helgadóttir
2010: Magnúsdóttir
2011: Viðarsdóttir
2012: Þ. Helgadóttir
2013: Gunnarsdóttir
2014: Þorsteinsdóttir
2015: Gunnarsdóttir
2016: Gunnarsdóttir
2017: Gunnarsdóttir
2018: Gunnarsdóttir
2019: Gunnarsdóttir
2020: Gunnarsdóttir
2021: S. Jónsdóttir
2022: Viggósdóttir
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icelandic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Nathan Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Blake"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."}],"text":"This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Hermann.Hermann Hreiðarsson (born 11 July 1974) is an Icelandic former professional football player and coach. He played as a defender and spent 15 seasons in England, gaining a total of 315 appearances in the Premier League.Hermann was relegated from the Premier League five times, a record he holds jointly with Nathan Blake. He was relegated with every Premier League club he has played for: Crystal Palace (1997–98 season), Wimbledon (1999–2000), Ipswich Town (2001–02), Charlton Athletic (2006–07), and Portsmouth (2009–10).","title":"Hermann Hreiðarsson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ÍBV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%BEr%C3%B3ttabandalag_Vestmannaeyja"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stamford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Torquay United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"In 1993, Hermann started playing for his local club ÍBV, where he took part in five seasons with the team. He only played three matches out of 18 in his first season as the club finished 8th out of 10, but played all the matches in the next two seasons with the club finishing 8th and then 3rd. He then played every match but one in his fourth season as the club finished 4th. He left before the completion of his last season, but the club ended up as champions of Iceland for the second time and for the first time in 18 years, with Hermann playing a big role in the turnaround of the club's fortunes.[1]In 1997, Hermann was scouted by Premier League newcomers Crystal Palace.[2] He came into English football in August that year when Palace signed him up. He was one of the team's few stand-out players in a season where Palace were relegated. At Palace, Hermann scored league goals against Sheffield Wednesday[3] and Chelsea, with the latter goal briefly giving Palace the lead at Stamford Bridge.[4] He also scored once in the League Cup against Torquay United.[5]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Ron Noades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Noades"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bees05-6"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Brentford","text":"In September 1998, Hermann opted to move further down The Football League and followed recently departed Crystal Palace chairman Ron Noades to Brentford, where Noades was now chairman as well as the manager. He joined the London-based Third Division side for a then-club record incoming fee of £750,000.[6]Brentford were champions of the Third Division and Hermann scored six goals, but in October 1999, he signed for Premier League side Wimbledon in a deal worth £2.5 million, which remained Brentford's record transfer fee received until September 2014.[7] They were later relegated from the top flight that season. During his time at Wimbledon, he scored once against West Ham United.[8]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000-01_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002-03_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Helsingborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Ipswich Town","text":"A £4.5 million move before the 2000–01 season saw him become newly promoted Ipswich Town's record signing. Ipswich finished fifth in the club's first season back in the Premier League, thus securing a UEFA Cup place. The following season, there was a complete reversal of fortunes, and they were relegated. Ipswich trimmed their squad to save on finances, but Hermann turned down a move to newly promoted West Bromwich Albion at the start of the 2002–03 season – reportedly due to West Bromwich offering him vastly reduced wages compared to what he was currently receiving, and also Hermann not wanting to face another relegation battle.[9] At Ipswich he scored league goals against Manchester City[10] and West Ham United[11] and scored once in the UEFA Cup against Helsingborg.[12]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003-04_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Charlton Athletic","text":"In March 2003, Hermann moved on from Ipswich, joining Premier League side Charlton Athletic. He signed a three-and-a-half-year contract, with the club paying £800,000, plus a further £100,000 if they were not relegated in the 2003–04 season to Hermann. He was able to move to Charlton outside the Premier League's transfer window as Ipswich were in administration, although he would not be eligible to play for the club for the remainder of that season.Hermann proved his worth for Charlton after making his debut in a 3–0 home defeat at the hands of Manchester City. He would miss only five matches in his debut season, and would be a regular starter in subsequent years.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_transfer_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pompey_sign_defender_Hreidarsson-13"},{"link_name":"7–4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C._7%E2%80%934_Reading_F.C."},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hermann_Goals-14"},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hermann_Goals-14"},{"link_name":"professional foul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_foul"},{"link_name":"Darius Vassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Vassell"},{"link_name":"City of Manchester Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Harry Redknapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Redknapp"},{"link_name":"2010 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Steve Cotterill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cotterill"},{"link_name":"Carl Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_F.C."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Portsmouth","text":"On 25 May 2007, Hermann exercised a clause in his contract with Charlton which allowed him to leave on a free transfer if they were relegated and signed a two-year deal with fellow Premier League club Portsmouth.[13] On 29 September, Hermann scored his first goal for Portsmouth in a 7–4 Premier League win at home against Reading.[14] He followed that up with another goal the following weekend against Fulham.[14] On 20 April 2008, Hermann was sent off for a professional foul on Darius Vassell at the City of Manchester Stadium against Manchester City, but his season ended well by lifting the FA Cup after a 1–0 victory over Cardiff City at Wembley Stadium.[15]Hermann scored two goals in two matches for the second season running in 2009, when he netted with headers against both Liverpool and Manchester City. In December 2009, he scored the first goal in a 2–0 victory against Burnley. On 27 March 2010, Hermann snapped his achilles tendon in an away match against Tottenham Hotspur and was ruled out for the rest of the season.[16] After the match, Spurs and former Portsmouth manager Harry Redknapp commented, \"The game was soured by Hermann's injury. The lads said they heard it pop.\" Due to this injury, Hermann was unable to play in the 2010 FA Cup Final.After Portsmouth were relegated from the Premier League, it became unknown whether Hermann would stay at the club. However, on 8 October, he signed a new one-year contract.[17] For most of the 2010–11 season, Hermann remained on the bench, as manager Steve Cotterill preferred loan signing Carl Dickinson, but in the latter part of the season, he became first-choice ahead of Dickinson and made his 500th league appearance against Barnsley on 19 February 2011.[18] He signed a new one-year contract with Portsmouth on 8 July.[19]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Coventry City","text":"On 14 January 2012, after a long injury spell and limited playing time, it was announced that Hermann would sign for fellow Championship side Coventry City on a six-month contract.[20] He was injured after only two appearances and could not play for the rest of the season.Hermann was released by Coventry when his contract ran out at the end of the 2011–12 season. Coincidentally, both Coventry City and Portsmouth were relegated from the Championship that season.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_(Portsmouth)"},{"link_name":"Michael Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Appleton"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"Crawley Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley_Town"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"ÍBV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%BEr%C3%B3ttabandalag_Vestmannaeyja"}],"sub_title":"Portsmouth trial","text":"On 4 September 2012, a rumour circulated that Hermann was to offer his services to Portsmouth and play for nothing. The following day, the rumour was confirmed by local newspaper The News. In an online article, manager Michael Appleton stated \"Hermann will come in and train with us towards the end of the week and we will see where he is from a fitness point of view. He tells me he wants to play for nothing but we will assess him. I am certainly not ruling it out. We will see how his fitness is, like we would do with any triallist\". Hermann intended to play in an upcoming League One match against Crawley Town,[21] but due to his appointment as manager of his hometown club ÍBV, he did not play.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Alexander Högnason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_H%C3%B6gnason"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Hermann made his debut for Iceland in a June 1996 friendly match against Cyprus, coming on as a substitute for Alexander Högnason. He since become a strongly established member of the team, collecting 89 caps[22] and captaining the side in his later years.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ÍBV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%BEr%C3%B3ttabandalag_Vestmannaeyja"},{"link_name":"2013 Úrvalsdeild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_%C3%9Arvalsdeild"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"David James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_James_(footballer,_born_1970)"},{"link_name":"Fylkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylkir"},{"link_name":"Kerala Blasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Blasters_FC"},{"link_name":"Indian Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sol Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Southend United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-30Jun2020-26"}],"text":"Hermann reached an agreement with his hometown club ÍBV on 19 September 2012 to become their manager for the 2013 Úrvalsdeild season.[23] He would later sign former English international goalkeeper and Portsmouth teammate David James for the 2013 season. He then spent three years at Fylkir, managing the men's team during the 2015 and 2016 seasons, and the women's team during the 2017 season. In January 2018, he teamed up once again with David James at Kerala Blasters in the Indian Super League as assistant manager, after James' appointment as manager.[24]On 22 October 2019, he was appointed assistant to Sol Campbell at Southend United of English League One.[25] Following the club's relegation, on 30 June 2020, manager Campbell and his three assistants left the club by mutual consent.[26]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgunbladid_Newspaper-27"},{"link_name":"Ída Marín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dda_Mar%C3%ADn_Hermannsd%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"Ragna Lóa Stefánsdóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragna_L%C3%B3a_Stef%C3%A1nsd%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgunbladid-28"}],"text":"Hermann has four children, two boys with his current fiancée Alexandra Fanney Jóhannsdóttir,[27] and two girls, footballers Ída Marín and Thelma Lóa, from his previous marriage to Ragna Lóa Stefánsdóttir.[28]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Icelandic Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Community_Shield"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"^ Appearance in Icelandic Super Cup\n\n^ Appearance in FA Community Shield","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list Iceland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hermann goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Úrvalsdeild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Arvalsdeild"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Arvalsdeild_1997"},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Football_League#Third_Division"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Icelandic Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Footballer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"PFA Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"1998–99 Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year_(1990s)#Third_Division_10"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C._Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"ÍBVÚrvalsdeild: 1997BrentfordFootball League Third Division: 1998–99PortsmouthFA Cup: 2007–08[32]IndividualIcelandic Footballer of the Year: 1997, 2000, 2007\nPFA Team of the Year: 1998–99 Third Division[33]\nIpswich Town Hall of Fame: Inducted 2019[34]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hermann Hreiðarsson – Knattspyrnusamband Íslands\". ksi.is.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/felagsmadur/?pLeikmadurNr=5045&pListi=5","url_text":"\"Hermann Hreiðarsson – Knattspyrnusamband Íslands\""}]},{"reference":"\"fotbollselvan – Hermann Hreidarsson, mittback i ...\" blogg.se. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20110816160946/http://fotbollselvan.blogg.se/2009/february/feskarelvan-mittback-1.html","url_text":"\"fotbollselvan – Hermann Hreidarsson, mittback i ...\""},{"url":"http://fotbollselvan.blogg.se/2009/february/feskarelvan-mittback-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheff Wed 1 Crystal Palace 3\". Sporting Life. 25 October 1997. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130116044303/http://sportinglive.cc/football/cc_championship/palace/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/97/10/25/SOCCER_Sheff_Wed_Nightlead.html&TEAMHD=palace&DIV=prem&TEAM=CRYSTAL--PALACE&RH=Crystal--Palace&PREV_SEASON=1996&BID=","url_text":"\"Sheff Wed 1 Crystal Palace 3\""},{"url":"http://sportinglive.cc/football/cc_championship/palace/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/97/10/25/SOCCER_Sheff_Wed_Nightlead.html&TEAMHD=palace&DIV=prem&TEAM=CRYSTAL--PALACE&RH=Crystal--Palace&PREV_SEASON=1996&BID=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hadfield, Dave (11 March 1998). \"Vialli double inspires Chelsea rout\". The Independent. Retrieved 13 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-vialli-double-inspires-chelsea-rout-1149822.html","url_text":"\"Vialli double inspires Chelsea rout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Harling, Nick (25 August 1998). \"Hreidarsson scuppers battling Torquay\". The Independent. Retrieved 13 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-hreidarsson-scuppers-battling-torquay-1174232.html?cmp=ilc-n","url_text":"\"Hreidarsson scuppers battling Torquay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Brentford Football Club Official Matchday Magazine versus Hull City 07/05/05. 2005. p. 46.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Forshaw completes Wigan move as Brentford receive record fee with Everton picking up sell-on\". London 24. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115555/http://www.london24.com/sport/football/clubs/brentford/forshaw_completes_wigan_move_as_brentford_receive_record_fee_with_everton_picking_up_sell_on_1_3752160","url_text":"\"Forshaw completes Wigan move as Brentford receive record fee with Everton picking up sell-on\""},{"url":"http://www.london24.com/sport/football/clubs/brentford/forshaw_completes_wigan_move_as_brentford_receive_record_fee_with_everton_picking_up_sell_on_1_3752160","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tongue, Steve (26 December 1999). \"Hislop's error rescues Wimbledon\". The Independent. Retrieved 13 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-hislops-error-rescues-wimbledon-1134712.html?cmp=ilc-n","url_text":"\"Hislop's error rescues Wimbledon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Hreidarsson snubs West Brom\". BBC News. 13 August 2002. Retrieved 4 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/west_bromwich_albion/2187813.stm","url_text":"\"Hreidarsson snubs West Brom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Ipswich give City the blues\". BBC Sport. 25 November 2000. Retrieved 13 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1039246.stm","url_text":"\"Ipswich give City the blues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Hammers sink Ipswich\". BBC Sport. 28 October 2001. Retrieved 13 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1620711.stm","url_text":"\"Hammers sink Ipswich\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Ipswich battle through\". BBC Sport. 1 November 2001. Retrieved 13 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/i/ipswich_town/1630411.stm","url_text":"\"Ipswich battle through\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"Sinnott, John (25 May 2007). \"Pompey sign defender Hreidarsson\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/6689671.stm","url_text":"\"Pompey sign defender Hreidarsson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Hermann Hreidarsson in 2007/2008\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=12148&season_id=137","url_text":"\"Games played by Hermann Hreidarsson in 2007/2008\""}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Phil (17 May 2008). \"Portsmouth 1–0 Cardiff\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/7393770.stm","url_text":"\"Portsmouth 1–0 Cardiff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Tottenham 2–0 Portsmouth\". BBC Sport. 27 March 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8587876.stm","url_text":"\"Tottenham 2–0 Portsmouth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hreidarsson signs new deal\". Sky Sports. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11095_6434504,00.html","url_text":"\"Hreidarsson signs new deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports","url_text":"Sky Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"Portsmouth vs. Barnsley – 19 fevereiro 2011\". Soccerway. Retrieved 21 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2011/02/19/england/championship/portsmouth-football-club/barnsley-fc/945335/","url_text":"\"Portsmouth vs. Barnsley – 19 fevereiro 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portsmouth Football Club\". Portsmouth F.C. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324133920/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/LatestNews/news/Hermann-Pens-New-Deal-2307.aspx","url_text":"\"Portsmouth Football Club\""},{"url":"http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/LatestNews/news/Hermann-Pens-New-Deal-2307.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fótbolti.net\". Retrieved 21 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fotbolti.net/fullStory.php?id=120066","url_text":"\"Fótbolti.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hermann to train with Pompey again\". portsmouth.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/pompey-past/hermann-to-train-with-pompey-again-1-4222792","url_text":"\"Hermann to train with Pompey again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fótbolti.net\". Retrieved 21 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://fotbolti.net/fullStory.php?id=133641","url_text":"\"Fótbolti.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala Blasters assistant coach Hermann Hreiðarsson - There is work to be done\". www.goal.com. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-kerala-blasters-hermann-hreidarsson-iceland/ejksi4sitvh192m9c2swxdsy","url_text":"\"Kerala Blasters assistant coach Hermann Hreiðarsson - There is work to be done\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southend appoint Campbell as manager\". BBC Sport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50035674","url_text":"\"Southend appoint Campbell as manager\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sol Campbell: Southend United manager leaves by mutual consent\". BBC Sport. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53234423","url_text":"\"Sol Campbell: Southend United manager leaves by mutual consent\""}]},{"reference":"Kristín María Þorsteinsdóttir (26 June 2020). \"Hermann Hreiðars og Alexandra eiga von á barni nr. 2\". Morgunblaðið. Retrieved 6 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbl.is/born/frettir/2020/06/26/hermann_hreidars_og_alexandra_eiga_von_a_barni_nr_2/","url_text":"\"Hermann Hreiðars og Alexandra eiga von á barni nr. 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0","url_text":"Morgunblaðið"}]},{"reference":"\"Kippir í kynið\". Morgunblaðið. 17 June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbl.is/sport/efstadeild/2017/06/17/kippir_i_kynid/","url_text":"\"Kippir í kynið\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0","url_text":"Morgunblaðið"}]},{"reference":"\"Hermann Hreiðarsson\". Soccerbase. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=12148","url_text":"\"Hermann Hreiðarsson\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228221533/http://www.soccerbase.com/players_details.sd?playerid=12148","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hermann Hreiðarsson\". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 28 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3065.html","url_text":"\"Hermann Hreiðarsson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hermann Hreiðarsson games in Iceland\". Knattspyrnusamband Íslands. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/felagsmadur/?pLeikmadurNr=5045&pListi=5","url_text":"\"Hermann Hreiðarsson games in Iceland\""}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Phil (17 May 2008). \"Portsmouth 1–0 Cardiff\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/7393770.stm","url_text":"\"Portsmouth 1–0 Cardiff\""}]},{"reference":"Hugman, Barry J., ed. (1999). The 1999–2000 Official PFA Footballers Factfile. Harpenden: Queen Anne Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-1-85291-607-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85291-607-7","url_text":"978-1-85291-607-7"}]},{"reference":"Pearce, Steve (30 March 2019). \"DeVos and Hreidarsson Honoured\". Ipswich Town Official Website. Retrieved 30 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itfc.co.uk/news/2019/march/de-vos-and-hreidarsson-in-ipswich-hall-of-fame//","url_text":"\"DeVos and Hreidarsson Honoured\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/felagsmadur/?pLeikmadurNr=5045&pListi=5","external_links_name":"\"Hermann Hreiðarsson – Knattspyrnusamband Íslands\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20110816160946/http://fotbollselvan.blogg.se/2009/february/feskarelvan-mittback-1.html","external_links_name":"\"fotbollselvan – Hermann Hreidarsson, mittback i ...\""},{"Link":"http://fotbollselvan.blogg.se/2009/february/feskarelvan-mittback-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130116044303/http://sportinglive.cc/football/cc_championship/palace/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/97/10/25/SOCCER_Sheff_Wed_Nightlead.html&TEAMHD=palace&DIV=prem&TEAM=CRYSTAL--PALACE&RH=Crystal--Palace&PREV_SEASON=1996&BID=","external_links_name":"\"Sheff Wed 1 Crystal Palace 3\""},{"Link":"http://sportinglive.cc/football/cc_championship/palace/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/97/10/25/SOCCER_Sheff_Wed_Nightlead.html&TEAMHD=palace&DIV=prem&TEAM=CRYSTAL--PALACE&RH=Crystal--Palace&PREV_SEASON=1996&BID=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-vialli-double-inspires-chelsea-rout-1149822.html","external_links_name":"\"Vialli double inspires Chelsea rout\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-hreidarsson-scuppers-battling-torquay-1174232.html?cmp=ilc-n","external_links_name":"\"Hreidarsson scuppers battling Torquay\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115555/http://www.london24.com/sport/football/clubs/brentford/forshaw_completes_wigan_move_as_brentford_receive_record_fee_with_everton_picking_up_sell_on_1_3752160","external_links_name":"\"Forshaw completes Wigan move as Brentford receive record fee with Everton picking up sell-on\""},{"Link":"http://www.london24.com/sport/football/clubs/brentford/forshaw_completes_wigan_move_as_brentford_receive_record_fee_with_everton_picking_up_sell_on_1_3752160","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-hislops-error-rescues-wimbledon-1134712.html?cmp=ilc-n","external_links_name":"\"Hislop's error rescues Wimbledon\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/west_bromwich_albion/2187813.stm","external_links_name":"\"Hreidarsson snubs West Brom\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1039246.stm","external_links_name":"\"Ipswich give City the blues\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1620711.stm","external_links_name":"\"Hammers sink Ipswich\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/i/ipswich_town/1630411.stm","external_links_name":"\"Ipswich battle through\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/6689671.stm","external_links_name":"\"Pompey sign defender Hreidarsson\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=12148&season_id=137","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Hermann Hreidarsson in 2007/2008\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/7393770.stm","external_links_name":"\"Portsmouth 1–0 Cardiff\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8587876.stm","external_links_name":"\"Tottenham 2–0 Portsmouth\""},{"Link":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11095_6434504,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Hreidarsson signs new deal\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2011/02/19/england/championship/portsmouth-football-club/barnsley-fc/945335/","external_links_name":"\"Portsmouth vs. Barnsley – 19 fevereiro 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324133920/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/LatestNews/news/Hermann-Pens-New-Deal-2307.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Portsmouth Football Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/LatestNews/news/Hermann-Pens-New-Deal-2307.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fotbolti.net/fullStory.php?id=120066","external_links_name":"\"Fótbolti.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/pompey-past/hermann-to-train-with-pompey-again-1-4222792","external_links_name":"\"Hermann to train with Pompey again\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/ijs-recintlp.html","external_links_name":"Iceland – Record International Players"},{"Link":"http://fotbolti.net/fullStory.php?id=133641","external_links_name":"\"Fótbolti.net\""},{"Link":"https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-kerala-blasters-hermann-hreidarsson-iceland/ejksi4sitvh192m9c2swxdsy","external_links_name":"\"Kerala Blasters assistant coach Hermann Hreiðarsson - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bononia_University_Press | Bologna University Press | ["1 History","2 Collaborations","3 Authors","4 Illustrators","5 Awards","6 Periodical literature","7 Notes","8 External links"] | Publisher of the University of Bologna
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Fondazione Bologna University Press (BUP) is an associate publisher of the University of Bologna in Italy.
The university is situated in the center of Bologna, where it was established in 1998 as an Italian University Press which was created as a limited company and includes private investors among its owners.
The Fondazione Bologna University Press is driven by corporate-editorial policies as well as three government bodies. These bodies include: the board of directors whom gather the representatives and shareholders of BUP; the Board of Auditors, who are tasked with BUP's financial management; and the Scientific Committee, that analyzes and recommends Bologna University Press' publications to third-parties.
History
Bologna University Press was established in 1998 as an editorial brand of the University of Bologna. It produces roughly 90 titles per year, and, as of September 2014, holds a catalogue of about 900 titles that includes art and academic texts, narrative literature, history and photography books, illustrated texts for children, and translations from foreign languages. In 2021, Bologna University Press changed its business name in Fondazione Bologna University Press.
Collaborations
Bologna University Press collaborates with cultural representatives of the Emilia-Romagna region, such as:
L'Istituto per i Beni Artistici Culturali e Naturali (The Institute for Artistical, Cultural and Natural Heritage – IBACN)
Sistema Museale GENUS BONONIAE (Museal Sistem GENUS BONONIAE)
l'Istituto per la Storia di Bologna (The Institute for the History of Bologna)
l'Istituto per la Storia dell'Università di Bologna (The Institute for the History of the University of Bologna)
Bologna University Press also cooperates with national institutions, such as:
ICCD – Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione (Central Institute for Catalogue and Documentation)
CMCC – Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (Euro-Mediterranean Center for Climate Change)
INGV Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology)
Il Museo Civico di Bolzano (The Bolzano Civic Museum)
Since 2006, Bologna University Press has been publishing the books of individuals who have received the Inedited Italian Narrative biennal Award "Arcangela Todaro-Faranda"- in 2014, in occasion of tenth death' anniversary of professor Raffaele Spongano, the foundation creator, it was published a collection of all the contest judges' relations and winners of various editions' opinions; in 2009, Bologna University Press became the editor of Illustrator’s Annual, the official catalogue of Bologna Children's Book Fair's illustrators.
Authors
A few authors who have published with Bologna University Press include:
Vincenzo Balzani
Renato Barilli
Ovidio Capitani
Andrea Emiliani
Vittorio Emiliani
Antonio Faeti
Franco La Polla
Emilio Pasquini
Gianfranco Pasquino
Renato Zangheri
Illustrators
Some individuals who have illustrated volumes for Bologna University Press are:
Grazia Nidasio
Federico Maggioni
Gianluigi Toccafondo
Wolfango
Cinzia Ghigliano
Awards
National Award of the President of the Republic 2010, given from Accademia dei Lincei for the Class of Moral, Historical and Philological Sciences to This Star of England, by Enrico Gusberti
Antonella Musu Award 2011, youth section of the Castiglioncello Philosophic Award, to Bergson, la tecnica, la guerra by Caterina Zanfi.
Sanremo Award – Libro del Mare 2009 as the best popular scientific book about the sea, to Misurare il mare, by Nadia Pinardi.
Certificate of merit at the Gran Premio Scudo d'Oro 2012, librarian works section, to Imago Universitatis, by Gian Paolo Brizzi.
Certificate of merit at Prize Cento 2008 to Storia di Re Enzo, with texts by Matteo Marchesini and drawings by Wolfango.
II place at the Mario Soldati 2012 contest, organized by "Research and Studies Center Mario Pannunzio" in Torino, to Nelle Terre basse, by Mario Pettoello.
Periodical literature
Bologna University Press publishes scientific and cultural journals. These include:
IBC, a magazine of the Institute for the Artistic, Cultural and Natural Heritage of Emila-Romagna.
Encyclopaideia, the phenomenology, pedagogy, education journal of the Education Science Department of the Bologna University.
Giving, a bilingual philanthropy half-yearly journal.
IUS [email protected], Materials and Studies of Criminal law, a four-monthly journal realized with the collaboration of the Legal Sciences Department A. Cicu of the University of Bologna.
Diritto dello Sport, a quarterly journal promoted by Fondazione Carlo Rizzoli per le Scienze Motorie.
Il Diabete, a quarterly journal wrote in mind for all Diabetologists, with regular updatings about the latest findings and news.
Notes
^ "Società di capitali partecipate dall'Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna - Università di Bologna".
^ a b "BUP - Bologna University Press". Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
^ "BUP - Bologna University Press". Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
^ "Concorsi Letterari ►► Premi biennali di narrativa italiana inedita Arcangela Todaro-Faranda 2014 ". www.concorsiletterari.it.
^ "BUP - Bononia University Press". Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
^ "BUP - Bologna University Press". Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
^ "BUP - Bologna University Press". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
^ "Foto". Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
^ "Tg1". 16 April 2023 – via www.rainews.it.
^ "BUP - Bologna University Press". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
^ "BUP - Bologna University Press". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
^ "BUP - Bologna University Press". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
^ "BUP - Bologna University Press". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
^ "Concorsi Letterari ►► concorso mario soldati 2012".
^ "BUP - Bologna University Press". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
^ "Corsi | Seminari | Bologna | Fondazione C. Rizzoli per le Scienze mot".
^ "Home". ildiabeteonline.it.
External links
Official site
Unibo site
IBACN site
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"text":"Fondazione Bologna University Press (BUP) is an associate publisher of the University of Bologna in Italy.The university is situated in the center of Bologna, where it was established in 1998 as an Italian University Press which was created as a limited company and includes private investors among its owners.[1]The Fondazione Bologna University Press is driven by corporate-editorial policies as well as three government bodies. 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Vulcanologia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Geofisica_e_Vulcanologia"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Geophysics_and_Volcanology"},{"link_name":"Museo Civico di Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_civico_(Bolzano)"},{"link_name":"Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bologna Children's Book Fair's illustrators.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Children%27s_Book_Fair"}],"text":"Bologna University Press collaborates with cultural representatives of the Emilia-Romagna region, such as:[3]L'Istituto per i Beni Artistici Culturali e Naturali (The Institute for Artistical, Cultural and Natural Heritage – IBACN)\nSistema Museale GENUS BONONIAE (Museal Sistem GENUS BONONIAE)\nl'Istituto per la Storia di Bologna (The Institute for the History of Bologna)\nl'Istituto per la Storia dell'Università di Bologna (The Institute for the History of the University of Bologna)Bologna University Press also cooperates with national institutions, such as:ICCD – Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione (Central Institute for Catalogue and Documentation)\nCMCC – Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (Euro-Mediterranean Center for Climate Change)\nINGV Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology)\nIl Museo Civico di Bolzano (The Bolzano Civic Museum)Since 2006, Bologna University Press has been publishing the books of individuals who have received the Inedited Italian Narrative biennal Award \"Arcangela Todaro-Faranda\"[4]- in 2014, in occasion of tenth death' anniversary of professor Raffaele Spongano, the foundation creator, it was published a collection of all the contest judges' relations and winners of various editions' opinions;[5] in 2009, Bologna University Press became the editor of Illustrator’s Annual,[6] the official catalogue of Bologna Children's Book Fair's illustrators.","title":"Collaborations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Balzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Balzani"},{"link_name":"Renato Barilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Barilli"},{"link_name":"Ovidio Capitani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio_Capitani"},{"link_name":"Andrea Emiliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Emiliani"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Emiliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Emiliani"},{"link_name":"Antonio Faeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Faeti"},{"link_name":"Franco La Polla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_La_Polla"},{"link_name":"Emilio Pasquini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Pasquini"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Pasquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Pasquino"},{"link_name":"Renato Zangheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Zangheri"}],"text":"A few authors who have published with Bologna University Press include:Vincenzo Balzani\nRenato Barilli\nOvidio Capitani\nAndrea Emiliani\nVittorio Emiliani\nAntonio Faeti\nFranco La Polla\nEmilio Pasquini\nGianfranco Pasquino\nRenato Zangheri","title":"Authors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grazia Nidasio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazia_Nidasio"},{"link_name":"Federico Maggioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Maggioni"},{"link_name":"Gianluigi Toccafondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluigi_Toccafondo"},{"link_name":"Cinzia Ghigliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinzia_Ghigliano"}],"text":"Some individuals who have illustrated volumes for Bologna University Press are:Grazia Nidasio\nFederico Maggioni\nGianluigi Toccafondo\nWolfango\nCinzia Ghigliano","title":"Illustrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accademia dei Lincei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sanremo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanremo"},{"link_name":"Nadia Pinardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Pinardi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Prize Cento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_Cento"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"National Award of the President of the Republic 2010, given from Accademia dei Lincei for the Class of Moral, Historical and Philological Sciences to This Star of England, by Enrico Gusberti[7][8][9]\nAntonella Musu Award 2011, youth section of the Castiglioncello Philosophic Award, to Bergson, la tecnica, la guerra by Caterina Zanfi.[10]\nSanremo Award – Libro del Mare 2009 as the best popular scientific book about the sea, to Misurare il mare, by Nadia Pinardi.[11]\nCertificate of merit at the Gran Premio Scudo d'Oro 2012, librarian works section, to Imago Universitatis, by Gian Paolo Brizzi.[12]\nCertificate of merit at Prize Cento 2008 to Storia di Re Enzo, with texts by Matteo Marchesini and drawings by Wolfango.[13]\nII place at the Mario Soldati 2012 contest, organized by \"Research and Studies Center Mario Pannunzio\" in Torino, to Nelle Terre basse, by Mario Pettoello.[14][15]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy"},{"link_name":"journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"Criminal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Diabetologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Bologna University Press publishes scientific and cultural journals. These include:IBC, a magazine of the Institute for the Artistic, Cultural and Natural Heritage of Emila-Romagna.\nEncyclopaideia, the phenomenology, pedagogy, education journal of the Education Science Department of the Bologna University.\nGiving, a bilingual philanthropy half-yearly journal.\nIUS [email protected], Materials and Studies of Criminal law, a four-monthly journal realized with the collaboration of the Legal Sciences Department A. Cicu of the University of Bologna.\nDiritto dello Sport, a quarterly journal promoted by Fondazione Carlo Rizzoli per le Scienze Motorie.[16]\nIl Diabete, a quarterly journal wrote in mind for all Diabetologists, with regular updatings about the latest findings and news.[17]","title":"Periodical literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Società di capitali partecipate dall'Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna - Università di Bologna\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unibo.it/it/ateneo/chi-siamo/enti-partecipati/societa-di-capitali-partecipate-dallalma-mater-studiorum-universita-di-bologna-2/societa-di-capitali-partecipate-dallalma-mater-studiorum-universita-di-bologna-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141122234559/http://www.buponline.com/ita/editore.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.buponline.com/ita/editore.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"BUP - 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Rizzoli per le Scienze mot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fondazionecrizzoli.com/#!libri-fondazione-c-rizzoli/ctx8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ildiabeteonline.it/"}],"text":"^ \"Società di capitali partecipate dall'Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna - Università di Bologna\".\n\n^ a b \"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.\n\n^ \"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.\n\n^ \"Concorsi Letterari ►► Premi biennali di narrativa italiana inedita Arcangela Todaro-Faranda 2014 [1681688248]\". www.concorsiletterari.it.\n\n^ \"BUP - Bononia University Press\". Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.\n\n^ \"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.\n\n^ \"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.\n\n^ \"Foto\". Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.\n\n^ \"Tg1\". 16 April 2023 – via www.rainews.it.\n\n^ \"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.\n\n^ \"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.\n\n^ \"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.\n\n^ \"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.\n\n^ \"Concorsi Letterari ►► concorso mario soldati 2012\".\n\n^ \"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.\n\n^ \"Corsi | Seminari | Bologna | Fondazione C. Rizzoli per le Scienze mot\".\n\n^ \"Home\". ildiabeteonline.it.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Società di capitali partecipate dall'Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna - Università di Bologna\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unibo.it/it/ateneo/chi-siamo/enti-partecipati/societa-di-capitali-partecipate-dallalma-mater-studiorum-universita-di-bologna-2/societa-di-capitali-partecipate-dallalma-mater-studiorum-universita-di-bologna-1","url_text":"\"Società di capitali partecipate dall'Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna - Università di Bologna\""}]},{"reference":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141122234559/http://www.buponline.com/ita/editore.asp","url_text":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\""},{"url":"http://www.buponline.com/ita/editore.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141122234543/http://www.buponline.com/ita/collaborazioni.asp","url_text":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\""},{"url":"http://www.buponline.com/ita/collaborazioni.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Concorsi Letterari ►► Premi biennali di narrativa italiana inedita Arcangela Todaro-Faranda 2014 [1681688248]\". www.concorsiletterari.it.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.concorsiletterari.it/concorso,3971,Premi+biennali+di+narrativa+italiana+inedita+Arcangela+Todaro-Faranda","url_text":"\"Concorsi Letterari ►► Premi biennali di narrativa italiana inedita Arcangela Todaro-Faranda 2014 [1681688248]\""}]},{"reference":"\"BUP - Bononia University Press\". Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141112134052/http://www.buponline.com/ita/prodotto.asp?isbn=978-88-7395-971-7","url_text":"\"BUP - Bononia University Press\""},{"url":"http://www.buponline.com/ita/prodotto.asp?isbn%3D978-88-7395-971-7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141111173913/http://www.buponline.com/ita/catalogo.asp","url_text":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\""},{"url":"http://www.buponline.com/ita/catalogo.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141113110116/http://www.buponline.com/ita/prodotto.asp?isbn=978-88-7395-433-0","url_text":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\""},{"url":"http://www.buponline.com/ita/prodotto.asp?isbn%3D978-88-7395-433-0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Foto\". Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141127064334/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/Continua.aspx?tipo=5&key=12724","url_text":"\"Foto\""},{"url":"http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/Continua.aspx?tipo%3D5%26key%3D12724","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tg1\". 16 April 2023 – via www.rainews.it.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rainews.it/notiziari/tg1/video/2023/04/Tg1-ore-2340-del-16042023-87142bad-6aeb-40af-bbb1-8a78c61bd2d4.html","url_text":"\"Tg1\""}]},{"reference":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141113112511/http://www.buponline.com/ita/prodotto.asp?isbn=978-88-7395-486-6","url_text":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\""},{"url":"http://www.buponline.com/ita/prodotto.asp?isbn%3D978-88-7395-486-6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141113112514/http://www.buponline.com/ita/prodotto.asp?isbn=978-88-7395-416-3","url_text":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\""},{"url":"http://www.buponline.com/ita/prodotto.asp?isbn%3D978-88-7395-416-3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BUP - Bologna University Press\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakilu | Zakilu | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 38°38′21″N 48°08′34″E / 38.63917°N 48.14278°E / 38.63917; 48.14278Village in Ardabil, IranZakilu
ذكيلوvillageZakiluCoordinates: 38°38′21″N 48°08′34″E / 38.63917°N 48.14278°E / 38.63917; 48.14278Country IranProvinceArdabilCountyMeshgin ShahrBakhshArshaqRural DistrictArshaq-e MarkaziPopulation (2006) • Total103Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Zakilu (Persian: ذكيلو, also Romanized as Z̄akīlū) is a village in Arshaq-e Markazi Rural District, Arshaq District, Meshgin Shahr County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 103, in 18 families.
References
^ Zakilu can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3770849" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Meshgin Shahr CountyCapital
Meshgin Shahr
DistrictsCentralCities
Meshgin Shahr
Rural Districts and villagesDasht
Aq Bolagh
Arablu
Barezil
Dastgir
Dust Beyglu
Jabdaraq
Khorramabad
Kujanaq
Movil
Nasirabad
Parikhan
Qarah Baghlar
Qarah Gol
Qurt Tappeh
Saheb Divan
Sarikhanlu
Tobnaq
Valiabad
Meshgin-e Gharbi(West Meshgin)
Ahmad Beyglu
Ahmadabad
Aluch
Andazaq
Asrabad
Balu Qayah
Bolus
Gellar-e Mohammad Hasan
Habash
Hiq
Jamalabad
Khanjar
Khvorshidabad
Majandeh
Mazraeh-ye Khalaf
Mir Kandi
Qerkh Bolagh
Qosabeh
Sachlu
Seyyed Kandi
Tazeh Kand-e Yuzbashi
Ur
Zir Zamin
Meshgin-e Sharqi(East Meshgin)
Ali Mohammadlu
Alni
Aq Daraq
Ballujeh Mirak
Baris
Bijaq
Dowlatabad
Ebrahim Kandi
Gellar-e Mohammad Taqi
Hajjilu
Hasanabad
Jafarabad
Kur Bolagh
Nasrabad
Qeshlaq-e Tang
Sarbanlar
Savareh
Tak Dam
Shaban
Ahl-e Iman
Alamdar
Anzan
Aq Divar
Aqchehlu
Atashgah-e Jadid
Dagh Kandi-ye Olya
Ganduz
Kalanpa
Kalhor
Karkasheh
Kazemabad
Khankandi
Kuh Kenar
Mazraeh-ye Jahan
Mizan
Niaz Sui
Pashalu
Qinarjeh
Doshanlu
Sati-ye Olya
Sati-ye Sofla
Sati-ye Vosta
Savojbolagh
Shabanlu
Shamsabad
Sheykhlar
Tazeh Kand-e Hajji Khan
Yengejeh
ArshaqCities
Razi
Rural Districts and villagesArshaq-e Markazi(Central Arshaq)
Agh Bad-e Gaduk
Agh Bolagh-e Olya
Agh Bolagh-e Sofla
Agh Davahlu-ye Olya
Ali Shansuyi
Alikaran
Amir Kandi
Aqa Beyglu
Aqa Morad
Asadabad
At Tutan
Balut Kandi
Barkchay
Chanbalu Qeshlaq
Chebenlu
Chupan Qeshlaqi
Dam Qoli
Gachi Bolaghi-ye Sofla
Haft Cheshmeh
Hasanlu
Heydarabad
Hoseyn Khan Kandi
Jabbarlu
Karamlu
Kazemlu
Khalifehlu
Kharabeh Razi
Lengehbiz
Mir Hoseynlu
Mohammadlu
Nasir Kandi
Pir Alilu
Post Kandi
Qanlu Bolagh
Qarahlu
Qasem Kandi
Qeshlaq-e Ali Shansuyi
Qeshlaq-e Mohammad Qoli
Qoli Beyglu
Qurlu
Rahim Beyglui-ye Olya
Rahim Beyglui-ye Sofla
Saadat Bolaghi
Seyyed Beyglu
Sobhanlu
Sohrablu
Taqcheh Dash
Tarhamabad
Zakilu
Arshaq-e Shomali(North Arshaq)
Abbas Kandi
Ali Kahrizi
Aq Qasemlu
Darreh Beyglu
Davahchi-ye Olya
Eynallah Kandi
Hajji Seyflu
Hammamlu
Khalifeh Davud
Kharabeh-ye Qaderlu
Koli-ye Olya
Koli-ye Sofla
Ojaq Qeshlaqi
Omidcheh
Olmai-ye Olya
Olmai-ye Sofla
Qarahchi-ye Olya
Qarahchi-ye Sofla
Qareh Malham
Qowsheh-ye Olya
Qowsheh-ye Sofla
Sheykh Azimlu
Shurgol
Meshgin-e SharqiCities
Lahrud
Rural Districts and villagesLahrud
Alardeh
Babian
Beneh Lar
Dash Kasan
Gol Cheshmeh
Jalayer
Kangarlu
Lal Ganj
Lanjabad
Onar
Qarah Qayah
Shater Gonbadi
Naqdi
Aghcheh Qeshlaq
Arbab Kandi
Chenaq Bolagh
Dash Bolaghi
Jamush Olan-e Olya
Jamush Olan-e Sofla
Mesdaraq
Naqdi-ye Olya
Naqdi-ye Sofla
Pirazmeyan
Qilpenlui-ye Olya
Qilpenlui-ye Sofla
Shahab ol Din
Shush Bolagh
Qarah Su
Aliabad
Arjaq
Chapaqan
Dadeh Beyglu
Fakhrabad
Kavich
Lehaq
Lombar
Mir Alilu
Qaderlu
Sheykhlu
MoradluCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesArshaq-e Gharbi(West Arshaq)
Abbas Qeshlaqi
Alachiq Tapahsi
Ali Kahrizi
Chakhar Chamani
Chakhmaq Chukhur
Cher Cher
Davahchi-ye Sofla
Emaratlui-ye Olya
Gadeh Kahriz
Galasan Gurasan
Genlujeh
Gun Papaq-e Olya
Guni Kandi
Incheh
Jebar Kandi
Khani Babalu
Khanom Alilu
Koleh Digeh
Mahmudabad
Mazafa
Mazraeh-ye Bezaqa
Mohamandust-e Olya
Mollalu
Moradlu
Niazqoli
Nuli Bolagh
Ojaq Qoli Kandi
Ordukhan Kandi
Qarah Gol
Qarah Valilu
Qari Mazraehsi
Quldur Kohli
Qurt Tappeh
Shamsir
Sheykh Mohammadlu
Tak Bolagh-e Arshaq
Talkan
Tazeh Kand
Tumar Darrahsi-ye Olya
Tumar Darrahsi-ye Sofla
Yusefkhan Kandi
Zargar-e Goli Bolaghi
Salavat
Abbasali Kandi
Dagh Kandi
Dash Bolaq Kandi
Dashli Daraq
Eslam Kandi
Goli Daraq-e Olya
Goli Daraq-e Sofla
Kandeh Kandi
Keleh Daraq
Mir Jafarlu
Mir Qahremanlu
Mirza Hasan Kandi
Nasir Kandi
Salavat
Sardi
Sari Qayah
Yaft
Akbar Kandi
Borjelu
Charchelu
Dikdaraq
Gerdeh Gol
Haram
Kanchubeh
Kareh Nab
Khordeh Qeshlaq
Mashiran
Qarah Aghaj
Qarah Aghaj Poshteh
Viz Darreh
Iran portal
This Meshgin Shahr County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arshaq-e Markazi Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshaq-e_Markazi_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Arshaq District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshaq_District"},{"link_name":"Meshgin Shahr County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshgin_Shahr_County"},{"link_name":"Ardabil Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Ardabil, IranZakilu (Persian: ذكيلو, also Romanized as Z̄akīlū)[1] is a village in Arshaq-e Markazi Rural District, Arshaq District, Meshgin Shahr County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 103, in 18 families.[2]","title":"Zakilu"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/24.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/24.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zakilu¶ms=38_38_21_N_48_08_34_E_region:IR_type:city(103)","external_links_name":"38°38′21″N 48°08′34″E / 38.63917°N 48.14278°E / 38.63917; 48.14278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zakilu¶ms=38_38_21_N_48_08_34_E_region:IR_type:city(103)","external_links_name":"38°38′21″N 48°08′34″E / 38.63917°N 48.14278°E / 38.63917; 48.14278"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/24.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/24.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakilu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Brawls | Lego Brawls | ["1 Gameplay","2 Development and release","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"] | 2019 video game
2019 video gameLego BrawlsDeveloper(s)Red Games Co.Publisher(s)Lego GamesEngineUnityPlatform(s)iOSmacOSMicrosoft WindowsNintendo SwitchPlayStation 4PlayStation 5Xbox OneXbox Series X/SReleaseiOS, macOSSeptember 19, 2019Windows, Switch, PS4, PS5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/SSeptember 2, 2022Genre(s)FightingMode(s)Multiplayer
Lego Brawls is a family-friendly fighting game developed and published by Lego Games in partnership with American studio Red Games Co., and is being distributed in physical format for consoles by Bandai Namco Entertainment. LEGO Brawls was released for Apple Arcade on September 19, 2019, for iOS mobile devices. LEGO Brawls was the first LEGO game for Apple Arcade. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on September 2, 2022.
Gameplay
Lego Brawls is a family-friendly platform fighter. Each LEGO themed level offers different game modes, unique challenges, and win conditions. During multiplayer online play, players can compete 4v4 to control the point, gather collectibles in Collect Mode levels, play a battle royale-style game, or have a free-for-brawl where the last player standing wins. In Party Mode, players can play private games with friends locally or online. With cross-platform support, players can team up and compete, regardless of their game system.
Lego Brawls allows the player to create their own "hero" to their liking with their own weapons and power-ups. As the player plays, the player will be rewarded with mystery chests that contain either a cosmetic element or a combat element. Mystery bags were later introduced that could also reward characters and weapons after playing a certain number of battles over three tiers, Commom (3), Rare (5) and Epic (10).
The collection of playable minifigure characters is based on recognizable Lego minifigures that have been released throughout Lego history either as part of Lego construction sets, as collectible minifigures or as part of one of the Lego themes. Minifigures are grouped into different types and include Classic Space, Pirates, Alien Conquest, Castle, Western, Ninjago, Hidden Side, Jurassic World, Vidiyo, and Monkie Kid. "Event" themes are also available, such as a Halloween-themed "Brick or Treat" theme and Christmas-themed "Jingle Brawls" theme. A new mode named "Base Race".
Development and release
Lego Brawls was developed by Red Games.
Lego Games Vice President Sean William McEvoy said that the game was developed for families to enjoy: "Having grown up playing with Lego, we were inspired to make Lego Brawls something that families could play together. Apple Arcade is the perfect venue for this shared experience. Whether they're playing on iPhones in separate locations or sitting next to each other in front of an Apple TV, players of all ages can enjoy the fun of Lego Brawls anywhere at any time."
Lego Brawls was announced to be an Apple Arcade game exclusive during Apple's March 26 event. The trailer was released later that day. On October 25, 2019, Lego Brawls was released on macOS. Lego Brawls was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on September 2, 2022.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPS5: 46/100XSXS: 67/100Review scoresPublicationScoreMeriStation4.5/10Nintendo LifePush SquareThe Games Machine (Italy)7/10Multiplayer.itIOS: 7.5/10XSXS: 6.5/10
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022)
Lego Brawls received "generally unfavorable" reviews for PlayStation 5 according to review aggregator Metacritic; the Xbox Series X/S version received "mixed or average" reviews. Metacritic listed Lego Brawls as the fifth-worst game of 2022. Lego Brawls has drawn comparisons to Nintendo's Super Smash Bros. Multiplayer.it said of the iOS version, "it's fun... but only if you use a controller." Push Square were more critical in their criticism in their review, stating, "Gameplay is a never-ending slog, a grindy system to unlock parts". They also criticized the gameplay, AI and sound. Similarly, Nintendo Life called it shallow and repetitive, while mentioning the poor camera and "stuttering performance on Switch".
Chris Morris for Common Sense Media gave the game a four out of five star rating and commented, "The controls are a bit hard to grasp at first, though. Swiping a screen and fighting can be a challenging combination, which may make you want to use a game controller instead. At least there's a solo level, allowing you to practice those skills, which will give you a better chance in an actual game. It's a notable concern, but it's one that diminishes as you log extra time breaking apart rival Legos. Lego Brawls is one of those fun title that kids and parents can gather around a tablet or phone and have a great time fighting and laughing over."
References
^ White, Adam (June 18, 2022). "LEGO Brawls Get A Release Date". BricksFanz. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Painter, Lewis (September 17, 2019). "Which games will be available on Apple Arcade?". Macworld. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ a b Tran, Allen (February 9, 2022). "LEGO Brawls Coming to Nintendo Switch". The Brick Fan. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ a b Yates, Jack (February 11, 2022). "LEGO Brawls brings the fight to more platforms later this year". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ "Red Games Co". Red Games Co. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Co, Red Games. "LEGO Themes Collide as LEGO Brawls Smashes Onto Consoles". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved September 29, 2022.
^ a b c d Berthelson, Brandy (September 19, 2019). "Lego Brawls: A SuperParent First Look". SuperParent. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Frushtick, Russ (September 17, 2019). "Here's the full list of games coming to Apple Arcade on launch day". Polygon. Archived from the original on September 18, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
^ Brown, Shelby (September 12, 2019). "Apple Arcade updated: The full list of games for iPhone and iPad". CNET. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ White, Adam (May 10, 2022). "Bandai Namco Bringing LEGO Brawls To Consoles". BricksFanz. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Yates, Jack (June 12, 2022). "LEGO Brawls PC demo launches to let you try the brawler". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ LEGO Brawls (June 18, 2022). LEGO Brawls Cinematic Launch Trailer - Release Date Announced! (video). Retrieved September 23, 2022 – via YouTube.
^ Co, Red Games. "LEGO Themes Collide as LEGO Brawls Smashes Onto Consoles". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved September 29, 2022.
^ Yates, Jack (June 6, 2021). "The next season of LEGO Brawls is a free-for-all". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Yates, Jack (August 8, 2021). "Dive into LEGO Brawls with a new NINJAGO Seabound update". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Yates, Jack (November 7, 2021). "LEGO Monkie Kid continues the legend in LEGO Brawls". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Yeo, Matt (January 8, 2022). "LEGO Brawls receives major update and opens up The Vault". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Yates, Jack (May 15, 2022). "LEGO Brawls has everything from NINJAGO to Alien Conquest". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ "LEGO Brawls update adds 'Dragon Core' mode and Ninjago content". Go Nintendo. June 15, 2023. Archived from the original on June 16, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
^ "LEGO Ninjago: Dragons Rising Arrives In LEGO Brawls". Bleeding cool. June 15, 2023. Archived from the original on June 16, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
^ "LEGO Brawls adds Brick-or-Treat update in time for Halloween". Brick Fanatics. October 3, 2022. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
^ "LEGO Brawls To Receive Free Festive Update This December". Nintendo Life. November 30, 2022. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
^ "LEGO Brawls Adds Base Race Build Mode". Bricksfanz.com. March 4, 2023. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
^ a b Leane, Rob (March 26, 2019). "LEGO Brawls Multiplayer Game Will Unleash Brick-based Battles". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ LEGO Gaming (May 26, 2021). Bits N' Bricks Season 2 Episode 21 – Birth of a LEGO Brawls-er (video). Retrieved September 23, 2022 – via YouTube.
^ a b Behringer, Jessica (September 20, 2019). "LEGO Brawls is like Super Smash Bros. for Apple Arcade". GamePress. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Apple (March 26, 2019). March Event 2019 — Apple (video). Retrieved September 23, 2022 – via YouTube.
^ appgefahren.de Insider (March 25, 2019). LEGO Brawls - Apple Arcade Trailer (video). Retrieved September 23, 2022 – via YouTube.
^ Rossignol, Joe (October 25, 2019). "Apple Arcade Adds Five New Games on iPhone, iPad, and Apple TV as 'LEGO Brawls' Expands to Mac". MacRumors. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
^ a b "LEGO Brawls for PlayStation 5 Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ a b "LEGO Brawls for Xbox Series X Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
^ Otero, César (September 25, 2022). "LEGO Brawls, análisis: Lego Smash Bros, versión pre-Alpha" . Meristation (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
^ a b O'Reilly, PJ (September 3, 2022). "Mini Review: LEGO Brawls - Disappointingly Basic Brick Battles That Stutter On Switch". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ a b Posner-Ferdman, Brett (September 8, 2022). "Mini Review: LEGO Brawls (PS5) - An Embarrassing Multiplayer Outing for LEGO". Push Square. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Alosi, Alessandro (September 8, 2022). "LEGO Brawls – Recensione" . The Games Machine (in Italian). Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ a b Melani, Giorgio (October 3, 2019). "LEGO Brawls, la recensione" . Multiplayer.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Melani, Giorgio (September 4, 2022). "LEGO Brawls, la recensione dell'action picchiaduro con gli omini LEGO" . Multiplayer.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ "The 10 Worst Video Games of 2022 - #5: LEGO Brawls (PS5)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ "Lego Brawls Journey - Review". www.commonsensemedia.org. October 12, 2022. Archived from the original on December 30, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
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Lego Fortnite | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fighting game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"Lego Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Group"},{"link_name":"Bandai Namco Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Apple Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Arcade"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"Xbox Series X/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Series_X/S"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nintendo-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Platforms-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"2019 video gameLego Brawls is a family-friendly fighting game developed and published by Lego Games in partnership with American studio Red Games Co., and is being distributed in physical format for consoles by Bandai Namco Entertainment.[5][6] LEGO Brawls was released for Apple Arcade on September 19, 2019, for iOS mobile devices.[7][8] LEGO Brawls was the first LEGO game for Apple Arcade.[9] The game was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on September 2, 2022.[3][4][10][11][12]","title":"Lego Brawls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platform fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_fighter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Classic Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Space"},{"link_name":"Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Alien Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Space#Alien_Conquest_(2011)"},{"link_name":"Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Castle"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Wild_West"},{"link_name":"Ninjago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Ninjago"},{"link_name":"Hidden Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Hidden_Side"},{"link_name":"Jurassic World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Jurassic_World_(theme)"},{"link_name":"Vidiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Vidiyo"},{"link_name":"Monkie Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Monkie_Kid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Lego Brawls is a family-friendly platform fighter. Each LEGO themed level offers different game modes, unique challenges, and win conditions. During multiplayer online play, players can compete 4v4 to control the point, gather collectibles in Collect Mode levels, play a battle royale-style game, or have a free-for-brawl where the last player standing wins. In Party Mode, players can play private games with friends locally or online. With cross-platform support, players can team up and compete, regardless of their game system.[13]Lego Brawls allows the player to create their own \"hero\" to their liking with their own weapons and power-ups.[7] As the player plays, the player will be rewarded with mystery chests that contain either a cosmetic element or a combat element.[7] Mystery bags were later introduced that could also reward characters and weapons after playing a certain number of battles over three tiers, Commom (3), Rare (5) and Epic (10).The collection of playable minifigure characters is based on recognizable Lego minifigures that have been released throughout Lego history either as part of Lego construction sets, as collectible minifigures or as part of one of the Lego themes. Minifigures are grouped into different types and include Classic Space, Pirates, Alien Conquest, Castle, Western, Ninjago, Hidden Side, Jurassic World, Vidiyo, and Monkie Kid.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] \"Event\" themes are also available, such as a Halloween-themed \"Brick or Treat\" theme and Christmas-themed \"Jingle Brawls\" theme.[21][22] A new mode named \"Base Race\".[23]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lego Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Games"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamePress-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"Xbox Series X/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Series_X/S"}],"text":"Lego Brawls was developed by Red Games.[24][25]Lego Games Vice President Sean William McEvoy said that the game was developed for families to enjoy: \"Having grown up playing with Lego, we were inspired to make Lego Brawls something that families could play together. Apple Arcade is the perfect venue for this shared experience. Whether they're playing on iPhones in separate locations or sitting next to each other in front of an Apple TV, players of all ages can enjoy the fun of Lego Brawls anywhere at any time.\"[26]Lego Brawls was announced to be an Apple Arcade game exclusive during Apple's March 26 event.[27] The trailer was released later that day.[28] On October 25, 2019, Lego Brawls was released on macOS.[29] Lego Brawls was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on September 2, 2022.","title":"Development and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS5-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXSXS-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS-32"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife-33"},{"link_name":"Push Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSQ-34"},{"link_name":"The Games Machine (Italy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Games_Machine_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TGMIt-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MultiIOS-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MultiXSXS-37"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS5-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXSXS-31"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamePress-26"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MultiIOS-36"},{"link_name":"Push Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer_Network#Partnered_websites"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSQ-34"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer_Network#Partnered_websites"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife-33"},{"link_name":"Common Sense Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPS5: 46/100[30]XSXS: 67/100[31]Review scoresPublicationScoreMeriStation4.5/10[32]Nintendo Life[33]Push Square[34]The Games Machine (Italy)7/10[35]Multiplayer.itIOS: 7.5/10[36]XSXS: 6.5/10[37]Lego Brawls received \"generally unfavorable\" reviews for PlayStation 5 according to review aggregator Metacritic;[30] the Xbox Series X/S version received \"mixed or average\" reviews.[31] Metacritic listed Lego Brawls as the fifth-worst game of 2022.[38] Lego Brawls has drawn comparisons to Nintendo's Super Smash Bros.[7][24][26] Multiplayer.it said of the iOS version, \"it's fun... but only if you use a controller.\"[36] Push Square were more critical in their criticism in their review, stating, \"Gameplay is a never-ending slog, a grindy system to unlock parts\". They also criticized the gameplay, AI and sound.[34] Similarly, Nintendo Life called it shallow and repetitive, while mentioning the poor camera and \"stuttering performance on Switch\".[33]Chris Morris for Common Sense Media gave the game a four out of five star rating and commented, \"The controls are a bit hard to grasp at first, though. Swiping a screen and fighting can be a challenging combination, which may make you want to use a game controller instead. At least there's a solo level, allowing you to practice those skills, which will give you a better chance in an actual game. It's a notable concern, but it's one that diminishes as you log extra time breaking apart rival Legos. Lego Brawls is one of those fun title that kids and parents can gather around a tablet or phone and have a great time fighting and laughing over.\"[39]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"White, Adam (June 18, 2022). \"LEGO Brawls Get A Release Date\". BricksFanz. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://bricksfanz.com/lego-brawls-get-a-release-date/","url_text":"\"LEGO Brawls Get A Release Date\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922054635/http://bricksfanz.com/lego-brawls-get-a-release-date/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Painter, Lewis (September 17, 2019). \"Which games will be available on Apple Arcade?\". Macworld. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/iosapps/apple-arcade-games-3694271/","url_text":"\"Which games will be available on Apple Arcade?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld","url_text":"Macworld"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020090123/https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/iosapps/apple-arcade-games-3694271/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tran, Allen (February 9, 2022). \"LEGO Brawls Coming to Nintendo Switch\". The Brick Fan. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebrickfan.com/lego-brawls-coming-to-nintendo-switch/","url_text":"\"LEGO Brawls Coming to Nintendo Switch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006051947/https://www.thebrickfan.com/lego-brawls-coming-to-nintendo-switch/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yates, Jack (February 11, 2022). \"LEGO Brawls brings the fight to more platforms later this year\". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brickfanatics.com/lego-brawls-more-platforms-later-this-year/","url_text":"\"LEGO Brawls brings the fight to more platforms later this year\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220528064030/https://www.brickfanatics.com/lego-brawls-more-platforms-later-this-year/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Red Games Co\". Red Games Co. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://redgames.co/#about","url_text":"\"Red Games Co\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221001225127/https://www.redgames.co/#about","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Co, Red Games. \"LEGO Themes Collide as LEGO Brawls Smashes Onto Consoles\". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved September 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lego-themes-collide-as-lego-brawls-smashes-onto-consoles-301615880.html","url_text":"\"LEGO Themes Collide as LEGO Brawls Smashes Onto Consoles\""}]},{"reference":"Berthelson, Brandy (September 19, 2019). \"Lego Brawls: A SuperParent First Look\". SuperParent. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://superparent.com/article/810/lego-brawls-a-superparent-first-look","url_text":"\"Lego Brawls: A SuperParent First Look\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190924224134/https://superparent.com/article/810/lego-brawls-a-superparent-first-look","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Frushtick, Russ (September 17, 2019). \"Here's the full list of games coming to Apple Arcade on launch day\". Polygon. Archived from the original on September 18, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/apple/2019/9/17/20870210/apple-arcade-line-up-full-list-release-date-november-19","url_text":"\"Here's the full list of games coming to Apple Arcade on launch day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190918053713/https://www.polygon.com/apple/2019/9/17/20870210/apple-arcade-line-up-full-list-release-date-november-19","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Shelby (September 12, 2019). \"Apple Arcade updated: The full list of games for iPhone and iPad\". CNET. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190930050918/https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-arcade-updated-the-full-list-of-games-for-iphone-and-ipad-ios-13/","url_text":"\"Apple Arcade updated: The full list of games for iPhone and iPad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"},{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-arcade-updated-the-full-list-of-games-for-iphone-and-ipad-ios-13/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"White, Adam (May 10, 2022). \"Bandai Namco Bringing LEGO Brawls To Consoles\". BricksFanz. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://bricksfanz.com/bandai-namco-bringing-lego-brawls-to-consoles/","url_text":"\"Bandai Namco Bringing LEGO Brawls To Consoles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220817124112/http://bricksfanz.com/bandai-namco-bringing-lego-brawls-to-consoles/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yates, Jack (June 12, 2022). \"LEGO Brawls PC demo launches to let you try the brawler\". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brickfanatics.com/lego-brawls-pc-demo-launches-to-let-you-try/","url_text":"\"LEGO Brawls PC demo launches to let you try the brawler\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221203221404/https://www.brickfanatics.com/lego-brawls-pc-demo-launches-to-let-you-try/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"LEGO Brawls (June 18, 2022). LEGO Brawls Cinematic Launch Trailer - Release Date Announced! (video). Retrieved September 23, 2022 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVvx0QhBonY","url_text":"LEGO Brawls Cinematic Launch Trailer - Release Date Announced!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Co, Red Games. \"LEGO Themes Collide as LEGO Brawls Smashes Onto Consoles\". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved September 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lego-themes-collide-as-lego-brawls-smashes-onto-consoles-301615880.html","url_text":"\"LEGO Themes Collide as LEGO Brawls Smashes Onto Consoles\""}]},{"reference":"Yates, Jack (June 6, 2021). \"The next season of LEGO Brawls is a free-for-all\". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brickfanatics.com/the-next-season-of-lego-brawls-is-a-free-for-all/","url_text":"\"The next season of LEGO Brawls is a free-for-all\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220526180147/https://www.brickfanatics.com/the-next-season-of-lego-brawls-is-a-free-for-all/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yates, Jack (August 8, 2021). \"Dive into LEGO Brawls with a new NINJAGO Seabound update\". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brickfanatics.com/dive-into-lego-brawls-with-a-new-ninjago-seabound-update/","url_text":"\"Dive into LEGO Brawls with a new NINJAGO Seabound update\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704203934/https://www.brickfanatics.com/dive-into-lego-brawls-with-a-new-ninjago-seabound-update/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yates, Jack (November 7, 2021). \"LEGO Monkie Kid continues the legend in LEGO Brawls\". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brickfanatics.com/lego-monkie-kid-continues-legend-lego-brawls/","url_text":"\"LEGO Monkie Kid continues the legend in LEGO Brawls\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704095826/https://www.brickfanatics.com/lego-monkie-kid-continues-legend-lego-brawls/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yeo, Matt (January 8, 2022). \"LEGO Brawls receives major update and opens up The Vault\". Brick Fanatics. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bell_(Welsh_musician) | Andy Bell (Welsh musician) | ["1 Career","1.1 Ride","1.2 Hurricane #1","1.3 Oasis","1.4 Beady Eye","1.5 Production work","1.6 Solo activities and projects","1.7 Scoring and soundtracks","2 Personal life","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 EPs","3.3 Singles","3.4 Other appearances","3.5 Compilation albums","4 References","5 External links"] | Welsh singer
Not to be confused with the lead singer of Erasure, Andy Bell (singer).
Andy BellBell performing in March 2011Background informationBirth nameAndrew Piran BellBorn (1970-08-11) 11 August 1970 (age 53)Cardiff, WalesOriginOxford, EnglandGenresAlternative rockshoegazeBritpopOccupation(s)Singersongwritermusicianrecord producerDJInstrument(s)GuitarvocalsbasskeyboardsYears active1988–presentLabelsCreationBig BrotherMusical artist
Andrew Piran Bell (born 11 August 1970) is a Welsh singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and DJ. He is one of two vocalists and guitarists of the English rock band Ride, and was formerly the bassist of Oasis from 1999 until their breakup in 2009. Bell was also a member of Hurricane #1 as well as Liam Gallagher's post-Oasis project Beady Eye until their breakup in 2014.
With Ride, Bell helped pioneer shoegaze, an alternative rock subgenre which reached its peak popularity in the early 1990s. Bell also wrote one song or more on each of Oasis' final three albums.
Career
Ride
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Main article: Ride (band)
Bell formed Ride with Mark Gardener (guitarist), whom he met at Cheney School in Oxford and Laurence Colbert (drummer) and Steve Queralt (bassist), whom he met doing Foundation Studies in Art and Design at Banbury in 1988. While still at Banbury the band produced a tape demo including the tracks "Chelsea Girl" and "Drive Blind". In February 1989, Ride were asked to stand in for a cancelled student union gig at Oxford Polytechnic (now Oxford Brookes University) that brought them to the attention of Alan McGee. After supporting The Soup Dragons in 1989 McGee then signed them to Creation Records which is a key event in Bell's life.
With Ride, Bell released three EPs between January and September 1990, entitled Ride, Play and Fall. While the EPs achieved a degree of chart success per release, enough critical praise was received to make Ride the darlings of music journalists. The first two EPs were eventually released together as Smile in 1992, while the Fall EP was later incorporated into CD releases of their debut LP, Nowhere, released in October 1990, which was hailed as a critical success, with the media dubbing Ride "the brightest hope" for 1991. On Nowhere, Bell contributed "Seagull", "Kaleidoscope", "In a Different Place", Polar Bear", "Dreams Burn Down", "Paralysed", and "Vapour Trail".
There was a rumour in early 1991 that Robert Smith (The Cure) refused to appear in the Great British Music Weekend concert unless Ride were also in the list of acts playing. Ride did appear along with The Wedding Present, Carter USM and The Cure. Nowhere was followed in March 1992 with Going Blank Again. The twin rhythm guitars of Bell and Gardener, both distorted, both using wah-wah pedals and both feeding back on each other was seen as the highlight of the album's critical and chart success. On Going Blank Again, Bell contributed "Not Fazed", "Chrome Waves", "Time Of Her Time", "Cool Your Boots" and "Making Judy Smile".
Despite having a solid fanbase and some mainstream success, the lack of a breakthrough contributed to intra-band tension, especially between Gardener and Bell. Their third LP, Carnival of Light, was released in 1994, after shoegazing had given way to Britpop. On Carnival of Light, Bell contributed "Birdman", "Crown Of Creation", "Endless Road", "Magical Spring", "Rolling Thunder" and "I Don't Know Where It Comes From". The band were joined at Creation Records by Oasis, who shot to fame in 1994 with their debut Definitely Maybe. As label mates, Bell was an early fan of the band and became friendly with the Gallagher brothers.
1995 saw the dissolution of the band while recording their fourth album, Tarantula, due to creative and personal tensions between the two guitarists. Bell penned several of the songs for the album, one of which – "Castle on the Hill" – has been interpreted as a lament for the band's situation. Additionally, Bell contributed "Black Nite Crash", "Sunshine / Nowhere To Run", "Dead Man", "Walk On Water", "Mary Anne", "The Dawn Patrol", "Burnin", and "Starlight Motel". Upon release of the album, it was announced that it would be deleted after one week.
Since the break-up, both Bell and Gardener have been more reflective on the reasons why the group disintegrated, with Bell especially admitting his own part in the process.
In 2014 it was announced that Ride had re-formed and tour for eight months throughout in Europe and North America in 2015. This took in two headline shows at Primavera Sound and London’s Field Day. November 2016 brought further news many Ride fans have been anticipating: there would be a new album in 2017. Producer and DJ Erol Alkan broke the news on Twitter that he had been in the studio with the band, with their first album in 20 years released in Summer 2017. 'Weather Diaries', Ride's fifth studio album, was released on 16 June 2017 on Wichita Recordings.
In August 2019, Ride released their sixth studio album, This Is Not a Safe Place, which reached number 7 in the UK charts. The release has been supported with a world tour.. While performing supporting Noel Gallagher in Taunton, Somerset in August 2023, the band confirmed that work on its latest album had been completed, with a release date yet to be decided.
Hurricane #1
Bell returned in 1997 with Hurricane #1, another Creation signing. Inspired by Oasis, Bell had drafted in a more gutsy singer, Alex Lowe, who would sing the songs Bell wrote for him. The same year, they released their first album, also called Hurricane #1. Their first single, "Step into My World", reached number 29 in the UK charts (a re-mix reached number 19 that year), and other less successful singles "Just Another Illusion" and "Chain Reaction". Their second album, Only the Strongest Will Survive, was released in 1998 and the title track was released as a single reaching number 19. Notably, this album contains the only Hurricane #1 song not written by Bell, "What Do I Know?", which was written by Alex Lowe.
Hurricane #1 drew attention for their similarity to Oasis. Bell himself said "Hurricane No. 1 is not so much influenced by Oasis, it's inspired by Oasis". Their albums did not sell well in comparison to Ride. In 1999, it was reported in the music press that Bell would be touring as guitarist with the band Gay Dad. But this never happened because Bell had by that time been asked to join Oasis.
Oasis
During 1999 with Hurricane #1 on hiatus, Bell moved from Oxford to live with his wife and daughter in Sweden. Bell was invited to join Oasis because they were looking for replacements for founding members Bonehead and Guigsy. At the last minute Bell had to learn to play bass as well as the entire Oasis catalogue before his first Oasis gig.
While with Oasis, Bell regularly made songwriting contributions to the band. On Heathen Chemistry, Bell wrote the song "A Quick Peep". His song "Thank You For the Good Times" was featured as the B-side of "Stop Crying Your Heart Out" from the same album. On Don't Believe The Truth, he wrote "Turn Up the Sun" (which also opened every live show on that Oasis tour) and "Keep the Dream Alive". On Dig Out Your Soul, he wrote "The Nature of Reality".
Beady Eye
Noel Gallagher quit Oasis in August 2009, following an argument with his brother. Following the end of Oasis, Bell and the other former members formed Beady Eye. Bell changed from playing bass to guitar, his main instrument before joining Oasis, both live and in the studio for the band. Beady Eye's debut album Different Gear, Still Speeding contains four songs written by Bell: "Four Letter Word", "Millionaire", "Kill for a Dream", and "The Beat Goes On". Bell also contributed "World Outside My Room", the B-side of "Four Letter Word".
Bell played guitar and keyboards and provided backing vocals on Beady Eye's second album, 2013's BE. It contained three songs written by Bell: "Face the Crowd", "Soon Come Tomorrow", and "I'm just Saying", and also co-wrote "Flick of the Finger". He also contributed "Dreaming of Some Space" to the B-side of "Second Bite of the Apple". Beady Eye disbanded in October 2014.
Production work
In addition to being a songwriter and musician, Bell has for a number of years actively been involved in record production. He receives co-production credit for both albums recorded by Hurricane #1, namely the eponymous Hurricane #1 and Only The Strongest Will Survive.
During late 1995, after the sessions for Tarantula were completed but prior to the official announcement of Ride's break-up, Bell undertook production duties on Britpop band The Kynd's debut single "Egotripper", which was released in October 1996.
Bell also undertook production duties for the fifth studio album Fear & Love by Swedish band Weeping Willows, released in 2007. Weeping Willows draws upon early Roy Orbison and The Smiths as their main influences. On Fear & Love, Bell brought some English folk music influences, and some 1960s styled British Invasion sounds. The album was more or less recorded live in the studio, by playing the songs until the band got them right with minimal digital post-production. Weeping Willows prior two albums relied on extensive post-production and remix styled studio techniques. Reaching number 2 in the Swedish charts, Scandinavian music critics have given Fear & Love a warm welcome and compared some songs to The Coral, The Verve, Talk Talk and Oasis.
Solo activities and projects
Bell has been good friends with Magnus Carlson, the lead singer in Weeping Willows, and together they have embarked on some musical projects. Bell and Carlsson were resident DJs at Swedish club, Bangers 'n' Mash during the mid-noughties. Bell also undertakes occasional DJ sets in UK clubs, for example, "This Feeling" nightclub in London. In 2003, Bell collaborated with the Stockholm based Irish-Swedish electronica/acid house duo, DK7, by providing guitar on the tracks "Heart Like a Demon" and "White Shadow" for their Disarmed album. During the autumn of 2006 Carlson and Bell teamed up with Janne Schaffer and performed at an event dedicated to the late 1970s singer-songwriter, Ted Gärdestad. In addition to his role as producer, Bell played a number of instruments on eight of the twelve tracks on the 2007 album Fear & Love by Weeping Willows, ranging from glockenspiel and piano to guitar. He has also performed solo gigs at smaller Swedish summer festivals including the 2006 'Fest-i-val' in Umeå Sweden.
On May 10, 2007, Bell played the bass on "Arnold Layne" with Pink Floyd regulars David Gilmour, Richard Wright, Nick Mason and Jon Carin at The Madcap’s Last Laugh, a tribute concert to Pink Floyd's recently deceased founding member, Syd Barrett, at Barbican Hall in London.
In July 2007, Bell appeared with friend and former fellow Ride member Mark Gardener onstage with Californian rock band The Brian Jonestown Massacre at the Oxford "Truck" Music Festival On 19 December 2007, Bell joined Weeping Willows on stage for an event called "An Evening With Weeping Willows at Chinateatern" He lined up with other prominent guests such as The Soundtrack of Our Lives' Martin Hederos, Echo & the Bunnymen vocalist Ian McCulloch and Jens Lekman.
Bell has worked with Swedish band The Most on various recordings and contributed guitars and vocals on the song "Now I Feel" from the EP Moderation in Moderation (a title suggested by Bell). He stated on several occasions his intention to record and release a solo album. He said, "I will get around to it, it's just waiting for the songs to turn up that suit my voice. I've got one so far, give me about five years and I'll have an album's worth."
During 2008, Bell collaborated with British-American electronica group SPC ECO on the track "Silver Clouds", on which he plays an electronic sitar drone machine and an old custom dulcimer, as well as devising the song's lyrics. The song was made available in 2009 as a bonus track to the Japanese edition of SPC ECO's album 3-D. In 2009 he released his first solo recording under the Grapefruit name, an instrumental track also entitled "Grapefruit" which he contributed to the One by One: KZK Adidas Originals by Originals compilation album, a Japan only release via Sony Music.
Bell released his first solo single "Plastic Bag" on 23 October 2019 on 7 inch clear vinyl as a subscription for the Sonic Cathedral Singles Club. "Plastic Bag" and its B-side "The Commune", were reissued digitally on 10 July 2020. His second solo single, and the first single from his debut solo album, was "Love Comes in Waves" and was released on 11 August 2020.
Bell released his debut studio album, The View from Half Way Down on 9 October 2020.
In 2022, Bell released a new album, Flicker, released as both single-CD and double-LP.
In 2023 Bell became part of a supergroup Mantra of the Cosmos with Shaun Ryder, Zak Starkey and Bez releasing their debut single "Gorilla Guerilla" in June ahead of a performance at the Glastonbury Festival.
Scoring and soundtracks
In 2015, Bell scored the short film Midnight of My Life and worked as a producer on Dave Galafassi's track "Hello Halo"; it was performed by actress Toni Collette on the soundtrack to the romantic comedy film Miss You Already.
Personal life
Bell was previously married to Swedish singer Idha Övelius. They have two children, a daughter, Leia, and a son, Leon. He currently resides in London and has been married to Shiarra, a label rep from Universal Music Group, since 2010. Together, they have two children, a daughter born in 2012 and a son born in 2014.
Discography
Studio albums
Title
Album details
The View from Halfway Down
Released: 9 October 2020
Label: Sonic Cathedral
Format: CD, DL, LP
Pattern Recognition (as GLOK)
Released: 15 October 2021
Flicker
Released: 11 February 2022
Label: Sonic Cathedral
Format: CD, DL, LP
EPs
Title
EP details
Untitled Film Stills
Released: November 2022
Type: covers
Singles
Year
Title
Album
2019
"Plastic Bag"
non-album single
2020
"Plastic Bag" b/w "The Commune"
(digital and cassette reissue)
"Love Comes in Waves"
The View from Halfway Down
"Cherry Cola"
2022
"Something Like Love"
Flicker
"World of Echo"
Other appearances
Year
Title
Album
2021
"Tories in Jail" (as GLOK)
Time at the Vortex EP
Compilation albums
Year
Title
Notes
2019
Dissident (as GLOK)
released and unreleased songs
2023
Strange Loops & Outer Psych
acoustic versions, remixes, covers of songs that inspired Flicker album
References
^ Adrian (9 April 2021). "We Just Have to Change the Speed: Andy Bell Interview". Concrete Islands. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
^ "Ride's Andy Bell: Addicted to Noise". Premier Guitar. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
^ Raggett, Ned (9 May 2015). "An interview with Ride's Andy Bell". Fact Magazine. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
^ "Ride Reunite, Announce World Tour". Pitchfork.com. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
^ "Ride Announce New Album Weather Diaries, Share New "Charm Assault" Video: Watch". Pitchfork.com. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
^ Archived 21 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Liam Gallagher says Beady Eye are 'no longer'
^ Hurricane #1 & Only The Strongest Will Survive album sleevenotes.
^ UK. "the kynd | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's". Myspace.com. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ Discography section of weepingwillows.nu
^ "andy bell (Bangers 'n' Mash) op Myspace". Myspace.com. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "Oasis man set to DJ in London". Nme.com. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Official Fest-i-val 2006 MySpace site". Myspace.com. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Oasis Fansite news report of Andy Bell's appearance at Fest-i-val including photos and setlist". Stopcryingyourheartoutnews.blogspot.com. 14 August 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Youtube footage of Andy Bell & Mark Gardener on stage with BJM". Youtube.com. 29 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Youtube footage of Andy Bell on stage with Pink Floyd". Youtube.com. 25 December 2019. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
^ "News Report with photos". Stopcryingyourheartoutnews.blogspot.com. 23 July 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Weeping Willows w Ian Mcculloch – Winner takes it all". YouTube. 6 January 2008. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ Archived 27 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ Archived 12 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "SPCECO* - 3-D". Discogs. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ "One by One | kzk soundtrack from adidas Originals by Originals". Onebyone-kzk.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "Sony Music Online Japan : コンピレーション : One by One kzk soundtrack from adidas originals by originals". Sonymusic.co.jp. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ Ride News Update Mailing List E-mail 2009
^ "Andy Bell to release debut solo single". Ride Archive. 13 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
^ "Plastic Bag - Single by Andy Bell". Apple Music. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
^ "Love Comes In Waves | Andy Bell". Bandcamp. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
^ "The View From Halfway Down, by Andy Bell". Andy Bell. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
^ "Andy Bell - The View From Halfway Down". Clash Magazine. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
^ Interviews, Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews &; Murray, Robin (11 January 2022). "Andy Bell Announces New Album 'Flicker'". Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews & Interviews. Retrieved 23 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Mantra of The Cosmos unveil Gorilla Guerilla single and trippy animated video". Radio X. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ Q Magazine, October 2008
^ Loughrey-Grant, Taragh (8 March 2011). "Liam Gallagher & Beady Eye Interview". RTÉ TEN's. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ "Andy Bell of Ride Announces New Album Pattern Recognition for September 2021 Release Under the Alias GLOK -". mxdwn Music. 4 July 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
^ "Pattern Recognition | GLOK". Bandcamp. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
^ Andy BELL - Untitled Film Stills EP (covers) Vinyl at Juno Records., retrieved 26 November 2022
^ "Andy Bell (2) - Plastic Bag". Discogs. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
^ "Time At The Vortex EP, by Various Artists". The Gun Well St. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
^ "Dissident, by GLOK". GLOK. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andy Bell (musician).
Wikiquote has quotations related to Andy Bell (Welsh musician).
Andy Bell at IMDb
Official Ride band website
Official Oasis band website
vteRide
Andy Bell
Loz Colbert
Mark Gardener
Steve Queralt
Studio albums
Nowhere
Going Blank Again
Carnival of Light
Tarantula
Weather Diaries
This Is Not a Safe Place
Interplay
Compilations
Smile
OX4 The Best of Ride
Live Reading Festival 1992
Waves: Radio 1 Sessions 90–94
Extended plays
Ride
Play
Fall
Today Forever
Grasshopper
Tomorrow's Shore
Singles
"Vapour Trail"
"Leave Them All Behind"
"Twisterella"
"Black Nite Crash"
vteOasis
Liam Gallagher
Noel Gallagher
Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs
Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan
Tony McCarroll
Alan White
Gem Archer
Andy Bell
Touring members
Jay Darlington
Zak Starkey
Chris Sharrock
Studio albums
Definitely Maybe
(What's the Story) Morning Glory?
Be Here Now
Standing on the Shoulder of Giants
Heathen Chemistry
Don't Believe the Truth
Dig Out Your Soul
Compilation albums
The Masterplan
Stop the Clocks
Time Flies... 1994–2009
Live albums
Familiar to Millions
Knebworth 1996
Demo albums
Live Demonstration
Singles
"Supersonic"
"Shakermaker"
"Live Forever"
"Cigarettes & Alcohol"
"Whatever"
"Some Might Say"
"Roll with It"
"Morning Glory"
"Wonderwall"
"Don't Look Back in Anger"
"Champagne Supernova"
"D'You Know What I Mean?"
"Stand by Me"
"All Around the World"
"Don't Go Away"
"Go Let It Out"
"Who Feels Love?"
"Sunday Morning Call"
"The Hindu Times"
"Stop Crying Your Heart Out"
"Little by Little"/"She Is Love"
"Songbird"
"Lyla"
"The Importance of Being Idle"
"Let There Be Love"
"Lord Don't Slow Me Down"
"The Shock of the Lightning"
"I'm Outta Time"
"Falling Down"
"Don't Stop..."
Other songs
"Rock 'n' Roll Star"
"Columbia"
"Slide Away"
"Half the World Away"
"Talk Tonight"
"Cast No Shadow"
"She's Electric"
"Acquiesce"
"The Masterplan"
"Where Did It All Go Wrong?"
"Stop the Clocks"
"Boy with the Blues"
Video albums
Live by the Sea
...There and Then
Lord Don't Slow Me Down
Tours
Definitely Maybe Tour
(What's the Story) Morning Glory? Tour
Be Here Now Tour
Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Tour
The Tour of Brotherly Love
10 Years of Noise and Confusion Tour
Heathen Chemistry Tour
Don't Believe the Truth Tour
Dig Out Your Soul Tour
Related groups
Beady Eye
Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds
Starclub
Heavy Stereo
Ride
Hurricane #1
No Way Sis
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Awards and nominations
Big Brother Recordings
Brian Cannon
Oasis: Supersonic
The Dreams We Have as Children
Standing on the Edge of the Noise
"Wibbling Rivalry"
"Boulevard of Broken Songs"
Category
vteBeady Eye
Liam Gallagher
Gem Archer
Andy Bell
Chris Sharrock
Jay Mehler
Jeff Wootton
Studio albums
Different Gear, Still Speeding
BE
Singles
"Bring the Light"
"Four Letter Word"
"The Roller"
"Across the Universe"
"Millionaire"
"The Beat Goes On"
"Second Bite of the Apple"
Related groups
Oasis
Ride
Heavy Stereo
Hurricane #1
Gorillaz
Kasabian
Related articles
Discography
Songs
vteHurricane No. 1
Carlo Mariani
Lucas Mariani
Chris Campbell
Andy Bell
Alex Lowe
Gareth Farmer
Will Pepper
Studio albums
Hurricane #1 (1997)
Only the Strongest Will Survive (1999)
Compilation albums
Step into My World (2004)
Singles
"Just Another Illusion"
"Step into My World"
Related
Discography
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andy Bell (singer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bell_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(band)"},{"link_name":"Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hurricane #1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_No._1"},{"link_name":"Liam Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Beady Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beady_Eye"},{"link_name":"shoegaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoegaze"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the lead singer of Erasure, Andy Bell (singer).Musical artistAndrew Piran Bell (born 11 August 1970) is a Welsh singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and DJ. He is one of two vocalists and guitarists of the English rock band Ride, and was formerly the bassist of Oasis from 1999 until their breakup in 2009. Bell was also a member of Hurricane #1 as well as Liam Gallagher's post-Oasis project Beady Eye until their breakup in 2014.With Ride, Bell helped pioneer shoegaze, an alternative rock subgenre which reached its peak popularity in the early 1990s.[1][2][3] Bell also wrote one song or more on each of Oasis' final three albums.","title":"Andy Bell (Welsh musician)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mark Gardener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gardener"},{"link_name":"Cheney School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheney_School"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University"},{"link_name":"Oxford Brookes University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University"},{"link_name":"Alan McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_McGee"},{"link_name":"Creation Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Records"},{"link_name":"EPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(Ride_EP)"},{"link_name":"Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_(Ride_EP)"},{"link_name":"a degree of chart success per release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(band)#Singles"},{"link_name":"Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smile_(Ride_album)"},{"link_name":"Nowhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowhere_(album)"},{"link_name":"Robert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smith_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cure"},{"link_name":"The Wedding Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_Present"},{"link_name":"Going Blank Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_Blank_Again"},{"link_name":"Carnival of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Light_(album)"},{"link_name":"Britpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britpop"},{"link_name":"Definitely Maybe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitely_Maybe"},{"link_name":"Tarantula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantula_(Ride_album)"},{"link_name":"deleted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deletion_(music_industry)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Ride","text":"Bell formed Ride with Mark Gardener (guitarist), whom he met at Cheney School in Oxford and Laurence Colbert (drummer) and Steve Queralt (bassist), whom he met doing Foundation Studies in Art and Design at Banbury in 1988. While still at Banbury the band produced a tape demo including the tracks \"Chelsea Girl\" and \"Drive Blind\". In February 1989, Ride were asked to stand in for a cancelled student union gig at Oxford Polytechnic (now Oxford Brookes University) that brought them to the attention of Alan McGee. After supporting The Soup Dragons in 1989 McGee then signed them to Creation Records which is a key event in Bell's life.With Ride, Bell released three EPs between January and September 1990, entitled Ride, Play and Fall. While the EPs achieved a degree of chart success per release, enough critical praise was received to make Ride the darlings of music journalists. The first two EPs were eventually released together as Smile in 1992, while the Fall EP was later incorporated into CD releases of their debut LP, Nowhere, released in October 1990, which was hailed as a critical success, with the media dubbing Ride \"the brightest hope\" for 1991. On Nowhere, Bell contributed \"Seagull\", \"Kaleidoscope\", \"In a Different Place\", Polar Bear\", \"Dreams Burn Down\", \"Paralysed\", and \"Vapour Trail\".There was a rumour in early 1991 that Robert Smith (The Cure) refused to appear in the Great British Music Weekend concert unless Ride were also in the list of acts playing. Ride did appear along with The Wedding Present, Carter USM and The Cure. Nowhere was followed in March 1992 with Going Blank Again. The twin rhythm guitars of Bell and Gardener, both distorted, both using wah-wah pedals and both feeding back on each other was seen as the highlight of the album's critical and chart success. On Going Blank Again, Bell contributed \"Not Fazed\", \"Chrome Waves\", \"Time Of Her Time\", \"Cool Your Boots\" and \"Making Judy Smile\".Despite having a solid fanbase and some mainstream success, the lack of a breakthrough contributed to intra-band tension, especially between Gardener and Bell. Their third LP, Carnival of Light, was released in 1994, after shoegazing had given way to Britpop. On Carnival of Light, Bell contributed \"Birdman\", \"Crown Of Creation\", \"Endless Road\", \"Magical Spring\", \"Rolling Thunder\" and \"I Don't Know Where It Comes From\". The band were joined at Creation Records by Oasis, who shot to fame in 1994 with their debut Definitely Maybe. As label mates, Bell was an early fan of the band and became friendly with the Gallagher brothers.1995 saw the dissolution of the band while recording their fourth album, Tarantula, due to creative and personal tensions between the two guitarists. Bell penned several of the songs for the album, one of which – \"Castle on the Hill\" – has been interpreted as a lament for the band's situation. Additionally, Bell contributed \"Black Nite Crash\", \"Sunshine / Nowhere To Run\", \"Dead Man\", \"Walk On Water\", \"Mary Anne\", \"The Dawn Patrol\", \"Burnin\", and \"Starlight Motel\". Upon release of the album, it was announced that it would be deleted after one week.Since the break-up, both Bell and Gardener have been more reflective on the reasons why the group disintegrated, with Bell especially admitting his own part in the process.[citation needed]In 2014 it was announced that Ride had re-formed and tour for eight months throughout in Europe and North America in 2015.[4] This took in two headline shows at Primavera Sound and London’s Field Day. November 2016 brought further news many Ride fans have been anticipating: there would be a new album in 2017. Producer and DJ Erol Alkan broke the news on Twitter that he had been in the studio with the band, with their first album in 20 years released in Summer 2017. 'Weather Diaries', Ride's fifth studio album, was released on 16 June 2017 on Wichita Recordings.[5]In August 2019, Ride released their sixth studio album, This Is Not a Safe Place, which reached number 7 in the UK charts. The release has been supported with a world tour.[citation needed]. While performing supporting Noel Gallagher in Taunton, Somerset in August 2023, the band confirmed that work on its latest album had been completed, with a release date yet to be decided.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hurricane #1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_No._1"},{"link_name":"Only the Strongest Will Survive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_the_Strongest_Will_Survive"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane #1","text":"Bell returned in 1997 with Hurricane #1, another Creation signing. Inspired by Oasis, Bell had drafted in a more gutsy singer, Alex Lowe, who would sing the songs Bell wrote for him. The same year, they released their first album, also called Hurricane #1. Their first single, \"Step into My World\", reached number 29 in the UK charts (a re-mix reached number 19 that year), and other less successful singles \"Just Another Illusion\" and \"Chain Reaction\". Their second album, Only the Strongest Will Survive, was released in 1998 and the title track was released as a single reaching number 19. Notably, this album contains the only Hurricane #1 song not written by Bell, \"What Do I Know?\", which was written by Alex Lowe.Hurricane #1 drew attention for their similarity to Oasis. Bell himself said \"Hurricane No. 1 is not so much influenced by Oasis, it's inspired by Oasis\". Their albums did not sell well in comparison to Ride. In 1999, it was reported in the music press that Bell would be touring as guitarist with the band Gay Dad. But this never happened because Bell had by that time been asked to join Oasis.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hurricane #1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_No._1"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bonehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Arthurs"},{"link_name":"Guigsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guigsy"},{"link_name":"Heathen Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathen_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Stop Crying Your Heart Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Crying_Your_Heart_Out"},{"link_name":"Don't Believe The Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Believe_The_Truth"},{"link_name":"Dig Out Your Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig_Out_Your_Soul"}],"sub_title":"Oasis","text":"During 1999[6] with Hurricane #1 on hiatus, Bell moved from Oxford to live with his wife and daughter in Sweden. Bell was invited to join Oasis because they were looking for replacements for founding members Bonehead and Guigsy. At the last minute Bell had to learn to play bass as well as the entire Oasis catalogue before his first Oasis gig.While with Oasis, Bell regularly made songwriting contributions to the band. On Heathen Chemistry, Bell wrote the song \"A Quick Peep\". His song \"Thank You For the Good Times\" was featured as the B-side of \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" from the same album. On Don't Believe The Truth, he wrote \"Turn Up the Sun\" (which also opened every live show on that Oasis tour) and \"Keep the Dream Alive\". On Dig Out Your Soul, he wrote \"The Nature of Reality\".","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noel Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"his brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Beady Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beady_Eye"},{"link_name":"Different Gear, Still Speeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Different_Gear,_Still_Speeding"},{"link_name":"BE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BE_(Beady_Eye_album)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Beady Eye","text":"Noel Gallagher quit Oasis in August 2009, following an argument with his brother. Following the end of Oasis, Bell and the other former members formed Beady Eye. Bell changed from playing bass to guitar, his main instrument before joining Oasis, both live and in the studio for the band. Beady Eye's debut album Different Gear, Still Speeding contains four songs written by Bell: \"Four Letter Word\", \"Millionaire\", \"Kill for a Dream\", and \"The Beat Goes On\". Bell also contributed \"World Outside My Room\", the B-side of \"Four Letter Word\".Bell played guitar and keyboards and provided backing vocals on Beady Eye's second album, 2013's BE. It contained three songs written by Bell: \"Face the Crowd\", \"Soon Come Tomorrow\", and \"I'm just Saying\", and also co-wrote \"Flick of the Finger\". He also contributed \"Dreaming of Some Space\" to the B-side of \"Second Bite of the Apple\". Beady Eye disbanded in October 2014.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tarantula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantula_(Ride_album)"},{"link_name":"Britpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britpop"},{"link_name":"The Kynd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kynd"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Weeping Willows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeping_Willows_(band)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Roy Orbison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Orbison"},{"link_name":"The Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smiths"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"The Coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coral"},{"link_name":"The Verve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verve"},{"link_name":"Talk Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_Talk_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Production work","text":"In addition to being a songwriter and musician, Bell has for a number of years actively been involved in record production. He receives co-production credit for both albums recorded by Hurricane #1, namely the eponymous Hurricane #1 and Only The Strongest Will Survive.[8]During late 1995, after the sessions for Tarantula were completed but prior to the official announcement of Ride's break-up, Bell undertook production duties on Britpop band The Kynd's debut single \"Egotripper\", which was released in October 1996.[9]Bell also undertook production duties for the fifth studio album Fear & Love by Swedish band Weeping Willows,[10] released in 2007. Weeping Willows draws upon early Roy Orbison and The Smiths as their main influences. On Fear & Love, Bell brought some English folk music influences, and some 1960s styled British Invasion sounds. The album was more or less recorded live in the studio, by playing the songs until the band got them right with minimal digital post-production. Weeping Willows prior two albums relied on extensive post-production and remix styled studio techniques. Reaching number 2 in the Swedish charts, Scandinavian music critics have given Fear & Love a warm welcome and compared some songs to The Coral, The Verve, Talk Talk and Oasis.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weeping Willows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeping_Willows_(band)"},{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"electronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica"},{"link_name":"acid house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_house"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Janne Schaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janne_Schaffer"},{"link_name":"Ted Gärdestad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_G%C3%A4rdestad"},{"link_name":"glockenspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glockenspiel"},{"link_name":"Umeå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Arnold Layne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Layne"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"David Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"Richard Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wright_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nick Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Mason"},{"link_name":"Jon Carin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Carin"},{"link_name":"Syd Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Barrett"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mark Gardener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gardener"},{"link_name":"The Brian Jonestown Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Soundtrack of Our Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soundtrack_of_Our_Lives"},{"link_name":"Martin Hederos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Hederos"},{"link_name":"Echo & the Bunnymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_%26_the_Bunnymen"},{"link_name":"Ian McCulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McCulloch_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Jens Lekman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Lekman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Most","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_(Swedish_band)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creation-records.com-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"electronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica"},{"link_name":"SPC ECO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPC_ECO"},{"link_name":"sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"},{"link_name":"dulcimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_dulcimer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas"},{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"supergroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergroup_(music)"},{"link_name":"Shaun Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Ryder"},{"link_name":"Zak Starkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Starkey"},{"link_name":"Bez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bez_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Solo activities and projects","text":"Bell has been good friends with Magnus Carlson, the lead singer in Weeping Willows, and together they have embarked on some musical projects. Bell and Carlsson were resident DJs at Swedish club, Bangers 'n' Mash[11] during the mid-noughties. Bell also undertakes occasional DJ sets in UK clubs, for example, \"This Feeling\" nightclub in London.[12] In 2003, Bell collaborated with the Stockholm based Irish-Swedish electronica/acid house duo, DK7, by providing guitar on the tracks \"Heart Like a Demon\" and \"White Shadow\" for their Disarmed album.[citation needed] During the autumn of 2006 Carlson and Bell teamed up with Janne Schaffer and performed at an event dedicated to the late 1970s singer-songwriter, Ted Gärdestad. In addition to his role as producer, Bell played a number of instruments on eight of the twelve tracks on the 2007 album Fear & Love by Weeping Willows, ranging from glockenspiel and piano to guitar. He has also performed solo gigs at smaller Swedish summer festivals including the 2006 'Fest-i-val' in Umeå Sweden.[13][14][15]On May 10, 2007, Bell played the bass on \"Arnold Layne\" with Pink Floyd regulars David Gilmour, Richard Wright, Nick Mason and Jon Carin at The Madcap’s Last Laugh, a tribute concert to Pink Floyd's recently deceased founding member, Syd Barrett, at Barbican Hall in London.[16]In July 2007, Bell appeared with friend and former fellow Ride member Mark Gardener onstage with Californian rock band The Brian Jonestown Massacre at the Oxford \"Truck\" Music Festival[17] On 19 December 2007, Bell joined Weeping Willows on stage for an event called \"An Evening With Weeping Willows at Chinateatern\" He lined up with other prominent guests such as The Soundtrack of Our Lives' Martin Hederos, Echo & the Bunnymen vocalist Ian McCulloch and Jens Lekman.[18]Bell has worked with Swedish band The Most on various recordings and contributed guitars and vocals on the song \"Now I Feel\" from the EP Moderation in Moderation (a title suggested by Bell).[citation needed] He stated on several occasions his intention to record and release a solo album.[19] He said, \"I will get around to it, it's just waiting for the songs to turn up that suit my voice. I've got one so far, give me about five years and I'll have an album's worth.\"[20]During 2008, Bell collaborated with British-American electronica group SPC ECO on the track \"Silver Clouds\", on which he plays an electronic sitar drone machine and an old custom dulcimer, as well as devising the song's lyrics. The song was made available in 2009 as a bonus track to the Japanese edition of SPC ECO's album 3-D.[21] In 2009 he released his first solo recording under the Grapefruit name, an instrumental track also entitled \"Grapefruit\" which he contributed to the One by One: KZK Adidas Originals by Originals compilation album, a Japan only release via Sony Music.[22][23][24]Bell released his first solo single \"Plastic Bag\" on 23 October 2019 on 7 inch clear vinyl as a subscription for the Sonic Cathedral Singles Club.[25] \"Plastic Bag\" and its B-side \"The Commune\", were reissued digitally on 10 July 2020.[26] His second solo single, and the first single from his debut solo album, was \"Love Comes in Waves\" and was released on 11 August 2020.[27]Bell released his debut studio album, The View from Half Way Down on 9 October 2020.[28][29]In 2022, Bell released a new album, Flicker, released as both single-CD and double-LP.[30]In 2023 Bell became part of a supergroup Mantra of the Cosmos with Shaun Ryder, Zak Starkey and Bez releasing their debut single \"Gorilla Guerilla\" in June ahead of a performance at the Glastonbury Festival.[31]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toni Collette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Collette"},{"link_name":"Miss You Already","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_You_Already"}],"sub_title":"Scoring and soundtracks","text":"In 2015, Bell scored the short film Midnight of My Life and worked as a producer on Dave Galafassi's track \"Hello Halo\"; it was performed by actress Toni Collette on the soundtrack to the romantic comedy film Miss You Already.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Idha Övelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idha"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Q_Magazine,_October_2008-32"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Bell was previously married to Swedish singer Idha Övelius.[32] They have two children, a daughter, Leia, and a son, Leon. He currently resides in London and has been married to Shiarra, a label rep from Universal Music Group, since 2010. Together, they have two children, a daughter born in 2012 and a son born in 2014.[33]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other appearances","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Adrian (9 April 2021). \"We Just Have to Change the Speed: Andy Bell Interview\". Concrete Islands. Retrieved 10 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://concreteislands.com/we-just-have-to-change-the-speed-andy-bell-interview/","url_text":"\"We Just Have to Change the Speed: Andy Bell Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ride's Andy Bell: Addicted to Noise\". Premier Guitar. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierguitar.com/artists/guitarists/rides-andy-bell-addicted-to-noise","url_text":"\"Ride's Andy Bell: Addicted to Noise\""}]},{"reference":"Raggett, Ned (9 May 2015). \"An interview with Ride's Andy Bell\". Fact Magazine. Retrieved 10 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.factmag.com/2015/05/09/ride-interview/","url_text":"\"An interview with Ride's Andy Bell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ride Reunite, Announce World Tour\". Pitchfork.com. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/news/57511-ride-reunite-announce-world-tour/","url_text":"\"Ride Reunite, Announce World Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ride Announce New Album Weather Diaries, Share New \"Charm Assault\" Video: Watch\". Pitchfork.com. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/news/72433-ride-announce-new-album-weather-diaries-share-new-charm-assault-video-watch/","url_text":"\"Ride Announce New Album Weather Diaries, Share New \"Charm Assault\" Video: Watch\""}]},{"reference":"UK. \"the kynd | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's\". Myspace.com. Retrieved 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myspace.com/thekynduk","url_text":"\"the kynd | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's\""}]},{"reference":"\"andy bell (Bangers 'n' Mash) op Myspace\". Myspace.com. Retrieved 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myspace.com/bangersnmashsthlm","url_text":"\"andy bell (Bangers 'n' Mash) op Myspace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oasis man set to DJ in London\". Nme.com. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nme.com/news/oasis/31413","url_text":"\"Oasis man set to DJ in London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Fest-i-val 2006 MySpace site\". Myspace.com. Retrieved 28 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myspace.com/festival2006","url_text":"\"Official Fest-i-val 2006 MySpace site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oasis Fansite news report of Andy Bell's appearance at Fest-i-val including photos and setlist\". Stopcryingyourheartoutnews.blogspot.com. 14 August 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://stopcryingyourheartoutnews.blogspot.com/2006/08/andy-bell-live-in-sweden.html","url_text":"\"Oasis Fansite news report of Andy Bell's appearance at Fest-i-val including photos and setlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Youtube footage of Andy Bell & Mark Gardener on stage with BJM\". Youtube.com. 29 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGHlBIktjeY","url_text":"\"Youtube footage of Andy Bell & Mark Gardener on stage with BJM\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/aGHlBIktjeY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Youtube footage of Andy Bell on stage with Pink Floyd\". Youtube.com. 25 December 2019. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQ0xtu7cJao","url_text":"\"Youtube footage of Andy Bell on stage with Pink Floyd\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/qQ0xtu7cJao","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News Report with photos\". Stopcryingyourheartoutnews.blogspot.com. 23 July 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://stopcryingyourheartoutnews.blogspot.com/2007/07/andy-bell-joins-brian-jonestown.html","url_text":"\"News Report with photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weeping Willows w Ian Mcculloch – Winner takes it all\". YouTube. 6 January 2008. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zdl7oDd55Ms","url_text":"\"Weeping Willows w Ian Mcculloch – Winner takes it all\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Zdl7oDd55Ms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SPCECO* - 3-D\". Discogs. Retrieved 15 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/SPCECO-3-D/release/1986766","url_text":"\"SPCECO* - 3-D\""}]},{"reference":"\"One by One | kzk soundtrack from adidas Originals by Originals\". Onebyone-kzk.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onebyone-kzk.com/","url_text":"\"One by One | kzk soundtrack from adidas Originals by Originals\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715001936/http://www.onebyone-kzk.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sony Music Online Japan : コンピレーション : One by One kzk soundtrack from adidas originals by originals\". Sonymusic.co.jp. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/Arch/VA/Compilation/KSCL-1340/index.html","url_text":"\"Sony Music Online Japan : コンピレーション : One by One kzk soundtrack from adidas originals by originals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andy Bell to release debut solo single\". Ride Archive. 13 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ride.band/2019/10/13/andy-bell-to-release-debut-solo-single/","url_text":"\"Andy Bell to release debut solo single\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plastic Bag - Single by Andy Bell\". Apple Music. Retrieved 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/gb/album/plastic-bag-single/1518612647/","url_text":"\"Plastic Bag - Single by Andy Bell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Comes In Waves | Andy Bell\". Bandcamp. Retrieved 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://andybell.bandcamp.com/track/love-comes-in-waves-2","url_text":"\"Love Comes In Waves | Andy Bell\""}]},{"reference":"\"The View From Halfway Down, by Andy Bell\". Andy Bell. Retrieved 15 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://andybell.bandcamp.com/album/the-view-from-halfway-down","url_text":"\"The View From Halfway Down, by Andy Bell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andy Bell - The View From Halfway Down\". Clash Magazine. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/andy-bell-the-view-from-halfway-down","url_text":"\"Andy Bell - The View From Halfway Down\""}]},{"reference":"Interviews, Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews &; Murray, Robin (11 January 2022). \"Andy Bell Announces New Album 'Flicker'\". Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews & Interviews. Retrieved 23 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/news/andy-bell-announces-new-album-flicker/","url_text":"\"Andy Bell Announces New Album 'Flicker'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mantra of The Cosmos unveil Gorilla Guerilla single and trippy animated video\". Radio X. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiox.co.uk/news/music/mantra-of-the-cosmos-gorilla-guerilla-single-video/","url_text":"\"Mantra of The Cosmos unveil Gorilla Guerilla single and trippy animated video\""}]},{"reference":"Loughrey-Grant, Taragh (8 March 2011). \"Liam Gallagher & Beady Eye Interview\". RTÉ TEN's. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110313052619/http://www.rte.ie/ten/2011/0308/liamgallagherinterview.html","url_text":"\"Liam Gallagher & Beady Eye Interview\""},{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/ten/2011/0308/liamgallagherinterview.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Andy Bell of Ride Announces New Album Pattern Recognition for September 2021 Release Under the Alias GLOK -\". mxdwn Music. 4 July 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.mxdwn.com/2021/07/04/news/andy-bell-of-ride-announces-new-album-pattern-recognition-for-september-2021-release-under-the-alias-glok/","url_text":"\"Andy Bell of Ride Announces New Album Pattern Recognition for September 2021 Release Under the Alias GLOK -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pattern Recognition | GLOK\". Bandcamp. Retrieved 14 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://glok.bandcamp.com/album/pattern-recognition","url_text":"\"Pattern Recognition | GLOK\""}]},{"reference":"Andy BELL - Untitled Film Stills EP (covers) Vinyl at Juno Records., retrieved 26 November 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.juno.co.uk/products/andy-bell-untitled-film-stills-ep-covers/905264-01/","url_text":"Andy BELL - Untitled Film Stills EP (covers) Vinyl at Juno Records."}]},{"reference":"\"Andy Bell (2) - Plastic Bag\". Discogs. Retrieved 5 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Andy-Bell-Plastic-Bag/master/1704484","url_text":"\"Andy Bell (2) - Plastic Bag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Time At The Vortex EP, by Various Artists\". The Gun Well St. Retrieved 9 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegunwellst.bandcamp.com/album/time-at-the-vortex-ep","url_text":"\"Time At The Vortex EP, by Various Artists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dissident, by GLOK\". GLOK. Retrieved 9 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://glok.bandcamp.com/album/dissident","url_text":"\"Dissident, by GLOK\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Andy+Bell%22+Welsh+musician","external_links_name":"\"Andy Bell\" Welsh musician"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Andy+Bell%22+Welsh+musician+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Andy+Bell%22+Welsh+musician&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Andy+Bell%22+Welsh+musician+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Andy+Bell%22+Welsh+musician","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Andy+Bell%22+Welsh+musician&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://concreteislands.com/we-just-have-to-change-the-speed-andy-bell-interview/","external_links_name":"\"We Just Have to Change the Speed: Andy Bell Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.premierguitar.com/artists/guitarists/rides-andy-bell-addicted-to-noise","external_links_name":"\"Ride's Andy Bell: Addicted to Noise\""},{"Link":"https://www.factmag.com/2015/05/09/ride-interview/","external_links_name":"\"An interview with Ride's Andy Bell\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/news/57511-ride-reunite-announce-world-tour/","external_links_name":"\"Ride Reunite, Announce World Tour\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/news/72433-ride-announce-new-album-weather-diaries-share-new-charm-assault-video-watch/","external_links_name":"\"Ride Announce New Album Weather Diaries, Share New \"Charm Assault\" Video: Watch\""},{"Link":"http://www.undertheradarmag.com/issue4/ride.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080821002526/http://www.undertheradarmag.com/issue4/ride.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nme.com/news/beady-eye/80649","external_links_name":"Liam Gallagher says Beady Eye are 'no longer'"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/thekynduk","external_links_name":"\"the kynd | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's\""},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/bangersnmashsthlm","external_links_name":"\"andy bell (Bangers 'n' Mash) op Myspace\""},{"Link":"http://www.nme.com/news/oasis/31413","external_links_name":"\"Oasis man set to DJ in London\""},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/festival2006","external_links_name":"\"Official Fest-i-val 2006 MySpace site\""},{"Link":"http://stopcryingyourheartoutnews.blogspot.com/2006/08/andy-bell-live-in-sweden.html","external_links_name":"\"Oasis Fansite news report of Andy Bell's appearance at Fest-i-val including photos and setlist\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGHlBIktjeY","external_links_name":"\"Youtube footage of Andy Bell & Mark Gardener on stage with BJM\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/aGHlBIktjeY","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQ0xtu7cJao","external_links_name":"\"Youtube footage of Andy Bell on stage with Pink Floyd\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/qQ0xtu7cJao","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://stopcryingyourheartoutnews.blogspot.com/2007/07/andy-bell-joins-brian-jonestown.html","external_links_name":"\"News Report with photos\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zdl7oDd55Ms","external_links_name":"\"Weeping Willows w Ian Mcculloch – Winner takes it all\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Zdl7oDd55Ms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.creation-records.com/ride/andy.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071027165120/http://www.creation-records.com/ride/andy.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.creation-records.com/ride/nightshift.html","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071112151856/http://www.creation-records.com/ride/nightshift.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/SPCECO-3-D/release/1986766","external_links_name":"\"SPCECO* - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_art | Queer art | ["1 Beginnings","1.1 Early queer-coded art","1.2 Stonewall riots (1969)","2 Formulation of 'queer' identity","2.1 AIDS epidemic (1980s to early 1990s)","2.2 Re-appropriation of 'queer' and identity politics","3 The 21st century","3.1 Spectrosynthesis – Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now","4 Queer art and public space","5 Criticism","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Art movement
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Queer art, also known as LGBT+ art or queer aesthetics, broadly refers to modern and contemporary visual art practices that draw on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and various non-heterosexual, non-cisgender imagery and issues. While by definition there can be no singular "queer art", contemporary artists who identify their practices as queer often call upon "utopian and dystopian alternatives to the ordinary, adopt outlaw stances, embrace criminality and opacity, and forge unprecedented kinships and relationships." Queer art is also occasionally very much about sex and the embracing of unauthorised desires.
Queer art is highly site-specific, with queer art practices emerging very differently depending on context, the visibility of which possibly ranging from being advocated for, to conversely being met with backlash, censorship, or criminalisation. With sex and gender operating differently in various national, religious, and ethnic contexts, queer art necessarily holds varied meanings.
While historically, the term 'queer' is a homophobic slur from the 1980s AIDS crisis in the United States, it has been since re-appropriated and embraced by queer activists and integrated into many English-speaking contexts, academic or otherwise. International art practices by LGBT+ individuals are thus often placed under the umbrella term of 'queer art' within English-speaking contexts, even though they emerge outside the historical developments of the gender and identity politics of the United States in the 1980s.
'Queer art' has also been used to retroactively refer to the historic work of LGBT+ artists who practiced at a time before present-day terminology of 'lesbian', 'gay', 'bisexual' and 'trans' were recognised, as seen deployed in the 2017 exhibition by Tate, Queer British Art 1861–1967. The term "queer" is situated in the politics of non-normative, gay, lesbian and bisexual communities, though it is not equivalent to such categories, and remains a fluid identity.
Adhering to no particular style or medium, queer art practices may span performance art, video art, installation, drawing, painting, sculpture, photography, film, glass, and mixed media, among many others.
Beginnings
Early queer-coded art
In A Queer Little History of Art, art historian Alex Pilcher notes that across the history of art, biographical information about queer artists are often omitted, downplayed or else interpreted under the assumption of a heterosexual identity. For instance, "he same-sex partner becomes the 'close friend.' The artistic comrade is made out as the heterosexual love interest", with "gay artists diagnosed as 'celibate,' 'asexual,' or 'sexually confused.'"
During the interwar period, greater acceptance towards queer individuals could be seen in artistic urban centers such as Paris and Berlin. In 1920s New York, speakeasies in Harlem and Greenwich Village welcomed gay and lesbian clients, and cafés and bars across Europe and Latin America, for instance, became host to artistic groups which allowed gay men to be integrated into the development of mainstream culture. During this period, artists still developed visual codes to signify queerness covertly. Art historian Jonathan David Katz writes of Agnes Martin's abstract paintings as "a form of queer self-realization" which produces the tense, unreconciled equilibrium of her paintings such as in Night Sea (1963), speaking to her identity as a closeted lesbian.
Jasper Johns, White Flag, 1955, Encaustic, 198.9 cm × 306.7 cm (78.3 in × 120.7 in), In the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Katz has further interpreted the use of iconography in Robert Rauschenberg's combine paintings, such as a picture of Judy Garland in Bantam (1954) and references to the Ganymede myth in Canyon (1959), as allusions to the artist's identity as a gay man. Noting Rauschenberg's relationship with Jasper Johns, art historian Andrew Graham-Dixon interprets Johns' monochrome encaustic White Flag (1955) in relation to the artist's experiences as a gay man in a repressive American society. Graham-Dixon notes that "if admitted he was gay he could go to jail. With White Flag he was saying America 'was the land where your voice cannot be heard. This is the America we live in; we live under a blanket. We have a cold war here. This is my America.'"
In 1962, the US had begun to decriminalise sodomy, and by 1967 the new Sexual Offences Act in the United Kingdom meant that consensual sex between men was no longer illegal. However, many queer individuals still faced pressure to remain closeted, worsened by the Hollywood Production Code which censored and banned depictions of "sex perversion" from films produced and distributed in the US up until 1968.
The director Rosa von Praunheim has made more than 100 films on queer topics since the late 1960s, some of which have been evaluated internationally. Some films are considered milestones in queer cinema. Von Praunheim is internationally recognized as an icon of queer cinema.
Stonewall riots (1969)
Main article: Stonewall riots
A key turning point in attitudes towards the LGBT community would be marked by the Stonewall riots. At the early morning hours of June 28, 1969 in New York City, patrons of the gay tavern Stonewall Inn, other Greenwich Village lesbian and gay bars, and neighbourhood street people fought back when the police became violent during a police raid. This became a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the LGBT+ community, and the riots are widely considered to constitute one of the most important events leading to the gay liberation movement.
The first Pride Parade was held a year after the riots, with marches now held annually across the world. Queer activist art, through posters, signs, and placards, served as a significant manifestation of queer art from this time. For example, photographer Donna Gottschalk would be photographed by photojournalist Diana Davies at the first pride parade in 1970 in New York City, with Gottschalk defiantly holding a sign that read "I am your worst fear I am your best fantasy."
Formulation of 'queer' identity
AIDS epidemic (1980s to early 1990s)
The Silence = Death Project, Silence = Death, 1987, Color lithograph.In 1980s, the HIV/AIDS outbreak ravaged both the gay and arts communities. In the context of the US, journalist Randy Shilts would argue in his book, And the Band Played On, that the Ronald Reagan administration put off handling the crisis due to homophobia, with the gay community being correspondingly distrustful of early reports and public health measures, resulting in the infection of hundreds of thousands more. In a survey conducted on doctors from mid to late 1980s, a large number indicated that they did not have an ethical obligation to treat or care for patients with HIV/AIDS. Right-wing journalists and tabloid newspapers in the US and UK stoked anxieties about the transmission of HIV by stigmatizing gay men. Activist groups were a significant source of advocacy for legislation and policy change, with, for instance, the formation of ACT-UP, the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power in 1987.
Many artists at the time thus acted in their capacity as activists, demanding to be heard by the government and medical institutions alike. The Silence=Death Project, a six-person collective, drew from influences such as feminist art activism group, Guerrilla Girls, to produce the iconic Silence = Death poster, which was wheatpasted across the city and used by ACT-UP as a central image in their activist campaign. Collective Gran Fury, which was established in 1988 by several members of ACT-UP, served as the organization's unofficial agitprop creator, producing guerrilla public art that drew upon the visual iconography of commercial advertisements, as seen in Kissing Doesn't Kill: Greed and Indifference Do (1989). Lesbian feminist art activist collective fierce pussy would also be founded in 1991, committed to art action in association with ACT-UP.
Keith Haring, Ignorance = Fear / Silence = Death, 1989, Offset lithograph, 24 1/16 × 43 1/16in. (61.1 × 109.4 cm), Collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art
Keith Haring notably deployed his practice to generate activism and advocate for awareness about AIDS in the final years of his life, as seen with the poster Ignorance = Fear (1989), or the acrylic on canvas painting Silence = Death (1989), both of which invoke the iconic poster and motto.
Beyond the framework of activist art, photographer Nan Goldin would document this period of New York City in her seminal work, The Ballad of Sexual Dependency, which encompassed a 1985 slide show exhibition and a 1986 artist's book publication of photographs taken between 1979 and 1986, capturing post-Stonewall gay subculture of the time. In 1989, British artist and filmmaker Isaac Julien would release his film work Looking for Langston, which celebrated black gay identity and desire through a nonlinear narrative that drew from 1920s Harlem Renaissance in New York as well as then-current contexts of the 1980s, with Robert Mapplethorpe's controversial photographs of black gay men shown in the film, for example.
Félix González-Torres would create works into the early 1990s that responded to the AIDS crisis that continued to ravage the gay community. González-Torres' Untitled (1991) featured six black-and-white photographs of the artist's empty double bed, enlarged and posted as billboards throughout Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens in the winter of 1991. A highly personal point-of-view made public, it underscored the absence of a queer body, with the work on display after a time when González-Torres' lover, Ross Laycock, had died from AIDS-related complications in January 1991.
Re-appropriation of 'queer' and identity politics
Throughout the 1980s, the homophobic term of abuse, 'queer', began being widely used, appearing from sensationalised media reports to countercultural magazines, at bars and in zines, and showing up at alternative galleries and the occasional museum. The concept was thus integrated into the academy, and re-appropriated as a form of pride by queer activists.
From the spring of 1989, a coalition of Christian groups and conservative elected officials waged a media war on government funding of "obscene" art, objecting that money from a National Endowment for the Arts grant went to queer artists such as Robert Mapplethorpe and Karen Finley, stoking a culture war. Mapplethorpe's 1988 retrospective, The Perfect Moment, which exhibited the photographer's portraits, interracial figure studies, and flower arrangements, would be a catalyst for the debate. Known for his black-and-white celebrity portraits, self-portraits, portraits of people involved in BDSM, and homoerotic portraits of black nude men, the explicit sexual imagery of Mapplethorpe's work sparked a debate on what taxpayer's money should fund. US law would prevent federal money from being used to "promote, encourage or condone homosexual activities," which also led to AIDS programs being defunded. From 1987, the central government in the UK would ban local councils from using public funds to "promote homosexuality".
Glenn Ligon, Notes on the Margin of the Black Book, 1991–93, 91 offset prints; 11.5 x 11.5 inches, 78 text pages; 5.25 x 7.25 inches, Collection of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.
Digital billboard in Manchester UK displaying feminist/lesbian intersectional artwork by Martin Firrell
American conceptual artist Glenn Ligon provided an artistic response that critiqued both the conservative ideology that stoked the culture wars and Mapplethorpe's problematic imagery of queer black men. Responding to Mapplethorpe's The Black Book (1988), a photographic series of homoerotic nude black men that failed to consider the subjects within broader histories of racialised violence and sexuality, Ligon created the work Notes on the Margin of the Black Book (1991-1993). Shown at the 1993 Whitney Biennial, Ligon framed every page of Mapplethorpe's book in its original order, installing them in two rows on a wall, between them inserting around seventy framed texts relating to race from diverse sources, such as historians, philosophers, religious evangelists, activists, and curators. By suggesting Mapplethorpe's work to be a projection of fears and desires upon the black male body, Ligon demonstrates the entanglement of sex, race, and desire, part of his larger practice of investigating the construction of black identity through words and images.
Identity politics would thus further develop in response to right-wing, conservative and religious groups' attempts to suppress queer voices in public. Within the framework of identity politics, identity functions "as a tool to frame political claims, promote political ideologies, or stimulate and orient social and political action, usually in a larger context of inequality or injustice and with the aim of asserting group distinctiveness and belonging and gaining power and recognition." Activist group the Gay Liberation Front would propose queer identity as a revolutionary form of social and sexual life that could disrupt traditional notions of sex and gender. More recently, however, critics have questioned the effectiveness of an identity politics consistently operates as a self-defined, oppositional "other".
Running parallel with queer art are the discourses of feminism, which had paved the way for sex-positive queer culture and attempts to dismantle oppressive patriarchal norms. For instance, the work of Catherine Opie operates strongly within a feminist framework, further informed by her identity as a lesbian woman, though she has stated that queerness does not entirely define her practice or ideas. Opie's photography series, Being and Having (1991), involved capturing her friends in close-up frontal portraits, with assertive gazes against yellow backgrounds. These subjects were chosen from Opie's group of friends, all of whom did not abide neatly by traditional gender categories. Details such as adhesive visibly used to attach fake facial hair on female bodied people foregrounded the performative nature of gender.
Still from video documentation of Ma Liuming, Fen Ma + Liuming's Lunch (1994), 11" 14'During the 1990s in Beijing, Chinese artist Ma Liuming would be involved with the Beijing East Village art community, founded in 1993. In 1994, he would stage the performance art piece Fen-Ma + Liuming's Lunch (1994). The performance featured the artist assuming the persona of a transgender woman named Fen-Ma Liuming, who would prepare and serve steamed fish for the audience while completely nude, eventually sitting down and attaching a large laundry tube to her penis, sucking and breathing on the other end of the tube. Ma would be arrested for such performances, and in 1995, police forced the artists to move out of Beijing's East Village, with Ma beginning to work outside China.
The 21st century
Since the 2000s, queer practices continue to develop and be documented internationally, with a sustained emphasis on intersectionality, where one's social and political identities such as gender, race, class, sexuality, ability, among others, might come together to create unique modes of discrimination and privilege.
Notable examples include New York and Berlin-based artist, filmmaker, and performer Wu Tsang, who re-imagines racialised, gendered representations, with her practice concerned with hidden histories, marginalised narratives, and the act of performing itself. Her video work, WILDNESS (2012) constructs a portrait of a Latino Los Angeles LGBT bar, the Silver Platter, integrating elements of fiction and documentary to portray Tsang's complex relationship with the bar. It further explores the impact of gentrification and a changing city on the bar's patrons, who are predominantly working class, Hispanic, and immigrant.
Canadian performance artist Cassils is known for their 2012 body of work, Becoming An Image, which involves a performance where they direct a series of blows, kicks, and attacks to a 2000-pound clay block in total darkness, while the act is illuminated only by the flashes from a photographer. The final photographs depict Cassils in an almost primal state, sweating, grimacing, and flying through the air as they pummel clay blocks, placing an emphasis on the physicality of their gender non-conforming and transmasculine body. Another example includes New York-based artist, writer, performer, and DJ Juliana Huxtable, part of the queer arts collective, House of Ladosha, the artist exhibited her photographs with her poetry at the New Museum Triennial, with works such as Untitled in the Rage (Nibiru Cataclysm) from her Universal Crop Tops for All the Self Canonized Saints of Becoming series. In it, Huxtable inhabits a futuristic world wherein she is able to reimagine herself apart from the trauma of her childhood, where she was assigned the male gender while being raised in a conservative Baptist home in Texas.
Furthermore, while queer artists such as Zanele Muholi and Kehinde Wiley have had mid-career survey exhibitions at major museums, an artist's identity, gender and race are more commonly discussed than sexuality. Wiley's sexuality, for instance, was not highlighted in his Brooklyn Museum retrospective.
Spectrosynthesis – Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now
In 2017, a travelling show on Asian LGBTQ art, Spectrosynthesis – Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now, debuted at the Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei, Taiwan. Coming shortly after the Taiwanese High Court's decision towards legalising same-sex marriage in May 2017, this would be one of the earliest art exhibitions to specifically focus on LGBTQ issues in a government-run institution in Asia. The show exhibited 22 artists from Taiwan, China, Hong Kong and Singapore with a total of 51 artworks. It would feature art-historical works by Shiy De-jinn, Martin Wong, Tseng Kwong Chi, and Ku Fu-sheng alongside a collection of newer works mostly created after 2010 by artists such as Samson Young, Wu Tsang, and Ming Wong.
The second iteration of the show, Spectrosynthesis II – Exposing Tolerance: LGBTQ Art in Southeast Asia, was held at the Bangkok Art and Culture Centre, Thailand in 2019. It would feature over 50 artists such as Dinh Q. Lê, Danh Võ, and Ren Hang, with new commissions from Samak Kosem and Sornrapat Patharakorn, Balbir Krishan, David Medalla, Arin Rungjang, Anne Samat, Jakkai Siributr and Chov Theanly, with a greater emphasis of artists from Southeast Asia.
Queer art and public space
Queer practices have a noted relationship to public space, from the wheatpasted activist posters of the 1980s and 1990s, to murals, public sculpture, memorials, and graffiti. From Jenny Holzer's Truism posters of the 1970s, to David Wojnarowicz's graffiti in the early 1980s, public space served as a politically significant venue for queer artists to display their work after years of suppression.
The NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt in 1992
A significant example is the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt conceived by activist Cleve Jones. A continually-growing piece of public art, it allows people to commemorate loved ones lost to the disease through quilt squares. It was first displayed in 1987 during the National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., covering an area larger than a football field. Presently, people continue to add panels honouring names of lost friends, and the project has grown into various incarnations around the world, also winning a Nobel Peace Prize nomination, and raising $3 million for AIDS service organisations.
Criticism
In attempting to conceive of queer art as a whole, one risks domesticating queer practices, smoothening over the radical nature and specificity of individual practices. Richard Meyer and Catherine Lord further argue that with the new-found acceptance of the term "queer", it runs the risk of being recuperated as "little more than a lifestyle brand or niche market", with what was once rooted in radical politics now mainstream, thus removing its transformative potential. One who takes the time to study queer culture and its effects on people today, can see that it simply not just a "lifestyle brand or niche market." It is part of an individuals identity and rather than niche, it is about community of others who share the same ideals and open sexuality as you.
Lastly, limiting queer art too closely within the contexts of US and UK events excludes the varied practices of LGBT+ individuals beyond those geographies, as well as various conceptions of queerness across cultures. However, it is more than that and queer culture is widespread outside the assumed demographic.
References
^ Cooper, Emmanuel (1996). "Queer Spectacle". In Horne, Peter; Lewis, Reina (eds.). Outlooks: Lesbian and Gay Sexualities and Visual Cultures. London: Routledge. pp. 13–28. ISBN 9780415124683.
^ "Queer Aesthetics". Tate. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
^ Lord, Catherine; Meyer, Richard (2013). Art and Queer Culture. London; New York: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0714849355.
^ a b c d e f Getsy, David J. (2016). Queer: Documents of Contemporary Art. London; Cambridge, MA: Whitechapel Gallery and The MIT Press. pp. 12–23. ISBN 978-0-85488-242-7.
^ a b Meyer, Richard (25 March 2019). "'Making art about queer sexuality is itself a kind of protest,' says Art & Queer Culture co-author Richard Meyer". Phaidon. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ Clare, Barlow (2017). "Queer British Art 1861-1967". Tate. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Ingram, Sarah (2018). "Queer Art". The Art Story. Archived from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
^ a b Pilcher, Alex (2017). A Queer Little History of Art. London: Tate. ISBN 978-1849765039.
^ Katz, Jonathan David (2010). "The Sexuality of Abstraction: Agnes Martin". In Lynne, Cooke; Kelly, Karen (eds.). Agnes Martin (Dia Foundation Series). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 135–159. ISBN 978-0300151053.
^ Meyer, Richard (February 2018). "Rauschenberg, with Affection". San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
^ "Germany's most famous gay rights activist: Rosa von Praunheim". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2018-06-14.
^ "Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S". University of Kentucky. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Nell Frizzell (June 28, 2013). "Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement". Pink News UK. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
^ "Stonewall riots". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
^ Alleyne, Allyssia (21 September 2018). "The unsung photographer who chronicled 1970s lesbian life". CNN Style. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
^ Link, Nathan (April 1988). "Concerns of Medical and Pediatric House Officers about Acquiring AIDS from their Patients". American Journal of Public Health: 445–459.
^ Emmerman, James (July 13, 2016). "After Orlando, the Iconic Silence = Death Image Is Back. Meet One of the Artists Who Created It". Slate.
^ Finkelstein, Avram (November 22, 2013). "Silence Equals Death Poster". New York Public Library.
^ "Fierce Pussy collection 1991-1994". New York Public Library. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
^ Haring, Keith, Götz Adriani, and Ralph Melcher. Keith Haring: Heaven and Hell. Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2001. Print.
^ "Bio (archived)". The Keith Haring Foundation. Archived from the original on September 9, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
^ Beyfus, Drusilla (26 Jun 2009). "Nan Goldin: unafraid of the dark". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
^ Bracewell, Michael (14 November 1999). "Landmarks in the Ascent of Nan". The Independent. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
^ Dolan Hubbard (2004), "Langston Hughes: A Bibliographic Essay", in S. Tracy (2004), A Historical Guild to Langston Hughes, pp. 216-217, Oxford University Press.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Burk, Tara (4 November 2015). "Queer Art: 1960s to the Present". Art History Teaching Resources. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
^ "Imperfect Moments: Mapplethorpe and Censorship Twenty Years Later" (PDF). Institute of Contemporary Art. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
^ Meyer, Richard. "Glenn Ligon", in George E. Haggerty and Bonnie Zimmerman (eds), Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
^ Vasiliki Neofotistos (2013). "Identity Politics". Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
^ a b c Fritsch, Lena (2015). "Fen Ma + Liuming's Lunch I". Tate. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
^ "Wu Tsang - MacArthur Foundation". www.macfound.org. Retrieved 2018-10-09.
^ a b "WILDNESS". Electronic Arts Intermix. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
^ a b "Becoming an Image". Cassils. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
^ "About". Cassils. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ "Spectrosynthesis - Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now". MoCA Taipei. 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
^ a b c Li, Alvin (15 December 2017). "Spectrosynthesis – Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now". Frieze. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
^ a b "SPECTROSYNTHESIS II – Exposure of Tolerance: LGBTQ in Southeast Asia". Bangkok Art and Culture Centre. 22 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
^ a b Rappolt, Mark (1 April 2020). "'Spectrosynthesis II – Exposure of Tolerance': LGBTQ in Southeast Asia at Bangkok Art and Culture Centre". ArtReview. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
Further reading
Lord, Catherine; Meyer, Richard (2013). Art and Queer Culture. New York: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0714849355.
Getsy, David J. (2016). Queer: Documents of Contemporary Art. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262528672.
Barlow, Clare (2017). Queer British Art: 1867-1967. London: Tate Publishing. ISBN 978-1849764520.
Lewis, Reina; Horne, Peter (1996). Outlooks: Lesbian and Gay Sexualities and Visual Cultures. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415124689.
External links
Queer Lives and Art by Tate (archived here)
Queer Art by Sarah Ingram at The Art Story (archived here)
Queer Art: 1960s to the Present by Tara Burk at Art History Teaching Resources (archived here) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"link_name":"contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"visual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_art"},{"link_name":"lesbian, gay, bisexual, 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singular \"queer art\", contemporary artists who identify their practices as queer often call upon \"utopian and dystopian alternatives to the ordinary, adopt outlaw stances, embrace criminality and opacity, and forge unprecedented kinships and relationships.\"[4] Queer art is also occasionally very much about sex and the embracing of unauthorised desires.[4]Queer art is highly site-specific, with queer art practices emerging very differently depending on context, the visibility of which possibly ranging from being advocated for, to conversely being met with backlash, censorship, or criminalisation.[5] With sex and gender operating differently in various national, religious, and ethnic contexts, queer art necessarily holds varied meanings.[5]While historically, the term 'queer' is a homophobic slur from the 1980s AIDS crisis in the United States, it has been since re-appropriated and embraced by queer activists and integrated into many English-speaking contexts, academic or otherwise.[4] International art practices by LGBT+ individuals are thus often placed under the umbrella term of 'queer art' within English-speaking contexts, even though they emerge outside the historical developments of the gender and identity politics of the United States in the 1980s.'Queer art' has also been used to retroactively refer to the historic work of LGBT+ artists who practiced at a time before present-day terminology of 'lesbian', 'gay', 'bisexual' and 'trans' were recognised, as seen deployed in the 2017 exhibition by Tate, Queer British Art 1861–1967.[6] The term \"queer\" is situated in the politics of non-normative, gay, lesbian and bisexual communities, though it is not equivalent to such categories, and remains a fluid identity.[4]Adhering to no particular style or medium, queer art practices may span performance art, video art, installation, drawing, painting, sculpture, photography, film, glass, and mixed media, among many others.[7]","title":"Queer art"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Beginnings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"speakeasies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakeasy"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Jonathan David Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_David_Katz"},{"link_name":"Agnes Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Martin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Flag_(Johns_painting).jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Robert Rauschenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg"},{"link_name":"combine paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_painting"},{"link_name":"Judy Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Garland"},{"link_name":"Ganymede myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jasper Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Johns"},{"link_name":"White Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Flag_(painting)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"closeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closeted"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Production Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Production_Code"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Rosa von Praunheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeutscheWelle-11"}],"sub_title":"Early queer-coded art","text":"In A Queer Little History of Art, art historian Alex Pilcher notes that across the history of art, biographical information about queer artists are often omitted, downplayed or else interpreted under the assumption of a heterosexual identity.[8] For instance, \"[t]he same-sex partner becomes the 'close friend.' The artistic comrade is made out as the heterosexual love interest\", with \"gay artists diagnosed as 'celibate,' 'asexual,' or 'sexually confused.'\"[8]During the interwar period, greater acceptance towards queer individuals could be seen in artistic urban centers such as Paris and Berlin.[7] In 1920s New York, speakeasies in Harlem and Greenwich Village welcomed gay and lesbian clients, and cafés and bars across Europe and Latin America, for instance, became host to artistic groups which allowed gay men to be integrated into the development of mainstream culture.[7] During this period, artists still developed visual codes to signify queerness covertly. Art historian Jonathan David Katz writes of Agnes Martin's abstract paintings as \"a form of queer self-realization\" which produces the tense, unreconciled equilibrium of her paintings such as in Night Sea (1963), speaking to her identity as a closeted lesbian.[9]Jasper Johns, White Flag, 1955, Encaustic, 198.9 cm × 306.7 cm (78.3 in × 120.7 in), In the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of ArtKatz has further interpreted the use of iconography in Robert Rauschenberg's combine paintings, such as a picture of Judy Garland in Bantam (1954) and references to the Ganymede myth in Canyon (1959), as allusions to the artist's identity as a gay man.[10] Noting Rauschenberg's relationship with Jasper Johns, art historian Andrew Graham-Dixon interprets Johns' monochrome encaustic White Flag (1955) in relation to the artist's experiences as a gay man in a repressive American society.[7] Graham-Dixon notes that \"if [Johns] admitted he was gay he could go to jail. With White Flag he was saying America 'was the land where [...] your voice cannot be heard. This is the America we live in; we live under a blanket. We have a cold war here. This is my America.'\"[7]In 1962, the US had begun to decriminalise sodomy, and by 1967 the new Sexual Offences Act in the United Kingdom meant that consensual sex between men was no longer illegal.[7] However, many queer individuals still faced pressure to remain closeted, worsened by the Hollywood Production Code which censored and banned depictions of \"sex perversion\" from films produced and distributed in the US up until 1968.[7]The director Rosa von Praunheim has made more than 100 films on queer topics since the late 1960s, some of which have been evaluated internationally. Some films are considered milestones in queer cinema. Von Praunheim is internationally recognized as an icon of queer cinema.[11]","title":"Beginnings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community"},{"link_name":"Stonewall riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Inn"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"police raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_raid"},{"link_name":"LGBT+ community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community"},{"link_name":"gay liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_liberation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Donna Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Diana Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Davies_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Stonewall riots (1969)","text":"A key turning point in attitudes towards the LGBT community would be marked by the Stonewall riots. At the early morning hours of June 28, 1969 in New York City, patrons of the gay tavern Stonewall Inn, other Greenwich Village lesbian and gay bars, and neighbourhood street people fought back when the police became violent during a police raid. This became a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the LGBT+ community, and the riots are widely considered to constitute one of the most important events leading to the gay liberation movement.[12][13][14]The first Pride Parade was held a year after the riots, with marches now held annually across the world. Queer activist art, through posters, signs, and placards, served as a significant manifestation of queer art from this time.[7] For example, photographer Donna Gottschalk would be photographed by photojournalist Diana Davies at the first pride parade in 1970 in New York City, with Gottschalk defiantly holding a sign that read \"I am your worst fear I am your best fantasy.\"[15]","title":"Beginnings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Formulation of 'queer' identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_pink_triangle_against_a_black_backdrop_with_the_words_%27Silence%3DDeath%27_representing_an_advertisement_for_The_Silence_%3D_Death_Project_used_by_permission_by_ACT-UP,_The_AIDS_Coalition_To_Unleash_Power._Wellcome_L0052822.jpg"},{"link_name":"Randy Shilts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Shilts"},{"link_name":"And the Band Played On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_On"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_Coalition_to_Unleash_Power"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Silence=Death Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_Girls"},{"link_name":"wheatpasted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatpaste"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Gran Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Fury"},{"link_name":"feminist art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art"},{"link_name":"fierce pussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierce_pussy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keith_Haring,_Ignorance_%3D_Fear.jpg"},{"link_name":"Whitney Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"Keith Haring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Haring"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haring,_Keith_2001-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haring_Bio-21"},{"link_name":"Nan Goldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_Goldin"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"The Ballad of Sexual Dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Sexual_Dependency"},{"link_name":"slide show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_show"},{"link_name":"artist's book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist%27s_book"},{"link_name":"Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davies-telegraph-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracewell-independent-23"},{"link_name":"Isaac Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Julien"},{"link_name":"Looking for Langston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_for_Langston"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"Harlem Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Robert Mapplethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Félix González-Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Torres"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"}],"sub_title":"AIDS epidemic (1980s to early 1990s)","text":"The Silence = Death Project, Silence = Death, 1987, Color lithograph.In 1980s, the HIV/AIDS outbreak ravaged both the gay and arts communities. In the context of the US, journalist Randy Shilts would argue in his book, And the Band Played On, that the Ronald Reagan administration put off handling the crisis due to homophobia, with the gay community being correspondingly distrustful of early reports and public health measures, resulting in the infection of hundreds of thousands more. In a survey conducted on doctors from mid to late 1980s, a large number indicated that they did not have an ethical obligation to treat or care for patients with HIV/AIDS.[16] Right-wing journalists and tabloid newspapers in the US and UK stoked anxieties about the transmission of HIV by stigmatizing gay men.[7] Activist groups were a significant source of advocacy for legislation and policy change, with, for instance, the formation of ACT-UP, the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power in 1987.Many artists at the time thus acted in their capacity as activists, demanding to be heard by the government and medical institutions alike.[7] The Silence=Death Project, a six-person collective, drew from influences such as feminist art activism group, Guerrilla Girls, to produce the iconic Silence = Death poster, which was wheatpasted across the city and used by ACT-UP as a central image in their activist campaign.[17][18] Collective Gran Fury, which was established in 1988 by several members of ACT-UP, served as the organization's unofficial agitprop creator, producing guerrilla public art that drew upon the visual iconography of commercial advertisements, as seen in Kissing Doesn't Kill: Greed and Indifference Do (1989). Lesbian feminist art activist collective fierce pussy would also be founded in 1991, committed to art action in association with ACT-UP.[19]Keith Haring, Ignorance = Fear / Silence = Death, 1989, Offset lithograph, 24 1/16 × 43 1/16in. (61.1 × 109.4 cm), Collection of the Whitney Museum of American ArtKeith Haring notably deployed his practice to generate activism and advocate for awareness about AIDS in the final years of his life, as seen with the poster Ignorance = Fear (1989), or the acrylic on canvas painting Silence = Death (1989), both of which invoke the iconic poster and motto.[20][21]Beyond the framework of activist art, photographer Nan Goldin would document this period of New York City in her seminal work, The Ballad of Sexual Dependency, which encompassed a 1985 slide show exhibition and a 1986 artist's book publication of photographs taken between 1979 and 1986, capturing post-Stonewall gay subculture of the time.[22][23] In 1989, British artist and filmmaker Isaac Julien would release his film work Looking for Langston, which celebrated black gay identity and desire through a nonlinear narrative that drew from 1920s Harlem Renaissance in New York as well as then-current contexts of the 1980s, with Robert Mapplethorpe's controversial photographs of black gay men shown in the film, for example.[24]Félix González-Torres would create works into the early 1990s that responded to the AIDS crisis that continued to ravage the gay community. González-Torres' Untitled (1991) featured six black-and-white photographs of the artist's empty double bed, enlarged and posted as billboards throughout Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens in the winter of 1991.[25] A highly personal point-of-view made public, it underscored the absence of a queer body, with the work on display after a time when González-Torres' lover, Ross Laycock, had died from AIDS-related complications in January 1991.[25]","title":"Formulation of 'queer' identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zines"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Robert Mapplethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe"},{"link_name":"Karen Finley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Finley"},{"link_name":"culture war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_war"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICA-26"},{"link_name":"The Perfect Moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Perfect_Moment"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glenn_Ligon_Notes_on_the_Margin_of_the_Black_Book.png"},{"link_name":"Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embrace_Lesbianism_-_public_art_text_by_artist_Martin_Firrell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glenn Ligon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Ligon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"Whitney Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Biennial"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OB-28"},{"link_name":"Gay Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Catherine Opie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Opie"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ma_Liuming,_Fen_Ma_%2B_Liuming%27s_Lunch_1994.png"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Ma Liuming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Liuming"},{"link_name":"Beijing East Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_East_Village"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-29"}],"sub_title":"Re-appropriation of 'queer' and identity politics","text":"Throughout the 1980s, the homophobic term of abuse, 'queer', began being widely used, appearing from sensationalised media reports to countercultural magazines, at bars and in zines, and showing up at alternative galleries and the occasional museum.[7] The concept was thus integrated into the academy, and re-appropriated as a form of pride by queer activists.[4]From the spring of 1989, a coalition of Christian groups and conservative elected officials waged a media war on government funding of \"obscene\" art, objecting that money from a National Endowment for the Arts grant went to queer artists such as Robert Mapplethorpe and Karen Finley, stoking a culture war.[26] Mapplethorpe's 1988 retrospective, The Perfect Moment, which exhibited the photographer's portraits, interracial figure studies, and flower arrangements, would be a catalyst for the debate. Known for his black-and-white celebrity portraits, self-portraits, portraits of people involved in BDSM, and homoerotic portraits of black nude men, the explicit sexual imagery of Mapplethorpe's work sparked a debate on what taxpayer's money should fund.[25] US law would prevent federal money from being used to \"promote, encourage or condone homosexual activities,\" which also led to AIDS programs being defunded.[7] From 1987, the central government in the UK would ban local councils from using public funds to \"promote homosexuality\".[7]Glenn Ligon, Notes on the Margin of the Black Book, 1991–93, 91 offset prints; 11.5 x 11.5 inches, 78 text pages; 5.25 x 7.25 inches, Collection of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.Digital billboard in Manchester UK displaying feminist/lesbian intersectional artwork by Martin FirrellAmerican conceptual artist Glenn Ligon provided an artistic response that critiqued both the conservative ideology that stoked the culture wars and Mapplethorpe's problematic imagery of queer black men.[27] Responding to Mapplethorpe's The Black Book (1988), a photographic series of homoerotic nude black men that failed to consider the subjects within broader histories of racialised violence and sexuality, Ligon created the work Notes on the Margin of the Black Book (1991-1993).[25] Shown at the 1993 Whitney Biennial, Ligon framed every page of Mapplethorpe's book in its original order, installing them in two rows on a wall, between them inserting around seventy framed texts relating to race from diverse sources, such as historians, philosophers, religious evangelists, activists, and curators.[25] By suggesting Mapplethorpe's work to be a projection of fears and desires upon the black male body, Ligon demonstrates the entanglement of sex, race, and desire, part of his larger practice of investigating the construction of black identity through words and images.[25]Identity politics would thus further develop in response to right-wing, conservative and religious groups' attempts to suppress queer voices in public. Within the framework of identity politics, identity functions \"as a tool to frame political claims, promote political ideologies, or stimulate and orient social and political action, usually in a larger context of inequality or injustice and with the aim of asserting group distinctiveness and belonging and gaining power and recognition.\"[28] Activist group the Gay Liberation Front would propose queer identity as a revolutionary form of social and sexual life that could disrupt traditional notions of sex and gender. More recently, however, critics have questioned the effectiveness of an identity politics consistently operates as a self-defined, oppositional \"other\".[7]Running parallel with queer art are the discourses of feminism, which had paved the way for sex-positive queer culture and attempts to dismantle oppressive patriarchal norms.[7] For instance, the work of Catherine Opie operates strongly within a feminist framework, further informed by her identity as a lesbian woman, though she has stated that queerness does not entirely define her practice or ideas.[25] Opie's photography series, Being and Having (1991), involved capturing her friends in close-up frontal portraits, with assertive gazes against yellow backgrounds.[25] These subjects were chosen from Opie's group of friends, all of whom did not abide neatly by traditional gender categories.[25] Details such as adhesive visibly used to attach fake facial hair on female bodied people foregrounded the performative nature of gender.[25]Still from video documentation of Ma Liuming, Fen Ma + Liuming's Lunch (1994), 11\" 14'During the 1990s in Beijing, Chinese artist Ma Liuming would be involved with the Beijing East Village art community, founded in 1993.[29] In 1994, he would stage the performance art piece Fen-Ma + Liuming's Lunch (1994). The performance featured the artist assuming the persona of a transgender woman named Fen-Ma Liuming, who would prepare and serve steamed fish for the audience while completely nude, eventually sitting down and attaching a large laundry tube to her penis, sucking and breathing on the other end of the tube.[29] Ma would be arrested for such performances, and in 1995, police forced the artists to move out of Beijing's East Village, with Ma beginning to work outside China.[29]","title":"Formulation of 'queer' identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intersectionality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersectionality"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"social and political identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_identity"},{"link_name":"gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_discrimination"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_discrimination"},{"link_name":"sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBT_people"},{"link_name":"ability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ableism"},{"link_name":"discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination"},{"link_name":"privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_privilege"},{"link_name":"Wu Tsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Tsang"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-30"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-31"},{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-31"},{"link_name":"Cassils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassils_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"gender non-conforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_non-conforming"},{"link_name":"transmasculine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmasculine"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cassils-about-33"},{"link_name":"Juliana Huxtable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_Huxtable"},{"link_name":"House of Ladosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ladosha"},{"link_name":"New Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Museum"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"Zanele Muholi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanele_Muholi"},{"link_name":"Kehinde Wiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehinde_Wiley"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"}],"text":"Since the 2000s, queer practices continue to develop and be documented internationally, with a sustained emphasis on intersectionality,[25] where one's social and political identities such as gender, race, class, sexuality, ability, among others, might come together to create unique modes of discrimination and privilege.Notable examples include New York and Berlin-based artist, filmmaker, and performer Wu Tsang, who re-imagines racialised, gendered representations, with her practice concerned with hidden histories, marginalised narratives, and the act of performing itself.[30] Her video work, WILDNESS (2012) constructs a portrait of a Latino Los Angeles LGBT bar, the Silver Platter, integrating elements of fiction and documentary to portray Tsang's complex relationship with the bar.[31] It further explores the impact of gentrification and a changing city on the bar's patrons, who are predominantly working class, Hispanic, and immigrant.[31]Canadian performance artist Cassils is known for their 2012 body of work, Becoming An Image, which involves a performance where they direct a series of blows, kicks, and attacks to a 2000-pound clay block in total darkness, while the act is illuminated only by the flashes from a photographer.[32] The final photographs depict Cassils in an almost primal state, sweating, grimacing, and flying through the air as they pummel clay blocks, placing an emphasis on the physicality of their gender non-conforming and transmasculine body.[32][33] Another example includes New York-based artist, writer, performer, and DJ Juliana Huxtable, part of the queer arts collective, House of Ladosha, the artist exhibited her photographs with her poetry at the New Museum Triennial, with works such as Untitled in the Rage (Nibiru Cataclysm) from her Universal Crop Tops for All the Self Canonized Saints of Becoming series.[25] In it, Huxtable inhabits a futuristic world wherein she is able to reimagine herself apart from the trauma of her childhood, where she was assigned the male gender while being raised in a conservative Baptist home in Texas.[25]Furthermore, while queer artists such as Zanele Muholi and Kehinde Wiley have had mid-career survey exhibitions at major museums, an artist's identity, gender and race are more commonly discussed than sexuality.[25] Wiley's sexuality, for instance, was not highlighted in his Brooklyn Museum retrospective.[25]","title":"The 21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"legalising same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-35"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-35"},{"link_name":"Shiy De-jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiy_De-jinn"},{"link_name":"Martin Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wong"},{"link_name":"Tseng Kwong Chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseng_Kwong_Chi"},{"link_name":"Ku Fu-sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Fu-sheng"},{"link_name":"Samson Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_Young"},{"link_name":"Wu Tsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Tsang"},{"link_name":"Ming Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Wong"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-35"},{"link_name":"Bangkok Art and Culture Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Art_and_Culture_Centre"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-37"},{"link_name":"Dinh Q. Lê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinh_Q._L%C3%AA"},{"link_name":"Danh Võ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_V%C3%B5"},{"link_name":"Ren Hang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Hang_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"David Medalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Medalla"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-37"}],"sub_title":"Spectrosynthesis – Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now","text":"In 2017, a travelling show on Asian LGBTQ art, Spectrosynthesis – Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now, debuted at the Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei, Taiwan.[34] Coming shortly after the Taiwanese High Court's decision towards legalising same-sex marriage in May 2017, this would be one of the earliest art exhibitions to specifically focus on LGBTQ issues in a government-run institution in Asia.[35] The show exhibited 22 artists from Taiwan, China, Hong Kong and Singapore with a total of 51 artworks.[35] It would feature art-historical works by Shiy De-jinn, Martin Wong, Tseng Kwong Chi, and Ku Fu-sheng alongside a collection of newer works mostly created after 2010 by artists such as Samson Young, Wu Tsang, and Ming Wong.[35]The second iteration of the show, Spectrosynthesis II – Exposing Tolerance: LGBTQ Art in Southeast Asia, was held at the Bangkok Art and Culture Centre, Thailand in 2019.[36][37] It would feature over 50 artists such as Dinh Q. Lê, Danh Võ, and Ren Hang, with new commissions from Samak Kosem and Sornrapat Patharakorn, Balbir Krishan, David Medalla, Arin Rungjang, Anne Samat, Jakkai Siributr and Chov Theanly, with a greater emphasis of artists from Southeast Asia.[36][37]","title":"The 21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murals"},{"link_name":"public sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art"},{"link_name":"memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial"},{"link_name":"graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti"},{"link_name":"Jenny Holzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Holzer"},{"link_name":"David Wojnarowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wojnarowicz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aids_Quilt.jpg"},{"link_name":"NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt"},{"link_name":"Cleve Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_Jones"},{"link_name":"National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_March_on_Washington_for_Lesbian_and_Gay_Rights"},{"link_name":"National Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mall"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"}],"text":"Queer practices have a noted relationship to public space, from the wheatpasted activist posters of the 1980s and 1990s, to murals, public sculpture, memorials, and graffiti. From Jenny Holzer's Truism posters of the 1970s, to David Wojnarowicz's graffiti in the early 1980s, public space served as a politically significant venue for queer artists to display their work after years of suppression.[7]The NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt in 1992A significant example is the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt conceived by activist Cleve Jones. A continually-growing piece of public art, it allows people to commemorate loved ones lost to the disease through quilt squares. It was first displayed in 1987 during the National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., covering an area larger than a football field.[7] Presently, people continue to add panels honouring names of lost friends, and the project has grown into various incarnations around the world, also winning a Nobel Peace Prize nomination, and raising $3 million for AIDS service organisations.[7]","title":"Queer art and public space"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Meyer_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Catherine Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Lord"},{"link_name":"lifestyle brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_brand"},{"link_name":"niche market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_market"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"community of others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usatoday.com/story/life/2023/06/14/lgbtq-community-spaces-prioritize-queerness-intersectionality/11686796002/"},{"link_name":"demographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/"}],"text":"In attempting to conceive of queer art as a whole, one risks domesticating queer practices, smoothening over the radical nature and specificity of individual practices.[4] Richard Meyer and Catherine Lord further argue that with the new-found acceptance of the term \"queer\", it runs the risk of being recuperated as \"little more than a lifestyle brand or niche market\", with what was once rooted in radical politics now mainstream, thus removing its transformative potential.[7] One who takes the time to study queer culture and its effects on people today, can see that it simply not just a \"lifestyle brand or niche market.\" It is part of an individuals identity and rather than niche, it is about community of others who share the same ideals and open sexuality as you.Lastly, limiting queer art too closely within the contexts of US and UK events excludes the varied practices of LGBT+ individuals beyond those geographies, as well as various conceptions of queerness across cultures. However, it is more than that and queer culture is widespread outside the assumed demographic.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0714849355","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714849355"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780262528672","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262528672"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1849764520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849764520"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0415124689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415124689"}],"text":"Lord, Catherine; Meyer, Richard (2013). Art and Queer Culture. New York: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0714849355.\nGetsy, David J. (2016). Queer: Documents of Contemporary Art. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262528672.\nBarlow, Clare (2017). Queer British Art: 1867-1967. London: Tate Publishing. ISBN 978-1849764520.\nLewis, Reina; Horne, Peter (1996). Outlooks: Lesbian and Gay Sexualities and Visual Cultures. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415124689.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Jasper Johns, White Flag, 1955, Encaustic, 198.9 cm × 306.7 cm (78.3 in × 120.7 in), In the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/White_Flag_%28Johns_painting%29.jpg/220px-White_Flag_%28Johns_painting%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Silence = Death Project, Silence = Death, 1987, Color lithograph.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_pink_triangle_against_a_black_backdrop_with_the_words_%27Silence%3DDeath%27_representing_an_advertisement_for_The_Silence_%3D_Death_Project_used_by_permission_by_ACT-UP%2C_The_AIDS_Coalition_To_Unleash_Power._Wellcome_L0052822.jpg/150px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Keith Haring, Ignorance = Fear / Silence = Death, 1989, Offset lithograph, 24 1/16 × 43 1/16in. (61.1 × 109.4 cm), Collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/30/Keith_Haring%2C_Ignorance_%3D_Fear.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glenn Ligon, Notes on the Margin of the Black Book, 1991–93, 91 offset prints; 11.5 x 11.5 inches, 78 text pages; 5.25 x 7.25 inches, Collection of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/Glenn_Ligon_Notes_on_the_Margin_of_the_Black_Book.png/190px-Glenn_Ligon_Notes_on_the_Margin_of_the_Black_Book.png"},{"image_text":"Digital billboard in Manchester UK displaying feminist/lesbian intersectional artwork by Martin Firrell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Embrace_Lesbianism_-_public_art_text_by_artist_Martin_Firrell.jpg/220px-Embrace_Lesbianism_-_public_art_text_by_artist_Martin_Firrell.jpg"},{"image_text":"Still from video documentation of Ma Liuming, Fen Ma + Liuming's Lunch (1994), 11\" 14'","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Ma_Liuming%2C_Fen_Ma_%2B_Liuming%27s_Lunch_1994.png/189px-Ma_Liuming%2C_Fen_Ma_%2B_Liuming%27s_Lunch_1994.png"},{"image_text":"The NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt in 1992","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aids_Quilt.jpg/195px-Aids_Quilt.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Cooper, Emmanuel (1996). \"Queer Spectacle\". In Horne, Peter; Lewis, Reina (eds.). Outlooks: Lesbian and Gay Sexualities and Visual Cultures. London: Routledge. pp. 13–28. ISBN 9780415124683.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415124683","url_text":"9780415124683"}]},{"reference":"\"Queer Aesthetics\". Tate. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/q/queer-aesthetics","url_text":"\"Queer Aesthetics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180225125002/http://www.tate.org.uk:80/learn/online-resources/glossary/q/queer-aesthetics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lord, Catherine; Meyer, Richard (2013). Art and Queer Culture. London; New York: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0714849355.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714849355","url_text":"978-0714849355"}]},{"reference":"Getsy, David J. (2016). Queer: Documents of Contemporary Art. London; Cambridge, MA: Whitechapel Gallery and The MIT Press. pp. 12–23. ISBN 978-0-85488-242-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85488-242-7","url_text":"978-0-85488-242-7"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Richard (25 March 2019). \"'Making art about queer sexuality is itself a kind of protest,' says Art & Queer Culture co-author Richard Meyer\". Phaidon. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2019/march/25/making-art-about-queer-sexuality-is-itself-a-kind-of-protest-says-art-and-queer-culture-co-author-richard-meyer/","url_text":"\"'Making art about queer sexuality is itself a kind of protest,' says Art & Queer Culture co-author Richard Meyer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200713041438/https://www.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2019/march/25/making-art-about-queer-sexuality-is-itself-a-kind-of-protest-says-art-and-queer-culture-co-author-richard-meyer/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clare, Barlow (2017). \"Queer British Art 1861-1967\". Tate. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/queer-british-art-1861-1967","url_text":"\"Queer British Art 1861-1967\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706053444/https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/queer-british-art-1861-1967","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ingram, Sarah (2018). \"Queer Art\". The Art Story. Archived from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theartstory.org/movement/queer-art/history-and-concepts/","url_text":"\"Queer Art\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200710133026/https://www.theartstory.org/movement/queer-art/history-and-concepts/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pilcher, Alex (2017). A Queer Little History of Art. London: Tate. ISBN 978-1849765039.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849765039","url_text":"978-1849765039"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Jonathan David (2010). \"The Sexuality of Abstraction: Agnes Martin\". In Lynne, Cooke; Kelly, Karen (eds.). Agnes Martin (Dia Foundation Series). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 135–159. ISBN 978-0300151053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300151053","url_text":"978-0300151053"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Richard (February 2018). \"Rauschenberg, with Affection\". San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfmoma.org/essay/rauschenberg-affection/","url_text":"\"Rauschenberg, with Affection\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200711130005/https://www.sfmoma.org/essay/rauschenberg-affection/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Germany's most famous gay rights activist: Rosa von Praunheim\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2018-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dw.com/en/germanys-most-famous-gay-rights-activist-filmmaker-rosa-von-praunheim-at-75/a-41514818","url_text":"\"Germany's most famous gay rights activist: Rosa von Praunheim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"}]},{"reference":"\"Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S\". University of Kentucky. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm","url_text":"\"Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S\""}]},{"reference":"Nell Frizzell (June 28, 2013). \"Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement\". Pink News UK. Retrieved August 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/06/28/feature-how-the-stonewall-riots-started-the-gay-rights-movement/","url_text":"\"Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stonewall riots\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots","url_text":"\"Stonewall riots\""}]},{"reference":"Alleyne, Allyssia (21 September 2018). \"The unsung photographer who chronicled 1970s lesbian life\". CNN Style. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/donna-gottschalk-lesbian-photography-leslie-lohman-museum/index.html","url_text":"\"The unsung photographer who chronicled 1970s lesbian life\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200711153215/https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/donna-gottschalk-lesbian-photography-leslie-lohman-museum/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Link, Nathan (April 1988). \"Concerns of Medical and Pediatric House Officers about Acquiring AIDS from their Patients\". American Journal of Public Health: 445–459.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Emmerman, James (July 13, 2016). \"After Orlando, the Iconic Silence = Death Image Is Back. Meet One of the Artists Who Created It\". Slate.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2016/07/13/silence_death_artist_avram_finkelstein_on_history_of_queer_art_and_activism.html","url_text":"\"After Orlando, the Iconic Silence = Death Image Is Back. Meet One of the Artists Who Created It\""}]},{"reference":"Finkelstein, Avram (November 22, 2013). \"Silence Equals Death Poster\". New York Public Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/11/22/silence-equals-death-poster","url_text":"\"Silence Equals Death Poster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fierce Pussy collection 1991-1994\". New York Public Library. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.nypl.org/mss/995","url_text":"\"Fierce Pussy collection 1991-1994\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200711175812/http://archives.nypl.org/mss/995","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bio (archived)\". The Keith Haring Foundation. Archived from the original on September 9, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130909234427/http://www.haring.com/%21/about-haring/bio","url_text":"\"Bio (archived)\""},{"url":"http://www.haring.com/!/about-haring/bio","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beyfus, Drusilla (26 Jun 2009). \"Nan Goldin: unafraid of the dark\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/photography/5648658/Nan-Goldin-unafraid-of-the-dark.html","url_text":"\"Nan Goldin: unafraid of the dark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Bracewell, Michael (14 November 1999). \"Landmarks in the Ascent of Nan\". The Independent. Retrieved 27 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/landmarks-in-the-ascent-of-nan-1125943.html","url_text":"\"Landmarks in the Ascent of Nan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Burk, Tara (4 November 2015). \"Queer Art: 1960s to the Present\". Art History Teaching Resources. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/queer-art-1960s-to-the-present/","url_text":"\"Queer Art: 1960s to the Present\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190827163338/http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/queer-art-1960s-to-the-present/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Imperfect Moments: Mapplethorpe and Censorship Twenty Years Later\" (PDF). Institute of Contemporary Art. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221853/http://icaphila.org/news/pdf/mapplethorpe_pr.pdf","url_text":"\"Imperfect Moments: Mapplethorpe and Censorship Twenty Years Later\""},{"url":"http://www.icaphila.org/news/pdf/mapplethorpe_pr.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vasiliki Neofotistos (2013). \"Identity Politics\". Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0106.xml","url_text":"\"Identity Politics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181027214156/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0106.xml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fritsch, Lena (2015). \"Fen Ma + Liuming's Lunch I\". Tate. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/liuming-fen-ma-liumings-lunch-i-p81263","url_text":"\"Fen Ma + Liuming's Lunch I\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200712032743/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/liuming-fen-ma-liumings-lunch-i-p81263","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wu Tsang - MacArthur Foundation\". www.macfound.org. Retrieved 2018-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1025/","url_text":"\"Wu Tsang - MacArthur Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"WILDNESS\". Electronic Arts Intermix. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eai.org/titles/wildness","url_text":"\"WILDNESS\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200712065242/https://www.eai.org/titles/wildness","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Becoming an Image\". Cassils. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://new.cassils.net/portfolio/becoming-an-image/","url_text":"\"Becoming an Image\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200712072422/http://new.cassils.net/portfolio/becoming-an-image/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Cassils. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171109212841/http://cassils.net/about-2/","url_text":"\"About\""},{"url":"http://cassils.net/about-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spectrosynthesis - Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now\". MoCA Taipei. 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mocataipei.org.tw/en/ExhibitionAndEvent/Info/Spectrosynthesis*-*Asian*LGBTQ*Issues*and*Art*Now","url_text":"\"Spectrosynthesis - Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Alvin (15 December 2017). \"Spectrosynthesis – Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now\". Frieze. Retrieved 17 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frieze.com/article/spectrosynthesis-asian-lgbtq-issues-and-art-now","url_text":"\"Spectrosynthesis – Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now\""}]},{"reference":"\"SPECTROSYNTHESIS II – Exposure of Tolerance: LGBTQ in Southeast Asia\". Bangkok Art and Culture Centre. 22 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.bacc.or.th/event/2452.html","url_text":"\"SPECTROSYNTHESIS II – Exposure of Tolerance: LGBTQ in Southeast Asia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220717155644/https://en.bacc.or.th/event/2452.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rappolt, Mark (1 April 2020). \"'Spectrosynthesis II – Exposure of Tolerance': LGBTQ in Southeast Asia at Bangkok Art and Culture Centre\". ArtReview. Retrieved 17 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://artreview.com/spectrosynthesis-ii-exposure-of-tolerance-lgbtq-in-southeast-asia-at-bangkok-art-and-culture-centre/","url_text":"\"'Spectrosynthesis II – Exposure of Tolerance': LGBTQ in Southeast Asia at Bangkok Art and Culture Centre\""}]},{"reference":"Lord, Catherine; Meyer, Richard (2013). Art and Queer Culture. New York: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0714849355.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714849355","url_text":"978-0714849355"}]},{"reference":"Getsy, David J. (2016). Queer: Documents of Contemporary Art. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262528672.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262528672","url_text":"9780262528672"}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Clare (2017). Queer British Art: 1867-1967. London: Tate Publishing. ISBN 978-1849764520.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849764520","url_text":"978-1849764520"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Reina; Horne, Peter (1996). Outlooks: Lesbian and Gay Sexualities and Visual Cultures. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415124689.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415124689","url_text":"0415124689"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queer_art&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2023/06/14/lgbtq-community-spaces-prioritize-queerness-intersectionality/11686796002/","external_links_name":"community of others"},{"Link":"https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/","external_links_name":"demographic"},{"Link":"http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/q/queer-aesthetics","external_links_name":"\"Queer Aesthetics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180225125002/http://www.tate.org.uk:80/learn/online-resources/glossary/q/queer-aesthetics","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://uk.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2019/march/25/making-art-about-queer-sexuality-is-itself-a-kind-of-protest-says-art-and-queer-culture-co-author-richard-meyer/","external_links_name":"\"'Making art about queer sexuality is itself a kind of protest,' says Art & Queer Culture co-author Richard Meyer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200713041438/https://www.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2019/march/25/making-art-about-queer-sexuality-is-itself-a-kind-of-protest-says-art-and-queer-culture-co-author-richard-meyer/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/queer-british-art-1861-1967","external_links_name":"\"Queer British Art 1861-1967\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706053444/https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/queer-british-art-1861-1967","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theartstory.org/movement/queer-art/history-and-concepts/","external_links_name":"\"Queer Art\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200710133026/https://www.theartstory.org/movement/queer-art/history-and-concepts/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sfmoma.org/essay/rauschenberg-affection/","external_links_name":"\"Rauschenberg, with Affection\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200711130005/https://www.sfmoma.org/essay/rauschenberg-affection/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dw.com/en/germanys-most-famous-gay-rights-activist-filmmaker-rosa-von-praunheim-at-75/a-41514818","external_links_name":"\"Germany's most famous gay rights activist: Rosa von Praunheim\""},{"Link":"http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm","external_links_name":"\"Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S\""},{"Link":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/06/28/feature-how-the-stonewall-riots-started-the-gay-rights-movement/","external_links_name":"\"Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots","external_links_name":"\"Stonewall riots\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/donna-gottschalk-lesbian-photography-leslie-lohman-museum/index.html","external_links_name":"\"The unsung photographer who chronicled 1970s lesbian life\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200711153215/https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/donna-gottschalk-lesbian-photography-leslie-lohman-museum/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2016/07/13/silence_death_artist_avram_finkelstein_on_history_of_queer_art_and_activism.html","external_links_name":"\"After Orlando, the Iconic Silence = Death Image Is Back. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Days_of_One_Year | Nine Days in One Year | ["1 Plot summary","2 Production","3 Reception","4 Cast","5 References","6 External links"] | 1962 filmNine Days in One YearDirected byMikhail RommWritten byDaniil KhrabrovitskyMikhail RommProduced byGoskinoStarringAleksey BatalovInnokenty SmoktunovskyYevgeniy YevstigneyevNarrated byZinovi GerdtCinematographyGerman Lavrov Edited byYeva LadyzhenskayaMusic byDzhon Ter-TatevosyanDistributed byMosfilmArtkino Pictures(1964, USA, subtitled)RUSCICO(2004, worldwide, DVD)Release date
5 March 1962 (1962-03-05)
Running time111 min.CountrySoviet UnionLanguageRussian
Nine Days in One Year (Russian: Девять дней одного года) is a 1962 Soviet black-and-white drama film directed by Mikhail Romm about nuclear particle physics, physicists and their relationships. The film is based on true events. It is one of the most important Soviet films of the 1960s. It won the Crystal Globe Award in 1962.
Plot summary
Two young physicists and old friends — the possessed experimental physicist Dmitri Gusev and the skeptical theoretical physicist Ilya Kulikov — conduct nuclear studies at a research institute in Siberia. Dmitri leads the research started by his teacher Sintsov, who has received a deadly dose of radiation as a result of an experiment. Dmitri has also been irradiated. Doctors warn him that further irradiation might kill him as well. Meanwhile, his friend Ilya and Lyolya, a love interest of Dmitri, have developed a romantic relationship. The enamoured couple is getting prepared for the wedding and looking for an opportunity to inform Dmitri. When they finally meet, Dmitri already suspects Lyolya and Ilya and treats them coldly. Caught up in self-contradictions, Lyolya tries to understand Dmitri's true feelings for her, only to learn the terrible diagnosis. Realizing that she still loves Dmitri, Lyolya cancels the wedding to Ilya in order to marry Dmitri.
Despite the health warnings, Dmitri continues with his experiments in fusion power. After a number of failures, he turns to Ilya for help. Whilst carrying out of the experiment successfully, Dmitri receives a new radiation dose. He tries to hide this fact from everyone, including his wife Lyolya who is misinterpreting his sudden isolation, though the truth eventually rises to the surface. The research work has been continued by Ilya. Dmitri's health is getting worse, but he decides to fight his illness to the end and agrees to undergo bone marrow transplantation.
Production
The film's working title was 365 Days. Mikhail Romm assembled a team of people with whom he had never previously worked before.
Popular actors Yury Yakovlev and Alexey Batalov were hired for the main roles. Before the filming started, Yakovlev was hospitalized and had to be replaced with Innokenty Smoktunovsky. For the main female part a young and little-known actress Tatyana Lavrova of the Sovremennik Theatre was invited. The role of Lyolya was Tatiana’s best known role in her film career, later she mainly devoted herself to the theater.
I had great interest in working on my portrayal of Dmitry Gusev. The life of this atomic scientist is filled with a persistent, meaningful and moreover with quite an inconspicuous feat. The role of Gusev especially appeals to me the fact that he is a modern man, deeply intelligent, we can say – a man of the new Soviet formation.— Alexei Batalov
The screenplay was written by Romm jointly with Khrabrovitsky. The cinematographer of the film was a newcomer German Lavrov. In many respects, the picture became a new word in the Soviet cinema. Experts have noted an unusual interpretation of the theme song and sound engineering - in fact there is almost no music, there is only a certain sound accompaniment of the technological sense. The sets of the film were also innovative.
The filming took 6 months. The premiere was on 5 March 1962 at the Rossiya Theatre in Moscow.
7 actors participated in the film who were later awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR: Batalov (1976), Smoktunovsky (1974), Plotnikov (1966), Blinnikov (1963), Gerdt (1990), Evstigneev (1983), Durov (1990). The director Mikhail Romm became the People's Artist of the USSR in 1950.
Alexey Batalov witnessed that numerous dark parts which were conceived by the authors were removed from the film per censorship requirements. As a result, an episode was removed where Gusev visits his mother's grave, a possible indication that in the finale the disease leads to Gusev becoming blind.
Reception
Hoberman, J. (2000-11-12). "FILM; From a Soviet Era That Dared to Defy The Ruling Dogma". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
Cast
Aleksey Batalov as Dmitri Gusev, nuclear physicist
Innokenty Smoktunovsky as Ilya Kulikov, nuclear physicist
Tatyana Lavrova as Lyolya
Nikolai Plotnikov as professor Sintsov
Sergei Blinnikov as Paul D. Butov, director of the Institute
Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev as Nikolai Ivanovich, physicist
Mikhail Kozakov as Valery Ivanovich, physicist
Valentin Nikulin as young physicist
Pavel Shpringfeld as physicist
Aleksandr Pelevin as physicist
Yevgeni Teterin as professor Pokrovsky, surgeon
Nikolai Sergeyev as Gusev's Father
Ada Vojtsik as Maria Tikhonovna, Sintsov's wife
Valentina Belyayeva as doctor
Igor Yasulovich as Fedorov, physicist
Lyusyena Ovchinnikova as Nura, Gusev's younger sister
Off-screen voice by Zinovi Gerdt, narrator
References
^ a b Zorky, Andrei (5 April 1962). "Девять дней одного года". Birobidzhanskaya Pravda (in Russian). LevDurov.Ru - Lev Durov's official website. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
^ "Biography of Innokenty Smoktunovsky, Part 2". Rusactors.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 25 November 2016.
^ Igor BIN. "Biography of Tatyana Lavrova". Rusactors.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 25 November 2016.
^ a b A. Repina-Pastukhova (March 1962). "Девять дней одного года". Novye Filmy (in Russian). LevDurov.Ru - Lev Durov's official website. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
^ "Физик должен паять лучше лудильщика". Kino-teatr.ru (in Russian). From the book of Maya Turovskaya (2006). "Chapter: Mikhail Romm, or Twenty-Five Years Later...". Common Fascism. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
External links
Nine Days in One Year at AllMovie
Nine Days in One Year at IMDb
Nine Days in One Year at Turner Classic Movies
vteFilms by Mikhail Romm
Boule de Suif (1934)
The Thirteen (1936)
Lenin in October (1937)
Lenin in 1918 (1939)
Dream (1941)
Girl No. 217 (1945)
The Russian Question (1947)
Secret Mission (1950)
Attack from the Sea (1953)
Admiral Ushakov (1953)
Murder on Dante Street (1956)
Nine Days in One Year (1962)
Triumph Over Violence (1965)
vteCrystal Globe winners
The Last Stage (1948)
The Battle of Stalingrad (1949)
The Fall of Berlin (1950)
Dream of a Cossack (1951)
The Unforgettable Year 1919 (1952)
True Friends – Salt of the Earth (1954)
If All the Guys in the World (1956)
Jagte Raho (1957)
Stepbrothers – And Quiet Flows the Don (1958)
Seryozha (1960)
Nine Days in One Year (1962)
Accused (1964)
No award (1966)
Capricious Summer (1968)
Kes (1970)
Taming of the Fire (1972)
A Lover's Romance (1974)
La Cantata de Chile (1976)
White Bim Black Ear – Shadows of a Hot Summer (1978)
The Fiancee (1980)
Mexico in Flames (1982)
Leo Tolstoy (1984)
A Street to Die (1986)
Hibiscus Town (1988)
No award (1990)
Krapatchouk (1992)
My Soul Brother (1994)
The Ride (1995)
Prisoner of the Mountains (1996)
Ma vie en rose (1997)
Streetheart (1998)
Yana's Friends (1999)
Me You Them (2000)
Amélie (2001)
Year of the Devil (2002)
Facing Windows (2003)
A Children's Story (2004)
My Nikifor (2005)
Sherrybaby (2006)
Jar City (2007)
Terribly Happy (2008)
Angel at Sea (2009)
The Mosquito Net (2010)
Restoration (2011)
The Almost Man (2012)
The Notebook (2013)
Corn Island (2014)
Bob and the Trees (2015)
It's Not the Time of My Life (2016)
Little Crusader (2017)
I Do Not Care If We Go Down in History as Barbarians (2018)
The Father (2019)
As Far as I Can Walk (2021)
Summer with Hope (2022)
Blaga's Lessons (2023) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"black-and-white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Romm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Romm"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Crystal Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Globe_(Karlovy_Vary_International_Film_Festival)"}],"text":"Nine Days in One Year (Russian: Девять дней одного года) is a 1962 Soviet black-and-white drama film directed by Mikhail Romm about nuclear particle physics, physicists and their relationships. The film is based on true events.[citation needed] It is one of the most important Soviet films of the 1960s. It won the Crystal Globe Award in 1962.","title":"Nine Days in One Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"dose of radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_poisoning"},{"link_name":"fusion power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_power"},{"link_name":"bone marrow transplantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation"}],"text":"Two young physicists and old friends — the possessed experimental physicist Dmitri Gusev and the skeptical theoretical physicist Ilya Kulikov — conduct nuclear studies at a research institute in Siberia. Dmitri leads the research started by his teacher Sintsov, who has received a deadly dose of radiation as a result of an experiment. Dmitri has also been irradiated. Doctors warn him that further irradiation might kill him as well. Meanwhile, his friend Ilya and Lyolya, a love interest of Dmitri, have developed a romantic relationship. The enamoured couple is getting prepared for the wedding and looking for an opportunity to inform Dmitri. When they finally meet, Dmitri already suspects Lyolya and Ilya and treats them coldly. Caught up in self-contradictions, Lyolya tries to understand Dmitri's true feelings for her, only to learn the terrible diagnosis. Realizing that she still loves Dmitri, Lyolya cancels the wedding to Ilya in order to marry Dmitri.Despite the health warnings, Dmitri continues with his experiments in fusion power. After a number of failures, he turns to Ilya for help. Whilst carrying out of the experiment successfully, Dmitri receives a new radiation dose. He tries to hide this fact from everyone, including his wife Lyolya who is misinterpreting his sudden isolation, though the truth eventually rises to the surface. The research work has been continued by Ilya. Dmitri's health is getting worse, but he decides to fight his illness to the end and agrees to undergo bone marrow transplantation.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durov2-1"},{"link_name":"Yury Yakovlev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Yakovlev"},{"link_name":"Alexey Batalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Batalov"},{"link_name":"Innokenty Smoktunovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innokenty_Smoktunovsky"},{"link_name":"Sovremennik Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovremennik_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smoktun1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavrova1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durov1-4"},{"link_name":"Khrabrovitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniil_Khrabrovitsky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durov1-4"},{"link_name":"Rossiya Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durov2-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turovsk1-5"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_USSR"}],"text":"The film's working title was 365 Days. Mikhail Romm assembled a team of people with whom he had never previously worked before.[1]Popular actors Yury Yakovlev and Alexey Batalov were hired for the main roles. Before the filming started, Yakovlev was hospitalized and had to be replaced with Innokenty Smoktunovsky. For the main female part a young and little-known actress Tatyana Lavrova of the Sovremennik Theatre was invited. The role of Lyolya was Tatiana’s best known role in her film career, later she mainly devoted herself to the theater.[2][3]I had great interest in working on my portrayal of Dmitry Gusev. The life of this atomic scientist is filled with a persistent, meaningful and moreover with quite an inconspicuous feat. The role of Gusev especially appeals to me the fact that he is a modern man, deeply intelligent, we can say – a man of the new Soviet formation.— Alexei Batalov[4]The screenplay was written by Romm jointly with Khrabrovitsky. The cinematographer of the film was a newcomer German Lavrov. In many respects, the picture became a new word in the Soviet cinema. Experts have noted an unusual interpretation of the theme song and sound engineering - in fact there is almost no music, there is only a certain sound accompaniment of the technological sense. The sets of the film were also innovative.[4]The filming took 6 months. The premiere was on 5 March 1962 at the Rossiya Theatre in Moscow.[1][5]7 actors participated in the film who were later awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR: Batalov (1976), Smoktunovsky (1974), Plotnikov (1966), Blinnikov (1963), Gerdt (1990), Evstigneev (1983), Durov (1990). The director Mikhail Romm became the People's Artist of the USSR in 1950.Alexey Batalov witnessed that numerous dark parts which were conceived by the authors were removed from the film per censorship requirements. As a result, an episode was removed where Gusev visits his mother's grave, a possible indication that in the finale the disease leads to Gusev becoming blind.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"FILM; From a Soviet Era That Dared to Defy The Ruling Dogma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E4D81039F931A25752C1A9669C8B63"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"}],"text":"Hoberman, J. (2000-11-12). \"FILM; From a Soviet Era That Dared to Defy The Ruling Dogma\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-06.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleksey Batalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Batalov"},{"link_name":"Innokenty Smoktunovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innokenty_Smoktunovsky"},{"link_name":"Tatyana Lavrova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana_Lavrova"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Plotnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Plotnikov"},{"link_name":"Sergei Blinnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Blinnikov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeniy_Yevstigneyev"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Kozakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kozakov"},{"link_name":"Valentin Nikulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Nikulin"},{"link_name":"Pavel Shpringfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Shpringfeld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Pelevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Pelevin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yevgeni Teterin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yevgeni_Teterin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Sergeyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Sergeyev_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ada Vojtsik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Vojtsik"},{"link_name":"Valentina Belyayeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentina_Belyayeva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Igor Yasulovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Yasulovich"},{"link_name":"Lyusyena Ovchinnikova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyusyena_Ovchinnikova"},{"link_name":"Zinovi Gerdt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinovi_Gerdt"}],"text":"Aleksey Batalov as Dmitri Gusev, nuclear physicist\nInnokenty Smoktunovsky as Ilya Kulikov, nuclear physicist\nTatyana Lavrova as Lyolya\nNikolai Plotnikov as professor Sintsov\nSergei Blinnikov as Paul D. Butov, director of the Institute\nYevgeniy Yevstigneyev as Nikolai Ivanovich, physicist\nMikhail Kozakov as Valery Ivanovich, physicist\nValentin Nikulin as young physicist\nPavel Shpringfeld as physicist\nAleksandr Pelevin as physicist\nYevgeni Teterin as professor Pokrovsky, surgeon\nNikolai Sergeyev as Gusev's Father\nAda Vojtsik as Maria Tikhonovna, Sintsov's wife\nValentina Belyayeva as doctor\nIgor Yasulovich as Fedorov, physicist\nLyusyena Ovchinnikova as Nura, Gusev's younger sisterOff-screen voice by Zinovi Gerdt, narrator","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hoberman, J. (2000-11-12). \"FILM; From a Soviet Era That Dared to Defy The Ruling Dogma\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E4D81039F931A25752C1A9669C8B63","url_text":"\"FILM; From a Soviet Era That Dared to Defy The Ruling Dogma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Zorky, Andrei (5 April 1962). \"Девять дней одного года\". Birobidzhanskaya Pravda (in Russian). LevDurov.Ru - Lev Durov's official website. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.levdurov.ru/show_arhive.php?&id=1145","url_text":"\"Девять дней одного года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Innokenty Smoktunovsky, Part 2\". Rusactors.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rusactors.ru/s/smoktunovsky/index2.shtml","url_text":"\"Biography of Innokenty Smoktunovsky, Part 2\""}]},{"reference":"Igor BIN. \"Biography of Tatyana Lavrova\". Rusactors.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rusactors.ru/l/lavrova/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Biography of Tatyana Lavrova\""}]},{"reference":"A. Repina-Pastukhova (March 1962). \"Девять дней одного года\". Novye Filmy (in Russian). LevDurov.Ru - Lev Durov's official website. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.levdurov.ru/show_arhive.php?&id=1144","url_text":"\"Девять дней одного года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Физик должен паять лучше лудильщика\". Kino-teatr.ru (in Russian). From the book of Maya Turovskaya (2006). \"Chapter: Mikhail Romm, or Twenty-Five Years Later...\". Common Fascism. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/history/3-5/199/","url_text":"\"Физик должен паять лучше лудильщика\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E4D81039F931A25752C1A9669C8B63","external_links_name":"\"FILM; From a Soviet Era That Dared to Defy The Ruling Dogma\""},{"Link":"http://www.levdurov.ru/show_arhive.php?&id=1145","external_links_name":"\"Девять дней одного года\""},{"Link":"http://www.rusactors.ru/s/smoktunovsky/index2.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Biography of Innokenty Smoktunovsky, Part 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.rusactors.ru/l/lavrova/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Biography of Tatyana Lavrova\""},{"Link":"http://www.levdurov.ru/show_arhive.php?&id=1144","external_links_name":"\"Девять дней одного года\""},{"Link":"http://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/history/3-5/199/","external_links_name":"\"Физик должен паять лучше лудильщика\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v104058","external_links_name":"Nine Days in One Year"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054803/","external_links_name":"Nine Days in One Year"},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/576882/Nine-Days-of-One-Year/articles.html","external_links_name":"Nine Days in One Year"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Yin-Fei_Lo | Eileen Yin-Fei Lo | ["1 Early life and education","1.1 China","1.2 Hong Kong","2 Career","2.1 United States","3 Personal life and death","4 Published cookbooks","5 Awards","6 Honors","7 Organizations","8 Newspaper and magazine articles","9 Media appearances and cooking demonstrations","10 References"] | American chef (1937–2022)
Eileen Yin-Fei Lo (May 4, 1937 – November 13, 2022) was a chef. She authored eleven cookbooks on Chinese cuisine.
Early life and education
China
Lo was born in Shun Tak, a district of Guangdong, China. At the age of five, she began to cook which was encouraged by her parents, particularly her mother who believed that "children should know how to do everything", and a father who had traveled widely and was familiar with foreign cuisines. Early influences also included her grandmother who instilled in her the techniques and culture of cooking while she was still a child.
Hong Kong
In 1950, Lo fled the Chinese Revolution to live with relatives in Hong Kong. While there she learned English and further enhanced her knowledge of cooking by researching cuisines from all of the regions of China and taking lessons from an aunt who was herself a highly accomplished cook.
Career
United States
After moving to the United States, she was urged by friends to teach Chinese cookery which she began to do in the early 1970s. For many years she taught in her home, from beginners to master classes. In 1976, she was invited to join the cooking and nutrition staff of the China Institute in New York City and taught there for more than twenty years. She has also taught Chinese cookery at The New School University in New York City.
Personal life and death
In 1959, Lo married Fred Ferretti, an American journalist she met in Hong Kong while he was on assignment for the military newspaper, Stars and Stripes. She moved with him to the United States, initially living in Queens, New York.
Lo died on November 13, 2022, in Montclair, New Jersey. She was survived by her son, Stephen Ferretti.
Published cookbooks
Mastering the Art of Chinese Cooking
The Dim Sum Book: Classic Recipes from the Chinese Teahouse
The Chinese Banquet Cookbook
Eileen Yin-Fei Lo’s New Cantonese Cooking
From the Earth: Chinese Vegetarian Cooking
The Dim Sum Dumpling Book
The Chinese Way: Healthy Low-Fat Cooking from China’s Regions
The Chinese Kitchen
The Chinese Chicken Cookbook
My Grandmother’s Chinese Kitchen
China’s Food, with Lionel Tiger (A photographic study and survey of great Chinese regional cooking)
Awards
Mastering The Art of Chinese Cooking was a winner of the International Association of Culinary Professionals (IACP) Julia Child Award and nominated for The James Beard Award
The Chinese Banquet Book Cookbook was an IACP Julia Child Award winner
The Dim Sum Book was nominated for an IACP Julia Child Award
From the Earth: Chinese Vegetarian Cooking was nominated for an IACP Julia Child Award and The James Beard Award
Honors
Silver Spoon Award - Food Arts magazine (New York, 2007)
Lifetime Achievement Award - La Celebration Culinaire Internationale (Washington D.C., 2001)
Lifetime Achievement Award - New World Festival of Food and Wine (Singapore, China 1998)
James Beard House Dinner - 'Little Dishes East and West' (New York, 1998)
James Beard Awards – One of a group of chefs to cook for the James Beard Awards 10th Anniversary Gala (New York, 1996)
Organizations
Lo has been associated with the following organizations over her career:
Food Arts (New York), Asian food authority
Les Dames d’Escoffier (New York), Member
China Institute (New York), cooking instructor
New School Culinary Arts (New York), cooking instructor
Newspaper and magazine articles
Lo has written on both food and restaurants for:
The New York Times
The New York Times Magazine
Gourmet magazine
Food & Wine
Travel + Leisure
Food Arts (master class article contributor)
Media appearances and cooking demonstrations
Lo has appeared on Martha Stewart Living (syndicated), The Early Show (CBS), Good Morning America (ABC), Today in New York (WNBC), Fox and Family (FOX) and on Food Network, as well as regional U.S. programs and programs in Singapore, the United Kingdom, Italy, Finland, Canada and New Zealand.
References
^ a b c d e Krishna, Priya (January 23, 2023). "Eileen Yin-Fei Lo, 85, Dies; Taught Americans How to Cook Chinese Food". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
^ "Cooking with books". South China Morning Post. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ "The Chinese Kitchen". Globalgourmet.com. 5 February 2000. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ a b Dakss, Brian (2 January 2007). "Recipes, More From Top Chinese Chef". CBS News. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Netherlands
Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupelo_leafminer_moth | Antispila nysaefoliella | ["1 References"] | Species of moth
Antispila nysaefoliella
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Heliozelidae
Genus:
Antispila
Species:
A. nysaefoliella
Binomial name
Antispila nysaefoliellaClemens, 1860
Synonyms
Antispila nyssaefoliella
Antispila nysaefoliella (tupelo leafminer moth) is a species of moth of the family Heliozelidae. It is found in south-eastern North America.
Damage
The wingspan is about 8 mm. Adults are on wing in spring.
The larvae feed on Nyssa sylvatica. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is blotch-shaped and tends to expand radially and typically becomes more oblong-shaped at later instars. The larva feeds with its dorsal side facing the lower leaf surface. Low (2008) observed that the larvae are able to make sounds using sclerotized structures on their dorsum and tail. The last instars form an oval-shaped double-sided shield by encasing themselves with silk between the upper and lower mine layers. They then cut the shield and descend into the leaf litter for pupation. Larvae can be found from late August to early September.
References
^ mothphotographersgroup
^ a b Low, Candace (2008). "Seismic Behaviors of a Leafminer, Antispila nysaefoliella (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)". Florida Entomologist. 91 (4): 604–609. doi:10.1653/0015-4040-91.4.604.
^ Low, Candace. "Natural History of the Tupelo Leafminer". Cornell University. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016.
Taxon identifiersAntispila nyssaefoliella
Wikidata: Q4775290
Wikispecies: Antispila nysaefoliella
BugGuide: 831607
CoL: F376
EoL: 956122
EPPO: ANTSNY
GBIF: 1861314
IRMNG: 10890074
LepIndex: 135574
MONA: 234
NatureServe: 2.898189
Open Tree of Life: 3243623
This Heliozelidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Heliozelidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliozelidae"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antispila_nysaefoliella_damage.jpg"},{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan"},{"link_name":"Nyssa sylvatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyssa_sylvatica"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_miner"},{"link_name":"instars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instars"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-low-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-low-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Antispila nysaefoliella (tupelo leafminer moth) is a species of moth of the family Heliozelidae. It is found in south-eastern North America.DamageThe wingspan is about 8 mm. Adults are on wing in spring.The larvae feed on Nyssa sylvatica. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is blotch-shaped and tends to expand radially and typically becomes more oblong-shaped at later instars. The larva feeds with its dorsal side facing the lower leaf surface.[2] Low (2008) observed that the larvae are able to make sounds using sclerotized structures on their dorsum and tail.[2] The last instars form an oval-shaped double-sided shield by encasing themselves with silk between the upper and lower mine layers. They then cut the shield and descend into the leaf litter for pupation.[3] Larvae can be found from late August to early September.","title":"Antispila nysaefoliella"}] | [{"image_text":"Damage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Antispila_nysaefoliella_damage.jpg/200px-Antispila_nysaefoliella_damage.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Low, Candace (2008). \"Seismic Behaviors of a Leafminer, Antispila nysaefoliella (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)\". Florida Entomologist. 91 (4): 604–609. doi:10.1653/0015-4040-91.4.604.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1653%2F0015-4040-91.4.604","url_text":"\"Seismic Behaviors of a Leafminer, Antispila nysaefoliella (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1653%2F0015-4040-91.4.604","url_text":"10.1653/0015-4040-91.4.604"}]},{"reference":"Low, Candace. \"Natural History of the Tupelo Leafminer\". Cornell University. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160821103130/http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/clow/tupeloleafminer.html","url_text":"\"Natural History of the Tupelo Leafminer\""},{"url":"http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/clow/tupeloleafminer.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=234","external_links_name":"mothphotographersgroup"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1653%2F0015-4040-91.4.604","external_links_name":"\"Seismic Behaviors of a Leafminer, Antispila nysaefoliella (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1653%2F0015-4040-91.4.604","external_links_name":"10.1653/0015-4040-91.4.604"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160821103130/http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/clow/tupeloleafminer.html","external_links_name":"\"Natural History of the Tupelo Leafminer\""},{"Link":"http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/clow/tupeloleafminer.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/831607","external_links_name":"831607"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/F376","external_links_name":"F376"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/956122","external_links_name":"956122"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ANTSNY","external_links_name":"ANTSNY"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1861314","external_links_name":"1861314"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10890074","external_links_name":"10890074"},{"Link":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=135574","external_links_name":"135574"},{"Link":"https://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=234","external_links_name":"234"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.898189/","external_links_name":"2.898189"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3243623","external_links_name":"3243623"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antispila_nysaefoliella&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Fran | Typhoon Fran | ["1 Meteorological history","2 Impact","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | Pacific typhoon in 1976
This article is about 1976 typhoon that struck Japan. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Fran.
Typhoon Fran (Reming)
Typhoon Fran undergoing rapid intensification on September 7Meteorological historyFormedSeptember 3, 1976ExtratropicalSeptember 14, 1976DissipatedSeptember 16, 1976Typhoon10-minute sustained (JMA)Lowest pressure910 hPa (mbar); 26.87 inHgCategory 4-equivalent super typhoon1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)Highest winds240 km/h (150 mph)Lowest pressure913 hPa (mbar); 26.96 inHgOverall effectsFatalities169 totalDamage$660 million (1976 USD)Areas affectedMariana Islands, JapanIBTrACSPart of the 1976 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoon Fran, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Reming, produced tremendous rainfall in Japan including, at the time, a national 24-hour record accumulation of 1,140 mm (44.8 in). Forming as a tropical depression on September 3 to the southeast of Guam, Fran steadily intensified as it moved along a general northwest track. After brushing Guam two days later, the system achieved typhoon status on September 6 after the formation of an eye. A period of explosive intensification ensued thereafter and Fran reached its peak as a Category 4-equivalent typhoon with winds of 240 km/h (150 mph) the following day. Gradual weakening began on September 8 as it neared the Ryukyu Islands, and the system subsequently meandered near the islands for two days before striking Kyushu on September 12. It then moved over the Sea of Japan where it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and ultimately dissipated on September 16.
Regarded as the worst typhoon in ten years, nearly a week of continuous rains caused disastrous flooding and landslides across Japan. Accumulations peaked at 2,781 mm (109.5 in) in Hiso, Tokushima. More than 325,000 people were forced to evacuate their homes and transportation was crippled. Nearly half a million homes were damaged or destroyed, leaving 300,000 people homeless. Many residents required rooftop rescue by helicopter. All told, the typhoon killed 169 people and left at least US$660 million in damage throughout its path.
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scaleMap key Saffir–Simpson scale Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h) Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h) Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h) Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h) Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h) Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h) Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h) Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
In early September 1976, an area of convection was identified within a monsoon trough to the northeast of Pohnpei. Traveling west, the system gradually developed and was classified as a tropical depression—the seventeenth of the season—at 12:00 UTC on September 3 by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). At this time, the depression was located roughly 795 km (494 mi) southeast of Guam. Situated near a weakness in a subtropical ridge (located south of Japan), the incipient depression turned northwest and gained strength. Aircraft reconnaissance found the system to have achieved tropical storm status by 03:39 UTC the next day, measuring a central pressure of 997 hPa (mbar; 29.44 inHg). At this time, the system was assigned the name Fran. On September 5, Fran brushed the Mariana Islands to the southwest, passing 35 km (22 mi) west of Guam. Intensification began in earnest on September 6 as a 55 km (34 mi) wide eye developed, signaling Fran's rise to typhoon status. Upper-level conditions, including two anticyclones to the north and east, temporarily hindered additional strengthening by suppressing the typhoon's outflow.
During the latter part of September 6, the aforementioned hindering features quickly subsided, allowing for ample ventilation of the storm and enabled a period of explosive intensification. Aided by a shortwave trough over central China, Fran's outflow dramatically improved. In a roughly 24-hour span from September 6–7, Fran's central pressure plummeted from 977 hPa (mbar; 28.85 inHg) to 916 hPa (27.05 inHg). This included a drop of 43 hPa (mbar; 1.27 inHg) in 12 hours. Fran achieved its peak maximum sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph) at 12:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 4-equivalent on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. The storm also entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility around this time, prompting PAGASA to assign it with the local name Reming. A subsequent reanalysis, though not yet integrated into JTWC's official track, determined Fran to have been slightly weaker with winds of 230 km/h (140 mph). Though conditions remained highly favorable, Fran entered a near-steady state at this point with its pressure decreasingly slightly to its lowest observed value of 913 hPa (mbar; 26.96 inHg) at 21:09 UTC. At this time, Fran was an unusually large cyclone with gale-force winds extending 485 mi (300 mi) from its center and an immense 13.4° radius of outermost closed isobar. The previously beneficial shortwave trough bypassed the typhoon on September 8 and allowed for increased wind shear from an anticyclone to the west to impact Fran. This resulted in slow weakening of the storm. Rounding the edge of a separate trough, Fran also began a northward turn that directed it at the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.
Between 12:00 and 18:00 UTC on September 9, the eye of Fran passed between Okinoerabujima and Tokunoshima. Continual back and forth shifting of a trough north of the typhoon caused Fran to slow to a crawl by September 10. For the next day, Fran moved erratically along the western edge of the Tokara Islands, southwest of Kyushu, all the while battering the region with torrential rain and damaging winds. A deepening trough over China pushed the weakening typhoon northeast on September 11, with Fran eventually making landfall over Nagasaki Prefecture between 12:00 and 18:00 UTC on September 12. Winds up to 156 km/h (97 mph) were reported in Nagasaki City. After losing typhoon strength, Fran emerged over the Sea of Japan where cooler waters spurred its transition into an extratropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC on September 13. The remnant system continued northward, brushing Primorsky Krai, Russia, before turning back to the south. On September 14, multiple vessels encountered gale-force winds, with a ship by the call sign URPS reporting 111 km/h (69 mph) winds, and seas up to 9.4 m (31 ft). Winds gradually subsided as the storm weakened, and only two ships encountered gales on September 15. It ultimately dissipated over the Sea of Japan on September 16.
Impact
class=notpageimage| Locations observing more than 1,000 mm (39 in) of rain during Typhoon Fran across Japan. The gold marker denotes the location of Hiso, Tokushima.
On September 5, Tropical Storm Fran brushed the Mariana Islands, passing 35 km (22 mi) to the west of Guam. Damage, if any, is unknown, though sustained winds of 56 km/h (35 mph) and gusts of 76 km/h (47 mph) were observed on Guam.
Prior to the arrival of Fran in the Ryukyu Islands, the United States Air Force relocated 30 aircraft from their base in Okinawa to bases in South Korea. Officials stressed the nature of the evacuation as the movement of aircraft coincided with the end of a heightened alert period along the Korean DMZ following the death of two U.S. Army officers.
The typhoon's slow movement led to tremendous rainfall accumulations across parts of southeastern Japan, with some areas seeing continuous rain for six days. Multiple stations recorded over 1,000 mm (39 in) of rain, primarily across Shikoku, with a peak of 2,781 mm (109.5 in) in Hiso, Tokushima. Of this, 1,140 mm (44.8 in) fell in a 24-hour span between September 11–12, the highest such total on record in Japan. However, sources differ on this total with some indicating the peak 24-hour total being 1,174 mm (46.2 in) in Fukuharaasahi, or 1,114 mm (43.9 in), which was observed in Kito. Regardless of which total was valid, it remained the national record until August 2004 when Typhoon Namtheun produced a 24-hour total of 1,317 mm (51.9 in) in Kisawa. Significant totals across other prefectures include 1,392 mm (54.8 in) in Motoyama, Kōchi, 1,328 mm (52.3 in) in Uchinomi, Kagawa, 1,188 mm (46.8 in) on Mount Dainichi, and 1,184 mm (46.6 in) on Mount Ōdaigahara.
Thousands of landslides caused considerable damage and killed at least 70 people. More than 325,000 people evacuated across the nation. An embankment along the Nagara River near Anpachi, Gifu, collapsed on September 12 and forced thousands of residents from their homes. Many required evacuation by boat or helicopter. A total of 11,193 homes were destroyed a further 442,317 sustained damage. Floods also affected 80,304 hectares (198,440 acres) of crops. Tremendous damage to infrastructure paralyzed transportation in many areas, and travel across the entire nation was disrupted for at least three days. Hundreds of bridges were damaged or washed away.
A massive levee collapsed on the Nagara River
Passing 110 km (68 mi) east of Okinawa, Fran produced sustained winds of 102 km/h (63 mph) with gusts to 135 km/h (84 mph) at Kadena Air Base. Throughout Japan, 169 people died and 435 others were injured. Property damage exceeded US$660 million, and more than 300,000 people were rendered homeless. Fran was regarded as the worst storm to strike Japan in 10 years when Typhoon Ida claimed more than 300 lives.
Offshore, the storms destructive winds and waves split the 52,157 ton oil tanker Ryoyo Maru in two over the Bungo Channel, anchored near Beppu; all 62 crewmen were rescued safely. Another ship, the 2,556 ton Panamanian freighter JCIS, ran aground in Minamata Bay. In Pohang, South Korea, the 23,089 ton British bulk carrier Eastern Freedom broke all its stern-side moorings, resulting in its propeller and rudder being damaged; a nearby Korean naval ship was also damaged. While over the Sea of Japan, Fran's extratropical remnants caused havoc among the Soviet fishing fleet. In all, 138 vessels sank or were damaged by the storm.
About 5,300 members of the Japan Self-Defense Forces were mobilized for relief efforts across the nation by September 13. A rescue helicopter crashed over Mikawa Bay during a mission, resulting in three injuries. Many people were forced to wait on their roof overnight for rescue as floodwaters swept through towns.
See also
Tropical cyclones portal
1976 Pacific typhoon season
List of wettest tropical cyclones
List of wettest tropical cyclones by country § Japan
Notes
^ The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions.
^ In situ estimates thought Fran to have been slightly stronger, with maximum winds of 250 km/h (160 mph).
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j Dean R. Morford & Serhij Pilipowskyj (1977). "Typhoon Fran" (PDF). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). United States Navy. pp. 42–45. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
^ "Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 2011. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
^ a b c "" (.TXT). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1977. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
^ a b c d e Elwyn E. Wilson, ed. (January 1977). "Marine Weather Review – Smooth Log, North Pacific Weather: September and October 1976". Mariners Weather Log. 21 (1). Washington, D.C.: 107–108.
^ Padua, Michael V (November 6, 2008). "PAGASA Tropical Cyclone Names 1963–1988". Typhoon 2000. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
^ a b Kenneth R. Knapp; John A. Knaff; Charles R. Sampson; Gustavo M. Riggio & Adam D. Schnapp (August 2013). "A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record". Monthly Weather Review. 141 (8): 2, 611–2, 631. Bibcode:2013MWRv..141.2611K. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1. S2CID 19031120.
^ a b c "Typhoon kills more than 100 in Japan; 325,000 homeless". The Times Herald Record. United Press International. September 14, 1976. p. 8. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Typhoon 197617 (Fran) – Detailed Track Information". Japan Meteorological Agency. National Institute of Informatics. March 19, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
^ a b " Precipitation Summary". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. n.d. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
^ a b Ikuo Tasaka (1981). "The Difference of Rainfall Distribution in Relation to Time-Scale: A Case Study on Heavy Rainfall of September 8–13, 1976, in the Shikoku Island Caused by Typhoon 7617 Fran" (PDF). Geographical Review of Japan (in Japanese). 54 (10): 570–578. doi:10.4157/grj.54.570. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
^ "Typhoon Aims At Okinawa". The Salem News. Vol. 87, no. 214. Salem, Ohio. United Press International. September 8, 1976. p. 1. Retrieved January 5, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Fred. F. Hoffman (September 8, 1976). "Normal Alert Reinstated for U.S. Forces In S. Korea". Abilene Report-News. Washington, D.C. Associated Press. p. 90. Retrieved January 5, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d e "Typhoon 197617 (Fran) – Disaster Information". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. n.d. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
^ a b "Typhoon in Japan Kills 104 Persons". The Amarillo Globe-Times. Tokyo, Japan. Associated Press. September 13, 1976. p. 27. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Edward J. Hopkins (2013). "Weekly Climate News: 9–13 September 2013". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
^ "Link Collection". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. n.d. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
^ a b Gonghui Wang; Akira Suemine; Gen Furuya; Masahiro Kaibori & Kyoji Sassa (2006). Rainstorm-induced landslides in Kisawa village, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan (PDF) (Report). International Association for Engineering Geology. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
^ "Kyushu Hit By Raging Typhoon". The Indiana Gazette. Vol. 77, no. 60. Tokyo, Japan. Associated Press. September 10, 1976. p. 1. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Typhoon Fran rakes Japan". Greeley Daily Tribune. Tokyo, Japan. United Press International. September 13, 1976. p. 17. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c "Typhoon Damages Japan Isle". The Lincoln Star. Tokyo, Japan. Associated Press. September 13, 1976. p. 12. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Meteorological Results 1976: Part III — Tropical Cyclone Summaries (PDF) (Report). Hong Kong Observatory. 1977. pp. 9–10. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
^ "Typhoon Fran Casualty". The Danville Register. Danville, Virginia. Associated Press. September 12, 1976. p. 10. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
External links
Digital Typhoon: Typhoon197617 (FRAN) - National Institute of Informatics | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of storms named Fran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Fran"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)"},{"link_name":"explosive intensification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_deepening"},{"link_name":"Category 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_4_hurricane"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"extratropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Hiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kito,_Tokushima"},{"link_name":"Tokushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokushima_Prefecture"}],"text":"This article is about 1976 typhoon that struck Japan. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Fran.Typhoon Fran, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Reming, produced tremendous rainfall in Japan including, at the time, a national 24-hour record accumulation of 1,140 mm (44.8 in). Forming as a tropical depression on September 3 to the southeast of Guam, Fran steadily intensified as it moved along a general northwest track. After brushing Guam two days later, the system achieved typhoon status on September 6 after the formation of an eye. A period of explosive intensification ensued thereafter and Fran reached its peak as a Category 4-equivalent typhoon with winds of 240 km/h (150 mph) the following day. Gradual weakening began on September 8 as it neared the Ryukyu Islands, and the system subsequently meandered near the islands for two days before striking Kyushu on September 12. It then moved over the Sea of Japan where it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and ultimately dissipated on September 16.Regarded as the worst typhoon in ten years, nearly a week of continuous rains caused disastrous flooding and landslides across Japan. Accumulations peaked at 2,781 mm (109.5 in) in Hiso, Tokushima. More than 325,000 people were forced to evacuate their homes and transportation was crippled. Nearly half a million homes were damaged or destroyed, leaving 300,000 people homeless. Many residents required rooftop rescue by helicopter. All told, the typhoon killed 169 people and left at least US$660 million in damage throughout its path.","title":"Typhoon Fran"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran_1976_track.png"},{"link_name":"Saffir–Simpson scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale"},{"link_name":"Tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Subtropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Extratropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_convection"},{"link_name":"monsoon trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon_trough"},{"link_name":"Pohnpei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpei"},{"link_name":"tropical 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storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_storm"},{"link_name":"hPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"mbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)"},{"link_name":"inHg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inches_of_Mercury"},{"link_name":"assigned the name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)"},{"link_name":"typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon"},{"link_name":"anticyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticyclone"},{"link_name":"outflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outflow_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"explosive intensification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_deepening"},{"link_name":"shortwave trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"maximum sustained winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Category 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_4_hurricane"},{"link_name":"Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_hurricane_wind_scale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWCBT-4"},{"link_name":"PAGASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013MWR-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale"},{"link_name":"radius of outermost closed isobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_of_outermost_closed_isobar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWL_Smooth-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013MWR-8"},{"link_name":"wind shear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_shear"},{"link_name":"trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"Okinoerabujima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinoerabujima"},{"link_name":"Tokunoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokunoshima"},{"link_name":"Tokara Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokara_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"landfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWCBT-4"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTHR914-9"},{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"extratropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"Primorsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMABT-10"},{"link_name":"gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWL_Smooth-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMABT-10"}],"text":"Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scaleMap key Saffir–Simpson scale Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h) Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h) Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h) Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h) Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h) Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h) Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h) Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionIn early September 1976, an area of convection was identified within a monsoon trough to the northeast of Pohnpei. Traveling west, the system gradually developed and was classified as a tropical depression—the seventeenth of the season—at 12:00 UTC on September 3 by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC).[1][note 1] At this time, the depression was located roughly 795 km (494 mi) southeast of Guam.[3] Situated near a weakness in a subtropical ridge (located south of Japan), the incipient depression turned northwest and gained strength. Aircraft reconnaissance found the system to have achieved tropical storm status by 03:39 UTC the next day, measuring a central pressure of 997 hPa (mbar; 29.44 inHg). At this time, the system was assigned the name Fran. On September 5, Fran brushed the Mariana Islands to the southwest, passing 35 km (22 mi) west of Guam. Intensification began in earnest on September 6 as a 55 km (34 mi) wide eye developed, signaling Fran's rise to typhoon status. Upper-level conditions, including two anticyclones to the north and east, temporarily hindered additional strengthening by suppressing the typhoon's outflow.[1]During the latter part of September 6, the aforementioned hindering features quickly subsided, allowing for ample ventilation of the storm and enabled a period of explosive intensification. Aided by a shortwave trough over central China, Fran's outflow dramatically improved. In a roughly 24-hour span from September 6–7, Fran's central pressure plummeted from 977 hPa (mbar; 28.85 inHg) to 916 hPa (27.05 inHg). This included a drop of 43 hPa (mbar; 1.27 inHg) in 12 hours.[1] Fran achieved its peak maximum sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph) at 12:00 UTC,[note 2] classifying it as a Category 4-equivalent on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale.[3] The storm also entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility around this time, prompting PAGASA to assign it with the local name Reming.[5] A subsequent reanalysis, though not yet integrated into JTWC's official track, determined Fran to have been slightly weaker with winds of 230 km/h (140 mph).[6] Though conditions remained highly favorable, Fran entered a near-steady state at this point with its pressure decreasingly slightly to its lowest observed value of 913 hPa (mbar; 26.96 inHg) at 21:09 UTC.[1] At this time, Fran was an unusually large cyclone with gale-force winds extending 485 mi (300 mi) from its center and an immense 13.4° radius of outermost closed isobar.[4][6] The previously beneficial shortwave trough bypassed the typhoon on September 8 and allowed for increased wind shear from an anticyclone to the west to impact Fran. This resulted in slow weakening of the storm. Rounding the edge of a separate trough, Fran also began a northward turn that directed it at the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.[1]Between 12:00 and 18:00 UTC on September 9, the eye of Fran passed between Okinoerabujima and Tokunoshima. Continual back and forth shifting of a trough north of the typhoon caused Fran to slow to a crawl by September 10. For the next day, Fran moved erratically along the western edge of the Tokara Islands, southwest of Kyushu, all the while battering the region with torrential rain and damaging winds. A deepening trough over China pushed the weakening typhoon northeast on September 11,[1] with Fran eventually making landfall over Nagasaki Prefecture between 12:00 and 18:00 UTC on September 12.[3] Winds up to 156 km/h (97 mph) were reported in Nagasaki City.[7] After losing typhoon strength, Fran emerged over the Sea of Japan where cooler waters spurred its transition into an extratropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC on September 13.[1] The remnant system continued northward, brushing Primorsky Krai, Russia, before turning back to the south.[8] On September 14, multiple vessels encountered gale-force winds, with a ship by the call sign URPS reporting 111 km/h (69 mph) winds, and seas up to 9.4 m (31 ft). Winds gradually subsided as the storm weakened, and only two ships encountered gales on September 15.[4] It ultimately dissipated over the Sea of Japan on September 16.[8]","title":"Meteorological history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japan_natural_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.jpg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japan_natural_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Totalrain-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaxRain-12"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Korean DMZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone"},{"link_name":"death of two U.S. Army officers.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_axe_murder_incident"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DTstats-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nancy15-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DTstats-15"},{"link_name":"Shikoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Totalrain-11"},{"link_name":"Hiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kito,_Tokushima"},{"link_name":"Tokushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokushima_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaxRain-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Fukuharaasahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikatsu,_Tokushima"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Kito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kito,_Tokushima"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2004rain-19"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Namtheun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Namtheun_(2004)"},{"link_name":"Kisawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisawa,_Tokushima"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2004rain-19"},{"link_name":"Motoyama, Kōchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoyama,_K%C5%8Dchi"},{"link_name":"Uchinomi, Kagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchinomi,_Kagawa"},{"link_name":"Mount Dainichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iide_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mount Ōdaigahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_%C5%8Cdaigahara"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DTstats-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nancy15-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTHR914-9"},{"link_name":"Nagara River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara_River"},{"link_name":"Anpachi, Gifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpachi,_Gifu"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anpachi-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DTstats-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TLS913-22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTHR914-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TLS913-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Levee_collapse_of_Nagara_river.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kadena Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DTstats-15"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKO-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKO-23"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Ida_(1966)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anpachi-21"},{"link_name":"Bungo Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungo_Channel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWL_Smooth-5"},{"link_name":"Beppu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beppu,_%C5%8Cita"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Minamata Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_Bay"},{"link_name":"Pohang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohang"},{"link_name":"bulk carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrier"},{"link_name":"moorings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooring_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWL_Smooth-5"},{"link_name":"Japan Self-Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Mikawa Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikawa_Bay"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TLS913-22"}],"text":"class=notpageimage| Locations observing more than 1,000 mm (39 in) of rain during Typhoon Fran across Japan.[9][10] The gold marker denotes the location of Hiso, Tokushima.On September 5, Tropical Storm Fran brushed the Mariana Islands, passing 35 km (22 mi) to the west of Guam. Damage, if any, is unknown, though sustained winds of 56 km/h (35 mph) and gusts of 76 km/h (47 mph) were observed on Guam.[1]Prior to the arrival of Fran in the Ryukyu Islands, the United States Air Force relocated 30 aircraft from their base in Okinawa to bases in South Korea.[11] Officials stressed the nature of the evacuation as the movement of aircraft coincided with the end of a heightened alert period along the Korean DMZ following the death of two U.S. Army officers.[12]The typhoon's slow movement led to tremendous rainfall accumulations across parts of southeastern Japan,[13] with some areas seeing continuous rain for six days.[14] Multiple stations recorded over 1,000 mm (39 in) of rain,[13] primarily across Shikoku,[9] with a peak of 2,781 mm (109.5 in) in Hiso, Tokushima.[10] Of this, 1,140 mm (44.8 in) fell in a 24-hour span between September 11–12, the highest such total on record in Japan.[15] However, sources differ on this total with some indicating the peak 24-hour total being 1,174 mm (46.2 in) in Fukuharaasahi,[16][failed verification] or 1,114 mm (43.9 in), which was observed in Kito.[17] Regardless of which total was valid, it remained the national record until August 2004 when Typhoon Namtheun produced a 24-hour total of 1,317 mm (51.9 in) in Kisawa.[17] Significant totals across other prefectures include 1,392 mm (54.8 in) in Motoyama, Kōchi, 1,328 mm (52.3 in) in Uchinomi, Kagawa, 1,188 mm (46.8 in) on Mount Dainichi, and 1,184 mm (46.6 in) on Mount Ōdaigahara.[13]Thousands of landslides caused considerable damage and killed at least 70 people.[14][18] More than 325,000 people evacuated across the nation.[7] An embankment along the Nagara River near Anpachi, Gifu, collapsed on September 12 and forced thousands of residents from their homes. Many required evacuation by boat or helicopter.[19] A total of 11,193 homes were destroyed a further 442,317 sustained damage. Floods also affected 80,304 hectares (198,440 acres) of crops.[13] Tremendous damage to infrastructure paralyzed transportation in many areas,[20] and travel across the entire nation was disrupted for at least three days.[7] Hundreds of bridges were damaged or washed away.[20]A massive levee collapsed on the Nagara RiverPassing 110 km (68 mi) east of Okinawa, Fran produced sustained winds of 102 km/h (63 mph) with gusts to 135 km/h (84 mph) at Kadena Air Base.[1] Throughout Japan, 169 people died and 435 others were injured.[13] Property damage exceeded US$660 million,[21] and more than 300,000 people were rendered homeless.[21] Fran was regarded as the worst storm to strike Japan in 10 years when Typhoon Ida claimed more than 300 lives.[1][19]Offshore, the storms destructive winds and waves split the 52,157 ton oil tanker Ryoyo Maru in two over the Bungo Channel,[4] anchored near Beppu; all 62 crewmen were rescued safely.[22] Another ship, the 2,556 ton Panamanian freighter JCIS, ran aground in Minamata Bay. In Pohang, South Korea, the 23,089 ton British bulk carrier Eastern Freedom broke all its stern-side moorings, resulting in its propeller and rudder being damaged; a nearby Korean naval ship was also damaged. While over the Sea of Japan, Fran's extratropical remnants caused havoc among the Soviet fishing fleet. In all, 138 vessels sank or were damaged by the storm.[4]About 5,300 members of the Japan Self-Defense Forces were mobilized for relief efforts across the nation by September 13. A rescue helicopter crashed over Mikawa Bay during a mission, resulting in three injuries. Many people were forced to wait on their roof overnight for rescue as floodwaters swept through towns.[20]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Joint Typhoon Warning Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWL_Smooth-5"}],"text":"^ The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions.[2]\n\n^ In situ estimates thought Fran to have been slightly stronger, with maximum winds of 250 km/h (160 mph).[4]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scaleMap key Saffir–Simpson scale Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h) Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h) Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h) Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h) Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h) Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h) Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h) Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fran_1976_track.png/275px-Fran_1976_track.png"},{"image_text":"A massive levee collapsed on the Nagara River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Levee_collapse_of_Nagara_river.jpg/220px-Levee_collapse_of_Nagara_river.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Tropical cyclones portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones"},{"title":"1976 Pacific typhoon season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Pacific_typhoon_season"},{"title":"List of wettest tropical cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wettest_tropical_cyclones"},{"title":"List of wettest tropical cyclones by country § Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wettest_tropical_cyclones_by_country#Japan"}] | [{"reference":"Dean R. Morford & Serhij Pilipowskyj (1977). \"Typhoon Fran\" (PDF). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). United States Navy. pp. 42–45. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1976atcr.pdf","url_text":"\"Typhoon Fran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center","url_text":"Joint Typhoon Warning Center"}]},{"reference":"\"Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement\". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 2011. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070726103400/https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html","url_text":"\"Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement\""},{"url":"https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[Typhoon Fran (17W) 1976 Best Track]\" (.TXT). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1977. Retrieved January 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1976/1976s-bwp/bwp171976.txt","url_text":"\"[Typhoon Fran (17W) 1976 Best Track]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center","url_text":"Joint Typhoon Warning Center"}]},{"reference":"Elwyn E. Wilson, ed. (January 1977). \"Marine Weather Review – Smooth Log, North Pacific Weather: September and October 1976\". Mariners Weather Log. 21 (1). Washington, D.C.: 107–108.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Padua, Michael V (November 6, 2008). \"PAGASA Tropical Cyclone Names 1963–1988\". Typhoon 2000. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/1963-1988_PTC.txt","url_text":"\"PAGASA Tropical Cyclone Names 1963–1988\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150827033524/http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/1963-1988_PTC.txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kenneth R. Knapp; John A. Knaff; Charles R. Sampson; Gustavo M. Riggio & Adam D. Schnapp (August 2013). \"A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record\". Monthly Weather Review. 141 (8): 2, 611–2, 631. Bibcode:2013MWRv..141.2611K. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1. S2CID 19031120.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2FMWR-D-12-00323.1","url_text":"\"A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MWRv..141.2611K","url_text":"2013MWRv..141.2611K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2FMWR-D-12-00323.1","url_text":"10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19031120","url_text":"19031120"}]},{"reference":"\"Typhoon kills more than 100 in Japan; 325,000 homeless\". The Times Herald Record. United Press International. September 14, 1976. p. 8. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981866//","url_text":"\"Typhoon kills more than 100 in Japan; 325,000 homeless\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Typhoon 197617 (Fran) – Detailed Track Information\". Japan Meteorological Agency. National Institute of Informatics. March 19, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/l/197617.html.en","url_text":"\"Typhoon 197617 (Fran) – Detailed Track Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency","url_text":"Japan Meteorological Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"[Typhoon Fran 1976] Precipitation Summary\". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. n.d. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/summary_prec.pl?id=197617&lang=en&sort=total&order=dec&stype=number","url_text":"\"[Typhoon Fran 1976] Precipitation Summary\""}]},{"reference":"Ikuo Tasaka (1981). \"The Difference of Rainfall Distribution in Relation to Time-Scale: A Case Study on Heavy Rainfall of September 8–13, 1976, in the Shikoku Island Caused by Typhoon 7617 Fran\" (PDF). Geographical Review of Japan (in Japanese). 54 (10): 570–578. doi:10.4157/grj.54.570. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/grj1925/54/10/54_10_570/_pdf","url_text":"\"The Difference of Rainfall Distribution in Relation to Time-Scale: A Case Study on Heavy Rainfall of September 8–13, 1976, in the Shikoku Island Caused by Typhoon 7617 Fran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4157%2Fgrj.54.570","url_text":"10.4157/grj.54.570"}]},{"reference":"\"Typhoon Aims At Okinawa\". The Salem News. Vol. 87, no. 214. Salem, Ohio. United Press International. September 8, 1976. p. 1. Retrieved January 5, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3972609//","url_text":"\"Typhoon Aims At Okinawa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Fred. F. Hoffman (September 8, 1976). \"Normal Alert Reinstated for U.S. Forces In S. Korea\". Abilene Report-News. Washington, D.C. Associated Press. p. 90. Retrieved January 5, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3972668//","url_text":"\"Normal Alert Reinstated for U.S. Forces In S. Korea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Typhoon 197617 (Fran) – Disaster Information\". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. n.d. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/dsummary.pl?id=197617&basin=wnp&lang=en","url_text":"\"Typhoon 197617 (Fran) – Disaster Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Typhoon in Japan Kills 104 Persons\". The Amarillo Globe-Times. Tokyo, Japan. Associated Press. September 13, 1976. p. 27. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981688//","url_text":"\"Typhoon in Japan Kills 104 Persons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Edward J. Hopkins (2013). \"Weekly Climate News: 9–13 September 2013\". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ametsoc.org/amsedu/ecs/samplecourse/news01.html","url_text":"\"Weekly Climate News: 9–13 September 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society","url_text":"American Meteorological Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Link Collection\". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. n.d. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/links.html.en","url_text":"\"Link Collection\""}]},{"reference":"Gonghui Wang; Akira Suemine; Gen Furuya; Masahiro Kaibori & Kyoji Sassa (2006). Rainstorm-induced landslides in Kisawa village, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan (PDF) (Report). International Association for Engineering Geology. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://iaeg2006.geolsoc.org.uk/cd/PAPERS/IAEG_167.PDF","url_text":"Rainstorm-induced landslides in Kisawa village, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment","url_text":"International Association for Engineering Geology"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyushu Hit By Raging Typhoon\". The Indiana Gazette. Vol. 77, no. 60. Tokyo, Japan. Associated Press. September 10, 1976. p. 1. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981563//","url_text":"\"Kyushu Hit By Raging Typhoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Typhoon Fran rakes Japan\". Greeley Daily Tribune. Tokyo, Japan. United Press International. September 13, 1976. p. 17. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981780//","url_text":"\"Typhoon Fran rakes Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Typhoon Damages Japan Isle\". The Lincoln Star. Tokyo, Japan. Associated Press. September 13, 1976. p. 12. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981842//","url_text":"\"Typhoon Damages Japan Isle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Meteorological Results 1976: Part III — Tropical Cyclone Summaries (PDF) (Report). Hong Kong Observatory. 1977. pp. 9–10. Retrieved January 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc1976.pdf","url_text":"Meteorological Results 1976: Part III — Tropical Cyclone Summaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory","url_text":"Hong Kong Observatory"}]},{"reference":"\"Typhoon Fran Casualty\". The Danville Register. Danville, Virginia. Associated Press. September 12, 1976. p. 10. Retrieved January 6, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981615//","url_text":"\"Typhoon Fran Casualty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ncics.org/ibtracs/index.php?name=v04r00-1976246N09157","external_links_name":"IBTrACS"},{"Link":"http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1976atcr.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Typhoon Fran\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070726103400/https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html","external_links_name":"\"Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement\""},{"Link":"https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1976/1976s-bwp/bwp171976.txt","external_links_name":"\"[Typhoon Fran (17W) 1976 Best Track]\""},{"Link":"http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/1963-1988_PTC.txt","external_links_name":"\"PAGASA Tropical Cyclone Names 1963–1988\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150827033524/http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/1963-1988_PTC.txt","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2FMWR-D-12-00323.1","external_links_name":"\"A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MWRv..141.2611K","external_links_name":"2013MWRv..141.2611K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2FMWR-D-12-00323.1","external_links_name":"10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19031120","external_links_name":"19031120"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981866//","external_links_name":"\"Typhoon kills more than 100 in Japan; 325,000 homeless\""},{"Link":"http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/l/197617.html.en","external_links_name":"\"Typhoon 197617 (Fran) – Detailed Track Information\""},{"Link":"http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/summary_prec.pl?id=197617&lang=en&sort=total&order=dec&stype=number","external_links_name":"\"[Typhoon Fran 1976] Precipitation Summary\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/grj1925/54/10/54_10_570/_pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Difference of Rainfall Distribution in Relation to Time-Scale: A Case Study on Heavy Rainfall of September 8–13, 1976, in the Shikoku Island Caused by Typhoon 7617 Fran\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4157%2Fgrj.54.570","external_links_name":"10.4157/grj.54.570"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3972609//","external_links_name":"\"Typhoon Aims At Okinawa\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3972668//","external_links_name":"\"Normal Alert Reinstated for U.S. Forces In S. Korea\""},{"Link":"http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/dsummary.pl?id=197617&basin=wnp&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Typhoon 197617 (Fran) – Disaster Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981688//","external_links_name":"\"Typhoon in Japan Kills 104 Persons\""},{"Link":"http://www.ametsoc.org/amsedu/ecs/samplecourse/news01.html","external_links_name":"\"Weekly Climate News: 9–13 September 2013\""},{"Link":"http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/links.html.en","external_links_name":"\"Link Collection\""},{"Link":"http://iaeg2006.geolsoc.org.uk/cd/PAPERS/IAEG_167.PDF","external_links_name":"Rainstorm-induced landslides in Kisawa village, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981563//","external_links_name":"\"Kyushu Hit By Raging Typhoon\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981780//","external_links_name":"\"Typhoon Fran rakes Japan\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981842//","external_links_name":"\"Typhoon Damages Japan Isle\""},{"Link":"http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc1976.pdf","external_links_name":"Meteorological Results 1976: Part III — Tropical Cyclone Summaries"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3981615//","external_links_name":"\"Typhoon Fran Casualty\""},{"Link":"http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/s/197617.html.en","external_links_name":"Digital Typhoon: Typhoon197617 (FRAN)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oklahoma | Cannabis in Oklahoma | ["1 History","2 Medical use regulations","2.1 CBD clinical trials","3 Prosecution for non-licensed use","4 Feral hemp research","5 2022–2023 legalization initiative","6 References","7 External links"] | Legality, use and culture of cannabis in the U.S. state of Oklahoma
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Cannabis in Oklahoma is illegal for recreational use, but legal for medical use with a state-issued license, while CBD oil derived from industrial hemp is legal without a license.
History
As part of a larger trend nationwide to restrict cannabis, Oklahoma banned the drug in 1933. Through the decades, Oklahoma authorities actively prosecuted cannabis users, sellers and growers including through the use of helicopter patrols.
In April 2015, The Governor signed HB 2154 allowing the Sale of CBD oil with less than 0.3% THC under specified restrictions. The use of CBD oil manufactured from industrial hemp (which was sold over the counter, without restrictions) became widespread in Oklahoma during the mid-late 2010s. Later in 2015, Green the Vote announced that they were beginning a new petition drive to place medical legalization on the 2016 ballot. The initiative gathered the required number of signatures, but backers alleged that Attorney General Scott Pruitt had changed the verbiage of the initiative in a misleading way. After Oklahomans for Health sued over the ballot rewrite, the Oklahoma Supreme Court ordered the original language be restored. As result of the legal dispute, the vote for the initiative was pushed back to 2018. Governor Mary Fallin established a ballot date on January 4, 2018, of June 26, 2018 as a referendum initiative.
The referendum (State Question 788) ultimately passed 57%-43%, making Oklahoma the 30th US state to legalize medical use of cannabis. This approval by popular vote was noteworthy as it happened during a primary election rather than in a general election. SQ 788 instructed the state to promulgate a regulatory scheme for Marijuana online within 30 days and begin licensing by August 25. 2018; however, on July 10, 2018, the Oklahoma Board of Health voted 5-4 to ban smokable marijuana products at dispensaries and to require licensed pharmacists to be on-site at dispensaries. After two lawsuits were filed these regulations were dropped. Some local jurisdictions have tried to further regulate licensed cannabis use but such efforts have largely failed under judicial review.
The state created the Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority (OMMA) under the state Board of Health to regulate licenses for growers and patients, and its first director was appointed in October 2018.
On August 1, 2018, many of the original rules promulgated by the Oklahoma Board of Health (OBH) were rescinded with the support of Oklahoma State Attorney general Mike Hunter who stated that the OBH rules overreached and did not meet the intent of SQ 788. Oklahoma City adopted the "simple possession" rule in their city code on October 26, 2018 and additionally lowered the maximum fine for possession of marijuana paraphernalia to $50.
Medical use regulations
The statewide regulator for marijuana is the Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority.
Under SQ 788, an individual who obtains a Medical Marijuana License from the state of Oklahoma may consume marijuana legally and may legally possess up to:
3 ounces (85 g) of marijuana
6 mature marijuana plants (defined as plants that are in the budding stage)
6 seedling plants (defined as plants that are in the vegetative stage and are not yet budding)
1 ounce (28 g) of concentrated marijuana
72 ounces (2,000 g) of edible marijuana
8 ounces (230 g) of marijuana in their residence
Smokable forms of medical marijuana can be legally consumed by license holders in any place that allows the smoking of tobacco products, while edible forms of medical marijuana can be consumed anywhere. All forms of medical marijuana are still deemed to be illegal under federal law; consequently Oklahoma medical marijuana license holders are not exempt from federal prosecution for cannabis possession when they are present on federal lands in Oklahoma (including military posts and lands administered by the National Park Service or the Department of Agriculture), as well as on tribal trust land.
CBD clinical trials
In April 2015, Governor Mary Fallin signed into law a bill which allows clinical trials of CBD oil; Fallin emphasized to the press that she does not condone the full legalization of cannabis.
Prosecution for non-licensed use
Unlicensed simple possession of up to 1+1⁄2 ounces (43 g) is now punishable by a misdemeanor conviction and a $400 fine.
Since October 1, 2013, DUI (driving under intoxication) penalties include being jailed for no less than 10 days or more than 1 year if: A person "has any amount of a Schedule I chemical or controlled substance, as defined in Section 2-204 of Title 63 of the Oklahoma Statutes, or one of its metabolites or analogs in the person’s blood, saliva, urine or any other bodily fluid at the time of a test of such person's blood, saliva, urine or any other bodily fluid administered within two (2) hours after the arrest of such person." A second offense will have longer sentencing as well as require an ignition interlock device that can only detect alcohol even if person is not a user of alcohol.
Non-licensed making of hashish (including through the use of a simple grinder) or making brownies is still restricted. Licensed medical users can make and possess these products.
Feral hemp research
In 2018 Hempyre Genetics was hired to research strains of feral cannabis growing at undisclosed locations in Oklahoma, in order to advise legal hemp farmers as to what genetic traits were thriving in the state.
2022–2023 legalization initiative
Oklahoma State Question 820 was a voter initiative to legalize adult purchasing, possession and consumption of cannabis in Oklahoma, but it was rejected by the majority of voters after appearing as the only statewide issue on the ballot in a March 7, 2023 special election. It would have placed the Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority in charge of business regulation.
References
^ Richard Davenport-Hines (November 10, 2003). The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global History of Narcotics. W.W. Norton. pp. 240–. ISBN 978-0-393-32545-4.
^ "Oklahoma Narcotics Bureau Tackles Marijuana Operations From The Sky". Fort Smith/Fayetteville News - 5newsonline KFSM 5NEWS. August 27, 2015.
^ In 1995, a Bureau of Indian Affairs anti-narcotics agent was killed when one of these helicopters crashed after striking power lines. Owens, Ron (2000). Oklahoma Heroes. ISBN 9781563115714.
^ "Crime in Oklahoma, 2020 – Selected Findings, Drug and Alcohol-Related Arrests" (PDF). osbi.ok.gov. May 2, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
^ "New medical marijuana petition filed for Oklahoma vote". Tulsa World. August 22, 2015.
^ Bailey, Brianna (March 27, 2017). "Medical marijuana one step closer to Oklahoma ballot". NewsOK. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ Shepherd, Todd (February 20, 2017). "Pruitt confirmation adds another strong anti-marijuana voice to Trump cabinet". Washington Examiner. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
^ NewsOn6.com. "Medical Marijuana Vote Set In Oklahoma".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ State Question (SQ) 788
^ "Oklahoma State Question 788, Medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative (June 2018)".
^ Oklahoma, Janelle Stecklein CNHI News (August 2, 2018). "Health board rescinds regulations, but litigation still will proceed". Norman Transcript. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
^ Samantha Vicent (October 4, 2018). "First director: Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority hires Health Department official with tobacco-cessation background". Tulsa World.
^ Board of Health reverses course, approves looser medical marijuana rules
^ "It's the law: No medical marijuana on tribal lands". www.kten.com. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
^ Philip Ross (April 30, 2015). "Marijuana Legalization Oklahoma: Gov. Fallin Signs Bill Allowing Clinical Trials Of Medical Cannabis Derivative". International Business Times.
^ "License - Application - Records - Requirements - Caregiver License - Counties and Cities".
^ "HB 1441" (PDF). The State of Oklahoma. 2013.
^ "Your Oklahoma Pot Rights". Archived from the original on April 2, 2016.
^ "Oklahoma life-for-hash bill signed, also includes life-for-brownies or grinders". NORML Foundation. 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
^ "Bill Information". www.oklegislature.gov. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
^ "Top-secret mission: Oklahoma group researching state's wild hemp grows". November 2, 2018.
^ Sean Murphy (October 18, 2022). "Oklahoma governor sets March election for marijuana question". Associated Press – via The Hill.
^ March 2023 list of elections, Oklahoma State Election Board official website, accessed February 27, 2023
External links
Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority
vteCannabis in the United StatesFederal lawLaws and bills
Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
Controlled Substances Act (1970)
Solomon–Lautenberg amendment (1990)
Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act (2011)
Cole Memorandum (2013)
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STATES Act (2018)
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Ravin v. State (1975)
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United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative (2001)
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Americans for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Administration (2013)
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Dispensaries | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recreational use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"medical use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"Cannabis in Oklahoma is illegal for recreational use, but legal for medical use with a state-issued license, while CBD oil derived from industrial hemp is legal without a license.","title":"Cannabis in Oklahoma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport-Hines2003-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CBD oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol"},{"link_name":"THC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol"},{"link_name":"industrial hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_hemp"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Scott Pruitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pruitt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"State Question 788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Oklahoma_State_Question_788"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"As part of a larger trend nationwide to restrict cannabis, Oklahoma banned the drug in 1933.[1] Through the decades, Oklahoma authorities actively prosecuted cannabis users, sellers and growers including through the use of helicopter patrols. [2][3][4]In April 2015, The Governor signed HB 2154 allowing the Sale of CBD oil with less than 0.3% THC under specified restrictions. The use of CBD oil manufactured from industrial hemp (which was sold over the counter, without restrictions) became widespread in Oklahoma during the mid-late 2010s.[citation needed] Later in 2015, Green the Vote announced that they were beginning a new petition drive to place medical legalization on the 2016 ballot.[5] The initiative gathered the required number of signatures, but backers alleged that Attorney General Scott Pruitt had changed the verbiage of the initiative in a misleading way. After Oklahomans for Health sued over the ballot rewrite, the Oklahoma Supreme Court ordered the original language be restored. As result of the legal dispute, the vote for the initiative was pushed back to 2018.[6][7] Governor Mary Fallin established a ballot date on January 4, 2018, of June 26, 2018 as a referendum initiative.[8]The referendum (State Question 788) ultimately passed 57%-43%, making Oklahoma the 30th US state to legalize medical use of cannabis. This approval by popular vote was noteworthy as it happened during a primary election rather than in a general election.[9] SQ 788 instructed the state to promulgate a regulatory scheme for Marijuana online within 30 days and begin licensing by August 25. 2018; however, on July 10, 2018, the Oklahoma Board of Health voted 5-4 to ban smokable marijuana products at dispensaries and to require licensed pharmacists to be on-site at dispensaries. After two lawsuits were filed these regulations were dropped.[10][11] Some local jurisdictions have tried to further regulate licensed cannabis use but such efforts have largely failed under judicial review.[citation needed]The state created the Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority (OMMA) under the state Board of Health to regulate licenses for growers and patients, and its first director was appointed in October 2018.[12]On August 1, 2018, many of the original rules promulgated by the Oklahoma Board of Health (OBH) were rescinded with the support of Oklahoma State Attorney general Mike Hunter who stated that the OBH rules overreached and did not meet the intent of SQ 788. Oklahoma City adopted the \"simple possession\" rule in their city code on October 26, 2018 and additionally lowered the maximum fine for possession of marijuana paraphernalia to $50.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The statewide regulator for marijuana is the Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority.Under SQ 788, an individual who obtains a Medical Marijuana License from the state of Oklahoma may consume marijuana legally and may legally possess up to:3 ounces (85 g) of marijuana\n6 mature marijuana plants (defined as plants that are in the budding stage)\n6 seedling plants (defined as plants that are in the vegetative stage and are not yet budding)\n1 ounce (28 g) of concentrated marijuana\n72 ounces (2,000 g) of edible marijuana\n8 ounces (230 g) of marijuana in their residenceSmokable forms of medical marijuana can be legally consumed by license holders in any place that allows the smoking of tobacco products, while edible forms of medical marijuana can be consumed anywhere. All forms of medical marijuana are still deemed to be illegal under federal law; consequently Oklahoma medical marijuana license holders are not exempt from federal prosecution for cannabis possession when they are present on federal lands in Oklahoma (including military posts and lands administered by the National Park Service or the Department of Agriculture), as well as on tribal trust land.[14]","title":"Medical use regulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Fallin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Fallin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"CBD clinical trials","text":"In April 2015, Governor Mary Fallin signed into law a bill which allows clinical trials of CBD oil; Fallin emphasized to the press that she does not condone the full legalization of cannabis.[15]","title":"Medical use regulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"hashish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish"},{"link_name":"brownies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_foods"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Unlicensed simple possession of up to 1+1⁄2 ounces (43 g) is now punishable by a misdemeanor conviction and a $400 fine.[16]Since October 1, 2013, DUI (driving under intoxication) penalties include being jailed for no less than 10 days or more than 1 year if: A person \"has any amount of a Schedule I chemical or controlled substance, as defined in Section 2-204 of Title 63 of the Oklahoma Statutes, or one of its metabolites or analogs in the person’s blood, saliva, urine or any other bodily fluid at the time of a test of such person's blood, saliva, urine or any other bodily fluid administered within two (2) hours after the arrest of such person.\" A second offense will have longer sentencing as well as require an ignition interlock device that can only detect alcohol even if person is not a user of alcohol.[17][18]Non-licensed making of hashish (including through the use of a simple grinder) or making brownies is still restricted.[19][20] Licensed medical users can make and possess these products.","title":"Prosecution for non-licensed use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feral cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_cannabis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In 2018 Hempyre Genetics was hired to research strains of feral cannabis growing at undisclosed locations in Oklahoma, in order to advise legal hemp farmers as to what genetic traits were thriving in the state.[21]","title":"Feral hemp research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oklahoma State Question 820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Question_820"},{"link_name":"special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Oklahoma State Question 820 was a voter initiative to legalize adult purchasing, possession and consumption of cannabis in Oklahoma, but it was rejected by the majority of voters after appearing as the only statewide issue on the ballot in a March 7, 2023 special election.[22][23] It would have placed the Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority in charge of business regulation.","title":"2022–2023 legalization initiative"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Richard Davenport-Hines (November 10, 2003). The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global History of Narcotics. W.W. Norton. pp. 240–. ISBN 978-0-393-32545-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dFRd2MMrtiUC&pg=PA240","url_text":"The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global History of Narcotics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32545-4","url_text":"978-0-393-32545-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Oklahoma Narcotics Bureau Tackles Marijuana Operations From The Sky\". Fort Smith/Fayetteville News - 5newsonline KFSM 5NEWS. August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://5newsonline.com/2015/08/27/oklahoma-narcotics-bureau-tackles-marijuana-operations-from-the-sky/","url_text":"\"Oklahoma Narcotics Bureau Tackles Marijuana Operations From The Sky\""}]},{"reference":"Owens, Ron (2000). Oklahoma Heroes. ISBN 9781563115714.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mFr5QBK4rEcC&q=marijuana+oklahoma&pg=PA144","url_text":"Oklahoma Heroes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563115714","url_text":"9781563115714"}]},{"reference":"\"Crime in Oklahoma, 2020 – Selected Findings, Drug and Alcohol-Related Arrests\" (PDF). osbi.ok.gov. May 2, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://osbi.ok.gov/sites/g/files/gmc476/f/publications/2021/09/Crime_in_Oklahoma_-_Selected_Findings_Drug_and_Alcohol-Related_Arrests_2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Crime in Oklahoma, 2020 – Selected Findings, Drug and Alcohol-Related Arrests\""}]},{"reference":"\"New medical marijuana petition filed for Oklahoma vote\". Tulsa World. August 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/government/new-medical-marijuana-petition-filed-for-oklahoma-vote/article_cb45779b-fdcd-53a4-984b-436dc9724ca3.html","url_text":"\"New medical marijuana petition filed for Oklahoma vote\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Brianna (March 27, 2017). \"Medical marijuana one step closer to Oklahoma ballot\". NewsOK. Retrieved July 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsok.com/article/5543244","url_text":"\"Medical marijuana one step closer to Oklahoma ballot\""}]},{"reference":"Shepherd, Todd (February 20, 2017). \"Pruitt confirmation adds another strong anti-marijuana voice to Trump cabinet\". Washington Examiner. Retrieved March 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/pruitt-confirmation-adds-another-strong-anti-marijuana-voice-to-trump-cabinet/article/2615318","url_text":"\"Pruitt confirmation adds another strong anti-marijuana voice to Trump cabinet\""}]},{"reference":"NewsOn6.com. \"Medical Marijuana Vote Set In Oklahoma\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newson6.com/story/37194557/medical-marijuana-vote-set-in-oklahoma","url_text":"\"Medical Marijuana Vote Set In Oklahoma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oklahoma State Question 788, Medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative (June 2018)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotpedia.org/Oklahoma_State_Question_788,_Medical_Marijuana_Legalization_Initiative_(June_2018)","url_text":"\"Oklahoma State Question 788, Medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative (June 2018)\""}]},{"reference":"Oklahoma, Janelle Stecklein CNHI News (August 2, 2018). \"Health board rescinds regulations, but litigation still will proceed\". Norman Transcript. Retrieved May 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.normantranscript.com/news/government/health-board-rescinds-regulations-but-litigation-still-will-proceed/article_60470f24-cae9-5b03-847a-d4b746e312a2.html","url_text":"\"Health board rescinds regulations, but litigation still will proceed\""}]},{"reference":"Samantha Vicent (October 4, 2018). \"First director: Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority hires Health Department official with tobacco-cessation background\". Tulsa World.","urls":[{"url":"https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/marijuana/first-director-oklahoma-medical-marijuana-authority-hires-health-department-official-with-tobacco-cessation-background/article_4f4327dc-0f31-5f5b-a32a-bbb4bc77ef93.html","url_text":"\"First director: Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority hires Health Department official with tobacco-cessation background\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_World","url_text":"Tulsa World"}]},{"reference":"\"It's the law: No medical marijuana on tribal lands\". www.kten.com. Retrieved May 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kten.com/story/39080701/its-the-law-no-medical-marijuana-on-tribal-lands","url_text":"\"It's the law: No medical marijuana on tribal lands\""}]},{"reference":"Philip Ross (April 30, 2015). \"Marijuana Legalization Oklahoma: Gov. Fallin Signs Bill Allowing Clinical Trials Of Medical Cannabis Derivative\". International Business Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.com/marijuana-legalization-oklahoma-gov-fallin-signs-bill-allowing-clinical-trials-1904029","url_text":"\"Marijuana Legalization Oklahoma: Gov. Fallin Signs Bill Allowing Clinical Trials Of Medical Cannabis Derivative\""}]},{"reference":"\"License - Application - Records - Requirements - Caregiver License - Counties and Cities\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=483199","url_text":"\"License - Application - Records - Requirements - Caregiver License - Counties and Cities\""}]},{"reference":"\"HB 1441\" (PDF). The State of Oklahoma. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/cf_pdf/2013-14%20ENR/hB/HB1441%20ENR.PDF","url_text":"\"HB 1441\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma","url_text":"Oklahoma"}]},{"reference":"\"Your Oklahoma Pot Rights\". Archived from the original on April 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402033111/http://www.lhllaw.com/can-police-arrest-you-for-possession-of-weed-all-your-burning-pot-questions-answered/","url_text":"\"Your Oklahoma Pot Rights\""},{"url":"http://www.lhllaw.com/can-police-arrest-you-for-possession-of-weed-all-your-burning-pot-questions-answered/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oklahoma life-for-hash bill signed, also includes life-for-brownies or grinders\". NORML Foundation. 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304141711/http://stash.norml.org/oklahoma-life-for-hash-bill-signed-also-includes-life-for-brownies-or-grinders","url_text":"\"Oklahoma life-for-hash bill signed, also includes life-for-brownies or grinders\""},{"url":"http://stash.norml.org/oklahoma-life-for-hash-bill-signed-also-includes-life-for-brownies-or-grinders","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Information\". www.oklegislature.gov. Retrieved March 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oklegislature.gov/BillInfo.aspx?Bill=HB1798&Session=1100","url_text":"\"Bill Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top-secret mission: Oklahoma group researching state's wild hemp grows\". November 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koco.com/article/top-secret-mission-oklahoma-group-researching-state-s-wild-hemp-grows/24561454","url_text":"\"Top-secret mission: Oklahoma group researching state's wild hemp grows\""}]},{"reference":"Sean Murphy (October 18, 2022). \"Oklahoma governor sets March election for marijuana question\". Associated Press – via The Hill.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/homenews/ap/ap-u-s-news/ap-oklahoma-governor-sets-march-election-for-marijuana-question/","url_text":"\"Oklahoma governor sets March election for marijuana question\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dFRd2MMrtiUC&pg=PA240","external_links_name":"The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global History of Narcotics"},{"Link":"http://5newsonline.com/2015/08/27/oklahoma-narcotics-bureau-tackles-marijuana-operations-from-the-sky/","external_links_name":"\"Oklahoma Narcotics Bureau Tackles Marijuana Operations From The Sky\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mFr5QBK4rEcC&q=marijuana+oklahoma&pg=PA144","external_links_name":"Oklahoma Heroes"},{"Link":"https://osbi.ok.gov/sites/g/files/gmc476/f/publications/2021/09/Crime_in_Oklahoma_-_Selected_Findings_Drug_and_Alcohol-Related_Arrests_2020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crime in Oklahoma, 2020 – Selected Findings, Drug and Alcohol-Related Arrests\""},{"Link":"https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/government/new-medical-marijuana-petition-filed-for-oklahoma-vote/article_cb45779b-fdcd-53a4-984b-436dc9724ca3.html","external_links_name":"\"New medical marijuana petition filed for Oklahoma vote\""},{"Link":"http://newsok.com/article/5543244","external_links_name":"\"Medical marijuana one step closer to Oklahoma ballot\""},{"Link":"http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/pruitt-confirmation-adds-another-strong-anti-marijuana-voice-to-trump-cabinet/article/2615318","external_links_name":"\"Pruitt confirmation adds another strong anti-marijuana voice to Trump cabinet\""},{"Link":"http://www.newson6.com/story/37194557/medical-marijuana-vote-set-in-oklahoma","external_links_name":"\"Medical Marijuana Vote Set In Oklahoma\""},{"Link":"https://www.sos.ok.gov/documents/questions/788.pdf","external_links_name":"State Question (SQ) 788"},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Oklahoma_State_Question_788,_Medical_Marijuana_Legalization_Initiative_(June_2018)","external_links_name":"\"Oklahoma State Question 788, Medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative (June 2018)\""},{"Link":"https://www.normantranscript.com/news/government/health-board-rescinds-regulations-but-litigation-still-will-proceed/article_60470f24-cae9-5b03-847a-d4b746e312a2.html","external_links_name":"\"Health board rescinds regulations, but litigation still will proceed\""},{"Link":"https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/marijuana/first-director-oklahoma-medical-marijuana-authority-hires-health-department-official-with-tobacco-cessation-background/article_4f4327dc-0f31-5f5b-a32a-bbb4bc77ef93.html","external_links_name":"\"First director: Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority hires Health Department official with tobacco-cessation background\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023074658/https://stateimpact.npr.org/oklahoma/2018/08/01/board-of-health-reverses-course-approves-looser-medical-marijuana-rules/","external_links_name":"Board of Health reverses course, approves looser medical marijuana rules"},{"Link":"https://www.kten.com/story/39080701/its-the-law-no-medical-marijuana-on-tribal-lands","external_links_name":"\"It's the law: No medical marijuana on tribal lands\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.com/marijuana-legalization-oklahoma-gov-fallin-signs-bill-allowing-clinical-trials-1904029","external_links_name":"\"Marijuana Legalization Oklahoma: Gov. Fallin Signs Bill Allowing Clinical Trials Of Medical Cannabis Derivative\""},{"Link":"https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=483199","external_links_name":"\"License - Application - Records - Requirements - Caregiver License - Counties and Cities\""},{"Link":"http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/cf_pdf/2013-14%20ENR/hB/HB1441%20ENR.PDF","external_links_name":"\"HB 1441\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402033111/http://www.lhllaw.com/can-police-arrest-you-for-possession-of-weed-all-your-burning-pot-questions-answered/","external_links_name":"\"Your Oklahoma Pot Rights\""},{"Link":"http://www.lhllaw.com/can-police-arrest-you-for-possession-of-weed-all-your-burning-pot-questions-answered/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304141711/http://stash.norml.org/oklahoma-life-for-hash-bill-signed-also-includes-life-for-brownies-or-grinders","external_links_name":"\"Oklahoma life-for-hash bill signed, also includes life-for-brownies or grinders\""},{"Link":"http://stash.norml.org/oklahoma-life-for-hash-bill-signed-also-includes-life-for-brownies-or-grinders","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.oklegislature.gov/BillInfo.aspx?Bill=HB1798&Session=1100","external_links_name":"\"Bill Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.koco.com/article/top-secret-mission-oklahoma-group-researching-state-s-wild-hemp-grows/24561454","external_links_name":"\"Top-secret mission: Oklahoma group researching state's wild hemp grows\""},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/homenews/ap/ap-u-s-news/ap-oklahoma-governor-sets-march-election-for-marijuana-question/","external_links_name":"\"Oklahoma governor sets March election for marijuana question\""},{"Link":"https://hosting.okelections.us/electionlist.html","external_links_name":"March 2023 list of elections"},{"Link":"http://omma.ok.gov/","external_links_name":"Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahina | Kahina | ["1 Name","2 Origins and religion","3 Conflicts and legends","4 Defeat and death","5 Legacy","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography"] | 7th century Berber queen who resisted the Umayyads
Al-KahinaQueen of the AurèsDihya memorial in Khenchela, AlgeriaQueen of the AurèsReignc. 668 - 703?PredecessorIaudasLeader of the BerberIn officec. 680s - 703?PredecessorKusailaBornEarly seventh centuryDied703? (in battle)Bir al-Kahina, AurèsFatherTabat
Al-Kahina (Arabic: الكاهنة, lit. 'the diviner'), also known as Dihya, was a Berber queen of the Aurès and a religious and military leader who led indigenous resistance to the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, the region then known as Numidia, notably defeating the Umayyad forces in the Battle of Meskiana after which she became the uncontested ruler of the whole Maghreb, before being decisively defeated at the Battle of Tabarka. She was born in the early 7th century AD and died around the end of the 7th century in modern-day Algeria. She is considered one of the most famous figures in the history of the Berber resistance to the Arab conquest in the 7th century.
Name
Her personal name is one of these variations: Daya, Dehiya, Dihya, Dahya or Damya. Her title was cited by Arabic-language sources as al-Kāhina (the priestess soothsayer) (Arabic: الكاهنة). This was the nickname given to by her Muslim opponents because of her alleged ability to foresee the future.
Origins and religion
Al-Kahina led the Jarāwa Zenata tribe. She may have been Jewish. For five years she ruled a free Berber state from the Aurès Mountains to the oasis of Gadames (695–700 AD). But the Arabs, commanded by Musa bin Nusayr, returned with a strong army and defeated her. She fought at the El Djem Roman amphitheater but finally was killed in combat near a well that still bears her name, Bir al Kahina in Aures.
Various sources suggest that she was of Jewish religion or that her tribe were Judaized Berbers. According to al-Mālikī, she was accompanied in her travels by an "idol". Both Mohamed Talbi and Gabriel Camps interpreted this idol as a Christian icon, either of Christ, the Virgin, or a saint protecting the queen. M'hamed Hassine Fantar held that this icon represented a separate Berber deity, suggesting she followed traditional Berber religion. However, Al-Kahina being a Christian remains the most likely hypothesis.
The idea that the Jarawa were Judaized comes from the medieval historian Ibn Khaldun, who named them among seven Berber tribes. Hirschberg and Talbi note that Ibn Khaldun seems to have been referring to a time before the advent of the late Roman and Byzantine empires, and a little later in the same paragraph seems to say that by Roman times "the tribes" had become Christianized. As early as 1963, the Israeli historian H.Z. Hirschberg, in retranslating the text of Ibn Khaldun and rigorously repeating the whole document, questioned this interpretation, and in general the existence of large Jewish Berber tribes in the end of Antiquity. In the words of H.Z. Hirschberg, "of all the known movements of conversion to Judaism and incidents of Judaizing, those connected with the Berbers and Sudanese in Africa are the least authenticated. Whatever has been written on them is extremely questionable."
Over four centuries after her death, Tunisian hagiographer al-Mālikī seems to have been among the first to state she resided in the Aurès Mountains. Seven centuries after her death, the pilgrim at-Tijani was told she belonged to the Lūwāta tribe. When the later historian Ibn Khaldun came to write his account, he placed her with the Jarawa tribe.
According to various Muslim sources, al-Kāhina was the daughter of Tabat, or some say Mātiya. These sources depend on tribal genealogies, which were generally concocted for political reasons during the 9th century.
Ibn Khaldun records many legends about Al-Kahina. A number of them refer to her long hair or great size, both legendary characteristics of sorcerers. She is also supposed to have had the gift of prophecy and she had three sons, which is characteristic of witches in legends. Even the fact that two were her own and one was adopted (an Arab officer she had captured) was an alleged trait of sorcerers in tales. Another legend claims that in her youth, she had supposedly freed her people from a tyrant by agreeing to marry him and then murdering him on their wedding night. Virtually nothing else of her personal life is known.
Conflicts and legends
El Djem Amphitheater aerial view. The amphitheater was converted into a fortress, and in 699 CE served as a refuge for El Kahina during her fight against the Arab invaders. After the battle, the town was abandoned, and the site was reoccupied only during the French colonial period.
Al-Kahina succeeded Kusaila as the war leader of the Berber tribes in the 680s and opposed the encroaching Arab Islamic armies of the Umayyad dynasty. Hasan ibn al-Nu'man marched from Egypt and captured the major Byzantine city of Carthage and other cities (see Muslim conquest of North Africa). Searching for another enemy to defeat, he was told that the most powerful monarch in North Africa was "the Queen of the Berbers" (Arabic: malikat al-barbar) Al-Kahina, and accordingly marched into Numidia. In 698, the armies met near Meskiana in the present-day province of Oum el-Bouaghi at the Battle of Meskiana (or "battle of camels") in Algeria.
Al-Kahina defeated Hasan so soundly that he fled Ifriqiya and holed up in Cyrenaica (Libya) for four or five years. Realizing that the enemy was too powerful and bound to return, she was said to have embarked on a scorched earth campaign, which had little impact on the mountain and desert tribes, but lost her the crucial support of the sedentary oasis-dwellers. Instead of discouraging the Arab armies, her desperate decision hastened defeat.
The story of the Kahina is told by a variety of cultures, and each story often offers a different, or even contradictory, perspective. For example, the story is used to promote feminist beliefs. Additionally, it is even told by Arabs to promote their own nationalism. For the Arabs, they told the story in a perspective that made the Kahina seem like a sorcerer, all in an attempt to discredit her. The story of the Kahina was told to paint colonialism in a positive light. The story was told with a message saying that it represented the freeing of Berbers from the Arabs.
Another, lesser known account of Al-Kahina claimed that she had an interest in early studies of desert birds. While this view may or may not be plausible, some evidence has been recovered at the site of her death place, modern-day Algeria. Several fragments of early parchment with a painting of a bird on them were found, although there's no way to conclude the fragments were hers. However, it is possible that she began her interest while in Libya, as the painting was of a Libyan bird species.
Defeat and death
Hasan eventually returned and, aided by communications with the captured officer Khalid bin Yazid al-Qaysi adopted by Al-Kahina, defeated her at the Battle of Tabarka (a locality in present-day Tunisia near the Algerian borders) about which there is some uncertainty. According to some accounts, Al-Kahina died fighting the invaders, sword in hand. Other accounts say she committed suicide by swallowing poison rather than be taken by the enemy. This final act occurred in the 690s or 700s, with 703 CE given as the most likely year. In that year, she was, according to Ibn Khaldun, 127 years old. This is evidently yet another of the many myths which surround her. In either case she was beheaded, and her head was sent back to the Umayyad Caliph in Damascus as proof of her death.
According to many historians, Bagay and Khenchla converted, and led the Berber army to Iberia. However, the historian Ibn al-Athīr says they died with their mother.
Legacy
Al-Kahina was adopted as a symbol by women, and was used as a symbol against foreign occupation, and later as a symbol against male hegemony. Indeed, already during the period of French colonisation of Algeria, Kahina was a model for the militant women who fought the French. In the Kabyle insurrection of 1851 and 1857, women such as Lalla Fatma N'Soumer and Lalla Khadija Bent Belkacem, who were known as chief warriors took Kahina as a model.
Also, the French, in the early 20th century, anxious to Frenchify Algeria by Romanising its past, drew parallels between themselves and the Romans. The Algerian nationalists, seeking to tie Algeria to the East instead, draw the same parallels, but for them both Rome and France were colonial powers, responsible for the decline of Phoenician civilisation in the past, and Arabic civilisation in the present. Both ideologies used Kahina's mythology as a founding myth. On one side, she was the one who fought the Arabs and Islam to keep Algeria Christian, on the other, she was the one who fought all invaders (Byzantines or Arabs) to create an independent state.
In the present day, the image of Kahina is constantly used by Berber activists to showcase how they, as a people, are strong and will not be conquered or diminished by other communities. Her face is often seen in graffiti and sculptures around Algeria to showcase their support for the progressive ideals she represents. While her true appearance is still unknown, artists have depicted her with certain aspects that reinforce the progressive movement she is known to represent. However, not all governments accept the ideals behind Kahina. One statue of Kahina in Baghai was condemned by the government due to blasphemy. The president of the Defense of the Arab Language, Othman Saadi, said that Kahina represented the resistance to Islam, and thus, should be condemned.
See also
History portalFeminism portal
Umayyad conquest of North Africa
Kingdom of the Aurès
Kusaila
Colonialism
References
^ a b c d e f g h Modéran, Yves (2005). "Kahena". Encyclopédie berbère. Edisud. pp. 4102–4111. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1306.
^ a b According to some, this name is an Arabicized form of the Christian name Matthias or Matthew. See Talbi (1971) for more discussion.
^ The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 2: From Mohammed to the Marranos
Leon Poliakov
University of Pennsylvania Press
^ Remarkable Jewish Women: Rebels, Rabbis, and Other Women from Biblical Times to the Present
Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry
Jewish Publication Society,
^ History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco: From the Arab Conquest to 1830
Charles André Julien
Praeger
^ The Jews of North Africa: From Dido to De Gaulle
Sarah Taieb-Carlen
University Press of America,
^ See discussion of these supposed names by Talbi (1971).
^ Naylor, Phillip C. (2009). North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present. University of Texas Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-292-77878-8.
^ Charles André Julien; Roger Le Tourneau (1970). Histoire de L'Afrique du Nord. Praeger. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7100-6614-5.
^ See Hirschberg (1963) and Talbi (1971).
^ Hirschberg (1963) p. 339.
^ at-Tijani, Arabic text p. 57: al-kāhinat al-ma'arūfat bi-kāhinat lūwātat, p. 118 of the translation
^ Talbi (1971) and Modéran (2005) discuss the various sources.
^ Talbi (1971) suggests that based on the topography reported by al-Mālikī, the actual battlefield was the Wadi Nīnī.
^ Philippe Sénac; Patrice Cressier (2012). Armand Colin (ed.). Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siècle (in French). p. 111.
^ However, even if true, the Arab accounts are considered to be greatly exaggerated. See Talbi (1971) and Modéran (2005). One thing that is certain is that Dihyā loved ornithology.
^ a b Becker, Cynthia, "The Kahina: The Female Face of Berber History". Mizan Project. October 26, 2015. Accessed April 15, 2018.
^ Talbi (1971) suggests it was between Setif and Tobna but this is not certain.
^ Goucher, Candice (24 January 2022). Women Who Changed the World: Their Lives, Challenges, and Accomplishments through History . ISBN 978-1-4408-6825-2.
^ Description of 100 Francs 1940, Algeria
^ Z.Daoud, Feminisme et politique au Magreb,(Paris:Maisonneuve et Larose, 1993), p. 133-34, and p. 357
^ a b Hannoum, Abdelmajid (1997). "Historiography, Mythology and Memory in Modern North Africa: The Story of the Kahina". Studia Islamica (85): 85–130. doi:10.2307/1595873. JSTOR 1595873.
Bibliography
Ibn Khaldun, Kitāb al-Ibar. Usually cited as: Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, a French trans. by William McGuckin de Slane, Paul Geuthner, Paris, 1978. This 19th-century translation should now be regarded as obsolete. There is a more accurate modern French translation by Abdesselam Cheddadi, Peuples et Nations du Monde: extraits des Ibar, Sindbad, Paris, 1986 & 1995. Hirschberg (1963) gives an English translation of the section where Ibn Khaldun discusses the supposed Judaized Jarāwa.
Hannoum, Abdelmajid. (2001). Post-Colonial Memories: The Legend of the Dihyā, a North African Heroine (Studies in African Literature). ISBN 0-325-00253-3. This is a study of the legend of the Dihyā in the 19th century and later. The first chapter is a detailed critique of how the legend of the Dihyā emerged after several transformations from the 9th century to the 14th.
Hirschberg, H.Z. (November 1963). "The Problem of the Judaized Berbers". The Journal of African History. 4 (3): 313–339. doi:10.1017/S0021853700004278. ISSN 1469-5138. S2CID 162261998.
Hirschberg, H.Z. (1974). A History of the Jews in North Africa. Vol. 1 From Antiquity to the Sixteenth Century (2nd ed., Eng. trans. ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-03820-2.
al-Mālikī, Riyād an-Nufūs. Partial French trans. (including the story of the Dihyā) by H.R. Idris, 'Le récit d'al-Mālikī sur la Conquête de l'Ifrīqiya', Revue des Etudes Islamiques 37 (1969) 117–149. The accuracy of this translation has been criticised by Talbi (1971) and others.
Modéran, Yves (2005). "Kahena. (Al-Kâhina)". Kahena. Encyclopédie berbère. Vol. 27 | Kairouan – Kifan Bel-Ghomari. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. pp. 4102–4111. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1306. ISBN 978-2-7449-0538-4. The most recent critical study of the historical sources.
Talbi, Mohammed. (1971). Un nouveau fragment de l'histoire de l'Occident musulman (62–196/682–812) : l'épopée d'al Kahina. (Cahiers de Tunisie vol. 19 pp. 19–52). An important historiographical study.
at-Tijānī, Rihlat. Arabic text ed. by H.H. Abdulwahhab, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, 1994. French trans. by A. Rousseau in Journal Asiatique, section containing the story of the Dihyā is in n.s. 4, vol. 20 (1852) 57–208.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
2
National
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"Aurès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1306-1"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of the Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb"},{"link_name":"Numidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia"},{"link_name":"Umayyad forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Battle of Meskiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Meskiana_(688)"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leon-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taitz-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Julien-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarah-6"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tabarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarka"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1306-1"}],"text":"Al-Kahina (Arabic: الكاهنة, lit. 'the diviner'), also known as Dihya, was a Berber queen of the Aurès[1] and a religious and military leader who led indigenous resistance to the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, the region then known as Numidia, notably defeating the Umayyad forces in the Battle of Meskiana after which she became the uncontested ruler of the whole Maghreb,[3][4][5][6] before being decisively defeated at the Battle of Tabarka. She was born in the early 7th century AD and died around the end of the 7th century in modern-day Algeria. She is considered one of the most famous figures in the history of the Berber resistance to the Arab conquest in the 7th century.[1]","title":"Kahina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"priestess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"soothsayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1306-1"}],"text":"Her personal name is one of these variations: Daya, Dehiya, Dihya, Dahya or Damya.[7] Her title was cited by Arabic-language sources as al-Kāhina (the priestess soothsayer) (Arabic: الكاهنة). This was the nickname given to by her Muslim opponents because of her alleged ability to foresee the future.[1]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jarāwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawa_(Berber_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Zenata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Aurès Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Gadames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadames"},{"link_name":"Musa bin Nusayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_bin_Nusayr"},{"link_name":"El Djem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Djem"},{"link_name":"Bir al Kahina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bir_al_Kahina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aures,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JulienTourneau1970-9"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Jews"},{"link_name":"tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe"},{"link_name":"Judaized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Jews"},{"link_name":"Berbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"al-Mālikī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Maliki"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Talbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Talbi"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Camps"},{"link_name":"M'hamed Hassine Fantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27hamed_Hassine_Fantar"},{"link_name":"traditional Berber religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1306-1"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Christianized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianized"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1306-1"},{"link_name":"H.Z. Hirschberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H.Z._Hirschberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Judaizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizing"},{"link_name":"Berbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"Sudanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"hagiographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiographer"},{"link_name":"al-Mālikī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Maliki"},{"link_name":"Aurès Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains"},{"link_name":"at-Tijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Tijani"},{"link_name":"Lūwāta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwata"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawa_(Berber_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Tabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabat"},{"link_name":"Mātiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81tiya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-father-2"},{"link_name":"tribal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal"},{"link_name":"genealogies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogies"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair"},{"link_name":"sorcerers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)"},{"link_name":"prophecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend"},{"link_name":"tyrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrant"},{"link_name":"wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"text":"Al-Kahina led the Jarāwa Zenata tribe. She may have been Jewish.[8] For five years she ruled a free Berber state from the Aurès Mountains to the oasis of Gadames (695–700 AD). But the Arabs, commanded by Musa bin Nusayr, returned with a strong army and defeated her. She fought at the El Djem Roman amphitheater but finally was killed in combat near a well that still bears her name, Bir al Kahina in Aures.[9]Various sources suggest that she was of Jewish religion or that her tribe were Judaized Berbers.[10] According to al-Mālikī, she was accompanied in her travels by an \"idol\". Both Mohamed Talbi and Gabriel Camps interpreted this idol as a Christian icon, either of Christ, the Virgin, or a saint protecting the queen. M'hamed Hassine Fantar held that this icon represented a separate Berber deity, suggesting she followed traditional Berber religion. However, Al-Kahina being a Christian remains the most likely hypothesis.[1]The idea that the Jarawa were Judaized comes from the medieval historian Ibn Khaldun, who named them among seven Berber tribes. Hirschberg and Talbi note that Ibn Khaldun seems to have been referring to a time before the advent of the late Roman and Byzantine empires, and a little later in the same paragraph seems to say that by Roman times \"the tribes\" had become Christianized. As early as 1963, the Israeli historian H.Z. Hirschberg, in retranslating the text of Ibn Khaldun and rigorously repeating the whole document, questioned this interpretation, and in general the existence of large Jewish Berber tribes in the end of Antiquity.[1] In the words of H.Z. Hirschberg, \"of all the known movements of conversion to Judaism and incidents of Judaizing, those connected with the Berbers and Sudanese in Africa are the least authenticated. Whatever has been written on them is extremely questionable.\"[11]Over four centuries after her death, Tunisian hagiographer al-Mālikī seems to have been among the first to state she resided in the Aurès Mountains. Seven centuries after her death, the pilgrim at-Tijani was told she belonged to the Lūwāta tribe.[12] When the later historian Ibn Khaldun came to write his account, he placed her with the Jarawa tribe.According to various Muslim sources, al-Kāhina was the daughter of Tabat, or some say Mātiya.[2] These sources depend on tribal genealogies, which were generally concocted for political reasons during the 9th century.[13]Ibn Khaldun records many legends about Al-Kahina. A number of them refer to her long hair or great size, both legendary characteristics of sorcerers. She is also supposed to have had the gift of prophecy and she had three sons, which is characteristic of witches in legends. Even the fact that two were her own and one was adopted (an Arab officer she had captured) was an alleged trait of sorcerers in tales. Another legend claims that in her youth, she had supposedly freed her people from a tyrant by agreeing to marry him and then murdering him on their wedding night. Virtually nothing else of her personal life is known.[according to whom?]","title":"Origins and religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Djem_Amphitheater_aerial_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"El Djem Amphitheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_El_Jem"},{"link_name":"Kusaila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusaila"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people"},{"link_name":"Umayyad dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Hasan ibn al-Nu'man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_al-Nu%27man"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb"},{"link_name":"Numidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia"},{"link_name":"Meskiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskiana"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Oum el-Bouaghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oum_el-Bouaghi_Province"},{"link_name":"Battle of Meskiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Meskiana"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"scorched earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_earth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becker-17"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"text":"El Djem Amphitheater aerial view. The amphitheater was converted into a fortress, and in 699 CE served as a refuge for El Kahina during her fight against the Arab invaders. After the battle, the town was abandoned, and the site was reoccupied only during the French colonial period.Al-Kahina succeeded Kusaila as the war leader of the Berber tribes in the 680s and opposed the encroaching Arab Islamic armies of the Umayyad dynasty. Hasan ibn al-Nu'man marched from Egypt and captured the major Byzantine city of Carthage and other cities (see Muslim conquest of North Africa). Searching for another enemy to defeat, he was told that the most powerful monarch in North Africa was \"the Queen of the Berbers\" (Arabic: malikat al-barbar) Al-Kahina, and accordingly marched into Numidia. In 698, the armies met near Meskiana[14] in the present-day province of Oum el-Bouaghi at the Battle of Meskiana (or \"battle of camels\") in Algeria.[15]Al-Kahina defeated Hasan so soundly that he fled Ifriqiya and holed up in Cyrenaica (Libya) for four or five years. Realizing that the enemy was too powerful and bound to return, she was said to have embarked on a scorched earth campaign, which had little impact on the mountain and desert tribes, but lost her the crucial support of the sedentary oasis-dwellers. Instead of discouraging the Arab armies, her desperate decision hastened defeat.[16]The story of the Kahina is told by a variety of cultures, and each story often offers a different, or even contradictory, perspective. For example, the story is used to promote feminist beliefs.[citation needed] Additionally, it is even told by Arabs[which?] to promote their own nationalism. For the Arabs,[who?] they told the story in a perspective that made the Kahina seem like a sorcerer, all in an attempt to discredit her.[citation needed] The story of the Kahina was told to paint colonialism in a positive light.[citation needed] The story was told with a message saying that it represented the freeing of Berbers from the Arabs.[17]Another, lesser known account[which?] of Al-Kahina claimed that she had an interest in early studies of desert birds. While this view may or may not be plausible, some evidence[clarification needed] has been recovered at the site of her death place, modern-day Algeria. Several fragments of early parchment with a painting of a bird on them were found, although there's no way to conclude the fragments were hers. However, it is possible that she began her interest while in Libya, as the painting was of a Libyan bird species.[according to whom?]","title":"Conflicts and legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_al-Nu%27man"},{"link_name":"Khalid bin Yazid al-Qaysi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalid_bin_Yazid_al-Qaysi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tabarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarka"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Algerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1306-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1306-1"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"beheaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheaded"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Bagay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khenchla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khenchla"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Athīr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir"}],"text":"Hasan eventually returned and, aided by communications with the captured officer Khalid bin Yazid al-Qaysi adopted by Al-Kahina, defeated her at the Battle of Tabarka (a locality in present-day Tunisia near the Algerian borders)[1] about which there is some uncertainty.[18] According to some accounts[which?], Al-Kahina died fighting the invaders, sword in hand. Other accounts[which?] say she committed suicide by swallowing poison rather than be taken by the enemy. This final act occurred in the 690s or 700s, with 703 CE given as the most likely year.[1] In that year, she was, according to Ibn Khaldun, 127 years old. This is evidently yet another of the many myths which surround her. In either case she was beheaded, and her head was sent back to the Umayyad Caliph in Damascus as proof of her death.[19]According to many historians[who?], Bagay and Khenchla converted,[20] and led the Berber army to Iberia. However, the historian Ibn al-Athīr says they died with their mother.","title":"Defeat and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"French colonisation of Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Lalla Fatma N'Soumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalla_Fatma_N%27Soumer"},{"link_name":"Lalla Khadija Bent Belkacem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalla_Khdidja"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hannoum-22"},{"link_name":"Frenchify Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Algerian nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hannoum-22"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberism"},{"link_name":"Baghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghai"},{"link_name":"Othman Saadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othman_Saadi"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becker-17"}],"text":"Al-Kahina was adopted as a symbol by women[which?], and was used as a symbol against foreign occupation, and later as a symbol against male hegemony. Indeed, already during the period of French colonisation of Algeria, Kahina was a model for the militant women who fought the French. In the Kabyle insurrection of 1851 and 1857, women such as Lalla Fatma N'Soumer and Lalla Khadija Bent Belkacem, who were known as chief warriors took Kahina as a model.[21][22]Also, the French, in the early 20th century, anxious to Frenchify Algeria by Romanising its past, drew parallels between themselves and the Romans. The Algerian nationalists, seeking to tie Algeria to the East instead, draw the same parallels, but for them both Rome and France were colonial powers, responsible for the decline of Phoenician civilisation in the past, and Arabic civilisation in the present. Both ideologies used Kahina's mythology as a founding myth. On one side, she was the one who fought the Arabs and Islam to keep Algeria Christian, on the other, she was the one who fought all invaders (Byzantines or Arabs) to create an independent state.[22]In the present day, the image of Kahina is constantly used by Berber activists to showcase how they, as a people, are strong and will not be conquered or diminished by other communities. Her face is often seen in graffiti and sculptures around Algeria to showcase their support for the progressive ideals she represents. While her true appearance is still unknown, artists have depicted her with certain aspects that reinforce the progressive movement she is known to represent. However, not all governments accept the ideals behind Kahina. One statue of Kahina in Baghai was condemned by the government due to blasphemy. The president of the Defense of the Arab Language, Othman Saadi, said that Kahina represented the resistance to Islam, and thus, should be condemned.[17]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"African Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_literature"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-325-00253-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-325-00253-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0021853700004278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700004278"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1469-5138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-5138"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162261998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162261998"},{"link_name":"A History of the Jews in North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LcxtAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-03820-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03820-2"},{"link_name":"Modéran, Yves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Mod%C3%A9ran"},{"link_name":"\"Kahena. 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Usually cited as: Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, a French trans. by William McGuckin de Slane, Paul Geuthner, Paris, 1978. This 19th-century translation should now be regarded as obsolete. There is a more accurate modern French translation by Abdesselam Cheddadi, Peuples et Nations du Monde: extraits des Ibar, Sindbad, Paris, 1986 & 1995. Hirschberg (1963) gives an English translation of the section where Ibn Khaldun discusses the supposed Judaized Jarāwa.\nHannoum, Abdelmajid. (2001). Post-Colonial Memories: The Legend of the Dihyā, a North African Heroine (Studies in African Literature). ISBN 0-325-00253-3. This is a study of the legend of the Dihyā in the 19th century and later. The first chapter is a detailed critique of how the legend of the Dihyā emerged after several transformations from the 9th century to the 14th.\nHirschberg, H.Z. (November 1963). \"The Problem of the Judaized Berbers\". The Journal of African History. 4 (3): 313–339. doi:10.1017/S0021853700004278. ISSN 1469-5138. S2CID 162261998.\nHirschberg, H.Z. (1974). A History of the Jews in North Africa. Vol. 1 From Antiquity to the Sixteenth Century (2nd ed., Eng. trans. ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-03820-2.\nal-Mālikī, Riyād an-Nufūs. Partial French trans. (including the story of the Dihyā) by H.R. Idris, 'Le récit d'al-Mālikī sur la Conquête de l'Ifrīqiya', Revue des Etudes Islamiques 37 (1969) 117–149. The accuracy of this translation has been criticised by Talbi (1971) and others.\nModéran, Yves (2005). \"Kahena. (Al-Kâhina)\". Kahena. Encyclopédie berbère. Vol. 27 | Kairouan – Kifan Bel-Ghomari. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. pp. 4102–4111. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1306. ISBN 978-2-7449-0538-4. The most recent critical study of the historical sources.\nTalbi, Mohammed. (1971). Un nouveau fragment de l'histoire de l'Occident musulman (62–196/682–812) : l'épopée d'al Kahina. (Cahiers de Tunisie vol. 19 pp. 19–52). An important historiographical study.\nat-Tijānī, Rihlat. Arabic text ed. by H.H. Abdulwahhab, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, 1994. French trans. by A. Rousseau in Journal Asiatique, section containing the story of the Dihyā is in n.s. 4, vol. 20 (1852) 57–208.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\n2\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"El Djem Amphitheater aerial view. The amphitheater was converted into a fortress, and in 699 CE served as a refuge for El Kahina during her fight against the Arab invaders. After the battle, the town was abandoned, and the site was reoccupied only during the French colonial period.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/El_Djem_Amphitheater_aerial_view.jpg/220px-El_Djem_Amphitheater_aerial_view.jpg"}] | [{"title":"History portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History"},{"title":"Feminism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Feminism"},{"title":"Umayyad conquest of North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa"},{"title":"Kingdom of the Aurès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s"},{"title":"Kusaila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusaila"},{"title":"Colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"}] | [{"reference":"Modéran, Yves (2005). \"Kahena\". Encyclopédie berbère. 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Women Who Changed the World: Their Lives, Challenges, and Accomplishments through History [4 volumes]. ISBN 978-1-4408-6825-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P3FYEAAAQBAJ&dq=kahina+beheaded&pg=PA300","url_text":"Women Who Changed the World: Their Lives, Challenges, and Accomplishments through History [4 volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6825-2","url_text":"978-1-4408-6825-2"}]},{"reference":"Hannoum, Abdelmajid (1997). \"Historiography, Mythology and Memory in Modern North Africa: The Story of the Kahina\". Studia Islamica (85): 85–130. doi:10.2307/1595873. JSTOR 1595873.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595873","url_text":"10.2307/1595873"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595873","url_text":"1595873"}]},{"reference":"Hirschberg, H.Z. (November 1963). \"The Problem of the Judaized Berbers\". The Journal of African History. 4 (3): 313–339. doi:10.1017/S0021853700004278. ISSN 1469-5138. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_de_la_Morte | Archive de la Morte | ["1 Track listing","2 References"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Archive de la Morte" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2004 video by DanzigArchive de la MorteVideo by DanzigReleased2004Recorded1992–1993GenreHeavy metalLabelEvilive, RegainDirectorGlenn Danzig, Anton Corbijn, Jonathan ReissProducerGlenn DanzigDanzig chronology
Lucifuge: The Video(1991)
Archive de la Morte(2004)
Il Demonio Nera(2005)
Archive de la Morte (French for "Archive of Death") is a DVD released by American heavy metal band Danzig in 2004.
The DVD continues the collection that began with the band's first two VHS releases, Danzig (1989) and Lucifuge: The Video (1991), and chronicles the band's video singles from their third album Danzig III: How the Gods Kill (1992) and their first EP Thrall-Demonsweatlive (1993).
The DVD contains 12 music videos for the US release and the European release includes an extra bonus video. Frontman Glenn Danzig regained the right of ownership over the music videos after winning a lawsuit against Rick Rubin. However, the R-rated version of "How the Gods Kill" differs slightly from that released in 1992 as part of the How the Gods Kill limited edition CD and VHS box set. According to Danzig, the earlier edit and all other music videos officially released previously by Rubin's American Recordings remain the property of the label.
Track listing
"Dirty Black Summer"
"Dirty Black Summer" - Glenn Danzig performance
"Dirty Black Summer" - Band performance
"How the Gods Kill" - R-rated version
"How the Gods Kill" - Band performance
"Sistinas" (Previously unreleased)
"Bodies" - Camera 1 (Previously unreleased)
"Bodies" - Camera 2 (Previously unreleased)
"It's Coming Down" - MTV version
"It's Coming Down" - R-rated version (broadcast on The Box in 1993)
"It's Coming Down" - Totally uncensored version
"Mother '93" (Live) - (Live video footage and studio recorded music)
Europe bonus track
"Left Hand Black" (Live) - (Live performance on October 31, 1992, at the Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre)
All music videos directed by Glenn Danzig, except "Dirty Black Summer" by Anton Corbijn and "It's Coming Down" by Jonathan Reiss.
References
vteDanzig
Glenn Danzig
Johnny Kelly
Steve Zing
Tommy Victor
John Christ
Dave Kushner
Kenny Hickey
Todd Youth
Eerie Von
Rob Nicholson
Howie Pyro
Jerry Montano
Chuck Biscuits
Mark Chaussee
Charlee Johnson
Bevan Davies
Joey Castillo
Studio albums
Danzig
Danzig II: Lucifuge
Danzig III: How the Gods Kill
Danzig 4
Danzig 5: Blackacidevil
6:66 Satan's Child
Danzig 777: I Luciferi
Circle of Snakes
Deth Red Sabaoth
Skeletons
Black Laden Crown
Danzig Sings Elvis
Glenn Danzig albums
Black Aria
Black Aria II
EPs
Thrall-Demonsweatlive
Sacrifice
Notable songs
"Mother"
Live albums
Live on the Black Hand Side
Compilations
The Lost Tracks of Danzig
Video albums
Archive de la Morte
Il Demonio Nera
Related articles
Full discography
List of band members
Misfits
Samhain
Authority control databases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Lemanis | Andrej Lemanis | ["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","2.1 Australia national team","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"] | Latvian Australian basketball player and coach
Andrej LemanisLemanis in 2014Altiri ChibaPositionHead coachLeagueB.LeaguePersonal informationBorn (1969-03-18) 18 March 1969 (age 55)Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaNationalityAustralian / LatvianListed height196 cm (6 ft 5 in)Career informationPlaying career1985–1993PositionGuardCoaching career1996–presentCareer historyAs player:1985; 1991St. Kilda Saints / Southern Melbourne Saints1992–1993South East Melbourne MagicAs coach:1996Geelong Supercats (assistant)1998–2005Townsville Crocodiles (assistant)2005–2013New Zealand Breakers2016–2021Brisbane Bullets2021–presentAltiri Chiba
Career highlights and awardsAs player:
NBL champion (1992)
As head coach:
2× NBL Coach of the Year (2012, 2013)
3× NBL champion (2011–2013)
Andrej Lemanis (Latvian: Andrejs Lēmanis, born 18 March 1969) is a Latvian-Australian professional basketball coach and former player. Lemanis served as the head coach of Australia national team from 2013 to 2019. Lemanis coached the New Zealand Breakers of the Australian National Basketball League from 2005 to 2013, taking them to three consecutive championship titles in 2011, 2012 and 2013. He was awarded the NBL Coach of the Year award in 2012 and 2013. Lemanis was the head coach of the Brisbane Bullets of the NBL from 2016 to 2021.
Playing career
Lemanis played for several Victorian clubs in the National Basketball League (NBL). He played for the St. Kilda Saints in 1985 and returned to the team as the renamed Southern Melbourne Saints in 1991. He played for the South East Melbourne Magic in 1992 and 1993, winning an NBL championship with the Magic in 1992.
Coaching career
Lemanis started his coaching career as an assistant with the Geelong Supercats in 1996. After the team folded, he served as general manager of Basketball Victoria for one year. Lemanis was an assistant coach with the Townsville Crocodiles from 1998 to 2005. In 2000, he coached the Townsville Heat to the Queensland Basketball League championship. On 7 March 2005, Lemanis was announced as head coach of the New Zealand Breakers.
On 28 February 2013, Lemanis coached his 250th NBL game. On 12 April 2013, the Breakers recorded their third NBL championship, sweeping the Perth Wildcats 2–0 in the grand final series, thus winning his third title.
Prior to his appointment as the head coach of the Australian men's national basketball team, Lemanis served as an assistant coach of the Australian men's national basketball team.
On 20 October 2015, Lemanis signed with Brisbane Bullets. On 5 May 2021, Lemanis announced that he would be leaving the Bullets at the end of the 2020–21 season.
Australia national team
On 24 April 2013, he was announced as the new head coach of the Australia national team.
By virtue of winning the 2013 FIBA Oceania Championship, Australia qualified for the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup in Spain. Australia was drawn into Group D, alongside Lithuania, Slovenia, Angola, Mexico and South Korea. After suffering an opening round 90–80 loss to Slovenia, Australia bounced back, stringing together three consecutive wins over South Korea, Lithuania and Mexico, the first time in 16 years that Australia had won 3 consecutive matches at the FIBA World Cup. However, in their next match Australia suffered a shock 91–83 loss to Angola, which came despite leading by 15 points in the middle of the third quarter. This result, combined with Lithuania's 67–64 win over Slovenia meant that Australia finished third in their group, qualifying for the knockout stage of the tournament. Australia met Turkey in the knockout stage of the tournament, and lost 65–64 to Turkey, ending their World Cup campaign.
Lemanis led the Boomers to gold in the 2015 Oceania Championships, qualifying the team for Rio 2016.
In Rio, the Boomers, under Coach Lemanis went 4 and 1 in the pool games (losing only to Team USA), finishing second in their group. They played Lithuania in the quarter-final, beating them 80-64 leading Australia in to the medal rounds for the first time since 2000. Australia went on to lose the semi-final game to Serbia and then fell to Spain in the bronze medal game by a single point. This equalled Australia's highest ever finish at an Olympics for Men's Basketball.
In 2017, Lemanis was re-appointed as head coach of Australia, this time on a part time basis as he also coached the Brisbane Bullets in the Australian National Basketball League.
FIBA introduced a new World Cup Qualification system, meaning Australia would now need to qualify through the Asia/Oceania region. In 2017, the Boomers, under Lemanis, played in their first ever Asia Cup tournament. The team went undefeated through the tournament, beating Iran in the final, 79–56, taking home the gold medal for Australia.
Lemanis then led the team through the FIBA qualification system. Australia went 10–2 during the qualification phase, finishing first in their group and taking the number one ranking in to the 2019 FIBA World Cup draw.
In 2019, Lemanis again lead the Boomers at the World Cup in China. The team won all 3 games in the opening round and both games of the second round, meaning they qualified as the number one team from their section. Australia then went on to beat the Czech Republic 82–70 meaning that for the first time in their history Australia had won 6 straight games at a World Cup or Olympics tournament. The team lost in double overtime to eventual champions Spain in the semi-final and lost to France in the bronze medal game, meaning they finished fourth. Once again, equalling Australia's best ever finish at a Men's World Cup.
On 27 November 2019, Brett Brown replaced Lemanis as head coach of Australia national team.
Lemanis is currently the winningest coach in Australian Men's Basketball history, going 35–9 (79.5%) in his tenure as head Coach of the Boomers. In major tournaments (Olympics and World Cup), Lemanis' record is 14–8 (64%).
When Lemanis was appointed as the Australian national coach in 2013, Australia had a FIBA ranking of 11. When he departed in November 2019, he had taken the country to a FIBA World ranking of 3 - its highest ever.
Lemanis was the first coach in the history of Australian basketball to have recorded a victory against the USA at senior level. The Boomers beat USA in a World Cup lead up game in Melbourne on August 25, 2019. The game was played at Marvel Stadium in front of 52,000 fans. The Boomers won the game, 98–94.
Personal life
Lemanis was born in Melbourne to Latvian parents who had immigrated to Australia after the Soviet invasion of Latvia during World War II. He was taught basketball by his father and started playing at the age of six.
Lemanis graduated from the University of Melbourne with a commerce degree in 1990.
References
^ "Find a certificated FIBA Coach". FIBA.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
^ a b Zālītis, Kristaps (9 October 2008). "Latviešu treneris - pie Austrālijas basketbola līgas līderu stūres". sportacentrs.com (in Latvian). Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ a b "Andrej Lemanis". Aussie Hoopla. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
^ http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/australian-boomers-coach-andrej-lemanis-reveals-ambition-to-bring-back-rio-gold/news-story/df4556c7ba2dd674ce98a5fc20af6954 Andrej Lemanis Courier Mail Interview
^ "Andrej Lemanis: lines of communication". Sport New Zealand. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
^ a b c d e "Coach with Latvian roots gives Breakers winning touch". Stuff. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
^ "Helloworld Boomers coach announced for road to Tokyo". Basketball Australia. 21 March 2017. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
^ Heat Secure Future With Rodney Anderson Until 2020
^ "Basketball: Lemanis new coach of Breakers". NZ Herald. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
^ Lemanis reaches 250 NBL games coaching milestone Archived 3 April 2013 at archive.today
^ R21 Report: Breakers swat 36ers in fast-paced clash Archived 1 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Aussie coach with NBA side, not Boomers". The Roar. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
^ "NBL announces Andrej Lemanis as Brisbane Bullets head coach". NBL.com.au. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ "Lemanis to Leave Bullets at Season's End". NBL.com.au. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
^ Lemanis Leaves Skycity Breakers With Mixed Emotions Archived 25 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Andrej Lemanis confirmed as Boomers coach". Stuff. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
^ Andrej Lemanis appointed new Australian Boomers Coach Archived 30 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Boomers dispatch Mexico at World Cup". Retrieved 11 July 2017.
^ "Australia claim third straight win at Basketball World Cup against Mexico". The Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 3 September 2014. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
^ "Australian Boomers Announce New Coach Ahead of Tokyo Olympics". australia.basketball. 27 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ Uluc, Olgun (27 November 2019). "Brett Brown confirmed as Australian Boomers head coach for Tokyo 2020, replacing Andrej Lemanis". Fox Sports. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
External links
Profile at Eurobasket.com
THE LEMANIS ERA
Profile on basketball.net.au
Links to related articles
vteAustralia squad – 2013 FIBA Oceania Championship – Gold medal
4 Exum
5 Mills
6 Gibson
7 Ingles
8 Simmons
9 Dellavedova
10 Barlow
11 Broekhoff
12 Bairstow
13 Andersen
14 Petrie
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Coach: Lemanis
vteAustralia squad – 2015 FIBA Oceania Championship – Gold medal
4 Goulding
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Coach: Lemanis
vteAustralia squad – 2017 FIBA Asia Cup – Gold medal
4 Gliddon
5 Cadee
6 Norton
7 Creek
8 Newley
9 McCarron
10 Blanchfield
11 Kay
12 Kickert
14 Brandt
15 Hodgson
Coach: Lemanis
vteSouth East Melbourne Magic 1992 NBL Champions
Andrej Lemanis
Andrew Howey
Andrew Parkinson
Bruce Bolden (Grand Final MVP)
Darren Lucas
Darren Perry
John Dorge
Lucas Agrums
Matt Shanahan
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vteNew Zealand Breakers 2010–11 NBL Champions
00 Leon Henry (TP)
6 Kirk Penney
9 Corey Webster (DP)
10 Thomas Abercrombie (Grand Final MVP)
11 Kevin Braswell
14 Mika Vukona (C)
20 B. J. Anthony
21 Josh Bloxham (DP)
23 C. J. Bruton
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32 Paul Henare
35 Alex Pledger
55 Gary Wilkinson
Head coach Andrej Lemanis
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Dean Vickerman
Judd Flavell
vteNew Zealand Breakers 2011–12 NBL Champions
3 Daryl Corletto
4 Cedric Jackson
10 Thomas Abercrombie
14 Mika Vukona (C)
15 Dion Prewster (DP)
20 B. J. Anthony
21 Josh Bloxham (DP)
23 C. J. Bruton (Grand Final MVP)
24 Dillon Boucher
33 Leon Henry
35 Alex Pledger
42 Isaac Fotu (DP)
55 Gary Wilkinson
Head coach Andrej Lemanis
Assistant coaches
Dean Vickerman
Judd Flavell
vteNew Zealand Breakers 2012–13 NBL Champions
3 Daryl Corletto
4 Cedric Jackson (Grand Final MVP) (I)
5 Will Hudson (I)
7 Reuben Te Rangi (DP)
8 Tai Webster (DP)
9 Corey Webster
10 Thomas Abercrombie
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15 Morgan Natanahira (DP)
21 Josh Bloxham (DP)
23 C. J. Bruton
24 Dillon Boucher
33 Leon Henry
35 Alex Pledger
Head coach Andrej Lemanis
Assistant coaches
Dean Vickerman
Judd Flavell
Steve Buckley
vteNBL Coach of the Year Award
1980: Barnes
1981: Turner
1982: Bruton
1983: Cadee
1984: Kerle
1985: Turner
1986: Cole
1987: Lindstrom
1988: Palmer
1989: Gaze
1990: Kerle
1991: Arnold
1992: Goorjian
1993: Black
1994: Brown
1995: Black & Wisman
1996: Flanigan
1997: Gaze & Goorjian
1998: Goorjian
1999: Gaze & Joyce
2000: Stacker
2001: Joyce
2002: Goorjian
2003: Stacker
2004: Wright
2005: Hurley
2006: Westover
2007: Wright
2008: Goorjian
2009: Goorjian
2010: McLeod
2011: Gleeson
2012: Lemanis
2013: Lemanis
2014: McLeod
2015: Fearne
2016: Dennis
2017: Wright
2018: Vickerman
2019: Vickerman
2020: Kelly
2021: Gleeson
2022: Roth
2023: Forde
2024: Vickerman | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiba-1"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latvian-2"},{"link_name":"Australia national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Breakers"},{"link_name":"National Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"NBL Coach of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBL_(Australia)_Coach_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latvian-2"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Bullets"}],"text":"Andrej Lemanis (Latvian: Andrejs Lēmanis, born 18 March 1969)[1] is a Latvian-Australian professional basketball coach and former player.[2] Lemanis served as the head coach of Australia national team from 2013 to 2019. Lemanis coached the New Zealand Breakers of the Australian National Basketball League from 2005 to 2013, taking them to three consecutive championship titles in 2011, 2012 and 2013. He was awarded the NBL Coach of the Year award in 2012 and 2013.[2] Lemanis was the head coach of the Brisbane Bullets of the NBL from 2016 to 2021.","title":"Andrej Lemanis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"National Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"St. Kilda Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kilda_Saints"},{"link_name":"Southern Melbourne Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Melbourne_Saints"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ah-3"},{"link_name":"South East Melbourne Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Melbourne_Magic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ah-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewZealandCoach-5"}],"text":"Lemanis played for several Victorian clubs in the National Basketball League (NBL). He played for the St. Kilda Saints in 1985 and returned to the team as the renamed Southern Melbourne Saints in 1991.[3] He played for the South East Melbourne Magic in 1992 and 1993,[3] winning an NBL championship with the Magic in 1992.[4][5]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geelong Supercats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Supercats"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuff-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuff-6"},{"link_name":"Townsville Crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville_Crocodiles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Queensland Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Breakers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roar-12"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Bullets"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2020–21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Lemanis started his coaching career as an assistant with the Geelong Supercats in 1996.[6] After the team folded, he served as general manager of Basketball Victoria for one year.[6] Lemanis was an assistant coach with the Townsville Crocodiles from 1998 to 2005.[7] In 2000, he coached the Townsville Heat to the Queensland Basketball League championship.[8] On 7 March 2005, Lemanis was announced as head coach of the New Zealand Breakers.[9]On 28 February 2013, Lemanis coached his 250th NBL game.[10][11] On 12 April 2013, the Breakers recorded their third NBL championship, sweeping the Perth Wildcats 2–0 in the grand final series, thus winning his third title.Prior to his appointment as the head coach of the Australian men's national basketball team, Lemanis served as an assistant coach of the Australian men's national basketball team.[12]On 20 October 2015, Lemanis signed with Brisbane Bullets.[13] On 5 May 2021, Lemanis announced that he would be leaving the Bullets at the end of the 2020–21 season.[14]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2013 FIBA Oceania Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FIBA_Oceania_Championship"},{"link_name":"2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Brett Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Brown"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Australia national team","text":"On 24 April 2013, he was announced as the new head coach of the Australia national team.[15][16][17]By virtue of winning the 2013 FIBA Oceania Championship, Australia qualified for the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup in Spain. Australia was drawn into Group D, alongside Lithuania, Slovenia, Angola, Mexico and South Korea. After suffering an opening round 90–80 loss to Slovenia, Australia bounced back, stringing together three consecutive wins over South Korea, Lithuania and Mexico, the first time in 16 years that Australia had won 3 consecutive matches at the FIBA World Cup.[18][19] However, in their next match Australia suffered a shock 91–83 loss to Angola, which came despite leading by 15 points in the middle of the third quarter. This result, combined with Lithuania's 67–64 win over Slovenia meant that Australia finished third in their group, qualifying for the knockout stage of the tournament. Australia met Turkey in the knockout stage of the tournament, and lost 65–64 to Turkey, ending their World Cup campaign.Lemanis led the Boomers to gold in the 2015 Oceania Championships, qualifying the team for Rio 2016.In Rio, the Boomers, under Coach Lemanis went 4 and 1 in the pool games (losing only to Team USA), finishing second in their group. They played Lithuania in the quarter-final, beating them 80-64 leading Australia in to the medal rounds for the first time since 2000. Australia went on to lose the semi-final game to Serbia and then fell to Spain in the bronze medal game by a single point. This equalled Australia's highest ever finish at an Olympics for Men's Basketball.In 2017, Lemanis was re-appointed as head coach of Australia, this time on a part time basis as he also coached the Brisbane Bullets in the Australian National Basketball League.FIBA introduced a new World Cup Qualification system, meaning Australia would now need to qualify through the Asia/Oceania region. In 2017, the Boomers, under Lemanis, played in their first ever Asia Cup tournament. The team went undefeated through the tournament, beating Iran in the final, 79–56, taking home the gold medal for Australia.Lemanis then led the team through the FIBA qualification system. Australia went 10–2 during the qualification phase, finishing first in their group and taking the number one ranking in to the 2019 FIBA World Cup draw.In 2019, Lemanis again lead the Boomers at the World Cup in China. The team won all 3 games in the opening round and both games of the second round, meaning they qualified as the number one team from their section. Australia then went on to beat the Czech Republic 82–70 meaning that for the first time in their history Australia had won 6 straight games at a World Cup or Olympics tournament. The team lost in double overtime to eventual champions Spain in the semi-final and lost to France in the bronze medal game, meaning they finished fourth. Once again, equalling Australia's best ever finish at a Men's World Cup.On 27 November 2019, Brett Brown replaced Lemanis as head coach of Australia national team.[20][21]Lemanis is currently the winningest coach in Australian Men's Basketball history, going 35–9 (79.5%) in his tenure as head Coach of the Boomers. In major tournaments (Olympics and World Cup), Lemanis' record is 14–8 (64%).When Lemanis was appointed as the Australian national coach in 2013, Australia had a FIBA ranking of 11. When he departed in November 2019, he had taken the country to a FIBA World ranking of 3 - its highest ever.Lemanis was the first coach in the history of Australian basketball to have recorded a victory against the USA at senior level. The Boomers beat USA in a World Cup lead up game in Melbourne on August 25, 2019. The game was played at Marvel Stadium in front of 52,000 fans. The Boomers won the game, 98–94.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuff-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuff-6"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuff-6"}],"text":"Lemanis was born in Melbourne to Latvian parents who had immigrated to Australia after the Soviet invasion of Latvia during World War II.[6] He was taught basketball by his father and started playing at the age of six.[6]Lemanis graduated from the University of Melbourne with a commerce degree in 1990.[6]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Find a certificated FIBA Coach\". FIBA.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160821153814/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/cl/FIBACoaches/p/fed//iocc//peid/22193/q/lemanis/z//coach_search.html","url_text":"\"Find a certificated FIBA Coach\""},{"url":"http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/cl/FIBACoaches/p/fed//iocc//peid/22193/q/lemanis/z//coach_search.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zālītis, Kristaps (9 October 2008). \"Latviešu treneris - pie Austrālijas basketbola līgas līderu stūres\". sportacentrs.com (in Latvian). Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportacentrs.com/basketbols/09102008-latviesu_treneris_pie_australijas_basketb","url_text":"\"Latviešu treneris - pie Austrālijas basketbola līgas līderu stūres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrej Lemanis\". Aussie Hoopla. Retrieved 22 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://aussiehoopla.com/andrej-lemanis/","url_text":"\"Andrej Lemanis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrej Lemanis: lines of communication\". Sport New Zealand. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130208075206/http://www.coachmag.org.nz/2011/10/04/andrej-lemanis-lines-of-communication/","url_text":"\"Andrej Lemanis: lines of communication\""},{"url":"http://www.coachmag.org.nz/2011/10/04/andrej-lemanis-lines-of-communication/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coach with Latvian roots gives Breakers winning touch\". Stuff. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/sport/657913/Coach-with-Latvian-roots-gives-Breakers-winning-touch","url_text":"\"Coach with Latvian roots gives Breakers winning touch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Helloworld Boomers coach announced for road to Tokyo\". Basketball Australia. 21 March 2017. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221130073033/https://www.australia.basketball/helloworld-boomers-coach-announced-for-road-to-tokyo/","url_text":"\"Helloworld Boomers coach announced for road to Tokyo\""},{"url":"https://www.australia.basketball/helloworld-boomers-coach-announced-for-road-to-tokyo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Basketball: Lemanis new coach of Breakers\". NZ Herald. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/basketball-lemanis-new-coach-of-breakers/4R72N6TIUZNFW7YTUNYBDBMWN4/","url_text":"\"Basketball: Lemanis new coach of Breakers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aussie coach with NBA side, not Boomers\". The Roar. Retrieved 20 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theroar.com.au/2012/06/02/aussie-coach-nba-side-boomers/","url_text":"\"Aussie coach with NBA side, not Boomers\""}]},{"reference":"\"NBL announces Andrej Lemanis as Brisbane Bullets head coach\". NBL.com.au. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbl.com.au/featured-news/27493/","url_text":"\"NBL announces Andrej Lemanis as Brisbane Bullets head coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lemanis to Leave Bullets at Season's End\". NBL.com.au. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.com.au/news/lemanis-to-leave-bullets-at-seasons-end","url_text":"\"Lemanis to Leave Bullets at Season's End\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrej Lemanis confirmed as Boomers coach\". Stuff. Retrieved 11 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/8589964/Lemanis-confirmed-as-Boomers-coach","url_text":"\"Andrej Lemanis confirmed as Boomers coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boomers dispatch Mexico at World Cup\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspatria | Aspatria | ["1 History","1.1 Pre Norman","1.2 The Manor","1.3 Toponymy","2 Governance","3 Religious worship","4 Education","5 Neighbouring parishes","6 Industry","7 Media","8 Sport","9 Notable people","10 See also","11 References","12 Bibliography","13 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°45′48″N 3°19′41″W / 54.7633°N 3.3281°W / 54.7633; -3.3281
Human settlement in EnglandAspatriaSt Kentigern's ChurchAspatriaLocation in AllerdaleShow map of the former Allerdale BoroughAspatriaLocation within CumbriaShow map of CumbriaPopulation2,834 (2011)OS grid referenceNY145417Civil parishAspatriaUnitary authorityCumberlandCeremonial countyCumbriaRegionNorth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWIGTONPostcode districtCA7Dialling code016973PoliceCumbriaFireCumbriaAmbulanceNorth West
UK ParliamentWorkington
List of places
UK
England
Cumbria
54°45′48″N 3°19′41″W / 54.7633°N 3.3281°W / 54.7633; -3.3281
Aspatria /əsˈpeɪtriə/ is a town and civil parish in Cumberland, Cumbria, England. The town rests on the north side of the Ellen Valley, overlooking a panoramic view of the countryside, with Skiddaw to the South and the Solway Firth to the North. Its developments are aligned approximately east–west along the A596 Carlisle to Workington road and these extend to approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) in length. It lies about 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Maryport, a similar distance to the Southwest of Wigton, about 9 miles (14 km) north of Cockermouth and 5 miles (8.0 km) from the coast and Allonby. It comprises the townships of Aspatria and Brayton, Hayton and Mealo, and Oughterside and Allerby, the united area being 8,345 acres (3,377 ha); while the town takes up an area of 1,600 acres (647 ha). In earlier days a Roman road leading from "Old Carlisle" to Ellenborough passed through the hamlet.
The population has greatly increased since the mid-19 century. In 1801, the village comprised 98 dwellings with a population of 321. By 1851, there were 236 family entities, comprising 1,123 residents; by 1871, the numbers had increased to 1,778; and twenty years later stood at 2,714. By the start of the 20th century, the population had risen to 2,885; twenty years later it peaked at 3,521. Although the population slumped in the 1930s to 3,189, it recovered to 3,500, in 1951; and by 1981, the population appeared stable at 2,745.
It is served by Aspatria railway station. Aspatria is located on the fringe of the English Lake District.
The parish church of St Kentigern was completed in 1848. Fragments of masonry and crosses from earlier structures on the same site are preserved there.
History
Pre Norman
Aspatria is an ancient settlement and seems to have been home to a group of Norsemen who fled to the area from Ireland around 900. In 1789, a surgeon by the name of Rigg employed a group of labourers to level a mound called Beacon Hill, situated close behind his house at Aspatria. After reaching a depth of about one metre they dug into a cavity walled around with large stones and found the skeleton of a Viking chief. At the head of the skeleton lay a sword almost five feet in length, with a remarkably broad blade, ornamented with a gold and silver handle. The scabbard of the sword was made of wood, lined with cloth. The workmen also unearthed several pieces of armour, a dirk with a silver studded handle, a golden buckled belt, and a breast plate. The artefacts remain the property of the British Museum. Further finds were made on the same site in 1997 when a mobile phone mast was being constructed.
002 Aspatria Viking finds
The Manor
The manor of Aspatria is part of the ancient barony of Allerdale below Derwent. Awarded by Ranulph de Meschines, grantee of the whole of Cumberland from William the Conqueror, to Waltheof, son of Gospatrick, Earl of Dunbar, from whom the obsolete name of Aspatrick, may have been derived. Upon the division of the estates of William Fitz Duncan, and his wife Alice de Romney, among their three daughters, the manor passed to Alice, the youngest. However, Alice died without issue and the estates passed to an elder sister who had married into the Lucy family. The latter family terminated in a female heir Maud de Lucy. She married Henry Percy, the first Earl of Northumberland, who received the whole of her estates. It remained in this family through eleven generations before passing by the marriage of Lady Elizabeth, sole daughter and heiress of Josceline Percy to Charles Seymour, sixth Earl of Somerset. In recent times it again passed by a female heir to the Wyndham family, from whom it has descended to Lord Leconfield and now Lord Egremont.
The village stands at the northern end of the West Cumberland Coalfield and there have been mines in the area since the 16th century. The opening of the Maryport and Carlisle Railway, in 1842, led to a rapid expansion of the industry. The Brayton Domain Collieries sank five different pits around the town at various times and there were also mines near Mealsgate, Baggrow and Fletchertown. In 1902, a new mine was sunk at Oughterside. The last pit in the town, Brayton Domain No.5, closed in 1940.
In 1870, one of England's first farmers' co-operatives, the Aspatria Agricultural Cooperative Society was established here with offices in the market square, facing the Aspatria Agricultural College which flourished from 1874 until 1925.
Sir Wilfrid Lawson MP (1829–1906) lived at Brayton Hall just outside the town. He was a committed nonconformist and a leader of the Temperance Movement. His memorial stands in the market square, topped by a bronze effigy of St George slaying the dragon – said to represent the demon drink. Brayton Hall was destroyed by fire in 1918.
Toponymy
According to one source, the origins of the name of Aspatria lie in Old Scandinavian and Celtic. It translates as "Ash-tree of St Patrick", and is composed of the elements askr (Old Scandinavian for "ash-tree") and the Celtic saint's name. The order of the elements of the name, with the ash-tree coming before the name of the saint, is particular to Celtic place-names. The following forms of the name have been found in various charters:- Estpatrick in 1224, Asepatrick 1230, Aspatric 1233, Askpatrik 1291, Assepatrick 1303, Aspatrick 1357, Aspatre 1491. The first entry in the parish register referring to the town as Aspatria in preference to the name Aspatrick or Aspatricke appears in 1712. It appears in the handwriting of the then vicar David Bell. For the next fifty years the spelling fluctuated until eventually Aspatria became the dominant name. When Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins passed through the town in 1857 they referred to the name Spatter which is not too dissimilar to 'Speatrie' the name locals prefer. William Brough, a railway porter, discharging third class passengers after their arrival at Aspatria from the Bolton Loop railway connection would cry 'Speatrie Loup Oot'. Second class passengers would detect "Speatrie change ere for Measyat", while first class passengers heard a polite invitation, "Aspatriah, change heah for Mealsgate."
There is a legend that the name comes from the ash tree that grew when St. Patrick's staff, the Bachal Isu, took root in the ground because it took so long for him to manage to convert the people from this area to Christianity.
Governance
The town is in the parliamentary constituency of Workington. In the December 2019 general election, the Tory candidate for Workington, Mark Jenkinson, was elected the MP, overturning a 9.4 per cent Labour majority from the 2017 election to eject shadow environment secretary Sue Hayman by a margin of 4,136 votes. Until the December 2019 general election the Labour Party had won the seat in the constituency in every general election since 1979. The Conservative Party had previously only been elected once in Workington since World War II, at the 1976 by-election.
Prior to Brexit for the European Parliament residents in Aspatria voted to elect MEPs for the North West England constituency.
An electoral ward exists with the same name. This ward stretches east to Allhallows with a total population taken at the 2011 Census of 3,380.
Religious worship
Prior to the opening of the Brayton Domain Collieries the people of Aspatria had two places of worship, the long established Anglican parish church of St. Kentigern's and a non-conformist chapel of the Congregationalist persuasion, built by Sir Wilfrid Lawson, in 1826. The latter is now a café with dwelling behind. However, with the influx of new workers came a demand for new institutions. In 1864, the Primitive Methodists built a chapel in the lower end of Lawson Street. Twenty years later, to cater for their expanding congregation they built a new chapel, with adjoining manse for the minister, at the junction of Queen Street and Brayton Road, while retaining the original building for use as a Sunday school. In the 1980s they sold the property, which the new owner demolished and replaced with a private house. In 1874, a group of Bible Christians, originally from Cornwall built a chapel at the bottom of Richmond Hill. This is also now the site of a private house. The Wesleyan Methodists built their first chapel on the corner of North Road and Queen Street in 1898. This proved too small and was replaced by the existing building in 1921. Although the small numbers of Roman Catholics have had a variety of meeting places over the years, they have never built a church.
Education
There are two primary schools in the town: Oughterside Primary School and Richmond Hill School.
Beacon Hill Community School is a secondary school in Aspatria. The school serves the town and neighbouring villages.
Neighbouring parishes
The parish is bounded on the North by the parishes of Bromfield and Westnewton; on the West by Gilcrux and Crosscanonby; on the South by Plumbland and Torpenhow; and on the East by Bromfield and Allhallows.
Industry
There is a small industrial area next to the railway station where:-
Mattress manufacturer Sealy have maintained their British head office since 1974. It was announced in May 2020 that the factory will close.
First Milk creamery (formerly owned by the Milk Marketing Board), a farmers' co-operative which produces Lake District Cheese, now the third best-selling Cheddar Brand in the UK. 60 tonnes of cheese are produced daily, using 800,000 litres of milk.
Aspatria Farmers Limited, (formerly the Aspatria Agricultural Cooperative Society) is based.
Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Border. Television signals are received from the Caldbeck TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cumbria on 94.7 FM and Greatest Hits Radio Cumbria & South West Scotland on 96.4 FM. The town is served by the local newspaper, News and Star.
Sport
Aspatria Hornets are the local rugby league team. Aspatria is also home to rugby union club Aspatria RUFC, currently playing in the RFU's North Lancashire/Cumbria Division. The 'Aspatria Eagles' are the club's second team, and the 'Aspatria Sinners' are the women's team. Aspatria FC are the town's football club who compete in the Tesco Cumberland County Premier League.
Notable people
Sheila Fell, artist, born in Aspatria
Jenny Cowern, artist, lived at Langrigg, Aspatria
Thomas Holliday, rugby international, had a drapery and ironmonger's business in Queen Street
Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet of Brayton, temperance campaigner and Liberal Party politician
Henry Thompson MRCVS, veterinary surgeon, pioneer agriculturalist and author
Greg Ridley, Rock musician
William Thompson Casson, coach designer and manufacturer
Rev. William Slater Calverley, antiquarian
Thomas Farrall, author, teacher and agriculturalist
Henry J. Webb, principal of Aspatria Agricultural College
Roland Stobbart, Speedway rider
Maurice Stobbart, Speedway rider
Dr William Perry Briggs, Medical Officer of Health to Aspatria Urban District Council (1892–1928)
See also
Cumbria portal
Listed buildings in Aspatria
References
^ "Parish population 2011". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
^ "Northern yet to fix Aspatria mispronunciation". BBC News. 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
^ P Abramson: A re-examination of a Viking Age burial at Beacon Hill, Aspatria, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Transactions 2000, p79-88;
^ Holme St Cuthbert History Group: Plain People, 2004
^ Bulmers History and Directory of Cumberland, 1901
^ Durham Mining Museum Index of Mines
^ a b J Rose & M Dunglinson: Aspatria, a Cumbrian Town (Phillimore, 1987)
^ Wigton Advertiser, 28 September 1918
^ Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names, A D Mills, p. 16, 1998
^ Bailey page 12
^ Carlisle Herald and Examiner, 5 February 1887
^ Collins and Dickens (2011) chapter 3
^ West Cumberland Times 5 October 1895
^ "Lurgan Ancestry ~ St. Patrick - First Bishop of Armagh". Lurganancestry.com. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
^ "Workington parliamentary constituency - Election 2019 - BBC News". Bbc.com. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
^ "A vision of Britain website – general elections section". Retrieved 27 April 2012.
^ "Ward population 2011". Retrieved 16 June 2015.
^ Rose & Dunglinson page 95
^ "Home | Oughterside Foundation School". Oughtersideschool.co.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
^ "Home | Richmond Hill School". Richmondhillprimary.co.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
^ "Beacon Hill Community School". Retrieved 22 October 2021.
^ "Aspatria's Sealy factory closure leads to 267 job losses". BBC News. 4 May 2020.
^ Cumberland News, 12 August 2011
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Caldbeck (Cumbria, England) Full Freeview transmitter". May 2004.
^ "Times & Star". Retrieved 26 February 2024.
Bibliography
Rev. William Slater Calverley; W. G. Collingwood M.A. (1899). Early Sculptured Crosses, Shrines and Monuments in the Present Diocese of Carlisle. Kendal: Titus Wilson.
A. D. Mills (1998). Oxford Dictionary of Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford.
Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens (2011). The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices. London: Hesperus Press Ltd.
T. Bulmer (1901). History and Directory of Cumberland. Preston: T. Bulmer & Co. Hesperus Press Ltd.
J. B. Bailey (1920). History of the Churches in the Maryport Rural Deanery. Cockermouth: Times Office.
J. Rose; M. Dunglinson (1987). Aspatria. Chichester: Phillimore.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aspatria.
Cumbria County History Trust: Aspatria and Brayton (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
Brayton Domain – pictures of Aspatria mines
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/əsˈpeɪtriə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_(district)"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Skiddaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiddaw"},{"link_name":"Solway Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solway_Firth"},{"link_name":"A596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A596"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Workington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workington"},{"link_name":"Maryport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryport"},{"link_name":"Wigton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigton"},{"link_name":"Cockermouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockermouth"},{"link_name":"Allonby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allonby"},{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"Hayton and Mealo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayton_and_Mealo"},{"link_name":"Oughterside and Allerby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oughterside_and_Allerby"},{"link_name":"Roman road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"Old Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"Ellenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenborough,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Aspatria railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspatria_railway_station"},{"link_name":"English Lake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District"},{"link_name":"St Kentigern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kentigern%27s_Church,_Aspatria"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandAspatria /əsˈpeɪtriə/[2] is a town and civil parish in Cumberland, Cumbria, England. The town rests on the north side of the Ellen Valley, overlooking a panoramic view of the countryside, with Skiddaw to the South and the Solway Firth to the North. Its developments are aligned approximately east–west along the A596 Carlisle to Workington road and these extend to approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) in length. It lies about 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Maryport, a similar distance to the Southwest of Wigton, about 9 miles (14 km) north of Cockermouth and 5 miles (8.0 km) from the coast and Allonby. It comprises the townships of Aspatria and Brayton, Hayton and Mealo, and Oughterside and Allerby, the united area being 8,345 acres (3,377 ha); while the town takes up an area of 1,600 acres (647 ha). In earlier days a Roman road leading from \"Old Carlisle\" to Ellenborough passed through the hamlet.The population has greatly increased since the mid-19 century. In 1801, the village comprised 98 dwellings with a population of 321. By 1851, there were 236 family entities, comprising 1,123 residents; by 1871, the numbers had increased to 1,778; and twenty years later stood at 2,714. By the start of the 20th century, the population had risen to 2,885; twenty years later it peaked at 3,521. Although the population slumped in the 1930s to 3,189, it recovered to 3,500, in 1951; and by 1981, the population appeared stable at 2,745. \nIt is served by Aspatria railway station. Aspatria is located on the fringe of the English Lake District.The parish church of St Kentigern was completed in 1848. Fragments of masonry and crosses from earlier structures on the same site are preserved there.","title":"Aspatria"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norsemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsemen"},{"link_name":"skeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"},{"link_name":"scabbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabbard"},{"link_name":"armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour"},{"link_name":"dirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:002_Aspatria_Viking_finds.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Pre Norman","text":"Aspatria is an ancient settlement and seems to have been home to a group of Norsemen who fled to the area from Ireland around 900. In 1789, a surgeon by the name of Rigg employed a group of labourers to level a mound called Beacon Hill, situated close behind his house at Aspatria. After reaching a depth of about one metre they dug into a cavity walled around with large stones and found the skeleton of a Viking chief. At the head of the skeleton lay a sword almost five feet in length, with a remarkably broad blade, ornamented with a gold and silver handle. The scabbard of the sword was made of wood, lined with cloth. The workmen also unearthed several pieces of armour, a dirk with a silver studded handle, a golden buckled belt, and a breast plate. The artefacts remain the property of the British Museum.[3] Further finds were made on the same site in 1997 when a mobile phone mast was being constructed.[4]002 Aspatria Viking finds","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ranulph de Meschines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulf_le_Meschin,_3rd_Earl_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Charles Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Seymour,_6th_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"West Cumberland Coalfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Coalfield"},{"link_name":"Maryport and Carlisle Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryport_and_Carlisle_Railway"},{"link_name":"Mealsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mealsgate"},{"link_name":"Baggrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggrow"},{"link_name":"Fletchertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletchertown"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aspatria Agricultural Cooperative Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspatria_Agricultural_Cooperative_Society"},{"link_name":"Aspatria Agricultural College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspatria_Agricultural_College"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J_Rose_1987-7"},{"link_name":"Sir Wilfrid Lawson MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Wilfrid_Lawson,_2nd_Baronet,_of_Brayton"},{"link_name":"Brayton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_Hall,_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"nonconformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)"},{"link_name":"Temperance Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_Movement"},{"link_name":"effigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J_Rose_1987-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"The Manor","text":"The manor of Aspatria is part of the ancient barony of Allerdale below Derwent. Awarded by Ranulph de Meschines, grantee of the whole of Cumberland from William the Conqueror, to Waltheof, son of Gospatrick, Earl of Dunbar, from whom the obsolete name of Aspatrick, may have been derived. Upon the division of the estates of William Fitz Duncan, and his wife Alice de Romney, among their three daughters, the manor passed to Alice, the youngest. However, Alice died without issue and the estates passed to an elder sister who had married into the Lucy family. The latter family terminated in a female heir Maud de Lucy. She married Henry Percy, the first Earl of Northumberland, who received the whole of her estates. It remained in this family through eleven generations before passing by the marriage of Lady Elizabeth, sole daughter and heiress of Josceline Percy to Charles Seymour, sixth Earl of Somerset. In recent times it again passed by a female heir to the Wyndham family, from whom it has descended to Lord Leconfield and now Lord Egremont.[5]The village stands at the northern end of the West Cumberland Coalfield and there have been mines in the area since the 16th century. The opening of the Maryport and Carlisle Railway, in 1842, led to a rapid expansion of the industry. The Brayton Domain Collieries sank five different pits around the town at various times and there were also mines near Mealsgate, Baggrow and Fletchertown. In 1902, a new mine was sunk at Oughterside. The last pit in the town, Brayton Domain No.5, closed in 1940.[6]In 1870, one of England's first farmers' co-operatives, the Aspatria Agricultural Cooperative Society was established here with offices in the market square, facing the Aspatria Agricultural College which flourished from 1874 until 1925.[7]Sir Wilfrid Lawson MP (1829–1906) lived at Brayton Hall just outside the town. He was a committed nonconformist and a leader of the Temperance Movement. His memorial stands in the market square, topped by a bronze effigy of St George slaying the dragon – said to represent the demon drink.[7] Brayton Hall was destroyed by fire in 1918.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"parish register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_register"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Wilkie Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkie_Collins"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mealsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mealsgate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bachal Isu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachal_Isu"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Toponymy","text":"According to one source, the origins of the name of Aspatria lie in Old Scandinavian and Celtic. It translates as \"Ash-tree of St Patrick\", and is composed of the elements askr (Old Scandinavian for \"ash-tree\") and the Celtic saint's name. The order of the elements of the name, with the ash-tree coming before the name of the saint, is particular to Celtic place-names.[9] The following forms of the name have been found in various charters:- Estpatrick in 1224, Asepatrick 1230, Aspatric 1233, Askpatrik 1291, Assepatrick 1303, Aspatrick 1357, Aspatre 1491.[10] The first entry in the parish register referring to the town as Aspatria in preference to the name Aspatrick or Aspatricke appears in 1712. It appears in the handwriting of the then vicar David Bell.[11] For the next fifty years the spelling fluctuated until eventually Aspatria became the dominant name. When Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins passed through the town in 1857 they referred to the name Spatter which is not too dissimilar to 'Speatrie' the name locals prefer.[12] William Brough, a railway porter, discharging third class passengers after their arrival at Aspatria from the Bolton Loop railway connection would cry 'Speatrie Loup Oot'. Second class passengers would detect \"Speatrie change ere for Measyat\", while first class passengers heard a polite invitation, \"Aspatriah, change heah for Mealsgate.\"[13]There is a legend that the name comes from the ash tree that grew when St. Patrick's staff, the Bachal Isu, took root in the ground because it took so long for him to manage to convert the people from this area to Christianity.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Workington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"December 2019 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory"},{"link_name":"Mark Jenkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Jenkinson"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Sue Hayman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Hayman"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"MEPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"North West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Allhallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allhallows,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The town is in the parliamentary constituency of Workington. In the December 2019 general election, the Tory candidate for Workington, Mark Jenkinson, was elected the MP, overturning a 9.4 per cent Labour majority from the 2017 election to eject shadow environment secretary Sue Hayman by a margin of 4,136 votes.[15] Until the December 2019 general election the Labour Party had won the seat in the constituency in every general election since 1979. The Conservative Party had previously only been elected once in Workington since World War II, at the 1976 by-election.[16]Prior to Brexit for the European Parliament residents in Aspatria voted to elect MEPs for the North West England constituency.An electoral ward exists with the same name. This ward stretches east to Allhallows with a total population taken at the 2011 Census of 3,380.[17]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship"},{"link_name":"Anglican parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_parish_church"},{"link_name":"St. Kentigern's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kentigern%27s_Church,_Aspatria"},{"link_name":"non-conformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)"},{"link_name":"Congregationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"Sir Wilfrid Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Wilfrid_Lawson,_1st_Baronet,_of_Brayton"},{"link_name":"café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehouse"},{"link_name":"Primitive Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_Methodism"},{"link_name":"manse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manse"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Sunday school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_school"},{"link_name":"Bible Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Prior to the opening of the Brayton Domain Collieries the people of Aspatria had two places of worship, the long established Anglican parish church of St. Kentigern's and a non-conformist chapel of the Congregationalist persuasion, built by Sir Wilfrid Lawson, in 1826. The latter is now a café with dwelling behind. However, with the influx of new workers came a demand for new institutions. In 1864, the Primitive Methodists built a chapel in the lower end of Lawson Street. Twenty years later, to cater for their expanding congregation they built a new chapel, with adjoining manse for the minister, at the junction of Queen Street and Brayton Road, while retaining the original building for use as a Sunday school. In the 1980s they sold the property, which the new owner demolished and replaced with a private house. In 1874, a group of Bible Christians, originally from Cornwall built a chapel at the bottom of Richmond Hill. This is also now the site of a private house. The Wesleyan Methodists built their first chapel on the corner of North Road and Queen Street in 1898. This proved too small and was replaced by the existing building in 1921. Although the small numbers of Roman Catholics have had a variety of meeting places over the years, they have never built a church.[18]","title":"Religious worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Beacon Hill Community School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill_Community_School"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"There are two primary schools in the town: Oughterside Primary School[19] and Richmond Hill School.[20]Beacon Hill Community School is a secondary school in Aspatria. The school serves the town and neighbouring villages.[21]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bromfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromfield,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Westnewton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westnewton,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Gilcrux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilcrux"},{"link_name":"Crosscanonby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosscanonby"},{"link_name":"Plumbland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbland"},{"link_name":"Torpenhow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpenhow"},{"link_name":"Allhallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allhallows,_Cumbria"}],"text":"The parish is bounded on the North by the parishes of Bromfield and Westnewton; on the West by Gilcrux and Crosscanonby; on the South by Plumbland and Torpenhow; and on the East by Bromfield and Allhallows.","title":"Neighbouring parishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mattress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattress"},{"link_name":"Sealy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealy_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"First Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Milk_(company)"},{"link_name":"creamery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creamery"},{"link_name":"Milk Marketing Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_Marketing_Board"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Aspatria Agricultural Cooperative Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspatria_Agricultural_Cooperative_Society"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"There is a small industrial area next to the railway station where:-Mattress manufacturer Sealy have maintained their British head office since 1974. It was announced in May 2020 that the factory will close.[22]\nFirst Milk creamery (formerly owned by the Milk Marketing Board), a farmers' co-operative which produces Lake District Cheese, now the third best-selling Cheddar Brand in the UK. 60 tonnes of cheese are produced daily, using 800,000 litres of milk.[23]\nAspatria Farmers Limited, (formerly the Aspatria Agricultural Cooperative Society) is based.[24]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC North East and Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_North_East_and_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"ITV Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Border"},{"link_name":"Caldbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldbeck_transmitting_station"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits Radio Cumbria & South West Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Cumbria_%26_South_West_Scotland"},{"link_name":"News and Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_and_Star"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Border. Television signals are received from the Caldbeck TV transmitter. [25] Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cumbria on 94.7 FM and Greatest Hits Radio Cumbria & South West Scotland on 96.4 FM. The town is served by the local newspaper, News and Star. [26]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Aspatria RUFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspatria_RUFC"},{"link_name":"RFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union"}],"text":"Aspatria Hornets are the local rugby league team. Aspatria is also home to rugby union club Aspatria RUFC, currently playing in the RFU's North Lancashire/Cumbria Division. The 'Aspatria Eagles' are the club's second team, and the 'Aspatria Sinners' are the women's team. Aspatria FC are the town's football club who compete in the Tesco Cumberland County Premier League.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheila Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Fell"},{"link_name":"Jenny Cowern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Cowern"},{"link_name":"Langrigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langrigg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Holliday_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet of Brayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Wilfrid_Lawson,_2nd_Baronet_of_Brayton"},{"link_name":"Henry Thompson MRCVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thompson_MRCVS"},{"link_name":"Greg Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Ridley"},{"link_name":"William Thompson Casson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thompson_Casson"},{"link_name":"Rev. William Slater Calverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev._William_Slater_Calverley"},{"link_name":"Thomas Farrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Farrall"},{"link_name":"Henry J. Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J._Webb"},{"link_name":"Roland Stobbart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Stobbart"},{"link_name":"Maurice Stobbart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Stobbart"},{"link_name":"Dr William Perry Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_William_Perry_Briggs"}],"text":"Sheila Fell, artist, born in Aspatria\nJenny Cowern, artist, lived at Langrigg, Aspatria\nThomas Holliday, rugby international, had a drapery and ironmonger's business in Queen Street\nSir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet of Brayton, temperance campaigner and Liberal Party politician\nHenry Thompson MRCVS, veterinary surgeon, pioneer agriculturalist and author\nGreg Ridley, Rock musician\nWilliam Thompson Casson, coach designer and manufacturer\nRev. William Slater Calverley, antiquarian\nThomas Farrall, author, teacher and agriculturalist\nHenry J. Webb, principal of Aspatria Agricultural College\nRoland Stobbart, Speedway rider\nMaurice Stobbart, Speedway rider\nDr William Perry Briggs, Medical Officer of Health to Aspatria Urban District Council (1892–1928)","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Rev. William Slater Calverley; W. G. Collingwood M.A. (1899). Early Sculptured Crosses, Shrines and Monuments in the Present Diocese of Carlisle. Kendal: Titus Wilson.\nA. D. Mills (1998). Oxford Dictionary of Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford.\nWilkie Collins and Charles Dickens (2011). The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices. London: Hesperus Press Ltd.\nT. Bulmer (1901). History and Directory of Cumberland. Preston: T. Bulmer & Co. Hesperus Press Ltd.\nJ. B. Bailey (1920). History of the Churches in the Maryport Rural Deanery. Cockermouth: Times Office.\nJ. Rose; M. Dunglinson (1987). Aspatria. Chichester: Phillimore.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"002 Aspatria Viking finds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/002_Aspatria_Viking_finds.jpg/220px-002_Aspatria_Viking_finds.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herdwick_sheep_crop.jpg"},{"title":"Cumbria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cumbria"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Aspatria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Aspatria"}] | [{"reference":"\"Parish population 2011\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092230/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11120182&c=CA7+2AU&d=16&e=62&g=6410921&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1434464259924&enc=1","url_text":"\"Parish population 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11120182&c=CA7+2AU&d=16&e=62&g=6410921&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1434464259924&enc=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Northern yet to fix Aspatria mispronunciation\". BBC News. 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-68181505","url_text":"\"Northern yet to fix Aspatria mispronunciation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lurgan Ancestry ~ St. Patrick - First Bishop of Armagh\". Lurganancestry.com. Retrieved 22 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lurganancestry.com/stpatrick.htm","url_text":"\"Lurgan Ancestry ~ St. Patrick - First Bishop of Armagh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Workington parliamentary constituency - Election 2019 - BBC News\". Bbc.com. Retrieved 22 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14001053","url_text":"\"Workington parliamentary constituency - Election 2019 - BBC News\""}]},{"reference":"\"A vision of Britain website – general elections section\". Retrieved 27 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_multi_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POL&data_cube=N_POL_PARTY&u_id=12737403&c_id=10090283","url_text":"\"A vision of Britain website – general elections section\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward population 2011\". Retrieved 16 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/aspatria-e05003115#sthash.SaxRjQcA.dpbs","url_text":"\"Ward population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home | Oughterside Foundation School\". Oughtersideschool.co.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oughtersideschool.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Home | Oughterside Foundation School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home | Richmond Hill School\". Richmondhillprimary.co.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmondhillprimary.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Home | Richmond Hill School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beacon Hill Community School\". Retrieved 22 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://beaconhill.cumbria.sch.uk/","url_text":"\"Beacon Hill Community School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aspatria's Sealy factory closure leads to 267 job losses\". BBC News. 4 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-52535921","url_text":"\"Aspatria's Sealy factory closure leads to 267 job losses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211217083609/https://www.aspatriafarmers.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.aspatriafarmers.co.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Caldbeck (Cumbria, England) Full Freeview transmitter\". May 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Caldbeck","url_text":"\"Caldbeck (Cumbria, England) Full Freeview transmitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Times & Star\". Retrieved 26 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesandstar.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Times & Star\""}]},{"reference":"Rev. William Slater Calverley; W. G. Collingwood M.A. (1899). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi_al-Majdhub | Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majdhub | ["1 Early life and education","2 Literary works","2.1 Poetic and literary works","2.2 Political life","3 Legacy","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Sudanese political and poet
Muhammad al-Mahdi al-MajdhubNative nameمحمد المهدي المجذوبBorn1919Ad-Damir, Anglo-Egyptian SudanDied3 March 1982(1982-03-03) (aged 62–63)Omdurman, SudanOccupationPoet, writer, accountantEducationGordon Memorial CollegeRelativesAbdullah El Tayib (cousin)Personal detailsPolitical partyRepublican Brotherhood
Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majdhub (Arabic: محمد المهدي المجذوب // ⓘ; 1919 - 3 March 1982), also spelled al-Maghut or al-Majzoub, was a renowned Sudanese poet. He is widely recognised as one of the pioneers in Sudanese poetry and is credited with being one of the first poets of Sudanese Arabic poetry and "Sudanism". His contributions to Sudanese literature have left a lasting impact on the poetic landscape of the country.
Early life and education
Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majdhub was born in 1919 in al-Damar, the capital of the River Nile state in North Sudan. His father is the Sufi sheikh, known in Sudan as Muhammad al-Majdhub, who belongs to the Ja’aliyin tribe of the north-central Sudanese tribes. He was Khalwa educated, where he learned reading, writing and the Qur'an. According to Babkier Hassan Omer, the Khalwa's fire (known as al-Toqaba) inspired al-Majdhub to call his first collection "The Fire of Majdhib". He wrote in the introduction to the collection “The knights, jurists and paranormal people watched around it, glorifying and chanting, His Eminence among people and security comfort, for centuries".
The Sudanese writer and academic Abdullah Al-Tayyib (1921-2003) grown in al-Majdhub's house after the death of his father. Both grew up close friends and poets.
Young al-Majzoub
al-Majdhub travelled to Khartoum for school, and joined the Gordon Memorial College and graduated as an accountant. al-Majdhub worked as an accountant in the government of Sudan and moved between the north, south, east and west, which benefited him in creating an imaginary repertoire that, along with his innate readiness, paved the way for the development of his poetic craft.
Literary works
During this era, there emerged publications such as al-Sudan, al-Nahda, and al-Fajr. Within the pages of al-Fajr, writers such as al-Tijani Yusuf Bashir and Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub made their initial debut.
According to historian Huda Fakhreddine, the members of the Fajr group possessed an understanding of Sudan's hybrid cultural heritage and the historical currents that contributed to its distinctiveness. They aimed to shape the linguistic symbols that would define a national identity.
Huda continues that Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub articulated the concept of Sudanese literature "written in Arabic but infused with the idioms of our land, as this is what sets the literature of one nation apart from another." The Fajr group's found its earliest manifestation in the works of Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majdhub. He became the first poet whose writings reflected an awareness of belonging to both "Black" and "Arab" cultures.
Late al-Majzoub
The critic Osama Taj Al-Sir believes that "Sudanism" (or Sudanisation) was clear in al-Majdhub's poetry, which appeared in his imagination, images and language, which his late son, the journalist Awad Al-Karim al-Majdhub, who says about his father, "Perhaps what distinguishes the language of al-Majdhub is its mixing - sometimes - Between classical and dialectal Arabic to the point of using the language of ordinary speech and planting it in the fabric of his poem. Osama Taj Al-Sir, Professor of Literature at the University of Khartoum told Al-Jazeera Net that "al-Majdhub conveyed the Sudanese life to poetry, and he is one of the first to mix between the eloquent and the common, the Sudanese project represents for him a stylistic technique".
Al-Siddiq Omar Al-Siddiq, attests the Sudanism was not the only prominent feature of al-Majdhub, and the poetic imagery is one of the clearest among them. Al-Majzoub was creative in taking pictures and bold in drawing them, and this "audacity" is not limited to pictures only.
One of the most important features of al-Majdhub's poetry is his interest in the simple man in the street, as Osama Taj Al-Sir believes that Al-Majzoub: "moved poetry - in a highly poetic and pictorial language - from the centrality of life to its periphery (linguistic, social, and political). He wrote about coffee shop owners, shoe-cleaners, pickpockets, the bean seller, the shard seller, the beggar, and so on." al-Majdhub mentioned the reasons in the introduction to Nar al-Majdhub: "I have benefited a lot from mingling with people, especially the poor, for they have a striking sincerity that has benefited me and cured me".
al-Majdhub authored a number of other books and collections. He also participated in the magazines, e.g., The Nile, Hana Omdurman, Youth and Sports, and other Sudanese magazines. In Arabic, Dar Al-Hilal, Al-Doha, and the Beirut magazine Al-Adab were publishing his work. He has several radio interviews, the most prominent of which are his interviews with Sudanese radio and television, Voice of the Arabs, Voice of America, German, Egyptian and Tunisian radio.
Noah’s Ark is a womb of a virgin
That rested on Mount Judi, bestowing life
Moses coffin is a womb
Jesus’ cross is a womb
And Ghar Hiraa is a womb
And this Deluge abated with no ark,
No coffin, no cross and no Hiraa
Where is the refuge?
To the moon!
Does the earth escape from itself?
Searching for its kin?
The Deluge
Poetic and literary works
Diwan Fire of al-Majazib (Arabic: نار المجاذيب), 1969
Diwan Honor and Immigration (Arabic: الشرافة والهجرة), 1973
Lengthy Good News, Crows, Exodus (Arabic: طولة البشارة، الغربان، الخروج), 1975
Diwan Manabir (Arabic: منابر), 1982
Diwan Of Those Things (Arabic: تلك الأشياء), 1982
A Beggar in Khartoum (Arabic: شحاذ في الخرطوم), 1984 (poetry play)
Diwan Cruelty in Milk (Arabic: القسوة في الحليب), 2005
Diwan Sounds and Smoke (Arabic: أصوات ودخان), 2005
Diwan Raid and Sunset (Arabic: غارة وغروب), 2013
Political life
al-Majdhub founded with Mahmoud Muhammad Taha the Republican Brotherhood in Sudan in 1945. Republican Brotherhood was involved in fight for independence against the British-Egyptian colonialism. al-Majdhub has poems praising the positions of the Republican Party and Mahmoud Muhammad Taha.
al-Majdhub died on 3 March 1982 in Omdurman, Sudan.
Legacy
al-Majdhub has gained recognition in the history of Sudanese literature as a trailblazer in the modernisation of Sudanese poetry. He is credited with founding a significant poetic movement, along with his relative Abdalla al Tayeb, which introduced a fresh approach to poetic creation, breaking away from traditional and rigid poetic forms and doctrines. This new school of poetry embraced a more unrestrained and liberated style, in line with the practices of contemporary poets.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j بابكر, عماد محمد. "تفتق الشاعرية و"السودانوية".. 40 عاما على رحيل شاعر المساكين محمد المهدي المجذوب". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-05-21.
^ "رابطة أدباء الشام - أشعار المبدع الراحل محمد المهدي المجذوب". www.odabasham.net. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
^ a b c "Selected Poem: The Deluge (Mohamed al- Mahdi al- Majzoub)| Sudanow Magazine". sudanow-magazine.net. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
^ a b Kramer, Robert S.; Lobban, Richard Andrew; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8108-6180-0.
^ a b c Fakhreddine, Huda J. (2021-03-31), "Muhammad al-Maghut and Poetic Detachment", The Arabic Prose Poem, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 107–137, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005, ISBN 9781474474962, retrieved 2023-05-21
^ Abusabib, Mohamed (March 2001). "Back to Mangu Zambiri: Art, Politics and Identity in Northern Sudan". New Political Science. 23 (1): 89–111. doi:10.1080/07393140120030359. ISSN 0739-3148. S2CID 145166757.
^ a b c d 'Abdul-Hai, Muhammad (1976). "Conflict and Identity : The Cultural Poetics of Contemporary Sudanese Poetry". Présence Africaine. 99–100 (99/100): 60–81. doi:10.3917/presa.099.0060. ISSN 0032-7638. JSTOR 24350498.
^ "المجذوب يضرب صدره علي وطن زائف". صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان (in Arabic). 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
^ المجذوب, محمد المهدي. "ديوان محمد المهدي المجذوب". الديوان (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-05-21.
^ "Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majthub – Sudanese Literature". 2020-04-16. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
^ Thomas, Edward (2010-11-23). Islam's Perfect Stranger: The Life of Mahmud Muhammad Taha, Muslim Reformer of Sudan. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78673-496-9.
^ Thomas, Edward (2010-11-23). Islam's Perfect Stranger: The Life of Mahmud Muhammad Taha, Muslim Reformer of Sudan. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78673-496-9.
Further reading
Fakhreddine, Huda J. (2021-03-31), "Muhammad al-Maghut and Poetic Detachment", The Arabic Prose Poem, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 107–137, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005, ISBN 9781474474962, retrieved 2023-05-21
External links
"BBC Radio 4 - Something Understood, Moving with God". BBC. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
Sudania 24 TV (11 Dec 2017). مغامرة محمد المهدي المجذوب في سودنة الشعر العربي (in Arabic).{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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United States
Sweden
Other
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Both grew up close friends and poets.[1]Young al-Majzoubal-Majdhub travelled to Khartoum for school, and joined the Gordon Memorial College and graduated as an accountant.[3] al-Majdhub worked as an accountant in the government of Sudan and moved between the north, south, east and west, which benefited him in creating an imaginary repertoire that, along with his innate readiness, paved the way for the development of his poetic craft.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Tijani Yusuf Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tijani_Yusuf_Bashir"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_Mahjub"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohamed_al-Mahdi_al-Majzoub.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sudanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sudanism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"University of Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Khartoum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Voice of the Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_the_Arabs"},{"link_name":"Voice of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"During this era, there emerged publications such as al-Sudan, al-Nahda, and al-Fajr. Within the pages of al-Fajr, writers such as al-Tijani Yusuf Bashir and Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub made their initial debut.[4]According to historian Huda Fakhreddine, the members of the Fajr group possessed an understanding of Sudan's hybrid cultural heritage and the historical currents that contributed to its distinctiveness. They aimed to shape the linguistic symbols that would define a national identity.[5]Huda continues that Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub articulated the concept of Sudanese literature \"written in Arabic but infused with the idioms of our land, as this is what sets the literature of one nation apart from another.\" The Fajr group's found its earliest manifestation in the works of Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majdhub. He became the first poet whose writings reflected an awareness of belonging to both \"Black\" and \"Arab\" cultures.[5]Late al-MajzoubThe critic Osama Taj Al-Sir believes that \"Sudanism\" (or Sudanisation) was clear in al-Majdhub's poetry, which appeared in his imagination, images and language, which his late son, the journalist Awad Al-Karim al-Majdhub, who says about his father, \"Perhaps what distinguishes the language of al-Majdhub is its mixing - sometimes - Between classical and dialectal Arabic to the point of using the language of ordinary speech and planting it in the fabric of his poem.[1][6][7] Osama Taj Al-Sir, Professor of Literature at the University of Khartoum told Al-Jazeera Net that \"al-Majdhub conveyed the Sudanese life to poetry, and he is one of the first to mix between the eloquent and the common, the Sudanese project represents for him a stylistic technique\".[1][5][7]Al-Siddiq Omar Al-Siddiq, attests the Sudanism was not the only prominent feature of al-Majdhub, and the poetic imagery is one of the clearest among them. Al-Majzoub was creative in taking pictures and bold in drawing them, and this \"audacity\" is not limited to pictures only.[1][7]One of the most important features of al-Majdhub's poetry is his interest in the simple man in the street, as Osama Taj Al-Sir believes that Al-Majzoub: \"moved poetry - in a highly poetic and pictorial language - from the centrality of life to its periphery (linguistic, social, and political). He wrote about coffee shop owners, shoe-cleaners, pickpockets, the bean seller, the shard seller, the beggar, and so on.\" al-Majdhub mentioned the reasons in the introduction to Nar al-Majdhub: \"I have benefited a lot from mingling with people, especially the poor, for they have a striking sincerity that has benefited me and cured me\".[1][7]al-Majdhub authored a number of other books and collections.[8] He also participated in the magazines, e.g., The Nile, Hana Omdurman, Youth and Sports, and other Sudanese magazines. In Arabic, Dar Al-Hilal, Al-Doha, and the Beirut magazine Al-Adab were publishing his work. He has several radio interviews, the most prominent of which are his interviews with Sudanese radio and television, Voice of the Arabs, Voice of America, German, Egyptian and Tunisian radio.Noah’s Ark is a womb of a virgin\nThat rested on Mount Judi, bestowing life\nMoses coffin is a womb\nJesus’ cross is a womb\nAnd Ghar Hiraa is a womb\nAnd this Deluge abated with no ark,\nNo coffin, no cross and no Hiraa\nWhere is the refuge?\nTo the moon!\nDoes the earth escape from itself?\nSearching for its kin?\n\n\n\nThe Deluge[3]","title":"Literary works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"}],"sub_title":"Poetic and literary works","text":"Diwan Fire of al-Majazib (Arabic: نار المجاذيب), 1969[9][10]\nDiwan Honor and Immigration (Arabic: الشرافة والهجرة), 1973\nLengthy Good News, Crows, Exodus (Arabic: طولة البشارة، الغربان، الخروج), 1975\nDiwan Manabir (Arabic: منابر), 1982\nDiwan Of Those Things (Arabic: تلك الأشياء), 1982\nA Beggar in Khartoum (Arabic: شحاذ في الخرطوم), 1984 (poetry play)\nDiwan Cruelty in Milk (Arabic: القسوة في الحليب), 2005\nDiwan Sounds and Smoke (Arabic: أصوات ودخان), 2005\nDiwan Raid and Sunset (Arabic: غارة وغروب), 2013","title":"Literary works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahmoud Muhammad Taha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohammed_Taha"},{"link_name":"Republican Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"British-Egyptian colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Omdurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omdurman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"sub_title":"Political life","text":"al-Majdhub founded with Mahmoud Muhammad Taha the Republican Brotherhood in Sudan in 1945.[11] Republican Brotherhood was involved in fight for independence against the British-Egyptian colonialism. al-Majdhub has poems praising the positions of the Republican Party and Mahmoud Muhammad Taha.[12]al-Majdhub died on 3 March 1982 in Omdurman, Sudan.[1]","title":"Literary works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdalla al Tayeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_El_Tayib"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"}],"text":"al-Majdhub has gained recognition in the history of Sudanese literature as a trailblazer in the modernisation of Sudanese poetry. He is credited with founding a significant poetic movement, along with his relative Abdalla al Tayeb, which introduced a fresh approach to poetic creation, breaking away from traditional and rigid poetic forms and doctrines.[3] This new school of poetry embraced a more unrestrained and liberated style, in line with the practices of contemporary poets.[4]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Muhammad al-Maghut and Poetic Detachment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474474962.003.0005"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781474474962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474474962"}],"text":"Fakhreddine, Huda J. (2021-03-31), \"Muhammad al-Maghut and Poetic Detachment\", The Arabic Prose Poem, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 107–137, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005, ISBN 9781474474962, retrieved 2023-05-21","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Young al-Majzoub","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87-780x470.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87-780x470.jpg"},{"image_text":"Late al-Majzoub","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mohamed_al-Mahdi_al-Majzoub.jpg/220px-Mohamed_al-Mahdi_al-Majzoub.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"بابكر, عماد محمد. \"تفتق الشاعرية و\"السودانوية\".. 40 عاما على رحيل شاعر المساكين محمد المهدي المجذوب\". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2022/3/3/%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b5%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b1%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%85-40","url_text":"\"تفتق الشاعرية و\"السودانوية\".. 40 عاما على رحيل شاعر المساكين محمد المهدي المجذوب\""}]},{"reference":"\"رابطة أدباء الشام - أشعار المبدع الراحل محمد المهدي المجذوب\". www.odabasham.net. Retrieved 2023-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odabasham.net/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86/22567-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A8","url_text":"\"رابطة أدباء الشام - أشعار المبدع الراحل محمد المهدي المجذوب\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Poem: The Deluge (Mohamed al- Mahdi al- Majzoub)| Sudanow Magazine\". sudanow-magazine.net. Retrieved 2023-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?mainId=&subId=30&Id=1112","url_text":"\"Selected Poem: The Deluge (Mohamed al- Mahdi al- Majzoub)| Sudanow Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Robert S.; Lobban, Richard Andrew; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-8108-6180-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WAs7lGNkVBkC&dq=%22Muhammad+al-Mahdi+al-Majdhub%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA284","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6180-0","url_text":"978-0-8108-6180-0"}]},{"reference":"Fakhreddine, Huda J. (2021-03-31), \"Muhammad al-Maghut and Poetic Detachment\", The Arabic Prose Poem, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 107–137, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005, ISBN 9781474474962, retrieved 2023-05-21","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005","url_text":"\"Muhammad al-Maghut and Poetic Detachment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474474962.003.0005","url_text":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474474962","url_text":"9781474474962"}]},{"reference":"Abusabib, Mohamed (March 2001). \"Back to Mangu Zambiri: Art, Politics and Identity in Northern Sudan\". New Political Science. 23 (1): 89–111. doi:10.1080/07393140120030359. ISSN 0739-3148. S2CID 145166757.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07393140120030359","url_text":"\"Back to Mangu Zambiri: Art, Politics and Identity in Northern Sudan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393140120030359","url_text":"10.1080/07393140120030359"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0739-3148","url_text":"0739-3148"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145166757","url_text":"145166757"}]},{"reference":"'Abdul-Hai, Muhammad (1976). \"Conflict and Identity : The Cultural Poetics of Contemporary Sudanese Poetry\". Présence Africaine. 99–100 (99/100): 60–81. doi:10.3917/presa.099.0060. ISSN 0032-7638. JSTOR 24350498.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350498","url_text":"\"Conflict and Identity : The Cultural Poetics of Contemporary Sudanese Poetry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fpresa.099.0060","url_text":"10.3917/presa.099.0060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-7638","url_text":"0032-7638"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350498","url_text":"24350498"}]},{"reference":"\"المجذوب يضرب صدره علي وطن زائف\". صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان (in Arabic). 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2023-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2022/03/03/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%b0%d9%88%d8%a8-%d9%8a%d8%b6%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%b5%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%87-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86-%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%81/","url_text":"\"المجذوب يضرب صدره علي وطن زائف\""}]},{"reference":"المجذوب, محمد المهدي. \"ديوان محمد المهدي المجذوب\". الديوان (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aldiwan.net/cat-poet-muhammad-al-mahdi-al-majzoub","url_text":"\"ديوان محمد المهدي المجذوب\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majthub – Sudanese Literature\". 2020-04-16. Retrieved 2023-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://sudaneseliterature.com/muhammad-al-mahdi-al-majthub/","url_text":"\"Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majthub – Sudanese Literature\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Edward (2010-11-23). Islam's Perfect Stranger: The Life of Mahmud Muhammad Taha, Muslim Reformer of Sudan. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78673-496-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HeqKDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Muhammad+al-Mahdi+al-Majdhub%22&pg=PP1","url_text":"Islam's Perfect Stranger: The Life of Mahmud Muhammad Taha, Muslim Reformer of Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-496-9","url_text":"978-1-78673-496-9"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Edward (2010-11-23). Islam's Perfect Stranger: The Life of Mahmud Muhammad Taha, Muslim Reformer of Sudan. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78673-496-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HeqKDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Muhammad+al-Mahdi+al-Majdhub%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA278","url_text":"Islam's Perfect Stranger: The Life of Mahmud Muhammad Taha, Muslim Reformer of Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-496-9","url_text":"978-1-78673-496-9"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 4 - Something Understood, Moving with God\". BBC. Retrieved 2023-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03s69dg","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 4 - Something Understood, Moving with God\""}]},{"reference":"Sudania 24 TV (11 Dec 2017). مغامرة محمد المهدي المجذوب في سودنة الشعر العربي [Muhammad Al-Mahdi Al-Majzoub's Adventure in the Sudanization of Arabic Poetry] (in Arabic).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTaOXIEhsC4","url_text":"مغامرة محمد المهدي المجذوب في سودنة الشعر العربي"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2022/3/3/%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b5%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b1%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%85-40","external_links_name":"\"تفتق الشاعرية و\"السودانوية\".. 40 عاما على رحيل شاعر المساكين محمد المهدي المجذوب\""},{"Link":"https://www.odabasham.net/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86/22567-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A8","external_links_name":"\"رابطة أدباء الشام - أشعار المبدع الراحل محمد المهدي المجذوب\""},{"Link":"https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?mainId=&subId=30&Id=1112","external_links_name":"\"Selected Poem: The Deluge (Mohamed al- Mahdi al- Majzoub)| Sudanow Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WAs7lGNkVBkC&dq=%22Muhammad+al-Mahdi+al-Majdhub%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA284","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of the Sudan"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005","external_links_name":"\"Muhammad al-Maghut and Poetic Detachment\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474474962.003.0005","external_links_name":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005"},{"Link":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07393140120030359","external_links_name":"\"Back to Mangu Zambiri: Art, Politics and Identity in Northern Sudan\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393140120030359","external_links_name":"10.1080/07393140120030359"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0739-3148","external_links_name":"0739-3148"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145166757","external_links_name":"145166757"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350498","external_links_name":"\"Conflict and Identity : The Cultural Poetics of Contemporary Sudanese Poetry\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fpresa.099.0060","external_links_name":"10.3917/presa.099.0060"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-7638","external_links_name":"0032-7638"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350498","external_links_name":"24350498"},{"Link":"https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2022/03/03/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%b0%d9%88%d8%a8-%d9%8a%d8%b6%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%b5%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%87-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86-%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%81/","external_links_name":"\"المجذوب يضرب صدره علي وطن زائف\""},{"Link":"https://www.aldiwan.net/cat-poet-muhammad-al-mahdi-al-majzoub","external_links_name":"\"ديوان محمد المهدي المجذوب\""},{"Link":"https://sudaneseliterature.com/muhammad-al-mahdi-al-majthub/","external_links_name":"\"Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Majthub – Sudanese Literature\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HeqKDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Muhammad+al-Mahdi+al-Majdhub%22&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"Islam's Perfect Stranger: The Life of Mahmud Muhammad Taha, Muslim Reformer of Sudan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HeqKDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Muhammad+al-Mahdi+al-Majdhub%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA278","external_links_name":"Islam's Perfect Stranger: The Life of Mahmud Muhammad Taha, Muslim Reformer of Sudan"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005","external_links_name":"\"Muhammad al-Maghut and Poetic Detachment\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474474962.003.0005","external_links_name":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474962.003.0005"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03s69dg","external_links_name":"\"BBC Radio 4 - Something Understood, Moving with God\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTaOXIEhsC4","external_links_name":"مغامرة محمد المهدي المجذوب في سودنة الشعر العربي"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/62150/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122120562","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66455326","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgXghXdM6kttxtQhfVwG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007429813705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80132035","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/pm13xg875kjld8z","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/114282684","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Tsourouktsoglou | Nikolaos Tsourouktsoglou | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | Greek lawyer, journalist and political and social activist
Nikolaos TsourouktsoglouBorn1861 (1861)Smyrna, Ottoman EmpireDiedSeptember 21, 1922(1922-09-21) (aged 60)Smyrna, Ottoman Empire
Nikolaos Tsourouktsoglou (Greek: Νικόλαος Τσουρούκτσογλου; Turkish: Nikolaki Çürükçüoğlu Efendi; Smyrna, 1861–1922), was a distinguished Greek lawyer and journalist who was a political and social activist. He was a city councillor and a member of the board of governors of Smyrna. He was also founder and editor of the French and Greek newspapers 'La Reforme' and 'Imerisia' in the late Ottoman Empire.
Biography
Nikolaos Tsourouktsoglou was born in Smyrna (modern Izmir, Turkey) in 1861 to a Cappadocian Greek family originally from Kayseri in Cappadocia. As a child he attended and eventually graduated from the Evangelical School of Smyrna. After graduation he studied at the University of Munich and graduated with a law degree. After graduation Nikolaos moved back to Smyrna where he eventually founded a French Language Newspaper called 'La Réforme' in 1900. In 1901 he co-founded a Greek language newspaper called "Imerisia" (Ημερησία). Through his media outlets and Law background Nikolaos fought for the defence of his compatriots rights in the late Ottoman Empire. He was a member of the board of governors and council of elders of Smyrna in the Vilayet of Aydin.
During the Greco-Turkish War in August 1922, the Greek Military was defeated and the Turkish army entered the city of Smyrna. Tsourouktsoglou was arrested, along with other prominent Greek members of the city including the Metropolitan of Smyrna Chrysostomos Kalafatis and also Georgakis Klimanoglou. The Turkish military officer Nureddin Pasha ordered the execution of Tsourouktsoglou who was beheaded. Nikolaos Tsourouktsoglou's decapitated corpse was eventually discovered in Smyrna along with the corpses of other high-profile Greeks of the city.
References
^ a b Kokkinos, Dionysios A. (1972). Historia tēs Neōteras Hellados, Volume 4. Ekdotikos Oikos Melissa. p. 1255. OCLC 838428919. Ο νομικός και δημοσιογράφος Νικόλαος Τσουρουκτσόγλου (1861–1922), ό όποιος άπεκεφαλίσθη τό 1922 κατά διαταγήν τού Στρατιωτικού Διοικητού Σμύρνης Νουρεντίν.
^ a b c d Ένωσις Σμυρναίων. "Καθαίρεσαν από τις οδοσημάνσεις το όνομα του εθνομάρτυρα Νικολάου Τσουρουκτσόγλου και δεν το αποκατέστησαν μέχρι σήμερα" (PDF). The Organization of the Association of Smyrneans. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
^ a b Singer, Amy (2010). Untold Histories of the Middle East: Recovering Voices from the 19th and 20th Centuries. Routledge. pp. 133–134. ISBN 9781136926662.
^ Athanasiadēs, Titos (2002). Mikra Asia, 1919–1922 : 80 chronia pikrēs mnēmēs : apo tēn epopoiia stēn katastrophē. Apogeumatinē. p. 88. ISBN 9789608745124.
^ Spanomanōlēs, Chrēstos A. (1969). Aichmalōtoi tōn Tourkōn: Augoustos 1922-Augoistos 1923. Vivliopōleion tēs Hestias I. D. Kollarou. p. 167. OCLC 1971141. Πράγματι, ένας άλλοτε μεγαλοβιομήχανος στήν Σμύρνη, αναγνωρίζει τά πτώματα των δημογερόντων μας, Κλημάνογλου και Τσουρουκτσόγλου. Σάν αστραπή περνά από τόν νοϋν μου, ή μορφή τοϋ Χρυσοστόμου, διότι είχα πληροφορηθή δτι οί δημογέροντες αυτοί τόν εΐχον συνοδεύσει κατά τήν έπίσκεψίν του στόν Νουρεντίν. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokkinos_1972-1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_people"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enosismyrneon_2015-2"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amy_2010-3"}],"text":"Nikolaos Tsourouktsoglou (Greek: Νικόλαος Τσουρούκτσογλου; Turkish: Nikolaki Çürükçüoğlu Efendi; Smyrna, 1861–1922),[1] was a distinguished Greek lawyer and journalist who was a political and social activist. He was a city councillor and a member of the board of governors of Smyrna.[2] He was also founder and editor of the French and Greek newspapers 'La Reforme' and 'Imerisia' in the late Ottoman Empire.[3]","title":"Nikolaos Tsourouktsoglou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Izmir, Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmir,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Cappadocian Greek family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek_people"},{"link_name":"Kayseri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri"},{"link_name":"Cappadocia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enosismyrneon_2015-2"},{"link_name":"Evangelical School of Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_School_of_Smyrna"},{"link_name":"University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"law degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_degree"},{"link_name":"French Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Language"},{"link_name":"Greek language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amy_2010-3"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enosismyrneon_2015-2"},{"link_name":"Vilayet of Aydin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayet_of_Aydin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enosismyrneon_2015-2"},{"link_name":"Greco-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan of Smyrna Chrysostomos Kalafatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysostomos_of_Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Georgakis Klimanoglou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgakis_Klimanoglou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Athanasiad%C4%93s_2002-4"},{"link_name":"Nureddin Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nureddin_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokkinos_1972-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spanoman%C5%8Dl%C4%93s_1969-5"}],"text":"Nikolaos Tsourouktsoglou was born in Smyrna (modern Izmir, Turkey) in 1861 to a Cappadocian Greek family originally from Kayseri in Cappadocia.[2] As a child he attended and eventually graduated from the Evangelical School of Smyrna. After graduation he studied at the University of Munich and graduated with a law degree. After graduation Nikolaos moved back to Smyrna where he eventually founded a French Language Newspaper called 'La Réforme' in 1900. In 1901 he co-founded a Greek language newspaper called \"Imerisia\" (Ημερησία).[3] Through his media outlets and Law background Nikolaos fought for the defence of his compatriots rights in the late Ottoman Empire.[2] He was a member of the board of governors and council of elders of Smyrna in the Vilayet of Aydin.[2]During the Greco-Turkish War in August 1922, the Greek Military was defeated and the Turkish army entered the city of Smyrna. Tsourouktsoglou was arrested, along with other prominent Greek members of the city including the Metropolitan of Smyrna Chrysostomos Kalafatis and also Georgakis Klimanoglou.[4] The Turkish military officer Nureddin Pasha ordered the execution of Tsourouktsoglou who was beheaded.[1] Nikolaos Tsourouktsoglou's decapitated corpse was eventually discovered in Smyrna along with the corpses of other high-profile Greeks of the city.[5]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kokkinos, Dionysios A. (1972). Historia tēs Neōteras Hellados, Volume 4. Ekdotikos Oikos Melissa. p. 1255. OCLC 838428919. Ο νομικός και δημοσιογράφος Νικόλαος Τσουρουκτσόγλου (1861–1922), ό όποιος άπεκεφαλίσθη τό 1922 κατά διαταγήν τού Στρατιωτικού Διοικητού Σμύρνης Νουρεντίν.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/838428919","url_text":"838428919"}]},{"reference":"Ένωσις Σμυρναίων. \"Καθαίρεσαν από τις οδοσημάνσεις το όνομα του εθνομάρτυρα Νικολάου Τσουρουκτσόγλου και δεν το αποκατέστησαν μέχρι σήμερα\" (PDF). The Organization of the Association of Smyrneans. Retrieved September 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.enosismyrneon.gr/images/pdfs/Mecho_Jul_Sep_15_430.pdf","url_text":"\"Καθαίρεσαν από τις οδοσημάνσεις το όνομα του εθνομάρτυρα Νικολάου Τσουρουκτσόγλου και δεν το αποκατέστησαν μέχρι σήμερα\""}]},{"reference":"Singer, Amy (2010). Untold Histories of the Middle East: Recovering Voices from the 19th and 20th Centuries. Routledge. pp. 133–134. ISBN 9781136926662.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136926662","url_text":"9781136926662"}]},{"reference":"Athanasiadēs, Titos (2002). Mikra Asia, 1919–1922 : 80 chronia pikrēs mnēmēs : apo tēn epopoiia stēn katastrophē. Apogeumatinē. p. 88. ISBN 9789608745124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789608745124","url_text":"9789608745124"}]},{"reference":"Spanomanōlēs, Chrēstos A. (1969). Aichmalōtoi tōn Tourkōn: Augoustos 1922-Augoistos 1923. Vivliopōleion tēs Hestias I. D. Kollarou. p. 167. OCLC 1971141. Πράγματι, ένας άλλοτε μεγαλοβιομήχανος στήν Σμύρνη, αναγνωρίζει τά πτώματα των δημογερόντων μας, Κλημάνογλου και Τσουρουκτσόγλου. Σάν αστραπή περνά από τόν νοϋν μου, ή μορφή τοϋ Χρυσοστόμου, διότι είχα πληροφορηθή δτι οί δημογέροντες αυτοί τόν εΐχον συνοδεύσει κατά τήν έπίσκεψίν του στόν Νουρεντίν.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1971141","url_text":"1971141"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/838428919","external_links_name":"838428919"},{"Link":"http://www.enosismyrneon.gr/images/pdfs/Mecho_Jul_Sep_15_430.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Καθαίρεσαν από τις οδοσημάνσεις το όνομα του εθνομάρτυρα Νικολάου Τσουρουκτσόγλου και δεν το αποκατέστησαν μέχρι σήμερα\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1971141","external_links_name":"1971141"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canticle_of_the_Sun_(Gubaidulina) | The Canticle of the Sun (Gubaidulina) | ["1 Analysis","2 Recordings","3 References"] | Not to be confused with The Canticle of the Sun (Sowerby).
The Canticle of the Sun (Sonnengesang) is a composition by Russian composer Sofia Gubaidulina written in 1997 and published by Hans Sikorski, it is based on the "Canticle of the Sun" by Saint Francis of Assisi and is dedicated to Mstislav Rostropovich for his seventieth birthday. Though the piece features a soloist and an ensemble, Gubaidulina does not consider it a cello concerto.
Analysis
Sofia Gubaidulina gives the following outline of the formal sections:
Glorification of the Creator, and His Creations - the Sun and the Moon
Glorification of the Creator, the Maker of the four elements: air, water, fire and earth
Glorification of life
Glorification of death
Though, she notes that the cellist's 'abandonment' of their instrument actually divides the piece in two.
The piece is written for cello, choir, string orchestra, and percussion.
An overtone row played on the C string is used, after which the cellist tunes the string down to the lowest note possible on the instrument, bows near the bridge, on the bridge with a snare drum stick, behind the bridge, and then on the tailpiece. The cellist then puts down the instrument, playing on a bass drum, and then on a flexatone with a bass bow before returning to the cello.
Recordings
The piece was completed in 1997, and was premiered the year after on 2nd September 1998 in Frankfurt, Germany by Mstislav Rostropovich, the State Choir of Kaunas and the Lithuanian National Symphony Orchestra.
Other recordings include:
the UK Premiere of the piece, it was recorded in 1999 (released 2001) and it involved Rostroprovich (Cellist), London Voices (Choir), Ryusuke Numajiri (Conductor), and the London Symphony Orchestra. The recording also included another piece of Gubaidulina title Music for Flute, Strings, and Percussion (1994), where Emmanuel Pahud was the flautist.
ECM 2256/ECM 4764662, (rec. 2010, rel. 2012) Gidon Kremer (Violinist and Director), Nicolas Altstaedt (Cellist), Kamēr... (Choir), Māris Sirmais (Conductor). (Also included Gubaidulina's Lyre of Orpheus; was dedicated to the composer's 80th birthday)
References
^ a b "ECM Records 2256".
^ a b Eddins, Stephen. "Gidon Kremer / Kremerata Baltica: Sofia Gubaidulina: Canticle of the Sun ", AllMusic.com.
^ a b Boosey & Hawkes. "The Canticle of the Sun (Sonnengesang) (1997)". Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ Pendle, Kendle; Boyd, Melinda. Women in Music. p. 31.
^ "Sofia Gubaidulina - The Canticle of the Sun - Music for Flute, Strings, and Percussion". Discogs. 2001.
vteSofia GubaidulinaMusic
Offertorium (1980)
Stimmen Verstummen (1986)
Music for Flute, Strings, and Percussion (1994)
The Canticle of the Sun (1997)
Triple Concerto (2017)
Film scores
Adventures of Mowgli (1967–1971)
Scarecrow (1984)
The Kreutzer Sonata (1987)
The Cat Who Walked by Herself (1988)
Mary Queen of Scots (2013)
Related
Khrennikov's Seven
Category
Portals: Classical music Music
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
This article about a classical composition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Canticle of the Sun (Sowerby)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canticle_of_the_Sun_(Sowerby)"},{"link_name":"Sofia Gubaidulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina"},{"link_name":"Hans Sikorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sikorski"},{"link_name":"Canticle of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Saint Francis of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"Mstislav Rostropovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECMRecords-1"},{"link_name":"cello concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_concerto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEddins-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with The Canticle of the Sun (Sowerby).The Canticle of the Sun (Sonnengesang) is a composition by Russian composer Sofia Gubaidulina written in 1997 and published by Hans Sikorski, it is based on the \"Canticle of the Sun\" by Saint Francis of Assisi and is dedicated to Mstislav Rostropovich for his seventieth birthday.[1] Though the piece features a soloist and an ensemble, Gubaidulina does not consider it a cello concerto.[2]","title":"The Canticle of the Sun (Gubaidulina)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEddins-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boosey&Hawkes-3"},{"link_name":"overtone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)"},{"link_name":"row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_row"},{"link_name":"bows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(music)"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"drum stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_stick"},{"link_name":"tailpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailpiece"},{"link_name":"bass drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum"},{"link_name":"flexatone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexatone"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"}],"text":"Sofia Gubaidulina gives the following outline of the formal sections:Glorification of the Creator, and His Creations - the Sun and the Moon\nGlorification of the Creator, the Maker of the four elements: air, water, fire and earth\nGlorification of life\nGlorification of deathThough, she notes that the cellist's 'abandonment' of their instrument actually divides the piece in two.The piece is written for cello, choir, string orchestra, and percussion.[2][3]\nAn overtone row played on the C string is used, after which the cellist tunes the string down to the lowest note possible on the instrument, bows near the bridge, on the bridge with a snare drum stick, behind the bridge, and then on the tailpiece. The cellist then puts down the instrument, playing on a bass drum, and then on a flexatone with a bass bow before returning to the cello.","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"State Choir of Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Choir_of_Kaunas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian National Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boosey&Hawkes-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KPendle_and_MBoyd-4"},{"link_name":"London Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Voices"},{"link_name":"Ryusuke Numajiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryusuke_Numajiri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Music for Flute, Strings, and Percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_Flute,_Strings,_and_Percussion"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Pahud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discogs1-5"},{"link_name":"Gidon Kremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidon_Kremer"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Altstaedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Altstaedt"},{"link_name":"Kamēr...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C4%93r..."},{"link_name":"Māris Sirmais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ris_Sirmais&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECMRecords-1"}],"text":"The piece was completed in 1997, and was premiered the year after on 2nd September 1998 in Frankfurt, Germany by Mstislav Rostropovich, the State Choir of Kaunas and the Lithuanian National Symphony Orchestra.[3]Other recordings include:the UK Premiere of the piece,[4] it was recorded in 1999 (released 2001) and it involved Rostroprovich (Cellist), London Voices (Choir), Ryusuke Numajiri (Conductor), and the London Symphony Orchestra. The recording also included another piece of Gubaidulina title Music for Flute, Strings, and Percussion (1994), where Emmanuel Pahud was the flautist.[5]ECM 2256/ECM 4764662, (rec. 2010, rel. 2012) Gidon Kremer (Violinist and Director), Nicolas Altstaedt (Cellist), Kamēr... (Choir), Māris Sirmais (Conductor). (Also included Gubaidulina's Lyre of Orpheus; was dedicated to the composer's 80th birthday)[1]","title":"Recordings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ECM Records 2256\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecmrecords.com/shop/143038752792/sofia-gubaidulina-canticle-of-the-sun-gidon-kremer-nicolas-altstaedt","url_text":"\"ECM Records 2256\""}]},{"reference":"Boosey & Hawkes. \"The Canticle of the Sun (Sonnengesang) (1997)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trygve_Halvorsen | Trygve Halvorsen | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | Norwegian chess player
Trygve HalvorsenCountryNorwayBornunknownDiedunknown
Trygve Halvorsen (unknown – unknown) was a Norwegian chess player, two-times Norwegian Chess Championship winner (1933, 1934).
Biography
In the 1930s Trygve Halvorsen was one of the leading Norwegian chess players. He twice in row won the Norwegian Chess Championship: in 1933 and 1934.
Trygve Halvorsen played for Norway in the Chess Olympiads:
In 1930, at reserve board in the 3rd Chess Olympiad in Hamburg (+2, =4, -8),
In 1931, at third board in the 4th Chess Olympiad in Prague (+3, =7, -5),
In 1958, at second reserve board in the 13th Chess Olympiad in Munich (+2, =2, -4).
References
^ "Tidligere-vinnere av NM". www.sjakk.net.
^ "OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Trygve Halvorsen". www.olimpbase.org.
External links
Trygve Halvorsen player profile and games at Chessgames.com
Trygve Halvorsen chess games at 365chess.com
This biographical article relating to a Norwegian chess figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Chess_Championship"}],"text":"Trygve Halvorsen (unknown – unknown) was a Norwegian chess player, two-times Norwegian Chess Championship winner (1933, 1934).","title":"Trygve Halvorsen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chess Olympiads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"3rd Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"4th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"13th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"}],"text":"In the 1930s Trygve Halvorsen was one of the leading Norwegian chess players. He twice in row won the Norwegian Chess Championship: in 1933 and 1934.[1]Trygve Halvorsen played for Norway in the Chess Olympiads:[2]In 1930, at reserve board in the 3rd Chess Olympiad in Hamburg (+2, =4, -8),\nIn 1931, at third board in the 4th Chess Olympiad in Prague (+3, =7, -5),\nIn 1958, at second reserve board in the 13th Chess Olympiad in Munich (+2, =2, -4).","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tidligere-vinnere av NM\". www.sjakk.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sjakk.net/tidligere-vinnere.html","url_text":"\"Tidligere-vinnere av NM\""}]},{"reference":"\"OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Trygve Halvorsen\". www.olimpbase.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olimpbase.org/players/7xdtv73h.html","url_text":"\"OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Trygve Halvorsen\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.sjakk.net/tidligere-vinnere.html","external_links_name":"\"Tidligere-vinnere av NM\""},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/players/7xdtv73h.html","external_links_name":"\"OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Trygve Halvorsen\""},{"Link":"https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=91246","external_links_name":"Trygve Halvorsen"},{"Link":"https://www.365chess.com/players/Trygve_Halvorsen","external_links_name":"Trygve Halvorsen"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trygve_Halvorsen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1840 | List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1840 | ["1 3 & 4 Vict.","1.1 Public general acts","1.2 Local acts","1.3 Private acts","1.4 Sources","2 See also","3 References"] | Part of a series onBritish law
Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom
Year
1801
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Parliament (session)
42 (1·2·3·4·5)
43 (1·2)
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45 (1·2·3·4)
46
47 (1·2·3·4·5)
48 (1·2·3·4)
49 (1·2·3·4)
50 (1·2·3·4·5)
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52 (1·2·3·4)
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55 (1·2·3·4)
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58 (1·2·3·4)
Acts and measures by devolved parliaments and assemblies
Scottish Parliament
1999
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Northern Ireland Assembly
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Northern Ireland Assembly (1973)
1973–1974
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1921–1972
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1707
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Temp. incert.
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Up to 1707
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Before 1701
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Statutory rules and orders
United Kingdom 1894–1947
Northern Ireland 1922–1973
Regulatory reform orders
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Devolved delegated legislation
Scottish statutory instruments
1999
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Welsh statutory instruments
1999
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Statutory rules of Northern Ireland
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Church of England
Measures
Instruments
Retained EU law
Decision
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Acts of Parliament relating to the European Union (formerly the European Communities)
1972–present
vte
This is a complete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1840.
Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland.
For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.
The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo. III"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3".
Some of these acts have a short title. Some of these acts have never had a short title. Some of these acts have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896.
3 & 4 Vict.
The third session of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom, which met from 16 January 1840 to 11 August 1840.
Public general acts
Short title, or popular nameCitationRoyal assent (or the start of session)Long titleNaturalization of Prince Albert Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. 124 January 1840An Act for exhibiting a Bill in this present Parliament for naturalizing His Serene Highness Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg and Gotha.(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1874 (No. 2) (37 & 38 Vict. c. 96)) Naturalization of Prince Albert (No. 2) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 27 February 1840An Act for the Naturalization of His Serene Highness Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg and Gotha.Prince Albert's Annuity Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 37 February 1840An Act for enabling Her Majesty to grant an Annuity to His Serene Highness Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg and Gotha.Supply Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 424 February 1840An Act to apply the Sum of Two Millions to the Service of the Year One thousand eight hundred and forty.Horse Racing Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 523 March 1840An Act to repeal so much of an Act passed in the Thirteenth Year of the Reign of His King George the Second, intituled "An Act to restrain and prevent the excessive Increase of Races; and for amending an Act made in the last Session of Parliament, intituled 'An Act for more effectual preventing of excessive and deceitful Gaming,'" as relates to the Subject of Racing.Mutiny Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 63 April 1840An Act for punishing Mutiny and Desertion and for the better Payment of the Army and their Quarters.Supply Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 73 April 1840Act to apply the Sum of Eight Millions out of the Consolidated Fund to the Service of the Year One thousand eight hundred and forty.Marine Mutiny Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 83 April 1840An Act for the Regulation of Her Majesty's Royal Marine Forces while on shore.Parliamentary Papers Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 914 April 1840An Act to give summary Protection to Persons employed in the Publication of Parliamentary Papers.Advances for Public Works Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1014 April 1840An Act to authorize the Issue of Exchequer Bills for Public Works and Fisheries and Employment of the Poor.Lord Seaton's Annuity Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1119 May 1840An Act to settle an Annuity on Lord Seaton and the Two next surviving Heirs Male of the Body of the said Lord Seaton to whom the Title of Lord Seaton shall descend in consideration of his important Services.Exchequer Bills Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1219 May 1840An Act for raising the Sum of Eleven Millions by Exchequer Bills, for the Service of the Year One thousand eight hundred and forty.Tithes (Ireland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1319 May 1840An Act to amend an Act of the First and Second Years of the Reign of Her present Majesty, to abolish Compositions for Tithes in Ireland, and to substitute Rent-charges in lieu thereof.Insolvent Debtors (Ireland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1419 May 1840An Act to continue for One Year, and to the End of the next Session of Parliament, the Acts for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in Ireland.Tithe Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. 154 June 1840An Act further to explain and amend the Acts for the Commutation of Tithes in England and Wales.(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998 (c. 43)) Indemnity Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1619 June 1840An Act to indemnify such Persons in the United Kingdom as have omitted to qualify themselves for Offices and Employments, and for extending the Time limited for those Purposes respectively until the Twenty-fifth Day of March One thousand eight hundred and forty-one; and for the Relief of Clerks to Attornies and Solicitors in certain Cases.Excise Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1719 June 1840An Act for granting to Her Majesty Duties of Customs, Excise, and Assessed Taxes.Tobacco Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 183 July 1840An Act to discontinue the Excise Survey on Tobacco, and to provide other Regulations in lieu thereof.Customs Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 193 July 1840An Act for granting to Her Majesty an additional Duty of Customs on Timber.Queen Anne's Bounty Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 203 July 1840An Act to amend an Act passed in the First Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the First, intituled "An Act for rendering more effectual Her late Majesty's gracious Intentions for the augmentation of the Maintenance of the Poor Clergy"; and to render valid certain Agreements which have been made in pursuance of the said Act; and for other purposes.Passenger Ships Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 213 July 1840An Act to extend to the British Colonies in the West Indies an Act passed in the Fifth and Sixth Year of His late Majesty King William the Fourth, for regulating the Carriage of Passengers in Merchant Vessels.Duties on Glass Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 223 July 1840An Act to impose upon Broad or Spread Glass the same Duties of Excise that are payable upon German Sheet Glass.Sugar Duties Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 233 July 1840An Act for granting to Her Majesty, until the Fifth Day of July One thousand eight hundred and forty-one, certain Duties on Sugar imported into the United Kingdom, for the Service of the Year One thousand eight hundred and forty.Costs of Action of Trespass Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 243 July 1840An Act to repeal Part of an Act of the Forty-third Year of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, intituled "An Act to avoid trifling and frivolous Suits in Law in Her Majesty's Courts in Westminster," and of an Act of the Twenty-second and Twenty-third Year of the Reign of King Charles the Second, intituled "An Act for laying Impositions on Proceedings at Law;" and to make further Provisions in lieu thereof.Prisons Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 253 July 1840An Act to amend the Act for the better ordering of Prisons.Evidence Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 263 July 1840An Act to remove Doubts as to the Competency of Persons, being rated Inhabitants of any Parish, to give Evidence in certain Cases.Scotch and Irish Paupers Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 273 July 1840An Act to continue to the First Day of August One thousand eight hundred and forty-three, and from thence to the End of the then next Session of Parliament, Two Acts relating to the Removal of poor Persons born in Scotland and Ireland, and chargeable to Parishes in England.Watch Rates in Boroughs Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 2823 July 1840An Act to explain and amend an Act of the Second and Third Years of Her present Majesty for more equally assessing and levying Watch Rates in certain Boroughs.Vaccination Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 2923 July 1840An Act to extend the Practice of Vaccination.Manchester Police Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 3023 July 1840An Act for the more equal Assessment of Police Rates in Manchester, Birmingham, and Bolton, and to make better Provision for the Police in Birmingham, for One Year, and to the End of the then next Session of Parliament.Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 3123 July 1840An Act to extend the Powers and Provisions of the several Acts relating to the Inclosure of Open and Arable Fields in England and Wales.Importation Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 3223 July 1840An Act to continue for One Year, and from thence until the End of the then next Session of Parliament, the several Acts relating to the Importation and keeping of Arms and Gunpowder in Ireland.Scottish Episcopal and other Clergy Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 3323 July 1840An Act to make certain Provisions and Regulations in respect to the Exercise, within England and Ireland, of their Office by the Bishops and Clergy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Scotland; and also to extend such Provisions and Regulations to the Bishops and Clergy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America; and also to make further Regulations in respect to Bishops and Clergy other than those of the United Church of England and Ireland.Masters in Chancery Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 3423 July 1840An Act for making Provision as to the Office of Master in Chancery in certain Cases.British North America Act 1840or the Act of Union 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 3523 July 1840An Act to reunite the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada.Timber Ships, British North America Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 3623 July 1840An Act for preventing Ships clearing out from a British North American Port loading any Part of their Cargo of Timber of Timber upon Deck.Mutiny, East Indies Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 374 August 1840An Act to consolidate and amend the Laws for punishing Mutiny and Desertion of Officers and Soldiers in the Service of the East India Company, and for providing for the Observance of Discipline in the Indian Navy, and to amend the Laws for regulating the Payment of Regimental Debts, and the Distribution of the Effects of Officers and Soldiers dying in Service.Assessed Taxes Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 384 August 1840An Act to continue Compositions for Assessed Taxes until the Fifth Day of April One thousand eight hundred and forty two.Turnpikes Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 394 August 1840An Act to authorize Trustees or Commissioners of Turnpike Roads to appoint Meetings for executing their Trusts in certain Cases.West India Islands Relief Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 404 August 1840An Act to amend Two Acts of His late Majesty King William the Fourth, for the Relief of certain of Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations in the West Indies.Caledonian Canal Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 414 August 1840An Act to authorize the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury to grant a Lease of the Caledonian Canal for a Term of Years, and to regulate the future Management thereof.Poor Law Commission Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 424 August 1840An Act to continue the Poor Law Commission until the Thirty-first Day of December One thousand eight hundred and forty-one.Repair of Blenheim Palace Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 434 August 1840An Act for repairing Blenheim Palace.Prisons (Ireland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 444 August 1840An Act to amend an Act of the Seventh Year of King George the Fourth, for consolidating and amending the Laws relating to Prisons in Ireland.Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 454 August 1840An Act to continue for One Year from the passing of this Act, and thenceforth until the End of the then next Session of Parliament, the several Acts for regulating the Turnpike Roads in Ireland.Turnpike Acts, Ireland, Continuance Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 464 August 1840An Act to continue for One Year from the passing of this Act, and thenceforth until the End of the then next Session of Parliament, the several Acts for regulating the Turnpike Roads in Ireland.Parliamentary Elections Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 474 August 1840An Act to repeal so much of an Act of the Ninth Year of the Reign of Her late Majesty Queen Anne as prevents the Re-election of Mayors of Parliamentary Boroughs and other annual Returning Officers.Entail Sites Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. 484 August 1840An Act to enable Proprietors of Entailed Estates in Scotland to feu or lease on long Leases Portions of the same for the building of Churches and Schools, and for Dwelling Houses and Gardens for the Ministers and Masters thereof.(Repealed by Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 (asp 5)) Duties on Soap Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 494 August 1840An Act to consolidate and amend the Laws for collecting the Duties of Excise on Soap made in Great Britain.Canals (Offences) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 504 August 1840An Act to provide for keeping the Peace on Canals and Navigable Rivers.Turnpike Tolls Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 514 August 1840An Act to amend and explain the general Turnpike Acts, so far as relates to the Toll payable on Carriages or Horses laden with Lime for the improvement of Land.Regency Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 524 August 1840An Act to provide for the Administration of the Government in case the Crown should descend Issue of Her Majesty whilst such Issue shall be under the Age of Eighteen Years, and for the Care and Guardianship of such Issue.Newgate Gaol, Dublin Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 534 August 1840An Act for vacating any Presentment for rebuilding the Gaol of Newgate in Dublin, and vacating any Contract between the Commissioners for rebuilding the said Gaol and the Contractor.Insane Prisoners Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 544 August 1840An Act for making further Provision for the Confinement and Maintenance of Insane Prisoners.Settled Estates Drainage Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 554 August 1840An Act to enable the Owners of Settled Estates to defray the Expence of draining the same by way of Mortgage.East India Trade Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 567 August 1840An Act further to regulate the Trade of Ships built and trading within the Limits of the East India Company's Charter.Sugar Duties Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 577 August 1840An Act to impose Duties of Excise on Sugar manufactured in the United Kingdom.River Poddle Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 587 August 1840An Act to amend the Acts relating to the River Poddle in the County and City of Dublin.Evidence (Scotland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 597 August 1840An Act for the Amendment of the Law of Evidence in Scotland.Church Building Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 607 August 1840An Act to further amend the Church Building Acts.Beerhouse Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. 617 August 1840An Act to amend the Acts relating to the general Sale of Beer and Cider by Retail in England.(Repealed by Customs and Excise Act 1952 (15 & 16 Geo. 6 & 1 Eliz. 2. c. 44)) New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 627 August 1840An Act to continue until the Thirty-first Day of December One thousand eight hundred and forty-one, and to the End of the then next Session of Parliament, and to extend, the Provisions of an Act to provide for the Administration of Justice in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, and for the more effectual Government thereof, and for other Purposes relating thereto.Isle of Man Harbours Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 637 August 1840An Act to extend the Powers of the Commissioners appointed for the Execution of Two Acts for supporting the several Harbours and Sea Ports in the Isle of Man.Slave Trade Suppression Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 647 August 1840An Act to continue until Eight Months after the Commencement of the next Session of Parliament, an Act for authorizing Her Majesty to carry into immediate Execution, by Orders in Council, any Treaties for the Suppression of the Slave Trade. Admiralty Court Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 657 August 1840An Act to improve the Practice and extend the Jurisdiction of the High Court of Admiralty of England.High Court of Admiralty (England) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 667 August 1840An Act to make Provision for the Judge, Registrar, and Marshal of the High Court of Admiralty of England.Slave Trade Suppression, Treaty with Venezuela Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 677 August 1840An Act for carrying into effect the Treaty between Her Majesty and the Republic of Venezuela, for the Suppression of the Slave Trade.Pilots, etc. Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 687 August 1840An Act to enable Her Majesty in Council to authorize Ships and Vessels belonging to Countries having Treaties of Reciprocity with the United Kingdom to be piloted, in certain Cases, without having a licensed Pilot on board; and also to regulate the Mode in which Pilot Boats shall bepainted and distinguished.Fisheries, Convention with France Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 697 August 1840An Act to continue, for Six Months after the Commencement of the next Session of Parliament, an Act of the last Session of Parliament, for carrying into effect a Convention between Her Majesty and the King of the French, relative to the Fisheries on the Coasts of the British Islands and of France.Militia Pay Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 707 August 1840An Act to defray the Charge of the Pay, Clothing, and contingent and other Expences of the Disembodied Militia in Great Britain and Ireland; and to grant Allowances in certain Cases to Subaltern Officers, Adjutants, Paymasters, Quartermasters, Surgeons, Assistant Surgeons, Surgeons Mates, and Serjeant Majors of the Militia, until the First Day of July One thousand eight hundred and forty-one.Militia Ballots Suspension Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 717 August 1840An Act to suspend until the End of the next Session of Parliament the making of Lists and the Ballots and Enrolments for the Militia of the United Kingdom.Marriage Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 727 August 1840An Act to provide for the Solemnization of Marriages in the Districts in or near which the Parties reside.Friendly Societies Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 737 August 1840An Act to explain and amend the Acts relating to Friendly Societies.Oyster Fisheries (Scotland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 747 August 1840An Act for the better Protection of the Oyster Fisheries in Scotland.National Debt Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 757 August 1840An Act to regulate the Repayment of certain Sums advanced by the Governor and Company of the Bank of Ireland for the Public Service.County of Roscommon Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 767 August 1840An Act to empower the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to annex certain Townlands to the County of Roscommon.Grammar Schools Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 777 August 1840An Act for improving the Condition and extending the Benefits of Grammar Schools.Clergy Reserves in Canada Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 787 August 1840An Act to provide for the Sale of the Clergy Reserves in the Province of Canada, and for the Distribution of the Proceeds thereof.Stamps Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. 797 August 1840An Act to amend the Law relating to the Admission of Attornies and Solicitors to practise in the Courts of Law and Equity in Ireland.(Repealed by Inland Revenue Repeal Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 99)) Insolvent Debtors, India Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 807 August 1840An Act to continue until the First Day of March One thousand eight hundred and forty-five, and from thence to the End of the then next Session of Parliament, the several Acts relating to Insolvent Debtors in India.Parliamentary Elections Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 817 August 1840An Act to define the Notice of Elections of Members to serve in Parliament for Cities, Towns, and Boroughs in England.Judgments Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 827 August 1840An Act for further amending the Act for abolishing Arrest on Mesne Process in Civil Actions.Usury Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 837 August 1840An Act to continue, until the First Day of January One thousand eight hundred and forty-three, an Act of the last Session of Parliament, for amending and extending the Provisions of an Act of the First Year of Her present Majesty, for exempting certain Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes from the Operation of the Laws relating to Usury.Metropolitan Police Courts Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 847 August 1840An Act for better defining the Powers of Justices within the Metropolitan Police District.Chimney Sweepers and Chimneys Regulation Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. 857 August 1840An Act for the Regulation of Chimney Sweepers and Chimneys.(Repealed by Chimney Sweepers Acts (Repeal) Act 1938 (1 & 2 Geo. 6. c. 58)) Church Discipline Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 867 August 1840An Act for better enforcing Church Discipline.Metropolitan Thoroughfares Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 877 August 1840An Act to enable Her Majesty's Commissioners of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works, and Buildings to make additional Thoroughfares in the Metropolis.County Police Act 1840or the Police Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. 887 August 1840An Act to Amend the Act for the Establishment of County and District Constables.(Repealed by Police Act 1964 (c. 48)) Poor Rate Exemption Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 8910 August 1840An Act to exempt until the Thirty-first Day of December One thousand eight hundred and forty-one, Inhabitants of Parishes, Townships, and Villages from Liability to be rated as such, in respect of Stock in Trade or other Property, to the Relief of the Poor.Infant Felons Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 9010 August 1840An Act for the Care and Education of Infants who may be convicted of Felony.Textile Manufactures (Ireland) Act 1840or the Textile Manufacturers (Ireland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 9110 August 1840An Act for the more effectual Prevention of Frauds and Abuses committed by Weavers, Sewers, and other Persons employed in the Linen, Hempen, Union, Cotton, Silk, and Woollen Manufactures in Ireland, and for the better Payment of their Wages, for One Year, and from thence to the End of the then next Session of Parliament.Non-parochial Registers Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 9210 August 1840An Act for enabling Courts of Justice to admit Non-parochial Registers as evidence of Births or Baptisms, Deaths or Burials, and Marriages.Ecclesiastical Courts Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 9310 August 1840Act to amend the Act for the better Regulation of Ecclesiastical Courts in England.Court of Chancery Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 9410 August 1840An Act for facilitating the Administration of Justice in the Court of Chancery.Customs Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 9510 August 1840An Act to enable Her Majesty to carry into effect certain Stipulations contained in a Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Her Majesty and the Emperor of Austria; and to empower Her Majesty to declare, by Order in Council, that Ports which are the most natural and convenient Shipping Ports of States within whose Dominions they are not situated may in certain Cases be considered, for all Purposes of Trade with Her Majesty's Dominions, as the National Ports of such States.Post Office (Duties) Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. 9610 August 1840An Act for the Regulation of the Duties of Postage.(Repealed by Post Office Act 1908 (8 Edw. 7. c. 48)) Railway Regulation Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 9710 August 1840An Act for regulating Railways.Highway Rates Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 9810 August 1840An Act to authorize, for a limited Time, the Application of a Portion of the Highway Rates to Turnpike Roads in certain Townships and Districts.Census (Great Britain) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 9910 August 1840An Act for taking an Account of the Population of Great Britain.Census (Ireland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 10010 August 1840An Act for taking an Account of the Population of Ireland.Church Temporalities (Ireland) Act 1840or the Church Temporalities Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 10110 August 1840An Act to amend several Acts relating to the Temporalities of the Church in Ireland.Court Houses (Ireland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 10210 August 1840An Act to amend the Law relating to Court Houses in Ireland.Dublin Justices Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 10310 August 1840An Act to amend an Act of the last Session for making further Provisions relating to the Police in the District of Dublin Metropolis.Holyhead Road Act 1840or the Holyhead Roads Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 10410 August 1840An Act to transfer to the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Woods and Works, and other Commissioners, the several Powers now vested in the Commissioners for repairing the Line of Road from Shrewsbury in the County of Salop to Bangor Ferry in the County of Carnarvon; and to amend the London and Holyhead Roads Acts so far as relates to the Dunstable Road.Debtors (Ireland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 10510 August 1840An Act for abolishing Arrest on Mesne Process in Civil Actions, except in certain Cases; for extending the Remedies of Creditors against the Property of Debtors; and for the further Amendment of the Law and the better Advancement of Justice in Ireland.Exchequer Bills Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 10610 August 1840An Act for raising the Sum of Ten millions seven hundred fifty-one thousand five hundred and fifty Pounds by Exchequer Bills, for the Service of the Year One thousand eight hundred and forty.Insolvent Debtors (Ireland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 10710 August 1840An Act to continue and amend the Laws for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in Ireland.Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. 10810 August 1840An Act for the Regulation of Municipal Corporations in Ireland.(Repealed by Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972 (c. 9 (N.I.))) Counties and Boroughs (Ireland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 10910 August 1840An Act to annex certain Parts of certain Counties of Cities to adjoining Counties; to make further Provision for Compensation of Officers in Boroughs; to limit the Borough Rate; and to continue for a limited Time an Act to restrain the Alienation of Corporate Property in Ireland.Loan Societies Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. 11011 August 1840An Act to amend the Laws relating to Loan Societies.(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998 (c. 43)) Joint Stock Companies Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 11111 August 1840An Act to continue until the Thirty-first Day of August One thousand eight hundred and forty-two, and to extend, the Provisions of an Act of the First and Second Years of Her present Majesty, relating to Legal Proceedings by certain Joint Stock Banking Companies against their own Members, and by such Members against the Companies.Appropriation Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 11211 August 1840An Act to apply a Sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the Service of the Year One thousand eight hundred and forty, and to appropriate the Supplies granted in this Session of Parliament.Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1840or the Cathedrals Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 11311 August 1840An Act to carry into effect, with certain modifications, the Fourth Report of the Commissioners of Ecclesiastical Duties and Revenues.
^ Gaming Act 1739 (13 Geo. 2. c. 19)
^ Gaming Act 1738 (12 Geo. 2. c. 28)
^ Tithe Rentcharge (Ireland) Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 109)
^ Queen Anne's Bounty Act 1714 (1 Geo. 1. St. 2. c. 10)
^ Merchant Vessels, etc. Act 1835 (5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 53)
^ Frivolous Suits Act 1601 (43 Eliz. 1. c. 6)
^ Duties on Law Proceedings Act 1670 (22 & 23 Cha. 2. c. 9)
^ Prisons Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 56)
^ Borough Watch Rates Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 28)
^ Prisons (Ireland) Act 1826 (7 Geo. 4. c. 74)
^ Municipal Offices Act 1710 (9 Ann. c. 25)
^ Australian Courts Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 83)
^ Slave Trade Suppression Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 102)
^ Fisheries, Convention with France Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 96)
^ Judgments Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 110)
^ Usury Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 37)
^ Usury Act 1837 (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. 80)
^ County Police Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 93)
^ Dublin Police Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 78)
^ Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 100)
^ Joint Stock Banks Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 96)
Local acts
Short title, or popular nameCitationRoyal assent (or the start of session)Long titleChard Canal Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. i23 March 1840An Act to enable the Chard Canal Company to raise further Monies; and to amend the Act relating to the same Canal.Chester and Birkenhead Railway Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. ii23 March 1840An Act to amend the Act relating to "The Chester and Birkenhead Railway," and to raise a further Sum of Money for the Purposes of the said Undertaking.(Repealed by Birkenhead, Lancashire and Cheshire Junction Railway Act 1852 (15 & 16 Vict. c. clxvii)) Sheffield and Rotherham Railway Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. iii23 March 1840An Act to enable the Sheffield and Rotherham Railway Company to raise a further Sum of Money; and to amend the Act relating to the said Railway.(Repealed by Sheffield and Rotherham and Midland Railways Consolidation Act 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. xc)) Lancaster and Preston Junction Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. iv23 March 1840An Act to enable the Lancaster and Preston Junction Railway Company to raise a further Sum of Money; and to amend the Act relating to such Railway.North Union Railway Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. v23 March 1840An Act to enable "The North Union Railway Company" to raise a further Sum of Money.Liverpool East India Warehouse Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. vi23 March 1840An Act to enable "The Liverpool East India Warehouse Company" to sue and be sued in the Name of the Chairman, Deputy Chairman, or any One of the Directors of the said Company; and for other Purposes relating thereto.Parish of St. Mary Rotherhithe Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. vii23 March 1840An Act to amend an Act passed in the First Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Fourth, intituled "An Act for providing additional Burying Ground for the Parish of Saint Mary Rotherhithe in the County of Surrey;" and for enabling the Rector of the said Parish to grant Building Leases of the Glebe Lands belonging to the said Rectory; and for other Purposes.Winchester Cemetery Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. viii23 March 1840An Act for establishing a General Cemetery for the Interment of the Dead in the City and Borough of Winchester in the County of Southampton.(Repealed by Winchester Corporation Act 1952 (15 & 16 Geo. 6 & 1 Eliz. 2. c. xiv)) Wolverhampton Chapel Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. ix23 March 1840An Act to amend and enlarge the Powers and Provisions of an Act passed in the Twenty-eighth Year of the Reign of His Majesty King George the Second, for building a Chapel in the Town of Wolverhampton in the County of Stafford.Brighton and New Shoreham Small Debts Recovery Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. x23 March 1840An Act for the more easy and speedy Recovery of Small Debts within the Towns and Boroughs of Brighton and New Shoreham, and other Places or Parishes adjacent or near thereto, in the County of Sussex.(Repealed by County Courts Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. 95)) West Kennet and Amesbury Turnpike Road (Wiltshire) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xi23 March 1840An Act for making a Turnpike Road from West Kennet to Amesbury in the County of Wilts, with Branches therefrom.Edinburgh and Leith Gas Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xii23 March 1840An Act for the better lighting with Gas the City of Edinburgh and Town of Leith, and Places adjacent, and for other Purposes relating thereto.(Repealed by Edinburgh Corporation Order Confirmation Act 1932 (22 & 23 Geo. 5. c. vii)) Edinburgh Gas Light Company Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xiii23 March 1840An Act for enabling the Edinburgh Gas Light Company more effectually to light with Gas the Town of Leith, the Vicinity thereof, and other Places in the County of Edinburgh; and for altering and enlarging the Powers of the said Company.(Repealed by Edinburgh Corporation Order Confirmation Act 1932 (22 & 23 Geo. 5. c. vii)) Arbroath and Forfar Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xiv3 April 1840An Act to enable the Arbroath and Forfar Railway Company to raise a further Sum of Money, and otherwise to amend and enlarge the Powers and Provisions of the Act relating to the Arbroath and Forfar Railway.Manchester and Salford Junction Canal Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xv3 April 1840An Act to enable the Manchester and Salford Junction Canal Company to raise a further Sum of Money; and to alter, amend, and enlarge some of the Powers and Provisions of the Act relating to the said Canal.Cramond Bridge Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xvi3 April 1840An Act to continue and amend an Act for erecting a Bridge over the River Almond, which divides the Counties of Edinburgh and Linlithgow.(Repealed by Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 51)) Edinburgh Customs and Duties Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xvii3 April 1840An Act for abolishing certain Petty and Market Customs in the City of Edinburgh, and granting other Duties in lieu thereof.(Repealed by Edinburgh Corporation Order Confirmation Act 1962 (11 & 12 Eliz. 2. c. ii)) Bolton Small Debts Recovery Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xviii3 April 1840An Act for the more easy and speedy Recovery of Small Debts within the Town of Bolton and other Places in the County of Lancaster.(Repealed by County Courts Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. 95)) Thames Plate Glass Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xix3 April 1840An Act to enable "The Thames Plate Glass Company" to sue and be sued in the Name of the Chairman or Deputy Chairman, or Secretary, or any One of the Directors for the Time being of the said Company; and for other Purposes.Protestant Dissenters and General Life and Fire Insurance Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xx3 April 1840An Act to enable the Protestant Dissenters and General Life and Fire Insurance Company to sue and be sued in the Name of the Chairman, Deputy Chairman, or any One of the Directors, or of the Secretary of the said Company.Warminster Roads Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xxi3 April 1840An Act for making and repairing several Roads in and leading to and from the Town of Warminster in the County of Wilts.(Repealed by Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict. c. 90)) Weston-super-Mare and Worle Road Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxii3 April 1840An Act for making and maintaining a new Road from the Road at Worle to a Road in the Parish of Kewstoke leading to Locking and Weston-super-Mare in the County of Somerset.General Steam Navigation Company Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xxiii14 April 1840An Act to amend and explain some of the Provisions of the Acts relating to the General Steam Navigation Company.(Repealed by General Steam Navigation Company Act 1874 (37 & 38 Vict. c. viii)) Wyrley and Essington Canal Navigation Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxiv14 April 1840An Act for consolidating the Wyrley and Essington Canal Navigation with the Birmingham Canal Navigations, and for granting further Powers to the Company of Proprietors of the Birmingham Canal Navigations.Newton Abbot Small Debts Recovery Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xxv14 April 1840An Act for the more easy and speedy Recovery of Small Debts within the Township of Newton Abbot, and other Townships, Parishes, and Places, all in the County of Devon.(Repealed by County Courts Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. 95)) Crown Point Bridge (Leeds) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxvi14 April 1840An Act for making and maintaining a new Bridge over the River Aire at Leeds, at or near a Place called Crown Point, with suitable Approaches thereto; and for making certain Drains or Watercourses under the Roads leading to such Bridge, and through the adjoining Lands, to communicate with the River Aire below the Leeds Locks 14th April 1840 Greenock Improvement Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xxvii14 April 1840An Act for the further Improvement of the Town of Greenock; for better lighting and supplying the same with Water; for regulating the Police thereof; and for other Purposes connected therewith.(Repealed by Greenock Police Act 1877 (c.cxciii)) Calton and Mile End Police Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxviii14 April 1840An Act to continue the Term and amend and alter the Powers of an Act for regulating the Police of the Burgh of Calton and Village and Lands of Mile End in the County of Lanark.Lanark and Glasgow Bridewell Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxix14 April 1840An Act to continue enlarge and explain several Acts for erecting a Bridewell for the County of Lanark and City of Glasgow.Marquis of Tweeddale's Patents Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxx14 April 1840An Act to authorize the Transfer to more than Twelve Persons of certain Patents granted to the Marquis of Tweeddale relating to the Manufacture of Drain-tiles, Bricks, and other Articles, and for the Establishment of a Company for carrying out the Objects of the said Patents.Andover and Basingstoke Road Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxxi14 April 1840An Act for more effectually repairing the road from Basingstoke in the county of Southampton to Lobcomb Corner in the county of Wilts, and other roads therein described; and for making a new road from the said road at the eastern entrance of the town of Andover to the Warren Farm Station on the London and South-western Railway, in the said county of Southampton.Macclesfield to Congleton Road Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxxii14 April 1840An Act for repairing and improving the road from Macclesfield to Congleton in the county of Chester.Barkston-Ash and Skyrack Court of Requests (Yorks.) Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xxxiii19 May 1840An Act for extending the Jurisdiction of the Barkston Ash and Skyrack Court of Requests, and the Powers and Provisions of the Act passed constituting such Court, to certain Places in the West and East Ridings of the County of York, and amending the same Act.(Repealed by County Courts Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. 95)) Winterslow and New Sarum Roads Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xxxiv19 May 1840An Act for repairing and improving the Roads from Lobcombe Corner in the Parish of Winterslow to the City of New Sarum in the County of Wilts, and from the said City to Landford and other Roads in the County of Southampton.(Repealed by Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict. c. 90)) Torquay Roads Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxxv19 May 1840An Act for more effectually repairing and improving certain Roads near Torquay, Paignton, Brixham, Kingswear, Newton Abbot, and Shaldon, and for making certain new Roads connected therewith, all in the County of Devon.Taunton Roads Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxxvi19 May 1840An Act for more effectually repairing several Roads leading from the Town of Taunton in the County of Somerset, and for making several Deviations and new Lines of Road connected therewith.Honiton and Ilminster Roads Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxxvii19 May 1840An Act for more effectually repairing the Road from the Honiton Turnpike Road near Yard Farm in the Parish of Upottery in the County of Devon, towards Ilminster, to the Eastern Boundary of the Parish of Buckland Saint Mary in the County of Somerset; and for making, maintaining, and repairing several other Roads communicating therewith in the Counties of Devon, Somerset, and Dorset.Banbury and Lutterworth Road Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xxxviii19 May 1840An Act for repairing and maintaining a Road from Banbury in the County of Oxford to Lutterworth in the County of Leicester, and other Roads communicating therewith.(Repealed by Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 73)) Stirling and Queensferry Road Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xxxix19 May 1840An Act for maintaining and repairing the Road from Causeway Head near Stirling, through the County of Clackmannan, by the Foot of the Ochil Hills, towards Queensferry, and certain Roads branching out of the same.Clackmannan and Perth Roads Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xl19 May 1840An Act to alter and amend several Acts, for making, maintaining, and keeping in repair certain Roads in the Counties of Clackmannan and Perth; and for other Purposes relating thereto.Scottish Widows' Fund and Life Assurance Society Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xli19 May 1840An Act to enable the Scottish Widows Fund and Life Assurance Society to sue and be sued; and for other Purposes relating to the said Society.(Repealed by Scottish Widows' Fund and Life Assurance Society's Incorporation Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. lxxxv)) Dewsbury Gas Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xlii19 May 1840An Act for better lighting and supplying with Gas the Town and Neighbourhood of Dewsbury in the West Riding of the County of York.(Repealed by Dewsbury and Batley Gas Act 1851 (14 & 15 Vict. c. iv)) Taunton Improvement and Markets Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xliii19 May 1840An Act for amending the Powers and Provisions of several Acts relating to the holding of Markets in the Town of Taunton in the County of Somerset, and to the Improvement of the said Town.(Repealed by Taunton Corporation Act 1931 (21 & 22 Geo. 5. c. cii)) Workington Harbour Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xliv19 May 1840An Act for regulating and preserving the Harbour of Workington in the County of Cumberland, and for other Purposes relating thereto.(Repealed by Workington Harbour and Dock (Transfer) Act 1957 (5 & 6 Eliz. 2. c. xxxii)) Workington Improvement Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xlv19 May 1840An Act for paving, cleansing, watching, and otherwise improving the Town of Workington in the County of Cumberland.South Eastern Railway Diversion Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xlvi19 May 1840An Act to alter and divert a Portion of the Line of the South-eastern Railway in the County of Kent.Bristol and Exeter Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xlvii19 May 1840An Act to amend and enlarge the Powers and Provisions of the Acts relating to the Bristol and Exeter Railway.Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North Shields Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xlviii19 May 1840An Act to amend the Act relating to the Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North Shields Railway, and to raise a further Sum of Money for the Purposes of the said Undertaking.Chester and Crewe Railway Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xlix19 May 1840An Act for incorporating the Chester and Crewe Railway with the Grand Junction Railway, and for extending to the said first-mentioned Railway the Provisions of the several Acts of Parliament relating to the said last-mentioned Railway; and for other Purposes.(Repealed by London and North Western Railway Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. cciv)) Thames Tunnel Company Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. l4 June 1840An Act to revive the Powers given to the Thames Tunnel Company for the Purchase of certain Houses, Lands, and Premises in the Parish of Saint John of Wapping.(Repealed by Thames Tunnel Act 1866 (29 & 30 Vict. c. xx)) Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. li4 June 1840An Act to make a further Alteration in the Line of the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway, and an Approach thereto at Tamworth, and to amend the Acts relating to the said Railway.(Repealed by Midland Railway Consolidation Act 1844 (7 & 8 Vict. c. xviii)) Northern and Eastern Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lii4 June 1840An Act to enable the Northern and Eastern Railway Company to abandon a Portion of the Line originally authorized to be made; and to alter and amend several of the Powers and Provisions of the Acts relating to the said Railway.Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway (High Monkcurr Branch) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. liii4 June 1840An Act to amend and continue the Act relating to the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock, and Ayr Railway, and to make a new Branch therefrom.Portsmouth Harbour Floating Bridge Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. liv4 June 1840An Act for amending and enlarging the Powers of an Act for establishing a Floating Bridge or Bridges over the Harbour of Portsmouth in the County of Southampton.Dartford and Crayford Creeks Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lv4 June 1840An Act for improving the Dartford and Crayford Creeks in the County of Kent, and for making a Diversion in the Line of the said Dartford Creek, and other Works connected therewith.Birmingham Canal Navigations Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lvi4 June 1840An Act to authorize the Company of Proprietors of the Birmingham Canal Navigations to extend and alter the Line of their intended Cut or Canal from Dank's Branch to Salford Bridge; and to grant further Powers to the said Company.Birmingham and Warwick Junction Canal Navigation Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lvii4 June 1840An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Cut or Canal connecting the Warwick and Birmingham Canal with the Birmingham Canal, commencing by a Junction with the Warwick and Birmingham Canal, in the Hamlet of Bordesley in the Parish of Aston-juxta-Birmingham in the County of Warwick, and terminating by a Junction with the Birmingham Canal, near Salford Bridge, in the same Parish.Exeter Water Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lviii4 June 1840An Act to amend the Acts for supplying with Water the City and County of the City of Exeter and Places adjacent thereto.Faversham Oyster Fishery Company Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lix4 June 1840An Act for granting certain Powers to the Faversham Oyster Fishery Company.(Repealed by Faversham Oyster Fishery Act 1930 (20 & 21 Geo. 5. c. lxxiv)) Gravesend and Milton Improvement Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lx4 June 1840An Act to amend, alter, and enlarge the Powers and Provisions of an Act of His late Majesty, for paving, cleansing, lighting, watching, and improving the Town and Parishes of Gravesend and Milton in the County of Kent, and for removing and preventing Nuisances and Annoyances therein; and to make further Improvements in the said Town and Parishes.(Repealed by Gravesend Improvement Act 1856 (19 & 20 Vict. c. xxvi)) York Streets Improvement Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxi4 June 1840An Act to enable the Mayor, Aldermen, and Citizens of the City of York to widen, alter, and improve certain Streets or Thoroughfares called Spurriergate and Coney Street, in the said City.(Repealed by York Corporation Act 1969 (c. xxxviii)) River Wear Watch Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxii4 June 1840An Act for establishing and maintaining a proper and effective Watch on the River Wear in the Port or Haven of Sunderland near the Sea in the County of Durham.(Repealed by River Wear Watch (Dissolution) Act 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz. 2. c. xxxi)) Tunstall Markets Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxiii4 June 1840An Act for regulating and maintaining the Markets and Market Place in the Township of Tunstall in the Parish of Wolstanton in the County of Stafford.(Repealed by Local Government Board's Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 3) Act 1908 (8 Edw. 7. c. clxiv)) Greenhill Moor and Eckington Turnpike (Derbyshire) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxiv4 June 1840An Act for making a Turnpike Road from Greenhill Moor to Eckington in the County of Derby.Maiden Newton Roads Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxv4 June 1840An Act for making and maintaining several Roads leading from the Town of Maiden Newton in the County of Dorset, and other Roads communicating therewith, in the Counties of Somerset and Dorset.Roxburgh Turnpike Roads Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxvi4 June 1840An Act for further and more effectually repairing and maintaining several Turnpike Roads in the County of Roxburgh.Elgin Turnpike Roads Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxvii4 June 1840An Act for further and more effectually repairing and maintaining certain Turnpike Roads in the County of Elgin.Tavistock Small Debts Recovery Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxviii19 June 1840An Act for the more easy and speedy Recovery of Small Debts within the Town of Tavistock and other Places in the Counties of Devon and Cornwall.(Repealed by County Courts Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. 95)) Kingsnorton and Northfield Small Debts Recovery Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxix19 June 1840An Act for the more easy Recovery of Small Debts within the Parishes of Kingsnorton and Northfield in the County of Worcester.(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2013 (c. 2)) Duffryn Llynvi and Porth Cawl Railway Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxx19 June 1840An Act to enable the Duffryn Llynvi and Porth Cawl Railway Company to raise a further Sum of Money, and to amend the Acts relating to the said Railway and to the Bay of Porth Cawl in the County of Glamorgan.(Repealed by Llynvi Valley Railway Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. l)) Port Talbot Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxi19 June 1840An Act to enable the Port Talbot Company to raise further Monies, and to amend the Acts relating to the same Port.Penzance Pier and Harbour Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxxii19 June 1840An Act to amend an Act of the Fifty-seventh Year of King George the Third, intituled "An Act for fixing the Dues, Duties, and Payments for all Goods, Wares, and Merchandize landed on or shipped from the Pier or Quay of the Town of Penzance in the County of Cornwall, and on all Ships and Vessels resorting to the said Pier or Quay, or to the Harbour of Penzance;" and for making and maintaining an additional Pier and Dock within the said Harbour.(Repealed by Penzance Corporation Act 1883 (46 & 47 Vict. c. lxxiv)) Fisherrow Harbour (Edinburgh) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxiii19 June 1840An Act for improving enlarging and maintaining the Harbour of Fisherrow in the County of Edinburgh.Exeter Customs and Dues Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxiv19 June 1840An Act for equalizing, defining, and regulating the Petty Customs, and for facilitating the Collection thereof and of the Quay Dues payable to the Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses of the City and Borough of Exeter, and for preserving the Navigation of the River Exe.Launceston Markets Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxxv19 June 1840An Act for regulating the Markets and for erecting a Market House in the Town of Launceston in the County of Cornwall.(Repealed by Ministry of Health Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 7) Act 1920 (10 & 11 Geo. 5. c. cxiv)) Kingston-upon-Hull Lighting and Cleansing Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxxvi19 June 1840An Act for better lighting and cleansing the Town of Kingston-upon-Hull, and certain Parts of the Liberty of Trippett within and Part of the Municipal Borough of Kingston-upon-Hull.(Repealed by Kingston-upon-Hull Improvement Act 1854 (17 & 18 Vict. c. ci)) Bristol Improvement Act 1840or the Bristol Building Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxvii19 June 1840An Act for regulating Buildings and Party Walls within the City of Bristol and the widening and Improvement of Streets within the same.Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Gateshead Water Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxviii19 June 1840An Act for better supplying with Water the Town and County of the Town of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Borough of Gateshead, and the Places adjacent thereto, in the Counties of Northumberland and Durham.Belfast Water Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxix19 June 1840An Act for better supplying with Water the Town and Borough of Belfast.Tadcaster and Halton Dial Road Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxx19 June 1840An Act for repairing and maintaining the Road from Tadcaster to Halton Dial, and for making and maintaining a new Road from Seacroft to and into the Highway leading from Scholes to Barwick-in-Elmet, all in the West Riding of the County of York.Roads to and from Exeter Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxxxi19 June 1840An Act to amend the Provisions of the Acts relating to the Turnpike Roads leading to and from the City of Exeter, and for making a new Branch Road to communicate therewith.(Repealed by Exeter Turnpike Roads Act 1852 (15 & 16 Vict. c. cliv)) Nairn and Inverness Turnpike Roads Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxxii19 June 1840An Act for more effectually making, repairing, and maintaining certain Turnpike Roads in the Counties of Nairn and Inverness.Rocester (Derbyshire) Bridge Roads Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxxiii19 June 1840An Act for making certain Roads and Branches connected with the new Bridge now erecting over the River Dove near the Village of Rocester Turnpike, with proper Deviations, Works, and Conveniences, and new Pieces of Road connected therewith, and Approaches thereto, in the Counties of Derby and Stafford.Maidstone and Newcastle (Kent) Road Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxxiv19 June 1840An Act for repairing the Road from the Maidstone Turnpike Gate on the Loose Road in the Parish of Maidstone in the County of Kent to Newcastle in the Parish of Biddenden, and a Branch Road to the Thorn in the Parish of Smarden in the same County.Holy Cross and St. Giles Cemetery (Shrewsbury) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxxv19 June 1840An Act for establishing a general Cemetery in the Parish of Holy Cross and Saint Giles in or near the Town of Shrewsbury in the County of Salop.Royal Naval School Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxxvi19 June 1840An Act for the Establishment and Government of the Institution called "The Royal Naval School".Chester Coroners Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxxxvii19 June 1840An Act to authorize the Appointment of additional Coroners for the County Palatine of Chester.(Repealed by Cheshire County Council Act 1980 (c. xiii)) Belfast Charitable Society Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. lxxxviii19 June 1840An Act to amend the several Acts relating to the Belfast Charitable Society.Liverpool Borough Council Bonds Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. lxxxix19 June 1840An Act to enable the Council of the Borough of Liverpool to raise Money upon Bonds.(Repealed by Liverpool Corporation Act 1921 (11 & 12 Geo. 5. c. lxxiv)) Lincolnshire Drainage Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xc19 June 1840An Act for the more effectual Drainage of certain Lands called Billinghay Fen, Billinghay Dales, and Walcot Fen, Walcot Dales, and North Kyme East Fen and Ings, in the Parishes or Places of Billinghay, Walcot, Dogdike, Hart's Grounds, Coningsby, Swineshead, North Kyme, and South Kyme, in the County of Lincoln.Strood (Kent) Workhouse and Improvement Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xci3 July 1840An Act to amend an Act for enlarging the present or providing a new Workhouse for the use of the Parish of Strood, in the County of Kent, for better governing, maintaining and employing the Poor of the said Parish, and also for repairing or rebuilding the Church and Tower of the same Parish, and for other Purposes relating thereto.(Repealed by County of Kent Act 1981 (c. xviii)) Ayr Water Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. xcii3 July 1840An Act for supplying the Town of Ayr and Suburbs of Newton and Wallacetown, and Places adjacent, in the County of Ayr, with Water.(Repealed by Ayr Water Company's Act 1865 (28 & 29 Vict. c. cxii)) Glasgow Poor Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xciii3 July 1840An Act for explaining, altering and amending the mode of Assessment for the Maintenance of the Poor within the City of Glasgow.Marine Insurance Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xciv3 July 1840An Act for enabling the Marine Insurance Company to sue and be sued in the name of the Chairman or Deputy Chairman, for the time being, of the said Company.Farmers' and General Fire and Life Assurance and Loan and Annuity Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xcv3 July 1840An Act to enable "The Farmers' and General Fire and Life Insurance and Loan and Annuity Company" to sue and be sued in the name of the Manager, Chairman or any one of the Directors or the Secretary of the said Company.British Iron Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xcvi3 July 1840An Act for granting certain Powers to the British Iron Company.Edinburgh Silk Yarn Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xcvii3 July 1840An Act for establishing and regulating a Company to be called "The Edinburgh Silk Yarn Company," and to enable the said Company to purchase certain Letters Patent.Kollmann's Railway Locomotive and Carriage Improvement Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xcviii3 July 1840An Act for forming a Company to be called "Kollman's Railway Locomotive and Carriage Improvement Company," and for enabling the said Company to purchase certain Letters Patent.Crichton Royal Institution for Lunatics at Dumfries Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. xcix3 July 1840An Act to incorporate the Trustees and others, Directors of the Crichton Royal Institution for Lunatics at Dumfries, and for the better enabling them to carry on their Charitable Designs.Bedford and Woburn Road Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. c3 July 1840An Act for repairing, improving, and maintaining the Road from Bedford to Woburn with a Branch therefrom, all in the County of Bedford.Stirling, Dumbarton, Lanark and Perth Roads Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. ci3 July 1840An Act to make, alter, improve, and maintain certain Roads in the Counties of Stirling, Dumbarton, Lanark, and Perth.(Repealed by Roads (Scotland) Act 1984 (c. 54)) Turnpike Roads in Stewartry of Kirkcudbright Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. cii3 July 1840An Act for making and maintaining certain Turnpike Roads in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and the other Highways, Bridges, and Ferries therein, and for more effectually converting into Money the Statute Labour in the said Stewartry.(Repealed by Roads (Scotland) Act 1984 (c. 54)) Road from Edinburgh to Lanark Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. ciii3 July 1840An Act to alter and amend certain Acts for making and maintaining a Road from the Limits of the Counties of Edinburgh and Lanark by Wilsontown into the Burgh of Lanark, with a Branch towards Ravenstruther in the said County of Lanark; and for other Purposes relating thereto.(Repealed by Roads (Scotland) Act 1984 (c. 54)) Ardrossan and Johnston Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. civ23 July 1840An Act for separating the Management of the Ardrossan and Johnston Railway from the Management of the Glasgow, Paisley, and Johnston Canal; for incorporating the Proprietors thereof; for doubling and improving the said Railway; and for other Purposes relating thereto.Birmingham, Bristol and Thames Junction Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cv23 July 1840An Act to amend and enlarge some of the Provisions of the Act relating to the Birmingham, Bristol, and Thames Junction Railway; and to authorize the Company to raise a further Sum of Money for the Purposes of the said Undertaking.Dublin and Drogheda Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cvi23 July 1840An Act to alter and amend the Acts passed for making a Railway from Dublin to Drogheda.Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cvii23 July 1840An Act to amend and enlarge the Powers and Provisions of the Act relating to the Glasgow, Paisley, and Greenock Railway, and to make certain new Branch Railways from the Main Line in the Towns of Greenock and Port Glasgow, and to make other Works in connexion with the said Railway.Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. cviii23 July 1840An Act to amend the Act relating to the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway.(Repealed by Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Consolidation Act 1852 (15 & 16 Vict. c. cix)) Hartlepool Dock and Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cix23 July 1840An Act to enable the Hartlepool Dock and Railway Company to raise a further Sum of Money, for completing their Undertaking; and enlarging the Time for completing the same; and for amending the Acts relating thereto.Taff Vale Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cx23 July 1840An Act to amend the Acts relating to the Taff Vale Railway.Mill Bay Pier Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxi23 July 1840An Act for erecting and maintaining a Pier and other Works in Mill Bay in the Port of Plymouth in the County of Devon.Clerkenwell Green Street Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxii23 July 1840An Act for opening a Street to Clerkenwell Green in the County of Middlesex, in continuation of the new Street from Farringdon Street in the City of London.Deal Water Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxiii23 July 1840An Act for better supplying with Water the Town and Borough of Deal, and the Neighbourhood thereof in the County of Kent.Banff Government and Harbour Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. cxiv23 July 1840An Act for regulating the Municipal Government and Expences of the Royal Burgh of Banff, North Britain; for establishing an effective Police within the same; and also for maintaining, improving, and regulating the Harbour of the said Royal Burgh.(Repealed by Grampian Regional Council (Harbours) Order Confirmation Act 1987 (c. x)) General Salvage Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxv23 July 1840An Act for forming and establishing a Company to be called "The General Salvage Company," and for enabling the said Company to purchase certain Letters Patent.Newcastle-under-Lyme Roads Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxvi23 July 1840An Act for improving the Roads leading from Newcastle-under-Lyme to Blyth Marsh, from Cliff Bank to Shelton, from Fenton to Hem Heath, and from Shelton to Newcastle-under-Lyme; and for making and completing certain new Pieces of Road to communicate therewith; all in the County of Stafford.Garngad Road Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxvii23 July 1840An Act to alter and amend an Act passed in the Third Year of the Reign of His Majesty King George the Fourth, and the Acts therein recited, so far as the same relate to the Road to Provan Mill commonly called the Garngad Road; and for other Purposes relating thereto.Clyde Navigation Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. cxviii4 August 1840An Act for further deepening and improving the River Clyde, and enlarging the Harbour of Glasgow, and for constructing a Wet Dock in connexion with the said River and Harbour.(Repealed by Clyde Navigation Consolidation Act 1858 (21 & 22 Vict. c. cxlix)) Dundalk River, Port and Harbour Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. cxix4 August 1840An Act for regulating preserving, improving and maintaining the River, Port and Harbour of Dundalk, in the County of Louth, in Ireland.(Repealed by Dundalk Harbour and Port Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. clxxxix)) Herculaneum Docks Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxx4 August 1840An Act for regulating certain intended Docks at Liverpool to be called the Herculaneum Docks, and exempting Vessels frequenting the same, and their Cargoes, from a Portion of the Tolls and Duties payable to the Trustees of the Liverpool Docks.Harrington Dock Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxxi4 August 1840An Act for regulating certain intended Docks at Liverpool, to be called the Herculaneum Docks, and exempting Vessels frequenting the same, and their Cargoes, from a portion of the Tolls and Duties payable to the Trustees of the Liverpool Docks.Exeter Markets Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. cxxii4 August 1840An Act to alter, amend and enlarge the Powers and Provisions of an Act for removing the Markets held in the High and Fore-street, and other Places within the City of Exeter, and for providing other Markets in lieu thereof.(Repealed by Exeter City Council Act 1987 (c. xi)) Erskine and Dumbarton Ferry Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxxiii4 August 1840An Act for establishing an improved Ferry between the western part of the Parish of Erskine, in the County of Renfrew, and Dumbarton in the County of Dumbarton.River Weaver Churches Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. cxxiv4 August 1840An Act to authorize the Trustees of the River Weaver, in the County of Chester, to apply part of the Funds arising from the Rates and Duties payable in respect of the Navigation of the said River, for the erecting and endowing one or more Church or Churches for the accommodation of the Watermen, Hawlers and others employed upon the said River, and connected with the Traffic thereof.(Repealed by Weaver Navigation Act 1895 (58 & 59 Vict. c. cxi)) Lord Scudamore's Charity Act 1840or the Hereford Improvement Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. cxxv4 August 1840An Act to amend, and render more effectual, so far as relates to the Lord Scudamore's Charity Monies, the Provisions of an Act passed in the Fourteenth Year of the Reign of his Majesty King George the Third, for improving the City of Hereford, and for other Purposes connected with the said City.(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2013 (c. 2)) Monmouthshire Iron and Coal Company Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxxvi4 August 1840An Act to enable The Monmouthshire Iron and Coal Company to sue and be sued in the name of any one of their Directors or their Secretary, and to raise Money for carrying on their Works.London and Greenwich Railway Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxxvii7 August 1840An Act to amend and enlarge the Powers and London and Provisions of the several Acts relating to the London and Greenwich Railway.London and Greenwich Railway (Southwark Station) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxxviii7 August 1840An Act to enable the London and Greenwich Railway Company to provide a Station in the Parish of Saint Olave, in the Borough of Southwark, and County of Surrey.London and Croydon Railway (Southwark Station) Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. cxxix10 August 1840An Act to enable the London and Croydon Railway Company to provide additional Station Room at the Terminus of the London and Greenwich Railway in the Parish of Saint Olave; and for other Purposes relating thereto.Midland Counties Railway Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. cxxx10 August 1840An Act for granting further Powers to the Midland Counties Railway Company.(Repealed by Midland Railway Consolidation Act 1844 (7 & 8 Vict. c. xviii)) Port of London Coal and Wines Import Duties Act 1840 (repealed)3 & 4 Vict. c. cxxxi11 August 1840An Act to continue for Four Years, from the Fifth Day of July One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, the Duties now levied on Coal and Wines imported into the Port of London.(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2008 (c. 12))
^ Chard Canal Act 1834 (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. liii)
^ Chester and Birkenhead Railway Act 1837 (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. cvii)
^ Sheffield and Rotherham Railway Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. cix)
^ Lancaster and Preston Junction Railway Act 1837 (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. xxii)
^ St. Mary Rotherhithe Burial Ground Act 1820 (1 Geo. 4. c. xlii)
^ Wolverhampton Chapel Act 1755 (28 Geo. 2. c. 34)
^ Arbroath and Forfar Railway Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. xxxiv)
^ Manchester and Salford Junction Canal Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. cxv)
^ Cramond Bridge Act 1821 (1 & 2 Geo. 4. c. cxx)
^ George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale.
^ Aberford Small Debts Recovery Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. lxxxvi)
^ Portsmouth Floating Bridge Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. xi)
^ Gravesend and Milton Improvement Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. li)
^ Penzance Pier and Harbour Dues Act 1817 (57 Geo. 3. c. xxxi)
^ Strood Workhouse, Poor and Church Act 1812 (52 Geo. 3. c. xxxvii)
^ Birmingham, Bristol and Thames Junction Railway Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. lxxix)
^ Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway Act 1837 (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. cxvi)
^ Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. lviii)
^ Inchbelly Bridge and Glasgow Road Act 1822 (3 Geo. 4. c. xvii)
^ Exeter Markets Act 1834 (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. viii)
^ Hereford Streets Act 1774 (14 Geo. 3. c. 38)
Private acts
Short title, or popular nameCitationRoyal assent (or the start of session)Long titleGarboldisham Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 123 March 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Parish of Garboldisham, in the County of Norfolk.Freethorpe, &c. Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 23 April 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Parishes of Freethorpe, Limpenhoe, and Reedham, in the County of Norfolk.Allerton Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 314 April 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Township of Allerton, in the Parish of Bradford, in the West Riding Of the County of York.Hagbourne Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 414 April 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Parish of Hagbourne, otherwise East Hagbourne, in the County of Berks.Trinity College (Wordsworth's) Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 519 May 1840An Act for effecting an Exchange between the Master, Fellows and Scholars of the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity in the University of Cambridge and Daniel Gurney, Esquire.Whittlesea Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 619 May 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Parishes of Whittlesea Saint Mary and Whittlesea Saint Andrew, in the County of Cambridge.Thriplow Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 719 May 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Parish of Thriplow, in the County of Cambridge.Forrest's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 84 June 1840An Act to enable the Trustees of the Will of the late Roger Forrest, the elder, to make Grants in Fee and Leases for Years at reserved Rents, of certain Parts of his Trust Estates situate in the Parish of Blackburn, in the County of Lancaster.Great Milton Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 94 June 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Township of Great Milton, in the County of Oxford.Dronfield Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 104 June 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Manor of Dronfield, in the County of Derby.Llangerniew Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 114 June 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Parish of Llangerniew, in the County of Denbigh.Weybridge Rectory Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1219 June 1840An Act to enable the Rector of Weybridge, in the County of Surrey, for the time being, to grant Building Leases of Lands in the said Parish belonging to the said Rectory.Stoke Bruern Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1319 June 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Parish of Stoke Bruern and Hamlet of Shutlanger otherwise Shuttlehanger, in the said Parish of Stoke Bruern, in the County of Northampton.Wicken Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 143 July 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Parish of Wicken, in the County of Cambridge.Quainton Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 153 July 1840An Act for inclosing Lands in the Parish of Quainton, in the County of Buckingham.Saint Harmon Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 163 July 1840An Act for inclosing, dividing and allotting certain Lands in the several Parishes of Saint Harmon, Nantmel, Llanyre and Llanviltangel Helygan, in the County of Radnor.Woodhouse's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1723 July 1840An Act for enabling the Trustees of the Will of David Woodhouse, Gentleman, deceased, to sell Hereditaments thereby devised, situate in the Parishes of Crick and Ashover, in the County of Derby, and to lay out the Money arising therefrom in the Purchase of other Estates to be settled to the same Uses.Bacon's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1823 July 1840An Act to enable the Trustees of the Marriage Articles of Thomas Bacon, Esquire, to grant a new Lease to Richard Hill and Anthony Hill, Esquires, of an Iron Furnace and Works and Mines, Privileges and Hereditaments held therewith, called Plymouth Works, in the Parish of Merthyr Tydvil, in the County of Glamorgan.Doddington Rectory Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 1923 July 1840An Act to discharge the Advowson of the Rectory of' Doddington, otherwise Dornington, with the Chapels of March and Renwick, from Rent-charges and Portions charged by Settlements affecting the same.Mowbray's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 2023 July 1840An Act for extending the Powers of Sale and Exchange contained in the Will of George Isaac Mowbray, Esquire, deceased, and for other Purposes.Stanley's Charity Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 2123 July 1840An Act to enable the Trustees of the Estates of Walter Stanley, Esquire, deceased, to grant Building Leases.Angerstein's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 2223 July 1840An Act to authorize the Sale of a Mansion House purchased under the Trusts of the Will of the late John Julius Angerstein, Esquire, deceased, and to authorize Leases to be made of the same, and also of certain Lands devised by the said Will.Warrington School Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 2323 July 1840An Act to enable the Trustees of Boteler's Grammar School at Warrington, in the County of Lancaster, to effect a Sale to John Wright, Esquire, of an Estate called the Arrowe Estate, in Arrowe, in the County of Chester, and also to sell, exchange and lease certain other Estates belonging to the said School, and also for the general Management of the said School, and for other Purposes.Lady Ruthven's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 2423 July 1840An Act to vest certain parts of the Lands and Estates comprised in the Deed of Entail executed by the deceased Alexander Hamilton, of Pencaitland, on the Thirty-first day of January One thousand seven hundred and forty-seven, now in the possession of Mary Hamilton Campbell Lady Ruthven, as Heiress of Entail thereof, in Trustees, in Trust, to sell the same and apply the Proceeds and also certain Sums arising from Sales of Parts of the said Lands, under the authority of an Act of Parliament passed to that effect, towards the Payment of the Debts affecting the Lands and Barony of Winton, also in the possession of the said Lady Ruthven as Heiress of Entail thereof, so as that the said Lands and Barony of Winton, free and disburthened of Debt may descend, along with the Estate of Pencaitland, to the same Heirs of Entail.Shuttleworth's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 2523 July 1840An Act for vesting certain parts of the Estates devised by the Will of Robert Shuttleworth, Esquire, deceased, in Trustees for Sale, and for authorizing Grants in Fee and Building Leases for long Terms of Years, of the Residue of the same Estates, and for other Purposes.Gravenor's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 2623 July 1840An Act to enable Richard Gravenor and John Wood, the Committees of the Estate of Robert Gravenor, a Lunatic, to make Conveyances for carrying into execution a Partition or Division of Lands and Tenements directed by a Decree of the High Court of Chancery.Ruckley Grange Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 2723 July 1840An Act to effect a Sale of an Estate in the Parishes of Tong and Shiffnal, in the County of Salop, called Ruckley Grange, and for applying the Purchase-money in discharge of Incumbrances, and for other Purposes.Swingfield Minnis Inclosure Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 2823 July 1840An Act for inclosing Swingfield Minnis, otherwise Folkestone Common, within the Manor, Hundred, Barony and Royalty of Folkestone, in the County of Kent.Lord Douglas's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 294 August 1840An Act for vesting certain Parts of the Entailed Estates of Archibald Lord Douglas, of Douglas, lying in the County of Forfar, in Trustees, for the purpose of feuing the same.Earl of Scarborough's Estates Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 304 August 1840An Act to enable the Right honourable John Savile Lumley Savile Earl of Scarborough, to grant Leases of Coal Mines, and other Mines and Minerals, and Quarries under the Estates in the County of York, comprised in or subject to the uses of an Indenture of Appointment and Release of the Twenty-eighth day of May, One thousand eight hundred and twelve, and to make Conveyances in Fee or Demises for long Terms of Years of the same Estates for building, repairing or otherwise improving the same under the Yearly Rents or other Reservations respectively, and to grant the Right and Privilege of making, laying down and using Way-leaves, Railroads or other Roads through or over any of the said Estates, under yearly or other Rents or Reservations.Chambers's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 314 August 1840An Act to enable William Chambers, Esquire, and others, to grant Mining, Building and other Leases of certain Estates in the Counties of Carmarthen and Glamorgan, devised by the Will of Sir John Stepney, Baronet, deceased.Gregson's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 324 August 1840An Act for empowering the Tenant for Life under the Will of Anthony Gregson, Esquire, deceased, and the Trustees of the same Will, to sell and exchange certain Freehold Estates, situate in the County of Northumberland and in the Town and Borough of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and certain Tithes respectively devised by such Will, and also to grant Mining and other Leases of the said Estates, in the County of Northumberland, and of certain other Freehold Estates devised by the same Will, situate in the County Palatine of Durham, and to grant Building, Repairing and other Leases of the said Estates in the Counties of Northumberland and Durham, and Town and Borough of Berwick-upon-Tweed.Whalley's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 334 August 1840An Act for enabling the Revocation of a term of Ninety-nine years and the Trusts thereof, affecting the settled Estate of John Whalley, Esquire.Lord Vaux of Harrowden's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 344 August 1840An Act for the continuance of certain Powers contained in the Settlement on the Marriage of Charles Mostyn, Esquire, now deceased, and for authorizing the Investment of the Monies to arise under the Powers of Sale and Exchange contained in such Settlement, in the Purchase of Estates in Ireland as well as in England and Wales.Duke of Bridgewater's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 354 August 1840An Act to enable the Trustees of the Will of the late Duke of Bridgewater to make Conveyances in Fee or Demises for long Terms of Years, of Parts of his Trust Estates in the Counties of Lancaster and Chester, for building on and improving the same, and to grant Leases of Coal and other Mines, and of Waste Lands, and also for removing Doubts as to the Right of nominating a Minister to the Church or Chapel lately erected by the Right honourable Lord Francis Egerton, on part of the said Trust Estates.Adderley's Estate Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 3610 August 1840An Act for authorizing the Exchange of Parts of the Lands and Estates settled by the Will of the late Charles Bowyer Adderley, Esquire, and the Sale of other Parts thereof.Fiers' Naturalization Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 3723 March 1840An Act for naturalizing Charles Fiers.Swain's Naturalization Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 3823 March 1840An Act for naturalizing Samuel Swain.Hausburg's Naturalization Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 3923 March 1840An Act for naturalizing Friedrich Ludwig Leopold Hausburg's Hausburg.Promoli's Naturalization Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 4023 March 1840An Act for naturalizing August Wilhelm Bernhard Promoli.Perry's Divorce Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 413 April 1840An Act to dissolve the Marriage of James Perry, Esquire, with Elizabeth Margaret his Wife, and to enable him to marry again, and for other purposes.Lloyd's Divorce Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 423 April 1840An Act to dissolve the Marriage of George Lloyd, Esquire, with Athalie Pulcherie Clotilde, his now Wife, and to enable him to marry again, and for other purposes therein mentioned.Schultze's Naturalization Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 4319 May 1840An Act for naturalizing Frederick Schultze.Wolff's Naturalization Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 4419 May 1840An Act for naturalizing Arnold Julius Wolff.Martinez' Naturalization Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 454 June 1840An Act for naturalizing Gregorio Josè Martinez del Rio.Duke Sforza Cesarini's Naturalization Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 464 June 1840An Act for naturalizing His Excellency Don Lorenzo Duke Sforza Cesarini.Liebert's Naturalization Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 474 June 1840An Act for naturalizing Alexander Liebert.Battersby's Divorce Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 483 July 1840An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Ann Battersby with Arthur Battersby, her now Husband, and to enable her to marry again, and for other Purposes therein mentioned.Deane's Divorce Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 4923 July 1840An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Joseph Groome Deane with Rachael his now Wife, and to enable him to marry again, and for other Purposes therein mentioned.Warr's Divorce Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 5023 July 1840An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Jonathan Warr, with Betty his now Wife, and to enable him to marry again, and for other Purposes therein mentioned.Grant's Divorce Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 514 August 1840An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Alexander Grant, Esquire, with Maria Theresa his now Wife, and to enable him to marry again, and for other Purposes.Close's Divorce Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 524 August 1840An Act to dissolve the Marriage of James Close, with Louisa his now Wife, and to enable him to marry again, and for other purposes therein mentioned.Trafford's Divorce Act 18403 & 4 Vict. c. 534 August 1840An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Edward William Trafford, Esquire, with Louisa his now Wife, and to enable him to marry again, and for other Purposes therein mentioned.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q This act was not printed by the Queen's Printer
Sources
The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 15, Part 2. 1840 – via Google Books.
Journal of the House of Commons. Vol. 95. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 3–670.
Chronological Table of and Index to the Statutes. Vol. 1: To the End of the Session 59 Vict. Sess. 2 (1895) (13th ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1896. pp. 299–305 – via Google Books.
The Statutes at Large. Vol. 80 – 3 & 4 Victoria – 1840 – via Internet Archive.
The Statutes at Large – via Internet Archive.
See also
List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae The citation of this act by this short title was authorised by the Short Titles Act 1896, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978.
^ Section 2 of the Police Superannuation Act 1865 (28 & 29 Vict. c. 35) provides that, throughout that act, this act shall be distinguished by this short title.
^ (1907) 41 The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal 31
^ This expression is defined as meaning this act by section 1 of the Holyhead Road Relief Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 28).
^ Current Law Statutes 1998, vol 3, p 87
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Church of England instruments | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliaments of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"list of acts of the Parliament of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Scotland_to_1707"},{"link_name":"list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"list of acts of the Scottish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Scottish_Parliament"},{"link_name":"list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Assembly"},{"link_name":"list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_and_measures_of_Senedd_Cymru"},{"link_name":"list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"parliamentary session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_session"},{"link_name":"Union with Ireland Act 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800"},{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numeral"},{"link_name":"short title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_title"},{"link_name":"Short Titles Act 1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_1896"}],"text":"This is a complete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1840.Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland.For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as \"39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67\", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus \"41 Geo. 3\" rather than \"41 Geo. III\"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as \"41 Geo. 3\".Some of these acts have a short title. Some of these acts have never had a short title. Some of these acts have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896.","title":"List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1840"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"13th Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"The third session of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom, which met from 16 January 1840 to 11 August 1840.","title":"3 & 4 Vict."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Gaming Act 1739","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaming_Act_1739&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"13 Geo. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Geo._2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Gaming Act 1738","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaming_Act_1738&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"12 Geo. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Geo._2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Tithe Rentcharge (Ireland) Act 1838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tithe_Rentcharge_(Ireland)_Act_1838&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1 & 2 Vict.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%26_2_Vict."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne's Bounty Act 1714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Bounty_Act_1714"},{"link_name":"1 Geo. 1. St. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Geo._1._St._2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Merchant Vessels, etc. Act 1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merchant_Vessels,_etc._Act_1835&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"5 & 6 Will. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_%26_6_Will._4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Frivolous Suits Act 1601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frivolous_Suits_Act_1601&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"43 Eliz. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43_Eliz._1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Duties on Law Proceedings Act 1670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duties_on_Law_Proceedings_Act_1670&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"22 & 23 Cha. 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Vict.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%26_2_Vict."}],"sub_title":"Public general acts","text":"^ Gaming Act 1739 (13 Geo. 2. c. 19)\n\n^ Gaming Act 1738 (12 Geo. 2. c. 28)\n\n^ Tithe Rentcharge (Ireland) Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 109)\n\n^ Queen Anne's Bounty Act 1714 (1 Geo. 1. St. 2. c. 10)\n\n^ Merchant Vessels, etc. Act 1835 (5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 53)\n\n^ Frivolous Suits Act 1601 (43 Eliz. 1. c. 6)\n\n^ Duties on Law Proceedings Act 1670 (22 & 23 Cha. 2. c. 9)\n\n^ Prisons Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 56)\n\n^ Borough Watch Rates Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 28)\n\n^ Prisons (Ireland) Act 1826 (7 Geo. 4. c. 74)\n\n^ Municipal Offices Act 1710 (9 Ann. c. 25)\n\n^ Australian Courts Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 83)\n\n^ Slave Trade Suppression Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 102)\n\n^ Fisheries, Convention with France Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 96)\n\n^ Judgments Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 110)\n\n^ Usury Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 37)\n\n^ Usury Act 1837 (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. 80)\n\n^ County Police Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 93)\n\n^ Dublin Police Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 78)\n\n^ Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 100)\n\n^ Joint Stock Banks Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 96)","title":"3 & 4 Vict."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Chard Canal Act 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chard_Canal_Act_1834"},{"link_name":"4 & 5 Will. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%26_5_Will._4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Chester and Birkenhead Railway Act 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_and_Birkenhead_Railway_Act_1837"},{"link_name":"7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_Will._4_%26_1_Vict."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Sheffield and Rotherham Railway Act 1836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheffield_and_Rotherham_Railway_Act_1836&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"6 & 7 Will. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_%26_7_Will._4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Lancaster and Preston Junction Railway 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Junction Canal Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. cxv)\n\n^ Cramond Bridge Act 1821 (1 & 2 Geo. 4. c. cxx)\n\n^ George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale.\n\n^ Aberford Small Debts Recovery Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. lxxxvi)\n\n^ Portsmouth Floating Bridge Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. xi)\n\n^ Gravesend and Milton Improvement Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. li)\n\n^ Penzance Pier and Harbour Dues Act 1817 (57 Geo. 3. c. xxxi)\n\n^ Strood Workhouse, Poor and Church Act 1812 (52 Geo. 3. c. xxxvii)\n\n^ Birmingham, Bristol and Thames Junction Railway Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. lxxix)\n\n^ Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway Act 1837 (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. cxvi)\n\n^ Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. lviii)\n\n^ Inchbelly Bridge and Glasgow Road Act 1822 (3 Geo. 4. c. xvii)\n\n^ Exeter Markets Act 1834 (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. viii)\n\n^ Hereford Streets Act 1774 (14 Geo. 3. c. 38)","title":"3 & 4 Vict."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notprinted_48-16"}],"sub_title":"Private acts","text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q This act was not printed by the Queen's Printer","title":"3 & 4 Vict."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xJZFAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Chronological Table of and Index to the Statutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=EfcZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA299"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"The Statutes at Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/statutesunitedk17britgoog#page/n4/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"The Statutes at Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/acollectionpubl21britgoog#page/n5/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 15, Part 2. 1840 – via Google Books.\nJournal of the House of Commons. Vol. 95. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 3–670.\nChronological Table of and Index to the Statutes. Vol. 1: To the End of the Session 59 Vict. Sess. 2 (1895) (13th ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1896. pp. 299–305 – via Google Books.\nThe Statutes at Large. Vol. 80 – 3 & 4 Victoria – 1840 – via Internet Archive.\nThe Statutes at Large – via Internet Archive.","title":"3 & 4 Vict."}] | [] | [{"title":"List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"}] | [{"reference":"The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 15, Part 2. 1840 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xJZFAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Journal of the House of Commons. Vol. 95. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 3–670.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chronological Table of and Index to the Statutes. Vol. 1: To the End of the Session 59 Vict. Sess. 2 (1895) (13th ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1896. pp. 299–305 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EfcZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA299","url_text":"Chronological Table of and Index to the Statutes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"The Statutes at Large. Vol. 80 – 3 & 4 Victoria – 1840 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/statutesunitedk17britgoog#page/n4/mode/2up","url_text":"The Statutes at Large"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"The Statutes at Large – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/acollectionpubl21britgoog#page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"The Statutes at Large"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xJZFAAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EfcZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA299","external_links_name":"Chronological Table of and Index to the Statutes"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/statutesunitedk17britgoog#page/n4/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Statutes at Large"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/acollectionpubl21britgoog#page/n5/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Statutes at Large"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nIovAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"41"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NiVLAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"vol 3"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Costa_Rica | First ladies and gentlemen of Costa Rica | ["1 Operations","2 First ladies and gentlemen of Costa Rica (1847–present)","3 References"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (April 2015) Click for important translation instructions.
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First Lady of Costa RicaIncumbentSigne Zeicatesince 8 May 2022Inaugural holderPacífica Fernández OreamunoFormation8 May 1847
First Lady or First Gentleman of Costa Rica (Spanish: Primera dama o Primer caballero de Costa Rica) is the title of the wife or husband of the president of Costa Rica. Traditionally, the president's wife was colloquially known as la presidenta ("the president", with a feminine -a ending). The current term was first used under Federico Alberto Tinoco Granados.
Operations
The Office of First Lady of First Gentleman is allocated no official funding from the government budget of Costa Rica. Instead, the office and officeholder relies on private donations to cover the expenses. These funds support the first lady's causes and foundations, which traditionally focus on cultural, environmental, and social issues. The office of Leila Rodríguez Stahl, the first lady 2002 to 2006, had a staff of approximately 60 at its largest. However, many of those staffers worked pro bono or were employed temporarily from other government offices.
First ladies and gentlemen of Costa Rica (1847–present)
Image
First Lady or Gentleman
Lifespan
President
Years in position
Notes
Pacífica Fernández Oreamuno
1828–1885
José María Castro Madriz
1847–1849
José María Castro Madriz was the first President of Costa Rica, making Pacífica Fernández the inaugural First Lady.
Felipa Montes de Oca Gamero
1814-1882
Miguel Mora Porras
1849
Inés Aguilar Cueto
1830-1895
Juan Rafael Mora Porras
1849–1859
Sofía Matilde Joy Redman
1823–1908
José María Montealegre Fernández
1859–1863
Born in the United Kingdom
Esmeralda Oreamuno Gutiérrez
1834-1873
Jesús Jiménez Zamora
1863–1866
Pacífica Fernández Oreamuno
1828–1885
José María Castro Madriz
1866–1868
Esmeralda Oreamuno Gutiérrez
1834-1873
Jesús Jiménez Zamora
1868–1870
Gerónima Montealegre Fernández
1823–1892
Bruno Carranza Ramírez
1870
Emilia Solórzano Alfaro
1835–1882
Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez
1870–1876
Isaura Carazo Peralta
1838-1905
Aniceto Esquivel Sáenz
1876
Guadalupe Gutiérrez García
1828-1886
Vicente Herrera Zeledón
1876–1877
Emilia Solórzano Alfaro
1835–1914
Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez
1877–1882
Angélica Guardia Solórzano
1858-1938
Saturnino Lizano Gutiérrez
1882
Cristina Guardia Gutiérrez
1842-1907
Próspero Fernández Oreamuno
1882–1885
Pacífica Fernández Guardia
1864-1919
Bernardo Soto Alfaro
1885–1890
Luisa Alvarado Carrillo
1853-1943
José Rodríguez Zeledón
1890–1894
Manuela Rodríguez Alvarado
1872-1953
Rafael Yglesias Castro
1894–1902
Adela Salazar Guardia
1869-1907
Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra
1902–1906
Adela Herrán Bonilla
1861-1932
Cleto González Víquez
1906–1910
Vacant since President Oreamuno was unmarried
Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno
1910–1914
Vacant since President González was unmarried
Alfredo González Flores
1914–1917
María Fernández Le Cappellain
1877–1961
Federico Tinoco Granados
1917–1919
Clementina Quirós Quirós
1875-1965
Juan Bautista Quirós Segura
1919
Natalia Morúa Ortíz
Francisco Aguilar Barquero
1919–1920
Elena Gallegos Rosales
1882–1954
Julio Acosta García
1920–1924
Born in El Salvador
Vacant since President Oreamuno was unmarried
Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno
1924–1928
Adela Herrán Bonilla
1861-1932
Cleto González Víquez
1928–1932
Died in 1932 while President González was still in office
Beatriz Zamora López
1871–1933
Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno
1932–1933
Beatriz Zamora López died in office in 1933. There was no First Lady until 1936
María Eugenia Calvo Badia
1914-1983
1936
Second wife of President Oreamuno
Julia Fernández Rodríguez
1882-1957
León Cortés Castro
1936–1940
Yvonne Clays Spoelders
1906–1994
Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia
1940–1944
Born in Belgium. First woman to serve as a Costa Rican diplomat.
Etelvina Ramírez Montiel
1901-1976
Teodoro Picado Michalski
1944–1948
Henrietta Boggs
1918–2020
José Figueres Ferrer
1948–1949
Born in the United States. Boggs and Figueres divorced on January 1, 1954
Vacant since President Ulate was unmarried
Otilio Ulate Blanco
1949–1953
President Ulate never married, though he was in a long-term relationship with Haydée Rojas Smith for many years.
Karen Olsen Beck
1933–
José Figueres Ferrer
1954–1958
Born in Denmark. Olsen married President Figueres in office on February 7, 1954, becoming First Lady.
Olga De Benedictis Antonelli
1916-2001
Mario Echandi Jiménez
1958–1962
Daughter of Italian parents
Marita Camacho Quirós
1911–
Francisco José Orlich Bolmarcich
1962–1966
Became a supercentenarian in 2021.
Clara Fonseca Guardia
1916-2002
José Joaquín Trejos Fernández
1966–1970
Karen Olsen Beck
1933–
José Figueres Ferrer
1970–1974
Born in Denmark
Marjorie Elliott Sypher
1925–2015
Daniel Oduber Quirós
1974–1978
Born in Canada
Estrella Zeledón Lizano
1929–2019
Rodrigo Carazo Odio
1978–1982
Doris Yankelewitz Berger
1934–2016
Luis Alberto Monge Álvarez
1982–1986
Costa Rica's first Jewish First Lady
Margarita Penón Góngora
1948–
Óscar Arias Sánchez
1986–1990
Gloria Bejarano Almada
1952–
Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier
1990–1994
Born in Mexico
Josette Altmann Borbón
1958–
José María Figueres Olsen
1994–1998
Lorena Clare Facio
1943–
Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría
1998–2002
Leila Rodríguez Stahl
1942–
Abel Pacheco de la Espriella
2002–2006
Rodriguez won the Miss Costa Rica pageant in 1960
Vacant since President Arias was divorced at the time
Óscar Arias
2006–2010
José María Rico
1934–2019
Laura Chinchilla Miranda
2010–2014
Born in Spain. 1st First Gentleman of Costa Rica
Mercedes Peñas Domingo
1968–
Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera
2014–2018
Born in Spain.
Claudia Dobles Camargo
1980–
Carlos Alvarado Quesada
2018–2022
Signe Zeicate
Rodrigo Chaves Robles
2022–2026
Born in Latvia
References
^ a b c d e f Lopez G., Mauricio (2003-12-01). "Primera Dama de la República: Leila Rodríguez, servidora a tiempo completo". La Nación (San José). Retrieved 2016-07-29.
^ a b "American Girl and Costa Rican President Wed". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 1954-02-08. Retrieved 2016-07-23.
^ "Costa Rica Will Have a Jewish First Lady with the Inauguration of Luis Alberto Monge to the President". Jewish Telegraph Agency. 1982-04-20. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
^ "Meet Costa Rica's future First Lady, Mercedes Peñas Domingo". Inside Costa Rica. 2014-04-15. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
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United Kingdom | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"president of Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Federico Alberto Tinoco Granados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Alberto_Tinoco_Granados"}],"text":"First Lady or First Gentleman of Costa Rica (Spanish: Primera dama o Primer caballero de Costa Rica) is the title of the wife or husband of the president of Costa Rica. Traditionally, the president's wife was colloquially known as la presidenta (\"the president\", with a feminine -a ending). The current term was first used under Federico Alberto Tinoco Granados.","title":"First ladies and gentlemen of Costa Rica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_budget"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nacion-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nacion-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nacion-1"},{"link_name":"Leila Rodríguez Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Stahl"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nacion-1"},{"link_name":"pro bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_bono"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nacion-1"}],"text":"The Office of First Lady of First Gentleman is allocated no official funding from the government budget of Costa Rica.[1] Instead, the office and officeholder relies on private donations to cover the expenses.[1] These funds support the first lady's causes and foundations, which traditionally focus on cultural, environmental, and social issues.[1] The office of Leila Rodríguez Stahl, the first lady 2002 to 2006, had a staff of approximately 60 at its largest.[1] However, many of those staffers worked pro bono or were employed temporarily from other government offices.[1]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"First ladies and gentlemen of Costa Rica (1847–present)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lopez G., Mauricio (2003-12-01). \"Primera Dama de la República: Leila Rodríguez, servidora a tiempo completo\". La Nación (San José). Retrieved 2016-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2003/diciembre/01/pais2.html","url_text":"\"Primera Dama de la República: Leila Rodríguez, servidora a tiempo completo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_(San_Jos%C3%A9)","url_text":"La Nación (San José)"}]},{"reference":"\"American Girl and Costa Rican President Wed\". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 1954-02-08. Retrieved 2016-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19540208&id=lSAhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0mQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1370,1466860&hl=en","url_text":"\"American Girl and Costa Rican President Wed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota_Herald-Tribune","url_text":"Sarasota Herald-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Costa Rica Will Have a Jewish First Lady with the Inauguration of Luis Alberto Monge to the President\". Jewish Telegraph Agency. 1982-04-20. Retrieved 2016-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jta.org/1982/04/20/archive/costa-rica-will-have-a-jewish-first-lady-with-the-inauguration-of-luis-alberto-monge-to-the-presiden","url_text":"\"Costa Rica Will Have a Jewish First Lady with the Inauguration of Luis Alberto Monge to the President\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Telegraph_Agency","url_text":"Jewish Telegraph Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Costa Rica's future First Lady, Mercedes Peñas Domingo\". Inside Costa Rica. 2014-04-15. Retrieved 2016-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://insidecostarica.com/2014/04/15/meet-costa-ricas-future-first-lady-mercedes-penas-domingo/","url_text":"\"Meet Costa Rica's future First Lady, Mercedes Peñas Domingo\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPrimera_dama_de_Costa_Rica&sl=es&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2003/diciembre/01/pais2.html","external_links_name":"\"Primera Dama de la República: Leila Rodríguez, servidora a tiempo completo\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19540208&id=lSAhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0mQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1370,1466860&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"American Girl and Costa Rican President Wed\""},{"Link":"http://www.jta.org/1982/04/20/archive/costa-rica-will-have-a-jewish-first-lady-with-the-inauguration-of-luis-alberto-monge-to-the-presiden","external_links_name":"\"Costa Rica Will Have a Jewish First Lady with the Inauguration of Luis Alberto Monge to the President\""},{"Link":"http://insidecostarica.com/2014/04/15/meet-costa-ricas-future-first-lady-mercedes-penas-domingo/","external_links_name":"\"Meet Costa Rica's future First Lady, Mercedes Peñas Domingo\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleta_Tortel | Caleta Tortel | ["1 Transportation","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°47′S 73°32′W / 47.783°S 73.533°W / -47.783; -73.533Place in Aisén, ChileCaleta TortelView of Caleta Tortel with its wooden walkwaysCaleta TortelCoordinates: 47°47′S 73°32′W / 47.783°S 73.533°W / -47.783; -73.533Country ChileRegionAisénProvinceCapitán PratMunicipalidadTortelComunaTortelGovernment • TypeMunicipalidad • AlcaldeGabriel López M.Population (2017 census ) • Total523Time zoneUTC−04:00 (Chilean Standard) • Summer (DST)UTC−03:00 (Chilean Daylight)Area codeCountry + town = 56 + ?ClimateCfbWebsitehttp://www.municipalidaddetortel.cl/
Caleta Tortel
Map of Caleta Tortel and surrounding region
Caleta Tortel is a coastal village (Spanish: aldea) in Chile. It is the administrative center of the commune of Tortel and is located between the mouth of the Baker River the largest river in Chile and a small embayment of the Baker Channel. The surrounding geography is rugged, formed by a number of islands, fjords, channels and estuaries. The village was founded in 1955 to exploit the Guaytecas cypress (Pilgerodendron uviferum) wood that was abundant in the area. The timber business accounts for most of the economy in Tortel to this day.
Caleta Tortel consists mainly of stilt houses, typical of Chilotan architecture, built along the coast for several kilometers. There are no conventional streets - instead there are wooden walkways built with Guaitecas cypress. The wooden walkways give the village its distinctive look and its unique culture.
There is one school in Caleta Tortel, called Escuela Comandante Luis Bravo Bravo, inaugurated by the Chilean Navy in 1978 it runs up to 8th grade and has about 90 students total. There are no banks or cash points except for BancoEstado clients, but there is Entel cellphone coverage, line phones and access to the internet including free WiFi at the public library. There is a rural health centre, police checkpoint, fire-fighters, harbour master, municipality and civil registration.
Transportation
For most of its history, the village had only air and boat access. Constructed in 2003, the X-904 road connects Caleta Tortel with the Carretera Austral. Boat tours to Jorge Montt Glacier and other places are available from the village. There is also scheduled boat service between Caleta Tortel and Villa Puerto Edén. The village is served by Caleta Tortel Airport (IATA: SCCR). Río Bravo Airport (IATA: SCRB), 37 kilometres (23 mi) southeast of Caleta Tortel, is another nearby airstrip.
See also
Tortel
Northern Patagonian Ice Field
Southern Patagonian Ice Field
Guayaneco Archipelago
References
^ Tortel walkways Archived 2020-09-16 at the Wayback Machine Atlas vivo de chile, retrieved December 09, 2013
External links
* (in English) Tortel walkways in Living Atlas Chile Archived 2020-09-16 at the Wayback Machine
https://web.archive.org/web/20080412025801/http://lavozdetortel.patagones.cl/ La Voz de Tortel | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caleta_Tortel,_Chile.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carretera_Austral.png"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Tortel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortel"},{"link_name":"Baker River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_River_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Baker Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Channel"},{"link_name":"Pilgerodendron uviferum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgerodendron_uviferum"},{"link_name":"stilt houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt_house"},{"link_name":"Chilotan architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilotan_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chilean Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Navy"},{"link_name":"civil registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Registry_and_Identification_Service_of_Chile"}],"text":"Place in Aisén, ChileCaleta TortelMap of Caleta Tortel and surrounding regionCaleta Tortel is a coastal village (Spanish: aldea) in Chile. It is the administrative center of the commune of Tortel and is located between the mouth of the Baker River the largest river in Chile and a small embayment of the Baker Channel. The surrounding geography is rugged, formed by a number of islands, fjords, channels and estuaries. The village was founded in 1955 to exploit the Guaytecas cypress (Pilgerodendron uviferum) wood that was abundant in the area. The timber business accounts for most of the economy in Tortel to this day.Caleta Tortel consists mainly of stilt houses, typical of Chilotan architecture, built along the coast for several kilometers. There are no conventional streets - instead there are wooden walkways built with Guaitecas cypress. The wooden walkways give the village its distinctive look and its unique culture.[1]There is one school in Caleta Tortel, called Escuela Comandante Luis Bravo Bravo, inaugurated by the Chilean Navy in 1978 it runs up to 8th grade and has about 90 students total. There are no banks or cash points except for BancoEstado clients, but there is Entel cellphone coverage, line phones and access to the internet including free WiFi at the public library. There is a rural health centre, police checkpoint, fire-fighters, harbour master, municipality and civil registration.","title":"Caleta Tortel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carretera Austral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carretera_Austral"},{"link_name":"Jorge Montt Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Montt_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Villa Puerto Edén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Puerto_Ed%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Caleta Tortel Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleta_Tortel_Airport"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"Río Bravo Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Bravo_Airport"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"airstrip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrip"}],"text":"For most of its history, the village had only air and boat access. Constructed in 2003, the X-904 road connects Caleta Tortel with the Carretera Austral. Boat tours to Jorge Montt Glacier and other places are available from the village. There is also scheduled boat service between Caleta Tortel and Villa Puerto Edén. The village is served by Caleta Tortel Airport (IATA: SCCR). Río Bravo Airport (IATA: SCRB), 37 kilometres (23 mi) southeast of Caleta Tortel, is another nearby airstrip.","title":"Transportation"}] | [{"image_text":"Caleta Tortel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Caleta_Tortel%2C_Chile.jpg/250px-Caleta_Tortel%2C_Chile.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Caleta Tortel and surrounding region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Carretera_Austral.png/250px-Carretera_Austral.png"}] | [{"title":"Tortel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortel"},{"title":"Northern Patagonian Ice Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Patagonian_Ice_Field"},{"title":"Southern Patagonian Ice Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Patagonian_Ice_Field"},{"title":"Guayaneco Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaneco_Archipelago"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caleta_Tortel¶ms=47_47_S_73_32_W_region:CL_type:city(523)","external_links_name":"47°47′S 73°32′W / 47.783°S 73.533°W / -47.783; -73.533"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caleta_Tortel¶ms=47_47_S_73_32_W_region:CL_type:city(523)","external_links_name":"47°47′S 73°32′W / 47.783°S 73.533°W / -47.783; -73.533"},{"Link":"http://www.censo2017.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Cantidad-de-Personas-por-Sexo-y-Edad.xlsx","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.municipalidaddetortel.cl/","external_links_name":"http://www.municipalidaddetortel.cl/"},{"Link":"http://www.livingatlaschile.com/?s=tortel","external_links_name":"Tortel walkways"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200916090257/http://www.livingatlaschile.com/?s=tortel","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.livingatlaschile.com/?s=tortel","external_links_name":"Tortel walkways in Living Atlas Chile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200916090257/http://www.livingatlaschile.com/?s=tortel","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080412025801/http://lavozdetortel.patagones.cl/","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080412025801/http://lavozdetortel.patagones.cl/ La Voz de Tortel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamantina_Developmental_Road | Diamantina Developmental Road | ["1 Route description","2 Responsible authority","3 Northern Australia Beef Roads upgrade","3.1 Rehabilitation and widening","4 Other upgrades","4.1 Widen narrow seal","4.2 Reconstruct and widen","4.3 Widen and seal","4.4 Floodway upgrade","5 Major intersections","6 References","7 External links"] | Road in Queensland
Diamantina Developmental RoadQueenslandDiamantina Developmental Road, Charleville to Quilpie, 1979General informationTypeRural roadLength1,344 km (835 mi)Route number(s)
State Route 14 (Charleville – Windorah)
State Route 12 (Windorah – Bedourie)
National Route 83 (Bedourie – Mount Isa)
Major junctionsSouth-east end Mitchell Highway (State Highway A71), Charleville, Queensland
Quilpie Adavale Road
Quilpie Thargomindah Road
Cooper Developmental Road
Thomson Developmental Road (former National Route 79)
Birdsville Developmental Road (State Route 14)
Eyre Developmental Road (National Route 83)
Winton Road (State Route 62)
Donohue Highway
North-west end Barkly Highway (National Route 83 / State Route A2), Mount Isa, QueenslandLocation(s)Major settlementsQuilpie, Windorah, Bedourie, Boulia, Dajarra
The Diamantina Developmental Road is a gazetted road in Queensland, Australia, that runs from Charleville in the south-central part of the state to Mount Isa in the north-west.
Route description
Near Quilpie, 2012
Near Mount Isa, 2016
The road passes through the towns of Quilpie, Windorah, Bedourie, Boulia, and Dajarra in its 1344 kilometer length, and most of it is sealed. Some sections between Windorah and Boulia are unsealed. The section from Boulia to Mount Isa is also known as the Boulia Mount Isa Highway and the section from Bedourie to Boulia is also known as the Boulia Bedourie Road. The section from the Eromanga boundary to the Windorah CBD is also known as the Quilpie Windorah Road.
The road crosses several well known rivers and creeks of the Channel Country of south-west Queensland, including the Paroo River, Bulloo River, Cooper Creek and Diamantina River.
Responsible authority
Maintenance of the road is the responsibility of the Queensland Government.
Northern Australia Beef Roads upgrade
The Northern Australia Beef Roads Program announced in 2016 included the following project for the Diamantina Developmental Road.
Rehabilitation and widening
The project to rehabilitate and widen the road from Boulia to Dajarra was completed in mid 2019 at a total cost of $5 million.
Other upgrades
Widen narrow seal
A project to widen the narrow seal on almost 3 kilometres (2 mi) of road immediately south of Boulia, at a cost of $2.145 million, was completed in June 2021.
Reconstruct and widen
A project to reconstruct and widen 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of road immediately north of Boulia, at a cost of $1.025 million, was completed in April 2021.
Widen and seal
A project to widen and seal two sections of road west of Charleville, at a cost of $6.65 million, was completed in March 2022.
Floodway upgrade
A project to upgrade the Top Limestone Creek floodway, at a cost of $1.5 million, was completed in September 2020.
Major intersections
LGALocationkmmiDestinationsNotes
MurwehCharleville00.0 Mitchell Highway (State Highway A71) – north – Augathella / south – CunnamullaSouth-eastern end of Diamantina Developmental Road (State Route 14)
QuilpieQuilpie197122Quilpie Adavale Road – north – Adavale
212132Quilpie Thargomindah Road – south – Thargomindah
247153Cooper Developmental Road – west – Eromanga
Quilpie / Barcoo boundaryEromanga / Windorah boundary385239Name changes to Quilpie Windorah Road
BarcooWindorah450280 Thomson Developmental Road (See Notes column) – north – LongreachThomson Developmental Road is part of a former proposed National Route 79 from Melbourne to Longreach. This route is now signed as M79/A79 from Melbourne to Mildura, then B79 to Broken Hill, beyond which there is no signed number.
456283Name reverts to Diamantina Developmental Road as it passes through Windorah CBD
566352 Birdsville Developmental Road (State Route 14) – south–west – BirdsvilleRoad changes to State Route 12
DiamantinaBedourie824512 Eyre Developmental Road (National Route 83) – south – BirdsvilleRoad changes to National Route 83
847526Name changes to Boulia Bedourie Road as it passes through Bedourie CBD
BouliaBoulia1,038645 Winton Road (State Route 62) – east – WintonName changes to Boulia Mount Isa Highway
1,048651Donohue Highway – west – Queensland / Northern Territory border, where it becomes Plenty Highway (NT State Route 12)
Mount IsaMount Isa1,344835 Barkly Highway (State Highway A2) – north, then west – Camooweal / Barkly Highway (National Highway 83) – east – CloncurryNorth–western end of Diamantina Developmental Road
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Route transition
References
^ a b "Queensland Government - Department of Transport and Main Roads - Maps". Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
^ Hema, Maps (2007). Australia Road and 4WD Atlas (Map). Eight Mile Plains Queensland: Hema Maps. pp. 16, 17, 18, 19. ISBN 978-1-86500-456-3.
^ "Diamantina Developmental Road - (Boulia - Dajarra) - Rehabilitation and Widening". Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications. 18 June 2019. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
^ "Diamantina Developmental Road (Bedourie – Boulia), widen narrow seal". Queensland Government. 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
^ "Diamantina Developmental Road (Boulia – Dajarra) Outback Way, reconstruct and widen". Queensland Government. 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
^ "Diamantina Developmental Road (Charleville - Quilpie), widen and seal". Queensland Government. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
^ "Top Limestone Creek floodway upgrade". Queensland Government. 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
^ "National Route 79". ozroads.com.au. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
External links
Media related to Diamantina Developmental Road at Wikimedia Commons
vteRoad infrastructure in QueenslandMotorways
Airport Link Tunnel
Bruce Highway (M1)
Centenary Motorway
Clem Jones Tunnel
Cunningham Highway (M15)
Gateway Motorway
Gympie Arterial Road
Inner City Bypass
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Legacy Way
Logan Motorway
Pacific Motorway
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Sunshine Motorway
Toowoomba Bypass (Gore Highway/Warrego Highway)
Townsville Ring Road
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Western Freeway, Brisbane
National highways
Barkly Highway
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Cunningham Highway
Gore Highway
Landsborough Highway
Leichhardt Highway
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Highways
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Barwon Highway
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Brisbane Valley Highway
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D'Aguilar Highway
Dawson Highway
Donohue Highway
Flinders Highway
Gillies Highway
Gold Coast Highway
Gregory Highway
Isis Highway
Kennedy Highway
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Mitchell Highway
Moonie Highway
Mount Lindesay Highway
Mulligan Highway
Palmerston Highway
Peak Downs Highway
Scenic Highway
Wide Bay Highway
Major roads
Anzac Avenue
Cairns Western Arterial Road
Coronation Drive
David Low Way
Deagon Deviation
Esk–Hampton Road
Gympie Road
Ipswich Road
Kingsford Smith Drive
Logan Road
Maroochydore Road
Mackay Ring Road (stage 1)
Milton Road
Moggill Road
Nicklin Way
Old Cleveland Road
Sandgate Road
Toowoomba Connection Road
Other roads – South–east
Annerley Road
Beaudesert–Beenleigh Road
Beaudesert–Boonah Road
Beaudesert–Nerang Road
Beenleigh–Redland Bay Road
Beerburrum Road
Boonah–Fassifern Road
Boonah–Rathdowney Road
Burleigh Connection Road
Burpengary–Caboolture Road
Brisbane–Woodford Road
Caboolture–Bribie Island Road
Caloundra Road
Cavendish Road
Cleveland–Redland Bay Road
Cooroy–Noosa Road
Eumundi–Noosa Road
Glass House Mountains Road
Gooding Drive
Gatton–Clifton Road
Ipswich–Boonah Road
Kilcoy–Beerwah Road
Kilcoy–Murgon Road
Morayfield Road
Mount Cotton Road
Nambour–Bli Bli Road
Nambour Connection Road
Nerang–Broadbeach Road
Nerang–Murwillumbah Road
Robina Parkway
South Pine Road
Southport–Burleigh Road
Southport–Nerang Road
Springbrook Road
Steve Irwin Way
Surfers Paradise Boulevard
Tamborine Mountain Road
Yandina–Bli Bli Road
Yandina–Coolum Road
Other roads – Regional
Atherton–Herberton Road
Barcaldine–Aramac Road
Blackall–Jericho Road
Bundaberg–Bargara Road
Bundaberg–Gin Gin Road
Bundaberg–Port Road
Chinchilla–Wondai Road
Clermont–Alpha Road
Cloncurry–Dajarra Road
Cooroy–Gympie Road
Dalby–Cecil Plains Road
Dalby–Cooyar Road
Dalby–Jandowae Road
Eidsvold–Theodore Road
Eton–Homebush Road
Gin Gin–Mount Perry Road
Gladstone–Benaraby Road
Gladstone–Monto Road
Gladstone–Mount Larcom Road
Gympie–Brooloo Road
Hughenden–Muttaburra Road
Inglewood–Texas Road
Isisford–Blackall Road
Kenilworth–Brooloo Road
Longlands Gap–Herberton Road
Mackay–Eungella Road
Malanda–Atherton Road
Marian–Eton Road
Marian–Hampden Road
Marlborough–Sarina Road
Mary Valley Road
Maryborough–Biggenden Road
Maryborough–Hervey Bay Road
Millaa Millaa–Malanda Road
Millmerran–Cecil Plains Road
Millmerran–Inglewood Road
Monto–Mount Perry Road
Mundubbera–Durong Road
Muttaburra–Aramac Road
Oakey–Cooyar Road
Ootann Road
Pampas–Horrane Road
Pechey–Maclagan Road
Proserpine–Shute Harbour Road
Richmond–Croydon Road
Richmond–Winton Road
Rockhampton–Emu Park Road
Rockhampton–Yeppoon Road
Roma–Condamine Road
Roma–Taroom Road
Sarina–Homebush Road
Stanthorpe–Texas Road
Tin Can Bay Road
Toowoomba–Cecil Plains Road
Toowoomba–Karara Road
Developmental roads / Outback tracks
Bamaga Road
Birdsville Developmental Road
Birdsville Track
Bowen Developmental Road
Burke Developmental Road
Bulloo Developmental Road
Cooper Developmental Road
Dawson Developmental Road
Diamantina Developmental Road
Eyre Developmental Road
Fitzroy Developmental Road
Gregory Developmental Road
Gulf Developmental Road
Hervey Range Developmental Road
Kennedy Developmental Road
Outback Highway
Peninsula Developmental Road
Surat Developmental Road
Suttor Developmental Road
Thomson Developmental Road
Wills Developmental Road
Minor roads – South–east (Described in other articles)
Advancetown–Mudgeeraba Road
Beechmont Road
Bells Creek Arterial Road
Binna Burra Road
Birkdale Road
Brighton–Redcliffe Road
Brisbane–Redland Road
Burpengary Service Road
Caboolture–Beachmere Road
Caboolture Connection Road
Caloundra–Mooloolaba Road
Camp Cable Road
Capalaba–Cleveland Road
Capalaba–Victoria Point Road
Carneys Creek Road
Clontarf–Anzac Avenue Road
Colburn Avenue
Cooroy Connection Road
Dayboro Road
Deception Bay Road
East–West Arterial Road
Emu Mountain Road
Esk–Kilcoy Road
Eumundi–Kenilworth Road
Everton Park–Albany Creek Road (Old Northern Road)
Everton Park Link Road
Forest Hill–Fernvale Road
Gatton–Esk Road
Gatton–Helidon Road
Gatton–Laidley Road
Haigslea–Amberley Road
Hinze Dam Road
Ipswich–Cunningham Highway Connection Road
Ipswich–Rosewood Road
Ipswich–Warrego Highway Connection Road
Kalbar Connection Road
Karrabin–Rosewood Road
Kawana Way
Kenilworth–Skyring Creek Road
Laidley–Plainland Road
Lake Moogerah Road
Landsborough–Maleny Road
Maleny–Kenilworth Road
Maleny–Montville Road
Maleny–Stanley River Road
Maroon Dam Road
Montville–Mapleton Road
Moogerah Connection Road
Mooloolah Connection Road
Mount Alford Road
Mount Crosby Road
Mount Mee Road
Mount Sylvia Road
Mulgowie Road
Murphys Creek Road
Nambour–Mapleton Road
Obi Obi Road
Palmwoods–Mooloolah Road
Pumicestone Road
Redcliffe Road
Redland Bay Road
River Road (Queensland)
Riverview–Moggill Ferry Road
Rosewood–Laidley Road
Rosewood–Marburg Road
Rosewood–Warrill View Road
Running Creek Road
Southern Cross Way
Strathpine–Samford Road (Eatons Crossing Road)
Swanbank Road
Tamborine–Nerang Road
Tamborine–Oxenford Road
Warrill View–Peak Crossing Road
Waterford–Tamborine Road
Western Arterial Road
Wivenhoe–Somerset Road
Woombye–Montville Road
Minor roads – Regional (A–K) (Described in other articles)
Allora–Goomburra Road
Alpha–Tambo Road
Amiens Road
Anderson Street
Angus Smith Drive Connection Road
Aramac–Torrens Creek Road
Auburn Road (Queensland)
Ayr–Dalbeg Road
Ayr–Ravenswood Road
Bajool–Port Alma Road
Bauple–Woolooga Road
Beatrice Way
Biloela–Callide Road
Biloela–Duaringa Road
Blackall–Adavale Road
Blackwater–Cooroorah Road
Blackwater–Rolleston Road
Blue Mountain Road
Boogan Road
Boompa Road
Booral Road
Booyal–Dallarnil Road
Boreen Road
Boreen Point–Tewantin Road
Bowenville–Norwin Road
Boyne Island Road
Bracker Road
Brookstead–Norwin Road
Brooweena–Woolooga Road
Bundaberg–Miriam Vale Road
Bundaberg Ring Road
Bunya Mountains–Maclagan Road
Bunya Mountains Road
Burdekin Falls Dam Road
Burnett Heads Road
Burrum Heads Road
Byee Road
Cambooya Connection Road
Cania Dam Road
Charlton Connection Road
Chinchilla–Tara Road
Clermont Connection Road
Clifton–Leyburn Road
Collinsville–Elphinstone Road
Comet River Road
Condamine–Meandarra Road
Cramsie–Muttaburra Road
Crystal Brook Road
Dalby–Kogan Road
Dalrymple Creek Road
Davidson Road
Discovery Drive Connection Road
Douglas–Garbutt Road
Drayton Connection Road
Duaringa–Apis Creek Road
Duaringa Connection Road
East Evelyn Road
Eimeo Road
El Arish–Mission Beach Road
Elliott Heads Road
Eungella Dam Road
Felton - Clifton Road
Freestone Road
Garbutt–Upper Ross Road
Gavial–Gracemere Road
Gayndah - Mount Perry Road
Gladstone Port Access Road
Glenella Connection Road
Goodwood Road
Goondiwindi Connection Road
Goondiwindi West Connection Road
Greenmount Connection Road
Greenmount - Hirstvale Road
Gregory - Cannon Valley Road
Gympie Connection Road
Gympie–Woolooga Road
Halifax–Lucinda Point Road
Hay Point Road
Henderson Drive
Herberton–Petford Road
Homebush Road
Home Hill–Kirknie Road
Ilfracombe–Aramac Road
Ingham–Abergowrie Road
Ingham–Forrest Beach Road
Ingham–Halifax–Bemerside Road
Innes Park Road
Innisfail–Japoon Road
Isisford–Emmet Road
Isisford–Ilfracombe Road
Jackson–Wandoan Road
Jandowae Connection Road
Julia Creek–Kynuna Road
Kalpowar Road
Kamerunga Road
Keppel Sands Road
Kilkivan–Tansey Road
Kingaroy–Barkers Creek Road
Kingaroy–Burrandowan Road
Kingaroy–Cooyar Road
Kingaroy–Jandowae Road
Kin Kin Road
Kogan–Condamine Road
Koumala–Bolingbroke Road
Kurrimine Beach Road
Minor roads – Regional (L–Z) (Described in other articles)
Leslie Dam Road
Leyburn–Cunningham Road
Macalister–Bell Road
Mackay–Bucasia Road
Mackay–Habana Road
Mackay–Slade Point Road
Maidenwell–Bunya Mountains Road
Malanda–Lake Barrine Road
Malanda–Upper Barron Road
Maraju–Yakapari Road
Mareeba–Dimbulah Road
Maryborough–Cooloola Road
Mary Valley Link Road
May Downs Road
Meandarra–Talwood Road
Memerambi–Gordonbrook Road
Millmerran–Leyburn Road
Mirani–Eton Road
Mirani–Mount Ossa Road
Mitchell–Forestvale Road
Mitchell–St George Road
Miva Road
Moore Park Road
Mossman–Mount Molloy Road
Mount Ossa–Seaforth Road
Mount Spec Road
Mourilyan Harbour Road
Mulgrave Road
Mungar Road
Murgon–Barambah Road
Murgon–Gayndah Road
Nanango–Tarong Road
Nobby Connection Road
North Townsville Road
North Ward Road
Oakey Connection Road
Oakey–Pittsworth Road
Ogmore Connection Road
Okeden Road
Orion Ten Chain Road
Oxford Downs–Sarina Road
Pialba–Burrum Heads Road
Pine Creek–Yarrabah Road
Pittsworth–Felton Road
Pomona Connection Road
Port Connection Road
Proston–Boondooma Road
Pyramids Road
Rainbow Beach Road
Rockhampton–Ridgelands Road
Rockleigh–North Mackay Road
Ross River Road
Ryeford–Pratten Road
Sarina–Coast Road
Shaw Road
Silkwood–Japoon Road
Smithfield Bypass
South Johnstone Road
South Mission Beach Road
South Townsville Road
Spring Creek Road
Stanthorpe–Amosfield Road
Stanthorpe Connection Road
Stanthorpe–Inglewood Road
St Lawrence Connection Road
St Lawrence–Croydon Road
Stone River Road
Stratford Connection Road
Tannum Sands Road
Texas–Yelarbon Road
The Cedars Road
Tinaroo Falls Dam Road
Toowoomba Athol Road
Torbanlea–Pialba Road
Townsville Connection Road
Townsville Port Road
Tuchekoi Road
Tully–Hull Road
Tully–Mission Beach Road
Wallumbilla South Road
Warra–Canaga Creek Road
Warra–Kogan Road
Warwick–Allora Road
Warwick–Killarney Road
Warwick–Yangan Road
Western Yeppoon–Emu Park Road
Wondai–Proston Road
Woodstock–Giru Road
Wuruma Dam Road
Wyaga Road
Yabba Creek Road
Yakapari–Habana Road
Yakapari–Seaforth Road
Yangan–Killarney Road
Yelarbon–Keetah Road
State Strategic Touring Routes
Adventure Way
Australia's Country Way
Capricorn Way
Great Inland Way
Leichhardt Way
Matilda Way
Overlanders Way
Pacific Coast Way
Savannah Way
Warrego Way
Proposals
Bruce Highway Western Alternative
Coomera Connector
Kenmore Bypass
Mackay Ring Road (stages 2 and 3)
Queensland Inland Freight Route
Rockhampton Ring Road | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Charleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleville,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Mount Isa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Isa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qgov-1"}],"text":"The Diamantina Developmental Road is a gazetted road in Queensland, Australia, that runs from Charleville in the south-central part of the state to Mount Isa in the north-west.[1]","title":"Diamantina Developmental Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Road_to_Quilpie_-_Development_Road.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamantina_Developmental_Road,_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quilpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilpie,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Windorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windorah"},{"link_name":"Bedourie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedourie,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Boulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulia,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Dajarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajarra,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Channel Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Country"},{"link_name":"Paroo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroo_River"},{"link_name":"Bulloo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulloo_River"},{"link_name":"Cooper Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Creek"},{"link_name":"Diamantina River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamantina_River"}],"text":"Near Quilpie, 2012Near Mount Isa, 2016The road passes through the towns of Quilpie, Windorah, Bedourie, Boulia, and Dajarra in its 1344 kilometer length, and most of it is sealed.[2] Some sections between Windorah and Boulia are unsealed. The section from Boulia to Mount Isa is also known as the Boulia Mount Isa Highway and the section from Bedourie to Boulia is also known as the Boulia Bedourie Road. The section from the Eromanga boundary to the Windorah CBD is also known as the Quilpie Windorah Road.The road crosses several well known rivers and creeks of the Channel Country of south-west Queensland, including the Paroo River, Bulloo River, Cooper Creek and Diamantina River.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qgov-1"}],"text":"Maintenance of the road is the responsibility of the Queensland Government.[1]","title":"Responsible authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Australia Beef Roads Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Australia_Beef_Roads_Program"}],"text":"The Northern Australia Beef Roads Program announced in 2016 included the following project for the Diamantina Developmental Road.","title":"Northern Australia Beef Roads upgrade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Rehabilitation and widening","text":"The project to rehabilitate and widen the road from Boulia to Dajarra was completed in mid 2019 at a total cost of $5 million.[3]","title":"Northern Australia Beef Roads upgrade"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other upgrades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Widen narrow seal","text":"A project to widen the narrow seal on almost 3 kilometres (2 mi) of road immediately south of Boulia, at a cost of $2.145 million, was completed in June 2021.[4]","title":"Other upgrades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Reconstruct and widen","text":"A project to reconstruct and widen 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of road immediately north of Boulia, at a cost of $1.025 million, was completed in April 2021.[5]","title":"Other upgrades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Widen and seal","text":"A project to widen and seal two sections of road west of Charleville, at a cost of $6.65 million, was completed in March 2022.[6]","title":"Other upgrades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Floodway upgrade","text":"A project to upgrade the Top Limestone Creek floodway, at a cost of $1.5 million, was completed in September 2020.[7]","title":"Other upgrades"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}] | [{"image_text":"Near Quilpie, 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Road_to_Quilpie_-_Development_Road.JPG/220px-Road_to_Quilpie_-_Development_Road.JPG"},{"image_text":"Near Mount Isa, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diamantina_Developmental_Road%2C_2016.jpg/220px-Diamantina_Developmental_Road%2C_2016.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Queensland Government - Department of Transport and Main Roads - Maps\". Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/Travel-and-transport/Maps-and-guides/Queensland-state-controlled-roads-and-region-maps.aspx","url_text":"\"Queensland Government - Department of Transport and Main Roads - Maps\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319070948/https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/Travel-and-transport/Maps-and-guides/Queensland-state-controlled-roads-and-region-maps.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hema, Maps (2007). Australia Road and 4WD Atlas (Map). Eight Mile Plains Queensland: Hema Maps. pp. 16, 17, 18, 19. ISBN 978-1-86500-456-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86500-456-3","url_text":"978-1-86500-456-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road - (Boulia - Dajarra) - Rehabilitation and Widening\". Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications. 18 June 2019. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://investment.infrastructure.gov.au/projects/ProjectDetails.aspx?Project_id=067225-16QLD-NAB","url_text":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road - (Boulia - Dajarra) - Rehabilitation and Widening\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220316104431/https://investment.infrastructure.gov.au/projects/ProjectDetails.aspx?Project_id=067225-16QLD-NAB","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road (Bedourie – Boulia), widen narrow seal\". Queensland Government. 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-bedourie-boulia-widen-narrow-seal","url_text":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road (Bedourie – Boulia), widen narrow seal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706060014/https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-bedourie-boulia-widen-narrow-seal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road (Boulia – Dajarra) Outback Way, reconstruct and widen\". Queensland Government. 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-boulia-dajarra-outback-way-reconstruct-and-widen","url_text":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road (Boulia – Dajarra) Outback Way, reconstruct and widen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220610062256/https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-boulia-dajarra-outback-way-reconstruct-and-widen","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road (Charleville - Quilpie), widen and seal\". Queensland Government. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-charleville-quilpie-widen-and-seal","url_text":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road (Charleville - Quilpie), widen and seal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220610063131/https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-charleville-quilpie-widen-and-seal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Limestone Creek floodway upgrade\". Queensland Government. 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/top-limestone-creek-floodway-upgrade","url_text":"\"Top Limestone Creek floodway upgrade\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191027/https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/top-limestone-creek-floodway-upgrade","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"National Route 79\". ozroads.com.au. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ozroads.com.au/NationalSystem/79/nr79.htm","url_text":"\"National Route 79\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170218170607/http://www.ozroads.com.au/NationalSystem/79/nr79.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/Travel-and-transport/Maps-and-guides/Queensland-state-controlled-roads-and-region-maps.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Queensland Government - Department of Transport and Main Roads - Maps\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319070948/https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/Travel-and-transport/Maps-and-guides/Queensland-state-controlled-roads-and-region-maps.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://investment.infrastructure.gov.au/projects/ProjectDetails.aspx?Project_id=067225-16QLD-NAB","external_links_name":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road - (Boulia - Dajarra) - Rehabilitation and Widening\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220316104431/https://investment.infrastructure.gov.au/projects/ProjectDetails.aspx?Project_id=067225-16QLD-NAB","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-bedourie-boulia-widen-narrow-seal","external_links_name":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road (Bedourie – Boulia), widen narrow seal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706060014/https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-bedourie-boulia-widen-narrow-seal","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-boulia-dajarra-outback-way-reconstruct-and-widen","external_links_name":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road (Boulia – Dajarra) Outback Way, reconstruct and widen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220610062256/https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-boulia-dajarra-outback-way-reconstruct-and-widen","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-charleville-quilpie-widen-and-seal","external_links_name":"\"Diamantina Developmental Road (Charleville - Quilpie), widen and seal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220610063131/https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/diamantina-developmental-road-charleville-quilpie-widen-and-seal","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/top-limestone-creek-floodway-upgrade","external_links_name":"\"Top Limestone Creek floodway upgrade\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191027/https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/projects/top-limestone-creek-floodway-upgrade","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ozroads.com.au/NationalSystem/79/nr79.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Route 79\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170218170607/http://www.ozroads.com.au/NationalSystem/79/nr79.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamodactylus | Bergamodactylus | ["1 History","2 Description","3 See also","4 References"] | Genus of campylognathoidid pterosaur from the Late Triassic
BergamodactylusTemporal range: Late Triassic, 216–211 Ma
PreꞒ
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S
D
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P
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The "Milan Exemplar"
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Order:
†Pterosauria
Family:
†Campylognathoididae
Genus:
†BergamodactylusKellner, 2015
Type species
†Bergamodactylus wildiKellner, 2015
Bergamodactylus is a putative genus of basal pterosaur which lived during the Late Triassic (early Norian) in the area of present-day Bergamo province in Italy. Its only species is Bergamodactylus wildi. It was named in 2015 based on a pterosaur specimen which had previously been regarded as a juvenile Eudimorphodon or as identical to Carniadactylus. Some Triassic pterosaur specialists consider the distinguishing features of Bergamodactylus to be invalid or insufficient to distinguish it from Carniadactylus, and thus retain the specimen in that genus.
History
Photo and reconstructions of the skull
In 1978, Rupert Wild described a small pterosaur specimen in the collection of the Museo di Paleontologia dell´Università di Milano, found near Cene, Lombardy. He referred to it as the "Milan Exemplar" and identified it as a juvenile of Eudimorphodon ranzii. Wild noted considerable differences with the latter's type specimen but these were explained as reflecting the young age of the animal.
In 2009, Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia confirmed an earlier conclusion by Alexander Kellner that the specimen must have been at least subadult in view of the fusion of the scapula and the coracoid, the upper wristbones being fused into a syncarpal, and the fusion of the extensor process on the first wing phalanx. Dalla Vecchia referred the specimen to Carniadactylus rosenfeldi.
In 2015, Kellner concluded that the Milan Exemplar represented a different species from Carniadactylus. It showed differences in build that could not be explained by individual variation, it was much smaller though of similar age, and it was of a younger geological age. He named a separate genus and species Bergamodactylus wildi. The generic name combines a reference to Bergamo with a Greek δάκτυλος, daktylos, "finger", a usual suffix in pterosaur names since Pterodactylus. The specific name honours Wild.Kellner placed Bergamodactylus, within the Novialoidea, in the Campylognathoidea.
In 2018, Dalla Vecchia argued that Kellner's observations on development in pterosaurs were oversimplified, and that the Milan Exemplar's distinguishing features were ambiguous, invalid, or individual variation at best. As a result, Dalla Vecchia referred the specimen back to Carniadactylus, rendering Bergamodactylus wildi a junior synonym of Carniadactylus rosenfeldi.
Description
Life reconstruction
The holotype, MPUM 6009, was found in a layer of the Calcari di Zorzino Formation dating from the early Norian (upper Alaunian). It consists of a partial skeleton including the skull, compressed on a single plate. It is largely articulated and includes the lower jaws, most of the wings, much of the vertebral column except the tail, and hindlimb elements. Some bones have only been preserved as impressions.
Bergamodactylus is one of the smallest known pterosaurs: Kellner in 2015 estimated the wingspan at just 465 millimeters (18.3 inches). He also established some distinguishing traits. The postorbital bone is slender with a thin branch towards the frontal bone. The praemaxilla does not reach the lower rim of the external nostril. The fourth metacarpal is short, with only 40% of the length of the humerus and 30% of the length of the ulna. The thighbone is short, attaining just half of the length of either the ulna or the first wing finger phalanx.
Bergamodactylus has multi-cusped teeth like Eudimorphodon but their number strongly differs: fourteen in both the upper jaw and the lower jaw as against respectively twenty-nine and twenty-eight in the latter species. Additional differences with Carniadactylus include a tooth row that extends further to the rear, a lower mandibula, a higher placed deltopectoral crest on the humerus and a shorter upper part of the kinked pteroid. Bergamodactylus has a short second phalanx of the wing finger in common with Carniadactylus.
See also
List of pterosaur genera
References
^ a b c d e Kellner, Alexander W. A. (July 2015). "Comments on Triassic pterosaurs with discussion about ontogeny and description of new taxa". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 87 (2): 669–689. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201520150307. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 26131631.
^ a b Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla (July 2018). "Comments on triassic pterosaurs with a commentary on the "ontogenetic stages" of Kellner (2015) and the validity of Bergamodactylus wildi". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy). 124 (2): 317–341. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/10099. ISSN 2039-4942.
^ a b Wild, R., 1978, "Die Flugsaurier (Reptilia, Pterosauria) aus der Oberen Trias von Cene bei Bergamo, Italien", Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 17 (2): 176-256
^ Kellner, A.W.A., 2003, "Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group". In: Buffetaut E. and Mazin J-M. (Eds), Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 217, p 105-137
^ Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla (July 2009). "ANATOMY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE PTEROSAUR CARNIADACTYLUS GEN. N. ROSENFELDI (DALLA VECCHIA, 1995)". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy). 115 (2): 159–188. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/6377. ISSN 2039-4942.
vtePterosauria
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Clade: Archosauria
Clade: Avemetatarsalia
Clade: Pterosauromorpha
Avemetatarsalia
see Avemetatarsalia
Pterosauria
see below↓
PterosauriaPterosauria
Daohugoupterus
Preondactylia
Austriadactylus
Preondactylus
Caviramidae?
Carniadactylus?
Caviramus
Raeticodactylus?
Austriadraconidae
Arcticodactylus?
Austriadraco
Seazzadactylus
Eopterosauria
Austriadraco?
Peteinosaurus?
Preondactylia?
EudimorphodontoideaRaeticodactylidae
Caviramus?
Pachagnathus
Raeticodactylus
Yelaphomte
Eudimorphodontidae
Arcticodactylus?
Eudimorphodontinae
Carniadactylus?
Eudimorphodon
Zambellisauria?
Peteinosaurus?
Macronychoptera
Herbstosaurus
Dimorphodontidae
Allkaruen?
Caelestiventus
Dimorphodon
Parapsicephalus?
Peteinosaurus?
Rhamphinion?
Lonchognatha?
Eudimorphodon?
NovialoideaCampylognathoididae
Bergamodactylus
Campylognathoides
BreviquartossaRhamphorhynchidae
Dolicorhamphus?
Klobiodon
Parapsicephalus?
Scaphognathinae?
Rhamphorhynchinae
Bellubrunnus
Cacibupteryx
Dorygnathus
Harpactognathus
Nesodactylus
Orientognathus
Qinglongopterus
RhamphorhynchaeAngustinaripterini
Angustinaripterus
Dearc
Harpactognathus?
Qinglongopterus?
Sericipterus
Rhamphorhynchini
Cacibupteryx?
Nesodactylus?
Rhamphorhynchus
Digibrevisauria?Scaphognathidae?
Fenghuangopterus
Jianchangnathus
Jianchangopterus
Scaphognathus
Sordes?
Pterodactylomorpha
see below↓
PterodactylomorphaPterodactylomorpha
Allkaruen?
Sordes?
Monofenestrata
Archaeoistiodactylus
Normannognathus
Anurognathidae?
Darwinoptera
Ceoptera
Pterorhynchus
Wukongopteridae
Kunpengopterus
Wukongopterinae
Archaeoistiodactylus?
Cuspicephalus
Darwinopterus
Douzhanopterus?
Wukongopterus
Pterodactyliformes
Changchengopterus?
Douzhanopterus
CaelidraconesAnurognathidae
Mesadactylus
Anurognathinae
Anurognathus
Dendrorhynchoides?
Jeholopterus?
Luopterus
Vesperopterylus
Batrachognathinae
Batrachognathus
Cascocauda
Dendrorhynchoides?
Jeholopterus?
Sinomacrops
Pterodactyloidea
Dermodactylus
Eurolimnornis
Herbstosaurus?
Kryptodrakon
Ningchengopterus
Pangupterus
Samrukia?
Wenupteryx
Lophocratia
see below↓
LophocratiaArchaeopterodactyloidea
Prejanopterus
Germanodactylidae
Altmuehlopterus?
Germanodactylus
Normannognathus?
Tendaguripterus?
Euctenochasmatia
Diopecephalus
Pterodactylus
CtenochasmatoideaGallodactylidae
Aurorazhdarcho?
Cycnorhamphus
Normannognathus?
Petrodactyle?
Moganopterinae?
Aurorazhdarchia
Aerodactylus
Gallodactylidae?
Aurorazhdarchidae
Ardeadactylus?
Aurorazhdarcho
Huanhepterus?
Ctenochasmatidae
Ardeadactylus?
Balaenognathus
Cathayopterus
Cratonopterus
Elanodactylus
Forfexopterus
Gladocephaloideus
Kepodactylus
Liaodactylus
Otogopterus
Petrodactyle
Pterofiltrus
Moganopterinae?
Feilongus
Moganopterus
Gnathosaurinae
Gnathosaurus
Huanhepterus?
Lusognathus
Plataleorhynchus
Tacuadactylus
Ctenochasmatinae
Ctenochasma
Pterodaustrini
Beipiaopterus
Eosipterus
Gegepterus
Pterodaustro
Eupterodactyloidea
Altmuehlopterus?
Ornithocheiroidea
see below↓
OrnithocheiroideaOrnithocheiroidea
Piksi?
TapejaroideaDsungaripteridae
Banguela?
Lonchognathosaurus?
Noripterus
Ordosipterus
Puntanipterus?
Tendaguripterus?
Dsungaripterinae
Domeykodactylus
Dsungaripterus
Azhdarchoidea
Argentinadraco
Keresdrakon?
Leptostomia?
Montanazhdarcho
Ornithostoma
NeoazhdarchiaTapejaromorpha
Bennettazhia
Keresdrakon?
Thalassodromidae?
Aerotitan?
Alanqa?
Argentinadraco?
Banguela?
Kariridraco
Lacusovagus?
Leptostomia?
Thalassodromeus
Tupuxuara
Xericeps?
TapejariformesCaupedactylia?
Aymberedactylus
Caupedactylus
Tapejaridae
Afrotapejara
Sinopterinae
Afrotapejara?
Bakonydraco?
Eopteranodon?
Huaxiadraco
Huaxiapterus
Nemicolopterus
Sinopterus
Wightia
Tapejarinae
Aymberedactylus?
Caupedactylus?
Keresdrakon?
Lacusovagus?
Vectidraco
Tapejarini
Bakonydraco?
Europejara
Tapejara
Tupandactylus
Caiuajarina
Caiuajara
Torukjara
Azhdarchomorpha
Cretornis?
Microtuban
Xericeps
Dsungaripteromorpha?
Alanqidae?
Alanqa
Argentinadraco?
Keresdrakon?
Leptostomia?
Montanazhdarcho?
Xericeps?
Neopterodactyloidea
Eoazhdarcho
Chaoyangopteridae
Apatorhamphus?
Argentinadraco?
Eoazhdarcho?
Lacusovagus
Meilifeilong
Microtuban?
Xericeps?
Chaoyangopterinae
Chaoyangopterus
Jidapterus
Shenzhoupterus
Azhdarchiformes
Montanazhdarcho?
Radiodactylus
Alanqidae?
Azhdarchidae
Alanqa?
Bogolubovia
Navajodactylus?
Palaeocursornis
Tethydraco?
Volgadraco?
Azhdarchinae
Aerotitan?
Albadraco
Azhdarcho
Mistralazhdarcho
Quetzalcoatlinae
Aralazhdarcho
Arambourgiania
Cryodrakon
Eurazhdarcho
Hatzegopteryx
Phosphatodraco
Quetzalcoatlus
Thanatosdrakon
Wellnhopterus?
Zhejiangopterus
Pteranodontoidea
see below↓
PteranodontoideaPteranodontoidea
Santanadactylus
PteranodontiaPteranodontidae
Bogolubovia?
Dawndraco
Ornithostoma?
Pteranodon
Tethydraco?
Volgadraco?
Nyctosauromorpha
Alamodactylus
Cretornis?
Aponyctosauria
Alcione
Epapatelo
Simurghia
Nyctosauridae
Barbaridactylus
Muzquizopteryx
Nyctosaurus
Volgadraco?
Ornithocheiromorpha
Aussiedraco
Serradraco
Unwindia
Lonchodectidae
Hongshanopterus?
Ikrandraco?
Lonchodectes
Lonchodraco?
Targaryendraco?
Lanceodontia
Draigwenia?
Lonchodraconidae
Ikrandraco
Lonchodraco
Istiodactyliformes
Hongshanopterus
Linlongopterus
Yixianopterus
Lonchodectidae?
Mimodactylidae
Haopterus
Linlongopterus
Mimodactylus
Istiodactylidae
Lingyuanopterus
Longchengpterus
Luchibang
Nurhachius
Istiodactylinae
Istiodactylus
Liaoxipterus
Ornithocheiriformes
Barbosania
Brasileodactylus
Cearadactylus
Hamipterus
Boreopteridae
Boreopterus
Zhenyuanopterus
OrnithocheiraeOrnithocheiridae
Araripesaurus
Arthurdactylus
Camposipterus?
Caulkicephalus?
Cimoliopterus?
Haliskia?
Tropeognathus?
Ornithocheirinae
Aetodactylus?
Camposipterus?
Coloborhynchus?
Draigwenia?
Ferrodraco?
Guidraco?
Ludodactylus?
Mythunga?
Ornithocheirus
Siroccopteryx?
Uktenadactylus?
Targaryendraconia?Cimoliopteridae
Aetodactylus
Camposipterus?
Cimoliopterus
Targaryendraconidae
Aussiedraco?
Barbosania?
Targaryendraco
Anhangueria
Brasileodactylus?
Ornithocheiridae?
Hamipteridae?
Hamipterus
Iberodactylus
AnhangueridaeTropeognathinae?
Amblydectes?
Ferrodraco?
Haliskia?
Mythunga?
Siroccopteryx?
Thapunngaka
Tropeognathus
Coloborhynchinae?
Aerodraco
Coloborhynchus
Nicorhynchus
Siroccopteryx?
Uktenadactylus
Anhanguerinae
Anhanguera
Caulkicephalus?
Cearadactylus?
Guidraco
Liaoningopterus
Ludodactylus
Maaradactylus
Taxon identifiersBergamodactylus
Wikidata: Q20668509
EoL: 47043921
Paleobiology Database: 324074 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pterosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"Late Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Triassic"},{"link_name":"Norian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norian"},{"link_name":"Bergamo province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamo_province"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Eudimorphodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudimorphodon"},{"link_name":"Carniadactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carniadactylus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Bergamodactylus is a putative genus of basal pterosaur which lived during the Late Triassic (early Norian) in the area of present-day Bergamo province in Italy. Its only species is Bergamodactylus wildi. It was named in 2015 based on a pterosaur specimen which had previously been regarded as a juvenile Eudimorphodon or as identical to Carniadactylus.[1] Some Triassic pterosaur specialists consider the distinguishing features of Bergamodactylus to be invalid or insufficient to distinguish it from Carniadactylus, and thus retain the specimen in that genus.[2]","title":"Bergamodactylus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bergamodactylus_skull.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rupert Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupert_Wild&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Museo di Paleontologia dell´Università di Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museo_di_Paleontologia_dell%C2%B4Universit%C3%A0_di_Milano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cene, Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cene,_Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Eudimorphodon ranzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudimorphodon"},{"link_name":"type specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wild1978-3"},{"link_name":"Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabio_Marco_Dalla_Vecchia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kellner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"coracoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracoid"},{"link_name":"Carniadactylus rosenfeldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carniadactylus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bergamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamo"},{"link_name":"Pterodactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterodactylus"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Novialoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novialoidea"},{"link_name":"Campylognathoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylognathoidea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Photo and reconstructions of the skullIn 1978, Rupert Wild described a small pterosaur specimen in the collection of the Museo di Paleontologia dell´Università di Milano, found near Cene, Lombardy. He referred to it as the \"Milan Exemplar\" and identified it as a juvenile of Eudimorphodon ranzii. Wild noted considerable differences with the latter's type specimen but these were explained as reflecting the young age of the animal.[3]In 2009, Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia confirmed an earlier conclusion by Alexander Kellner[4] that the specimen must have been at least subadult in view of the fusion of the scapula and the coracoid, the upper wristbones being fused into a syncarpal, and the fusion of the extensor process on the first wing phalanx. Dalla Vecchia referred the specimen to Carniadactylus rosenfeldi.[5]In 2015, Kellner concluded that the Milan Exemplar represented a different species from Carniadactylus. It showed differences in build that could not be explained by individual variation, it was much smaller though of similar age, and it was of a younger geological age. He named a separate genus and species Bergamodactylus wildi. The generic name combines a reference to Bergamo with a Greek δάκτυλος, daktylos, \"finger\", a usual suffix in pterosaur names since Pterodactylus. The specific name honours Wild.Kellner placed Bergamodactylus, within the Novialoidea, in the Campylognathoidea.[1]In 2018, Dalla Vecchia argued that Kellner's observations on development in pterosaurs were oversimplified, and that the Milan Exemplar's distinguishing features were ambiguous, invalid, or individual variation at best. As a result, Dalla Vecchia referred the specimen back to Carniadactylus, rendering Bergamodactylus wildi a junior synonym of Carniadactylus rosenfeldi.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bergamodactylus_NT.jpg"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Calcari di Zorzino Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcari_di_Zorzino_Formation"},{"link_name":"Norian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norian"},{"link_name":"Alaunian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaunian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wild1978-3"},{"link_name":"postorbital bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postorbital_bone"},{"link_name":"frontal bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_bone"},{"link_name":"praemaxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praemaxilla"},{"link_name":"metacarpal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacarpal"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"pteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteroid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Life reconstructionThe holotype, MPUM 6009, was found in a layer of the Calcari di Zorzino Formation dating from the early Norian (upper Alaunian).[1] It consists of a partial skeleton including the skull, compressed on a single plate. It is largely articulated and includes the lower jaws, most of the wings, much of the vertebral column except the tail, and hindlimb elements. Some bones have only been preserved as impressions.[3]Bergamodactylus is one of the smallest known pterosaurs: Kellner in 2015 estimated the wingspan at just 465 millimeters (18.3 inches). He also established some distinguishing traits. The postorbital bone is slender with a thin branch towards the frontal bone. The praemaxilla does not reach the lower rim of the external nostril. The fourth metacarpal is short, with only 40% of the length of the humerus and 30% of the length of the ulna. The thighbone is short, attaining just half of the length of either the ulna or the first wing finger phalanx.[1]Bergamodactylus has multi-cusped teeth like Eudimorphodon but their number strongly differs: fourteen in both the upper jaw and the lower jaw as against respectively twenty-nine and twenty-eight in the latter species. Additional differences with Carniadactylus include a tooth row that extends further to the rear, a lower mandibula, a higher placed deltopectoral crest on the humerus and a shorter upper part of the kinked pteroid. Bergamodactylus has a short second phalanx of the wing finger in common with Carniadactylus.[1]","title":"Description"}] | [{"image_text":"Photo and reconstructions of the skull","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bergamodactylus_skull.jpg/187px-Bergamodactylus_skull.jpg"},{"image_text":"Life reconstruction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bergamodactylus_NT.jpg/220px-Bergamodactylus_NT.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of pterosaur genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pterosaur_genera"}] | [{"reference":"Kellner, Alexander W. A. (July 2015). \"Comments on Triassic pterosaurs with discussion about ontogeny and description of new taxa\". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 87 (2): 669–689. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201520150307. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 26131631.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0001-3765201520150307","url_text":"\"Comments on Triassic pterosaurs with discussion about ontogeny and description of new taxa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0001-3765201520150307","url_text":"10.1590/0001-3765201520150307"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-3765","url_text":"0001-3765"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26131631","url_text":"26131631"}]},{"reference":"Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla (July 2018). \"Comments on triassic pterosaurs with a commentary on the \"ontogenetic stages\" of Kellner (2015) and the validity of Bergamodactylus wildi\". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy). 124 (2): 317–341. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/10099. ISSN 2039-4942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13130%2F2039-4942%2F10099","url_text":"10.13130/2039-4942/10099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2039-4942","url_text":"2039-4942"}]},{"reference":"Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla (July 2009). \"ANATOMY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE PTEROSAUR CARNIADACTYLUS GEN. N. ROSENFELDI (DALLA VECCHIA, 1995)\". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy). 115 (2): 159–188. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/6377. ISSN 2039-4942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13130%2F2039-4942%2F6377","url_text":"10.13130/2039-4942/6377"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2039-4942","url_text":"2039-4942"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0001-3765201520150307","external_links_name":"\"Comments on Triassic pterosaurs with discussion about ontogeny and description of new taxa\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0001-3765201520150307","external_links_name":"10.1590/0001-3765201520150307"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-3765","external_links_name":"0001-3765"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26131631","external_links_name":"26131631"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.13130%2F2039-4942%2F10099","external_links_name":"10.13130/2039-4942/10099"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2039-4942","external_links_name":"2039-4942"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.13130%2F2039-4942%2F6377","external_links_name":"10.13130/2039-4942/6377"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2039-4942","external_links_name":"2039-4942"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/47043921","external_links_name":"47043921"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=324074","external_links_name":"324074"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenamore | Lenamore | ["1 Other example","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 54°59′24″N 7°22′26″W / 54.990°N 7.374°W / 54.990; -7.374
TownlandLenamoretownlandCoordinates: 54°59′24″N 7°22′26″W / 54.990°N 7.374°W / 54.990; -7.374
Lenamore is a townland in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is at the foot of the mountain Benbradagh near Dungiven. It was once a village more populous than Drumsurn until the introduction of electricity to that village. It is situated within Causeway Coast and Glens district.
Other example
The village of Legan, County Longford is also known as Lenamore.
See also
List of villages in Northern Ireland
List of towns in Northern Ireland
References
^ Ordnance Survey Memoirs of Ireland: Co. Londonderry VII. Ireland: Institute of Irish Studies. 1990. p. 15. Retrieved 2 June 2021. The last chieftain of this castle was always at war with another O ' Kane , who lived at Lenamore at the foot of Benbradagh
^ "An Léana Mór / Lenamore". logainm.ie. Irish Placenames Commission. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
vtePlaces in County LondonderryList of places in County LondonderryCities
Derry
Towns
Coleraine
Dungiven
Limavady
Magherafelt
Portstewart
Villages, parishes, and townlands
Aghadowey
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Claudy
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Landforms
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North East Liberties of Coleraine
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This article related to the geography of County Londonderry, Northern Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Benbradagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benbradagh"},{"link_name":"Dungiven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungiven"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Drumsurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumsurn"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Causeway Coast and Glens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Coast_and_Glens"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"TownlandLenamore is a townland in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is at the foot of the mountain Benbradagh near Dungiven.[1] It was once a village more populous than Drumsurn until the introduction of electricity to that village.[citation needed] It is situated within Causeway Coast and Glens district.[citation needed]","title":"Lenamore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legan, County Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legan,_County_Longford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The village of Legan, County Longford is also known as Lenamore.[2]","title":"Other example"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Londonderry.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Londonderry.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"List of villages in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"List of towns in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Northern_Ireland"}] | [{"reference":"Ordnance Survey Memoirs of Ireland: Co. Londonderry VII. Ireland: Institute of Irish Studies. 1990. p. 15. Retrieved 2 June 2021. The last chieftain of this castle was always at war with another O ' Kane , who lived at Lenamore at the foot of Benbradagh","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4JJnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Benbradagh%22%20%22Lenamore%22","url_text":"Ordnance Survey Memoirs of Ireland: Co. Londonderry VII"}]},{"reference":"\"An Léana Mór / Lenamore\". logainm.ie. Irish Placenames Commission. Retrieved 6 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/132023.aspx","url_text":"\"An Léana Mór / Lenamore\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lenamore¶ms=54.99_N_7.374_W_region:GB_scale:10000_type:city","external_links_name":"54°59′24″N 7°22′26″W / 54.990°N 7.374°W / 54.990; -7.374"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lenamore¶ms=54.99_N_7.374_W_region:GB_scale:10000_type:city","external_links_name":"54°59′24″N 7°22′26″W / 54.990°N 7.374°W / 54.990; -7.374"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4JJnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Benbradagh%22%20%22Lenamore%22","external_links_name":"Ordnance Survey Memoirs of Ireland: Co. Londonderry VII"},{"Link":"https://www.logainm.ie/132023.aspx","external_links_name":"\"An Léana Mór / Lenamore\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenamore&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Edward_VI | Cultural depictions of Edward VI | ["1 Literature","2 Film","3 Television","4 Further reading","5 References","6 External links"] | Edward VI of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times.
Literature
Edward VI is a central character in Mark Twain's 1881 novel The Prince and the Pauper, in which the young prince and a pauper boy named Tom Canty, who bears a strikingly uncanny resemblance to Edward, deliberately exchange places. This ultimately leads to the eventual alarm and discomfort of both. Ultimately, both are saved by a semi-impoverished nobleman named Sir Miles Hendon.
Edward VI is the main character of Janet Wertman's The Boy King, the final instalment in the Seymour Saga trilogy.
In the young adult novel Timeless Love by Judith O'Brien, the main character, Samantha, goes back in time and finds herself with Edward VI. Other historical characters in the book include Lady Jane Grey, the Duke of Northumberland, Princess Elizabeth and Barnaby Fitzpatrick.
Green Darkness (1972) by Anya Seton has Edward VI visiting the estate where the heroine lives.
Heirs of Squire Harry (1974) by Jane Lane accurately portrays the political intrigue in the court of the young king, who is beset by ruthless ambitious men and overshadowed by his sisters.
Film
Main article: The Prince and the Pauper (film)
Edward has been played on film by the following actors, mainly in versions of The Prince and the Pauper:
Tibi Lubinsky in the Austrian silent film The Prince and the Pauper (1920)
Forbes Dawson in the British silent film Lady Jane Grey; Or, The Court of Intrigue (1923)
Desmond Tester in Tudor Rose (1936)
Bobby Mauch in The Prince and the Pauper (1937)
Rex Thompson in Young Bess (1953) and The Prince and the Pauper (1957)
Mark Lester in The Prince and the Pauper (1977)
Warren Saire in Lady Jane (1986)
Cole Sprouse in A Modern Twain Story: The Prince and the Pauper (2007)
Television
Edward has been played on television by the following actors, again mainly in versions of The Prince and the Pauper:
Sean Scully in The Prince and the Pauper (1962), part of the American series Disneyland
Jason Kemp in the BBC series Elizabeth R (1971)
Nicholas Lyndhurst in The Prince and the Pauper (1976), a BBC television adaptation by writer Richard Harris
Philip Sarson in the British drama The Prince and the Pauper (1996)
Jonathan Timmins in the British drama The Prince and the Pauper (2000)
Byron Long as Edward in Elizabeth I: Red Rose of the House of Tudor (2000), the HBO adaptation of The Royal Diaries novel of the same name.
Hugh Mitchell in the Granada Television serial Henry VIII (2003), with Ray Winstone as Henry
Eoin Murtagh and Jake Hathaway in the Showtime series The Tudors (2007–2010), with Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Henry VIII
Ashley Gyngell in the BBC documentary England's Forgotten Queen: The Life and Death of Lady Jane Grey (2018)
Oliver Zetterström in the Starz drama series Becoming Elizabeth (2022)
Further reading
Sue Parrill and William B. Robison, The Tudors on Film and Television (McFarland, 2013). ISBN 978-0786458912.
References
^ THE BOY KING | Kirkus Reviews.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edward VI of England in art.
https://web.archive.org/web/20161101075449/http://www.tudorsonfilm.com/
vteCultural depictions of English and British monarchsKingdom of theEnglish886–1066
Alfred the Great
Edward the Elder
Æthelflæd
Ælfweard
Athelstan the Glorious1
Edmund the Magnificent1
Eadred1
Eadwig the Fair1
Edgar the Peaceable1
Edward the Martyr
Æthelred the Unready
Sweyn Forkbeard
Edmund Ironside
Cnut1
Harold Harefoot
Harthacnut
Edward the Confessor
Harold Godwinson
Edgar the Ætheling
Kingdom ofEngland1066–1649
William I
William II
Henry I
Stephen
Matilda
Henry II2
Henry the Young King
Richard I
John2
Henry III2
Edward I2
Edward II2
Edward III2
Richard II2
Henry IV2
Henry V2
Henry VI2
Edward IV2
Edward V2
Richard III2
Henry VII2
Henry VIII2
Edward VI2
Jane2
Mary I2 with Philip2
Elizabeth I 2
James I3
Charles I3
Commonwealth ofEngland, Scotland and Ireland1653–1659
Oliver Cromwell4
Richard Cromwell4
Kingdom ofEngland1660–1707
Charles II3
James II3
William III and Mary II3
Anne3
Kingdom ofScotland843–1707 (traditional)
Kenneth I MacAlpin
Donald I
Constantine I (II)
Áed
Giric
Eochaid
Donald II
Constantine II (III)
Malcolm I
Indulf
Dub
Cuilén
Amlaíb
Kenneth II
Constantine III (IV)
Kenneth III
Malcolm II
Duncan I
Macbeth
Lulach
Malcolm III Canmore
Donald III
Duncan II
Donald III
Edgar
Alexander I
David I
Malcolm IV
William I the Lion
Alexander II
Alexander III
Margaret
John
Robert I
David II
Robert II
Robert III
James I
James II
James III
James IV
James V
Mary I
James VI 5
Charles I5
Charles II5
James VII5
Mary II5
William III5
Anne5
British monarchs afterthe Acts of Union 1707
Anne
George I
George II
George III
George IV
William IV
Victoria
Edward VII
George V
Edward VIII
George VI
Elizabeth II
Charles III
1Overlord of Britain. 2Also ruler of Ireland. 3Also ruler of Scotland and Ireland. 4Lord Protector. 5Also ruler of England and Ireland. Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.
vteMark Twain's The Prince and the PauperCharacters
Prince Edward Tudor
Tom Canty
Films
The Prince and the Pauper (1915)
The Prince and the Pauper (1920)
The Prince and the Pauper (1937)
Raju Peda (1954)
Raja Aur Runk (1968)
The Prince and the Pauper (1977)
The Prince and the Surfer (1999)
The Prince and the Pauper (2000)
The Pooch and the Pauper (2000)
Beethoven's 4th (2001)
The Twins (2005)
Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (2006)
A Modern Twain Story: The Prince and the Pauper (2007)
Frenemies (2012)
I Am the King (2012)
Animated
The Prince and the Pauper (1990)
"The Princess and the Pauper" (2000)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Legend of the Sun King (2000)
Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper (2004)
"Double, Double, Boy in Trouble" (2008)
"Princess and the Popstar" (2011)
Barbie: The Princess & the Popstar (2012)
Related
List of adaptations
Cultural depictions of Edward VI of England
Coronation of Edward VI
Jake & Blake
Beggar Prince
"The Shepherd"
"The Principal and the Pauper"
The Princess Switch | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cultural depictions of Edward VI"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"The Prince and the Pauper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper"},{"link_name":"Tom Canty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Canty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lady Jane Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey"},{"link_name":"Duke of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Princess Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Barnaby Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaby_Fitzpatrick,_2nd_Baron_Upper_Ossory"},{"link_name":"Green Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Darkness"},{"link_name":"Anya Seton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anya_Seton"},{"link_name":"Jane Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Lane_(author)"}],"text":"Edward VI is a central character in Mark Twain's 1881 novel The Prince and the Pauper, in which the young prince and a pauper boy named Tom Canty, who bears a strikingly uncanny resemblance to Edward, deliberately exchange places. This ultimately leads to the eventual alarm and discomfort of both. Ultimately, both are saved by a semi-impoverished nobleman named Sir Miles Hendon.Edward VI is the main character of Janet Wertman's The Boy King, the final instalment in the Seymour Saga trilogy.[1]In the young adult novel Timeless Love by Judith O'Brien, the main character, Samantha, goes back in time and finds herself with Edward VI. Other historical characters in the book include Lady Jane Grey, the Duke of Northumberland, Princess Elizabeth and Barnaby Fitzpatrick.Green Darkness (1972) by Anya Seton has Edward VI visiting the estate where the heroine lives.Heirs of Squire Harry (1974) by Jane Lane accurately portrays the political intrigue in the court of the young king, who is beset by ruthless ambitious men and overshadowed by his sisters.","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tibi Lubinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibi_Lubinsky"},{"link_name":"The Prince and the Pauper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper_(1920_film)"},{"link_name":"Desmond Tester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tester"},{"link_name":"Tudor Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Rose_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Mauch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Mauch"},{"link_name":"The Prince and the Pauper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Young Bess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Bess"},{"link_name":"Mark Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lester"},{"link_name":"The Prince and the Pauper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"Lady Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"Cole Sprouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Sprouse"},{"link_name":"A Modern Twain Story: The Prince and the Pauper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Modern_Twain_Story:_The_Prince_and_the_Pauper"}],"text":"Edward has been played on film by the following actors, mainly in versions of The Prince and the Pauper:Tibi Lubinsky in the Austrian silent film The Prince and the Pauper (1920)\nForbes Dawson in the British silent film Lady Jane Grey; Or, The Court of Intrigue (1923)\nDesmond Tester in Tudor Rose (1936)\nBobby Mauch in The Prince and the Pauper (1937)\nRex Thompson in Young Bess (1953) and The Prince and the Pauper (1957)\nMark Lester in The Prince and the Pauper (1977)\nWarren Saire in Lady Jane (1986)\nCole Sprouse in A Modern Twain Story: The Prince and the Pauper (2007)","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sean Scully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Scully_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_R"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Lyndhurst"},{"link_name":"Richard Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harris"},{"link_name":"The Prince and the Pauper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"The Royal Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Diaries"},{"link_name":"Hugh Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Mitchell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Granada Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Television"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_(TV_serial)"},{"link_name":"Ray Winstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Winstone"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"The Tudors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tudors"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Rhys Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Rhys_Meyers"},{"link_name":"Starz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starz"},{"link_name":"Becoming Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becoming_Elizabeth"}],"text":"Edward has been played on television by the following actors, again mainly in versions of The Prince and the Pauper:Sean Scully in The Prince and the Pauper (1962), part of the American series Disneyland\nJason Kemp in the BBC series Elizabeth R (1971)\nNicholas Lyndhurst in The Prince and the Pauper (1976), a BBC television adaptation by writer Richard Harris\nPhilip Sarson in the British drama The Prince and the Pauper (1996)\nJonathan Timmins in the British drama The Prince and the Pauper (2000)\nByron Long as Edward in Elizabeth I: Red Rose of the House of Tudor (2000), the HBO adaptation of The Royal Diaries novel of the same name.\nHugh Mitchell in the Granada Television serial Henry VIII (2003), with Ray Winstone as Henry\nEoin Murtagh and Jake Hathaway in the Showtime series The Tudors (2007–2010), with Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Henry VIII\nAshley Gyngell in the BBC documentary England's Forgotten Queen: The Life and Death of Lady Jane Grey (2018)\nOliver Zetterström in the Starz drama series Becoming Elizabeth (2022)","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0786458912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786458912"}],"text":"Sue Parrill and William B. Robison, The Tudors on Film and Television (McFarland, 2013). ISBN 978-0786458912.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"THE BOY KING | Kirkus Reviews.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/janet-wertman/the-boy-king-the-seymour-saga/","url_text":"THE BOY KING | Kirkus Reviews"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/janet-wertman/the-boy-king-the-seymour-saga/","external_links_name":"THE BOY KING | Kirkus Reviews"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161101075449/http://www.tudorsonfilm.com/","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161101075449/http://www.tudorsonfilm.com/"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touggourt_District | Touggourt District | ["1 Municipalities","2 References"] | Coordinates: 33°6′N 6°4′E / 33.100°N 6.067°E / 33.100; 6.067District in Touggourt Province, AlgeriaTouggourt District
دائرة تقرتDistrictMap of Algeria highlighting Touggourt ProvinceMap of Ouargla Province highlighting Touggourt DistrictCoordinates: 33°6′N 6°4′E / 33.100°N 6.067°E / 33.100; 6.067Country AlgeriaProvinceTouggourt ProvinceDistrict seatTouggourtArea • Total404 km2 (156 sq mi)Population (2008) • Total146,108 • Density360/km2 (940/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01 (CET)Communes4
Touggourt is a district in Touggourt Province, Algeria. It was named after its capital, Touggourt. It is the smallest, the most populated, and most densely populated district in the province. As of the 2008 census, the district had a population of 146,108.
Municipalities
The district is further divided into 4 communes:
Touggourt
Nezla
Tebesbest
Zaouia El Abidia
References
^ a b "Population: Ouargla Wilaya" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
^ "Official website of the province of Ouargla - state" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
vte Ouargla ProvinceCapital: OuarglaOuargla District
Ouargla
Rouissat
El Borma District
El Borma
Rhoud El Baguel
El Hadjira District
El Hadjira
El Allia
Hassi Messaoud District
Hassi Messaoud
Haoud El Hamra
Gassi Touil
Mégarine District
Megarine
Meggarine Guedima
Sidi Slimane
El Har Ihira
Moggar
N'Goussa District
N'Goussa
El Bour
Sidi Khouïled District
Ain Beida
Adjadja
Chott
Hassi Ben Abdellah
Sidi Khouiled
Taïbet District
Taibet
El Khoubna
M'Naguer
Oum Zebed
Benaceur
Témacine District
Tamacine
Tamellaht
Balidat Ameur
Goug
Touggourt District
Touggourt
Nezla
Tebesbest
Zaouia El Abidia
This article about a location in Ouargla Province is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Touggourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touggourt_Province"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Touggourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touggourt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2008-1"}],"text":"District in Touggourt Province, AlgeriaTouggourt is a district in Touggourt Province, Algeria. It was named after its capital, Touggourt. It is the smallest, the most populated, and most densely populated district in the province. As of the 2008 census, the district had a population of 146,108.[1]","title":"Touggourt District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-communes-2"},{"link_name":"Touggourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touggourt"},{"link_name":"Nezla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezla"},{"link_name":"Tebesbest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebesbest"},{"link_name":"Zaouia El Abidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaouia_El_Abidia"}],"text":"The district is further divided into 4 communes:[2]Touggourt\nNezla\nTebesbest\nZaouia El Abidia","title":"Municipalities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Population: Ouargla Wilaya\" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Retrieved 24 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ons.dz/collections/w30_p1.pdf","url_text":"\"Population: Ouargla Wilaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official website of the province of Ouargla - state\" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130216160414/http://wilaya-ouargla.dz/ar/index.php/2012-11-14-12-15-09","url_text":"\"Official website of the province of Ouargla - state\""},{"url":"http://wilaya-ouargla.dz/ar/index.php/2012-11-14-12-15-09","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Touggourt_District¶ms=33_6_N_6_4_E_region:DZ-30_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"33°6′N 6°4′E / 33.100°N 6.067°E / 33.100; 6.067"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Touggourt_District¶ms=33_6_N_6_4_E_region:DZ-30_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"33°6′N 6°4′E / 33.100°N 6.067°E / 33.100; 6.067"},{"Link":"http://www.ons.dz/collections/w30_p1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Population: Ouargla Wilaya\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130216160414/http://wilaya-ouargla.dz/ar/index.php/2012-11-14-12-15-09","external_links_name":"\"Official website of the province of Ouargla - state\""},{"Link":"http://wilaya-ouargla.dz/ar/index.php/2012-11-14-12-15-09","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Touggourt_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tetley_(Leeds) | The Tetley, Leeds | ["1 Background","2 Programme","3 Exhibitions","3.1 2013-2016","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°47′32″N 1°32′23″W / 53.792093°N 1.5397462°W / 53.792093; -1.5397462
The TetleyEstablished2013LocationLeedsCoordinates53°47′32″N 1°32′23″W / 53.792093°N 1.5397462°W / 53.792093; -1.5397462Visitors484,491 (2018)FounderPippa Hale and Kerry Harker (Project Space Leeds)DirectorBryony Bond (Creative Director)Websitehttp://www.thetetley.org
The Tetley is a contemporary art gallery in Leeds, England, located in the art deco headquarters of the former Tetley's Brewery. The gallery was opened on Friday 28 November 2013.
Background
Welcome to the Tetley
Interior showing Art Deco style
The company board room, still preserved
The gallery's opening was part of a multimillion-pound redevelopment of the former Tetley Brewery site. The owners, Carlsberg-Tetley ended ale and beer production at the site in 2011, demolishing all but the headquarters.
Blue plaque, the Tetley, Leeds (19 July 2014)
This building was retained to provide commercial office space and, in 2013, space to rehouse an existing contemporary artist-led space and registered charity, Project Space Leeds. Upon its move, the charity began operating as 'The Tetley'. The charity took on the specific brief of operating as a Leeds-equivalent to the Cornerhouse in Manchester and Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art in Gateshead.
The refurbishment of the building for the arts centre was overseen by the co-directors of Project Space Leeds, Pippa Hale and Kerry Harker, and Chris Walker of Esh Construction, with partial funding from the Arts Council England.
In January 2016 Bryony Bond, a former curator at the Whitworth Art Gallery in Manchester was appointed the new Creative Director of The Tetley.
The Tetley art space had a lease on the building until 2023.
Aire Park, a 24-acre mixed-use development which includes an 8-acre public park, is now being planned for the site surrounding the Tetley as part of the regeneration of the South Bank of Leeds.
In March 2024, Aire Park announced Kirkstall Brewery would be taking on the building. Kirkstall Brewery plan to focus on renewing the site's status as "a landmark of Yorkshire beer culture."
No longer leasing the Tetley building, the arts charity rebranded as Yorkshire Contemporary in May 2024, focusing on work in different locations across the region while seeking a new permanent home.
Programme
The gallery is one of Arts Council England's National Portfolio Organisations.
Exhibitions
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Tetley, Leeds" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2013-2016
The Tetley's opening exhibitions involved a number of artists responding to the history and space of the new building under the general title 'A New Reality' (29 November 2013 to 1 July 2014). This included James Clarkson, Emma Rushton, Derek Tyman, Simon Lewandowski, Sam Belinfante and Rehana Zaman. 'Painting in Time' (2015), presented contemporary painting and its relationship to other media, including work by artists such as Yoko Ono, Natasha Kidd, Claire Ashley, Jessica Warboys and Polly Appleborn.
An exhibition staged at the Tetley in 2016 recreated a controversial exhibition by the Cypriot artist Stass Paraskos, originally held in Leeds in 1966. Entitled 'Lovers and Romances' the original show at the Leeds Institute Gallery was closed down by the police and the artist charged with displaying obscene and corrupting images under the Vagrancy Acts of 1824 and 1838. The exhibition at the Tetley marked the fiftieth anniversary of the original Paraskos Trial.
Also in 2016, the Tetley staged a solo exhibition of work by the London-based sculptor Jonathan Trayte, comprising vegetables and fruits made of ceramic and other sculptural materials, entitled 'Polyculture'.
References
^ a b Bond, Chris (29 November 2013). "New gallery breathes life into the city's 'South Bank'". www.yorkshirepost.co.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
^ 'Company serves up Tetley following £1m revamp for the arts' in The Yorkshire Post (UK newspaper), 23 November 2013
^ Yvette Huddleston, 'Art in the City' in The Yorkshire Post (UK newspaper), 26 February 2016
^ Mark Brown, 'Tetley brewery in Leeds reopens as modern art gallery' in The Guardian (UK newspaper), 28 November 2013
^ Dzinzi, Mellissa (4 August 2020). "Leeds to get a huge new bridge over River Aire and UK's biggest city centre park". Leeds Live. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
^ "Kirkstall Brewery to take on The Tetley – Aire Park". 18 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
^ Brewery, Kirkstall. "KIRKSTALL BREWERY TAKES ON THE TETLEY | News". Kirkstall Brewery. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
^ "Our new name: Yorkshire Contemporary | News". Yorkshire Contemporary. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
^ Arts Council England (30 March 2011). "Arts Council England announces funding decisions and new National portfolio of arts organisations". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
^ 'New gallery breathes life into the city’s ‘South Bank' in The Yorkshire Post (UK newspaper), 29 November 2013
^ 'Arts preview: Painting in Time at The Tetley, Leeds' in The Yorkshire Evening Post (UK newspaper), 22 April 2015
^ 'Art that led to obscenity trial back in city after 50 years' in The Yorkshire Post (UK newspaper), 12 July 2016
^ 'Artistic Appetite at the Tetley in Leeds' in The Yorkshire Evening Post (UK newspaper), 10 August 2016
External links
Official website
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"art gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gallery"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Tetley's Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetley%27s_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bond2013-1"}],"text":"The Tetley is a contemporary art gallery in Leeds, England, located in the art deco headquarters of the former Tetley's Brewery. The gallery was opened on Friday 28 November 2013.[1]","title":"The Tetley, Leeds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetley_Welcome_31_August_2018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetley_Interior_31_August_2018_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetley_Board_Room_31_August_2018_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carlsberg-Tetley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsberg-Tetley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_plaque,_the_Tetley,_Leeds_(19th_July_2014).JPG"},{"link_name":"Cornerhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerhouse"},{"link_name":"Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Centre_for_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bond2013-1"},{"link_name":"Pippa Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippa_Hale"},{"link_name":"Arts Council England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Whitworth Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitworth_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Aire Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dzinzi-5"},{"link_name":"Aire Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_Park"},{"link_name":"Kirkstall Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kirkstallbrewery.com/"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Welcome to the TetleyInterior showing Art Deco styleThe company board room, still preservedThe gallery's opening was part of a multimillion-pound redevelopment of the former Tetley Brewery site. The owners, Carlsberg-Tetley ended ale and beer production at the site in 2011, demolishing all but the headquarters.Blue plaque, the Tetley, Leeds (19 July 2014)This building was retained to provide commercial office space and, in 2013, space to rehouse an existing contemporary artist-led space and registered charity, Project Space Leeds. Upon its move, the charity began operating as 'The Tetley'. The charity took on the specific brief of operating as a Leeds-equivalent to the Cornerhouse in Manchester and Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art in Gateshead.[1]The refurbishment of the building for the arts centre was overseen by the co-directors of Project Space Leeds, Pippa Hale and Kerry Harker, and Chris Walker of Esh Construction, with partial funding from the Arts Council England.[2]In January 2016 Bryony Bond, a former curator at the Whitworth Art Gallery in Manchester was appointed the new Creative Director of The Tetley.[3]The Tetley art space had a lease on the building until 2023.[4]Aire Park, a 24-acre mixed-use development which includes an 8-acre public park, is now being planned for the site surrounding the Tetley as part of the regeneration of the South Bank of Leeds.[5]In March 2024, Aire Park announced Kirkstall Brewery would be taking on the building.[6] Kirkstall Brewery plan to focus on renewing the site's status as \"a landmark of Yorkshire beer culture.\"[7]No longer leasing the Tetley building, the arts charity rebranded as Yorkshire Contemporary in May 2024, focusing on work in different locations across the region while seeking a new permanent home.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arts Council England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_England"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The gallery is one of Arts Council England's National Portfolio Organisations.[9]","title":"Programme"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cypriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Stass Paraskos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stass_Paraskos"},{"link_name":"Paraskos Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stass_Paraskos_Obscenity_Trial_1966"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2013-2016","text":"The Tetley's opening exhibitions involved a number of artists responding to the history and space of the new building under the general title 'A New Reality' (29 November 2013 to 1 July 2014). This included James Clarkson, Emma Rushton, Derek Tyman, Simon Lewandowski, Sam Belinfante and Rehana Zaman.[10] 'Painting in Time' (2015), presented contemporary painting and its relationship to other media, including work by artists such as Yoko Ono, Natasha Kidd, Claire Ashley, Jessica Warboys and Polly Appleborn.[11]An exhibition staged at the Tetley in 2016 recreated a controversial exhibition by the Cypriot artist Stass Paraskos, originally held in Leeds in 1966. Entitled 'Lovers and Romances' the original show at the Leeds Institute Gallery was closed down by the police and the artist charged with displaying obscene and corrupting images under the Vagrancy Acts of 1824 and 1838. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Goldstein | Frederick Goldstein | ["1 Education","2 Cricket in England","2.1 Oxford University","2.2 Northamptonshire and other English cricket","3 Cricket in South Africa","4 Outside cricket","4.1 Information technology","5 References","6 External links"] | Frederick GoldsteinPersonal informationFull nameFrederick Steven GoldsteinBorn(1944-10-14)14 October 1944Bulawayo, RhodesiaDied3 December 2017(2017-12-03) (aged 73)Claremont, Cape Town, South AfricaBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm off-spinDomestic team information
YearsTeam1966–1969Oxford University1969Northamptonshire1969–70 to 1970–71Transvaal1971–72 to 1977–78Western Province
Career statistics
Competition
First-class
List A
Matches
89
23
Runs scored
4810
509
Batting average
30.25
22.13
100s/50s
2/32
0/3
Top score
155
91
Balls bowled
120
–
Wickets
1
–
Bowling average
53.00
–
5 wickets in innings
–
–
10 wickets in match
–
–
Best bowling
1/3
–
Catches/stumpings
60/–
4/–Source: CricketArchive, 15 March 2014
Frederick Steven Goldstein (14 October 1944 – 3 December 2017) was a cricketer who played first-class cricket in England and South Africa from 1966 to 1977.
Education
After attending Falcon College in Rhodesia, Goldstein was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to St Edmund Hall, Oxford in 1965. He went on to win a first.
Cricket in England
Oxford University
A hard-hitting opening batsman, in his first match for Oxford University in the 1966 season Goldstein made 65 and 78 against Gloucestershire when no other Oxford batsman made more than 32. He later top-scored in both innings against Middlesex with 42 and 39. He played in the University match and finished the season with 583 runs at 34.29 in nine matches. Wisden noted that "Goldstein, in his first year, hit form straight away with an impressive combination of solid defence and enterprising strokes".
He was only moderately successful in 1967, but in a weak team his 572 runs at 22.83 in 12 matches was the second-highest aggregate. Wisden noted that he "again showed his strength as an efficient and brisk opener". His highest score was 66 against Somerset, a match in which he also took six catches.
In 1968 he captained the side, and in 14 matches scored 945 runs at 42.95. He finished ninth in the national batting averages. The highlight was his first century, 155 against Cambridge University at Lord's, scored in three and a half hours with 25 fours and three sixes. He made all 53 runs as the score advanced from 125 to 178, and when he was second man out, the score was only 206. He also scored 54 in the second innings, reaching his fifty in 52 minutes.
In 1969 he became only the fourth player in the twentieth century to captain Oxford in more than one season. He again led the batting, with 864 runs at 36.00. Wisden noted that he "on occasions gave the innings a thrilling start with his powerful hitting, but there were other times when he lost his wicket through attempting to be too aggressive when the situation demanded caution". His highest score was 87, fourth out at 121, against Warwickshire, which he equalled with a "blistering" innings of 87 against Kent. Other boisterous innings included 76 in pursuit of victory against Lancashire, when he hit three successive sixes off the bowling of Jack Simmons and was second out with the score on 92. He also captained a combined Oxford and Cambridge XI against the touring West Indies cricket team, scoring 78 in 80 minutes. He made 43 and 69 (with 14 fours) against Cambridge, but as in the 1968 University match he was unable to force victory in his final match for Oxford. In 47 matches for Oxford over four seasons he made 2964 runs at 34.06, with 21 scores of 50 or more but only one century.
Northamptonshire and other English cricket
In 1968 Goldstein played seven one-day matches for the International Cavaliers. After the 1969 university season he joined Northamptonshire. Opening the batting with Hylton Ackerman, he played 10 matches and scored 437 runs at 25.70 with a top score of 90 (out of a team total of 220) against Glamorgan. He also played ten matches for the county in the 40-over Player's County League, but scored only 138 runs in 10 innings.
Cricket in South Africa
Goldstein moved to South Africa after the 1969 season and played one match for Transvaal B in 1969–70. He played six first-class matches for Transvaal B and two for Transvaal in 1970–71, with a top score of 51. He opened the batting for Transvaal in the final of the 60-over Gillette Cup in 1970–71 and made 82.
He transferred to Western Province and played a few matches in 1971–72 and 1972–73. He top-scored with 77 in the final of the 1972–73 Gillette Cup, helping Western Province to victory. In 1973–74 he played his only full South African season, scoring 500 runs in nine first-class matches at 29.41. He scored 104, his second first-class century, in the Currie Cup against Natal, adding 175 for the second wicket with Hylton Ackerman.
He continued to play occasionally until 1977–78 with moderate success. He made his highest limited-overs score of 91 in the semi-final of the 1974–75 Gillette Cup to help Western Province into the final.
Outside cricket
Information technology
Goldstein worked at the University of Cape Town (UCT) Information Technology Department for many years, starting in 1971 as Senior Systems Programmer and becoming a professor. He was involved in the early days of the Internet in South Africa. As Director of the Information Technology Department, he provided support at a policy and strategic level to set up an internet link between UCT and Rhodes University in Grahamstown.
References
^ List of Rhodes Scholars Retrieved 15 March 2014.
^ Falcon Old Boys, D.E. Turner Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 15 March 2014.
^ Oxford University v Gloucestershire 1966
^ Oxford University v Middlesex 1966
^ Frederick Goldstein batting by season
^ Wisden 1967, p. 668.
^ Wisden 1968, pp. 676–77.
^ Oxford University v Somerset 1966
^ Wisden 1969, p. 672.
^ Wisden 1969, p. 273.
^ Oxford University v Cambridge University 1968
^ Wisden 1969, p. 334.
^ OUCC captains Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 15 March 2014.
^ Wisden 1970, pp. 736–37.
^ Oxford University v Warwickshire 1969
^ Wisden 1970, p. 744.
^ Wisden 1970, p. 738.
^ Wisden 1970, p. 297.
^ Wisden 1970, p. 349.
^ Frederick Goldstein batting by team
^ Frederick Goldstein miscellaneous matches
^ Wisden 1970, p. 499.
^ Northamptonshire v Glamorgan 1969
^ Northamptonshire batting, Player's County League 1969
^ Transvaal v Western Province 1970–71
^ Eastern Province v Western Province 1972–73
^ Frederick Goldstein batting by season
^ Natal v Western Province 1973–74
^ Eastern Province v Western Province 1974–75
^ Wilson, Craig. "South Africa's internet turns 20". The M&G Online. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
^ "The History of the Internet in South Africa". mybroadband.co.za. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
^ "Chris Pinkham: veteran of the virtual - TechCentral". TechCentral. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
External links
Frederick Goldstein at ESPNcricinfo
Frederick Goldstein at CricketArchive (subscription required) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"}],"text":"Frederick Steven Goldstein (14 October 1944 – 3 December 2017) was a cricketer who played first-class cricket in England and South Africa from 1966 to 1977.","title":"Frederick Goldstein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falcon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_College"},{"link_name":"Rhodes Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"St Edmund Hall, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edmund_Hall,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_honours"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"After attending Falcon College in Rhodesia, Goldstein was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to St Edmund Hall, Oxford in 1965.[1] He went on to win a first.[2]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cricket in England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"the University match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_Match_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wisden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisden_Cricketers%27_Almanack"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Jack Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Simmons_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"West Indies cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Oxford University","text":"A hard-hitting opening batsman, in his first match for Oxford University in the 1966 season Goldstein made 65 and 78 against Gloucestershire when no other Oxford batsman made more than 32.[3] He later top-scored in both innings against Middlesex with 42 and 39.[4] He played in the University match and finished the season with 583 runs at 34.29 in nine matches.[5] Wisden noted that \"Goldstein, in his first year, hit form straight away with an impressive combination of solid defence and enterprising strokes\".[6]He was only moderately successful in 1967, but in a weak team his 572 runs at 22.83 in 12 matches was the second-highest aggregate. Wisden noted that he \"again showed his strength as an efficient and brisk opener\".[7] His highest score was 66 against Somerset, a match in which he also took six catches.[8]In 1968 he captained the side, and in 14 matches scored 945 runs at 42.95.[9] He finished ninth in the national batting averages.[10] The highlight was his first century, 155 against Cambridge University at Lord's,[11] scored in three and a half hours with 25 fours and three sixes. He made all 53 runs as the score advanced from 125 to 178, and when he was second man out, the score was only 206. He also scored 54 in the second innings, reaching his fifty in 52 minutes.[12]In 1969 he became only the fourth player in the twentieth century to captain Oxford in more than one season.[13] He again led the batting, with 864 runs at 36.00. Wisden noted that he \"on occasions gave the innings a thrilling start with his powerful hitting, but there were other times when he lost his wicket through attempting to be too aggressive when the situation demanded caution\".[14] His highest score was 87, fourth out at 121, against Warwickshire,[15] which he equalled with a \"blistering\" innings of 87 against Kent.[16] Other boisterous innings included 76 in pursuit of victory against Lancashire, when he hit three successive sixes off the bowling of Jack Simmons and was second out with the score on 92.[17] He also captained a combined Oxford and Cambridge XI against the touring West Indies cricket team, scoring 78 in 80 minutes.[18] He made 43 and 69 (with 14 fours) against Cambridge, but as in the 1968 University match he was unable to force victory in his final match for Oxford.[19] In 47 matches for Oxford over four seasons he made 2964 runs at 34.06, with 21 scores of 50 or more but only one century.[20]","title":"Cricket in England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Hylton Ackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylton_Ackerman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Player's County League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player%27s_County_League"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Northamptonshire and other English cricket","text":"In 1968 Goldstein played seven one-day matches for the International Cavaliers.[21] After the 1969 university season he joined Northamptonshire. Opening the batting with Hylton Ackerman, he played 10 matches and scored 437 runs at 25.70[22] with a top score of 90 (out of a team total of 220) against Glamorgan.[23] He also played ten matches for the county in the 40-over Player's County League, but scored only 138 runs in 10 innings.[24]","title":"Cricket in England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transvaal B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauteng_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Gillette Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Cup_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Western Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Province_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Currie Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currie_Cup_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Goldstein moved to South Africa after the 1969 season and played one match for Transvaal B in 1969–70. He played six first-class matches for Transvaal B and two for Transvaal in 1970–71, with a top score of 51. He opened the batting for Transvaal in the final of the 60-over Gillette Cup in 1970–71 and made 82.[25]He transferred to Western Province and played a few matches in 1971–72 and 1972–73. He top-scored with 77 in the final of the 1972–73 Gillette Cup, helping Western Province to victory.[26] In 1973–74 he played his only full South African season, scoring 500 runs in nine first-class matches at 29.41.[27] He scored 104, his second first-class century, in the Currie Cup against Natal, adding 175 for the second wicket with Hylton Ackerman.[28]He continued to play occasionally until 1977–78 with moderate success. He made his highest limited-overs score of 91 in the semi-final of the 1974–75 Gillette Cup to help Western Province into the final.[29]","title":"Cricket in South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Outside cricket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Rhodes University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_University"},{"link_name":"Grahamstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Information technology","text":"Goldstein worked at the University of Cape Town (UCT) Information Technology Department for many years, starting in 1971 as Senior Systems Programmer and becoming a professor. He was involved in the early days of the Internet in South Africa. As Director of the Information Technology Department, he provided support at a policy and strategic level to set up an internet link between UCT and Rhodes University in Grahamstown.[30][31][32]","title":"Outside cricket"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Wilson, Craig. \"South Africa's internet turns 20\". The M&G Online. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2011-11-12-south-africas-internet-turns-20","url_text":"\"South Africa's internet turns 20\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of the Internet in South Africa\". mybroadband.co.za. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mybroadband.co.za/vb/showthread.php/329000-The-History-of-the-Internet-in-South-Africa","url_text":"\"The History of the Internet in South Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Pinkham: veteran of the virtual - TechCentral\". TechCentral. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcentral.co.za/chris-pinkham-veteran-of-the-virtual/25403/","url_text":"\"Chris Pinkham: veteran of the virtual - TechCentral\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2989/2989.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131106034818/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/about/rhodes-scholars/rhodes-scholars-complete-list","external_links_name":"List of Rhodes Scholars"},{"Link":"http://www.falconoldboys.com/index.php/wall-of-fame/fobituaries/det/","external_links_name":"Falcon Old Boys, D.E. Turner"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010032/http://www.falconoldboys.com/index.php/wall-of-fame/fobituaries/det/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/27/27988.html","external_links_name":"Oxford University v Gloucestershire 1966"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/28/28110.html","external_links_name":"Oxford University v Middlesex 1966"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2989/f_Batting_by_Season.html","external_links_name":"Frederick Goldstein batting by season"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/28/28697.html","external_links_name":"Oxford University v Somerset 1966"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/29/29551.html","external_links_name":"Oxford University v Cambridge University 1968"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketintheparks.org.uk/index.php/history-alumni/former-captains","external_links_name":"OUCC captains"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211121/http://www.cricketintheparks.org.uk/index.php/history-alumni/former-captains#","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/29/29977.html","external_links_name":"Oxford University v Warwickshire 1969"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2989/f_Batting_by_Team.html","external_links_name":"Frederick Goldstein batting by team"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2989/Miscellaneous_Matches.html","external_links_name":"Frederick Goldstein miscellaneous matches"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/30/30373.html","external_links_name":"Northamptonshire v Glamorgan 1969"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/Players_County_League_1969/Northamptonshire_Batting.html","external_links_name":"Northamptonshire batting, Player's County League 1969"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/31/31483.html","external_links_name":"Transvaal v Western Province 1970–71"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33128.html","external_links_name":"Eastern Province v Western Province 1972–73"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2989/f_Batting_by_Season.html","external_links_name":"Frederick Goldstein batting by season"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33818.html","external_links_name":"Natal v Western Province 1973–74"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/34/34919.html","external_links_name":"Eastern Province v Western Province 1974–75"},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2011-11-12-south-africas-internet-turns-20","external_links_name":"\"South Africa's internet turns 20\""},{"Link":"https://mybroadband.co.za/vb/showthread.php/329000-The-History-of-the-Internet-in-South-Africa","external_links_name":"\"The History of the Internet in South Africa\""},{"Link":"https://techcentral.co.za/chris-pinkham-veteran-of-the-virtual/25403/","external_links_name":"\"Chris Pinkham: veteran of the virtual - TechCentral\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/45237.html","external_links_name":"Frederick Goldstein"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2989/2989.html","external_links_name":"Frederick Goldstein"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Yukon_River | Steamboats of the Yukon River | ["1 Early history","2 Gold rush","3 Reorganization","4 List of vessels","5 See also","6 References","6.1 General References","7 External links"] | Steamer White Horse in Five Finger Rapids, Yukon
Steamboats on the Yukon River played a role in the development of Alaska and Yukon. Access to the interior of Alaska and Yukon was hindered by large mountains and distance, but the wide Yukon River provided a feasible route. The first steamers on the lower Yukon River were work boats for the Collins Overland Telegraph in 1866 or 1867, with a small steamer called Wilder. The mouth of the Yukon River is far to the west at St. Michael and a journey from Seattle or San Francisco covered some 4,000 miles (6,400 km).
Early history
Steamer Portus B. Weare on the Yukon, ca. 1895
There were a series of steamers owned by the Alaska Commercial Company: Yukon (screw propeller) of 1869, and St. Michael (stern wheel) of 1879.
Slowly the north was opened up with the help of river steamers. Portus B. Weare worked the river after 1892.
In 1897 there were 7 steamers operating in the Yukon, by 1899 there were 30.
Gold rush
Completion of the White Pass & Yukon Railroad at Bennett Lake, Yukon river, July 6, 1899.
In 1900, the White Pass & Yukon Route completed its railroad line between Skagway, Alaska and Whitehorse, Yukon. In 1901, the company entered the steamboat business to complete the service to points on the Yukon River. Beginning in 1901, the White Pass was almost the exclusive operator on the Upper Yukon River (Whitehorse–Dawson City). The service also included Tagish Lake and Atlin Lake, the headwaters of the Yukon River.
Reorganization
In 1914, White Pass took over the Northern Navigation Co., which was the biggest operator on the lower Yukon River (Dawson City–Tanana–St. Michael), and the biggest operator on the Tanana/Chena Rivers (Tanana–Nenana–Fairbanks). The Northern Navigation Co. had been formed by earlier mergers including the River Divisions of the Alaska Commercial Co., the Alaska Exploration Co., the Seattle–Yukon Transportation Co., the Empire Transportation Co., and the North American Transportation & Trading Co.
At its zenith, 1914–1921, White Pass served over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of rivers and lakes by boat and had a near-monopoly on public transportation in the region. Throughout its reign over the Yukon River and tributaries, the White Pass obtained 88 steamboats, some new, most from companies it took over. It inherited most of the boats of the former major operators on the Yukon River.
Steamer Hannah on Yukon River, at Eagle, Alaska, circa 1900.
White Pass boats which operated on the upper Yukon River generally were registered in Canada and were operated by a subsidiary known as the British Yukon Navigation Co. White Pass boats which operated on the Lower Yukon River generally were registered in the US and were operated by a subsidiary known as the American Yukon Navigation Co.
Beginning in 1922, most of the White Pass business on the Lower Yukon River and on the Tanana/Chena Rivers was eliminated by competition from the Alaskan Engineering Commission or “U.S. Government Railroad” (which was reorganized as The Alaska Railroad in 1923). After the U.S. Government Railroad reached Nenana in 1922, the White Pass cut back service on the Lower Yukon to between Dawson City and Tanana only, and on the Tanana River to between Tanana and Nenana only. The Alaska Railroad operated commercial boats on the Tanana River and on the Lower Yukon River from the 1923 reorganization until the end of 1953. On the Tanana River, the A.R.R. operated between Nenana and Tanana. On the Lower Yukon River, the A.R.R. operated between Tanana and Marshall, Alaska. The Alaska Railroad discontinued river passenger service at the end of the 1949 season. Connecting passenger service between Marshall and St. Michael was provided by the Northern Commercial Co., from 1923 to 1949, using the 45-foot 16-gross ton gasoline-powered screw propeller vessel Agulleit (U.S.A. #214487).
The Alaska Railroad ended its river freight operation and leased all of its river equipment to the Yutana Barge Line beginning in 1954. The A.R.R. sold its remaining river equipment to the Yutana Barge Line in 1980. The White Pass discontinued regular service on the Lower Yukon River and Tanana River at the end of the 1941 season. The White Pass was put out of the river business altogether by competition from the North Klondike Highway (Whitehorse–Dawson City) and the Atlin Road, which were completed in the early 1950s. Only one former White Pass boat remains operational, the diesel-powered Yukon Rose. One more is being considered for restoration, the gasoline-powered Loon.
SS Klondike, 2008
The last steamboat in regular service on the Lower Yukon River was the Nenana, in 1954. The last steamboat in regular service on the Upper Yukon River was Klondike (Klondike II), which made her last run on July 4, 1955. The last commercial steamboat to operate under its own power on the Yukon River was the Keno, from Whitehorse to Dawson City on August 26–29, 1960. It was an equipment run to move the boat for purposes of putting it on display at Dawson City. Keno, the second Klondike, and Nenana survive as museums.
List of vessels
List of steamboats on the Yukon River
See also
SS Klondike
Moyie (sternwheeler)
References
^ Holeski, Carolyn Jean; Holeski, Marlene Conger (1983). In search of gold: the Alaska journals of Horace S. Conger, 1898–1899. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Geographic Society. ISBN 0-88240-239-0.
^ The generally accepted source of the Yukon River is the Llewellyn Glacier, at the south end of Atlin Lake. Atlin Lake flows into Tagish Lake (via the Atlin River). Tagish Lake flows into Marsh Lake (via the Tagish River). The foot of Marsh Lake is where the Yukon River officially starts. Yukon River#Course, Atlin Provincial Park and Recreation Area#Conservation
General References
Adams, Charles W. (2002). A Cheechako Goes to the Klondike. Alaska Heritage Library.
Affleck, Edward L. (2000). A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon and Alaska. Alexander Nicolls Press.
Alig, Joyce L. (2001). Old Gold Rush to Alaska Diaries of 1898–1900. Mercer County Historical Society.
Anderson, Barry C. (1983). Lifeline to the Yukon: A History of Yukon River Navigation. Superior Publishing Co.
Bennett, Gordon (1978). Yukon Transportation: A History. Canadian Historic Sites (Occasional Paper No. 19).
California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Downs, Art (1992). British Columbia–Yukon Sternwheel Days. Heritage House Publishing Co.
Ferrell, Nancy Warren (2008). White Water Skippers of the North: The Barringtons. Hancock House.
Hedrick, Basil and Susan Savage (1988). Steamboats on the Chena. Epicenter Press.
Kitchener, Lois D. (1954). Flag Over the North. Superior Publishing Co.
Knutson, Arthur E. (1990). "Can We Do It?" "Hell, We Gotta!" , available through Alaska State Museum
Knutson, Arthur E. (1979) Sternwheels on the Yukon, available through Alaska State Museum
Newell, Gordon, ed. (1966). The H. W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Superior Publishing Co.
Motherwell, John L. (2012). Gold Rush Steamboats: Francis Rattenbury's Yukon Venture. John L. Motherwell.
Wright, E. W. (ed.) (1895). Lewis and Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest]. Lewis & Dryden Printing Co. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
External links
White Pass & Yukon Route / BYN British Yukon Navigation Steamboats
Yukon riverboat captains
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yukon River steamboats.
vteYukon River steamboatsWhite Pass & Yukon Route boats
Columbian
Dalton
Keno
Klondike (1921-1936)
Klondike (1936-1950)
Moran sternwheelers
D.R. Campbell
Alaska Railroad boats
Nenana
Other boats
A. J. Goddard
Moran sternwheelers
D.R. Campbell | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"Yukon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_River"},{"link_name":"Collins Overland Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_Overland_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"St. Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael,_Alaska"}],"text":"Steamboats on the Yukon River played a role in the development of Alaska and Yukon. Access to the interior of Alaska and Yukon was hindered by large mountains and distance, but the wide Yukon River provided a feasible route. The first steamers on the lower Yukon River were work boats for the Collins Overland Telegraph in 1866 or 1867, with a small steamer called Wilder. The mouth of the Yukon River is far to the west at St. Michael and a journey from Seattle or San Francisco covered some 4,000 miles (6,400 km).","title":"Steamboats of the Yukon River"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steamer_Portus_B._Weare_on_the_Yukon_River.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alaska Commercial Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Commercial_Company"},{"link_name":"Portus B. Weare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portus_B._Weare_(steamship)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Steamer Portus B. Weare on the Yukon, ca. 1895There were a series of steamers owned by the Alaska Commercial Company: Yukon (screw propeller) of 1869, and St. Michael (stern wheel) of 1879.\nSlowly the north was opened up with the help of river steamers. Portus B. Weare worked the river after 1892.\nIn 1897 there were 7 steamers operating in the Yukon, by 1899 there were 30.[1]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Driving_the_last_spike_of_the_White_Pass_%26_Yukon_Railroad_at_Bennett_Lake,_British_Columbia,_July_6,_1899_(HEGG_672).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Bennett Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Lake"},{"link_name":"White Pass & Yukon Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Pass_%26_Yukon_Route"},{"link_name":"Skagway, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Tagish Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagish_Lake"},{"link_name":"Atlin Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlin_Lake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Headwaters-2"}],"text":"Completion of the White Pass & Yukon Railroad at Bennett Lake, Yukon river, July 6, 1899.In 1900, the White Pass & Yukon Route completed its railroad line between Skagway, Alaska and Whitehorse, Yukon. In 1901, the company entered the steamboat business to complete the service to points on the Yukon River. Beginning in 1901, the White Pass was almost the exclusive operator on the Upper Yukon River (Whitehorse–Dawson City). The service also included Tagish Lake and Atlin Lake, the headwaters of the Yukon River.[2]","title":"Gold rush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanana,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Tanana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanana_River"},{"link_name":"Chena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chena_River"},{"link_name":"Nenana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenana,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steamer_landing_and_rocky_bluff_on_Yukon_River,_at_Eagle,_Alaska.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yukon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_River"},{"link_name":"Eagle, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"The Alaska Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Marshall, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Northern Commercial Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Commercial_Company"},{"link_name":"North Klondike Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Highway#North_Klondike_Highway"},{"link_name":"Atlin Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlin_Road"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SS_Klondike_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nenana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenana_(steamer)"},{"link_name":"Klondike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Klondike"},{"link_name":"Keno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Keno"}],"text":"In 1914, White Pass took over the Northern Navigation Co., which was the biggest operator on the lower Yukon River (Dawson City–Tanana–St. Michael), and the biggest operator on the Tanana/Chena Rivers (Tanana–Nenana–Fairbanks). The Northern Navigation Co. had been formed by earlier mergers including the River Divisions of the Alaska Commercial Co., the Alaska Exploration Co., the Seattle–Yukon Transportation Co., the Empire Transportation Co., and the North American Transportation & Trading Co.At its zenith, 1914–1921, White Pass served over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of rivers and lakes by boat and had a near-monopoly on public transportation in the region. Throughout its reign over the Yukon River and tributaries, the White Pass obtained 88 steamboats, some new, most from companies it took over. It inherited most of the boats of the former major operators on the Yukon River.Steamer Hannah on Yukon River, at Eagle, Alaska, circa 1900.White Pass boats which operated on the upper Yukon River generally were registered in Canada and were operated by a subsidiary known as the British Yukon Navigation Co. White Pass boats which operated on the Lower Yukon River generally were registered in the US and were operated by a subsidiary known as the American Yukon Navigation Co.Beginning in 1922, most of the White Pass business on the Lower Yukon River and on the Tanana/Chena Rivers was eliminated by competition from the Alaskan Engineering Commission or “U.S. Government Railroad” (which was reorganized as The Alaska Railroad in 1923). After the U.S. Government Railroad reached Nenana in 1922, the White Pass cut back service on the Lower Yukon to between Dawson City and Tanana only, and on the Tanana River to between Tanana and Nenana only. The Alaska Railroad operated commercial boats on the Tanana River and on the Lower Yukon River from the 1923 reorganization until the end of 1953. On the Tanana River, the A.R.R. operated between Nenana and Tanana. On the Lower Yukon River, the A.R.R. operated between Tanana and Marshall, Alaska. The Alaska Railroad discontinued river passenger service at the end of the 1949 season. Connecting passenger service between Marshall and St. Michael was provided by the Northern Commercial Co., from 1923 to 1949, using the 45-foot 16-gross ton gasoline-powered screw propeller vessel Agulleit (U.S.A. #214487).The Alaska Railroad ended its river freight operation and leased all of its river equipment to the Yutana Barge Line beginning in 1954. The A.R.R. sold its remaining river equipment to the Yutana Barge Line in 1980. The White Pass discontinued regular service on the Lower Yukon River and Tanana River at the end of the 1941 season. The White Pass was put out of the river business altogether by competition from the North Klondike Highway (Whitehorse–Dawson City) and the Atlin Road, which were completed in the early 1950s. Only one former White Pass boat remains operational, the diesel-powered Yukon Rose. One more is being considered for restoration, the gasoline-powered Loon.SS Klondike, 2008The last steamboat in regular service on the Lower Yukon River was the Nenana, in 1954. The last steamboat in regular service on the Upper Yukon River was Klondike (Klondike II), which made her last run on July 4, 1955. The last commercial steamboat to operate under its own power on the Yukon River was the Keno, from Whitehorse to Dawson City on August 26–29, 1960. It was an equipment run to move the boat for purposes of putting it on display at Dawson City. Keno, the second Klondike, and Nenana survive as museums.","title":"Reorganization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of steamboats on the Yukon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steamboats_on_the_Yukon_River"}],"text":"List of steamboats on the Yukon River","title":"List of vessels"}] | [{"image_text":"Steamer White Horse in Five Finger Rapids, Yukon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1920_Steamboat_on_the_Yukon_River.jpg/260px-1920_Steamboat_on_the_Yukon_River.jpg"},{"image_text":"Steamer Portus B. Weare on the Yukon, ca. 1895","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Steamer_Portus_B._Weare_on_the_Yukon_River.jpg/220px-Steamer_Portus_B._Weare_on_the_Yukon_River.jpg"},{"image_text":"Completion of the White Pass & Yukon Railroad at Bennett Lake, Yukon river, July 6, 1899.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Driving_the_last_spike_of_the_White_Pass_%26_Yukon_Railroad_at_Bennett_Lake%2C_British_Columbia%2C_July_6%2C_1899_%28HEGG_672%29.jpeg/220px-Driving_the_last_spike_of_the_White_Pass_%26_Yukon_Railroad_at_Bennett_Lake%2C_British_Columbia%2C_July_6%2C_1899_%28HEGG_672%29.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Steamer Hannah on Yukon River, at Eagle, Alaska, circa 1900.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Steamer_landing_and_rocky_bluff_on_Yukon_River%2C_at_Eagle%2C_Alaska.jpg/260px-Steamer_landing_and_rocky_bluff_on_Yukon_River%2C_at_Eagle%2C_Alaska.jpg"},{"image_text":"SS Klondike, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SS_Klondike_02.jpg/220px-SS_Klondike_02.jpg"}] | [{"title":"SS Klondike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Klondike"},{"title":"Moyie (sternwheeler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyie_(sternwheeler)"}] | [{"reference":"Holeski, [ed. by] Carolyn Jean; Holeski, Marlene Conger (1983). In search of gold: the Alaska journals of Horace S. Conger, 1898–1899. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Geographic Society. ISBN 0-88240-239-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88240-239-0","url_text":"0-88240-239-0"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Charles W. (2002). A Cheechako Goes to the Klondike. Alaska Heritage Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Affleck, Edward L. (2000). A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon and Alaska. Alexander Nicolls Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Alig, Joyce L. (2001). Old Gold Rush to Alaska Diaries of 1898–1900. Mercer County Historical Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Anderson, Barry C. (1983). Lifeline to the Yukon: A History of Yukon River Navigation. Superior Publishing Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bennett, Gordon (1978). Yukon Transportation: A History. Canadian Historic Sites (Occasional Paper No. 19).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Downs, Art (1992). British Columbia–Yukon Sternwheel Days. Heritage House Publishing Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ferrell, Nancy Warren (2008). White Water Skippers of the North: The Barringtons. Hancock House.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hedrick, Basil and Susan Savage (1988). Steamboats on the Chena. Epicenter Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kitchener, Lois D. (1954). Flag Over the North. Superior Publishing Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Newell, Gordon, ed. (1966). The H. W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Superior Publishing Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Motherwell, John L. (2012). Gold Rush Steamboats: Francis Rattenbury's Yukon Venture. John L. Motherwell.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wright, E. W. (ed.) (1895). Lewis and Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest]. Lewis & Dryden Printing Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_seRDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Lewis and Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest]"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cdnc/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=q","external_links_name":"California Digital Newspaper Collection"},{"Link":"http://cdnc.ucr.edu/","external_links_name":"Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_seRDAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Lewis and Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest]"},{"Link":"http://www.whitepassfan.net/whitepass/ships/steamboats/index.html","external_links_name":"White Pass & Yukon Route / BYN British Yukon Navigation Steamboats"},{"Link":"http://www.users.muohio.edu/greenje/#Z","external_links_name":"Yukon riverboat captains"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Havock_(H43) | HMS Havock (H43) | ["1 Description","1.1 Wartime modifications","2 Construction and career","2.1 World War II","3 References","4 Sources","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 36°52′18″N 11°8′24″E / 36.87167°N 11.14000°E / 36.87167; 11.14000H-class destroyer of the Royal Navy
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Havock.
Sister ship HMS Hasty
History
United Kingdom
NameHavock
BuilderWilliam Denny & Brothers, Dumbarton
Laid down15 May 1935
LaunchedJuly 1936
Completed16 January 1937
IdentificationPennant number: H43
FateRan aground and wrecked, 6 April 1942
General characteristics as built
Class and typeH-class destroyer
Displacement
1,350 long tons (1,370 t) (standard)
1,883 long tons (1,913 t) (deep load)
Length323 ft (98.5 m)
Beam33 ft (10.1 m)
Draught12 ft 5 in (3.8 m)
Installed power
34,000 shp (25,000 kW)
3 Admiralty 3-drum boilers
Propulsion2 shafts, 2 geared steam turbines
Speed36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph)
Range5,530 nmi (10,240 km; 6,360 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Complement137 (peacetime), 146 (wartime)
Sensors and processing systemsASDIC
Armament
4 × single 4.7 in (120 mm) guns
2 × quadruple 0.5 in (12.7 mm) AA machineguns
2 × quadruple 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes
20 × depth charges, 1 rail and 2 throwers
HMS Havock was an H-class destroyer built for the British Royal Navy in the mid-1930s. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, the ship enforced the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides as part of the Mediterranean Fleet. During the first few months of the Second World War, Havock searched for German commerce raiders in the Atlantic Ocean and participated in the First Battle of Narvik during the Norwegian Campaign of April–June 1940 before she was transferred back to the Mediterranean Fleet in May where she escorted a number of convoys to Malta. The ship took part in the Battle of Cape Spada in July 1940, the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941 and the evacuation of Greece in April 1941. She was damaged during the Battle of Crete the following month, but participated in the Syria–Lebanon Campaign in June.
Havock began escorting supply convoys in June to Tobruk, Libya until the ship was damaged in October. She was repaired in time to escort a convoy to Malta during the First Battle of Sirte in December and was badly damaged by the Italian battleship Littorio whilst protecting another convoy during the Second Battle of Sirte in March 1942. Repairs were attempted in Malta, but the ship was further damaged in an air raid in early April. The Admiralty decided that further attempts to repair her at Malta were pointless and ordered her to Gibraltar for permanent repairs. On 6 April, while on passage to Gibraltar, Havock ran aground near Cape Bon, Tunisia, and her crew was interned by the Vichy French at Laghouat in the Sahara.
Description
Havock displaced 1,350 long tons (1,370 t) at standard load and 1,883 long tons (1,913 t) at deep load. The ship had an overall length of 323 feet (98.5 m), a beam of 33 feet (10.1 m) and a draught of 12 feet 5 inches (3.8 m). She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of 34,000 shaft horsepower (25,000 kW) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph). Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3-drum boilers. Havock carried a maximum of 470 long tons (480 t) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5,530 nautical miles (10,240 km; 6,360 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). The ship's complement was 137 officers and ratings in peacetime, but this increased to 146 in wartime.
The ship mounted four 45-calibre 4.7-inch Mk IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, Havock had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the Vickers 0.5 in (12.7 mm) AA machineguns. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21-inch torpedoes. One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted; 20 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began. By mid-1940, this had increased to 44 depth charges.
Wartime modifications
Most ships of Havock's class had the rear torpedo tubes replaced by a 12-pounder AA gun after the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940, but it is not clear if she received this modification. Other changes may have included exchanging her two quadruple 0.50-calibre Vickers machine gun mounts between her funnels for two 20-millimeter (0.8 in) Oerlikon AA guns, the addition of two Oerlikon guns to her searchlight platform and another pair on the wings of the bridge.
Construction and career
Bartolomeo Colleoni seen from Havock
Ordered on 13 December 1934 from William Denny & Brothers, Havock was laid down at their shipyard at Dumbarton, Scotland on 15 May 1935. She was launched on 7 July 1936 and completed on 16 January 1937. Excluding government-furnished equipment like the armament, the ship cost £248,470.
Havock was assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet upon commissioning. She patrolled Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War enforcing the policies of the Non-Intervention Committee. On the night of 31 August/1 September 1937, she was unsuccessfully attacked by the Italian submarine Iride with torpedoes, between the Gulf of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The ship was refitted in Gibraltar between 19 October and 13 November and required repairs between 16 April and 6 May 1938 after hitting the stone side of a quay. Havock was given a brief refit at Sheerness Dockyard between 15 and 26 August 1939 before returning to Gibraltar.
World War II
The ship sailed to Freetown, Sierra Leone on 30 August and arrived on 4 September to search for German commerce raiders. She was transferred back to the UK in November for a more thorough refit at Sheerness between 18 December and 23 March 1940. In the meantime, the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla had been assigned to the Home Fleet and Havock rejoined them when her refit was finished. On 6 April Havock and the rest of the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla escorted the four destroyer minelayers of the 20th Destroyer Flotilla as they sailed to implement Operation Wilfred, an operation to lay mines in the Vestfjord to prevent the transport of Swedish iron ore from Narvik to Germany. The mines were laid on the early morning of 8 April, before the Germans began their invasion, and the destroyers joined the battlecruiser Renown and her escorts.
During the First Battle of Narvik on 10 April 1940, Havock and four other H-class ships of the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla attacked the German destroyers that had transported German troops to occupy Narvik in northern Norway the previous day. The flotilla leader Hardy led four of her half-sisters down Ofotfjord in a surprise dawn attack on Narvik harbour during a blinding snowstorm. Hotspur and Hostile were initially left at the entrance, but Havock was third into the harbour and fired five of her torpedoes into the mass of shipping. One torpedo hit the German destroyer Z22 Anton Schmitt in the stern. In addition, the ship hit Z18 Hans Lüdemann twice with 4.7-inch (120 mm) shells. As the British ships were withdrawing, they encountered five German destroyers at close range. Two of the German ships crossed the T of the British ships and quickly set Hardy on fire and forced her to run aground. Havock was next in line and fired torpedoes at the German destroyers, but they all missed. She was hit in return, but not significantly damaged. In the confusion and limited visibility, Havock pulled out of the line to find out what happened to Hardy and to protect the rear of the British formation from the other three German destroyers in pursuit, but then had to then to turn again to allow her rear guns to fire when her forward guns failed. Havock and Hostile turned back to protect their badly damaged sister, Hotspur, and all three continued to withdraw down the Ofotfjord. En route, they encountered the German supply ship Rauenfels, loaded with artillery and ammunition, whose crew ran her aground and abandoned ship after Hostile fired at the ship. A boarding party from Havock found the ship on fire and she blew up after the ship fired two shells into her. The ship remained in Norwegian waters until May, when she escorted the light cruiser Birmingham on an unsuccessful sweep of the North Sea looking for German ships, early in the month.
Havock was assigned to the Nore Command shortly afterwards and bombarded German troops occupying Waalhaven Airfield on 10 May together with her sister Hyperion. She rescued survivors from the sunken ferry Prinses Juliana off the Dutch coast and returned them to the Hook of Holland where she recovered a number of British demolition parties. On 16 May, the ship was ordered to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet at Malta and was assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla. During the Battle of Cape Spada on 19 July, the ship escorted the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and rescued some of the 525 survivors from the Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni together with the other escorting destroyers. Her boiler room was flooded after an attack by Italian aircraft after this battle and she was repaired at Suez from 29 July to 15 September. Havock and her sister Hasty surprised the Italian submarine Berillo on the surface on 2 October off the coast of Egypt and forced her to scuttle herself. The destroyers rescued 47 survivors between them.
Havock was engaged on escort duties for the next six months, including escorting the carrier Illustrious during the Battle of Taranto on the night of 11/12 November, aside from a refit in Malta from 22 December to 20 February 1941. During the Battle of Cape Matapan, she torpedoed and sank the Italian destroyer Vittorio Alfieri on 28 March. The ship evacuated Commonwealth troops from Greece at the end of April and was one of three destroyers escorting the light cruiser Ajax when they bombarded Benghazi on the night of 7/8 May. Havock was damaged by dive bombers on 23 May, killing 15 and wounding 10 men, after a patrol off Heraklion, Crete. She was under repair at Alexandria until 16 June. The ship bombarded Vichy French positions in Lebanon in early July and then began escorting ships to Tobruk until October when her propeller shafts and propellers were damaged. Havock was under repair from 21 October to 4 December at Alexandria.
In mid-December, the ship escorted the supply ship Breconshire to Malta during the brief engagement known as First Battle of Sirte and then joined Force K in an attempt to intercept an Italian convoy to Tripoli, Libya. On the night of 18/19 December, the reinforced Force K ran over an Italian minefield that sank one cruiser and damaged two others. Havock escorted the badly damaged light cruiser Aurora back to Malta. Havock was one of four destroyers that escorted Breconshire back to Alexandria in early January 1942. Whilst escorting another convoy to Malta, the ship was diverted to escort the damaged freighter Thermoplylae from Benghazi back to Alexandria but the latter was attacked and sunk en route by Axis aircraft on 19 January. Havock rescued some 350 survivors before Thermoplylae sank. The ship was transferred to the 22nd Destroyer Flotilla in February and continued to escort convoys to Malta. On 22 March 1942, several splinters from a 15-inch (38 cm) near miss from the Italian battleship Littorio perforated one of her boilers during the Second Battle of Sirte, killing eight men. Havock was forced to make for Malta for repairs. Whilst in dock, the ship was a target for Axis aircraft and sustained some damage on 3 April and was ordered to Gibraltar before her repairs were complete. Havock ran aground off Kelibia, Tunisia, in the Strait of Sicily on 6 April and was wrecked, with one crewman killed in the incident. Her crew and passengers were interned by the Vichy French at Laghouat in the Sahara but were released in November as a result of Operation Torch. Her wreck was later torpedoed by the Italian submarine Aradam.
References
^ a b Whitley, p. 109
^ English, pp. 89, 102
^ English, p. 141
^ Friedman, p. 235
^ Lenton, pp. 160–161
^ English, pp. 102–103
^ a b English, p. 105
^ Haarr, pp. 65, 308, 337
^ Haarr, pp. 340–348
^ Rohwer, pp. 21, 23
^ a b English, pp. 104–106
^ Rohwer, p. 52
^ a b c d e f English, p. 106
^ O'Hara, pp. 96–97
^ UK, Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 82, 98
^ Shores, Cull & Malizi, p. 409
^ Rohwer, p. 78
^ UK, Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 220–24
^ Rohwer, p. 136
^ O'Hara, p. 166
^ IWM interview of John Laraway on 28 November 2001 at iwm.org.uk (web site of the Imperial War Museum), accessed 6 July 2013
^ Rohwer, p. 157
Sources
English, John (1993). Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s. Kendal, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-64-9.
Friedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-081-8.
Haarr, Geirr H. (2009). The German Invasion of Norway, April 1940. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-310-9.
Lenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-048-7.
O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-648-3.
Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian & Malizia, Nicola (1987). Air War for Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-07-0.
The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: November 1940 – December 1941. Whitehall Histories, Naval Staff Histories. Vol. II (Whitehall History in association with Frank Cass ed.). London: United Kingdom, Admiralty Historical Section. 2002. ISBN 0-7146-5205-9.
Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.
Further reading
Roskill, S. W. (1956). The Period of Balance. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. II. London: HMSO. pp. 58, 339. OCLC 174453986. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
External links
IWM Interview with survivor Harry Jenkins
vteG- and H-class destroyers Royal NavyG class
Grenville
Glowworm
Greyhound
Griffin
Grafton
Gallant
Garland
Gipsy
Grenade
H class
Hardy
Hostile
Hunter
Hereward
Hero
Hotspur
Hyperion
Hasty
Havock
Havant class
Havant (ex-Javary)
Hearty / Hesperus (ex-Juruena)
Handy / Harvester (ex-Jurua)
Hurricane (ex-Japura)
Havelock (ex-Jutahy)
Highlander (ex-Jaguaribe)
Argentine NavyBuenos Aires class
Buenos Aires
Entre Ríos
Corrientes
San Juan
San Luis
Misiones
Santa Cruz
Brazilian NavyAcre class
Acre
Ajuricaba
Amazonas
Apa
Araguary
Araguaya
Jurua class
Japura
Javary
Jaguaribe
Jurua
Juruena
Jutahy
Royal Hellenic Navy
Vasilefs Georgios
Vasilissa Olga
Vasilefs KonstantinosX
Vasilissa SofiaX
Other operators Royal Canadian NavyPart of Canadian River class
Chaudière (ex-Hero)
Ottawa (ex-Griffin)
Dominican Navy
Trujillo / Duarte (ex-Hotspur)
Kriegsmarine
Hermes (ex-Vasilefs Georgios)
Royal Netherlands Navy
Garland / Marnix
Polish Navy
Garland
Preceded by: F class
Followed by: I class
X
Cancelled
List of destroyer classes of the Royal Navy
List of destroyers of the Argentine Navy
List of destroyers of the Brazilian Navy
List of destroyers of the Royal Hellenic Navy
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in April 1942Shipwrecks
1 Apr: Giovanni delle Bande Nere, HMS P36, HMS Pandora, Skytteren, Storsten
2 Apr: David H. Atwater, Tiger
3 Apr: Shaumyan
5 Apr: HMS Abingdon, SS Catahoula, HMS Cornwall, HMS Dorsetshire, Empire Beacon, HMS Hector, HMS Tenedos
6 Apr: HMS Havock, HMIS Indus
7 Apr: Lancing
8 Apr: USS Dewey, Byron D. Benson, Shch-421, HMT Svana
9 Apr: Q-112 Apra, HMS Hermes, HMS Hollyhock, HMS Lance, Q-111 Luzon, USS Napa, Sagaing, HMAS Vampire
10 Apr: USS Canopus
11 Apr: Empire Cowper, USS Finch, HMS Kingston
13 Apr: El Occidente, Empire Amethyst
14 Apr: Benwood, Margaret, U-85, U-252, HMS Upholder
20 Apr: Empire Dryden
22 Apr: San Jacinto, , SS Connecticut
23 Apr: Lammot Du Pont
24 Apr: Empire Drum
26 Apr: USS Sturtevant
29 Apr: HMS Urge
30 Apr: Ashkhabad
Unknown date: U-702
Other incidents
2 Apr: Tiger
3 Apr: Tobruk
5 Apr: HMS Gallant
6 Apr: Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya
7 Apr: Angelo Bassini
8 Apr: USCGC Legare, USS Mackerel
9 Apr: Benwood
10 Apr: USS Finch, USS Uranus
11 Apr: Gulfamerica
14 Apr: USS Mackerel
20 Apr: HMS Cotswold, USS Flying Fish
21 Apr: Akitsushima
30 Apr: HMS Edinburgh
1941 1942 1943 March 1942 May 1942
36°52′18″N 11°8′24″E / 36.87167°N 11.14000°E / 36.87167; 11.14000 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"HMS Havock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Havock"},{"link_name":"H-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_and_H-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"commerce raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_raider"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Narvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Narvik"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"convoys to Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Convoys"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Spada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Matapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Syria–Lebanon Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Tobruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Sirte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sirte"},{"link_name":"Littorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_battleship_Littorio"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Sirte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sirte"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Cape Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Bon"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Vichy French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Laghouat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laghouat_prison_camp"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"}],"text":"H-class destroyer of the Royal NavyFor other ships with the same name, see HMS Havock.HMS Havock was an H-class destroyer built for the British Royal Navy in the mid-1930s. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, the ship enforced the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides as part of the Mediterranean Fleet. During the first few months of the Second World War, Havock searched for German commerce raiders in the Atlantic Ocean and participated in the First Battle of Narvik during the Norwegian Campaign of April–June 1940 before she was transferred back to the Mediterranean Fleet in May where she escorted a number of convoys to Malta. The ship took part in the Battle of Cape Spada in July 1940, the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941 and the evacuation of Greece in April 1941. She was damaged during the Battle of Crete the following month, but participated in the Syria–Lebanon Campaign in June.Havock began escorting supply convoys in June to Tobruk, Libya until the ship was damaged in October. She was repaired in time to escort a convoy to Malta during the First Battle of Sirte in December and was badly damaged by the Italian battleship Littorio whilst protecting another convoy during the Second Battle of Sirte in March 1942. Repairs were attempted in Malta, but the ship was further damaged in an air raid in early April. The Admiralty decided that further attempts to repair her at Malta were pointless and ordered her to Gibraltar for permanent repairs. On 6 April, while on passage to Gibraltar, Havock ran aground near Cape Bon, Tunisia, and her crew was interned by the Vichy French at Laghouat in the Sahara.","title":"HMS Havock (H43)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"deep load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_load"},{"link_name":"overall length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_Marine_Steam_Turbine_Company"},{"link_name":"steam turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"shaft horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Admiralty 3-drum boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_3-drum_boiler"},{"link_name":"fuel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_rating"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w78-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"calibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"4.7-inch Mk IX guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.7_inch_QF_Mark_XII"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"Vickers 0.5 in (12.7 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_.50_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"AA machineguns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_machinegun"},{"link_name":"torpedo tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"21-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_21_inch_torpedo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w78-1"},{"link_name":"depth charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Havock displaced 1,350 long tons (1,370 t) at standard load and 1,883 long tons (1,913 t) at deep load. The ship had an overall length of 323 feet (98.5 m), a beam of 33 feet (10.1 m) and a draught of 12 feet 5 inches (3.8 m). She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of 34,000 shaft horsepower (25,000 kW) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph). Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3-drum boilers. Havock carried a maximum of 470 long tons (480 t) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5,530 nautical miles (10,240 km; 6,360 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). The ship's complement was 137 officers and ratings in peacetime,[1] but this increased to 146 in wartime.[2]The ship mounted four 45-calibre 4.7-inch Mk IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, Havock had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the Vickers 0.5 in (12.7 mm) AA machineguns. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21-inch torpedoes.[1] One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted; 20 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began.[3] By mid-1940, this had increased to 44 depth charges.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"12-pounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_12_pounder_12_cwt_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"AA gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_gun"},{"link_name":"evacuation of Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_of_Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"20-millimeter (0.8 in) Oerlikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon"},{"link_name":"searchlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searchlight"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Wartime modifications","text":"Most ships of Havock's class had the rear torpedo tubes replaced by a 12-pounder AA gun after the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940, but it is not clear if she received this modification. Other changes may have included exchanging her two quadruple 0.50-calibre Vickers machine gun mounts between her funnels for two 20-millimeter (0.8 in) Oerlikon AA guns, the addition of two Oerlikon guns to her searchlight platform and another pair on the wings of the bridge.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLONIE_taken_from_HMAS_HAVOK_(26767530713).jpg"},{"link_name":"William Denny & Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Denny_%26_Brothers"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2nd Destroyer Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Destroyer_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"Non-Intervention Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Intervention_Committee"},{"link_name":"Italian submarine Iride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_submarine_Iride"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quay"},{"link_name":"Sheerness Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheerness"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e5-7"}],"text":"Bartolomeo Colleoni seen from HavockOrdered on 13 December 1934 from William Denny & Brothers, Havock was laid down at their shipyard at Dumbarton, Scotland on 15 May 1935. She was launched on 7 July 1936 and completed on 16 January 1937. Excluding government-furnished equipment like the armament, the ship cost £248,470.[6]Havock was assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet upon commissioning. She patrolled Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War enforcing the policies of the Non-Intervention Committee. On the night of 31 August/1 September 1937, she was unsuccessfully attacked by the Italian submarine Iride with torpedoes, between the Gulf of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The ship was refitted in Gibraltar between 19 October and 13 November and required repairs between 16 April and 6 May 1938 after hitting the stone side of a quay. Havock was given a brief refit at Sheerness Dockyard between 15 and 26 August 1939 before returning to Gibraltar.[7]","title":"Construction and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e5-7"},{"link_name":"minelayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minelayer"},{"link_name":"20th Destroyer Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th_Destroyer_Flotilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Operation Wilfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wilfred"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"Vestfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestfjorden_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"Narvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narvik"},{"link_name":"battlecruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"Renown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Renown_(1916)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"flotilla leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotilla_leader"},{"link_name":"Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hardy_(H87)"},{"link_name":"half-sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"Ofotfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofotfjord"},{"link_name":"Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hotspur_(H01)"},{"link_name":"Hostile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hostile_(H55)"},{"link_name":"German destroyer Z22 Anton Schmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_destroyer_Z22_Anton_Schmitt"},{"link_name":"Z18 Hans Lüdemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_destroyer_Z18_Hans_L%C3%BCdemann"},{"link_name":"crossed the T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_T"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"light cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Birmingham_(C19)"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nore Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nore_Command"},{"link_name":"Waalhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waalhaven"},{"link_name":"Hyperion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hyperion_(H97)"},{"link_name":"HMAS Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(D48)"},{"link_name":"Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Bartolomeo_Colleoni"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez"},{"link_name":"Hasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hasty_(H24)"},{"link_name":"Italian submarine Berillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_submarine_Berillo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e14-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e14-11"},{"link_name":"Illustrious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Illustrious_(87)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e6-13"},{"link_name":"Italian destroyer Vittorio Alfieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_destroyer_Vittorio_Alfieri"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"evacuated Commonwealth troops from Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greece#Evacuation_of_Commonwealth_forces"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ajax_(22)"},{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Heraklion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklion"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e6-13"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e6-13"},{"link_name":"Breconshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Breconshire"},{"link_name":"Force K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_K"},{"link_name":"Tripoli, Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Aurora_(12)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e6-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e6-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kelibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelibia"},{"link_name":"Strait of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Vichy French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Operation Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e6-13"},{"link_name":"Aradam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_submarine_Aradam"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"The ship sailed to Freetown, Sierra Leone on 30 August and arrived on 4 September to search for German commerce raiders. She was transferred back to the UK in November for a more thorough refit at Sheerness between 18 December and 23 March 1940. In the meantime, the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla had been assigned to the Home Fleet and Havock rejoined them when her refit was finished.[7] On 6 April Havock and the rest of the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla escorted the four destroyer minelayers of the 20th Destroyer Flotilla as they sailed to implement Operation Wilfred, an operation to lay mines in the Vestfjord to prevent the transport of Swedish iron ore from Narvik to Germany. The mines were laid on the early morning of 8 April, before the Germans began their invasion, and the destroyers joined the battlecruiser Renown and her escorts.[8]During the First Battle of Narvik on 10 April 1940, Havock and four other H-class ships of the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla attacked the German destroyers that had transported German troops to occupy Narvik in northern Norway the previous day. The flotilla leader Hardy led four of her half-sisters down Ofotfjord in a surprise dawn attack on Narvik harbour during a blinding snowstorm. Hotspur and Hostile were initially left at the entrance, but Havock was third into the harbour and fired five of her torpedoes into the mass of shipping. One torpedo hit the German destroyer Z22 Anton Schmitt in the stern. In addition, the ship hit Z18 Hans Lüdemann twice with 4.7-inch (120 mm) shells. As the British ships were withdrawing, they encountered five German destroyers at close range. Two of the German ships crossed the T of the British ships and quickly set Hardy on fire and forced her to run aground. Havock was next in line and fired torpedoes at the German destroyers, but they all missed. She was hit in return, but not significantly damaged. In the confusion and limited visibility, Havock pulled out of the line to find out what happened to Hardy and to protect the rear of the British formation from the other three German destroyers in pursuit, but then had to then to turn again to allow her rear guns to fire when her forward guns failed. Havock and Hostile turned back to protect their badly damaged sister, Hotspur, and all three continued to withdraw down the Ofotfjord. En route, they encountered the German supply ship Rauenfels, loaded with artillery and ammunition, whose crew ran her aground and abandoned ship after Hostile fired at the ship. A boarding party from Havock found the ship on fire and she blew up after the ship fired two shells into her.[9] The ship remained in Norwegian waters until May, when she escorted the light cruiser Birmingham on an unsuccessful sweep of the North Sea looking for German ships, early in the month.[10]Havock was assigned to the Nore Command shortly afterwards and bombarded German troops occupying Waalhaven Airfield on 10 May together with her sister Hyperion. She rescued survivors from the sunken ferry Prinses Juliana off the Dutch coast and returned them to the Hook of Holland where she recovered a number of British demolition parties. On 16 May, the ship was ordered to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet at Malta and was assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla. During the Battle of Cape Spada on 19 July, the ship escorted the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and rescued some of the 525 survivors from the Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni together with the other escorting destroyers. Her boiler room was flooded after an attack by Italian aircraft after this battle and she was repaired at Suez from 29 July to 15 September. Havock and her sister Hasty surprised the Italian submarine Berillo on the surface on 2 October off the coast of Egypt and forced her to scuttle herself.[11] The destroyers rescued 47 survivors between them.[11]Havock was engaged on escort duties for the next six months, including escorting the carrier Illustrious during the Battle of Taranto on the night of 11/12 November,[12] aside from a refit in Malta from 22 December to 20 February 1941.[13] During the Battle of Cape Matapan, she torpedoed and sank the Italian destroyer Vittorio Alfieri on 28 March.[14] The ship evacuated Commonwealth troops from Greece at the end of April and was one of three destroyers escorting the light cruiser Ajax when they bombarded Benghazi on the night of 7/8 May.[15] Havock was damaged by dive bombers on 23 May, killing 15 and wounding 10 men,[16] after a patrol off Heraklion, Crete. She was under repair at Alexandria until 16 June.[13] The ship bombarded Vichy French positions in Lebanon in early July[17] and then began escorting ships to Tobruk until October when her propeller shafts and propellers were damaged. Havock was under repair from 21 October to 4 December at Alexandria.[13]In mid-December, the ship escorted the supply ship Breconshire to Malta during the brief engagement known as First Battle of Sirte and then joined Force K in an attempt to intercept an Italian convoy to Tripoli, Libya. On the night of 18/19 December, the reinforced Force K ran over an Italian minefield that sank one cruiser and damaged two others. Havock escorted the badly damaged light cruiser Aurora back to Malta.[18] Havock was one of four destroyers that escorted Breconshire back to Alexandria in early January 1942.[13] Whilst escorting another convoy to Malta, the ship was diverted to escort the damaged freighter Thermoplylae from Benghazi back to Alexandria but the latter was attacked and sunk en route by Axis aircraft on 19 January. Havock rescued some 350 survivors before Thermoplylae sank.[19] The ship was transferred to the 22nd Destroyer Flotilla in February and continued to escort convoys to Malta.[13] On 22 March 1942, several splinters from a 15-inch (38 cm) near miss from the Italian battleship Littorio perforated one of her boilers during the Second Battle of Sirte, killing eight men. Havock was forced to make for Malta for repairs.[20] Whilst in dock, the ship was a target for Axis aircraft and sustained some damage on 3 April and was ordered to Gibraltar before her repairs were complete. Havock ran aground off Kelibia, Tunisia, in the Strait of Sicily on 6 April and was wrecked, with one crewman killed in the incident. Her crew and passengers were interned by the Vichy French at Laghouat in the Sahara but were released in November as a result of Operation Torch.[21][13] Her wreck was later torpedoed by the Italian submarine Aradam.[22]","title":"Construction and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-905617-64-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905617-64-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59114-081-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-081-8"},{"link_name":"The German Invasion of Norway, April 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/germaninvasionof00geir"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59114-310-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-310-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55750-048-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-048-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59114-648-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-648-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59114-119-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-948817-07-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948817-07-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7146-5205-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5205-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-326-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-326-1"}],"text":"English, John (1993). Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s. Kendal, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-64-9.\nFriedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-081-8.\nHaarr, Geirr H. (2009). The German Invasion of Norway, April 1940. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-310-9.\nLenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-048-7.\nO'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-648-3.\nRohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.\nShores, Christopher; Cull, Brian & Malizia, Nicola (1987). Air War for Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-07-0.\nThe Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: November 1940 – December 1941. Whitehall Histories, Naval Staff Histories. Vol. II (Whitehall History in association with Frank Cass ed.). London: United Kingdom, Admiralty Historical Section. 2002. ISBN 0-7146-5205-9.\nWhitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roskill, S. W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Roskill"},{"link_name":"The Period of Balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html"},{"link_name":"History of the Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"HMSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"174453986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/174453986"}],"text":"Roskill, S. W. (1956). The Period of Balance. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. II. London: HMSO. pp. 58, 339. OCLC 174453986. Retrieved 6 September 2017.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Bartolomeo Colleoni seen from Havock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/COLLONIE_taken_from_HMAS_HAVOK_%2826767530713%29.jpg/220px-COLLONIE_taken_from_HMAS_HAVOK_%2826767530713%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"English, John (1993). Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s. Kendal, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-64-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905617-64-9","url_text":"0-905617-64-9"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-081-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-081-8","url_text":"978-1-59114-081-8"}]},{"reference":"Haarr, Geirr H. (2009). The German Invasion of Norway, April 1940. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-310-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/germaninvasionof00geir","url_text":"The German Invasion of Norway, April 1940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-310-9","url_text":"978-1-59114-310-9"}]},{"reference":"Lenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-048-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-048-7","url_text":"1-55750-048-7"}]},{"reference":"O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-648-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-648-3","url_text":"978-1-59114-648-3"}]},{"reference":"Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2","url_text":"1-59114-119-2"}]},{"reference":"Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian & Malizia, Nicola (1987). Air War for Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-07-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948817-07-0","url_text":"0-948817-07-0"}]},{"reference":"The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: November 1940 – December 1941. Whitehall Histories, Naval Staff Histories. Vol. II (Whitehall History in association with Frank Cass ed.). London: United Kingdom, Admiralty Historical Section. 2002. ISBN 0-7146-5205-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5205-9","url_text":"0-7146-5205-9"}]},{"reference":"Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-326-1","url_text":"0-87021-326-1"}]},{"reference":"Roskill, S. W. (1956). The Period of Balance. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. II. London: HMSO. pp. 58, 339. OCLC 174453986. Retrieved 6 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Roskill","url_text":"Roskill, S. W."},{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html","url_text":"The Period of Balance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Second_World_War","url_text":"History of the Second World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174453986","url_text":"174453986"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_Havock_(H43)¶ms=36_52_18_N_11_8_24_E_","external_links_name":"36°52′18″N 11°8′24″E / 36.87167°N 11.14000°E / 36.87167; 11.14000"},{"Link":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80021093","external_links_name":"IWM interview of John Laraway"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/germaninvasionof00geir","external_links_name":"The German Invasion of Norway, April 1940"},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html","external_links_name":"The Period of Balance"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174453986","external_links_name":"174453986"},{"Link":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80010268","external_links_name":"IWM Interview with survivor Harry Jenkins"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_Havock_(H43)¶ms=36_52_18_N_11_8_24_E_","external_links_name":"36°52′18″N 11°8′24″E / 36.87167°N 11.14000°E / 36.87167; 11.14000"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Parsons | Casey Parsons | ["1 References","2 External links"] | American baseball player (born 1954)
For the mother who pleaded guilty to killing her child, see Murder of Erica Parsons.
Baseball player
Casey ParsonsParsons in 1988OutfielderBorn: (1954-04-14) April 14, 1954 (age 70)Wenatchee, WashingtonBatted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutMay 31, 1981, for the Seattle MarinersLast MLB appearanceAugust 9, 1987, for the Cleveland IndiansMLB statisticsBatting average.189Home runs2Runs batted in10
Teams
Seattle Mariners (1981)
Chicago White Sox (1983–1984)
Cleveland Indians (1987)
Casey Robert Parsons (born April 14, 1954) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder. He played parts of four seasons in the majors, between 1981 and 1987, for the Seattle Mariners, Chicago White Sox, and Cleveland Indians. In four seasons, he played in just 63 games, and in less than half of those (31) did he appear in the field. Parsons was used as a pinch hitter or pinch runner 48 times in those 63 games.
Parsons was born in Wenatchee, Washington, and he attended Gonzaga University, where he played college baseball for the Bulldogs from 1973 to 1976.
Following his Major League career, Parsons spent seven years as a manager in the Oakland Athletics organization. From 1989 until 1995, Parsons managed five different teams in the minors. His teams made the playoffs twice, losing in the first round each time.
References
^ "Gonzaga University Baseball Players Who Made It to the Major Leagues". Baseball-Almanac.com. Archived from the original on 2004-07-12. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
This biographical article related to American sports is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article relating to an American baseball outfielder born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murder of Erica Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Erica_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"pinch hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_hitter"},{"link_name":"pinch runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_runner"},{"link_name":"Wenatchee, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenatchee,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Gonzaga University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzaga_University"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzaga_Bulldogs_baseball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gonzaga-1"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_in_baseball"}],"text":"For the mother who pleaded guilty to killing her child, see Murder of Erica Parsons.Baseball playerCasey Robert Parsons (born April 14, 1954) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder. He played parts of four seasons in the majors, between 1981 and 1987, for the Seattle Mariners, Chicago White Sox, and Cleveland Indians. In four seasons, he played in just 63 games, and in less than half of those (31) did he appear in the field. Parsons was used as a pinch hitter or pinch runner 48 times in those 63 games.Parsons was born in Wenatchee, Washington, and he attended Gonzaga University, where he played college baseball for the Bulldogs from 1973 to 1976.[1]Following his Major League career, Parsons spent seven years as a manager in the Oakland Athletics organization. From 1989 until 1995, Parsons managed five different teams in the minors. His teams made the playoffs twice, losing in the first round each time.","title":"Casey Parsons"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Gonzaga University Baseball Players Who Made It to the Major Leagues\". Baseball-Almanac.com. Archived from the original on 2004-07-12. Retrieved 10 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040712225144/http://baseball-almanac.com/college/gonzaga_university_baseball_players.shtml","url_text":"\"Gonzaga University Baseball Players Who Made It to the Major Leagues\""},{"url":"http://www.baseball-almanac.com/college/gonzaga_university_baseball_players.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040712225144/http://baseball-almanac.com/college/gonzaga_university_baseball_players.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Gonzaga University Baseball Players Who Made It to the Major Leagues\""},{"Link":"http://www.baseball-almanac.com/college/gonzaga_university_baseball_players.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/p/parsoca01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=brm=parson001cas","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casey_Parsons&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casey_Parsons&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer_Boy_(Debi_Nova_song) | Drummer Boy (Debi Nova song) | ["1 Charts","2 References"] | 2010 single by Debi Nova"Drummer Boy"Single by Debi Novafrom the album Luna Nueva ReleasedJanuary 7th 2010GenrePop, danceLength3:09Songwriter(s)Leah Haywood, Daniel James, Debi NovaDebi Nova singles chronology
""One Rhythm"" (2004)
"Drummer Boy" (2010)
"Un Día A La Vez" (2014)
"Drummer Boy" is the first single released from the debut album of Costa Rican singer-songwriter Debi Nova, Luna Nueva (2010).
Charts
Chart (2010)
Peakposition
U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play
5
US Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Sales (Billboard)
15
US Tropical Airplay (Billboard)
25
References
^ Allmusic Guide
^ "Debi Nova Chart History (Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ "Debi Nova Chart History (Tropical Airplay)". Billboard.
This 2010s pop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Costa Rican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rican"},{"link_name":"Debi Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debi_Nova"},{"link_name":"Luna Nueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Nueva_(Debi_Nova_album)"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_music"}],"text":"\"Drummer Boy\" is the first single released from the debut album of Costa Rican singer-songwriter Debi Nova, Luna Nueva (2010).","title":"Drummer Boy (Debi Nova song)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Debi Nova Chart History (Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Sales)\". Billboard. Retrieved May 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/debi-nova/chart-history/ddt/","url_text":"\"Debi Nova Chart History (Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Sales)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p675664","external_links_name":"Allmusic Guide"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/debi-nova/chart-history/ddt/","external_links_name":"\"Debi Nova Chart History (Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Sales)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Debi-Nova/chart-history/LSA","external_links_name":"\"Debi Nova Chart History (Tropical Airplay)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drummer_Boy_(Debi_Nova_song)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Post_Perth_Challenge | Perth SuperSprint | ["1 Format","2 History","3 Winners","4 Multiple winners","4.1 By driver","4.2 By team","4.3 By manufacturer","5 Event names and sponsors","6 See also","7 References"] | Supercars Championship event held in Wanneroo, Western Australia
Perth SuperSprint
Race Information
Venue
Wanneroo Raceway
Number of times held
46
First held
1973
Race Format
Race 1
Laps
55
Distance
130 km
Race 2
Laps
55
Distance
130 km
Last Event (2024)
Overall Winner
Chaz Mostert
Walkinshaw Andretti United
Race Winners
Chaz Mostert
Walkinshaw Andretti United
Cam Waters
Tickford Racing
The Perth SuperSprint (known for sponsorship reasons as the Bosch Power Tools Perth SuperSprint) is an annual motor racing event for Supercars, held at Wanneroo Raceway in Wanneroo, Western Australia. The event has been a regular part of the Supercars Championship and its predecessor, the Australian Touring Car Championship, since 1973.
Format
The event is staged over a three-day weekend, from Friday to Sunday. One single ninety-minute practice session is held on Friday. On Saturday then, a three-stage knockout qualifying session is held which decides the grid positions for the following 100 kilometre race. Two separated fifteen-minute qualifying sessions are held on Sunday, which decide the grid for the following 100 km races.
History
Jim Richards won the 1985 event.
Wanneroo Park Raceway, as it was then known, hosted its first round of the Australian Touring Car Championship (ATCC) in 1973, with Allan Moffat taking the first of his three event victories over Peter Brock. It was the first ATCC event ever held in Western Australia and featured the only appearance of a Subaru in the history of the ATCC. The championship did not return to Wanneroo until 1978. The event that year consisted of two heats and the Holden Dealer Team scored a rare 1-2-3 finish in the overall results, with Brock taking victory, from 12th on the grid, over team-mates John Harvey and Wayne Negus. Allan Grice won the event in 1980 and 1982 despite only completing partial championship campaigns in each year.
During practice for the 1983 event, Moffat found that his Mazda RX-7 struggled on the rises in the circuit compared to the other cars. To compensate for this, he started the race with the petrol tank only half-filled and made a pit stop during the race. The strategy worked and Moffat took victory, despite almost colliding with Brock when the latter spun in the closing stages. Moffat's Mazda won again in 1984, the final win for the four-time champion. Under Group A regulations, from 1985 to 1992, the event was dominated by Nissan Skylines and Ford Sierras, with Gibson Motorsport's Nissans taking three wins and Fords of Dick Johnson Racing and Mobil 1 Racing taking four combined. This included Mark Skaife took his first ATCC round victory in the 1991 event for Nissan. Ahead of the 1993 event, the circuit was renamed from Wanneroo Park to Barbagallo Raceway due to a sponsorship from Alf Barbagallo, a name which remained until 2020. Alan Jones won the 1994 round on the same weekend that he was fined for throwing a punch at an official.
The Holden Racing Team controlled the event from 1996 to 2000, taking victory in all five years. Craig Lowndes won all twelve races across the 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2000 events having missed the 1997 event as he was racing overseas. Brock took his final ATCC round victory in that 1997 weekend despite not winning any of the races during the event. Paul Radisich interrupted the Holden Racing Team's success in 2001, winning for Dick Johnson Racing in a dominant weekend that saw him take pole, lead every lap and secure three fastest laps across the three races. In 2002, Jason Bright returned the Holden team to the top step of the podium. Bright won again in 2004 for Paul Weel Racing, before Steven Richards won consecutive events at the circuit in 2005 and 2006 despite only winning one of the six races in the two years. In the second race of the 2005 event, Skaife and Marcos Ambrose, who had started together on the front row, both ended up in the gravel trap at the first turn of the race. While Skaife retired, Ambrose managed to drive out and finished fifth despite a drive-through penalty being issued during the race, before he was then given a further points penalty post-race for the same incident.
In this period, discussions were held about moving the event to a street circuit in Perth, and Barbagallo dropped off the 2010 calendar due to dated facilities. The Government of Western Australia resisted moving the event and Barbagallo was instead upgraded, with the circuit returning to the calendar in 2011 and a new pit and paddock complex being built for 2012. The 2011 event saw one of the biggest accidents in the history of the championship take place. Karl Reindler, 13th on the grid, stalled at the start and was hit by Steve Owen, who had started 25th and was travelling at 150 km/h. The impact ruptured the fuel tank in Reindler's car, engulfing both cars in flames. Reindler suffered superficial burns to his hands and face as well as smoke inhalation, while Owen escaped serious injury. In the same race, Jason Bright took the first championship victory for Brad Jones Racing, the team that also prepared Reindler's entry.
Lowndes took his 91st career race victory in the ATCC and Supercars Championship during the 2013 event, breaking Skaife's previous record of 90. In 2014, Scott McLaughlin gave Volvo its first race victory in its return to the series, having last competed in 1986. Lowndes took his 16th and final Barbagallo race win in the Saturday race in 2016, opting to make an additional pitstop to most other cars and moving up from 22nd at pit exit to take the victory. The two other Triple Eight Race Engineering entries of Shane van Gisbergen and Jamie Whincup completed the podium in a repeat of the Holden Dealer Team feat of 1978. From 2017 to 2019, McLaughlin won three consecutive events, including winning the Sunday race in 2018 from 19th on the grid, a record at the circuit.
The event was reformatted in 2019 to become a SuperNight event with races on Friday and Saturday night for the first time at the circuit. The 2020 event, again due to be held at night, was postponed indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The event was later rescheduled to the end of October, however as a daylight event, before being cancelled altogether in August 2020. The 2021 event suffered the same fate and was again cancelled before the event returned for 2022. From 2023, the event returned to a daytime format.
Winners
Year
Driver
Team
Car
Report
1973
Allan Moffat
Ford Motor Company
Ford XY Falcon GTHO Phase III
1974–1977
not held
1978
Peter Brock
Holden Dealer Team
Holden LX Torana SS A9X
1979
Peter Brock
Holden Dealer Team
Holden LX Torana SS A9X
1980
Allan Grice
Craven Mild Racing
Holden LX Torana SS A9X
1981
Peter Brock
Holden Dealer Team
Holden VC Commodore
1982
Allan Grice
Re-Car Racing
Holden VH Commodore SS
1983
Allan Moffat
Allan Moffat Racing
Mazda RX-7
1984
Allan Moffat
Allan Moffat Racing
Mazda RX-7
1985
Jim Richards
JPS Team BMW
BMW 635 CSi
1986
George Fury
Gibson Motorsport
Nissan Skyline DR30 RS
1987
Glenn Seton
Gibson Motorsport
Nissan Skyline DR30 RS
1988
Dick Johnson
Dick Johnson Racing
Ford Sierra RS500
1989
John Bowe
Dick Johnson Racing
Ford Sierra RS500
1990
Peter Brock
Mobil 1 Racing
Ford Sierra RS500
1991
Mark Skaife
Gibson Motorsport
Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R
1992
John Bowe
Dick Johnson Racing
Ford Sierra RS500
1993
Jim Richards
Gibson Motorsport
Holden VP Commodore
1994
Alan Jones
Glenn Seton Racing
Ford EB Falcon
Report
1995
Glenn Seton
Glenn Seton Racing
Ford EF Falcon
1996
Craig Lowndes
Holden Racing Team
Holden VR Commodore
1997
Peter Brock
Holden Racing Team
Holden VS Commodore
1998
Craig Lowndes
Holden Racing Team
Holden VS Commodore
1999
Craig Lowndes
Holden Racing Team
Holden VT Commodore
2000
Craig Lowndes
Holden Racing Team
Holden VT Commodore
2001
Paul Radisich
Dick Johnson Racing
Ford AU Falcon
Report
2002
Jason Bright
Holden Racing Team
Holden VX Commodore
2003
Marcos Ambrose
Stone Brothers Racing
Ford BA Falcon
2004
Jason Bright
Paul Weel Racing
Holden VY Commodore
2005
Steven Richards
Perkins Engineering
Holden VY Commodore
2006
Steven Richards
Perkins Engineering
Holden VZ Commodore
2007
Garth Tander
HSV Dealer Team
Holden VE Commodore
Report
2008
Mark Winterbottom
Ford Performance Racing
Ford BF Falcon
Report
2009
Jamie Whincup
Triple Eight Race Engineering
Ford FG Falcon
Report
2010
not held
2011
Jamie Whincup
Triple Eight Race Engineering
Holden VE Commodore
Report
2012
Mark Winterbottom
Ford Performance Racing
Ford FG Falcon
Report
2013
Jamie Whincup
Triple Eight Race Engineering
Holden VF Commodore
Report
2014
Chaz Mostert
Ford Performance Racing
Ford FG Falcon
Report
2015
Craig Lowndes
Triple Eight Race Engineering
Holden VF Commodore
Report
2016
Craig Lowndes
Triple Eight Race Engineering
Holden VF Commodore
Report
2017
Scott McLaughlin
DJR Team Penske
Ford FG X Falcon
Report
2018
Scott McLaughlin
DJR Team Penske
Ford FG X Falcon
Report
2019
Scott McLaughlin
DJR Team Penske
Ford Mustang GT
Report
2020–2021
not held due to COVID-19 pandemic
2022
Shane van Gisbergen
Triple Eight Race Engineering
Holden ZB Commodore
Report
2023
Brodie Kostecki
Erebus Motorsport
Chevrolet Camaro ZL1-1LE
2024
Chaz Mostert
Walkinshaw Andretti United
Ford Mustang GT
Multiple winners
By driver
Wins
Driver
Years
6
Craig Lowndes
1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2015, 2016
5
Peter Brock
1978, 1979, 1981, 1990, 1997
3
Allan Moffat
1973, 1983, 1984
Jamie Whincup
2009, 2011, 2013
Scott McLaughlin
2017, 2018, 2019
2
Allan Grice
1980, 1982
John Bowe
1989, 1992
Jim Richards
1985, 1993
Glenn Seton
1987, 1995
Jason Bright
2002, 2004
Steven Richards
2005, 2006
Mark Winterbottom
2008, 2012
Chaz Mostert
2014, 2024
By team
Wins
Team
7
DJR Team Penske1
Walkinshaw Andretti United2
6
Triple Eight Race Engineering
4
Gibson Motorsport
Holden Dealer Team3
3
Ford Performance Racing
2
Allan Moffat Racing
Glenn Seton Racing
Perkins Engineering
By manufacturer
Wins
Manufacturer
21
Holden
17
Ford
3
Nissan
2
Mazda
Notes
^1 – DJR Team Penske was known as Dick Johnson Racing from 1980 to 2014, hence their statistics are combined.
^2 – Walkinshaw Andretti United was known as Holden Racing Team from 1990 to 2016, hence their statistics are combined.
^3 – Holden Dealer Team was known as Mobil 1 Racing from 1988 to 1990, hence their statistics are combined.
Event names and sponsors
1973, 1978–80, 1984–85, 1987–92: Wanneroo
1981: Saab-Scania Trophy
1982: Walpamur Cup
1983: Saab-Scania Cup
1986: Motorcraft 100
1993–2001, 2004: Barbagallo
2002–03: VB 300
2005, 2014: Perth 400
2006: Perth V8 400
2007–08: BigPond 400
2009: BigPond 300
2011–12: Trading Post Perth Challenge
2013: Chill Perth 360
2015: Ubet Perth Super Sprint
2016–18: Perth SuperSprint
2019: Pirtek Perth SuperNight
2022: Bunnings Trade Perth SuperNight
2023: Bosch Power Tools Perth SuperSprint
See also
List of Australian Touring Car Championship races
References
^ 2023 Perth SuperSprint track schedule released Supercars 4 April 2023
^ a b c d Greenhalgh, David; Howard, Graham; Wilson, Stewart (2011). The official history: Australian Touring Car Championship - 50 Years. St Leonards, New South Wales: Chevron Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-9805912-2-4.
^ "The Top 10 Aussie Touring Car races of all time – Part one". Auto Action. 30 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
^ Lawrie, Shane (23 January 2020). "West Australian Sporting Car Club returns circuit to its roots". DriveTribe. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
^ Seton, Glenn; Bartholomaeus, Stefan; Noonan, Aaron (2020). Seto: The Official Racing History of Glenn Seton. Melbourne, Victoria: AN1 Media. ISBN 978-0-6487863-2-0.
^ Crehan, Riana (30 April 2015). "Can we rename Barbagallo 'Lowndes Raceway'?". V8Supercars.com.au. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
^ Dale, Will (12 July 2021). "HOW REYNOLDS STOPPED TRIPLE EIGHT FROM ACHIEVING RARE FEAT | V8 Sleuth". V8 Sleuth. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
^ "Stewards punish Ambrose after run-in with Skaife". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 May 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
^ "Barbagallo omitted from 2010 calendar". v8dailydump.com.au. 8 February 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ a b Washbourne, Michael (3 May 2012). "Street circuit off the grid for Perth". PerthNow. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ Noonan, Aaron (4 May 2013). "Saturday Sleuthing: The Barbagallo BBQ". V8Supercars.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
^ "BJR unveils tribute livery for Bright". Supercars. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ "Lowndes scores record V8 race win in Perth". ABC News. 4 May 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
^ "Victory for Scott McLaughlin and Volvo". Garry Rogers Motorsport. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
^ Gadeke, Kassie (7 May 2016). "Super strategy". Supercars.com. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ Noonan, Aaron (30 April 2017). "Fast Facts - Perth SuperSprint". Supercars. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ "McLaughlin takes famous Supercars win". Australian Associated Press. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ Adam, Mitchell (11 October 2018). "Calendar revealed for 2019 Supercars Championship". Supercars. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
^ "Supercars postpones three events, launches Eseries". Supercars. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
^ Chapman, Simon (17 May 2020). "Supercars releases revised 13-round 2020/21 calendar". Speedcafe. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
^ Chapman, Simon (30 August 2020). "Supercars confirms double-header at The Bend". Speedcafe. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
^ Chapman, Simon (29 July 2021). "Supercars confirms new dates in revised 2021 calendar". Speedcafe. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
^ van Leeuwen, Andrew. "Supercars announces 12-round 2023 calendar". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
vteTeams, drivers and events of the 2024 Supercars ChampionshipScheduled events
Bathurst 500
Melbourne SuperSprint
Taupō Super400
Perth SuperSprint
Darwin Triple Crown
Townsville 500
Sydney SuperNight
Tasmania SuperSprint
Sandown 500
Bathurst 1000
Gold Coast 500
Adelaide 500
Events in italics are two-driver endurance races
Teams and drivers contesting the championship
Erebus Motorsport
Walkinshaw Andretti United
Blanchard Racing Team
Matt Stone Racing
TBA
9 Jack Le Brocq
2 Ryan Wood
25 Chaz Mostert
3 Aaron Love
7 James Courtney
4 Cameron Hill
10 Nick Percat
Tickford Racing
Brad Jones Racing
Dick Johnson Racing
Team 18
6 Cam Waters
55 Thomas Randle
8 Andre Heimgartner
14 Bryce Fullwood
12 Jaxon Evans
96 Macauley Jones
11 Anton de Pasquale
17 Will Davison
18 Mark Winterbottom
20 David Reynolds
Grove Racing
PremiAir Racing
Triple Eight Race Engineering
19 Matthew Payne
26 Richie Stanaway
23 Tim Slade
31 James Golding
87 Will Brown
88 Broc Feeney | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosch Power Tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_(company)"},{"link_name":"motor racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_racing"},{"link_name":"Supercars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercars_Championship"},{"link_name":"Wanneroo Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanneroo_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Wanneroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanneroo"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship"}],"text":"The Perth SuperSprint (known for sponsorship reasons as the Bosch Power Tools Perth SuperSprint) is an annual motor racing event for Supercars, held at Wanneroo Raceway in Wanneroo, Western Australia. The event has been a regular part of the Supercars Championship and its predecessor, the Australian Touring Car Championship, since 1973.","title":"Perth SuperSprint"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The event is staged over a three-day weekend, from Friday to Sunday. One single ninety-minute practice session is held on Friday. On Saturday then, a three-stage knockout qualifying session is held which decides the grid positions for the following 100 kilometre race. Two separated fifteen-minute qualifying sessions are held on Sunday, which decide the grid for the following 100 km races.[1]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wanneroo_Mar_1985_012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jim Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Richards_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Allan Moffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Moffat"},{"link_name":"Peter Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brock"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru"},{"link_name":"Holden Dealer Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Dealer_Team"},{"link_name":"John Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"},{"link_name":"Allan Grice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Grice"},{"link_name":"Mazda RX-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_RX-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Group A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_A"},{"link_name":"Nissan Skylines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Skyline"},{"link_name":"Ford Sierras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Gibson Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"Dick Johnson Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Johnson_Racing"},{"link_name":"Mobil 1 Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Dealer_Team"},{"link_name":"Mark Skaife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Skaife"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"},{"link_name":"Alf Barbagallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Barbagallo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jones_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"1994 round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Barbagallo_ATCC_round"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Holden Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Racing_Team"},{"link_name":"Craig Lowndes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Lowndes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Paul Radisich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Radisich"},{"link_name":"Dick Johnson Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Johnson_Racing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jason Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bright"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"},{"link_name":"Paul Weel Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Weel_Racing"},{"link_name":"Steven Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Richards"},{"link_name":"Marcos Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_Ambrose"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"street circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_circuit"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perthstreet-10"},{"link_name":"Government of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perthstreet-10"},{"link_name":"Karl Reindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Reindler"},{"link_name":"Steve Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Owen_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Brad Jones Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Jones_Racing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Scott McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"Volvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Cars"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Triple Eight Race Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Eight_Race_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Shane van Gisbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_van_Gisbergen"},{"link_name":"Jamie Whincup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Whincup"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Supercars_Championship"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20cancel-21"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Supercars_Championship"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21cancel-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Jim Richards won the 1985 event.Wanneroo Park Raceway, as it was then known, hosted its first round of the Australian Touring Car Championship (ATCC) in 1973, with Allan Moffat taking the first of his three event victories over Peter Brock. It was the first ATCC event ever held in Western Australia and featured the only appearance of a Subaru in the history of the ATCC. The championship did not return to Wanneroo until 1978. The event that year consisted of two heats and the Holden Dealer Team scored a rare 1-2-3 finish in the overall results, with Brock taking victory, from 12th on the grid, over team-mates John Harvey and Wayne Negus.[2] Allan Grice won the event in 1980 and 1982 despite only completing partial championship campaigns in each year.During practice for the 1983 event, Moffat found that his Mazda RX-7 struggled on the rises in the circuit compared to the other cars. To compensate for this, he started the race with the petrol tank only half-filled and made a pit stop during the race. The strategy worked and Moffat took victory, despite almost colliding with Brock when the latter spun in the closing stages.[3] Moffat's Mazda won again in 1984, the final win for the four-time champion. Under Group A regulations, from 1985 to 1992, the event was dominated by Nissan Skylines and Ford Sierras, with Gibson Motorsport's Nissans taking three wins and Fords of Dick Johnson Racing and Mobil 1 Racing taking four combined. This included Mark Skaife took his first ATCC round victory in the 1991 event for Nissan.[2] Ahead of the 1993 event, the circuit was renamed from Wanneroo Park to Barbagallo Raceway due to a sponsorship from Alf Barbagallo, a name which remained until 2020.[4] Alan Jones won the 1994 round on the same weekend that he was fined for throwing a punch at an official.[5]The Holden Racing Team controlled the event from 1996 to 2000, taking victory in all five years. Craig Lowndes won all twelve races across the 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2000 events having missed the 1997 event as he was racing overseas.[6] Brock took his final ATCC round victory in that 1997 weekend despite not winning any of the races during the event. Paul Radisich interrupted the Holden Racing Team's success in 2001, winning for Dick Johnson Racing in a dominant weekend that saw him take pole, lead every lap and secure three fastest laps across the three races.[7] In 2002, Jason Bright returned the Holden team to the top step of the podium.[2] Bright won again in 2004 for Paul Weel Racing, before Steven Richards won consecutive events at the circuit in 2005 and 2006 despite only winning one of the six races in the two years. In the second race of the 2005 event, Skaife and Marcos Ambrose, who had started together on the front row, both ended up in the gravel trap at the first turn of the race. While Skaife retired, Ambrose managed to drive out and finished fifth despite a drive-through penalty being issued during the race, before he was then given a further points penalty post-race for the same incident.[8]In this period, discussions were held about moving the event to a street circuit in Perth, and Barbagallo dropped off the 2010 calendar due to dated facilities.[9][10] The Government of Western Australia resisted moving the event and Barbagallo was instead upgraded, with the circuit returning to the calendar in 2011 and a new pit and paddock complex being built for 2012.[10] The 2011 event saw one of the biggest accidents in the history of the championship take place. Karl Reindler, 13th on the grid, stalled at the start and was hit by Steve Owen, who had started 25th and was travelling at 150 km/h. The impact ruptured the fuel tank in Reindler's car, engulfing both cars in flames. Reindler suffered superficial burns to his hands and face as well as smoke inhalation, while Owen escaped serious injury.[11] In the same race, Jason Bright took the first championship victory for Brad Jones Racing, the team that also prepared Reindler's entry.[12]Lowndes took his 91st career race victory in the ATCC and Supercars Championship during the 2013 event, breaking Skaife's previous record of 90.[13] In 2014, Scott McLaughlin gave Volvo its first race victory in its return to the series, having last competed in 1986.[14] Lowndes took his 16th and final Barbagallo race win in the Saturday race in 2016, opting to make an additional pitstop to most other cars and moving up from 22nd at pit exit to take the victory.[15] The two other Triple Eight Race Engineering entries of Shane van Gisbergen and Jamie Whincup completed the podium in a repeat of the Holden Dealer Team feat of 1978.[16] From 2017 to 2019, McLaughlin won three consecutive events, including winning the Sunday race in 2018 from 19th on the grid, a record at the circuit.[17]The event was reformatted in 2019 to become a SuperNight event with races on Friday and Saturday night for the first time at the circuit.[18] The 2020 event, again due to be held at night, was postponed indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[19] The event was later rescheduled to the end of October, however as a daylight event, before being cancelled altogether in August 2020.[20][21] The 2021 event suffered the same fate and was again cancelled before the event returned for 2022.[22] From 2023, the event returned to a daytime format.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Multiple winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By driver","title":"Multiple winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By team","title":"Multiple winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"^3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_3"}],"sub_title":"By manufacturer","text":"Notes^1 – DJR Team Penske was known as Dick Johnson Racing from 1980 to 2014, hence their statistics are combined.\n^2 – Walkinshaw Andretti United was known as Holden Racing Team from 1990 to 2016, hence their statistics are combined.\n^3 – Holden Dealer Team was known as Mobil 1 Racing from 1988 to 1990, hence their statistics are combined.","title":"Multiple winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saab-Scania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab-Scania"},{"link_name":"Walpamur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulux"},{"link_name":"Motorcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcraft"},{"link_name":"VB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Bitter"},{"link_name":"BigPond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigPond"},{"link_name":"Trading Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Post_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Ubet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubet_(company)"},{"link_name":"Pirtek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirtek"},{"link_name":"Bunnings Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnings_Warehouse"},{"link_name":"Bosch Power Tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_(company)"}],"text":"1973, 1978–80, 1984–85, 1987–92: Wanneroo\n1981: Saab-Scania Trophy\n1982: Walpamur Cup\n1983: Saab-Scania Cup\n1986: Motorcraft 100\n1993–2001, 2004: Barbagallo\n2002–03: VB 300\n2005, 2014: Perth 400\n2006: Perth V8 400\n2007–08: BigPond 400\n2009: BigPond 300\n2011–12: Trading Post Perth Challenge\n2013: Chill Perth 360\n2015: Ubet Perth Super Sprint\n2016–18: Perth SuperSprint\n2019: Pirtek Perth SuperNight\n2022: Bunnings Trade Perth SuperNight\n2023: Bosch Power Tools Perth SuperSprint","title":"Event names and sponsors"}] | [{"image_text":"Jim Richards won the 1985 event.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wanneroo_Mar_1985_012.jpg/220px-Wanneroo_Mar_1985_012.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Australian Touring Car Championship races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship_races"}] | [{"reference":"Greenhalgh, David; Howard, Graham; Wilson, Stewart (2011). The official history: Australian Touring Car Championship - 50 Years. St Leonards, New South Wales: Chevron Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-9805912-2-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Leonards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales","url_text":"New South Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9805912-2-4","url_text":"978-0-9805912-2-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The Top 10 Aussie Touring Car races of all time – Part one\". Auto Action. 30 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150709123124/http://autoaction.com.au/top-10-touring-car-races-time-part-1/","url_text":"\"The Top 10 Aussie Touring Car races of all time – Part one\""},{"url":"http://autoaction.com.au/top-10-touring-car-races-time-part-1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lawrie, Shane (23 January 2020). \"West Australian Sporting Car Club returns circuit to its roots\". DriveTribe. Retrieved 4 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://drivetribe.com/p/west-australian-sporting-car-club-dZxQ7ic4Q8uWvZYrtt2cwg?iid=Anw09c01QDupX48eH98x7A","url_text":"\"West Australian Sporting Car Club returns circuit to its roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DriveTribe","url_text":"DriveTribe"}]},{"reference":"Seton, Glenn; Bartholomaeus, Stefan; Noonan, Aaron (2020). Seto: The Official Racing History of Glenn Seton. Melbourne, Victoria: AN1 Media. ISBN 978-0-6487863-2-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne","url_text":"Melbourne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)","url_text":"Victoria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6487863-2-0","url_text":"978-0-6487863-2-0"}]},{"reference":"Crehan, Riana (30 April 2015). \"Can we rename Barbagallo 'Lowndes Raceway'?\". V8Supercars.com.au. Retrieved 8 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.v8supercars.com.au/news/championship/can-we-rename-barbagallo-lowndes-raceway","url_text":"\"Can we rename Barbagallo 'Lowndes Raceway'?\""}]},{"reference":"Dale, Will (12 July 2021). \"HOW REYNOLDS STOPPED TRIPLE EIGHT FROM ACHIEVING RARE FEAT | V8 Sleuth\". V8 Sleuth. Retrieved 12 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.v8sleuth.com.au/how-reynolds-stopped-triple-eight-from-achieving-rare-feat/","url_text":"\"HOW REYNOLDS STOPPED TRIPLE EIGHT FROM ACHIEVING RARE FEAT | V8 Sleuth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stewards punish Ambrose after run-in with Skaife\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 May 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/motorsport/stewards-punish-ambrose-after-run-in-with-skaife-20050510-gdlahb.html","url_text":"\"Stewards punish Ambrose after run-in with Skaife\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Barbagallo omitted from 2010 calendar\". v8dailydump.com.au. 8 February 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.v8dailydump.com.au/news/8370/Barbagallo-omitted-from-2010-calendar.html","url_text":"\"Barbagallo omitted from 2010 calendar\""}]},{"reference":"Washbourne, Michael (3 May 2012). \"Street circuit off the grid for Perth\". PerthNow. Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/garth-tander-pours-cold-water-on-perth-street-circuit-for-v8-supercars-ng-714cc5c3f15416244664800d114b4756","url_text":"\"Street circuit off the grid for Perth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PerthNow","url_text":"PerthNow"}]},{"reference":"Noonan, Aaron (4 May 2013). \"Saturday Sleuthing: The Barbagallo BBQ\". V8Supercars.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140215023602/http://www.v8supercars.com.au/news/saturday-sleuthing-the-barbagallo-bbq","url_text":"\"Saturday Sleuthing: The Barbagallo BBQ\""},{"url":"http://www.v8supercars.com.au/news/saturday-sleuthing-the-barbagallo-bbq","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BJR unveils tribute livery for Bright\". Supercars. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supercars.com/news/championship/bjr-unveils-tribute-livery-for-bright/","url_text":"\"BJR unveils tribute livery for Bright\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lowndes scores record V8 race win in Perth\". ABC News. 4 May 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-04/whincup-on-pole-for-first-v8-race5c/4669878","url_text":"\"Lowndes scores record V8 race win in Perth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victory for Scott McLaughlin and Volvo\". Garry Rogers Motorsport. 17 May 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatest_Love_(South_Korean_TV_series) | The Greatest Love (South Korean TV series) | ["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Supporting","2.3 Special appearances","3 Production","3.1 Filming","4 Original soundtrack","5 Ratings","6 Awards and nominations","7 Comic adaptation","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"] | 2011 South Korean TV series
The Greatest LovePromotional poster for The Greatest LoveHangul최고의 사랑Hanja最高의 사랑Literal meaningBest LoveRevised RomanizationChoegoui SarangMcCune–ReischauerCh'oegoŭi Sarang
GenreRomanceComedyWritten byHong Mi-ranHong Jung-eunDirected byPark Hong-kyunLee Dong-yoonStarringCha Seung-wonGong Hyo-jinYoon Kye-sangYoo In-naCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes16ProductionProducerKim Jin-manRunning time60 minutesProduction companyMBCOriginal releaseNetworkMBC TVReleaseMay 4 (2011-05-04) –June 23, 2011 (2011-06-23)
The Greatest Love (Korean: 최고의 사랑; Hanja: 最高의 사랑; RR: Choegoui Sarang; MR: Ch'oegoŭi Sarang; lit. Best Love) is a 2011 South Korean romantic comedy television series starring Cha Seung-won, Gong Hyo-jin, Yoon Kye-sang and Yoo In-na. Telling a story about true love in the fake world of entertainment, it aired on MBC from May 4 to June 23, 2011, on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 (KST) for 16 episodes.
Synopsis
Gu Ae-jung (Gong Hyo-jin) was the most popular member of girl group Kukbo Sonyeo, literally meaning "National Treasure Girls," some 10 years ago, but fell from grace after becoming embroiled in scandals. She makes appearances on television programs to eke out a living for her troublemaker father and brother.
On the other hand, Dokko Jin (Cha Seung-won) is the most beloved star in the nation, topping all kinds of popularity polls and appearing in many commercials, but has several character flaws. Ae-jung discovers a secret about Jin by chance and reveals it on a talk show, incurring his fury. However, their ill-fated relationship unfolds in an unexpected way as Jin falls for Ae-jung and tries to win her heart.
Kang Se-ri (Yoo In-na) is the ex band-mate of Ae-jung. But whereas Ae-jung was more famous in her heyday and Se-ri was a nobody, now Se-ri is one of the most popular celebrities. She dated Dokko Jin for a short time, but despite their breakup, they continue to pretend that they're still dating to avoid negative publicity. Se-ri is also the host of popular TV dating show Couple Making Season 3.
Yoon Pil-joo (Yoon Kye-sang) is a well-mannered, thoughtful and a caring doctor of Oriental medicine. He has no interest in celebrities and their outrageous lives. Under pressure from his mother, he agrees to appear on a TV dating show, but after finding out that Ae-jung will also be appearing on the same show, he is eager to participate in the show and meet her. Fictional dating show Couple Making Season 3 is based on MBC’s real variety program We Got Married, where they throw celebrities into fake relationships for the cameras. The concept is a competition-based mat-seon program, essentially setting up people on blind dates for the purposes of finding a marriage partner. The major difference is that in Couple Making, celebrity ladies compete over a non-celebrity eligible bachelor who gives them roses to prevent their elimination (a la The Bachelor), which is how Yoon Pil-joo ends up as a contestant on the show.
The mix of the main characters’ mismatched personalities with the necessity to maintain (or recoup in Ae-jung's case) public sentiment makes for great hijinks and drama, not to mention an interesting meta social commentary on the entertainment industry and the star-making and -breaking power of image.
Cast
Main
Cha Seung-won as Dokko Jin
Gong Hyo-jin as Gu Ae-jung
Yoon Kye-sang as Yoon Pil-joo
Yoo In-na as Kang Se-ri
Supporting
Yang Han-yeol as Gu Hyung-kyu (Ae-jung's nephew)
Jung Joon-ha as Gu Ae-hwan (Ae-jung's brother/manager)
Lee Hee-jin as Jenny
Im Ji-kyu as Kim Jae-seok (Jin's manager)
Choi Hwa-jung as Representative Moon (president of Jin's agency)
Bae Seul-ki as Han Mi-na
Jung Man-sik as Manager Jang
Choi Sung-min as Kim Eun-ho (Couple Making PD)
Kim Mi-jin as Han Myung-jung (Couple Making writer)
Park Won-sook as Pil-joo's mother
Han Jin-hee as Gu Ja-chul (Ae-jung's father)
Jeong Gyu-soo as Cardiac surgeon
Ryu Hyo-young as Harumi
In Gyo-jin as Mi-na's husband
Special appearances
Episode 1
Jang Hang-jun
Jung Doo-hong
Horan
Oh Sang-jin
Episodes 1–2 (Quiz to Change the World)
Kim Gu-ra
Lee Hwi-jae
Park Mi-sun
Jo Hye-ryun
Lee Byung-jin
Lee Kyung-shil
Jo Hyung-gi
Kim Ji-sun
Ji Sang-ryeol
Kim Hyun-chul
Park Kyung-lim
Kim Shin-young
Episodes 3–4
Park Si-yeon
Episode 9
Lee Seung-gi
Episode 10
Brian Joo
Episode 14 (Section TV)
Kim Yong-man
Goo Eun-young
Park Seul-gi
Lee Sung-bae
Seo Hyo-myung
Hwang Je-sung
Jung Hwan-gyu
Episode 15–16 (Ideal Type World Cup)
Kim Gu-ra
Production
The series was written by Hong Jung-eun and Hong Mi-ran, known collectively as the "Hong sisters", who also wrote other Korean dramas such as Sassy Girl Chun-hyang (2005), My Girl (2005), Couple or Trouble (2006), Hong Gil-dong (2008), You're Beautiful (2009) and My Girlfriend Is a Gumiho (2010). According to director Park Hong-kyun (who previously helmed Queen Seondeok), the Hong sisters' adeptness at character comedy is how The Greatest Love hoped to differentiate itself from other trendy dramas airing on Korean television in Spring 2011.
Though the drama draws from gossip people hear about celebrities, Cha Seung-won said during the drama's press conference that he also wanted to show a bright, healthy side of the entertainment scene in Korea. He admitted that entertainers do hide behind their image due to their job. "However, this drama will show they are just genuine people off-camera," Cha said. Yoon Kye-sang added that, "The script is very realistic, giving a fun sneak peek into what is going on behind the scenes." Cha has described his comedic acting as technical while his co-star Gong Hyo-jin's is more naturalistic and reactive. They believe they struck a good balance between their two acting styles, which benefited the drama greatly.
Filming
Several of the locations used in the drama are Cafe Monet in Pyeongchang-dong (ostensibly run by Gu Ae-jung's friend Jenny), Kim Jong Young Museum (which served as Dokko Jin's luxurious house), Lotte World Magic Island (setting of Dokko Jin's love confession), D Square Gallery in Nonhyeon-dong (as Dokko Jin's management agency), and Choonwondang Museum of Korean Medicine in Jongno-gu (as Yoon Pil-joo's clinic).
Product placement (PPL) were integrated into the characters' storylines, and the drama's popularity resulted in increased sales of products such as smartphones LG Optimus Black and Optimus Big, social networking service Me2day, and energy drink VitaminWater. But the production received a warning from the Broadcasting Commission for what it termed the drama's "egregious" use of PPL.
Original soundtrack
The Greatest Love Original Sound TrackSoundtrack album by Various ArtistsReleasedJuly 15, 2011GenrePop, K-pop, soundtrack, R&BLabelThe Grove EntertainmentLOEN Entertainment
No.TitleArtistLength1."리얼러브송" (Real Love Song)K.Will 2."내 사람이라서" (Because You're My Man)G.NA 3."두근두근" (Pit-a-Pat)Sunny Hill 4."내 손을 잡아" (Hold My Hand)IU 5."나를 잊지 말아요" (Don't Forget Me)Huh Gak 6."눈물나게 사랑해" (Loving You Makes Me Cry)Big Mama Soul 7."아이캔't 드링크" (I Can't Drink)Baek Ji-young 8."LOVE LOVE"Choi Su-jin 9."Hero (Inst.)"Various Artists 10."Destiny (Inst.)"Various Artists 11."네잎클로버 (Inst.)" (Four-leaf Clover (Inst.))Various Artists 12."Good Boy (Inst.)"Various Artists 13."사랑은 (Inst.)" (Love (Inst.))Various Artists
Ratings
The Greatest Love posted an average viewership rating of 16.6 percent on Total National Multimedia Statistics' (TNmS) chart and 19.5 percent on AGB Nielsen Media Research's (AGB) poll, with its final episode reaching 21 percent on AGB's survey to surpass the 20 percent mark for the first time. It topped the Wednesdays and Thursdays primetime TV chart for five consecutive weeks.
Ep.
Broadcast date
Average audience share
TNmS (%)
AGB Nielsen (%)
Nationwide
Seoul
Nationwide
Seoul
1
May 4, 2011
6.5%
8.6%
8.4%
10.0%
2
May 5, 2011
7.1%
9.6%
9.7%
11.5%
3
May 11, 2011
8.6%
11.2%
12.1%
13.6%
4
May 12, 2011
9.7%
12.3%
13.9%
17.1%
5
May 18, 2011
10.4%
13.9%
14.0%
16.2%
6
May 19, 2011
10.2%
12.7%
15.1%
17.5%
7
May 25, 2011
14.4%
17.9%
17.4%
19.8%
8
May 26, 2011
15.2%
18.0%
17.9%
20.2%
9
June 1, 2011
14.4%
17.0%
17.8%
20.3%
10
June 2, 2011
13.8%
17.4%
18.4%
21.2%
11
June 8, 2011
14.3%
17.3%
18.4%
21.3%
12
June 9, 2011
14.6%
18.5%
18.4%
20.9%
13
June 15, 2011
13.1%
17.7%
17.8%
20.4%
14
June 16, 2011
14.5%
18.1%
17.9%
20.1%
15
June 22, 2011
15.9%
19.3%
18.0%
21.3%
16
June 23, 2011
17.4%
21.2%
21.0%
23.7%
Average
12.5%
15.7%
16.0%
18.4%
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
2011
4th Korea Drama Awards
Best Drama
The Greatest Love
Nominated
Best Actor
Cha Seung-won
Nominated
Best Actress
Gong Hyo-jin
Nominated
Best Supporting Actress
Yoo In-na
Nominated
Best Writer(s)
Hong Mi-ran, Hong Jung-eun
Nominated
Best OST
"Don't Forget Me" by Huh Gak
Won
3rd MelOn Music Awards
Best OST
"Pit-a-Pat" by Sunny Hill
Won
13th Mnet Asian Music Awards
Best OST
"Don't Forget Me" by Huh Gak
Nominated
38th Korea Broadcasting Awards
Best Actor
Cha Seung-won
Won
24th Grimae Awards
Best Actor
Cha Seung-won
Won
MBC Drama Awards
Drama of the Year
The Greatest Love
Won
Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
Cha Seung-won
Won
Top Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries
Gong Hyo-jin
Won
Best New Actor in a Miniseries
Yoon Kye-sang
Nominated
Best New Actress in a Miniseries
Yoo In-na
Nominated
Best Young Actor
Yang Han-yeol
Won
Writer(s) of the Year
Hong Mi-ran, Hong Jung-eun
Won
Popularity Award, Actor
Cha Seung-won
Nominated
Popularity Award, Actress
Gong Hyo-jin
Won
Best Couple Award
Cha Seung-won and Gong Hyo-jin
Won
2012
8th New York Television Festival's International TV & Films Awards
Silver Prize, Miniseries category
The Greatest Love
Won
48th Baeksang Arts Awards
Best Drama
The Greatest Love
Nominated
Best Actor (TV)
Cha Seung-won
Nominated
Best Actress (TV)
Gong Hyo-jin
Won
Best Screenplay (TV)
Hong Mi-ran, Hong Jung-eun
Nominated
7th Seoul International Drama Awards
Outstanding Korean Drama
The Greatest Love
Nominated
Comic adaptation
Comic book publisher Tooni Plus released the first two books of The Greatest Love in April 2012. The firm expects to boost Korean comic books' sales abroad with drama-based comic books.
Notes
^ Credited as Do Yi-sung.
References
^ Hong, Lucia (March 30, 2011). "Actress Kong Hyo-jin cast for upcoming MBC TV series". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ Hwang, Hyo-jin (April 29, 2011). "PREVIEW: MBC TV series The Greatest Love". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ a b c Kwon, Mee-yoo (May 3, 2011). "TV soap to peek into celebrity life". The Korea Times. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ a b "Synopsis and Character Descriptions". MBC Global Media. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ Hwang, Hyo-jin (May 13, 2011). "REVIEW: MBC TV series The Greatest Love - 1st & 2nd Episode". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ Choi, Ji-eun (June 23, 2011). 홍자매 "<최고의 사랑>은 땅에 붙인 이야기로 시작하고 싶었다" . 10Asia (in Korean). Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ 홍자매 단독인터뷰: ① "'최고사'는 '개콘'같은 드라마". Sports Chosun (in Korean). June 23, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ "Today's Photo: April 29, 2011". The Chosun Ilbo. April 29, 2011. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
^ "Cha Seung-won: I am Dokko Jin". Dramabeans. May 22, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
^ Lee, Ji-hye (June 27, 2011). "Interview: Actor Cha Seung-won". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ Beck, Una (July 8, 2011). "Interview: Actress Kong Hyo-jin - Part 1". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ Lee, Ji-hye (June 25, 2011). "Crashing into wedding shop scene of MBC The Greatest Love". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ Jones, Julie (April 21, 2014). "Gong Hyo Jin Talks About Her Funny Appealing Leading Men". KDramaStars. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
^ Yoon, Seo-hyun (September 24, 2011). "Trace the steps of your favorite drama stars". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on December 12, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Kang, Michelle (August 8, 2011). "Seoul shows its dramatic side". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Yoon, Ja-young (October 3, 2011). "Product placement in full swing". The Korea Times. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
^ also translated as "Thump Thump"
^ Hwang, Hyo-jin (July 20, 2011). "Interview with SunnyHill - Part 2". 10Asia. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
^ also translated as "Gee, I Love You"
^ Kim, Heidi (June 24, 2011). "MBC The Greatest Love exits after 5th straight win on TV chart". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ "TNMS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". TNMS Ratings (in Korean). Archived from the original on November 28, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
^ "AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
^ "Winners of the 2011 Korea Drama Awards". Korea Tourism Organization. October 10, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ "Winners from the 2011 Melon Music Awards". Koreaboo. November 24, 2011. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ "Cha Seung-won confident about the MBC Grand Award". Hancinema. December 11, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ Hong, Lucia (January 2, 2012). "The Greatest Love snags 7 honors at 2011 MBC Drama Awards". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ Suk, Monica (March 23, 2012). "MBC's The Greatest Love wins silver at 2012 NY TV Festival". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ Suk, Monica (August 27, 2012). "6 TV series that were inches away from clinching SDA nomination". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ Kwon, Mee-yoo (April 27, 2012). "Kim Soo-hyun wins Paeksang awards". The Korea Times. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
^ Suk, Monica (April 17, 2012). "MBC's The Greatest Love, The Moon Embracing the Sun to be produced into comic book". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
External links
Official website (in Korean)
The Greatest Love at HanCinema
The Greatest Love at IMDb
vteScreenplays by Hong sisters
Sassy Girl Chun-hyang (2005)
My Girl (2005)
Couple or Trouble (2006)
Hong Gil-dong (2008)
You're Beautiful (2009)
My Girlfriend Is a Gumiho (2010)
The Greatest Love (2011)
Big (2012)
Master's Sun (2013)
Warm and Cozy (2015)
A Korean Odyssey (2017)
Hotel del Luna (2019)
Alchemy of Souls (2022) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama"},{"link_name":"Cha Seung-won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_Seung-won"},{"link_name":"Gong Hyo-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin"},{"link_name":"Yoon Kye-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Kye-sang"},{"link_name":"Yoo In-na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_In-na"},{"link_name":"MBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"KST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Greatest Love (Korean: 최고의 사랑; Hanja: 最高의 사랑; RR: Choegoui Sarang; MR: Ch'oegoŭi Sarang; lit. Best Love) is a 2011 South Korean romantic comedy television series starring Cha Seung-won, Gong Hyo-jin, Yoon Kye-sang and Yoo In-na. Telling a story about true love in the fake world of entertainment, it aired on MBC from May 4 to June 23, 2011, on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 (KST) for 16 episodes.[1][2]","title":"The Greatest Love (South Korean TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gong Hyo-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin"},{"link_name":"Cha Seung-won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_Seung-won"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koreatimes-3"},{"link_name":"Yoo In-na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_In-na"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-synopsis-4"},{"link_name":"Yoon Kye-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Kye-sang"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koreatimes-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-synopsis-4"},{"link_name":"MBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"We Got Married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Got_Married"},{"link_name":"The Bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bachelor_(US_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"meta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_(prefix)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gu Ae-jung (Gong Hyo-jin) was the most popular member of girl group Kukbo Sonyeo, literally meaning \"National Treasure Girls,\" some 10 years ago, but fell from grace after becoming embroiled in scandals. She makes appearances on television programs to eke out a living for her troublemaker father and brother.On the other hand, Dokko Jin (Cha Seung-won) is the most beloved star in the nation, topping all kinds of popularity polls and appearing in many commercials, but has several character flaws. Ae-jung discovers a secret about Jin by chance and reveals it on a talk show, incurring his fury. However, their ill-fated relationship unfolds in an unexpected way as Jin falls for Ae-jung and tries to win her heart.[3]Kang Se-ri (Yoo In-na) is the ex band-mate of Ae-jung. But whereas Ae-jung was more famous in her heyday and Se-ri was a nobody, now Se-ri is one of the most popular celebrities. She dated Dokko Jin for a short time, but despite their breakup, they continue to pretend that they're still dating to avoid negative publicity. Se-ri is also the host of popular TV dating show Couple Making Season 3.[4]Yoon Pil-joo (Yoon Kye-sang) is a well-mannered, thoughtful and a caring doctor of Oriental medicine. He has no interest in celebrities and their outrageous lives. Under pressure from his mother, he agrees to appear on a TV dating show, but after finding out that Ae-jung will also be appearing on the same show, he is eager to participate in the show and meet her.[3][4] Fictional dating show Couple Making Season 3 is based on MBC’s real variety program We Got Married, where they throw celebrities into fake relationships for the cameras. The concept is a competition-based mat-seon program, essentially setting up people on blind dates for the purposes of finding a marriage partner. The major difference is that in Couple Making, celebrity ladies compete over a non-celebrity eligible bachelor who gives them roses to prevent their elimination (a la The Bachelor), which is how Yoon Pil-joo ends up as a contestant on the show.The mix of the main characters’ mismatched personalities with the necessity to maintain (or recoup in Ae-jung's case) public sentiment makes for great hijinks and drama, not to mention an interesting meta social commentary on the entertainment industry and the star-making and -breaking power of image.[5]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cha Seung-won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_Seung-won"},{"link_name":"Gong Hyo-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin"},{"link_name":"Yoon Kye-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Kye-sang"},{"link_name":"Yoo In-na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_In-na"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Cha Seung-won as Dokko Jin\nGong Hyo-jin as Gu Ae-jung\nYoon Kye-sang as Yoon Pil-joo\nYoo In-na as Kang Se-ri","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yang Han-yeol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Han-yeol"},{"link_name":"Jung Joon-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong_Jun-ha"},{"link_name":"Lee Hee-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hee-jin"},{"link_name":"Im Ji-kyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Ji-kyu"},{"link_name":"Choi Hwa-jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Hwa-jung"},{"link_name":"Bae Seul-ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bae_Seul-ki"},{"link_name":"Jung Man-sik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Man-sik"},{"link_name":"Park Won-sook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Won-sook"},{"link_name":"Han Jin-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Jin-hee"},{"link_name":"Ryu Hyo-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryu_Hyo-young"},{"link_name":"In Gyo-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Gyo-jin"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Supporting","text":"Yang Han-yeol as Gu Hyung-kyu (Ae-jung's nephew)\nJung Joon-ha as Gu Ae-hwan (Ae-jung's brother/manager)\nLee Hee-jin as Jenny\nIm Ji-kyu as Kim Jae-seok (Jin's manager)\nChoi Hwa-jung as Representative Moon (president of Jin's agency)\nBae Seul-ki as Han Mi-na\nJung Man-sik as Manager Jang\nChoi Sung-min as Kim Eun-ho (Couple Making PD)\nKim Mi-jin as Han Myung-jung (Couple Making writer)\nPark Won-sook as Pil-joo's mother\nHan Jin-hee as Gu Ja-chul (Ae-jung's father)\nJeong Gyu-soo as Cardiac surgeon\nRyu Hyo-young as Harumi\nIn Gyo-jin[a] as Mi-na's husband","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jang Hang-jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jang_Hang-jun"},{"link_name":"Jung Doo-hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Doo-hong"},{"link_name":"Horan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horan_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Oh Sang-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Sang-jin"},{"link_name":"Quiz to Change the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Sunday_Night#Quiz_to_Change_the_World"},{"link_name":"Kim Gu-ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Gu-ra"},{"link_name":"Lee Hwi-jae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hwi-jae"},{"link_name":"Park Mi-sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Mi-sun"},{"link_name":"Ji Sang-ryeol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_Sang-ryeol"},{"link_name":"Park Kyung-lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Kyung-lim"},{"link_name":"Kim Shin-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Shin-young"},{"link_name":"Park Si-yeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Si-yeon"},{"link_name":"Lee Seung-gi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Seung-gi"},{"link_name":"Brian Joo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Joo"},{"link_name":"Kim Gu-ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Gu-ra"}],"sub_title":"Special appearances","text":"Episode 1\n\nJang Hang-jun\nJung Doo-hong\nHoran\nOh Sang-jin\nEpisodes 1–2 (Quiz to Change the World) \n\nKim Gu-ra\nLee Hwi-jae\nPark Mi-sun\nJo Hye-ryun\nLee Byung-jin\nLee Kyung-shil\nJo Hyung-gi\nKim Ji-sun\nJi Sang-ryeol\nKim Hyun-chul\nPark Kyung-lim\nKim Shin-young\n\n\nEpisodes 3–4\n\nPark Si-yeon\nEpisode 9\n\nLee Seung-gi\nEpisode 10\n\nBrian Joo\nEpisode 14 (Section TV)\n\nKim Yong-man\nGoo Eun-young\nPark Seul-gi\nLee Sung-bae\nSeo Hyo-myung\nHwang Je-sung\nJung Hwan-gyu\nEpisode 15–16 (Ideal Type World Cup)\n\nKim Gu-ra","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_sisters"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Korean dramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama"},{"link_name":"Sassy Girl Chun-hyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassy_Girl_Chun-hyang"},{"link_name":"My Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Girl_(2005_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Couple or Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couple_or_Trouble"},{"link_name":"Hong Gil-dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Gil-dong_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"You're Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Beautiful_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"My Girlfriend Is a Gumiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Girlfriend_Is_a_Gumiho"},{"link_name":"Queen Seondeok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cha Seung-won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_Seung-won"},{"link_name":"Yoon Kye-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Kye-sang"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koreatimes-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gong Hyo-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The series was written by Hong Jung-eun and Hong Mi-ran, known collectively as the \"Hong sisters\",[6][7] who also wrote other Korean dramas such as Sassy Girl Chun-hyang (2005), My Girl (2005), Couple or Trouble (2006), Hong Gil-dong (2008), You're Beautiful (2009) and My Girlfriend Is a Gumiho (2010). According to director Park Hong-kyun (who previously helmed Queen Seondeok), the Hong sisters' adeptness at character comedy is how The Greatest Love hoped to differentiate itself from other trendy dramas airing on Korean television in Spring 2011.Though the drama draws from gossip people hear about celebrities, Cha Seung-won said during the drama's press conference that he also wanted to show a bright, healthy side of the entertainment scene in Korea. He admitted that entertainers do hide behind their image due to their job. \"However, this drama will show they are just genuine people off-camera,\" Cha said. Yoon Kye-sang added that, \"The script is very realistic, giving a fun sneak peek into what is going on behind the scenes.\"[3][8] Cha has described his comedic acting as technical while his co-star Gong Hyo-jin's is more naturalistic and reactive. They believe they struck a good balance between their two acting styles, which benefited the drama greatly.[9][10][11][12][13]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pyeongchang-dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang-dong"},{"link_name":"Lotte World Magic Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_World"},{"link_name":"Nonhyeon-dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonhyeon-dong,_Seoul"},{"link_name":"Jongno-gu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongno-gu"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dramatic-16"},{"link_name":"Product placement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_placement"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"LG Optimus Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Optimus_Black"},{"link_name":"social networking service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service"},{"link_name":"Me2day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me2day"},{"link_name":"VitaminWater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Brands#VitaminWater"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Several of the locations used in the drama are Cafe Monet in Pyeongchang-dong (ostensibly run by Gu Ae-jung's friend Jenny), Kim Jong Young Museum (which served as Dokko Jin's luxurious house), Lotte World Magic Island (setting of Dokko Jin's love confession), D Square Gallery in Nonhyeon-dong (as Dokko Jin's management agency), and Choonwondang Museum of Korean Medicine in Jongno-gu (as Yoon Pil-joo's clinic).[14][15]Product placement (PPL) were integrated into the characters' storylines, and the drama's popularity resulted in increased sales of products such as smartphones LG Optimus Black and Optimus Big, social networking service Me2day, and energy drink VitaminWater. But the production received a warning from the Broadcasting Commission for what it termed the drama's \"egregious\" use of PPL.[16]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K.Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.Will"},{"link_name":"G.NA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.NA"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sunny Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Hill"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"IU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IU_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Huh Gak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huh_Gak"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Big Mama Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_(band)"},{"link_name":"Baek Ji-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baek_Ji-young"}],"text":"No.TitleArtistLength1.\"리얼러브송\" (Real Love Song)K.Will 2.\"내 사람이라서\" (Because You're My Man)G.NA 3.\"두근두근\" (Pit-a-Pat[17])Sunny Hill[18] 4.\"내 손을 잡아\" (Hold My Hand)IU 5.\"나를 잊지 말아요\" (Don't Forget Me)Huh Gak 6.\"눈물나게 사랑해\" (Loving You Makes Me Cry[19])Big Mama Soul 7.\"아이캔't 드링크\" (I Can't Drink)Baek Ji-young 8.\"LOVE LOVE\"Choi Su-jin 9.\"Hero (Inst.)\"Various Artists 10.\"Destiny (Inst.)\"Various Artists 11.\"네잎클로버 (Inst.)\" (Four-leaf Clover (Inst.))Various Artists 12.\"Good Boy (Inst.)\"Various Artists 13.\"사랑은 (Inst.)\" (Love (Inst.))Various Artists","title":"Original soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Greatest Love posted an average viewership rating of 16.6 percent on Total National Multimedia Statistics' (TNmS) chart and 19.5 percent on AGB Nielsen Media Research's (AGB) poll, with its final episode reaching 21 percent on AGB's survey to surpass the 20 percent mark for the first time. It topped the Wednesdays and Thursdays primetime TV chart for five consecutive weeks.[20]","title":"Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhwa"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Comic book publisher Tooni Plus released the first two books of The Greatest Love in April 2012. The firm expects to boost Korean comic books' sales abroad with drama-based comic books.[30]","title":"Comic adaptation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ Credited as Do Yi-sung.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hong, Lucia (March 30, 2011). \"Actress Kong Hyo-jin cast for upcoming MBC TV series\". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011032509590455964","url_text":"\"Actress Kong Hyo-jin cast for upcoming MBC TV series\""}]},{"reference":"Hwang, Hyo-jin (April 29, 2011). \"PREVIEW: MBC TV series The Greatest Love\". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011042915045910241","url_text":"\"PREVIEW: MBC TV series The Greatest Love\""}]},{"reference":"Kwon, Mee-yoo (May 3, 2011). \"TV soap to peek into celebrity life\". The Korea Times. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2011/05/201_86326.html","url_text":"\"TV soap to peek into celebrity life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Synopsis and Character Descriptions\". MBC Global Media. Retrieved August 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.mbc.co.kr/english/drama/11/1800265_56096.html","url_text":"\"Synopsis and Character Descriptions\""}]},{"reference":"Hwang, Hyo-jin (May 13, 2011). \"REVIEW: MBC TV series The Greatest Love - 1st & 2nd Episode\". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://us.tenasia.co.kr/archives/7174","url_text":"\"REVIEW: MBC TV series The Greatest Love - 1st & 2nd Episode\""}]},{"reference":"Choi, Ji-eun (June 23, 2011). 홍자매 \"<최고의 사랑>은 땅에 붙인 이야기로 시작하고 싶었다\" [Interview with the Hong Sisters]. 10Asia (in Korean). Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/8514","url_text":"홍자매 \"<최고의 사랑>은 땅에 붙인 이야기로 시작하고 싶었다\""}]},{"reference":"홍자매 단독인터뷰: ① \"'최고사'는 '개콘'같은 드라마\". Sports Chosun (in Korean). June 23, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=201106240100210880017345&servicedate=20110623","url_text":"홍자매 단독인터뷰: ① \"'최고사'는 '개콘'같은 드라마\""}]},{"reference":"\"Today's Photo: April 29, 2011\". The Chosun Ilbo. April 29, 2011. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328132721/http://english.chosun.com/svc/view.html?contid=2011042900415","url_text":"\"Today's Photo: April 29, 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo","url_text":"The Chosun Ilbo"},{"url":"http://english.chosun.com/svc/view.html?contid=2011042900415","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cha Seung-won: I am Dokko Jin\". Dramabeans. May 22, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dramabeans.com/2011/05/cha-seung-won-i-am-dokko-jin/","url_text":"\"Cha Seung-won: I am Dokko Jin\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Ji-hye (June 27, 2011). \"Interview: Actor Cha Seung-won\". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011062711172155537","url_text":"\"Interview: Actor Cha Seung-won\""}]},{"reference":"Beck, Una (July 8, 2011). \"Interview: Actress Kong Hyo-jin - Part 1\". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011070818152796765","url_text":"\"Interview: Actress Kong Hyo-jin - Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Ji-hye (June 25, 2011). \"Crashing into wedding shop scene of MBC The Greatest Love\". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011062417463436146","url_text":"\"Crashing into wedding shop scene of MBC The Greatest Love\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Julie (April 21, 2014). \"Gong Hyo Jin Talks About Her Funny Appealing Leading Men\". KDramaStars. Retrieved July 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kdramastars.com/articles/20090/20140421/gong-hyo-jin-talks-about-her-funny-appealing-leading-men.htm","url_text":"\"Gong Hyo Jin Talks About Her Funny Appealing Leading Men\""}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Seo-hyun (September 24, 2011). \"Trace the steps of your favorite drama stars\". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on December 12, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111212060317/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2941874","url_text":"\"Trace the steps of your favorite drama stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"}]},{"reference":"Kang, Michelle (August 8, 2011). \"Seoul shows its dramatic side\". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130127043004/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2939890","url_text":"\"Seoul shows its dramatic side\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Ja-young (October 3, 2011). \"Product placement in full swing\". The Korea Times. Retrieved November 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2012/11/350_95962.html","url_text":"\"Product placement in full swing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"}]},{"reference":"Hwang, Hyo-jin (July 20, 2011). \"Interview with SunnyHill - Part 2\". 10Asia. Retrieved April 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011072021583973889","url_text":"\"Interview with SunnyHill - Part 2\""}]},{"reference":"Kim, Heidi (June 24, 2011). \"MBC The Greatest Love exits after 5th straight win on TV chart\". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011062409495922929","url_text":"\"MBC The Greatest Love exits after 5th straight win on TV chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"TNMS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu\". TNMS Ratings (in Korean). Archived from the original on November 28, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131128032303/http://www.tnms.tv/rating/default.asp","url_text":"\"TNMS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu\""},{"url":"http://www.tnms.tv/rating/default.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu\". AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131226133248/http://www.agbnielsen.co.kr/index.asp?ref=0","url_text":"\"AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu\""},{"url":"http://www.agbnielsen.co.kr/index.asp?ref=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Winners of the 2011 Korea Drama Awards\". Korea Tourism Organization. October 10, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/ena/HA/content/cms_view_1398616.jsp","url_text":"\"Winners of the 2011 Korea Drama Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Tourism_Organization","url_text":"Korea Tourism Organization"}]},{"reference":"\"Winners from the 2011 Melon Music Awards\". Koreaboo. November 24, 2011. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221051332/http://www.koreaboo.com/index.html/_/music-shows/winners-from-the-2011-melon-music-awards-r11713","url_text":"\"Winners from the 2011 Melon Music Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.koreaboo.com/index.html/_/music-shows/winners-from-the-2011-melon-music-awards-r11713","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cha Seung-won confident about the MBC Grand Award\". Hancinema. December 11, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hancinema.net/cha-seung-won-confident-about-the-mbc-grand-award-36204.html","url_text":"\"Cha Seung-won confident about the MBC Grand Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancinema","url_text":"Hancinema"}]},{"reference":"Hong, Lucia (January 2, 2012). \"The Greatest Love snags 7 honors at 2011 MBC Drama Awards\". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012010209563739211","url_text":"\"The Greatest Love snags 7 honors at 2011 MBC Drama Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Suk, Monica (March 23, 2012). \"MBC's The Greatest Love wins silver at 2012 NY TV Festival\". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012032313562292948","url_text":"\"MBC's The Greatest Love wins silver at 2012 NY TV Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Suk, Monica (August 27, 2012). \"6 TV series that were inches away from clinching SDA nomination\". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012082709570382768","url_text":"\"6 TV series that were inches away from clinching SDA nomination\""}]},{"reference":"Kwon, Mee-yoo (April 27, 2012). \"Kim Soo-hyun wins Paeksang awards\". The Korea Times. Retrieved April 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2012/04/139_109816.html","url_text":"\"Kim Soo-hyun wins Paeksang awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"}]},{"reference":"Suk, Monica (April 17, 2012). \"MBC's The Greatest Love, The Moon Embracing the Sun to be produced into comic book\". 10Asia. Retrieved November 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012041715161994376","url_text":"\"MBC's The Greatest Love, The Moon Embracing the Sun to be produced into comic book\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011032509590455964","external_links_name":"\"Actress Kong Hyo-jin cast for upcoming MBC TV series\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011042915045910241","external_links_name":"\"PREVIEW: MBC TV series The Greatest Love\""},{"Link":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2011/05/201_86326.html","external_links_name":"\"TV soap to peek into celebrity life\""},{"Link":"http://content.mbc.co.kr/english/drama/11/1800265_56096.html","external_links_name":"\"Synopsis and Character Descriptions\""},{"Link":"http://us.tenasia.co.kr/archives/7174","external_links_name":"\"REVIEW: MBC TV series The Greatest Love - 1st & 2nd Episode\""},{"Link":"http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/8514","external_links_name":"홍자매 \"<최고의 사랑>은 땅에 붙인 이야기로 시작하고 싶었다\""},{"Link":"http://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=201106240100210880017345&servicedate=20110623","external_links_name":"홍자매 단독인터뷰: ① \"'최고사'는 '개콘'같은 드라마\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328132721/http://english.chosun.com/svc/view.html?contid=2011042900415","external_links_name":"\"Today's Photo: April 29, 2011\""},{"Link":"http://english.chosun.com/svc/view.html?contid=2011042900415","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dramabeans.com/2011/05/cha-seung-won-i-am-dokko-jin/","external_links_name":"\"Cha Seung-won: I am Dokko Jin\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011062711172155537","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Actor Cha Seung-won\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011070818152796765","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Actress Kong Hyo-jin - Part 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011062417463436146","external_links_name":"\"Crashing into wedding shop scene of MBC The Greatest Love\""},{"Link":"http://www.kdramastars.com/articles/20090/20140421/gong-hyo-jin-talks-about-her-funny-appealing-leading-men.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gong Hyo Jin Talks About Her Funny Appealing Leading Men\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111212060317/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2941874","external_links_name":"\"Trace the steps of your favorite drama stars\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130127043004/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2939890","external_links_name":"\"Seoul shows its dramatic side\""},{"Link":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2012/11/350_95962.html","external_links_name":"\"Product placement in full swing\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011072021583973889","external_links_name":"\"Interview with SunnyHill - Part 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011062409495922929","external_links_name":"\"MBC The Greatest Love exits after 5th straight win on TV chart\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131128032303/http://www.tnms.tv/rating/default.asp","external_links_name":"\"TNMS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu\""},{"Link":"http://www.tnms.tv/rating/default.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131226133248/http://www.agbnielsen.co.kr/index.asp?ref=0","external_links_name":"\"AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu\""},{"Link":"http://www.agbnielsen.co.kr/index.asp?ref=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/ena/HA/content/cms_view_1398616.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Winners of the 2011 Korea Drama Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221051332/http://www.koreaboo.com/index.html/_/music-shows/winners-from-the-2011-melon-music-awards-r11713","external_links_name":"\"Winners from the 2011 Melon Music Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaboo.com/index.html/_/music-shows/winners-from-the-2011-melon-music-awards-r11713","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hancinema.net/cha-seung-won-confident-about-the-mbc-grand-award-36204.html","external_links_name":"\"Cha Seung-won confident about the MBC Grand Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012010209563739211","external_links_name":"\"The Greatest Love snags 7 honors at 2011 MBC Drama Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012032313562292948","external_links_name":"\"MBC's The Greatest Love wins silver at 2012 NY TV Festival\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012082709570382768","external_links_name":"\"6 TV series that were inches away from clinching SDA nomination\""},{"Link":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2012/04/139_109816.html","external_links_name":"\"Kim Soo-hyun wins Paeksang awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012041715161994376","external_links_name":"\"MBC's The Greatest Love, The Moon Embracing the Sun to be produced into comic book\""},{"Link":"http://www.imbc.com/broad/tv/drama/greatestlove/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.hancinema.net/korean_drama_The_Greatest_Love.php","external_links_name":"The Greatest Love"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2304406/","external_links_name":"The Greatest Love"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_West_Armenia | FC West Armenia | ["1 History","1.1 League and cup","2 Current squad","3 Managerial history","4 See also","5 References"] | Armenian football club
Football clubFC West ArmeniaFull nameFootball Club West ArmeniaFounded2019; 5 years ago (2019)GroundJunior Sport Stadium, YerevanCapacity1,188OwnerVahe StepanyanPresidentGevorg MartirosyanManagerTaron GrigoryanLeagueArmenian Premier League2023-24Armenian Premier League, TBA
Home colours
Away colours
Football Club West Armenia (Armenian: Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ Վեստ Արմենիա), is an Armenian football club based in the capital Yerevan.
History
On 13 June 2019, FC West Armenia was officially founded in Yerevan by Vahe Stepanyan. In its first year of foundation, West Armenia took part in the Armenian First League. Mika Stadium was the home ground of West Armenia. On May 31, 2021, the club announced that it will no longer participate in any competition due to financial difficulties. In July 2022, along with SC Mika, Gandzasar Kapan, FC Syunik and Lernayin Artsakh (reserve team), West Armenia were given license to participate in 2022-23 Armenian First League season. On 32nd matchday, one game before the end of the season, West Armenia are officially declared champions of 2022-23 Armenian First League and therefore promoted to 2023-2024 Armenian Premier League
League and cup
Season
League
National Cup
Top goalscorer
Div.
Pos.
Pl.
W
D
L
GS
GA
GD
P
Name
League
2019–20
Armenian First League
3
27
21
3
3
80
37
+43
66
Second round
Sergei Orlov
31
2020–21
4
27
16
2
9
71
36
+35
50
Quarterfinal
Sergei Orlov
25
2021–22
No participation
2022–23
Armenian First League
1
33
23
6
4
85
34
+51
75
First round
Charles Mark Ikechukwu
14
2023–24
Armenian Premier League
7
36
11
4
21
43
73
-30
37
Second round
Zakhar Tarasenko
8
Current squad
As of 19 June 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
RUS
Nikolay Rybikov
2
DF
ARM
Yuri Martirosyan
3
DF
RUS
Matvey Guyganov
4
MF
RUS
Mikhail Strelnik
5
DF
ARM
Edmon Movsisyan
8
MF
ARM
Sargis Shahinyan
9
MF
ARM
Aram Loretsyan
10
MF
UKR
Vladyslav Khomutov
11
MF
RUS
Zakhar Tarasenko
13
GK
ARM
Gor Manukyan
14
MF
NGA
Julius David Ufuoma
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
15
DF
CIV
Salia Kader Traore
16
DF
ARM
Robert Hakobyan
19
FW
ARM
Sargis Metoyan
22
DF
ITA
Stefano Crivellaro
24
DF
ARM
Hayk Sargsyan
26
DF
ARM
Arman Khachatryan
30
FW
MLI
Hadji Dramé
36
FW
NGA
Christian Chidera Oparaocha
38
GK
ARM
Arman Harutyunyan
87
DF
RUS
Aleksey Kayukov
—
DF
RUS
Vladimir Kharatyan
Managerial history
Armen Shahgeldyan (13 June 2019 – 8 August 2020)
Hayk Hovhannisyan (1 December 2020 – 31 May 2021)
Khoren Veranyan (2022 – present)
See also
Soccer portalSports portal
Football in Armenia
Football Federation of Armenia
References
^ "Հայկական ևս մեկ ակումբ հայտարարեց Հայաստանի առաջնությանը չմասնակցելու մասին" (in Armenian). armsport.am. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
vteFootball clubs in ArmeniaActive clubs2023–24 Premier League
Alashkert
Ararat-Armenia
Ararat Yerevan
BKMA
Noah
Pyunik
Shirak
Urartu
Van
West Armenia
2023-24 First League
BKMA-2
Alashkert-2
Ararat-Armenia-2
Gandzasar Kapan
Pyunik-2
Shirak-2
Urartu-2
Lernayin Artsakh
Ararat-2
Noah-2
Mika
Syunik
Onor
Andranik
Nikarm
Defunct clubs
Abovyan
Akhtala
Akhtamar
Almast
Ani
Aragats
Arabkir
Aragats Gyumri
Araks Ararat
Araks Yerevan
Armavir
Armenicum
Arpa
Aznavour
Bentonit
BMA-Arai Echmiadzin
Debed
Dilijan
Dinamo Yerevan
Dinamo Yeghvard
Dvin Artashat
Erebuni
Erebuni-Homenmen FC
FIMA Yerevan
Geghard
Hachn
Impuls
Karin
Kasakh
Khimik Vanadzor
Kilikia
King Delux
Kumayri
Kotayk
Lernagorts Kapan
Lernagorts Vardenis
Lokomotiv Yerevan
Lori
Luys-Ararat
Malatia
Masis
Moush Charentsavan
Moush Kasagh
Nairi
Nig Aparan
Nork Marash
Noravank
Patani
RUOR Yerevan
Sevan
Shengavit
Shinarar
Sipan
SKVV Yerevan
Spitak
Spartak Yerevan
Torpedo Yerevan
Tavush
Tufagorts
Ulisses
Urmia Masis
Vagharshapat
Van Yerevan
Vanadzor
Yeghvard
Yerevan
Yerevan United
Yezerk
Zangezour
Zvartnots-AAL
Yerazank
Makaravank
This article about an Armenian football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"}],"text":"Football clubFootball Club West Armenia (Armenian: Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ Վեստ Արմենիա), is an Armenian football club based in the capital Yerevan.","title":"FC West Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_First_League"},{"link_name":"Mika Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"SC Mika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gandzasar Kapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Gandzasar_Kapan"},{"link_name":"FC Syunik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC_Syunik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lernayin Artsakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernayin_Artsakh"},{"link_name":"2022-23 Armenian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-23_Armenian_First_League"},{"link_name":"2022-23 Armenian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-23_Armenian_First_League"},{"link_name":"2023-2024 Armenian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Armenian_Premier_League"}],"text":"On 13 June 2019, FC West Armenia was officially founded in Yerevan by Vahe Stepanyan. In its first year of foundation, West Armenia took part in the Armenian First League. Mika Stadium was the home ground of West Armenia. On May 31, 2021, the club announced that it will no longer participate in any competition due to financial difficulties.[1] In July 2022, along with SC Mika, Gandzasar Kapan, FC Syunik and Lernayin Artsakh (reserve team), West Armenia were given license to participate in 2022-23 Armenian First League season. On 32nd matchday, one game before the end of the season, West Armenia are officially declared champions of 2022-23 Armenian First League and therefore promoted to 2023-2024 Armenian Premier League","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"League and cup","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 19 June 2024Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armen Shahgeldyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Shahgeldyan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Hayk Hovhannisyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayk_Hovhannisyan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Khoren Veranyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khoren_Veranyan&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Armen Shahgeldyan (13 June 2019 – 8 August 2020)\n Hayk Hovhannisyan (1 December 2020 – 31 May 2021)\n Khoren Veranyan (2022 – present)","title":"Managerial history"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soccer_ball.svg"},{"title":"Soccer portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Soccer"},{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"title":"Football in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Armenia"},{"title":"Football Federation of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Armenia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Հայկական ևս մեկ ակումբ հայտարարեց Հայաստանի առաջնությանը չմասնակցելու մասին\" (in Armenian). armsport.am. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://armsport.am/284235/","url_text":"\"Հայկական ևս մեկ ակումբ հայտարարեց Հայաստանի առաջնությանը չմասնակցելու մասին\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://armsport.am/284235/","external_links_name":"\"Հայկական ևս մեկ ակումբ հայտարարեց Հայաստանի առաջնությանը չմասնակցելու մասին\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC_West_Armenia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_language | Tommeginne language | ["1 References"] | Extinct Aboriginal language of Tasmania
TommeginneNorthern TasmanianRegionNorth-central coast of TasmaniaEthnicityNorthern tribe of TasmaniansExtinct19th centuryLanguage familyNorthern–Western Tasmanian?
Northern TasmanianTommeginneLanguage codesISO 639-3xpvGlottologNoneport1278 includedAIATSIST1
Northern Tasmanian, or Tommeginne (Tommeeginnee), is an Aboriginal language of Tasmania in the reconstruction of Claire Bowern.
Northern Tasmanian is attested from word lists collected on Flinders Island by Joseph Milligan and published in 1857 & 1859. One, labeled "northwest tribes", contains 268 words; the other, labeled "western tribes", contains 369.
References
^ T1 Tommeginne at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
^ Claire Bowern, September 2012, "The riddle of Tasmanian languages", Proc. R. Soc. B, 279, 4590–4595, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1842
^ Bowern (2012), supplement
vteAustralian Aboriginal and Tasmanian languagesPama–Nyungan subgroupsSoutheasternVictorian P–N
Lower Murray
Yotayotic
Gippsland
Kulin
Bungandidj
New South Wales P–N
Yuin–Kuric
Dhanggati ?
Anewan (Nganyaywana) ?
Central New South Wales
Wiradhuric
Barranbinja
Muruwari
North Coast
Durubalic
Bandjalangic
Gumbaynggiric
Waka–Kabic
Northern
Western Torres Strait
Kalaw Lagaw Ya
Paman
Northern Paman
Uradhi
Wik
Middle Paman
Umpilaic
Umbindhamuic
Lamalamic
Umbuygamu
Mbarrumbathama
Southwest Paman
Kuuk Thayorre
Southern Paman
Mbabaram
Flinders Island
Maric
Northern
Warrongo
Eastern
Biri
Southern
Bidyara–Gungabula
Margany–Gunya
Bindal ?
Guwa–Yanda ?
Guwa
Yanda
Kingkel ?
Dharumbal ?
Bayali ?
Lower Burdekin ?
Dyirbalic
Dyirbal
Warrgamay
Nyawaygi
Lower Burdekin ?
Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic
Guugu Yimidihirr
Kuku Yalanji
Yidiny
Gulf
Kalkatungic
Kalkatungu
Yalarnnga
Mayi
CentralArandic–Thura–Yura
Arandic
Arrernte
Kaytetye
Thura–Yura
Wirangu
Kaurna
Adnyamathanha
Karnic
Northern (Palku)
Pitta-Pitta
Western
Arabana–Wangkangurru
Central
Diyari
Yandruwandha
Eastern
Wilson River (Wangkumara)
Bulloo River (Galali) ?
Yarli
Paakantyi
WesternYolŋu
Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
Ritharrŋu
Nhaŋu
Dhuwal–Dhuwala
Djambarrpuyŋu
Gupapuyŋu
Djinaŋ
Djinba
Ganhalpuyŋu
Ngarna/Warluwarric
Yanyuwa
Southern
Ngarru
Thawa
Desert Nyungic
Marrngu
Ngumpin–Yapa
Ngumpin
Yapa
Warumungu ?
Wati
South-West P–N
Pilbara
Ngayarda
Kanyara–Mantharta
Kartu–Nhanda
Yinggarda ?
Mirning
Nyunga
Proto-Pama–Nyungan
Tangkic
Lardil (register: Damin)
Kayardild
Yukulta (Ganggalida, Nyangga)
Mingginda (Minkin)
Garrwan
Garawa (Garrwa, north)
Waanyi (Wanji, south)
Gunindiri (Kurnindirri, southwest)
Macro-Gunwinyguan ?Maningrida
Burarra
Gurr-goni
Ndjébbana
Nakkara
Marran
Marra
Warndarang
Yugul ?
Alawa ?
Mangarrayi ?
Gunwinyguan properWestern
Jawoyn (Djauan)
Waray
Uwinymil
Central
Bininj Kunwok (Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
Kunbarlang
Dalabon (Ngalkbun)
Eastern
Rembarrnga
Ngalakgan
Ngandi
Nunggubuyu (Wubuy)
Anindilyakwa (Enindhilyagwa)
Yangmanic–Wagiman?
Wardaman
Wagiman
Other isolates
Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ) ?
Gaagudju
IwaidjanCentral (Warrkbi)
Iwaidja
Garig–Ilgar
Garig
Ilgar
Eastern (Goulburn Island)
Maung
Manangkari
Southern
Amurdag
Marrku–Wurrugu ?
Wurrugu
Marrgu
Darwin Region ?
Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
Limilngan–Wulna?
Limilngan
Wulna
Umbugarlic
Umbugarla
Ngurmbur
Bugurnidja
Daly River SprachbundWagaydyic (Anson Bay)
Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
Northern Daly
Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
Tyerraty
Western Daly
Marri Ngarr
Merranunggu
Marrithiyel
Marramaninjsji
Eastern Daly
Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
Kamu
Southern Daly
Murrinh-patha
Ngan’gityemerri
Mirndi
Jingulu
Yirram
Nungali
Jaminjung
Ngurlun
Ngarnka
Wambaya
Jarrakan
Kija
Miriwoong
Gajirrawoong
Bunuban
Bunuba
Gooniyandi
Worrorran
Wunambal (Northern)
Ngarinyin (Eastern)
Worrorra (Western)
NyulnyulanWestern (Nyulnyulic)
Nyulnyul
Bardi
Jawi
Djabirr-Djabirr
Nimanburru
Eastern (Dyukun)
Yawuru
Dyugun
Warrwa
Nyigina
Ngumbarl
isolates
Giimbiyu
Tiwi
Tasmanian family-level groupsWestern
Northwestern Tasmanian (Peerapper)
Southwestern Tasmanian (Toogee) ?
Northern
Northern Tasmanian (Tommeginne)
Port Sorell
Northeastern
Pyemmairre (Northeastern)
Tyerrernotepanner (North Midland)
Lhotsky/Blackhouse
Norman
Eastern
Oyster Bay (Paredarerme)
Little Swanport
Southeast Tasmanian (Nuenonne)
Bruny Island
New Indigenous languages and Aboriginal EnglishesCreolesAustralian Kriol
Roper River Kriol (Ngukurr)
Bamyili Kriol (Barunga)
Kimberley Kriol (Fitzroy Valley)
Daly River Kriol
Westside Kriol (Victoria River)
Barkly Kriol
Mornington Island Creole
Kowanyama Creole
Northeastern creoles
Torres Strait Creole (Yumplatok)
Cape York Creole
Lockhart River Creole
Napranum Creole
Pidgins
Port Jackson Pidgin English
Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
South Australian Pidgin English
Pidgin Ngarluma
Mixed languages
Light Warlpiri
Gurindji Kriol
Modern Tiwi
Wumpurrarni English (Tennant Creek)
Alyawarr English
Others
Neo-Nyungar
Nunga English
Yarrie Lingo
Palm Talk
Woorie Talk
Cherbourg Talk
Murdi Language
vteAboriginal anthropology in TasmaniaAboriginal Tasmanians
Dolly Dalrymple
Wauba Debar
Daniel Geale
William Lanne
Luggenemenener
Mannalargenna
Michael Mansell
Fanny Cochrane Smith
Truganini
Tasmanian tribes
Toogee
Aboriginal history
Black War
Cape Grim massacre
Tasmanian languagesNorthern–Western
Tommeginne
Port Sorell
Peerapper
Toogee
Northeastern
Pyemmairre
Tyerrernotepanner
"Norman"
"Lhotsky/Blackhouse"
Eastern
Little Swanport
Paredarerme
Nuenonne
Bruny Island
Constructed
palawa kani
See also: List of Indigenous Australian group names
By state or territory
New South Wales
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanian"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowern-2"},{"link_name":"Flinders Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Island"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tommeginne_language#Dubious"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Northern Tasmanian, or Tommeginne (Tommeeginnee), is an Aboriginal language of Tasmania in the reconstruction of Claire Bowern.[2]Northern Tasmanian is attested from word lists collected on Flinders Island by Joseph Milligan and published in 1857 & 1859. One, labeled \"northwest tribes\", contains 268[dubious – discuss] words; the other, labeled \"western tribes\", contains 369.[3]","title":"Tommeginne language"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/port1278","external_links_name":"port1278"},{"Link":"https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/T1","external_links_name":"T1"},{"Link":"https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/T1","external_links_name":"T1"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Villapalos | Gustavo Villapalos | ["1 References"] | Spanish academic and politician (1949–2021)
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Gustavo Villapalos Salas (15 October 1949 – 15 June 2021) was a Spanish academic and politician. He was rector of Complutense University of Madrid from 1987 to 1995.
References
^ "Muere Gustavo Villapalos, exrector de la Complutense y consejero de Educación cuando se fundó la URJC". ElDiario.es. June 15, 2021.
^ "Muere Gustavo Villapalos, pregonero de la Semana Santa de Málaga de 1995". Diario Sur. June 15, 2021.
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This article about a Spanish politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article about a Spanish academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Complutense University of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Gustavo Villapalos Salas (15 October 1949 – 15 June 2021) was a Spanish academic and politician. He was rector of Complutense University of Madrid from 1987 to 1995.[1][2]","title":"Gustavo Villapalos"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Muere Gustavo Villapalos, exrector de la Complutense y consejero de Educación cuando se fundó la URJC\". ElDiario.es. June 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/muere-gustavo-villapalos-exrector-complutense-consejero-educacion-fundo-urjc_1_8040591.html","url_text":"\"Muere Gustavo Villapalos, exrector de la Complutense y consejero de Educación cuando se fundó la URJC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muere Gustavo Villapalos, pregonero de la Semana Santa de Málaga de 1995\". Diario Sur. June 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariosur.es/semana-santa/muere-gustavo-villapalos-20210615195851-nt.html","url_text":"\"Muere Gustavo Villapalos, pregonero de la Semana Santa de Málaga de 1995\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGustavo_Villapalos&sl=es&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/muere-gustavo-villapalos-exrector-complutense-consejero-educacion-fundo-urjc_1_8040591.html","external_links_name":"\"Muere Gustavo Villapalos, exrector de la Complutense y consejero de Educación cuando se fundó la URJC\""},{"Link":"https://www.diariosur.es/semana-santa/muere-gustavo-villapalos-20210615195851-nt.html","external_links_name":"\"Muere Gustavo Villapalos, pregonero de la Semana Santa de Málaga de 1995\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000079712385","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/17351598","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1725703","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12894571j","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12894571j","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/140552839","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269669805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14178029","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99008472","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p30327381X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/050136879","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_Villapalos&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_Villapalos&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sumbawanga | Roman Catholic Diocese of Sumbawanga | ["1 History","2 Leadership","3 See also","4 Sources"] | Coordinates: 7°58′00″S 31°37′00″E / 7.966667°S 31.616667°E / -7.966667; 31.616667Roman Catholic diocese in Tanzania, Africa
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (February 2011) Click for important translation instructions.
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Diocese of SumbawangaDioecesis SumbavangensisLocationCountryTanzaniaMetropolitanMbeyaStatisticsArea28,654 km2 (11,063 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2004)928,941607,143 (65.4%)InformationRiteLatin RiteCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopBeatus Christian Urassa, ALCP/OSSBishops emeritusDamian Kyaruzi
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sumbawanga (Latin: Dioecesis Sumbavangensis) is a diocese located in Sumbawanga in the ecclesiastical province of Mbeya in Tanzania.
History
1880: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Tanganyika from the Apostolic Vicariate of Central Africa in Sudan
May 10, 1946: Renamed as Apostolic Vicariate of Karema
March 25, 1953: Promoted as Diocese of Karema
October 24, 1969: Renamed as Diocese of Sumbawanga
December 21, 2018: Changed metropolia from Tabora to Mbeya
Leadership
Vicars Apostolic of Tanganyika (Roman rite) -- see also separate article Apostolic Vicariate of Tanganyika
Bishop Jean-Baptiste-Frézal Charbonnier, M. Afr. (1887.01.14 - 1888.03.1616)
Bishop Léonce Bridoux, M. Afr. (1888.06.15 Jun 1888 - 1890.10.20)
Bishop Adolphe Le Chaptois, M. Afr. (1891.06.19 - 1917.11.30)
Bishop Joseph-Marie Birraux, M. Afr. (1920.04.22 - 1936.04.22), appointed Superior General of Missionaries of Africa (White Fathers)
Bishop Jan Cornelius van Sambeek, M. Afr. (1936.11.19 - 1947.05.10), appointed Vicar Apostolic of Kigoma
Vicar Apostolic of Karema (Roman rite)
Bishop James Holmes-Siedle, M. Afr. (1946.07.29 – 1953.03.25 see below)
Bishops of Karema (Roman rite)
Bishop James Holmes-Siedle, M. Afr. (see above 1953.03.25 – 1958.08.05), appointed Bishop of Kigoma
Bishop Charles Msakila (1958.11.13 – 1969.10.24 see below)
Bishops of Sumbawanga (Roman rite)
Bishop Charles Msakila (see above 1969.10.24 – 1994.02.23)
Bishop Damian Kyaruzi (1997.04.21 - 2018.04.19)
Bishop Beatus Christian Urassa (since 2018.04.19)
See also
Roman Catholicism in Tanzania
Sources
GCatholic.org
Catholic Hierarchy
7°58′00″S 31°37′00″E / 7.966667°S 31.616667°E / -7.966667; 31.616667 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Sumbawanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbawanga"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province"},{"link_name":"Mbeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mbeya"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"}],"text":"Roman Catholic diocese in Tanzania, AfricaThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Sumbawanga (Latin: Dioecesis Sumbavangensis) is a diocese located in Sumbawanga in the ecclesiastical province of Mbeya in Tanzania.","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Sumbawanga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of Tanganyika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Tanganyika"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Central_Africa"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Tabora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tabora"},{"link_name":"Mbeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mbeya"}],"text":"1880: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Tanganyika from the Apostolic Vicariate of Central Africa in Sudan\nMay 10, 1946: Renamed as Apostolic Vicariate of Karema\nMarch 25, 1953: Promoted as Diocese of Karema\nOctober 24, 1969: Renamed as Diocese of Sumbawanga\nDecember 21, 2018: Changed metropolia from Tabora to Mbeya","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of Tanganyika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Tanganyika"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste-Frézal Charbonnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Fr%C3%A9zal_Charbonnier"},{"link_name":"Léonce Bridoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9once_Bridoux"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Le Chaptois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Le_Chaptois"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Marie Birraux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Birraux"},{"link_name":"Jan Cornelius van Sambeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Cornelius_van_Sambeek"},{"link_name":"James Holmes-Siedle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Holmes-Siedle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. Afr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Afr."},{"link_name":"Charles Msakila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Msakila"},{"link_name":"Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Charles Msakila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Msakila"},{"link_name":"Damian Kyaruzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damian_Kyaruzi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beatus Christian Urassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beatus_Christian_Urassa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Vicars Apostolic of Tanganyika (Roman rite) -- see also separate article Apostolic Vicariate of Tanganyika\nBishop Jean-Baptiste-Frézal Charbonnier, M. Afr. (1887.01.14 - 1888.03.1616)\nBishop Léonce Bridoux, M. Afr. (1888.06.15 Jun 1888 - 1890.10.20)\nBishop Adolphe Le Chaptois, M. Afr. (1891.06.19 - 1917.11.30)\nBishop Joseph-Marie Birraux, M. Afr. (1920.04.22 - 1936.04.22), appointed Superior General of Missionaries of Africa (White Fathers)\nBishop Jan Cornelius van Sambeek, M. Afr. (1936.11.19 - 1947.05.10), appointed Vicar Apostolic of Kigoma\nVicar Apostolic of Karema (Roman rite)\nBishop James Holmes-Siedle, M. Afr. (1946.07.29 – 1953.03.25 see below)\nBishops of Karema (Roman rite)\nBishop James Holmes-Siedle, M. Afr. (see above 1953.03.25 – 1958.08.05), appointed Bishop of Kigoma\nBishop Charles Msakila (1958.11.13 – 1969.10.24 see below)\nBishops of Sumbawanga (Roman rite)\nBishop Charles Msakila (see above 1969.10.24 – 1994.02.23)\nBishop Damian Kyaruzi (1997.04.21 - 2018.04.19)\nBishop Beatus Christian Urassa (since 2018.04.19)","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCatholic.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/sumb0.htm"},{"link_name":"Catholic Hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsumb.html"},{"link_name":"7°58′00″S 31°37′00″E / 7.966667°S 31.616667°E / -7.966667; 31.616667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sumbawanga¶ms=7.966667_S_31.616667_E_type:landmark_region:TZ-source:wikidata"}],"text":"GCatholic.org\nCatholic Hierarchy7°58′00″S 31°37′00″E / 7.966667°S 31.616667°E / -7.966667; 31.616667","title":"Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Roman Catholicism in Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Tanzania"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sumbawanga¶ms=7.966667_S_31.616667_E_type:landmark_region:TZ-source:wikidata","external_links_name":"7°58′00″S 31°37′00″E / 7.966667°S 31.616667°E / -7.966667; 31.616667"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDiocesi_di_Sumbawanga&sl=it&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/sumb0.htm","external_links_name":"GCatholic.org"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsumb.html","external_links_name":"Catholic Hierarchy"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sumbawanga¶ms=7.966667_S_31.616667_E_type:landmark_region:TZ-source:wikidata","external_links_name":"7°58′00″S 31°37′00″E / 7.966667°S 31.616667°E / -7.966667; 31.616667"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeison_Murillo | Jeison Murillo | ["1 Club career","1.1 Early years and Granada","1.2 Inter Milan","1.3 Valencia","1.4 Sampdoria","1.5 Later career","2 International career","3 Career statistics","3.1 Club","3.2 International","3.3 International goals","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"] | Colombian footballer (born 1992)
Not to be confused with Yeison Murillo.
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Murillo and the second or maternal family name is Cerón.
Jeison Murillo
Murillo with Colombia in 2017Personal informationFull name
Jeison Fabián Murillo CerónDate of birth
(1992-05-27) 27 May 1992 (age 32)Place of birth
Cali, ColombiaHeight
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s)
Centre-backTeam informationCurrent team
Al-ShamalNumber
24Youth career2009–2010
Deportivo CaliSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2010–2011
Udinese
0
(0)2010–2011
→ Granada B (loan)
22
(2)2011–2015
Granada
51
(1)2011–2012
→ Cádiz (loan)
27
(3)2012–2013
→ Las Palmas (loan)
37
(3)2015–2018
Inter Milan
61
(2)2017–2018
→ Valencia (loan)
17
(0)2018–2020
Valencia
1
(0)2019
→ Barcelona (loan)
2
(0)2019
→ Sampdoria (loan)
10
(0)2020–2023
Sampdoria
20
(0)2020–2021
→ Celta (loan)
49
(3)2021–2022
→ Celta (loan)
19
(0)2023–
Al-Shamal
9
(0)International career2009
Colombia U17
6
(1)2011
Colombia U20
4
(0)2014–2020
Colombia
32
(1)
Medal record
Colombia
Copa América Centenario
2016 United States
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 17:43, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
Jeison Fabián Murillo Cerón (born 27 May 1992) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a central defender for Qatari club Al-Shamal.
Club career
Early years and Granada
Born in Cali, Murillo signed with Udinese Calcio in Italy shortly after his 18th birthday, being immediately loaned to Granada CF as part of the partnership agreement between both clubs. He spent his first year in Spain with the reserves, in the regional leagues.
In early February 2012, Murillo was definitely bought by the Andalusians, but spent the following seasons on loan to clubs also in the country, Cádiz CF and UD Las Palmas. He scored four official goals in his first year as a professional, including a brace on 9 March 2013 in a 3–2 away win against UD Almería in the Segunda División. He appeared in the promotion playoffs with both teams, being unsuccessful on both occasions.
Murillo returned to Granada in the middle of 2013, making his La Liga debut on 18 August 2013 in a 2–1 win at CA Osasuna (90 minutes played). He netted his first goal in the competition on 10 January of the following year, the first in a 4–0 home victory over Real Valladolid.
Inter Milan
In February 2015, Murillo joined Inter Milan on a five-year contract, with the transfer being made effective in July and costing a reported €8 million plus €2 million in bonuses, and earning the player €1 million per year. He made his Serie A debut on 23 August, playing the entire 1–0 home win against Atalanta BC.
Valencia
On 18 August 2017, Murillo returned to Spain by joining Valencia CF on a two-year loan with an obligation to buy. He contributed 17 matches in his first season, which ended in qualification for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League after a fourth-place finish.
On 20 December 2018, Murillo joined FC Barcelona on a loan deal until the end of the campaign with a purchase option worth €25 million. His first competitive appearance took place three weeks later, in a 2–1 away loss to Levante UD in the Copa del Rey's round of 16 where he played 90 minutes and was booked. He also started in the second leg, a 3–0 win at the Camp Nou.
Sampdoria
On 13 July 2019, still owned by Valencia, Murillo signed with UC Sampdoria for an initial loan fee of €2 million and an obligation to buy for €13 million at the end of the season. On 15 January 2020, the Italian club bought out his rights and loaned him to RC Celta de Vigo until 30 June, with an option to purchase.
Murillo agreed to another loan at the Balaídos on 16 September 2020. On 31 August of the following year, a similar move was arranged.
Later career
On 28 July 2023, Murillo signed a two-year contract with Al-Shamal SC of the Qatar Stars League.
International career
Murillo made his debut for Colombia on 10 October 2014, playing 30 minutes in a 3–0 friendly win over El Salvador. He was included in the squad for the 2015 Copa América, scoring the only goal in the second group stage game against Brazil. During the quarter-final match against eventual finalists Argentina, he put on a strong performance in the 0–0 draw, but was one of three Colombian players to miss his penalty shootout attempt; he was subsequently named "Best Young Player" of the tournament.
Career statistics
Club
As of 2 January 2021
Club
Season
League
National cup
Continental
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Granada
2013–14
La Liga
32
1
2
0
—
—
34
1
2014–15
19
0
0
0
—
—
19
0
Total
51
1
2
0
—
—
53
1
Cádiz (loan)
2011–12
Segunda División B
27
3
2
0
—
—
29
3
Total
27
3
2
0
—
—
29
3
Las Palmas (loan)
2012–13
Segunda División
37
3
4
0
—
—
41
3
Total
37
3
4
0
—
—
41
3
Inter Milan
2015–16
Serie A
34
2
1
0
—
—
35
2
2016–17
27
0
2
1
5
0
—
30
1
Total
61
2
3
1
5
0
—
65
3
Valencia (loan)
2017–18
La Liga
17
0
0
0
—
—
17
0
Valencia
2018–19
1
0
1
0
1
0
—
3
0
Total
18
0
1
0
1
0
—
20
0
Barcelona (loan)
2018–19
La Liga
2
0
2
0
0
0
—
4
0
Sampdoria (loan)
2019–20
Serie A
10
0
2
0
0
0
—
12
0
Celta (loan)
2019–20
La Liga
18
1
0
0
—
—
18
1
2020–21
24
1
1
0
—
—
25
1
Total
42
2
1
0
—
—
25
2
Career total
348
11
17
1
6
0
—
271
12
^ Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League
^ Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League
International
Colombia
Year
Apps
Goals
2014
4
0
2015
11
1
2016
10
0
2017
0
0
2018
2
0
2019
2
0
2020
3
0
Total
32
1
International goals
Scores and results list Colombia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Murillo goal.
#
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Final
Competition
1.
17 June 2015
Monumental David Arellano, Santiago, Chile
Brazil
1–0
1–0
2015 Copa América
Honours
Barcelona
La Liga: 2018–19
Valencia
Copa del Rey: 2018–19
Colombia U20
Toulon Tournament: 2011
Colombia
Copa América third place: 2016
Individual
Copa América Best Young Player: 2015
Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2015
References
^ "Acta del partido celebrado el 04 de mayo de 2019, en Vigo" (in Spanish). Royal Spanish Football Federation. 4 May 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
^ a b "Jeison Murillo". Inter Milan. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
^ Viveros, Andrés Felipe (5 October 2014). "'Tengo muchas ansias de ir a aprovechar esta oportunidad': Murillo" . El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ Quixano, Jordi (29 December 2018). "Jeison Murillo, un jornalero del fútbol" . El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ Chaves, Fernando (6 February 2012). "Boateng y Murillo firman su continuidad" (in Spanish). Granada en Juego. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ "Murillo y su presente en Cádiz" (in Spanish). ESPN Deportes. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ "Jeison Murillo se marcha a Las Palmas en calidad de cedido" . Ideal (in Spanish). 25 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ "Las Palmas deja al Almería sin remontada en el descuento" . Diario AS (in Spanish). 9 March 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ Mora, Jorge Luis (31 May 2013). "Jeison Murillo regresa al Granada" (in Spanish). Goal. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ "Granada hold on for victory". ESPN FC. 18 August 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ "Big win halts Granada's slide". ESPN FC. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ Liotta, Christian (5 February 2015). "Pina, pres. Granada: "Murillo all'Inter per 8 mln più bonus. L'ingaggio..."" (in Italian). FC Inter News. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
^ Carci, Francesco (23 August 2015). "Inter-Atalanta 1–0, Icardi ko: entra Jovetic e decide all'ultimo respiro" . La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 20 September 2018.
^ "Official statement | Jeison Murillo" (Press release). Valencia CF. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
^ "¿Qué va a pasar con Jeison Murillo?" (in Spanish). Deporte Valenciano. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
^ "Jeison Murillo, new FC Barcelona player". FC Barcelona. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
^ Puig, Darío (20 December 2018). "Barcelona agree Murillo's loan". Marca. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
^ Bell, Arch (10 January 2019). "Barcelona fall flat at Levante". Marca. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
^ Hurtado, José Luis (17 January 2019). "Dembélé aplica el artículo 11" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 January 2019.
^ Iacobellis, Giacomo (13 July 2019). "UFFICIALE: Sampdoria, preso Murillo in prestito con obbligo di riscatto" (in Italian). Tutto Mercato Web. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
^ "Sampdoria snap up Murillo from Valencia". Fox Sports. 14 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
^ "Murillo ceduto al Celta Vigo a titolo temporaneo con diritto di opzione" (Press release) (in Italian). U.C. Sampdoria. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
^ "Jeison Murillo's energy and leadership are back: he is sky-blue this season". Celta Vigo. 16 September 2020. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^ "El central Jeison Murillo vuelve al RC Celta" (in Spanish). Celta Vigo. 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
^ "Jeison Murillo firma con el Al-Shamal de Qatar" . Diario AS (in Spanish). 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
^ Rincón, Jaime (18 June 2015). "Brasil recibe una dura dosis de realidad" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
^ L. Panetta, Vicente (26 June 2015). "Argentina beats Colombia 5–4 on penalties to reach semis". The Washington Times. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
^ "Argentina 0–0 Colombia (Argentina win 5–4 on penalties)". BBC Sport. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
^ a b Edwards, Andy (4 July 2015). "2015 Copa America awards: Vargas, Guerrero beat Aguero, Vidal to top scorer". NBC Sports. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
^ a b c Jeison Murillo at Soccerway
^ Sánchez, Rolando (27 April 2019). "Jeison Murillo, tercer colombiano campeón en LaLiga" (in Spanish). Goal. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^ Álvarez, Fernando (30 October 2018). "Mina frena la crecida del Ebro" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^ Rodríguez, Roberto (25 May 2019). "El curioso caso de Jeison Murillo, que ya es campeón de la Copa del Rey" . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 January 2020.
^ Chowdhury, Saj (25 May 2019). "Barcelona 1–2 Valencia". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
^ "The Toulon Tournament's most memorable moments: James Rodríguez fired Colombia to the title (13/16)". Festival Foot Espoirs. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
^ Hill, Tim (26 June 2016). "USA 0–1 Colombia: Copa América – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^ "Copa América 2015 – Team of the tournament". Copa América Chile. 5 July 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeison Murillo.
Jeison Murillo at BDFutbol
Jeison Murillo at TuttoCalciatori.net (in Italian)
Jeison Murillo at National-Football-Teams.com
vteAl-Shamal SC – current squad
1 Saberi
3 El Hannach
4 Al Jabri
5 Nani
6 Ebrahimi
7 Al-Yazidi
8 M. Awad
9 A.Olwan
10 Al-Ansari
11 Gomes
12 Magid.M
14 S. Atiq
15 Al-Malki
17 Z.Saad
18 H.Mansur
19 Azadi
20 T. Muneer
21 Al-Yahri
23 Al-Abdulrahman
24 Murillo
27 D. Taha
30 A.Osama
33 Hagana
34 El-Sayed
44 M. Salem
45 Al-Radhi
47 F.Waad
67 Al-Hashemi
88 M. Omar
92 B.Seck
Belhanda
Manager: Asbaghi
Colombia squads
vteColombia squad – 2015 Copa América
1 Ospina
2 Zapata
3 Franco
4 Arias
5 Valencia
6 Sánchez
7 Armero
8 Cardona
9 Falcao (c)
10 James
11 Cuadrado
12 Vargas
13 Andrade
14 Valdés
15 Mejía
16 Ibarbo
17 Bacca
18 Zúñiga
19 Teo
20 Muriel
21 Jackson M.
22 Murillo
23 Bonilla
Coach: Pékerman
vteColombia squad – Copa América Centenario third place
1 Ospina
2 C. Zapata
3 Mina
4 Arias
5 Celis
6 Sánchez
7 Bacca
8 Cardona
9 Martínez
10 James (c)
11 Cuadrado
12 R. Zapata
13 Pérez
14 Medina
15 Aguilar
16 Torres
17 Moreno
18 Fabra
19 Díaz
20 Roa
21 Marlos
22 Murillo
23 Bonilla
Coach: Pékerman
vte2015 Copa América Team of the TournamentGoalkeeper
Claudio Bravo
Defenders
Jeison Murillo
Gary Medel
Nicolás Otamendi
Midfielders
Christian Cueva
Marcelo Díaz
Javier Mascherano
Arturo Vidal
Forwards
Eduardo Vargas
Paolo Guerrero
Lionel Messi
Coach
Jorge Sampaoli | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeison Murillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeison_Murillo"},{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"central defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"Al-Shamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shamal_SC"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Yeison Murillo.In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Murillo and the second or maternal family name is Cerón.Jeison Fabián Murillo Cerón (born 27 May 1992) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a central defender for Qatari club Al-Shamal.","title":"Jeison Murillo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Udinese Calcio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udinese_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Granada CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_CF"},{"link_name":"the reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Recreativo_Granada"},{"link_name":"the regional leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisiones_Regionales_de_F%C3%BAtbol_in_Andalusia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Andalusians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cádiz CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_CF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"UD Las Palmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Las_Palmas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"first year as a professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"UD Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"CA Osasuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Osasuna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Real Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Valladolid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Early years and Granada","text":"Born in Cali,[3] Murillo signed with Udinese Calcio in Italy shortly after his 18th birthday, being immediately loaned to Granada CF as part of the partnership agreement between both clubs. He spent his first year in Spain with the reserves, in the regional leagues.[4]In early February 2012, Murillo was definitely bought by the Andalusians,[5] but spent the following seasons on loan to clubs also in the country, Cádiz CF[6] and UD Las Palmas.[7] He scored four official goals in his first year as a professional, including a brace on 9 March 2013 in a 3–2 away win against UD Almería in the Segunda División.[8] He appeared in the promotion playoffs with both teams, being unsuccessful on both occasions.Murillo returned to Granada in the middle of 2013,[9] making his La Liga debut on 18 August 2013 in a 2–1 win at CA Osasuna (90 minutes played).[10] He netted his first goal in the competition on 10 January of the following year, the first in a 4–0 home victory over Real Valladolid.[11]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inter 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also started in the second leg, a 3–0 win at the Camp Nou.[19]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UC Sampdoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Sampdoria"},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"RC Celta de Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Celta_de_Vigo"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Balaídos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala%C3%ADdos"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Sampdoria","text":"On 13 July 2019, still owned by Valencia, Murillo signed with UC Sampdoria for an initial loan fee of €2 million and an obligation to buy for €13 million at the end of the season.[20][21] On 15 January 2020, the Italian club bought out his rights and loaned him to RC Celta de Vigo until 30 June, with an option to purchase.[22]Murillo agreed to another loan at the Balaídos on 16 September 2020.[23] On 31 August of the following year, a similar move was arranged.[24]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Shamal SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shamal_SC"},{"link_name":"Qatar Stars League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Stars_League"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"On 28 July 2023, Murillo signed a two-year contract with Al-Shamal SC of the Qatar Stars League.[25]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"El 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He was included in the squad for the 2015 Copa América, scoring the only goal in the second group stage game against Brazil.[26] During the quarter-final match against eventual finalists Argentina, he put on a strong performance in the 0–0 draw, but was one of three Colombian players to miss his penalty shootout attempt;[27][28] he was subsequently named \"Best Young Player\" of the tournament.[29]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EU_31-0"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CL_32-0"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of 2 January 2021[30]^ Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-30"}],"sub_title":"International goals","text":"Scores and results list Colombia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Murillo goal.[30]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Toulon Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Toulon_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Copa América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Centenario"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Copa América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Best Young Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica#Awards"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BYP-29"},{"link_name":"Team of the Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica#Team_of_the_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"BarcelonaLa Liga: 2018–19[31]ValenciaCopa del Rey: 2018–19[32][33][34]Colombia U20Toulon Tournament: 2011[35]ColombiaCopa América third place: 2016[36]IndividualCopa América Best Young Player: 2015[29]\nCopa América Team of the Tournament: 2015[37]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Acta del partido celebrado el 04 de mayo de 2019, en Vigo\" [Minutes of the match held on 4 May 2019, in Vigo] (in Spanish). Royal Spanish Football Federation. 4 May 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://actas.rfef.es/actas/RFEF_CmpActa1?cod_primaria=1000144&CodActa=57027","url_text":"\"Acta del partido celebrado el 04 de mayo de 2019, en Vigo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Football_Federation","url_text":"Royal Spanish Football Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeison Murillo\". Inter Milan. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220232645/http://www.inter.it/en/squadra/G0964","url_text":"\"Jeison Murillo\""},{"url":"http://www.inter.it/en/squadra/G0964","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Viveros, Andrés Felipe (5 October 2014). \"'Tengo muchas ansias de ir a aprovechar esta oportunidad': Murillo\" ['I am eager to make the most of this opportunity': Murillo]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-14644097","url_text":"\"'Tengo muchas ansias de ir a aprovechar esta oportunidad': Murillo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)","url_text":"El Tiempo"}]},{"reference":"Quixano, Jordi (29 December 2018). \"Jeison Murillo, un jornalero del fútbol\" [Jeison Murillo, football's journeyman]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/deportes/2018/12/26/actualidad/1545853517_026591.html","url_text":"\"Jeison Murillo, un jornalero del fútbol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"Chaves, Fernando (6 February 2012). \"Boateng y Murillo firman su continuidad\" [Boateng and Murillo sign continuity] (in Spanish). Granada en Juego. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221231940/http://www.granadaenjuego.com/seccion/Granada-CF/pub/12460/v/b","url_text":"\"Boateng y Murillo firman su continuidad\""},{"url":"http://www.granadaenjuego.com/seccion/Granada-CF/pub/12460/v/b","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Murillo y su presente en Cádiz\" [Murillo and his now in Cádiz] (in Spanish). ESPN Deportes. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=1430548","url_text":"\"Murillo y su presente en Cádiz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_Deportes","url_text":"ESPN Deportes"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeison Murillo se marcha a Las Palmas en calidad de cedido\" [Jeison Murillo goes to Las Palmas on loan]. Ideal (in Spanish). 25 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://granadacf.ideal.es/noticias/2012-07-25/419299-jeison-murillo-marcha-palmas-calidad.html","url_text":"\"Jeison Murillo se marcha a Las Palmas en calidad de cedido\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(newspaper)","url_text":"Ideal"}]},{"reference":"\"Las Palmas deja al Almería sin remontada en el descuento\" [Las Palmas rob Almería of comeback in injury time]. Diario AS (in Spanish). 9 March 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://futbol.as.com/futbol/2013/03/09/segunda/1362865959_407279.html","url_text":"\"Las Palmas deja al Almería sin remontada en el descuento\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_AS","url_text":"Diario AS"}]},{"reference":"Mora, Jorge Luis (31 May 2013). \"Jeison Murillo regresa al Granada\" [Jeison Murillo returns to Granada] (in Spanish). Goal. Retrieved 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/es-co/news/4600/mercado-de-pases/2013/05/31/4015253/jeison-murillo-regresa-al-granada","url_text":"\"Jeison Murillo regresa al Granada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(website)","url_text":"Goal"}]},{"reference":"\"Granada hold on for victory\". ESPN FC. 18 August 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140225192212/http://espnfc.com/en/report/373212/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=null","url_text":"\"Granada hold on for victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_FC","url_text":"ESPN FC"},{"url":"http://espnfc.com/en/report/373212/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=null","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Big win halts Granada's slide\". ESPN FC. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116215048/http://espnfc.com/en/report/373034/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=null","url_text":"\"Big win halts Granada's slide\""},{"url":"http://espnfc.com/en/report/373034/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=null","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Liotta, Christian (5 February 2015). \"Pina, pres. Granada: \"Murillo all'Inter per 8 mln più bonus. L'ingaggio...\"\" [Pina, Granada pres.: \"Murillo to Inter for 8 mln plus bonuses. The deal...\"] (in Italian). FC Inter News. Retrieved 1 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcinternews.it/in-primo-piano/pina-pres-granada-murillo-all-inter-per-8-mln-piu-bonus-l-ingaggio-176399","url_text":"\"Pina, pres. Granada: \"Murillo all'Inter per 8 mln più bonus. L'ingaggio...\"\""}]},{"reference":"Carci, Francesco (23 August 2015). \"Inter-Atalanta 1–0, Icardi ko: entra Jovetic e decide all'ultimo respiro\" [Inter-Atalanta 1–0, Icardi ko: Jovetic comes in and decides it in the dying breath]. La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 20 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/2015/08/23/news/inter-atalanta_1-0_icardi_ko_entra_jovetic_e_decide_all_ultimo_respiro-121503843/","url_text":"\"Inter-Atalanta 1–0, Icardi ko: entra Jovetic e decide all'ultimo respiro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica","url_text":"La Repubblica"}]},{"reference":"\"Official statement | Jeison Murillo\" (Press release). Valencia CF. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.valenciacf.com/ver/72392/official-statement--jeison-murillo.html","url_text":"\"Official statement | Jeison Murillo\""}]},{"reference":"\"¿Qué va a pasar con Jeison Murillo?\" [What will happen with Jeison Murillo?] (in Spanish). Deporte Valenciano. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deportevalenciano.com/2018/07/24/pasar-jeison-murillo","url_text":"\"¿Qué va a pasar con Jeison Murillo?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeison Murillo, new FC Barcelona player\". FC Barcelona. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/948674/jeison-murillo-new-fc-barcelona-player","url_text":"\"Jeison Murillo, new FC Barcelona player\""}]},{"reference":"Puig, Darío (20 December 2018). \"Barcelona agree Murillo's loan\". Marca. Retrieved 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2018/12/20/5c1b9d3ae5fdeafc658b457a.html","url_text":"\"Barcelona agree Murillo's loan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(newspaper)","url_text":"Marca"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Arch (10 January 2019). \"Barcelona fall flat at Levante\". Marca. Retrieved 10 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2019/01/10/5c37c65de5fdea0d0a8b464d.html","url_text":"\"Barcelona fall flat at Levante\""}]},{"reference":"Hurtado, José Luis (17 January 2019). \"Dembélé aplica el artículo 11\" [Dembélé enables article 11]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marca.com/futbol/copa-rey/cronica/2019/01/17/5c40cd6e468aebcb638b4616.html","url_text":"\"Dembélé aplica el artículo 11\""}]},{"reference":"Iacobellis, Giacomo (13 July 2019). \"UFFICIALE: Sampdoria, preso Murillo in prestito con obbligo di riscatto\" [OFFICIAL: Sampdoria, Murillo acquired on loan with obligation to buy] (in Italian). Tutto Mercato Web. Retrieved 13 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-a/ufficiale-sampdoria-preso-murillo-in-prestito-con-obbligo-di-riscatto-1268580","url_text":"\"UFFICIALE: Sampdoria, preso Murillo in prestito con obbligo di riscatto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sampdoria snap up Murillo from Valencia\". Fox Sports. 14 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190714225543/https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/transfer-news/1139571/sampdoria-snap-up-murillo-from-valencia/","url_text":"\"Sampdoria snap up Murillo from Valencia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_(Asian_TV_network)","url_text":"Fox Sports"},{"url":"https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/transfer-news/1139571/sampdoria-snap-up-murillo-from-valencia/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Murillo ceduto al Celta Vigo a titolo temporaneo con diritto di opzione\" [Murillo loaned to Celta Vigo on a temporary deal with option to buy] (Press release) (in Italian). U.C. Sampdoria. 15 January 2020. 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Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rccelta.es/equipo/actualidad/el-central-jeison-murillo-vuelve-al-rc-celta/","url_text":"\"El central Jeison Murillo vuelve al RC Celta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeison Murillo firma con el Al-Shamal de Qatar\" [Jeison Murillo signs with Qatar's Al-Shamal]. Diario AS (in Spanish). 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://colombia.as.com/futbol/colombianos-por-el-mundo/jeison-murillo-firma-con-el-al-shamal-de-qatar-n/","url_text":"\"Jeison Murillo firma con el Al-Shamal de Qatar\""}]},{"reference":"Rincón, Jaime (18 June 2015). \"Brasil recibe una dura dosis de realidad\" [Hard reality check for Brazil]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2015/copa_america/1a_fase/jornada_2/grupo_c/bra_col/","url_text":"\"Brasil recibe una dura dosis de realidad\""}]},{"reference":"L. 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Retrieved 5 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://prosoccertalk.nbcsports.com/2015/07/04/2015-copa-america-awards-vargas-guerrero-beat-aguero-vidal-to-top-scorer/","url_text":"\"2015 Copa America awards: Vargas, Guerrero beat Aguero, Vidal to top scorer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sports","url_text":"NBC Sports"}]},{"reference":"Sánchez, Rolando (27 April 2019). \"Jeison Murillo, tercer colombiano campeón en LaLiga\" [Jeison Murillo, third Colombian champion in LaLiga] (in Spanish). Goal. Retrieved 15 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goal.com/es/noticias/jeison-murillo-tercer-colombiano-campeon-en-laliga/wropa3y51kzq1nn6npy62o4v0","url_text":"\"Jeison Murillo, tercer colombiano campeón en LaLiga\""}]},{"reference":"Álvarez, Fernando (30 October 2018). \"Mina frena la crecida del Ebro\" [Mina stops Ebro rise]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marca.com/futbol/copa-rey/cronica/2018/10/30/5bd8bf05268e3e5a5d8b4614.html","url_text":"\"Mina frena la crecida del Ebro\""}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez, Roberto (25 May 2019). \"El curioso caso de Jeison Murillo, que ya es campeón de la Copa del Rey\" [The curious case of Jeison Murillo, who is already King's Cup champion]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/fc-barcelona/20190525/462421827282/jeison-murillo-campeon-copa-del-rey.html","url_text":"\"El curioso caso de Jeison Murillo, que ya es campeón de la Copa del Rey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vanguardia","url_text":"La Vanguardia"}]},{"reference":"Chowdhury, Saj (25 May 2019). \"Barcelona 1–2 Valencia\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48367455","url_text":"\"Barcelona 1–2 Valencia\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Toulon Tournament's most memorable moments: James Rodríguez fired Colombia to the title (13/16)\". Festival Foot Espoirs. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://festival-foot-espoirs.com/en/smartphone/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=2939","url_text":"\"The Toulon Tournament's most memorable moments: James Rodríguez fired Colombia to the title (13/16)\""}]},{"reference":"Hill, Tim (26 June 2016). \"USA 0–1 Colombia: Copa América – as it happened\". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2016/jun/25/usa-v-colombia-copa-america-live","url_text":"\"USA 0–1 Colombia: Copa América – as it happened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Copa América 2015 – Team of the tournament\". 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original"},{"Link":"https://www.sampdoria.it/murillo-ceduto-al-celta-vigo-a-titolo-temporaneo-con-diritto-di-opzione/","external_links_name":"\"Murillo ceduto al Celta Vigo a titolo temporaneo con diritto di opzione\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922130841/https://www.rccelta.es/index.php/en/jeison-murillos-energy-and-leadership-is-back-he-is-sky-blue-this-season","external_links_name":"\"Jeison Murillo's energy and leadership are back: he is sky-blue this season\""},{"Link":"https://www.rccelta.es/index.php/en/jeison-murillos-energy-and-leadership-is-back-he-is-sky-blue-this-season","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://rccelta.es/equipo/actualidad/el-central-jeison-murillo-vuelve-al-rc-celta/","external_links_name":"\"El central Jeison Murillo vuelve al RC Celta\""},{"Link":"https://colombia.as.com/futbol/colombianos-por-el-mundo/jeison-murillo-firma-con-el-al-shamal-de-qatar-n/","external_links_name":"\"Jeison Murillo firma con el Al-Shamal de Qatar\""},{"Link":"http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2015/copa_america/1a_fase/jornada_2/grupo_c/bra_col/","external_links_name":"\"Brasil recibe una dura dosis de realidad\""},{"Link":"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jun/26/argentina-beats-colombia-5-4-on-penalties-to-reach/?page=all","external_links_name":"\"Argentina beats Colombia 5–4 on penalties to reach semis\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/33085867","external_links_name":"\"Argentina 0–0 Colombia (Argentina win 5–4 on penalties)\""},{"Link":"http://prosoccertalk.nbcsports.com/2015/07/04/2015-copa-america-awards-vargas-guerrero-beat-aguero-vidal-to-top-scorer/","external_links_name":"\"2015 Copa America awards: Vargas, Guerrero beat Aguero, Vidal to top scorer\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/jeison-murillo/102859/","external_links_name":"Jeison Murillo"},{"Link":"https://www.goal.com/es/noticias/jeison-murillo-tercer-colombiano-campeon-en-laliga/wropa3y51kzq1nn6npy62o4v0","external_links_name":"\"Jeison Murillo, tercer colombiano campeón en LaLiga\""},{"Link":"https://www.marca.com/futbol/copa-rey/cronica/2018/10/30/5bd8bf05268e3e5a5d8b4614.html","external_links_name":"\"Mina frena la crecida del Ebro\""},{"Link":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/fc-barcelona/20190525/462421827282/jeison-murillo-campeon-copa-del-rey.html","external_links_name":"\"El curioso caso de Jeison Murillo, que ya es campeón de la Copa del Rey\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48367455","external_links_name":"\"Barcelona 1–2 Valencia\""},{"Link":"https://festival-foot-espoirs.com/en/smartphone/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=2939","external_links_name":"\"The Toulon Tournament's most memorable moments: James Rodríguez fired Colombia to the title (13/16)\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2016/jun/25/usa-v-colombia-copa-america-live","external_links_name":"\"USA 0–1 Colombia: Copa América – as it happened\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094941/http://www.ca2015.com/en/gallery/copa-america-2015---team-of-the-tournament/1nqqmzngdosa911z9l2g8k8317/slide/4","external_links_name":"\"Copa América 2015 – Team of the tournament\""},{"Link":"http://www.ca2015.com/en/gallery/copa-america-2015---team-of-the-tournament/1nqqmzngdosa911z9l2g8k8317/slide/4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j401404.html","external_links_name":"Jeison Murillo"},{"Link":"https://www.tuttocalciatori.net/Murillo_Ceron_Jeison_Fabian","external_links_name":"Jeison Murillo"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/57426.html","external_links_name":"Jeison Murillo"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Guillou | Jean-Marc Guillou | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Post-playing career","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"] | French football coach and former player (born 1945)
Jean-Marc Guillou
Guillou playing for France in 1978 World CupPersonal informationDate of birth
(1945-12-20) 20 December 1945 (age 78)Place of birth
Bouaye, FranceHeight
1.74 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s)
MidfielderYouth career1958–1965
Sporting Club NazairienSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1966–1975
Angers
243
(18)1975–1979
Nice
136
(12)1979–1981
Neuchâtel Xamax
49
(1)1981–1983
Mulhouse
62
(0)1983–1984
Cannes
11
(0)Total
501
(31)International career1974–1978
France
19
(3)Managerial career1976–1977
Nice1980–1981
Neuchâtel Xamax1981–1983
Mulhouse1983–1985
Cannes1985–1986
Servette1993–2000
ASEC Mimosas1999–2000
Ivory Coast2001–2002
Beveren
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Jean-Marc Guillou (born 20 December 1945) is a French football coach and former player, who played at the 1978 World Cup.
Club career
Guillou was born in Bouaye, Loire-Atlantique. He played for Angers SCO, OGC Nice, Neuchâtel Xamax, FC Mulhouse, and AS Cannes.
International career
Guillou made his debut for the France national team in March 1974 in a match against Romania, which France won 1–0. Between 1974 and 1978 he played 19 times for the French national side, including at the 1978 World Cup in Argentina.
He played his last match for France at the 1978 World Cup losing to Italy 2–1 on 2 June in Mar del Plata.
Post-playing career
Guillou gave former Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger his first break in coaching by appointing him as his assistant at AS Cannes in 1983.
Guillou was the founder of the Abidjan football school Académie de Sol Beni, eventually becoming the manager, technical director and coach at ASEC Abidjan. He currently runs a number of football schools in Africa and Thailand under the name Académie Jean-Marc Guillou (Academy J.M.G.) seeking to develop young footballers who are often transferred to European clubs, the football talent academies are based in Abidjan, Antsika, Algiers and Bangkok.
Further information: JMG Academy
Honours
Angers
Championnat de France de football: 1969
References
^ a b c d e France - Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs Archived 18 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ JEAN-MARC GUILLOU: «ON VA RÉVOLUTIONNER LE FOOTBALL EN CÔTE D’IVOIRE» sofoot.com
^ Academy JMG Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Académie JMG Archived 19 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Marc Guillou.
Profile (in French)
vteFrance squad – 1978 FIFA World Cup
1 Baratelli
2 Battiston
3 Bossis
4 Janvion
5 Bracci
6 Lopez
7 Rio
8 Trésor (c)
9 Bathenay
10 Guillou
11 Michel
12 Papi
13 Petit
14 Berdoll
15 Platini
16 Dalger
17 Lacombe
18 Rocheteau
19 Six
20 Rouyer
21 Bertrand-Demanes
22 Dropsy
Coach: Hidalgo
Managerial positions
vteOGC Nice – managers
McDewitt (1932–33)
Bell, Kramer, McDewitt & Tandler (1933–34)
Lowy (1935–37)
Kudrna (1937)
Zamora (1937–38)
Samitier (1938–42)
Valle (1944–46)
Castro (1946)
Lardi (1946–47)
Marek (1947–49)
Veinante (1949–50)
Rous (1950)
Lardi (1950–51)
Andoire (1951–52)
Zatelli (1952–53)
Berry (1953–55)
Carniglia (1955–57)
Luciano (1957–62)
Andoire (1962–64)
Gonzales (1964–69)
Rossi (1969–71)
Snella (1971–74)
Marković (1974–76)
Guillou (1976–77)
Rossi (1977–78)
Kocsur (1978–79)
Batteux (1979)
Rossi (1979–80)
Marković (1980–81)
Domingo (1981–82)
Sérafin (1982–87)
Bjeković (1987–89)
Alonzo (1989)
Bianchi (1989–90)
Fernandez (1990–91)
Huck (1991–92)
Emon (1992–96)
Sanchez (1996)
Takač (1996–97)
Renquin (1997–98)
Takač (1998)
Zvunka (1998–99)
David (1999)
Buffat & David (1999)
Fleury (1999)
Damiano (1999)
David (1999–2000)
Salvioni (2000–02)
Rohr (2002–05)
Buscher (2005)
Antonetti (2005–09)
Ollé-Nicolle (2009–10)
Roy (2010–11)
Marsiglia (2011–12)
Puel (2012–16)
Favre (2016–18)
Vieira (2018–20)
Ursea (2020–21)
Galtier (2021–22)
Favre (2022–23)
Digardc (2023)
Farioli (2023–24)
Haise (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteNeuchâtel Xamax FCS — managersCantonal Neuchâtel FC
Pinter (1941–42)
Weisz (1942–46)
Ferrari (1946–48)
Jaccard (1948–52)
Hinduljak & Oberer (1952–53)
Lauer (1953–54)
Frey (1954–55)
Pinter (1955–57)
Artimovits (1957–59)
Wettig (1959–60)
Grocz & Mandry (1960–61)
Humpál (1961–65)
Zouba (1965–66)
Morand (1966–68)
Milutinović (1968–69)
Péguiron & Humpál (1969–70)
FC Xamax-Sports
Jacot (1959–60)
Mella (1961–62)
Casali (1962–63)
Rickens (1963–64)
Jaccottet & Merlo (1964–65)
Humpál (1965–68)
Bertschi (1968–69)
Garbani (1969–70)
Neuchâtel Xamax
Garbani (1970–72)
Artimovits (1972)
Mantula (1972–75)
Rezuar (1975)
Gress (1975–77)
Merlo (1977–78)
Vogel (1978–79)
Mantula (1979–80)
Guillou (1980–81)
Gress (1981–90)
Hodgson (1990–92)
Stielike (1992–93)
Stielike & Givens (1993–94)
Gress (1994–98)
Geiger (1998–2002)
Ryf (2002–04)
Lobello & Moulin (2004)
Lobello & Dellacasa (2004–05)
Geiger (2005)
Blažević (2005–06)
Castella (2006–08)
Clausen (2008–09)
Geiger (2009)
Schürmann (2009–10)
Aeby (2010)
Nunweiller (2010)
Ollé-Nicolle (2010–11)
Challandes (2011)
Anderson (2011)
Ciccolini (2011)
Caparrós (2011)
Muñoz (2011–12)
Neuchâtel Xamax FCS
Cattilaz (2012–15)
Decastel (2015–19)
Henchoz (2019)
Magnin (2019–2020)
Henchoz (2020)
Rueda (i) (2020)
Binotto (2021–22)
Saibene (2022–23)
Forte (2023–)
vteServette FC – managers
Duckworth (1921–29)
Barth (1929)
Duckworth (1930)
Rappan (1931–35)
Weisz (1935–36)
Pache & Guinchard (1936–37)
Höss (1937)
Abegglen (1937–42)
Wionsowski (1942–43)
Jaccard (1943–48)
Rappan (1948–53)
Châtelain (1953–54)
Rappan & Châtelain (1954–55)
Rappan & Brinek (1955–56)
Rappan (1956–57)
Vincze (1957–58)
Séchehaye (1958–59)
Snella (1959–63)
Leduc (1963–66)
Vonlanthen (1966)
Guttmann (1966–67)
Dutoît (1967)
Snella (1967–71)
Gillet (1971–72)
Sundermann (1972–76)
Pázmándy (1976–82)
Mathez (1982–85)
Guillou (1985–86)
De Choudens (1986–88)
Donzé (1988–89)
Pázmándy (1989–90)
Krol (1990)
Gress (1990–91)
Thissen (1991)
Mocellin, Barlie & Hermann (1991)
Renquin (1991–93)
Petković (1993–95)
Challandes (1995)
Barberis (1995–96)
Boškov (1996–97)
Mathez (1997)
Castella (1997–99)
Gjurovski (1999)
Exbrayat (1999–2000)
Favre (2000–02)
Morinini (2002–03)
Urseac (2003)
Schällibaum (2003–04)
Ursea & Ceccaronic (2004)
Sessolo (2005)
Aeby (2005–08)
Sauthier (2008)
Castella (2008–09)
Nilerhauser (2009)
Alves (2009–11)
Pereira (2011–12)
Alves (2012)
Fournier (2012–13)
Aeby (2013–14)
Cantaluppi (2014)
Cooper (2014–15)
Nilerhauser & Cottingc (2015–16)
Braizat (2016–17)
Kodro (2017–18)
Geiger (2018–23)
Weiler (2023–24)
Häberli (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"1978 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jean-Marc Guillou (born 20 December 1945) is a French football coach and former player, who played at the 1978 World Cup.[2]","title":"Jean-Marc Guillou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bouaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouaye"},{"link_name":"Loire-Atlantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique"},{"link_name":"Angers SCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers_SCO"},{"link_name":"OGC Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGC_Nice"},{"link_name":"Neuchâtel Xamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel_Xamax"},{"link_name":"FC Mulhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Mulhouse"},{"link_name":"AS Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Cannes"}],"text":"Guillou was born in Bouaye, Loire-Atlantique. He played for Angers SCO, OGC Nice, Neuchâtel Xamax, FC Mulhouse, and AS Cannes.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1978 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mar del Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata"}],"text":"Guillou made his debut for the France national team in March 1974 in a match against Romania, which France won 1–0. Between 1974 and 1978 he played 19 times for the French national side, including at the 1978 World Cup in Argentina.He played his last match for France at the 1978 World Cup losing to Italy 2–1 on 2 June in Mar del Plata.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arsène Wenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Wenger"},{"link_name":"AS Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Cannes"},{"link_name":"Académie de Sol Beni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_Sol_Beni"},{"link_name":"ASEC Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEC_Mimosas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Antsika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antsika&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"JMG Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMG_Academy"}],"text":"Guillou gave former Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger his first break in coaching by appointing him as his assistant at AS Cannes in 1983.Guillou was the founder of the Abidjan football school Académie de Sol Beni, eventually becoming the manager, technical director and coach at ASEC Abidjan. He currently runs a number of football schools in Africa and Thailand under the name Académie Jean-Marc Guillou (Academy J.M.G.) seeking to develop young footballers who are often transferred to European clubs,[3] the football talent academies are based in Abidjan, Antsika, Algiers and Bangkok.[4]Further information: JMG Academy","title":"Post-playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Championnat de France de football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_football"}],"text":"AngersChampionnat de France de football: 1969","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/trainers-fran-clubs.html","external_links_name":"France - Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090618093752/http://www.rsssf.com/players/trainers-fran-clubs.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sofoot.com/jean-marc-guillou-on-va-revolutionner-le-football-en-cote-d-ivoire-471315.html","external_links_name":"JEAN-MARC GUILLOU: «ON VA RÉVOLUTIONNER LE FOOTBALL EN CÔTE D’IVOIRE»"},{"Link":"http://en.academie-jmg.be/","external_links_name":"Academy JMG"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706132339/http://en.academie-jmg.be/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.academie-jmg.com/entree.php","external_links_name":"Académie JMG"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060719151203/http://www.academie-jmg.com/entree.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fff.fr/servfff/historique/historique.php?cherche_joueur=Guillou","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000000329165","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/51827529","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13093270w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13093270w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/060730587","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Beach | Lee Beach | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Welsh rugby union footballer
Rugby playerLee BeachDate of birth (1982-10-06) 6 October 1982 (age 41)Place of birthMaerdy, WalesHeight6ft 3 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)Weight115 kg (18 st 2 lb)Rugby union careerPosition(s)
Loose forwardSenior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)
London WelshNeath RFCPontypridd RFCOspreysNewport RFCBargoed RFC
()National sevens teamYears
Team
Comps
Wales 7s
Medal record
Men's rugby sevens
Representing Wales
Rugby World Cup Sevens
2009 Dubai
Team competition
Lee (The Hoover) Beach (born 6 October 1982) is a Welsh rugby union player. Lee was born and raised in Maerdy in Rhondda Valleys. Lee started his rugby life playing for his Home Team Maerdy RFC and Tylorstown RFC youth, Lee was noticed by scouts from around Wales and was signed up by Pontypridd RFC at the age of 18. Lee initially played his club rugby for Pontypridd RFC, and was involved with developing other young players as a rugby development officer. he then played for Neath RFC then followed by a couple of years at the Ospreys where he played alongside the likes of Shane Williams, Lee Byrne, Alyn Wyn Jones, James Hook, Andy Powell, Lee played in the famous victory when the Ospreys beat Australia national team at the liberty stadium (aka the council ground).
Lee then moved to London Welsh where he gained promotion to the English premier league.
Lee Beach represented the Wales Sevens squad in 2009 and captained the 2009 IRB Rugby World Cup Sevens winning team in Dubai.
Lee Beach retired from playing professionally in June 2013
He captained Newport RFC in the Welsh Premiership, after leaving Newport Lee took up a player coach role at Bargoed RFC playing in the Welsh Rugby Premiership.
Lee hung up his boots in 2018/19 but still regularly plays in invitational 7s tournaments around the world, he also gets involved in various rugby veteran charity matches with other ex professional players.
Lee now coaches Ferndale RFC in division 4 east central taking up the role for the 23/24 season
References
^ "Beach, Lee".
External links
London Welsh Profile at the Wayback Machine (archived 17 October 2009)
vteWales squad – 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens winnersPlayers
Beach (c)
Brew
Hewitt
Hill
Isaacs
McAtee
Merriman
Pugh
Selley
Thomas
Webb
Williams
Coach: Paul John
Sports
Wales
This Welsh rugby union biography is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_beach_rugby_world_cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Maerdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maerdy"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_RFC"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_RFC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Neath RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_RFC"},{"link_name":"Ospreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospreys_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"London Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Welsh"},{"link_name":"Wales Sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"captained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(sports)"},{"link_name":"2009 IRB Rugby World Cup Sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009_IRB_Rugby_World_Cup_Sevens&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Rugby playerLee (The Hoover) Beach (born 6 October 1982) is a Welsh rugby union player. Lee was born and raised in Maerdy in Rhondda Valleys. Lee started his rugby life playing for his Home Team Maerdy RFC and Tylorstown RFC youth, Lee was noticed by scouts from around Wales and was signed up by Pontypridd RFC at the age of 18. Lee initially played his club rugby for Pontypridd RFC, and was involved with developing other young players as a rugby development officer.[1] he then played for Neath RFC then followed by a couple of years at the Ospreys where he played alongside the likes of Shane Williams, Lee Byrne, Alyn Wyn Jones, James Hook, Andy Powell, Lee played in the famous victory when the Ospreys beat Australia national team at the liberty stadium (aka the council ground).Lee then moved to London Welsh where he gained promotion to the English premier league.Lee Beach represented the Wales Sevens squad in 2009 and captained the 2009 IRB Rugby World Cup Sevens winning team in Dubai.Lee Beach retired from playing professionally in June 2013He captained Newport RFC in the Welsh Premiership, after leaving Newport Lee took up a player coach role at Bargoed RFC playing in the Welsh Rugby Premiership.Lee hung up his boots in 2018/19 but still regularly plays in invitational 7s tournaments around the world, he also gets involved in various rugby veteran charity matches with other ex professional players.Lee now coaches Ferndale RFC in division 4 east central taking up the role for the 23/24 season","title":"Lee Beach"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Beach, Lee\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ponty.net/beach-lee","url_text":"\"Beach, Lee\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ponty.net/beach-lee","external_links_name":"\"Beach, Lee\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091017174753/http://www.london-welsh.co.uk/rugby_squad_biography.asp?id=17","external_links_name":"London Welsh Profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Beach&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Rich | John Treadway Rich | ["1 Early life in Pennsylvania, Vermont and Michigan","2 Politics","3 Death","4 References"] | American politician
John T. Rich23rd Governor of MichiganIn officeJanuary 1, 1893 – January 1, 1897LieutenantJ. Wight GiddingsAlfred MilnesJoseph R. McLaughlinPreceded byEdwin B. WinansSucceeded byHazen S. Pingree28th Speaker of the Michigan House of RepresentativesIn office1877–1880GovernorCharles CroswellPreceded byJohn P. HoytSucceeded bySeth C. MoffattMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Michigan's 7th districtIn officeApril 5, 1881 – March 3, 1883Preceded byOmar D. CongerSucceeded byEzra C. CarletonMember of the Michigan House of Representativesfrom the Lapeer County districtIn office1873–1880Preceded byHorace D. RoodSucceeded byGeorge DavenportMember of the Michigan Senatefrom the 20th districtIn officeJanuary 1, 1881 – March 21, 1881Preceded byJoseph B. MooreSucceeded byWilliam W. Andrus24th Michigan State TreasurerIn office1908–1908GovernorFred M. WarnerPreceded byFrank P. GlazierSucceeded byAlbert E. Sleeper
Personal detailsBornJohn Treadway Rich(1841-04-23)April 23, 1841Conneautville, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedMarch 28, 1926(1926-03-28) (aged 84)St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S.Resting placeMt. Hope Cemetery, Lapeer, MichiganPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseLucretiaRelationsCharles Rich (grandfather)
John Treadway Rich (April 23, 1841 – March 28, 1926) was an American politician serving as a U.S. Representative and the 23rd governor of Michigan.
Early life in Pennsylvania, Vermont and Michigan
Rich was born in Conneautville, Pennsylvania, the son of John W. Rich and Jerusha Treadway Rich. John Treadway Rich's middle name is mistakenly given as "Tyler", perhaps because he was born just nineteen days after John Tyler became U.S. president upon the death of William Henry Harrison. In 1846, he moved with his parents to Addison County, Vermont, and two years later they moved to Elba Township, Michigan. He attended the public schools and engaged in agricultural pursuits. On March 12, 1863, he married Lucretia M. Winship.
Politics
Rich was a member and chairman of the board of supervisors of Lapeer County, 1869–1872. He was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives, 1873–1881, and served as speaker of the house during the last two terms. He was also a delegate to the Republican State conventions in 1873, 1875, and 1878.
Rich served in the Michigan Senate from January 1, 1881, until March 21, 1881, when he resigned, having been elected to the United States House of Representatives for the 47th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Omar D. Conger, serving from April 5, 1881, to March 4, 1883. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1882 to the 48th Congress. He later served as State Railroad Commissioner, 1887–1891, and a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1884 to elect James G. Blaine and 1892 to re-elect Benjamin Harrison as U.S. president, both of whom lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland.
Rich served as Governor of Michigan from 1893 to 1897. During his four years in office, a railroad strike, as well as an iron mine strike occurred. Also, three members of the State Canvassing Board were fired for falsifying returns on a salary raise vote for state officeholders.
After leaving office, he served as United States collector of customs at Detroit from February 16, 1898, to January 30, 1906. He was elected State Treasurer of Michigan to fill a vacancy and served from January 23, 1908, to January 1, 1909. He was then collector of customs at Port Huron from December 11, 1908, to May 30, 1913.
Death
Rich died in St. Petersburg, Florida, and is interred at Mount Hope Cemetery of Lapeer, Michigan.
References
"s.v. Hon. John T. Rich". Portrait and biographical record of Genesee, Lapeer and Tuscola counties, Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Library. 2005 . pp. 215–216. Retrieved March 11, 2007.
United States Congress. "John Treadway Rich (id: R000208)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
National Governors Association
John Treadway Rich papers, 1884-1914" Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Party political offices
Preceded byJames M. Turner
Republican nominee for Governor of Michigan 1892, 1894
Succeeded byHazen S. Pingree
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byOmar D. Conger
United States Representative for the 7th Congressional District of Michigan 1881–1883
Succeeded byEzra C. Carleton
Political offices
Preceded byEdwin B. Winans
Governor of Michigan 1893–1897
Succeeded byHazen S. Pingree
Preceded byFrank P. Glazier
Treasurer of Michigan 1908
Succeeded byAlbert E. Sleeper
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4th district
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5th district
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Sweet
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Henry
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D. E. Kildee
D. T. Kildee
Walberg
6th district
Driggs
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Person
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Transue
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7th district
O. Conger
Rich
Carleton
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8th district
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9th district
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10th district
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11th district
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Authority control databases International
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United States
People
US Congress | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative"},{"link_name":"governor of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan"}],"text":"John Treadway Rich (April 23, 1841 – March 28, 1926) was an American politician serving as a U.S. Representative and the 23rd governor of Michigan.","title":"John Treadway Rich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conneautville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conneautville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"John Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Addison County, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_County,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Elba Township, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elba_Township,_Lapeer_County,_Michigan"}],"text":"Rich was born in Conneautville, Pennsylvania, the son of John W. Rich and Jerusha Treadway Rich. John Treadway Rich's middle name is mistakenly given as \"Tyler\", perhaps because he was born just nineteen days after John Tyler became U.S. president upon the death of William Henry Harrison. In 1846, he moved with his parents to Addison County, Vermont, and two years later they moved to Elba Township, Michigan. He attended the public schools and engaged in agricultural pursuits. On March 12, 1863, he married Lucretia M. 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He was also a delegate to the Republican State conventions in 1873, 1875, and 1878.Rich served in the Michigan Senate from January 1, 1881, until March 21, 1881, when he resigned, having been elected to the United States House of Representatives for the 47th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Omar D. Conger, serving from April 5, 1881, to March 4, 1883. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1882 to the 48th Congress. He later served as State Railroad Commissioner, 1887–1891, and a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1884 to elect James G. Blaine and 1892 to re-elect Benjamin Harrison as U.S. president, both of whom lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland.Rich served as Governor of Michigan from 1893 to 1897. During his four years in office, a railroad strike, as well as an iron mine strike occurred. Also, three members of the State Canvassing Board were fired for falsifying returns on a salary raise vote for state officeholders.After leaving office, he served as United States collector of customs at Detroit from February 16, 1898, to January 30, 1906. He was elected State Treasurer of Michigan to fill a vacancy and served from January 23, 1908, to January 1, 1909. He was then collector of customs at Port Huron from December 11, 1908, to May 30, 1913.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Petersburg, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Lapeer, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapeer,_Michigan"}],"text":"Rich died in St. Petersburg, Florida, and is interred at Mount Hope Cemetery of Lapeer, Michigan.","title":"Death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"s.v. Hon. John T. Rich\". Portrait and biographical record of Genesee, Lapeer and Tuscola counties, Michigan. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Docker | Bernard Docker | ["1 Career","2 First marriage","3 MY Shemara","4 Green Goddess","5 Second marriage","6 Docker Daimlers","7 Separation from Midland Bank","8 Separation from BSA","9 Decline and death","10 References"] | English industrialist
Sir Bernard Dudley Frank Docker (9 August 1896 – 22 May 1978) was an English industrialist. Born in Edgbaston, Birmingham, he was the only child of Frank Dudley Docker, an English businessman and financier.
Career
Docker was the managing director of the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) group of companies from the early 1940s until 1956. He also chaired The Daimler Company Limited and the Anglo-Argentine Tramways Company. He was awarded a knighthood in 1938 for his ‘energetic work during twelve years as the Chairman of Westminster Hospital.’ He was succeeded by Jack Sangster as Chairman of BSA, following a 1956 boardroom coup.
First marriage
Docker's first wife was Jeanne Stuart (born Ivy Sweet), a British actress. They married in 1933, but the marriage was soon dissolved after pressure from Docker's parents. His father had her tracked by private detectives, and after finding her with an actor (David Hutcheson), Docker divorced her.
MY Shemara
MY Shemara seen at Southampton Docks.
Docker commissioned John I. Thornycroft & Company to build a 863 tonne yacht to his specifications in 1938, names Shemara. 'I must stress that she was our home,' Norah: the Autobiography of Lady Docker states. MY Shemara was requisitioned by the Royal Navy at the start of the Second World War in 1939 and used as a training vessel for anti-submarine warfare. It was during a training exercise with HMS Shemara that the submarine HMS Untamed was lost with all her crew. Shemara left RN service in 1946
Green Goddess
1949 Daimler DE 36 "Green Goddess" drophead
Docker commissioned Hooper & Co. to build a drophead coupé on a Daimler DE-36 chassis for display at the first post-war British International Motor Show at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre in 1948. Named the "Green Goddess" by the press, the car had five seats, three windscreen wipers, and hydraulic operation of both the hood and the hood cover. After the show, the car was further tested and refined, after which it was kept by Docker for his personal use. Six other chassis were bodied with similar bodies. These were all called "Green Goddesses" after the original, which was exhibited with jade-green coachwork and green-piped beige leather.
Second marriage
His second wife was Norah Collins (née Norah Royce Turner), a former showgirl that he married at Caxton Hall in 1949. She was the widow of Sir William Collins, the president of Fortnum & Mason, and also the widow of Clement Callingham, the head of Henekeys wine and spirits merchants. They lived at Heath House in Stockbridge.
Docker Daimlers
Main article: Docker Daimlers
Blue Clover, the 1952 show car
Golden Zebra, for the 1955 Paris Show
Sir Bernard Docker commissioned a series of Daimlers that were built to Lady Docker's specifications for the show circuit.
In ‘Norah: The Autobiography of Lady Docker’, ‘The Golden Daimler’ is given its own chapter. ‘If I could find a single reason for my elevation to the dubious ranks of a celebrity, then I think, I would have a motor car to thank.’ Norah told her husband Sir Bernard Docker of her frustration that no one abroad had heard of Daimler cars. To boost the car’s popularity, she asked Bernard: “Why can’t you manufacture a smaller Daimler, suitable for the family?” Bernard invited her to join the company and to take on the project.
1951 – The Gold Car (a.k.a. Golden Daimler)
The Gold Car was a touring limousine on the Thirty-Six Straight-Eight chassis. The car was covered with 7,000 tiny gold stars, and all plating that would normally have been chrome was gold. This car was taken to Paris, the United States and Australia.
1952 – Blue Clover
Also on the Thirty-Six Straight-Eight chassis, Blue Clover was a two-door sportsman's coupé.
1953 – Silver Flash
The Silver Flash was an aluminium-bodied coupé based on the 3-litre Regency chassis. Its accessories included solid silver hairbrushes and red fitted luggage made from crocodile skin.
1954 – Star Dust
based on the DF400 chassis. In 2014, the Star Dust limo, "finished with 5,000 sterling silver six-pointed stars" was sold after having been found in a barn in Wales in the 1980s.
1955 – Golden Zebra
The Golden Zebra was a two-door coupé based on the DK400 chassis. Like the Gold Car, the Golden Zebra had all its metal trim pieces plated in gold instead of chrome, and it had an ivory dashboard and zebra-skin upholstery.
Separation from Midland Bank
An entire chapter of 'Norah: the Autobiography of Lady Docker' is devoted to the Dockers and their separation from Midland Bank titled 'The B.S.A. Affair'. The book was ghostwritten and edited by Don Short.
Separation from BSA
At the end of May 1956, Docker was removed from the board of Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), and he was replaced as chairman of BSA by Jack Sangster.
Decline and death
Without their main source of income, the Dockers began to run out of money. In 1965, Docker put Shemara on the market for £600,000; it was eventually sold for £290,000 to British businessman Harry Hyams. In the Norah: the Autobiography of Lady Docker, their isolation was described. 'Now we feel alone in this world, long since forgotten by those we helped, with only a handful of true and trusted friends remaining.'
References
^ a b c d e f g Docker, Norah; Short, Don (1969). Norah: the Autobiography of Lady Docker. ISBN. London: W.H. Allen. ISBN 0491006993.
^ Martin, Douglas (24 February 2003). "Jeanne de Rothschild, 94, Who Came From Stage, Dies". The New York Times. New York, NY USA. Obituaries. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013. In 1934, she married the industrialist Bernard Dudley Docker. Mr. Docker's father was so upset that he hired private detectives to track his son's new wife. The son divorced her after discovering her with the actor David Hutcheson.
^ "Submarine Losses 1904 To Present Day – Page 8". Submarine Losses 1904 to Present Day. Gosport, Hampshire, UK: Royal Navy Submarine Museum. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
^ Helgason, Guðmundur, "HMS Shemara (FY 026)", uboat.net
^ a b "The 1948 London Motor Show, Earls Court Exhibition, ex-Sir Bernard Docker – from the Estate of the Late John H. Sweeney – 1948 Daimler DE-36 'Green Goddess'-'The Chairman's Car' – Registration no. LJJ11 (UK) – Chassis no. 51233". Bonhams. 14 August 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
^ Sewell, Brian. "Brian Sewell's Docker Daimlers". Brian Sewell. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
^ "Daimler: extravagant design and magnificent bodywork". The Independent. London, UK: Independent Print. 10 February 2004. ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2012. Nora's first design, of 1951, was known as The Gold Car, a limousine embellished with 7,000 gold stars; from bonnet to tailpipe all that should have been chrome was gold, and the interior was trimmed in golden camphor wood and gold brocade.
^ Lewin, Tony; Borroff, Ryan (2003). "03.04 The Ten Best Forgotten". How To: Design Cars Like a Pro: A Comprehensive Guide to Car Design from the Top Professionals. St. Paul, MN USA: Motorbooks International. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7603-1641-2. Retrieved 23 June 2013. Based on the Daimler Regency model, it sported slightly more restrained solid silver hairbrushes and propelling pencils built into the interior, plus fitted red crocodile skin luggage.
^ "Luxury post-war limo is auctioned". BBC News. 13 September 2014.
^ a b "632 The ex-London Motor Show 1955 Daimler DK400 'Golden Zebra' Coupé Coachwork by Hooper & Co Registration no. TYL 575 Chassis no. 92705 Engine no. 48771". Auctions at Bonhams. 4 December 2006. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2012. In 1966 Golden Zebra, which cost £12,000 to build (many times the value of the average semi-detached house at the time) was offered for sale by Daimler distributors Henlys of Chester with 25,000 miles on the clock for only £1,400.
^ "Lady Docker's Golden Chariot". Mechanix Illustrated. 52 (8). Fawcett Publications: 49–51. August 1956. ISSN 0025-6587. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2012. Undaunted, Lady Nora (sic) ordered a Bentley Continental, also a plush job.
^ Tutor, Chris (28 November 2006). "Auction Action: 50-year-old blingmobile on the block". AutoBlog. AOL. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2012. The four-liter coupe featured gold plated exterior trim, an ivory dashboard and, of course, authentic zebra-hide seats. When asked why she chose zebra, Lady Docker replied: "Because mink is too hot to sit on."
^ Buckley, Martin (25 November 2006). "The gear box: Christmas on wheels – Docker Daimler Golden Zebra". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2012. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industrialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialist"},{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston"},{"link_name":"Frank Dudley Docker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dudley_Docker"}],"text":"Sir Bernard Dudley Frank Docker (9 August 1896 – 22 May 1978) was an English industrialist. Born in Edgbaston, Birmingham, he was the only child of Frank Dudley Docker, an English businessman and financier.","title":"Bernard Docker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham Small Arms Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Arms_Company"},{"link_name":"The Daimler Company Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_Company"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Argentine Tramways Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Argentine_Tramways_Company"},{"link_name":"Jack Sangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sangster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Docker-1"}],"text":"Docker was the managing director of the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) group of companies from the early 1940s until 1956. He also chaired The Daimler Company Limited and the Anglo-Argentine Tramways Company. He was awarded a knighthood in 1938 for his ‘energetic work during twelve years as the Chairman of Westminster Hospital.’ He was succeeded by Jack Sangster as Chairman of BSA, following a 1956 boardroom coup.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTSweetObit-2"}],"text":"Docker's first wife was Jeanne Stuart (born Ivy Sweet), a British actress. They married in 1933, but the marriage was soon dissolved after pressure from Docker's parents. His father had her tracked by private detectives, and after finding her with an actor (David Hutcheson), Docker divorced her.[2]","title":"First marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shemara.jpg"},{"link_name":"John I. Thornycroft & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I._Thornycroft_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Shemara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MY_Shemara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Docker-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"HMS Untamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Untamed_(P58)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SubMuseumLosses8-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"MY Shemara seen at Southampton Docks.Docker commissioned John I. Thornycroft & Company to build a 863 tonne yacht to his specifications in 1938, names Shemara. 'I must stress that she was our home,' Norah: the Autobiography of Lady Docker states.[1] MY Shemara was requisitioned by the Royal Navy at the start of the Second World War in 1939 and used as a training vessel for anti-submarine warfare. It was during a training exercise with HMS Shemara that the submarine HMS Untamed was lost with all her crew.[3] Shemara left RN service in 1946[4]","title":"MY Shemara"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1949_Daimler_DE_36_%22Green_Goddess%22,_Hooper_drophead_coup%C3%A9_8853058256.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hooper & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooper_(coachbuilder)"},{"link_name":"drophead coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible"},{"link_name":"Daimler DE-36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_Straight-Eight_engines#Thirty-Six_DE_36"},{"link_name":"British International Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"Earls Court Exhibition Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_Court_Exhibition_Centre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonham17327_260-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonham17327_260-5"}],"text":"1949 Daimler DE 36 \"Green Goddess\" dropheadDocker commissioned Hooper & Co. to build a drophead coupé on a Daimler DE-36 chassis for display at the first post-war British International Motor Show at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre in 1948. Named the \"Green Goddess\" by the press, the car had five seats, three windscreen wipers, and hydraulic operation of both the hood and the hood cover. After the show, the car was further tested and refined, after which it was kept by Docker for his personal use.[5] Six other chassis were bodied with similar bodies. These were all called \"Green Goddesses\" after the original, which was exhibited with jade-green coachwork and green-piped beige leather.[5]","title":"Green Goddess"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norah Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah,_Lady_Docker"},{"link_name":"Fortnum & Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Docker-1"}],"text":"His second wife was Norah Collins (née Norah Royce Turner), a former showgirl that he married at Caxton Hall in 1949. She was the widow of Sir William Collins, the president of Fortnum & Mason, and also the widow of Clement Callingham, the head of Henekeys wine and spirits merchants. They lived at Heath House in Stockbridge.[1]","title":"Second marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1952_Daimler_%22Blue_Clover%22_Lady_Docker.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1955_Daimler_DK_400_%27Golden_Zebra%27_Coup%C3%A9_p2.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Docker-1"},{"link_name":"Thirty-Six Straight-Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_Straight-Eight_engines#Thirty-Six_DE_36"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndependentDesigner-7"},{"link_name":"Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_Regency"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forgotten-8"},{"link_name":"DF400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_DK400"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"DK400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_DK400"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonhams1793-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonhams1793-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MechanixIllustrated-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoBlogZebra_GearBox-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley-13"}],"text":"Blue Clover, the 1952 show carGolden Zebra, for the 1955 Paris ShowSir Bernard Docker commissioned a series of Daimlers that were built to Lady Docker's specifications for the show circuit.In ‘Norah: The Autobiography of Lady Docker’, ‘The Golden Daimler’ is given its own chapter. ‘If I could find a single reason for my elevation to the dubious ranks of a celebrity, then I think, I would have a motor car to thank.’ Norah told her husband Sir Bernard Docker of her frustration that no one abroad had heard of Daimler cars. To boost the car’s popularity, she asked Bernard: “Why can’t you manufacture a smaller Daimler, suitable for the family?” Bernard invited her to join the company and to take on the project.[1]1951 – The Gold Car (a.k.a. Golden Daimler)The Gold Car was a touring limousine on the Thirty-Six Straight-Eight chassis.[6] The car was covered with 7,000 tiny gold stars, and all plating that would normally have been chrome was gold.[7] This car was taken to Paris, the United States and Australia.1952 – Blue CloverAlso on the Thirty-Six Straight-Eight chassis, Blue Clover was a two-door sportsman's coupé.1953 – Silver FlashThe Silver Flash was an aluminium-bodied coupé based on the 3-litre Regency chassis. Its accessories included solid silver hairbrushes and red fitted luggage made from crocodile skin.[8]1954 – Star Dustbased on the DF400 chassis. In 2014, the Star Dust limo, \"finished with 5,000 sterling silver six-pointed stars\" was sold after having been found in a barn in Wales in the 1980s.[9]1955 – Golden ZebraThe Golden Zebra was a two-door coupé based on the DK400 chassis.[10] Like the Gold Car, the Golden Zebra had all its metal trim pieces plated in gold instead of chrome, and it had an ivory dashboard and zebra-skin upholstery.[10][11][12][13]","title":"Docker Daimlers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Short_(journalist)"}],"text":"An entire chapter of 'Norah: the Autobiography of Lady Docker' is devoted to the Dockers and their separation from Midland Bank titled 'The B.S.A. Affair'. The book was ghostwritten and edited by Don Short.","title":"Separation from Midland Bank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Sangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sangster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Docker-1"}],"text":"At the end of May 1956, Docker was removed from the board of Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), and he was replaced as chairman of BSA by Jack Sangster.[1]","title":"Separation from BSA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Hyams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hyams"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Docker-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Docker-1"}],"text":"Without their main source of income, the Dockers began to run out of money. In 1965, Docker put Shemara on the market for £600,000; it was eventually sold for £290,000 to British businessman Harry Hyams.[1] In the Norah: the Autobiography of Lady Docker, their isolation was described. 'Now we feel alone in this world, long since forgotten by those we helped, with only a handful of true and trusted friends remaining.'[1]","title":"Decline and death"}] | [{"image_text":"MY Shemara seen at Southampton Docks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Shemara.jpg/220px-Shemara.jpg"},{"image_text":"1949 Daimler DE 36 \"Green Goddess\" drophead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1949_Daimler_DE_36_%22Green_Goddess%22%2C_Hooper_drophead_coup%C3%A9_8853058256.jpg/220px-1949_Daimler_DE_36_%22Green_Goddess%22%2C_Hooper_drophead_coup%C3%A9_8853058256.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blue Clover, the 1952 show car","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1952_Daimler_%22Blue_Clover%22_Lady_Docker.jpg/220px-1952_Daimler_%22Blue_Clover%22_Lady_Docker.jpg"},{"image_text":"Golden Zebra, for the 1955 Paris Show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1955_Daimler_DK_400_%27Golden_Zebra%27_Coup%C3%A9_p2.JPG/220px-1955_Daimler_DK_400_%27Golden_Zebra%27_Coup%C3%A9_p2.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Docker, Norah; Short, Don (1969). Norah: the Autobiography of Lady Docker. ISBN. London: W.H. Allen. ISBN 0491006993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0491006993","url_text":"0491006993"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Douglas (24 February 2003). \"Jeanne de Rothschild, 94, Who Came From Stage, Dies\". The New York Times. New York, NY USA. Obituaries. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013. In 1934, she married the industrialist Bernard Dudley Docker. Mr. Docker's father was so upset that he hired private detectives to track his son's new wife. The son divorced her after discovering her with the actor David Hutcheson.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/24/obituaries/24JEAN.html","url_text":"\"Jeanne de Rothschild, 94, Who Came From Stage, Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522","url_text":"1645522"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130617042830/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/24/obituaries/24JEAN.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Submarine Losses 1904 To Present Day – Page 8\". Submarine Losses 1904 to Present Day. Gosport, Hampshire, UK: Royal Navy Submarine Museum. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130714021235/http://www.submarine-museum.co.uk/what-we-have/memorial-chapel/submarine-losses?start=7","url_text":"\"Submarine Losses 1904 To Present Day – Page 8\""},{"url":"http://www.submarine-museum.co.uk/what-we-have/memorial-chapel/submarine-losses?start=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur, \"HMS Shemara (FY 026)\", uboat.net","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/13692.html","url_text":"\"HMS Shemara (FY 026)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 1948 London Motor Show, Earls Court Exhibition, ex-Sir Bernard Docker – from the Estate of the Late John H. Sweeney – 1948 Daimler DE-36 'Green Goddess'-'The Chairman's Car' – Registration no. LJJ11 (UK) – Chassis no. 51233\". Bonhams. 14 August 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/17327/lot/260/?list_search_query=1&lang=en_gb&back_to_year=2003&sale_no=17327&limit=9999&query=daimler&create_facets=False&page_anchor=q1_1%3DDaimler%26m1%3D1%26b1%3Dlist","url_text":"\"The 1948 London Motor Show, Earls Court Exhibition, ex-Sir Bernard Docker – from the Estate of the Late John H. Sweeney – 1948 Daimler DE-36 'Green Goddess'-'The Chairman's Car' – Registration no. LJJ11 (UK) – Chassis no. 51233\""}]},{"reference":"Sewell, Brian. \"Brian Sewell's Docker Daimlers\". Brian Sewell. Retrieved 9 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.briansewell.co.uk/brian-sewell-com/brian-sewell-cars/dockers-daimlers.html","url_text":"\"Brian Sewell's Docker Daimlers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daimler: extravagant design and magnificent bodywork\". The Independent. London, UK: Independent Print. 10 February 2004. ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2012. Nora's first design, of 1951, was known as The Gold Car, a limousine embellished with 7,000 gold stars; from bonnet to tailpipe all that should have been chrome was gold, and the interior was trimmed in golden camphor wood and gold brocade.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130305114847/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/features/daimler-extravagant-design-and-magnificent-bodywork-569402.html","url_text":"\"Daimler: extravagant design and magnificent bodywork\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-9467","url_text":"0951-9467"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185201487","url_text":"185201487"},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/features/daimler-extravagant-design-and-magnificent-bodywork-569402.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewin, Tony; Borroff, Ryan (2003). \"03.04 The Ten Best Forgotten\". How To: Design Cars Like a Pro: A Comprehensive Guide to Car Design from the Top Professionals. St. Paul, MN USA: Motorbooks International. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7603-1641-2. Retrieved 23 June 2013. Based on the Daimler Regency model, it sported slightly more restrained solid silver hairbrushes and propelling pencils built into the interior, plus fitted red crocodile skin luggage.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GThBf3VpqsYC","url_text":"\"03.04 The Ten Best Forgotten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1641-2","url_text":"978-0-7603-1641-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Luxury post-war limo is auctioned\". BBC News. 13 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-29183255","url_text":"\"Luxury post-war limo is auctioned\""}]},{"reference":"\"632 The ex-London Motor Show 1955 Daimler DK400 'Golden Zebra' Coupé Coachwork by Hooper & Co Registration no. TYL 575 Chassis no. 92705 Engine no. 48771\". Auctions at Bonhams. 4 December 2006. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2012. In 1966 Golden Zebra, which cost £12,000 to build (many times the value of the average semi-detached house at the time) was offered for sale by Daimler distributors Henlys of Chester with 25,000 miles on the clock for only £1,400.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/14267/lot/632/","url_text":"\"632 The ex-London Motor Show 1955 Daimler DK400 'Golden Zebra' Coupé Coachwork by Hooper & Co Registration no. TYL 575 Chassis no. 92705 Engine no. 48771\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130714013142/http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/14267/lot/632/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Docker's Golden Chariot\". Mechanix Illustrated. 52 (8). Fawcett Publications: 49–51. August 1956. ISSN 0025-6587. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2012. Undaunted, Lady Nora (sic) ordered a Bentley Continental, also a plush job.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130627132400/http://blog.modernmechanix.com/lady-dockers-golden-chariot/","url_text":"\"Lady Docker's Golden Chariot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawcett_Publications","url_text":"Fawcett Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-6587","url_text":"0025-6587"},{"url":"http://blog.modernmechanix.com/lady-dockers-golden-chariot/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tutor, Chris (28 November 2006). \"Auction Action: 50-year-old blingmobile on the block\". AutoBlog. AOL. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2012. The four-liter coupe featured gold plated exterior trim, an ivory dashboard and, of course, authentic zebra-hide seats. When asked why she chose zebra, Lady Docker replied: \"Because mink is too hot to sit on.\"","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoblog.com/2006/11/28/auction-action-50-year-old-blingmobile-on-the-block/","url_text":"\"Auction Action: 50-year-old blingmobile on the block\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL","url_text":"AOL"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090627030904/http://www.autoblog.com/2006/11/28/auction-action-50-year-old-blingmobile-on-the-block/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Buckley, Martin (25 November 2006). \"The gear box: Christmas on wheels – Docker Daimler Golden Zebra\". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/caraccessories/2744431/The-gear-box-Christmas-on-wheels.html","url_text":"\"The gear box: Christmas on wheels – Docker Daimler Golden Zebra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49632006","url_text":"49632006"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130703000000/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/caraccessories/2744431/The-gear-box-Christmas-on-wheels.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/24/obituaries/24JEAN.html","external_links_name":"\"Jeanne de Rothschild, 94, Who Came From Stage, Dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522","external_links_name":"1645522"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130617042830/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/24/obituaries/24JEAN.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130714021235/http://www.submarine-museum.co.uk/what-we-have/memorial-chapel/submarine-losses?start=7","external_links_name":"\"Submarine Losses 1904 To Present Day – Page 8\""},{"Link":"http://www.submarine-museum.co.uk/what-we-have/memorial-chapel/submarine-losses?start=7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/13692.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Shemara (FY 026)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/17327/lot/260/?list_search_query=1&lang=en_gb&back_to_year=2003&sale_no=17327&limit=9999&query=daimler&create_facets=False&page_anchor=q1_1%3DDaimler%26m1%3D1%26b1%3Dlist","external_links_name":"\"The 1948 London Motor Show, Earls Court Exhibition, ex-Sir Bernard Docker – from the Estate of the Late John H. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkeydoodles_Corners | Punkeydoodles Corners | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°21′13″N 80°44′3″W / 43.35361°N 80.73417°W / 43.35361; -80.73417
Unincorporated community in Ontario, CanadaPunkeydoodles CornersUnincorporated communityCoordinates: 43°21′13″N 80°44′3″W / 43.35361°N 80.73417°W / 43.35361; -80.73417CountryCanadaProvinceOntarioRegional municipalityWaterlooTownshipWilmotTime zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Forward sortation areaN3AArea code(s)519 and 226NTS Map040P07GNBC CodeFCIUX
Punkeydoodles Corners is an unincorporated hamlet in southwestern Ontario, in Canada, known for its strange name
and frequent sign theft. Although primarily located in the Wilmot Township, some portions of the hamlet extend into East Zorra – Tavistock and Perth East Townships.
The origin of the name is somewhat disputed. Most claims date back to an inn and tavern located at the Corner during the late nineteenth century. The most frequently cited legend claims that the local German-speaking inn-keeper was given the name Punkey Doodle after he mispronounced the words of the song Yankee Doodle, which sounded more like "Punkey Doodle" to the tavern guests. Other stories link the name to an old Victorian nursery word for frittering away time, or a nickname given to a lazy pumpkin farmer by his irritated wife. There have been suggestions that pumpkins were an early crop locally. "Corners" refers to both the geographical feature of the intersecting roads as well as the convergence of Waterloo Region, Oxford County, and Perth County.
The most prominent moment in Punkeydoodles Corners history was Canada Day 1982, when Joe Clark was present for festivities. A post office was opened for one day to issue commemorative stamps.
While the spelling and punctuation vary in common usage, the version recognized by both Statistics Canada and the Canadian Geographical Names Data Base is "Punkeydoodles Corners".
The name of the hamlet frequently appears in lists of humorous place names.
The intersections at Punkeydoodles Corners have also been noted as being a particularly dangerous for drivers.
See also
Ontario portal
List of unincorporated communities in Ontario
References
^ a b "Historic Place Names of Waterloo County - Punkeydoodles Corners, Wilmot Township". Region of Waterloo. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
^ a b c Stock, George. "Punkeydoodles Rules!". The Oxford Review. Archived from the original on 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2007-05-17.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ On either this Statistics Canada page or the CGNDB search form at Natural Resources Canada, a search for the name returns "Punkeydoodles Corners" as the only result.
^ Wong, Carmen. "'How many people need to die?': Residents raise concerns over Punkeydoodles Corners after fatal crash". CTV News Kitchener. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
^ Villella, Stephanie. "New safety measures coming to Punkeydoodles Corners". CTV New Kitchener. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
^ Williams, Robert. "Study into deadly Punkeydoodles Corners intersections could begin next year". Waterloo Region Record. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
External links
Punkeydoodles Corners at Geographical Names of Canada.
vteRegional Municipality of WaterlooCities
Cambridge
Kitchener
Waterloo
Townships
North Dumfries
Wellesley
Wilmot
Woolwich
Unincorporatedcommunities
Ayr
Baden
Breslau
Conestogo
Elmira
Floradale
Hawkesville
Haysville
Hespeler
New Dundee
New Hamburg
New Prussia
Maryhill
North Woolwich
Preston
Punkeydoodles Corners
Roseville
St. Jacobs
Weissenburg
West Montrose
Winterbourne
Zuber Corners
Regional services
Grand River Transit
Ion rapid transit
Region of Waterloo International Airport
Waterloo Regional Police
Waterloo Paramedic
Overview topics
Media
roads
schools
See also: Communities in Waterloo Region
Census divisions of Ontario
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waterloo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rules-2"},{"link_name":"Wilmot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"East Zorra – Tavistock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Zorra_%E2%80%93_Tavistock"},{"link_name":"Perth East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_East,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"link_name":"Yankee Doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Doodle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waterloo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rules-2"},{"link_name":"Waterloo Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Oxford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Perth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Day"},{"link_name":"Joe Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Clark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rules-2"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Geographical Names Data Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Geographical_Names_Data_Base"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Ontario, CanadaPunkeydoodles Corners is an unincorporated hamlet in southwestern Ontario, in Canada, known for its strange name[1]\nand frequent sign theft.[2] Although primarily located in the Wilmot Township, some portions of the hamlet extend into East Zorra – Tavistock and Perth East Townships.\nThe origin of the name is somewhat disputed. Most claims date back to an inn and tavern located at the Corner during the late nineteenth century. The most frequently cited legend claims that the local German-speaking inn-keeper was given the name Punkey Doodle after he mispronounced the words of the song Yankee Doodle, which sounded more like \"Punkey Doodle\" to the tavern guests.[1] Other stories link the name to an old Victorian nursery word for frittering away time, or a nickname given to a lazy pumpkin farmer by his irritated wife. There have been suggestions that pumpkins were an early crop locally.[2] \"Corners\" refers to both the geographical feature of the intersecting roads as well as the convergence of Waterloo Region, Oxford County, and Perth County.The most prominent moment in Punkeydoodles Corners history was Canada Day 1982, when Joe Clark was present for festivities. A post office was opened for one day to issue commemorative stamps.[2]While the spelling and punctuation vary in common usage, the version recognized by both Statistics Canada and the Canadian Geographical Names Data Base is \"Punkeydoodles Corners\".[3]The name of the hamlet frequently appears in lists of humorous place names.The intersections at Punkeydoodles Corners have also been noted as being a particularly dangerous for drivers.[4][5][6]","title":"Punkeydoodles Corners"}] | [] | [{"title":"Ontario portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ontario"},{"title":"List of unincorporated communities in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unincorporated_communities_in_Ontario"}] | [{"reference":"\"Historic Place Names of Waterloo County - Punkeydoodles Corners, Wilmot Township\". Region of Waterloo. Retrieved 2007-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.region.waterloo.on.ca/web/region.nsf/c56e308f49bfeb7885256abc0071ec9a/8d9bfaff3c665c7585256e1c004f9c36!OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Historic Place Names of Waterloo County - Punkeydoodles Corners, Wilmot Township\""}]},{"reference":"Stock, George. \"Punkeydoodles Rules!\". The Oxford Review. Archived from the original on 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2007-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080207010554/http://www.ocl.net/cap/cyberspace/2001/September_10_2001.shtml","url_text":"\"Punkeydoodles Rules!\""}]},{"reference":"Wong, Carmen. \"'How many people need to die?': Residents raise concerns over Punkeydoodles Corners after fatal crash\". CTV News Kitchener. Retrieved 2023-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/how-many-people-need-to-die-residents-raise-concerns-over-punkeydoodles-corners-after-fatal-crash-1.6114840","url_text":"\"'How many people need to die?': Residents raise concerns over Punkeydoodles Corners after fatal crash\""}]},{"reference":"Villella, Stephanie. \"New safety measures coming to Punkeydoodles Corners\". CTV New Kitchener. Retrieved 2023-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/new-safety-measures-coming-to-punkeydoodles-corners-1.6118283#:~:text=A%20report%20by%20the%20township,of%201.4%20collisions%20per%20intersection.%E2%80%9D","url_text":"\"New safety measures coming to Punkeydoodles Corners\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Robert. \"Study into deadly Punkeydoodles Corners intersections could begin next year\". Waterloo Region Record. Retrieved 2023-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/study-into-deadly-punkeydoodles-corners-intersections-could-begin-next-year/article_96fc3bbd-d28d-5ecd-b1f8-8ea91d402b56.html","url_text":"\"Study into deadly Punkeydoodles Corners intersections could begin next year\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Punkeydoodles_Corners¶ms=43_21_13_N_80_44_3_W_region:CA-ON_type:city","external_links_name":"43°21′13″N 80°44′3″W / 43.35361°N 80.73417°W / 43.35361; -80.73417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Punkeydoodles_Corners¶ms=43_21_13_N_80_44_3_W_region:CA-ON_type:city","external_links_name":"43°21′13″N 80°44′3″W / 43.35361°N 80.73417°W / 43.35361; -80.73417"},{"Link":"http://www.region.waterloo.on.ca/web/region.nsf/c56e308f49bfeb7885256abc0071ec9a/8d9bfaff3c665c7585256e1c004f9c36!OpenDocument","external_links_name":"\"Historic Place Names of Waterloo County - Punkeydoodles Corners, Wilmot Township\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080207010554/http://www.ocl.net/cap/cyberspace/2001/September_10_2001.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Punkeydoodles Rules!\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Search/SearchForm_Results.cfm?Lang=E&SearchPR=01&SearchType=Begins","external_links_name":"this Statistics Canada page"},{"Link":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/name.php","external_links_name":"the CGNDB search form at Natural Resources Canada"},{"Link":"https://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/how-many-people-need-to-die-residents-raise-concerns-over-punkeydoodles-corners-after-fatal-crash-1.6114840","external_links_name":"\"'How many people need to die?': Residents raise concerns over Punkeydoodles Corners after fatal crash\""},{"Link":"https://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/new-safety-measures-coming-to-punkeydoodles-corners-1.6118283#:~:text=A%20report%20by%20the%20township,of%201.4%20collisions%20per%20intersection.%E2%80%9D","external_links_name":"\"New safety measures coming to Punkeydoodles Corners\""},{"Link":"https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/study-into-deadly-punkeydoodles-corners-intersections-could-begin-next-year/article_96fc3bbd-d28d-5ecd-b1f8-8ea91d402b56.html","external_links_name":"\"Study into deadly Punkeydoodles Corners intersections could begin next year\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608162618/http://geonames2.nrcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/v9/sima_unique_v9?english%3FFCIUX%3FC","external_links_name":"Punkeydoodles Corners"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_on_Me_(Rita_Ora_song) | Body on Me (Rita Ora song) | ["1 Background and composition","2 Music video","3 Live performances","4 Track listing","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications","7 Release history","8 References","9 External links"] | 2015 single by Rita Ora featuring Chris Brown"Body on Me"Single by Rita Ora featuring Chris BrownReleased7 August 2015Studio
California (Record Plant, R8D, Larrabee Sound)
New York (Sterling Sound)
Genre
Pop
R&B
Length3:45Label
Roc Nation
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
James Abrahart
Rosina Russell
Tinashe Sibanda
Marcus Lomax
Jordan Johnson
Stefan Johnson
Chris Brown
Balazs Harko
Robin Ellignsen
Producer(s)
T-Colla
The Monsters and the Strangerz
Faux Delorean
Rita Ora singles chronology
"Poison" (2015)
"Body on Me" (2015)
"Coming Home" (2015)
Chris Brown singles chronology
"Liquor"(2015)
"Body on Me"(2015)
"Moses"(2015)
"Body on Me" is a song by British singer Rita Ora, featuring guest vocals by American recording artist Chris Brown. The song was released on 7 August 2015. A remix featuring American rapper and singer Fetty Wap was released on 25 August 2015
Background and composition
Ora and Brown confirmed their collaboration on 24 July 2015 by posting a still from the song's accompanying music video to their respective Instagram accounts. The song's audio and accompanying artwork were revealed on 6 August, ahead of its release on 7 August 2015. "Body on Me" is a pop and R&B song with a tempo of 89 beats per minute.
Music video
A music video to accompany the release of the song was first released on Vevo on 18 August 2015 at a total length of four minutes and thirty-eight seconds. The music video was directed by Colin Tilley.
Live performances
Ora and Brown performed the song for the first time together during an episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live on 8 September 2015. Ora later performed a solo rendition of the song on Good Morning America on 16 September and in an episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show which aired on 5 October. Ora included the song as part of a medley with "Poison" and "Trapping Ain't Dead" at the 2015 MOBO Awards, where she was joined onstage by Section Boyz. On 12 November 2015, Ora performed the song as part of medley with "I Will Never Let You Down" at the Bambi Awards 2015.
Track listing
Digital download
"Body on Me" (featuring Chris Brown) – 3:45
Digital download – Fetty Wap Remix
"Body on Me" (Fetty Wap Remix) (featuring Chris Brown and Fetty Wap) – 3:49
Digital download – The Remixes
"Body on Me" (Zac Samuel Remix Edit)– 3:18
"Body on Me" (Dave Audé Tropical Remix) – 4:47
"Body on Me" (Fwdslxsh Remix – 2:42
CD single
"Body on Me" (featuring Chris Brown) – 3:47
"Body on Me" (Fetty Way Remix) (featuring Chris Brown and Fetty Wap) – 3:50
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2015)
Peak position
Australia (ARIA)
66
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)
55
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
91
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)
65
France (SNEP)
118
Ireland (IRMA)
54
Netherlands (Single Tip)
13
New Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ)
6
Scotland (OCC)
14
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)
55
Sweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan)
13
South Africa (EMA)
66
UK Singles (OCC)
22
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)
2
US Rhythmic (Billboard)
16
Year-end charts
Chart (2015)
Position
UK Singles (OCC)
60
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
400,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Country
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Various
August 7, 2015
Digital download
Roc NationColumbia
United States
August 11, 2015
Rhythmic contemporary
Various
August 28, 2015
Digital download (remixes)
Italy
September 18, 2015
Contemporary hit radio
References
^ Lee, Christiana (4 August 2015). "Rita Ora's "Body On Me" Is Out In Three Days". Idolator. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
^ Lee, Christiana (25 July 2015). "Chris Brown and Rita Ora Tease New Song 'Body on Me'". Billboard. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
^ Garibaldi, Christiana (6 August 2015). "Rita Ora and Chris Brown Will Get You in the Mood with 'Body on Me'". MTV. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
^ "Rita Ora Releases Collaboration ft. Chris Brown and It Is Killer". Vergue Campus. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
^ "Rita Ora - Body On Me - YouTube". YouTube. 18 August 2015. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024.
^ Weiner, Natalie (9 September 2015). "Watch Chris Brown and Rita Ora perform 'Body on Me' on Jimmy Kimmel Live". Billboard. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
^ "Rita Ora performs 'Body on Me' on 'Ellen;". Rap-Up. 5 October 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
^ "iTunes - Music - Body on Me (feat. Chris Brown & Fetty Wap) - Single by Rita Ora". iTunes Store (GB).
^ "iTunes - Music - Body on Me (The Remixes) - Single by Rita Ora". iTunes Store (GB).
^ Ryan, Gavin (29 August 2015). "ARIA Singles: Calvin Harris 'How Deep Is Your Love' Is No 1". Noise11. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
^ "Rita Ora feat. Chris Brown – Body On Me" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
^ "Rita Ora Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – SINGLES DIGITAL – TOP 100 and insert 201535 into search.
^ "Rita Ora feat. Chris Brown – Body On Me" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
^ "Chart Track: Week 33, 2015". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ "Dutch Single Tip 12/09/2015". Retrieved 15 January 2024.
^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart". THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select SINGLES DIGITAL - TOP 100 and insert 201537 into search.
^ "Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 37, 2015" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
^ "Top 100 Airplay". Entertainment Monitoring Africa. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
^ "Rita Ora Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard.
^ "Rita Ora Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard.
^ "End of Year Singles Chart in 2015". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
^ "British single certifications – Rita Ora ft Chris Brown – Body on Me". British Phonographic Industry.
^ "iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora". iTunes (US).
^ "iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora". iTunes (BR).
^ "iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora". iTunes (GB).
^ "iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora". iTunes (AU).
^ "Rita Ora & Chris Brown's "Body On Me" Flies Into Rhythmic Radio's Top 50". Topix.
^ "Body on Me (feat. Chris Brown & Fetty Wap) - Single". iTunes.
^ "Body on Me (feat. Chris Brown & Fetty Wap) - Single". iTunes.
^ "Body on Me (feat. Chris Brown & Fetty Wap) - Single". iTunes.
^ "Body on Me (feat. Chris Brown & Fetty Wap) - Single". iTunes.
^ "RITA ORA "Body on Me (feat. Chris Brown)" - (Radio Date: 18/09/2015)". radioairplay.fm.
External links
Video on YouTube
vteRita Ora
Discography
Awards
Studio albums
Ora
Phoenix
You & I
EPs
Bang
Singles
"How We Do (Party)"
"R.I.P."
"Shine Ya Light"
"Radioactive"
"I Will Never Let You Down"
"Poison"
"Body on Me"
"Coming Home"
"Your Song"
"Lonely Together"
"Anywhere"
"For You"
"Girls"
"Let You Love Me"
"Only Want You"
"Carry On"
"Ritual"
"How to Be Lonely"
"Big"
"You for Me"
"Follow Me"
"You Only Love Me"
"Praising You"
"Don't Think Twice"
Featured singles
"Hot Right Now"
"Lay Down Your Weapons"
"Black Widow"
"Doing It"
"New York Raining"
"R.I.P."
Promotional singles
"Bang Bang"
Other songs
"Torn Apart"
"Grateful"
"After the Afterparty (VIP Mix)"
Concert tours
Ora
Radioactive
The Girls
Phoenix
Category
vteChris Brown songs
Discography
Chris Brown
"Run It!"
"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)"
"Gimme That"
"Poppin'"
"Say Goodbye"
Exclusive
"Kiss Kiss"
"Take You Down"
"With You"
"Wall to Wall"
"Forever"
"Superhuman"
Graffiti
"I Can Transform Ya"
"Sing Like Me"
"Crawl"
F.A.M.E.
"Deuces"
"No Bullshit"
"Look at Me Now"
"She Ain't You"
"Yeah 3x"
"Next to You"
"Wet the Bed"
"Beautiful People"
"Paper, Scissors, Rock"
"Champion"
Fortune
"Turn Up the Music"
"Bassline"
"Till I Die"
"Don't Judge Me"
"2012"
"Sweet Love"
"Strip"
"Don't Wake Me Up"
X
"X"
"Loyal"
"New Flame"
"Autumn Leaves"
"Love More"
"Don't Think They Know"
"Fine China"
Fan of a Fan: The Album
"Ayo"
"Bitches N Marijuana"
Royalty
"Back to Sleep"
"Fine by Me"
"Wrist"
"Liquor"
"Zero"
"Anyway"
"Picture Me Rollin'"
"Little More (Royalty)"
Heartbreak on a Full Moon
"Privacy"
"Questions"
"Tempo"
"To My Bed"
"Hope You Do"
"Party"
"Pills & Automobiles"
"High End"
"Grass Ain't Greener"
Indigo
"Indigo"
"Back to Love"
"Come Together"
"Wobble Up"
"Heat"
"No Guidance"
"Don't Check on Me"
"Undecided"
"Under the Influence"
Slime & B
"Go Crazy"
"City Girls"
Breezy
"Call Me Every Day"
"Psychic"
"WE (Warm Embrace)"
"Iffy"
"No Time Like Christmas"
11:11
"Angel Numbers / Ten Toes"
"Sensational"
"Feel Something"
"Nightmares"
"Summer Too Hot"
"Hmmm"
Other singles
"No Air"
"Five More Hours"
"Paradise"
"Stranger Things"
Featured singles
"Shortie Like Mine"
"Shawty Get Loose"
"Get Like Me"
"What Them Girls Like"
"Freeze"
"Work That!"
"Drop It Low"
"Back to the Crib"
"Make a Movie"
"Get Back Up"
"Ain't Thinkin' 'Bout You"
"My Last"
"One Night Stand"
"Best Love Song"
"Pot of Gold"
"Body 2 Body"
"Better with the Lights Off"
"International Love"
"Another Round"
"Why Stop Now"
"Birthday Cake (Remix)"
"Right by My Side"
"Take It to the Head"
"I Can Only Imagine"
"Put It Down"
"Algo Me Gusta de Ti"
"Celebration"
"Ready"
"As Your Friend"
"For the Road"
"Beat It"
"Sweet Serenade"
"Show Me"
"It Won't Stop"
"Main Chick"
"Hold You Down"
"Only"
"Post to Be"
"Waves (Robin Schulz Remix)"
"Hotel"
"Private Show"
"You Changed Me"
"Do It Again"
"How Many Times"
"Fun"
"All Eyes on You"
"Body on Me"
"Moses"
"Play No Games"
"Player"
"Sorry"
"Gold Slugs"
"Drifting"
"Wishing"
"Something New"
"I'm the Man (Remix)"
"No Romeo No Juliet"
"Do You Mind"
"Whatever You Need"
"Tone It Down"
"Pie"
"Either Way"
"Melanin Magic"
"Freaky Friday"
"Attention"
"Chi Chi"
"Light It Up"
"Easy (Remix)"
"Haute"
"Blow My Mind"
"Restroom Occupied"
"Something Real"
"Put In Work"
"Provide"
"Already Best Friends"
"Come Through"
"Baddest"
"Angles"
"Woo Baby"
"Nostálgico"
"Nasty"
"How Does It Feel"
"How We Roll"
"IDGAF"
"FTCU (SleezeMix)"
"Wake Up"
Other songs
"This Christmas"
"Dreamer"
"Bad Girl"
"Better on the Other Side"
"Nobody's Business"
"Let's Go"
"Waves"
"Flipmode"
"Whatchamacallit"
"Slide (Remix)"
"New Again"
"Gyalis (Remix)"
"Superhero (Heroes & Villains)"
"Weakest Link" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rita Ora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Ora"},{"link_name":"Chris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fetty Wap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetty_Wap"}],"text":"2015 single by Rita Ora featuring Chris Brown\"Body on Me\" is a song by British singer Rita Ora, featuring guest vocals by American recording artist Chris Brown. The song was released on 7 August 2015.[1] A remix featuring American rapper and singer Fetty Wap was released on 25 August 2015","title":"Body on Me (Rita Ora song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"}],"text":"Ora and Brown confirmed their collaboration on 24 July 2015 by posting a still from the song's accompanying music video to their respective Instagram accounts.[2] The song's audio and accompanying artwork were revealed on 6 August, ahead of its release on 7 August 2015. \"Body on Me\" is a pop and R&B song[3][4] with a tempo of 89 beats per minute.","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Colin Tilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Tilley"}],"text":"A music video to accompany the release of the song was first released on Vevo on 18 August 2015 at a total length of four minutes and thirty-eight seconds.[5] The music video was directed by Colin Tilley.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Kimmel Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel_Live"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Ellen DeGeneres Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_(Rita_Ora_song)"},{"link_name":"Trapping Ain't Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Panic_(mixtape)"},{"link_name":"2015 MOBO Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOBO_Awards#2015"},{"link_name":"Section Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_Boyz"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"I Will Never Let You Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Will_Never_Let_You_Down"},{"link_name":"Bambi Awards 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambi_Awards#2015"}],"text":"Ora and Brown performed the song for the first time together during an episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live on 8 September 2015.[6] Ora later performed a solo rendition of the song on Good Morning America on 16 September[citation needed] and in an episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show which aired on 5 October.[7] Ora included the song as part of a medley with \"Poison\" and \"Trapping Ain't Dead\" at the 2015 MOBO Awards, where she was joined onstage by Section Boyz.[citation needed] On 12 November 2015, Ora performed the song as part of medley with \"I Will Never Let You Down\" at the Bambi Awards 2015.","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fetty Wap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetty_Wap"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dave Audé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Aud%C3%A9"}],"text":"Digital download\"Body on Me\" (featuring Chris Brown) – 3:45Digital download – Fetty Wap Remix[8]\"Body on Me\" (Fetty Wap Remix) (featuring Chris Brown and Fetty Wap) – 3:49Digital download – The Remixes[9]\"Body on Me\" (Zac Samuel Remix Edit)– 3:18\n\"Body on Me\" (Dave Audé Tropical Remix) – 4:47\n\"Body on Me\" (Fwdslxsh Remix – 2:42CD single\"Body on Me\" (featuring Chris Brown) – 3:47\n\"Body on Me\" (Fetty Way Remix) (featuring Chris Brown and Fetty Wap) – 3:50","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Body_on_Me_(Rita_Ora_song)&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Tip_Rita_Ora_feat._Chris_Brown-11"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Rita_Ora-12"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czechdigital_-13"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Rita_Ora_feat._Chris_Brown-14"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland_-15"},{"link_name":"Single Tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-18"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakdigital_-19"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"EMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-22"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardbubbling100_Rita_Ora-23"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrhythmic_Rita_Ora-24"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Body_on_Me_(Rita_Ora_song)&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2015)\n\nPeak position\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[10]\n\n66\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)[11]\n\n55\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[12]\n\n91\n\n\nCzech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[13]\n\n65\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[14]\n\n118\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[15]\n\n54\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Tip)[16]\n\n13\n\n\nNew Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ)[17]\n\n6\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[18]\n\n14\n\n\nSlovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[19]\n\n55\n\n\nSweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan)[20]\n\n13\n\n\nSouth Africa (EMA)[21]\n\n66\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[22]\n\n22\n\n\nUS Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[23]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[24]\n\n16\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2015)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[25]\n\n60","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lee, Christiana (4 August 2015). \"Rita Ora's \"Body On Me\" Is Out In Three Days\". Idolator. Retrieved 10 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idolator.com/7603131/rita-ora-chris-brown-body-on-me-release-date","url_text":"\"Rita Ora's \"Body On Me\" Is Out In Three Days\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)","url_text":"Idolator"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Christiana (25 July 2015). \"Chris Brown and Rita Ora Tease New Song 'Body on Me'\". Billboard. Retrieved 12 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/6642074/chris-brown-rita-ora-body-on-me-instagram","url_text":"\"Chris Brown and Rita Ora Tease New Song 'Body on Me'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Garibaldi, Christiana (6 August 2015). \"Rita Ora and Chris Brown Will Get You in the Mood with 'Body on Me'\". MTV. Retrieved 12 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/2233950/rita-ora-chris-brown-body-on-me-song/","url_text":"\"Rita Ora and Chris Brown Will Get You in the Mood with 'Body on Me'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Rita Ora Releases Collaboration ft. Chris Brown and It Is Killer\". Vergue Campus. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://vergecampus.com/2015/08/rita-ora-releases-collaboration-ft-chris-brown/","url_text":"\"Rita Ora Releases Collaboration ft. Chris Brown and It Is Killer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rita Ora - Body On Me - YouTube\". YouTube. 18 August 2015. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240203162330/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwL9vOBxeXY","url_text":"\"Rita Ora - Body On Me - YouTube\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwL9vOBxeXY","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weiner, Natalie (9 September 2015). \"Watch Chris Brown and Rita Ora perform 'Body on Me' on Jimmy Kimmel Live\". Billboard. Retrieved 13 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/6692306/chris-brown-rita-ora-body-on-me-live-jimmy-kimmel-watch","url_text":"\"Watch Chris Brown and Rita Ora perform 'Body on Me' on Jimmy Kimmel Live\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Rita Ora performs 'Body on Me' on 'Ellen;\". Rap-Up. 5 October 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2015/10/05/rita-ora-performs-body-on-me-on-ellen/","url_text":"\"Rita Ora performs 'Body on Me' on 'Ellen;\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap-Up","url_text":"Rap-Up"}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Body on Me (feat. Chris Brown & Fetty Wap) [Fetty Wap Remix] - Single by Rita Ora\". iTunes Store (GB).","urls":[{"url":"https://itun.es/gb/WJsO9","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Body on Me (feat. Chris Brown & Fetty Wap) [Fetty Wap Remix] - Single by Rita Ora\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Body on Me (The Remixes) [feat. Chris Brown] - Single by Rita Ora\". iTunes Store (GB).","urls":[{"url":"https://itun.es/gb/49lN9","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Body on Me (The Remixes) [feat. Chris Brown] - Single by Rita Ora\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (29 August 2015). \"ARIA Singles: Calvin Harris 'How Deep Is Your Love' Is No 1\". Noise11. Retrieved 29 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-calvin-harris-how-deep-is-your-love-is-no-1-20150829","url_text":"\"ARIA Singles: Calvin Harris 'How Deep Is Your Love' Is No 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Single Tip 12/09/2015\". Retrieved 15 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20150912&year=2015","url_text":"\"Dutch Single Tip 12/09/2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart\". THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART.","urls":[{"url":"http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4150","url_text":"\"NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 37, 2015\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2015&dspp=37","url_text":"\"Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 37, 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Airplay\". Entertainment Monitoring Africa. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://sa-ema.com/airplay-chart/?week=2015-08-11","url_text":"\"Top 100 Airplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa","url_text":"Entertainment Monitoring Africa"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Singles Chart in 2015\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20150104/37501/","url_text":"\"End of Year Singles Chart in 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Rita Ora ft Chris Brown – Body on Me\". British Phonographic Industry.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/13557-4117-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Rita Ora ft Chris Brown – Body on Me\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora\". iTunes (US).","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/body-on-me-feat.-chris-brown/id1023954634?i=1023954823","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora\". iTunes (BR).","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/body-on-me-feat.-chris-brown/id1023954634?i=1023954823","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora\". iTunes (GB).","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/body-on-me-feat.-chris-brown/id1023954634?i=1023954823","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora\". iTunes (AU).","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/body-on-me-feat.-chris-brown/id1023954634?i=1023954823","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Body On Me - Single by Rita Ora\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rita Ora & Chris Brown's \"Body On Me\" Flies Into Rhythmic Radio's Top 50\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penia | Penia | ["1 Mythology","1.1 Plato's account","1.2 Aristophanes' portrayal","2 Notes"] | Greek goddess and personification of poverty
This article is about the Greek deity. For the Italian bread, see Penia (bread).
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In Plato's Symposium, Penia /ˈpiːniə/ (Ancient Greek: Πενία, Penía), or Penae /ˈpiːˌniː/ (Latin: "Poverty", "Deficiency"), is the personification of poverty and need. She conceived Eros with an intoxicated Porus ("Resource", "Contrivance") in Zeus's garden while at Aphrodite's birthday. Her sisters are Amechania and Ptocheia. Penia was also mentioned by other ancient Greek writers such as Alcaeus (Fragment 364), Theognis (Fragment 1; 267, 351, 649), Aristophanes (Plutus, 414ff), Herodotus, Plutarch (Life of Themistocles), and Philostratus (Life of Apollonius).
Mythology
Plato's account
Perhaps one of the most famous mentions is in Plato's Symposium (203b–e), a Socratic Dialogue written by Plato c. 385–370 BC. She is part of a story narrated by Socrates, that he originally heard from a priestess by the name of Diotima. There, Penia appears during a banquet thrown by the gods to celebrate the birth of Aphrodite, in order to beg. In the hope for alleviating her misery, she sleeps with Poros, god of wealth, while he is intoxicated from drinking too much, resulting in the birth of Eros, God of Love; who is a combination of both his parents, in that he is forever in need and forever pursuing.
Aristophanes' portrayal
In her portrayal by the playwright Aristophanes, Penia attempts to convince two foolish men about the dangers of allowing wealth to be abundant for everybody. She debates the issue of motivation among those who are wealthy; by acquiring a luxurious life, humans will not see a need to put in effort to produce goods and products. She explains that there will come a time where mankind will not be able to purchase much of anything because of low supply, and people will end up working significantly harder than before in order to obtain food or build furniture. She understands that she is resented, but also knows that she is vital for maintaining the continuity of mankind.
Notes
^ Evola, Julius (1991). Eros and the Mysteries of Love. pp. 57–59.
^ "The Internet Classics Archive | Plutus by Aristophanes".
^ "PENIA - Greek Goddess or Spirit of Poverty".
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For the Italian bread, see Penia (bread).In Plato's Symposium, Penia /ˈpiːniə/ (Ancient Greek: Πενία, Penía), or Penae /ˈpiːˌniː/ (Latin: \"Poverty\", \"Deficiency\"), is the personification of poverty and need. She conceived Eros with an intoxicated Porus (\"Resource\", \"Contrivance\") in Zeus's garden while at Aphrodite's birthday. Her sisters are Amechania and Ptocheia. 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She is part of a story narrated by Socrates, that he originally heard from a priestess by the name of Diotima. There, Penia appears during a banquet thrown by the gods to celebrate the birth of Aphrodite, in order to beg. In the hope for alleviating her misery, she sleeps with Poros, god of wealth, while he is intoxicated from drinking too much, resulting in the birth of Eros, God of Love; who is a combination of both his parents, in that he is forever in need and forever pursuing.[1]","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Aristophanes' portrayal","text":"In her portrayal by the playwright Aristophanes, Penia attempts to convince two foolish men about the dangers of allowing wealth to be abundant for everybody. She debates the issue of motivation among those who are wealthy; by acquiring a luxurious life, humans will not see a need to put in effort to produce goods and products. She explains that there will come a time where mankind will not be able to purchase much of anything because of low supply, and people will end up working significantly harder than before in order to obtain food or build furniture. She understands that she is resented, but also knows that she is vital for maintaining the continuity of mankind.[2][3]","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Internet Classics Archive | Plutus by Aristophanes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//classics.mit.edu/Aristophanes/plutus.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"PENIA - Greek Goddess or Spirit of 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Hyperboreioi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphai_Hyperboreioi"},{"link_name":"Oreads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oread"},{"link_name":"Adrasteia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrasteia"},{"link_name":"Cyllene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyllene_(nymph)"},{"link_name":"Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Helice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helice_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Iynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iynx"},{"link_name":"Nomia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Oenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenone_(nymph)"},{"link_name":"Pitys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitys_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Pegasides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasides"},{"link_name":"Priapus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapus"},{"link_name":"Rhapso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapso"},{"link_name":"Silenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenus"},{"link_name":"Telete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telete"},{"link_name":"Alexiares and Anicetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexiares_and_Anicetus"},{"link_name":"Aphroditus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphroditus"},{"link_name":"Enodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enodia"},{"link_name":"Circe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe"},{"link_name":"Enyalius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enyalius"},{"link_name":"Palaestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestra_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Pasiphaë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Sosipolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosipolis_(god)"}],"text":"^ Evola, Julius (1991). Eros and the Mysteries of Love. pp. 57–59.\n\n^ \"The Internet Classics Archive | Plutus by Aristophanes\".\n\n^ \"PENIA - Greek Goddess or Spirit of Poverty\".vteAncient Greek deitiesPrimordial deities\nAether\nAion\nAnanke\nChaos\nChronos\nErebus\nEros\nGaia\nHemera\nNyx\nThe Ourea\nPhanes\nPontus\nTartarus\nUranus\nTitansTitans (male)\nCoeus\nCrius\nKronus\nHyperion\nIapetus\nOceanus\nTitanides (female)\nDione\nMnemosyne\nPhoebe\nRhea\nTethys\nTheia\nThemis\nChildren of Hyperion\nEos\nHelios\nSelene\nChildren of Coeus\nAsteria\nLeto\nChildren of Crius\nAstraeus\nPallas\nPerses\nChildren of Iapetus\nAtlas\nEpimetheus\nMenoetius\nPrometheus\nOlympian deitiesTwelve Olympians\nAphrodite\nApollo\nAres\nArtemis\nAthena\nDemeter\nDionysus\nHephaestus\nHera\nHermes\nHestia\nPoseidon\nZeus\nOlympian Gods\nAsclepius\nEileithyia\nEnyo\nEris\nIris\nHarmonia\nHebe\nHeracles\nPaean\nPan\nMuses\nDaughters of Zeus\nCalliope\nClio\nEuterpe\nErato\nMelpomene\nPolyhymnia\nTerpsichore\nThalia\nUrania\nDaughters of Apollo\nApollonis\nBorysthenis\nCephisso\nBoeotian Muses\nAoide\nMelete\nMneme\nMuses of the Lyre\nHypate\nMese\nNete\nMuses at Sicyon\nPolymatheia\nCharites (Graces)\nAglaea\nAntheia\nEuphrosyne\nHegemone\nPasithea\nThalia\nHorae (Hours)\nDike\nEirene\nEunomia\nChildren of Styx\nBia\nKratos\nNike\nZelus\nWater deitiesSea deities\nAmphitrite\nBenthesikyme\nBrizo\nCalliste\nCalypso\nCeto\nEurybia\nGlaucus\nThe Ichthyocentaurs\nLeucothea\nMelicertes\nNereus\nNerites\nThe Nesoi\nOceanus\nOld Man of the Sea\nPhorcys\nPontus\nPoseidon\nProteus\nRhodos\nTethys\nThalassa\nThaumas\nThetis\nTriton\nOceanids\nAcaste\nAdmete\nAmalthea\nAsia\nCallirhoe\nCeto\nClymene (consort of Helios)\nClymene (wife of Iapetus)\nClytie\nDione\nDodone\nDoris\nElectra\nEurynome\nIdyia\nMelia (consort of Apollo)\nMelia (consort of Inachus)\nMetis\nPerse\nPhilyra\nPleione\nPlouto\nStyx\nTelesto\nTheia\nZeuxo\nNereids\nAmatheia\nAmphithoe\nAmphitrite\nArethusa\nCymatolege\nCymo\nDynamene\nGalatea\nGalene\nProtomedeia\nPsamathe\nSao\nSpio\nThalia\nThetis\nPotamoi\nAchelous\nAlmo\nAlpheus\nAnapus\nAsopus\nAsterion\nAxius\nCaanthus\nCebren\nCephissus\nClitumnus\nEnipeus\nKladeos\nMeander\nNilus\nNumicus\nPhyllis\nPeneus\nRivers of the Underworld\nAcheron\nCocytus\nEridanos\nLethe\nPhlegethon\nStyx\nSangarius\nScamander\nSimoeis\nStrymon\nNaiads\nAegina\nAchiroe\nAganippe\nThe Anigrides\nArgyra\nBistonis\nBolbe\nCaliadne\nCassotis\nCastalia\nCleocharia\nCreusa\nDaphne\nDrosera\nHarpina\nThe Ionides\nIsmenis\nLarunda\nLilaea\nLiriope\nMelite\nMetope\nMinthe\nMoria\nNana\nNicaea\nOrseis\nPallas\nPirene\nSalmacis\nStilbe\nThe Thriae\nCorycia\nCleodora\nMelaina\nTiasa\nChthonic deitiesTheoi Chthonioi\nAngelos\nGaia\nHades\nHecate\nThe Lampads\nMacaria\nMelinoë\nPersephone\nZagreus\nErinyes (Furies)\nAlecto\nMegaera\nTisiphone\nEarthborn\nCyclopes\nGigantes\nHecatonchires\nKouretes\nMeliae\nTelchines\nTyphon\nApotheothenai\nAeacus\nMinos\nOrpheus\nRhadamanthus\nTriptolemus\nTrophonius\nPersonificationsChildren of Eris\nAlgos\nAmphillogiai\nThe Androktasiai\nAtë\nDysnomia\nHorkos\nHysminai\nLethe\nLogoi\nLimos\nMachai\nNeikea\nPhonoi\nPonos\nPseudea\nChildren of Nyx\nApate\nEleos\nEris\nGeras\nHesperides\nHypnos\nThe Keres\nThe Moirai\nAtropos\nClotho\nLachesis\nMomus\nMoros\nNemesis\nOizys\nThe Oneiroi\nPhilotes\nThanatos\nChildren of Phorcys\nEchidna\nThe Graeae\nDeino\nEnyo\nPemphredo\nThe Gorgons\nMedusa\nStheno and Euryale\nThe Sirenes\nAglaopheme\nLeucosia\nLigeia\nMolpe\nParthenope\nPeisinoe\nThelxiepeia\nChildren of Thaumas\nArke\nThe Harpies\nAello\nCelaeno\nOcypete\nPodarge\nIris\nChildren of other gods\nAergia\nAidos\nAlala\nAletheia\nAngelia\nArete\nAstraea\nCaerus\nThe Younger Charites\nEucleia\nEupheme\nEuthenia\nPhilophrosyne\nCorus\nDeimos\nThe Erotes\nAnteros\nEros\nHedylogos\nHermaphroditus\nHymen\nPothos\nErsa\nEupraxia\nHedone\nHomonoia\nIacchus\nThe Litae\nPeitho\nPhobos\nTyche\nOthers\nAchlys\nAdephagia\nAlala\nAlke\nAmechania\nAnaideia\nAlastor\nApheleia\nThe Arae\nDikaiosyne\nDyssebeia\nChrysus\nEiresione\nEkecheiria\nEulabeia\nEusebeia\nGelos\nHeimarmene\nHomados\nHorme\nIoke\nKakia\nKoalemos\nKydoimos\nLyssa\nThe Maniae\nMethe\nNomos\nPalioxis\nPeitharchia\nPenia\nPenthus\nPepromene\nPheme\nPhrike\nPhthonus\nPoine\nPolemos\nPoros\nPraxidice\nProioxis\nProphasis\nSoter\nSoteria\nThrasos\nOther deitiesSky\nThe Anemoi\nBoreas\nEurus\nNotus\nZephyrus\nThe Astra Planeti\nStilbon\nHesperus\nPhosphorus\nPyroeis\nPhaethon\nPhaenon\nAstrape and Bronte\nAura\nChione\nThe Hesperides\nThe Hyades\nNephele\nThe Pleiades\nAlcyone\nSterope\nCelaeno\nElectra\nMaia\nMerope\nTaygete\nSirius\nTritopatores\nAgriculture\nAphaea\nDemeter\nDespoina\nEunostus\nOpora\nPhilomelus\nPlutus\nHealth\nAsclepius\nAceso\nDarrhon\nEpione\nIaso\nHygieia\nPaean\nPanacea\nTelesphorus\nRustic deities\nAetna\nAgdistis\nThe Alseids\nAmphictyonis\nThe Anthousai\nAristaeus\nAttis\nThe Auloniads\nBritomartis\nThe Cabeiri\nComus\nThe Dryades\nErato\nThe Hamadryades\nChrysopeleia\nThe Epimeliades\nHecaterus\nLeuce\nThe Maenades\nThe Meliae\nThe Napaeae\nThe Nymphai Hyperboreioi\nThe Oreads\nAdrasteia\nCyllene\nEcho\nHelice\nIynx\nNomia\nOenone\nPitys\nThe Pegasides\nPriapus\nRhapso\nSilenus\nTelete\nOthers\nAlexiares and Anicetus\nAphroditus\nEnodia\nCirce\nEnyalius\nPalaestra\nPasiphaë\nSosipolis","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Internet Classics Archive | Plutus by Aristophanes\".","urls":[{"url":"http://classics.mit.edu/Aristophanes/plutus.html","url_text":"\"The Internet Classics Archive | Plutus by 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeropesca_Colombia_Flight_221 | Aeropesca Colombia Flight 221 | ["1 Investigation","2 Aircraft","3 References","4 External links"] | 1981 plane crash in southern Colombia
Aeropesca Colombia Flight 221A Vickers Viscount similar to the accident aircraftAccidentDate26 August 1981SummaryControlled flight into terrain (CFIT)SiteCerro Matiqui, ColombiaAircraftAircraft typeVickers Viscount 745DAircraft nameCiudad de PopayanaOperatorAeropesca ColombiaRegistrationHK-1320Flight originFlorencia-Gustavo Artunduaga Paredes Airport (FLA/SKFL), Florencia, ColombiaDestinationNeiva Airport, ColombiaPassengers44Crew6Fatalities50Survivors0
Aeropesca Colombia Flight 221 was an internal scheduled passenger flight from Florencia Airport to Neiva Airport in Colombia. On 26 August 1981 it was being operated by a Vickers Viscount turboprop airliner registered in Colombia as HK-1320 when it collided with Mount Santa Elana, an Andean mountain peak, destroying the aircraft and killing all 50 on board.
Investigation
The investigation by the Colombian authorities concluded the probable cause was "continuing VFR in meteorological conditions below the minimum laid down in the Manual of Colombian air routes".
Aircraft
The aircraft was a four-engined Vickers Viscount 745D turboprop airliner registered HK-1320 with Vickers construction number 112, it first flew on 22 February 1956 in the United Kingdom and was delivered to Capital Airlines in the United States on 3 March 1956. After service with Capital, Austrian Airlines and Aloha Airlines it was bought by Aeropesca Colombia in 1971.
References
Notes
^ a b UK CAA Document CAA 429 World Airline Accident Summary p. 16/81
^ a b Roach/Eastwood 1990, p. 385
Bibliography
Roach, John; Eastwood, Tony (1990). Turbo Prop Airliner Production List. West Drayton, England: The Aviation Hobby Shop. ISBN 0-907178-32-4.
External links
Aviation Safety Network report
vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1981 (1981)
Feb 7 1981 Pushkin Tu-104 crashMar 2 Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326Mar 28 Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 206May 2 Aer Lingus Flight 164May 7 Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 901Jun 14 Aeroflot Flight 498Jun 26 Dan-Air Flight 240Jul 18 Armenia mid-air collisionJul 20 Somali Airlines Flight 40Jul 27 Aeroméxico Flight 230Jul 31 Panamanian Air Force Twin Otter crashAug 9 1981 Barrington Tops Cessna 210 disappearanceAug 13 G-ASWI ditchingAug 19 Gulf of Sidra incidentAug 22 Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 103Aug 24 Aeroflot Flight 811Aug 26 Aeropesca Colombia Flight 221Sep 18 Zheleznogorsk mid-air collisionSep 22 Eastern Air Lines Flight 935Sep 29 Indian Airlines Flight 423Oct 6 NLM CityHopper Flight 431Nov 8 Aeroméxico Flight 110Nov 17 Aeroflot Flight 3603Dec 1 Inex-Adria Flight 1308
1980 ◄
► 1982
vteAviation accidents and incidents in ColombiaBefore 1980
Medellin plane crash (June 1935)
Santa Ana air show disaster (July 1938)
Avianca Douglas DC-4 crash (February 1947)
Avianca Flight 4 (January 1966)
Taxi Aereo el Venado Douglas DC-4 accident (January 1976)
1980s
Aeropesca Colombia Flight 221 (August 1981)
Aeropesca Colombia Flight 217 (March 1982)
TAMPA Colombia Boeing 707 crash (December 1983)
Avianca Flight 410 (March 1988)
Avianca Flight 203 (November 1989)
1990s
SAM Colombia Flight 501 (May 1993)
Intercontinental de Aviación Flight 256 (January 1995)
American Airlines Flight 965 (December 1995)
Air France Flight 422 (April 1998)
2000s
TAME Flight 120 (January 2002)
West Caribbean Airways Flight 9955 (March 2005)
Centurion Air Cargo Flight 164 (July 2008)
2010s
AIRES Flight 8250 (August 2010)
LaMia Flight 2933 (November 2016)
Aerosucre Flight 157 (December 2016)
2020s
Caquetá Cessna Stationair crash (May 2023) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florencia Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Artunduaga_Paredes_Airport"},{"link_name":"Neiva Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Salas_Airport"},{"link_name":"Vickers Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount"},{"link_name":"registered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caa-1"}],"text":"Aeropesca Colombia Flight 221 was an internal scheduled passenger flight from Florencia Airport to Neiva Airport in Colombia. On 26 August 1981 it was being operated by a Vickers Viscount turboprop airliner registered in Colombia as HK-1320 when it collided with Mount Santa Elana, an Andean mountain peak, destroying the aircraft and killing all 50 on board.[1]","title":"Aeropesca Colombia Flight 221"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_flight_rules"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caa-1"}],"text":"The investigation by the Colombian authorities concluded the probable cause was \"continuing VFR in meteorological conditions below the minimum laid down in the Manual of Colombian air routes\".[1]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vickers Viscount 745D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount"},{"link_name":"Capital Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Airlines_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prop-2"},{"link_name":"Austrian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prop-2"}],"text":"The aircraft was a four-engined Vickers Viscount 745D turboprop airliner registered HK-1320 with Vickers construction number 112, it first flew on 22 February 1956 in the United Kingdom and was delivered to Capital Airlines in the United States on 3 March 1956.[2] After service with Capital, Austrian Airlines and Aloha Airlines it was bought by Aeropesca Colombia in 1971.[2]","title":"Aircraft"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Roach, John; Eastwood, Tony (1990). Turbo Prop Airliner Production List. West Drayton, England: The Aviation Hobby Shop. ISBN 0-907178-32-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907178-32-4","url_text":"0-907178-32-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19810826-0","external_links_name":"Aviation Safety Network report"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall-Brennan_Constitutional_Literacy_Project | Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project | ["1 Background and creation","2 Current chapters and leadership","2.1 Current Chapters","2.2 Current Program Directors","2.3 Chapter Requirements","3 Curriculum","3.1 Observance of Constitution Day","4 National Marshall-Brennan High School Moot Court Competition","4.1 Notable Speakers","5 References","6 External links"] | Civil education program
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project is civic education program in which law students work with local high schools to enhance understanding of constitutional law and oral advocacy. The project was founded in 1999 at American University's Washington College of Law in Washington, D.C., by Professor Jamie Raskin. There are now nearly 20 chapters in the United States, and there are 2 international chapters. The program began as a way of addressing civic disengagement and a lack of political participation. Through analyzing Supreme Court decisions and participating in moot court arguments, participating high school students learn about their rights as citizens, the strategic benefits of voting, how lawmaking occurs, and other fundamental constitutional processes. They also have the opportunity to compete in a national moot court competition.
Background and creation
The Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project was conceived by law professor Jamin Raskin, when he was approached by a group of high school students in Montgomery County, Maryland, who felt their freedom of speech was being violated. The students were part of a communications academy at their school and helped run a talk show on a local cable television station affiliated with the school. They had put together a program called "Shades of Gray," during which they interviewed experts on difficult topics of the day. One particular show included a debate on gay marriage, and the students had lined up two speakers in favor of gay marriage and two against. The program was taped and approved by the teacher who oversaw it.
However, the show was pulled before it aired. School officials deemed the show "inappropriate" for the station. When the students contacted him, Professor Raskin wanted to go straight to court, but the students asked for help in first exhausting all remedies at the school district level before pursuing litigation. In the end, the students appealed to the school board and won a reversal of the superintendent's censorship of the program. The program aired six times instead of the one or two times it would have aired had the superintendent allowed it in the first place.
This experience led Professor Raskin to the realization that high school students, especially urban students, are not taught about the Constitution and how it affects their daily lives. When he compared the resources he had to this need for constitutional literacy, the idea for the project was born.
The project officially started in the fall of 1999 with 20 law students who volunteered to teach in eight public schools in Washington, D.C. and Montgomery County.
Current chapters and leadership
There are approximately 20 Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project chapters.
Current Chapters
American University Washington College of Law, Washington, D.C. (1999–present)
Arizona Summit Law School, Phoenix, Arizona
Capital University Law School, Columbus, OH
Cornell Law School, Ithaca, NY
Howard University School of Law in Washington, D.C.
Mitchell Hamline School of Law, Saint Paul, Minnesota
Rutgers Law School, Camden, New Jersey
Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Tempe, Arizona
Southern University Law Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
South Texas College of Law, Houston, TX
Suffolk University Law School, Boston, Massachusetts
Thomas R. Kline School of Law, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
University of Colorado Law School, Boulder, Colorado
University of Connecticut School of Law, Hartford, Connecticut
University of New Mexico School of Law, Albuquerque, New Mexico (2015–present)
University of Pittsburgh School of Law, Pittsburgh, PA
Washington and Lee University School of Law, Lexington, VA
Washington University School of Law, St. Louis, Missouri
Yale Law School in New Haven, Connecticut (2009–present)
Current Program Directors
The Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project is currently directed by Professor Camille A. Thompson. Professor Stephen Wermiel currently serves as the faculty adviser to the program.
Chapter Requirements
Chapters must meet seven requirements:
Partnership between a law school(s) and an underserved local public school system or local public high school(s).
Academic credit: both law students AND high school students earn academic credit for participating in the Marshall-Brennan Project.
Unified Curriculum: All Marshall-Brennan fellows use one or both of the textbooks (We the Students and/or Youth Justice in America)
Shared goals: to improve high school students’ oral advocacy skills, cultivate critical thinking skills, and instill understanding of Constitutional cases and concepts.
Support and supervision by a faculty and/or staff member at the law school.
Regular communication with the national office at American University Washington College of Law.
Representation at the annual Directors’ Meetings and National Marshall-Brennan High School Moot Court Competition as much as possible.
Curriculum
The Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project utilizes two different text books for its two sets of curriculum: Youth Justice in America and We the Students. Both books utilize case law and constitutional analysis to walk students through complex legal issues in an easy to understand fashion. Youth Justice in America focuses on criminal law and criminal procedure as they pertain to students, while We the Students gives students a broad survey of the United States Constitution.
Teaching fellows are involved in curriculum design, lesson planning, classroom teaching, and the organization of moot court competitions.
Observance of Constitution Day
In honor of Constitution Day, the Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project prepares lesson plans and educational materials to be used by teachers who wish to educate their students about the importance of the U.S. Constitution and its very real effect on the lives of students. The prepared materials are distributed through the website Band of Rights.
National Marshall-Brennan High School Moot Court Competition
The National Marshall-Brennan Moot Court Competition serves as an opportunity for high school students participating in Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project classes to showcase their oral advocacy skills, network, and learn about careers in the law.
Usually held in the Spring, the National Moot Court Competition presents high school students with a unique legal issue each year, ranging from First Amendment violations to Eighth Amendment prohibitions against placing juveniles in prison for life without parole. Each student is assigned the role of either Petitioner or Respondent and must argue their case in front of a three judge panel composed of law students, law professors, and practicing attorneys. After advancing through the preliminary rounds, the final rounds are often heard by actual judges who volunteer their time in order to help students garner an understanding of a real appellate level courtroom.
Notable Speakers
During the National Moot Court Competition in 2012, Mary Beth Tinker of the famous Supreme Court case Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District spoke to the competitors about the importance of knowing one's rights and of knowing how the justice system can affect their everyday lives.
References
^ a b "Founding the Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project". www.americanbar.org. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
^ a b c d "Yale Law's Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project Goes to Nationals". Yale Law School News. April 12, 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^ a b c "Who We Are". American University Washington College of Law. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
^ a b Turner, Samuel (November 15, 2019). "Law students host moot court competition, look to expand". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^ ""We the Students" - Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project - American University Washington College of Law". Wcl.american.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
^ a b c Williams, Tamara (April 27, 2015). "New Mexico's first-ever Marshall-Brennan team competes in D.C." University of New Mexico News. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^ a b c "Gmail". Mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
^ a b c d e Fleming, Nicole (March 25, 2017). "Trial competition gives students experience, confidence". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^ "Archived copy". www.law.howard.edu. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Nina Rodriguez RLAW '21 Talks About Being the First Latina Editor of the Rutgers Law Review in Camden". Rutgers Law. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^ "Teaching Partners - "We the Students" - American University Washington College of Law". Wcl.american.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
^ a b "National Competitions - Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project - American University Washington College of Law". Wcl.american.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
External links
Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project Website
Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project in the Media | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law"},{"link_name":"oral advocacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_advocacy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale-2"},{"link_name":"American University's Washington College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_Washington_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Jamie Raskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Raskin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall_Brennan_Home_Page-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-6"},{"link_name":"moot court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moot_court"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-6"}],"text":"The Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project is civic education program in which law students work with local high schools to enhance understanding of constitutional law and oral advocacy.[1][2] The project was founded in 1999 at American University's Washington College of Law in Washington, D.C., by Professor Jamie Raskin. There are now nearly 20 chapters in the United States, and there are 2 international chapters.[3] The program began as a way of addressing civic disengagement and a lack of political participation.[4] Through analyzing Supreme Court decisions and participating in moot court arguments, participating high school students learn about their rights as citizens, the strategic benefits of voting, how lawmaking occurs, and other fundamental constitutional processes.[5][6] They also have the opportunity to compete in a national moot court competition.[1][2][6]","title":"Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montgomery County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Marshall_Brennan-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Marshall_Brennan-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Marshall_Brennan-7"}],"text":"The Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project was conceived by law professor Jamin Raskin, when he was approached by a group of high school students in Montgomery County, Maryland, who felt their freedom of speech was being violated. The students were part of a communications academy at their school and helped run a talk show on a local cable television station affiliated with the school. They had put together a program called \"Shades of Gray,\" during which they interviewed experts on difficult topics of the day. One particular show included a debate on gay marriage, and the students had lined up two speakers in favor of gay marriage and two against. The program was taped and approved by the teacher who oversaw it.[7]However, the show was pulled before it aired. School officials deemed the show \"inappropriate\" for the station. When the students contacted him, Professor Raskin wanted to go straight to court, but the students asked for help in first exhausting all remedies at the school district level before pursuing litigation. In the end, the students appealed to the school board and won a reversal of the superintendent's censorship of the program. The program aired six times instead of the one or two times it would have aired had the superintendent allowed it in the first place.[7]This experience led Professor Raskin to the realization that high school students, especially urban students, are not taught about the Constitution and how it affects their daily lives. When he compared the resources he had to this need for constitutional literacy, the idea for the project was born.The project officially started in the fall of 1999 with 20 law students who volunteered to teach in eight public schools in Washington, D.C. and Montgomery County.[7]","title":"Background and creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"There are approximately 20 Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project chapters.[3]","title":"Current chapters and leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American University Washington College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_Washington_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Arizona Summit Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Summit_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Capital University Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_University_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Cornell Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Howard University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleming-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Hamline School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Hamline_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Rutgers Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Southern University Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_University_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"South Texas College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Texas_College_of_Law_Houston"},{"link_name":"Suffolk University Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleming-8"},{"link_name":"Thomas R. Kline School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Kline_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Law_School"},{"link_name":"University of Connecticut School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Connecticut_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleming-8"},{"link_name":"University of New Mexico School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-6"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Washington and Lee University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Washington University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Yale Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleming-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner-4"}],"sub_title":"Current Chapters","text":"American University Washington College of Law, Washington, D.C. (1999–present)\nArizona Summit Law School, Phoenix, Arizona\nCapital University Law School, Columbus, OH\nCornell Law School, Ithaca, NY\nHoward University School of Law in Washington, D.C.[8][9]\nMitchell Hamline School of Law, Saint Paul, Minnesota\nRutgers Law School, Camden, New Jersey[10]\nSandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Tempe, Arizona\nSouthern University Law Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\nSouth Texas College of Law, Houston, TX\nSuffolk University Law School, Boston, Massachusetts[8]\nThomas R. Kline School of Law, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\nUniversity of Colorado Law School, Boulder, Colorado\nUniversity of Connecticut School of Law, Hartford, Connecticut[8]\nUniversity of New Mexico School of Law, Albuquerque, New Mexico (2015–present)[6]\nUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Law, Pittsburgh, PA\nWashington and Lee University School of Law, Lexington, VA\nWashington University School of Law, St. Louis, Missouri\nYale Law School in New Haven, Connecticut[2][8] (2009–present)[4]","title":"Current chapters and leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Wermiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wermiel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"sub_title":"Current Program Directors","text":"The Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project is currently directed by Professor Camille A. Thompson. Professor Stephen Wermiel currently serves as the faculty adviser to the program.[3]","title":"Current chapters and leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall_Brennan_Chapters-11"}],"sub_title":"Chapter Requirements","text":"Chapters must meet seven requirements:[11]Partnership between a law school(s) and an underserved local public school system or local public high school(s).\nAcademic credit: both law students AND high school students earn academic credit for participating in the Marshall-Brennan Project.\nUnified Curriculum: All Marshall-Brennan fellows use one or both of the textbooks (We the Students and/or Youth Justice in America)\nShared goals: to improve high school students’ oral advocacy skills, cultivate critical thinking skills, and instill understanding of Constitutional cases and concepts.\nSupport and supervision by a faculty and/or staff member at the law school.\nRegular communication with the national office at American University Washington College of Law.\nRepresentation at the annual Directors’ Meetings and National Marshall-Brennan High School Moot Court Competition as much as possible.","title":"Current chapters and leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale-2"}],"text":"The Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project utilizes two different text books for its two sets of curriculum: Youth Justice in America and We the Students. Both books utilize case law and constitutional analysis to walk students through complex legal issues in an easy to understand fashion. Youth Justice in America focuses on criminal law and criminal procedure as they pertain to students, while We the Students gives students a broad survey of the United States Constitution.Teaching fellows are involved in curriculum design, lesson planning, classroom teaching, and the organization of moot court competitions.[2]","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Day"},{"link_name":"Band of Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130811023202/http://bandofrights.org/about.cfm"}],"sub_title":"Observance of Constitution Day","text":"In honor of Constitution Day, the Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project prepares lesson plans and educational materials to be used by teachers who wish to educate their students about the importance of the U.S. Constitution and its very real effect on the lives of students. The prepared materials are distributed through the website Band of Rights.","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleming-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Moot_Court_Site-12"}],"text":"The National Marshall-Brennan Moot Court Competition serves as an opportunity for high school students participating in Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project classes to showcase their oral advocacy skills, network, and learn about careers in the law.[8]Usually held in the Spring, the National Moot Court Competition presents high school students with a unique legal issue each year, ranging from First Amendment violations to Eighth Amendment prohibitions against placing juveniles in prison for life without parole. Each student is assigned the role of either Petitioner or Respondent and must argue their case in front of a three judge panel composed of law students, law professors, and practicing attorneys. After advancing through the preliminary rounds, the final rounds are often heard by actual judges who volunteer their time in order to help students garner an understanding of a real appellate level courtroom.[12]","title":"National Marshall-Brennan High School Moot Court Competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Beth Tinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Beth_Tinker"},{"link_name":"Tinker v. 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Retrieved 2023-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/the-state-of-civic-education-in-america/founding-the-marshall-brennan-constitutional-literacy-project/","url_text":"\"Founding the Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yale Law's Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project Goes to Nationals\". Yale Law School News. April 12, 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/yale-laws-marshall-brennan-constitutional-literacy-project-goes-nationals","url_text":"\"Yale Law's Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project Goes to Nationals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who We Are\". American University Washington College of Law. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pose_(Rihanna_song) | Pose (Rihanna song) | ["1 Background and release","2 Composition and reception","3 Commercial performance","4 Live performances","5 Formats and track listings","6 Credits and personnel","7 Charts","8 Release history","9 See also","10 References"] | 2017 promotional single by Rihanna"Pose"Promotional single by Rihannafrom the album Anti ReleasedApril 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) (Remix EP)StudioWestlake Beverly Recording StudiosTwin StudiosGenreGrimeLength2:24LabelWestbury RoadRoc NationSongwriter(s)Chauncey HollisBibi BourellyRobyn FentyJacques WebsterProducer(s)Hit-Boy
"Pose" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her eighth studio album, Anti (2016); it is one of three bonus tracks included on the deluxe edition. She wrote the song in collaboration with Bibi Bourelly, Hit-Boy and Travis Scott, and it was produced by the latter two. Kuk Harrell was also enlisted as Rihanna's vocal producer. On April 14, 2017, Rihanna released a four-track EP which included remixes of "Pose" by the Far East Movement, Salva, Deadly Zoo and Eva Shaw.
"Pose" is a grime song with "Trap&B" influences and a "grungy" and "garbling" production. The song features bragging lyrics in which the singer confronts her critics.
Critical response to "Pose" was positive; a number of critics praised its composition and drew comparisons between the song and her 2015 single "Bitch Better Have My Money". Following the release of Anti, the song made an appearance on French charts. Shortly after the release of the Pose (Dance Remixes) EP, the song debuted at number 45 on the US Dance Club Songs chart, before peaking at number one. In doing so it became Rihanna's thirtieth number one on the chart and her sixth from Anti. "Pose" was featured on the set list of Rihanna's 2016 Anti World Tour.
Background and release
Far East Movement was one of four artists to remix the song.
Songwriter Bibi Bourelly had been working with producer, Paperboy Fabe, who arranged a session with Kanye West. The sessions resulted in three songs – "Yeah, I Said It", "Higher" and "Pose". On December 27, 2015, songwriter, Glass John, took to Twitter to express his dissatisfaction about the delay of "Kiss It Better" release and its parent album, which he blamed on rapper Travis Scott, this led the media to believe that Scott would be either featured or working on Anti.
"Pose" was written by Hit-Boy, Bibi Bourelly, Travis Scott and Rihanna. It was produced by Hit-Boy and Travis Scott, with vocal production being carried out by Kuk Harrell respectively. The song was recorded at Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles and Twin Studios in Paris. The vocal recording was done by producer Kuk Harrell and Marcos Tovar, while Thomas Warren served as a recording assistant. "Sex with Me" was mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios in Universal City, California and was assisted by Chris Galland and Ike Schultz. The song was mastered by Chris Gehringer at the Sterling Sound Studios in New York City.
On April 12, 2017, American hip hop group Far East Movement posted an image of Rihanna on their official Twitter account with the caption "...soon", leading the media to believe to that group and Rihanna would be working together on new music.
On April 14, 2017, Rihanna released a four-track EP which included remixes of "Pose" by the Far East Movement, Salva, Deadly Zoo and Eva Shaw . That same day the remixes were made available for digital download via iTunes and streaming via Spotify.
Composition and reception
"Pose" is a grime song with "trap&B" influences containing a "grimy" beat, which hears Rihanna using a "rap like vocal" according to Billboard. Da'Shan Smith of Billboard praised the song and Rihanna's rap-like vocals, stating the "singer finesses broken, staggered rapping into a party track that stunts on the haters."
Jessie Morris on behalf of Complex described the song as containing a "grungy" and "garbling" production, which samples the sound of "an iMessage sending on an iPhone." Jessie Morris praised the song's production, stating it was a "monster of a track that ravages the beat;" she also found the use of an iPhone noise ironic due to Rihanna's partnership with Samsung.
Lyrically "Pose" was compared to Rihanna's non-album single "Bitch Better Have My Money" by Anna Swartz of Yahoo. Swartz stated that both songs contained a "bass-heavy beat" with "swaggering" lyrics. Swartz noted that "Pose" saw Rihanna confronting her "haters", which was picked up in lyrics such as "And I ain't never liked a broke bitch," "All my haters so-so broke, pipe down," and "All you lame ass bitches is a no go." The song's lyrics go on to attach "naysayers", whilst Rihanna brags about her earning. Swartz stated that unlike the song's parent album, which represented a general shift in Rihanna's musical style, "Pose" felt familiar and similar to Rihanna's previous work, concluding that is why the song was used on the deluxe edition.
Commercial performance
Upon the release of Anti, "Pose" charted at number 98 in France on February 6, 2016. With the release of the remixes EP, the song debuted at number 45 on the US Dance Club Songs chart for the issue dated May 27, 2017, having charted outside the top 50 of the chart at number 51 the previous week. It was the second highest debut of the week, after "Still Got Time" by Zayn featuring PartyNextDoor, which debuted one position higher at number 44. It jumped to 29 the following week and again to number 15 in its third, earning the tag of 'gains in performance' from Billboard in both weeks. It broke into the top ten at number nine in its fourth week with an additional 'gains in performance,' yet despite only climbing two positions to number seven in its fifth week, it was the greatest gainer of all songs charting within the top 50.
It eventually topped the chart in its eighth week in the chart issue dated July 15, 2017, becoming her third to do so in 2017 following "Love on the Brain" and "Sex with Me" (the most amongst all acts thus far), her sixth from Anti, one of only three albums to have produced as many, and her thirtieth in total. Billboard chart analyst Gordon Murray noted that Rihanna is closing the gap with Madonna (46), writing that the former has topped the chart seven times since the latter last did so with "Bitch I'm Madonna" featuring Nicki Minaj in August 2015; similarly, Rihanna is the only artist to have charted at least three number-one songs in 2017, followed by Dua Lipa with two.
Live performances
"Pose" was featured on the set list of Rihanna's 2016 Anti World Tour. The song was included in the "synopsis: greed is good", which featured black and white filming, Kitty Empire of The Guardian, stated that this section of the tour was "hip-hop gangster flick gone art-house".
Formats and track listings
Digital download – Deluxe album version
"Pose" – 2:24
Digital download – Remixes (Explicit)
"Pose" (Far East Movement Remix) – 3:21
"Pose" (Salva Remix) – 3:23
"Pose" (Deadly Zoo Remix) – 2:56
"Pose" (Eva Shaw Remix) – 2:11
Digital download – Remixes (Clean)
"Pose" (Far East Movement Remix) – 3:20
"Pose" (Salva Remix) – 3:23
"Pose" (Deadly Zoo Remix) – 2:56
"Pose" (Eva Shaw Remix) – 2:11
Credits and personnel
The following credits were adapted from the liner notes of Anti, Westbury Road/Roc Nation.
Publishing
Hit-Boy Music / U Can't Teach Bein’ The Shhh / Songs of Universal (BMI)// Circa 13/BMG/Arjouni Publishing (ASCAP)// Almo Music Corp./ Fauntleroy Music (ASCAP)// Monica Fenty Music Publishing /Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp. (BMI); All rights administered by Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp.// Travis Scott Music (BMI)
Recording
Recorded at Westlake Beverly Recording Studios, Los Angeles; Twin Studios, Paris
Mixed at Larrabee Studios, Universal City, California
Mastered at Sterling Sound, New York City, New York
Personnel
Songwriting – Chauncey Hollis, Bibi Bourelly, Robyn Fenty, Jacques Webster
Production – Hit-Boy
Additional production – Travis Scott
Vocal production – Kuk Harrell
Vocal recording – Marcos Tovar, Kuk Harrell
Assistant vocal recording – Thomas Warren
Mastering – Chris Gehringer
Mixing – Manny Marroquin
Assistant mixing – Chris Galland, Ike Schultz
Charts
Chart performance for "Pose"
Chart (2016–2017)
Peakposition
France (SNEP)
98
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
1
US R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Song Sales (Billboard)
38
Release history
Country
Date
Format
Label
Worldwide (Remixes)
April 14, 2017
Digital download
Westbury RoadRoc Nation
See also
Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart
List of number-one dance singles of 2017 (U.S.)
References
^ "6 New Artists You Need To Keep An Eye On". the interns. 28 April 2015.
^ Carley, Brennan (December 28, 2015). "Alleged Rihanna Cowriter Glass John Leaked an 'Anti' Snippet". Spin. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
^ Platon, Adelle (December 28, 2015). "Rihanna Songwriter Blames 'Anti' Album Delay on Travi$ Scott". Billboard. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
^ a b c "Anti (Deluxe Edition)". Rihannanow.com. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
^ "Far East Movement Enlist Rihanna For New Song – BreatheHeavy.com". www.breatheheavy.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-15.
^ "Pose (Dance Remixes)". 14 April 2017.
^ a b Smith, Da'Shan (April 14, 2017). "Rihanna the Rapper: 13 Times Rihanna Showed Off Her Rap Skills". Billboard. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ Benjamin, Jeff (January 29, 2016). "RIHANNA'S 'ANTI' BONUS SONGS: TRACK-BY-TRACK BREAKDOWN". Fuse. United States: Fuse. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
^ a b "What You Need to Know About Rihanna's 'ANTI' Bonus Songs".
^ a b "Rihanna "Pose" Lyrics: The Meaning Behind 'Anti' Deluxe Track".
^ a b "Rihanna - Pose (Chanson)". lescharts.com (in French). February 6, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
^ a b "Dance Club Songs - The Week of May 27, 2017". Billboard. May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
^ "Dance Club Songs - The Week of June 3, 2017". Billboard. June 3, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ "Dance Club Songs - June 10, 2017". Billboard. June 10, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ "Dance Club Songs - June 17, 2017". Billboard. June 17, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ "Dance Club Songs - June 24, 2017". Billboard. June 24, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ a b Murray, Gordon (July 4, 2017). "Rihanna Strikes 30th No. 1 'Pose' Atop Dance Club Songs Chart". Billboard. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ "Rihanna Kicks Off 'Anti World Tour'". Rap-Up. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
^ Empire, Kitty (June 26, 2016). "Rihanna review – almost an emotional experience". Retrieved April 8, 2017 – via The Guardian.
^ "Anti – Deluxe (Explicit)". iTunes Store. January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
^ a b "Pose (Dance Remixes) – EP (Explicit)". iTunes Store. April 14, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ "Sex With Me (Dance Remixes) – EP (Clean)". iTunes Store. February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
^ "Rihanna Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ "Rihanna Chart History (R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Song Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
vteRihanna songs
Singles discography
Songs recorded
Music of the Sun
"Pon de Replay"
"If It's Lovin' that You Want"
"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)"
A Girl like Me
"SOS"
"Unfaithful"
"We Ride"
"Break It Off"
Good Girl Gone Bad
"Umbrella"
"Don't Stop the Music"
"Shut Up and Drive"
"Hate That I Love You"
"Rehab"
Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded
"Disturbia"
"Take a Bow"
"If I Never See Your Face Again"
Rated R
"Wait Your Turn"
"Hard"
"Stupid in Love"
"Rockstar 101"
"Russian Roulette"
"Rude Boy"
"Te Amo"
"Cold Case Love"
Loud
"S&M"
"What's My Name?"
"Cheers (Drink to That)"
"Fading"
"Only Girl (In the World)"
"California King Bed"
"Man Down"
"Raining Men"
"Skin"
"Love the Way You Lie (Part II)"
Talk That Talk
"You da One"
"Where Have You Been"
"We Found Love"
"Talk That Talk"
"Cockiness (Love It)"
"Birthday Cake"
"Watch n' Learn"
Unapologetic
"Phresh Out the Runway"
"Diamonds"
"Pour It Up"
"Loveeeeeee Song"
"Jump"
"Right Now"
"What Now"
"Stay"
"Nobody's Business"
Home soundtrack
"Towards the Sun"
"Dancing in the Dark"
Anti
"Consideration"
"Kiss It Better"
"Work"
"Desperado"
"Needed Me"
"Love on the Brain"
"Higher"
"Pose"
"Sex with Me"
Collaborations
"All of the Lights"
"Bad (Remix)"
"Believe It"
"Can't Remember to Forget You"
"Famous"
"Fly"
"Lemon"
"Live Your Life"
"Love the Way You Lie"
"Loyalty"
"Nothing Is Promised"
"Numba 1 (Tide Is High)"
"Princess of China"
"Roll It"
"Run This Town"
"Selfish"
"Stranded (Haiti Mon Amour)"
"Take Care"
"The Monster"
"This Is What You Came For"
"Too Good"
"Who's That Chick?"
"Wild Thoughts"
Other songs
"American Oxygen"
"Bad Girl"
"Bitch Better Have My Money"
"FourFiveSeconds"
"Just Stand Up!"
"Lift Me Up"
"Redemption Song"
"Sledgehammer"
"Turn Up the Music (Remix)"
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Anti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bibi Bourelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Bourelly"},{"link_name":"Hit-Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit-Boy"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Kuk Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk_Harrell"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Far East Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Movement"},{"link_name":"Salva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"grime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grime_music"},{"link_name":"Trap&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_music"},{"link_name":"Bitch Better Have My Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitch_Better_Have_My_Money"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Anti World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_World_Tour"}],"text":"\"Pose\" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her eighth studio album, Anti (2016); it is one of three bonus tracks included on the deluxe edition. She wrote the song in collaboration with Bibi Bourelly, Hit-Boy and Travis Scott, and it was produced by the latter two. Kuk Harrell was also enlisted as Rihanna's vocal producer. On April 14, 2017, Rihanna released a four-track EP which included remixes of \"Pose\" by the Far East Movement, Salva, Deadly Zoo and Eva Shaw.\"Pose\" is a grime song with \"Trap&B\" influences and a \"grungy\" and \"garbling\" production. The song features bragging lyrics in which the singer confronts her critics.Critical response to \"Pose\" was positive; a number of critics praised its composition and drew comparisons between the song and her 2015 single \"Bitch Better Have My Money\". Following the release of Anti, the song made an appearance on French charts. Shortly after the release of the Pose (Dance Remixes) EP, the song debuted at number 45 on the US Dance Club Songs chart, before peaking at number one. In doing so it became Rihanna's thirtieth number one on the chart and her sixth from Anti. \"Pose\" was featured on the set list of Rihanna's 2016 Anti World Tour.","title":"Pose (Rihanna song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_MuchMusic_Video_Awards_-_Far_East_Movement.jpg"},{"link_name":"Far East Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Movement"},{"link_name":"Bibi Bourelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Bourelly"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_interns-1"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Kiss It Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_It_Better_(Rihanna_song)"},{"link_name":"parent album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_(album)"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spinleak-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hit-Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit-Boy"},{"link_name":"Bibi Bourelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Bourelly"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Hit-Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit-Boy"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Kuk Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk_Harrell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-4"},{"link_name":"Westlake Recording Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlake_Recording_Studios"},{"link_name":"Kuk Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk_Harrell"},{"link_name":"Universal City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_City,_California"},{"link_name":"mastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_engineer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-4"},{"link_name":"Far East Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Movement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Far East Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Movement"},{"link_name":"Salva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"Eva Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Shaw"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Far East Movement was one of four artists to remix the song.Songwriter Bibi Bourelly had been working with producer, Paperboy Fabe, who arranged a session with Kanye West. The sessions resulted in three songs – \"Yeah, I Said It\", \"Higher\" and \"Pose\".[1] On December 27, 2015, songwriter, Glass John, took to Twitter to express his dissatisfaction about the delay of \"Kiss It Better\" release and its parent album, which he blamed on rapper Travis Scott, this led the media to believe that Scott would be either featured or working on Anti.[2][3]\"Pose\" was written by Hit-Boy, Bibi Bourelly, Travis Scott and Rihanna. It was produced by Hit-Boy and Travis Scott, with vocal production being carried out by Kuk Harrell respectively.[4] The song was recorded at Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles and Twin Studios in Paris. The vocal recording was done by producer Kuk Harrell and Marcos Tovar, while Thomas Warren served as a recording assistant. \"Sex with Me\" was mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios in Universal City, California and was assisted by Chris Galland and Ike Schultz. The song was mastered by Chris Gehringer at the Sterling Sound Studios in New York City.[4]On April 12, 2017, American hip hop group Far East Movement posted an image of Rihanna on their official Twitter account with the caption \"...soon\", leading the media to believe to that group and Rihanna would be working together on new music.[5]\nOn April 14, 2017, Rihanna released a four-track EP which included remixes of \"Pose\" by the Far East Movement, Salva, Deadly Zoo and Eva Shaw . That same day the remixes were made available for digital download via iTunes and streaming via Spotify.[6]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grime_music"},{"link_name":"trap&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fusedeluxereview-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk.complex.com-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk.complex.com-9"},{"link_name":"Bitch Better Have My Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitch_Better_Have_My_Money"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo.com-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo.com-10"}],"text":"\"Pose\" is a grime song with \"trap&B\" influences containing a \"grimy\" beat, which hears Rihanna using a \"rap like vocal\" according to Billboard.[7][8] Da'Shan Smith of Billboard praised the song and Rihanna's rap-like vocals, stating the \"singer finesses broken, staggered rapping into a party track that stunts on the haters.\"[7]\nJessie Morris on behalf of Complex described the song as containing a \"grungy\" and \"garbling\" production, which samples the sound of \"an iMessage sending on an iPhone.\"[9] Jessie Morris praised the song's production, stating it was a \"monster of a track that ravages the beat;\" she also found the use of an iPhone noise ironic due to Rihanna's partnership with Samsung.[9]Lyrically \"Pose\" was compared to Rihanna's non-album single \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" by Anna Swartz of Yahoo. Swartz stated that both songs contained a \"bass-heavy beat\" with \"swaggering\" lyrics. Swartz noted that \"Pose\" saw Rihanna confronting her \"haters\", which was picked up in lyrics such as \"And I ain't never liked a broke bitch,\" \"All my haters so-so broke, pipe down,\" and \"All you lame ass bitches is a no go.\" The song's lyrics go on to attach \"naysayers\", whilst Rihanna brags about her earning.[10] Swartz stated that unlike the song's parent album, which represented a general shift in Rihanna's musical style, \"Pose\" felt familiar and similar to Rihanna's previous work, concluding that is why the song was used on the deluxe edition.[10]","title":"Composition and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France_98_2016-11"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pose_Dance_Debut-12"},{"link_name":"Still Got Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Got_Time"},{"link_name":"Zayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayn_Malik"},{"link_name":"PartyNextDoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PartyNextDoor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pose_Dance_Debut-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pose_Dance_Second-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pose_Dance_Third-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pose_Dance_Fouth-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pose_Dance_Fifth-16"},{"link_name":"Love on the Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_on_the_Brain"},{"link_name":"Sex with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_with_Me"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pose_Article-17"},{"link_name":"Bitch I'm Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitch_I%27m_Madonna"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pose_Article-17"}],"text":"Upon the release of Anti, \"Pose\" charted at number 98 in France on February 6, 2016.[11] With the release of the remixes EP, the song debuted at number 45 on the US Dance Club Songs chart for the issue dated May 27, 2017, having charted outside the top 50 of the chart at number 51 the previous week.[12] It was the second highest debut of the week, after \"Still Got Time\" by Zayn featuring PartyNextDoor, which debuted one position higher at number 44.[12] It jumped to 29 the following week and again to number 15 in its third, earning the tag of 'gains in performance' from Billboard in both weeks.[13][14] It broke into the top ten at number nine in its fourth week with an additional 'gains in performance,'[15] yet despite only climbing two positions to number seven in its fifth week, it was the greatest gainer of all songs charting within the top 50.[16]It eventually topped the chart in its eighth week in the chart issue dated July 15, 2017, becoming her third to do so in 2017 following \"Love on the Brain\" and \"Sex with Me\" (the most amongst all acts thus far), her sixth from Anti, one of only three albums to have produced as many, and her thirtieth in total.[17] Billboard chart analyst Gordon Murray noted that Rihanna is closing the gap with Madonna (46), writing that the former has topped the chart seven times since the latter last did so with \"Bitch I'm Madonna\" featuring Nicki Minaj in August 2015; similarly, Rihanna is the only artist to have charted at least three number-one songs in 2017, followed by Dua Lipa with two.[17]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anti World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"\"Pose\" was featured on the set list of Rihanna's 2016 Anti World Tour.[18] The song was included in the \"synopsis: greed is good\", which featured black and white filming, Kitty Empire of The Guardian, stated that this section of the tour was \"hip-hop gangster flick gone art-house\".[19]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anti_Deluxe_Explicit-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pose_Dance_EP_Explicit-21"},{"link_name":"Far East Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Movement"},{"link_name":"Salva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pose_Dance_EP_Clean-22"}],"text":"Digital download – Deluxe album version[20]\n\n\n \"Pose\" – 2:24\n\nDigital download – Remixes (Explicit)[21]\n\n\"Pose\" (Far East Movement Remix) – 3:21\n\"Pose\" (Salva Remix) – 3:23\n\"Pose\" (Deadly Zoo Remix) – 2:56\n\"Pose\" (Eva Shaw Remix) – 2:11\n\n\nDigital download – Remixes (Clean)[22]\n\n\"Pose\" (Far East Movement Remix) – 3:20\n\"Pose\" (Salva Remix) – 3:23\n\"Pose\" (Deadly Zoo Remix) – 2:56\n\"Pose\" (Eva Shaw Remix) – 2:11","title":"Formats and track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-4"}],"text":"The following credits were adapted from the liner notes of Anti, Westbury Road/Roc Nation.[4]PublishingHit-Boy Music / U Can't Teach Bein’ The Shhh / Songs of Universal (BMI)// Circa 13/BMG/Arjouni Publishing (ASCAP)// Almo Music Corp./ Fauntleroy Music (ASCAP)// Monica Fenty Music Publishing /Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp. (BMI); All rights administered by Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp.// Travis Scott Music (BMI)RecordingRecorded at Westlake Beverly Recording Studios, Los Angeles; Twin Studios, Paris\nMixed at Larrabee Studios, Universal City, California\nMastered at Sterling Sound, New York City, New YorkPersonnelSongwriting – Chauncey Hollis, Bibi Bourelly, Robyn Fenty, Jacques Webster\nProduction – Hit-Boy\nAdditional production – Travis Scott\nVocal production – Kuk Harrell\nVocal recording – Marcos Tovar, Kuk Harrell\nAssistant vocal recording – Thomas Warren\nMastering – Chris Gehringer\nMixing – Manny Marroquin\nAssistant mixing – Chris Galland, Ike Schultz","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [{"image_text":"Far East Movement was one of four artists to remix the song.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2011_MuchMusic_Video_Awards_-_Far_East_Movement.jpg/220px-2011_MuchMusic_Video_Awards_-_Far_East_Movement.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_with_the_most_number-ones_on_the_U.S._Dance_Club_Songs_chart"},{"title":"List of number-one dance singles of 2017 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_singles_of_2017_(U.S.)"}] | [{"reference":"\"6 New Artists You Need To Keep An Eye On\". the interns. 28 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://theinterns.net/2015/04/28/6-new-artists-you-need-to-keep-an-eye-on/","url_text":"\"6 New Artists You Need To Keep An Eye On\""}]},{"reference":"Carley, Brennan (December 28, 2015). \"Alleged Rihanna Cowriter Glass John Leaked an 'Anti' Snippet\". Spin. Retrieved July 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spin.com/2015/12/rihanna-kiss-it-better-glass-john-snippet-anti/","url_text":"\"Alleged Rihanna Cowriter Glass John Leaked an 'Anti' Snippet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"Platon, Adelle (December 28, 2015). \"Rihanna Songwriter Blames 'Anti' Album Delay on Travi$ Scott\". Billboard. Retrieved July 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/6821639/rihanna-anti-album-delay-travis-scott","url_text":"\"Rihanna Songwriter Blames 'Anti' Album Delay on Travi$ Scott\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anti (Deluxe Edition)\". Rihannanow.com. Retrieved January 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rihannanow.com/music/anti-deluxe-edition/","url_text":"\"Anti (Deluxe Edition)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Far East Movement Enlist Rihanna For New Song – BreatheHeavy.com\". www.breatheheavy.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170415190923/http://www.breatheheavy.com/far-east-movement-enlist-rihanna-for-new-song/","url_text":"\"Far East Movement Enlist Rihanna For New Song – BreatheHeavy.com\""},{"url":"http://www.breatheheavy.com/far-east-movement-enlist-rihanna-for-new-song/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pose (Dance Remixes)\". 14 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.spotify.com/album/5Qf6h53EIAcCtcvqioD7op?play=true","url_text":"\"Pose (Dance Remixes)\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Da'Shan (April 14, 2017). \"Rihanna the Rapper: 13 Times Rihanna Showed Off Her Rap Skills\". Billboard. Retrieved May 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7760381/rihanna-rap-skills-13-songs-kendrick-lamar-loyalty","url_text":"\"Rihanna the Rapper: 13 Times Rihanna Showed Off Her Rap Skills\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Benjamin, Jeff (January 29, 2016). \"RIHANNA'S 'ANTI' BONUS SONGS: TRACK-BY-TRACK BREAKDOWN\". Fuse. United States: Fuse. Retrieved January 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fuse.tv/2016/01/rihanna-anti-album-bonus-tracks-track-by-track-review","url_text":"\"RIHANNA'S 'ANTI' BONUS SONGS: TRACK-BY-TRACK BREAKDOWN\""}]},{"reference":"\"What You Need to Know About Rihanna's 'ANTI' Bonus Songs\".","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.complex.com/music/2016/01/rihanna-anti-deluxe-three-bonus-songs","url_text":"\"What You Need to Know About Rihanna's 'ANTI' Bonus Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rihanna \"Pose\" Lyrics: The Meaning Behind 'Anti' Deluxe Track\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/rihanna-pose-lyrics-meaning-behind-153500530.html","url_text":"\"Rihanna \"Pose\" Lyrics: The Meaning Behind 'Anti' Deluxe Track\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rihanna - Pose (Chanson)\". lescharts.com (in French). February 6, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=Pose&cat=s","url_text":"\"Rihanna - Pose (Chanson)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Club Songs - The Week of May 27, 2017\". Billboard. May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2017-05-27","url_text":"\"Dance Club Songs - The Week of May 27, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Club Songs - The Week of June 3, 2017\". Billboard. June 3, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2017-06-03","url_text":"\"Dance Club Songs - The Week of June 3, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Club Songs - June 10, 2017\". Billboard. June 10, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2017-06-10","url_text":"\"Dance Club Songs - June 10, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Club Songs - June 17, 2017\". Billboard. June 17, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2017-06-17","url_text":"\"Dance Club Songs - June 17, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Club Songs - June 24, 2017\". Billboard. June 24, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2017-06-24","url_text":"\"Dance Club Songs - June 24, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Gordon (July 4, 2017). \"Rihanna Strikes 30th No. 1 'Pose' Atop Dance Club Songs Chart\". Billboard. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7850305/rihanna-30th-no-1-dance-club-songs-chart","url_text":"\"Rihanna Strikes 30th No. 1 'Pose' Atop Dance Club Songs Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rihanna Kicks Off 'Anti World Tour'\". Rap-Up. Retrieved March 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2016/03/13/rihanna-kicks-off-anti-world-tour/","url_text":"\"Rihanna Kicks Off 'Anti World Tour'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap-Up","url_text":"Rap-Up"}]},{"reference":"Empire, Kitty (June 26, 2016). \"Rihanna review – almost an emotional experience\". Retrieved April 8, 2017 – via The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jun/26/rihanna-anti-world-tour-dublin-review-kitty-empire","url_text":"\"Rihanna review – almost an emotional experience\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anti – Deluxe (Explicit)\". iTunes Store. January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/anti-deluxe/id1079130218","url_text":"\"Anti – Deluxe (Explicit)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pose (Dance Remixes) – EP (Explicit)\". iTunes Store. April 14, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/pose-dance-remixes-ep/id1226619541","url_text":"\"Pose (Dance Remixes) – EP (Explicit)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sex With Me (Dance Remixes) – EP (Clean)\". iTunes Store. February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/pose-dance-remixes-ep/id1226616232","url_text":"\"Sex With Me (Dance Remixes) – EP (Clean)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rihanna Chart History (R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Song Sales)\". Billboard. Retrieved 4 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/rihanna/chart-history/rbt/","url_text":"\"Rihanna Chart History (R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Song Sales)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://theinterns.net/2015/04/28/6-new-artists-you-need-to-keep-an-eye-on/","external_links_name":"\"6 New Artists You Need To Keep An Eye On\""},{"Link":"http://www.spin.com/2015/12/rihanna-kiss-it-better-glass-john-snippet-anti/","external_links_name":"\"Alleged Rihanna Cowriter Glass John Leaked an 'Anti' Snippet\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/6821639/rihanna-anti-album-delay-travis-scott","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna Songwriter Blames 'Anti' Album Delay on Travi$ Scott\""},{"Link":"http://www.rihannanow.com/music/anti-deluxe-edition/","external_links_name":"\"Anti (Deluxe Edition)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170415190923/http://www.breatheheavy.com/far-east-movement-enlist-rihanna-for-new-song/","external_links_name":"\"Far East Movement Enlist Rihanna For New Song – BreatheHeavy.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.breatheheavy.com/far-east-movement-enlist-rihanna-for-new-song/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://play.spotify.com/album/5Qf6h53EIAcCtcvqioD7op?play=true","external_links_name":"\"Pose (Dance Remixes)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7760381/rihanna-rap-skills-13-songs-kendrick-lamar-loyalty","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna the Rapper: 13 Times Rihanna Showed Off Her Rap Skills\""},{"Link":"http://www.fuse.tv/2016/01/rihanna-anti-album-bonus-tracks-track-by-track-review","external_links_name":"\"RIHANNA'S 'ANTI' BONUS SONGS: TRACK-BY-TRACK BREAKDOWN\""},{"Link":"http://uk.complex.com/music/2016/01/rihanna-anti-deluxe-three-bonus-songs","external_links_name":"\"What You Need to Know About Rihanna's 'ANTI' Bonus Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/rihanna-pose-lyrics-meaning-behind-153500530.html","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna \"Pose\" Lyrics: The Meaning Behind 'Anti' Deluxe Track\""},{"Link":"http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=Pose&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna - Pose (Chanson)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2017-05-27","external_links_name":"\"Dance Club Songs - The Week of May 27, 2017\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2017-06-03","external_links_name":"\"Dance Club Songs - The Week of June 3, 2017\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2017-06-10","external_links_name":"\"Dance Club Songs - June 10, 2017\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2017-06-17","external_links_name":"\"Dance Club Songs - June 17, 2017\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2017-06-24","external_links_name":"\"Dance Club Songs - June 24, 2017\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7850305/rihanna-30th-no-1-dance-club-songs-chart","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna Strikes 30th No. 1 'Pose' Atop Dance Club Songs Chart\""},{"Link":"http://www.rap-up.com/2016/03/13/rihanna-kicks-off-anti-world-tour/","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna Kicks Off 'Anti World Tour'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jun/26/rihanna-anti-world-tour-dublin-review-kitty-empire","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna review – almost an emotional experience\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/anti-deluxe/id1079130218","external_links_name":"\"Anti – Deluxe (Explicit)\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/pose-dance-remixes-ep/id1226619541","external_links_name":"\"Pose (Dance Remixes) – EP (Explicit)\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/pose-dance-remixes-ep/id1226616232","external_links_name":"\"Sex With Me (Dance Remixes) – EP (Clean)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Rihanna/chart-history/DSI","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna Chart History (Dance Club Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/rihanna/chart-history/rbt/","external_links_name":"\"Rihanna Chart History (R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Song Sales)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McPherson | John McPherson | ["1 Early life","2 Parliament","3 Death","4 Notes","5 References"] | Australian politician
For other people named John McPherson, see John McPherson (disambiguation).
John McPherson1st Leader of the United Labor PartyIn office23 February 1892 – 13 December 1897Succeeded byLee Batchelor
Personal detailsBorn(1860-01-28)28 January 1860Died(1897-12-13)13 December 1897Political partyUnited Labor Party
John Abel McPherson (28 January 1860 – 13 December 1897) was the first leader of the South Australian United Labor Party from 1892 to 1897. Though he never led a government himself, he helped lay the groundwork which ensured that at the 1905 election, Thomas Price would form the world's first stable Labor government. John Verran led Labor to form the state's first of many majority governments at the 1910 election.
Early life
McPherson was born in Aberdeen, Scotland and migrated with his wife to Adelaide in 1882, joining the South Australian Typographical Society and working as a printer.
McPherson played a big part in the building and management of the South Australian Trades Hall, home of the United Trades and Labor Council (UTLC) of which he became an honorary secretary in 1890. A pioneer in the Australian labour movement, he was an effective conciliator in disputes between employers and butchers, drivers, tanners and carriers, and maritime workers over shorter hours and wage regulation.
Parliament
ULP parliamentarians following the 1893 colonial election.
A UTLC meeting with the purpose of creating an elections committee was convened on 12 December 1890, and held on 7 January 1891. The elections committee was formed, officially named the United Labor Party of South Australia with McPherson the founding secretary. Later that year, Labor enjoyed immediate success, electing David Charleston, Robert Guthrie and Andrew Kirkpatrick to the South Australian Legislative Council. A week later, Richard Hooper won the 1891 Wallaroo by-election as an Independent Labor member in the South Australian House of Assembly. McPherson won the 1892 East Adelaide by-election on 23 January, becoming the first official Labor member of the House of Assembly at the age of 32. McPherson held the seat of East Adelaide until his death.
In his maiden speech he strongly deplored non-European immigration, as was the unanimous view of 19th century Australian man and politician alike, in conjunction with noting the many unemployed people in both city and country. He also advocated a progressive land tax and opening up the land to smallholders. He sat on the shops and factories commission which advocated consolidation and simplification of the Health Act and new laws to cover factories and working conditions. He was also an advocate for eight-hour working days and women's voting rights. McPherson was a frequent contributor in the House on Federation, giving characteristically cautious support - from the point of view of democracy, he was fearful of the power of the Senate.
Prior to the April 1893 election, all MPs were classed as independents regardless of their ideological leaning. As such, majority government did not exist, and frequent changes of Premier occurred. It was the first general election Labor would stand at, resulting in conservative and liberal leaning MPs beginning to divide, additionally with unidentified groupings and independents, as well as the formation of the staunchly anti-Labor National Defence League. The voluntary turnout rate increased from 53 to 68 percent, with Labor on 19 percent of the vote, and 10 Labor candidates including McPherson and Hooper were elected to the 54-member House of Assembly which gave Labor the balance of power. The liberal government of Charles Kingston was formed with the support of Labor, ousting the conservative government of John Downer. Kingston at times was accused by McPherson of conservatism. On occasion McPherson threatened to withdraw support from Kingston's cabinet, hoping to get a better deal from the opposition. Labor gained a 5.5 percent swing and another two seats at the April 1896 election. Kingston served as Premier for a then-record of six and a half years, usually implementing legislation with Labor support.
Death
McPherson, diagnosed with cancer in August 1897, died the following December, aged only 37 years. James Hutchison retained the seat for Labor at the subsequent by-election. His funeral was attended by 1,000 mourners, who followed his coffin to West Terrace Cemetery. An oil portrait by Mrs E. Anson was presented to the Trades Hall and an inscription from Robert Browning was carved on his tombstone:One who never turned his back but marched breast forward...
Notes
^
Edgar, Suzanne. "McPherson, John Abel (1860–1897)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
^ "John Abel McPherson". Former members of the Parliament of South Australia. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
References
Sound of Trumpets: History of the Labour Movement in South Australia - By Jim Moss
Why did a 'labour movement' emerge in South Australia in the 1880s? - By Nicholas Klar
South Australian House of Assembly
Preceded byJohn Bray
Member for East Adelaide 1892 – 1897 Served alongside: Theodor Scherk
Succeeded byJames Hutchison
Party political offices
New political party
Leader of the United Labor Party 1892 – 1897
Succeeded byLee Batchelor
vteParliamentary Leaders of the Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch)Leaders
McPherson
Batchelor
Price
Verran
Vaughan
Kirkpatrick
Gunn
Hill
Dawes
Lacey
Richards
O'Halloran
Walsh
Dunstan
Corcoran
Bannon
Arnold
Rann
Weatherill
Malinauskas
Deputy Leaders
Richards
Lacey
O'Halloran
Walsh
Hutchens
Corcoran
Hudson
Wright
Hopgood
Blevins
Rann
Clarke
Hurley
Foley
Rau
Close
Related
Verran Ministry
Vaughan Ministry
Weatherill Ministry
Malinauskas
Shadow ministry
ministry
Authority control databases: People
Australia
Trove | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John McPherson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McPherson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"South Australian United Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(South_Australian_Branch)"},{"link_name":"1905 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_South_Australian_state_election"},{"link_name":"Thomas Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Price_(South_Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"John Verran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Verran"},{"link_name":"majority governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_government"},{"link_name":"1910 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_South_Australian_state_election"}],"text":"For other people named John McPherson, see John McPherson (disambiguation).John Abel McPherson (28 January 1860 – 13 December 1897)[1] was the first leader of the South Australian United Labor Party from 1892 to 1897. Though he never led a government himself, he helped lay the groundwork which ensured that at the 1905 election, Thomas Price would form the world's first stable Labor government. 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A pioneer in the Australian labour movement, he was an effective conciliator in disputes between employers and butchers, drivers, tanners and carriers, and maritime workers over shorter hours and wage regulation.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SAULP1893.jpeg"},{"link_name":"1893 colonial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_South_Australian_state_election"},{"link_name":"David Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Charleston"},{"link_name":"Robert Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guthrie_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Kirkpatrick_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"South Australian Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Richard Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hooper_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"1891 Wallaroo by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Wallaroo_by-election"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"South Australian House of Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_House_of_Assembly"},{"link_name":"1892 East Adelaide by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_East_Adelaide_by-election"},{"link_name":"East Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_East_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"non-European immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia_Policy"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_tax"},{"link_name":"land tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax"},{"link_name":"smallholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallholding"},{"link_name":"working conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_on_working_time_and_conditions"},{"link_name":"eight-hour working days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day"},{"link_name":"women's voting rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Senate"},{"link_name":"April 1893 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_South_Australian_colonial_election"},{"link_name":"independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"majority government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_government"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"National Defence League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_League"},{"link_name":"balance of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)"},{"link_name":"Charles Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kingston"},{"link_name":"John Downer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Downer"},{"link_name":"April 1896 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_South_Australian_colonial_election"}],"text":"ULP parliamentarians following the 1893 colonial election.A UTLC meeting with the purpose of creating an elections committee was convened on 12 December 1890, and held on 7 January 1891. The elections committee was formed, officially named the United Labor Party of South Australia with McPherson the founding secretary. Later that year, Labor enjoyed immediate success, electing David Charleston, Robert Guthrie and Andrew Kirkpatrick to the South Australian Legislative Council. A week later, Richard Hooper won the 1891 Wallaroo by-election as an Independent Labor member in the South Australian House of Assembly. McPherson won the 1892 East Adelaide by-election on 23 January, becoming the first official Labor member of the House of Assembly at the age of 32. McPherson held the seat of East Adelaide until his death.[2]In his maiden speech he strongly deplored non-European immigration, as was the unanimous view of 19th century Australian man and politician alike, in conjunction with noting the many unemployed people in both city and country. He also advocated a progressive land tax and opening up the land to smallholders. He sat on the shops and factories commission which advocated consolidation and simplification of the Health Act and new laws to cover factories and working conditions. He was also an advocate for eight-hour working days and women's voting rights. McPherson was a frequent contributor in the House on Federation, giving characteristically cautious support - from the point of view of democracy, he was fearful of the power of the Senate.Prior to the April 1893 election, all MPs were classed as independents regardless of their ideological leaning. As such, majority government did not exist, and frequent changes of Premier occurred. It was the first general election Labor would stand at, resulting in conservative and liberal leaning MPs beginning to divide, additionally with unidentified groupings and independents, as well as the formation of the staunchly anti-Labor National Defence League. The voluntary turnout rate increased from 53 to 68 percent, with Labor on 19 percent of the vote, and 10 Labor candidates including McPherson and Hooper were elected to the 54-member House of Assembly which gave Labor the balance of power. The liberal government of Charles Kingston was formed with the support of Labor, ousting the conservative government of John Downer. Kingston at times was accused by McPherson of conservatism. On occasion McPherson threatened to withdraw support from Kingston's cabinet, hoping to get a better deal from the opposition. Labor gained a 5.5 percent swing and another two seats at the April 1896 election. Kingston served as Premier for a then-record of six and a half years, usually implementing legislation with Labor support.","title":"Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Hutchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hutchison_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"West Terrace Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Terrace_Cemetery"}],"text":"McPherson, diagnosed with cancer in August 1897, died the following December, aged only 37 years. James Hutchison retained the seat for Labor at the subsequent by-election. His funeral was attended by 1,000 mourners, who followed his coffin to West Terrace Cemetery. An oil portrait by Mrs E. Anson was presented to the Trades Hall and an inscription from Robert Browning was carved on his tombstone:One who never turned his back but marched breast forward...","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"McPherson, John Abel (1860–1897)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mcpherson-john-abel-7438"},{"link_name":"Australian Dictionary of Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-522-84459-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1833-7538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"70677943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"John Abel McPherson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Search/Member?type=member&id=3587"},{"link_name":"Parliament of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Australia"}],"text":"^ \nEdgar, Suzanne. \"McPherson, John Abel (1860–1897)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 18 January 2014.\n\n^ \"John Abel McPherson\". Former members of the Parliament of South Australia. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"ULP parliamentarians following the 1893 colonial election.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SAULP1893.jpeg/220px-SAULP1893.jpeg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Edgar, Suzanne. \"McPherson, John Abel (1860–1897)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 18 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mcpherson-john-abel-7438","url_text":"\"McPherson, John Abel (1860–1897)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"\"John Abel McPherson\". Former members of the Parliament of South Australia. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Search/Member?type=member&id=3587","url_text":"\"John Abel McPherson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Australia","url_text":"Parliament of South Australia"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mcpherson-john-abel-7438","external_links_name":"\"McPherson, John Abel (1860–1897)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","external_links_name":"1833-7538"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","external_links_name":"70677943"},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Search/Member?type=member&id=3587","external_links_name":"\"John Abel McPherson\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9N87xauZghkC&pg=PA160","external_links_name":"Sound of Trumpets: History of the Labour Movement in South Australia - By Jim Moss"},{"Link":"http://klarbooks.com/academic/labcris.html","external_links_name":"Why did a 'labour movement' emerge in South Australia in the 1880s? - By Nicholas Klar"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mcpherson-john-abel-7438","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1466098","external_links_name":"Trove"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchur_River | Uchur | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 58°47′33″N 130°35′55″E / 58.79250°N 130.59861°E / 58.79250; 130.59861River in RussiaUchurMouth location in Yakutia, RussiaLocationCountryRussiaPhysical characteristicsMouthAldan • coordinates58°47′33″N 130°35′55″E / 58.79250°N 130.59861°E / 58.79250; 130.59861Length812 km (505 mi)Basin size113,000 km2 (44,000 sq mi)Basin featuresProgressionAldan→ Lena→ Laptev Sea
Map of the Aldan basin showing the Uchur
The Uchur (Russian: Учур; Yakut: Учур, Uçur) is a river in Khabarovsk Krai and Yakutia in Russia, a right tributary of the Aldan (Lena's basin). The length of the river is 812 kilometres (505 mi). The area of its drainage basin is 113,000 square kilometres (44,000 sq mi). The Uchur freezes up in November and breaks up in May. Its main tributaries are the Uyan, Tyrkan, Gonam, and Gynym.
The Gynym, a tributary of the Uchur, marks the southern border of the Sunnagyn Range.
References
^ Glebovit︠s︡kiĭ, Viktor Andreevich. The early Precambrian of Russia. CRC Press. pp. 121–. ISBN 9789057020117. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
^ "Река Учур in the State Water Register of Russia". textual.ru (in Russian).
^ Суннагын / Great Soviet Encyclopedia; in 35 vols. / Ch. ed. Yu. S. Osipov. 2004—2017.
^ Google Earth
This article includes content derived from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969–1978, which is partially in the public domain.
This Khabarovsk Krai location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a river in Russia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldan.png"},{"link_name":"Aldan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldan_(river)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Yakut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_language"},{"link_name":"Khabarovsk Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai"},{"link_name":"Yakutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_Republic"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Aldan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldan_(river)"},{"link_name":"Lena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_(river)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glebovit%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1ki%C4%AD-1"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gvr-2"},{"link_name":"Uyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uyan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tyrkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyrkan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gonam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonam"},{"link_name":"Gynym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gynym&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sunnagyn Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnagyn_Range"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G%D0%95-4"}],"text":"River in RussiaMap of the Aldan basin showing the UchurThe Uchur (Russian: Учур; Yakut: Учур, Uçur) is a river in Khabarovsk Krai and Yakutia in Russia, a right tributary of the Aldan (Lena's basin).[1] The length of the river is 812 kilometres (505 mi). The area of its drainage basin is 113,000 square kilometres (44,000 sq mi).[2] The Uchur freezes up in November and breaks up in May. Its main tributaries are the Uyan, Tyrkan, Gonam, and Gynym. \nThe Gynym, a tributary of the Uchur, marks the southern border of the Sunnagyn Range.[3][4]","title":"Uchur"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of the Aldan basin showing the Uchur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aldan.png/220px-Aldan.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Glebovit︠s︡kiĭ, Viktor Andreevich. The early Precambrian of Russia. CRC Press. pp. 121–. ISBN 9789057020117. Retrieved 23 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Py2cIaZQZBkC&pg=PA121","url_text":"The early Precambrian of Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789057020117","url_text":"9789057020117"}]},{"reference":"\"Река Учур in the State Water Register of Russia\". textual.ru (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=245089","url_text":"\"Река Учур in the State Water Register of Russia\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uchur¶ms=58_47_33_N_130_35_55_E_region:RU-SA_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-etwiki","external_links_name":"58°47′33″N 130°35′55″E / 58.79250°N 130.59861°E / 58.79250; 130.59861"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uchur¶ms=58_47_33_N_130_35_55_E_region:RU-SA_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-etwiki","external_links_name":"58°47′33″N 130°35′55″E / 58.79250°N 130.59861°E / 58.79250; 130.59861"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Py2cIaZQZBkC&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"The early Precambrian of Russia"},{"Link":"https://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=245089","external_links_name":"\"Река Учур in the State Water Register of Russia\""},{"Link":"http://bse.sci-lib.com/article107662.html","external_links_name":"Суннагын"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uchur&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uchur&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_Bergslagen | The People of Bergslagen | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | 1937 film
The People of BergslagenDirected byGunnar OlssonWritten bySölve Cederstrand Waldemar Hammenhög Gunnar OlssonStarringKarin Ekelund Sten Lindgren Arnold SjöstrandCinematographyHilmer EkdahlEdited byWic KjellinMusic byHilding RosenbergProductioncompanyEuropa FilmDistributed byEuropa FilmRelease date
25 October 1937 (1937-10-25)
Running time84 minutesCountrySwedenLanguageSwedish
The People of Bergslagen (Swedish: Bergslagsfolk) is a 1937 Swedish drama film directed by Gunnar Olsson and starring Karin Ekelund, Sten Lindgren and Arnold Sjöstrand. It was shot at the Sundbyberg Studios of Europa Film in Stockholm.
Cast
Karin Ekelund as Karin Löwenskiöld
Sten Lindgren as Bertil Åkerman
Arnold Sjöstrand as Rudolf Lunding
Hugo Björne as Captain Håkan Löwenskiöld
Gerda Björne as Anne-Marie Löwenskiöld
Hjalmar Peters as Persson
Hartwig Fock as Larsson - Mine-captain
Frithiof Bjärne as Farmhand
Ingrid Luterkort as Persson's Maid
Gunnar Björnstrand as Birthday guest
Lillie Björnstrand as Birthday guest
Alma Bodén as Johanna
Helga Brofeldt as Farmer's wife
John Ericsson as Farmer
Erik Forslund as Meeting participator
Knut Frankman as Secretary at meeting
Sven-Eric Gamble as Boy at merchant's shop
Wictor Hagman as Member of the board
Nils Johannisson as Member of the Mine-board
Börje Mellvig as Birthday guest
Erik Rosén as Member of the Mine-board
Ulla Wikander as Birthday guest
References
^ Qvist & Von Bagh p.55
Bibliography
Qvist, Per Olov & von Bagh, Peter. Guide to the Cinema of Sweden and Finland. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.
External links
The People of Bergslagen at IMDb
This article related to a Swedish film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Olsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Olsson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Karin Ekelund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Ekelund"},{"link_name":"Sten Lindgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten_Lindgren"},{"link_name":"Arnold Sjöstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sj%C3%B6strand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sundbyberg Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundbyberg_Studios&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Europa Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europafilm"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"}],"text":"The People of Bergslagen (Swedish: Bergslagsfolk) is a 1937 Swedish drama film directed by Gunnar Olsson and starring Karin Ekelund, Sten Lindgren and Arnold Sjöstrand.[1] It was shot at the Sundbyberg Studios of Europa Film in Stockholm.","title":"The People of Bergslagen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karin Ekelund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Ekelund"},{"link_name":"Sten Lindgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten_Lindgren"},{"link_name":"Arnold Sjöstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sj%C3%B6strand"},{"link_name":"Hugo Björne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Bj%C3%B6rne"},{"link_name":"Gerda Björne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerda_Bj%C3%B6rne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hjalmar Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hjalmar_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hartwig Fock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartwig_Fock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frithiof Bjärne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frithiof_Bj%C3%A4rne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Luterkort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Luterkort"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Björnstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Bj%C3%B6rnstrand"},{"link_name":"Lillie Björnstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lillie_Bj%C3%B6rnstrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alma Bodén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_Bod%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helga Brofeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Brofeldt"},{"link_name":"John Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ericsson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Erik Forslund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Forslund"},{"link_name":"Knut Frankman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knut_Frankman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sven-Eric Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven-Eric_Gamble"},{"link_name":"Wictor Hagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wictor_Hagman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nils Johannisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nils_Johannisson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Börje Mellvig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rje_Mellvig"},{"link_name":"Erik Rosén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Ros%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Ulla Wikander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulla_Wikander&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Karin Ekelund as \tKarin Löwenskiöld\nSten Lindgren as \tBertil Åkerman\nArnold Sjöstrand as \tRudolf Lunding\nHugo Björne as Captain Håkan Löwenskiöld\nGerda Björne as \tAnne-Marie Löwenskiöld\nHjalmar Peters as Persson\nHartwig Fock as \tLarsson - Mine-captain\nFrithiof Bjärne as Farmhand\nIngrid Luterkort as \tPersson's Maid\nGunnar Björnstrand as \tBirthday guest\nLillie Björnstrand as \tBirthday guest\nAlma Bodén as \tJohanna\nHelga Brofeldt as \tFarmer's wife\nJohn Ericsson as\tFarmer\nErik Forslund as Meeting participator\nKnut Frankman as \tSecretary at meeting\nSven-Eric Gamble as Boy at merchant's shop\nWictor Hagman as \tMember of the board\nNils Johannisson as \tMember of the Mine-board\nBörje Mellvig as \tBirthday guest\nErik Rosén as \tMember of the Mine-board\nUlla Wikander as Birthday guest","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Qvist, Per Olov & von Bagh, Peter. Guide to the Cinema of Sweden and Finland. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028621/","external_links_name":"The People of Bergslagen"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_People_of_Bergslagen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bells_of_St._Mary%27s_(song) | The Bells of St. Mary's (song) | ["1 Christmas connection","2 In popular culture","3 Notable recorded versions","4 References","5 External links"] | Song"The Bells of St. Mary's"Sheet music cover, 1917SongWritten1917Composer(s)A. Emmett AdamsLyricist(s)Douglas FurberAudio sample1921 recording by Lewis Jamesfilehelp
"The Bells of St. Mary's" is a 1917 popular song. The music was written by A. Emmett Adams, the lyrics by Douglas Furber, following a visit to St. Mary's Church, Southampton, England. It was published by the London company Ascherberg, Hopwood & Crew.
The song was revived in 1945, in the film of the same name, by Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman.
Christmas connection
Due to the inclusion in the 1945 film of a scene featuring a Christmas pageant, both the film and the song have come to be associated with the Christmas season, although the song has no direct lyrical connection with the holiday (and, indeed, refers to the "red leaves" of autumn in the chorus). The Drifters recorded the song as the B-side of their 1954 "White Christmas" single, and several other artists have included it on Christmas albums; examples include Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans (A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector, 1963); Andy Williams (Merry Christmas, 1965); Aaron Neville (Aaron Neville's Soulful Christmas, 1993); and Sheryl Crow (Home for Christmas, 2008).
In popular culture
A bawdy parody, "The Balls of Sarn't Major", is based on the song.
The song appears in an episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus. In a skit called "Musical Mice", Ken Ewing (Terry Jones) claims to have trained mice to squeal at the specific pitches necessary to play the song (as he demonstrates with debatable success).
The Drifters' version is featured in the 1990 movie Goodfellas, in the Christmas Eve scene with Henry Hill and family, and the following scene where Stacks (Samuel L. Jackson) is shot dead by Tommy Devito (Joe Pesci).
This song is also associated with Saint Mary's College (Indiana), Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College, and Saint Mary's College of California.
A version of this song is the anthem of State University of New York Maritime College, whose first training ship was the USS St. Mary's.
This song is the anthem for the Brazilian school Colégio Santa Maria (São Paulo) that was created by American founders.
Notable recorded versions
Frances Alda (1919)
Chet Atkins (1961) for his album Christmas with Chet Atkins and again (1974) for his album Superpickers.
Mr. Acker Bilk (1967)
Big Bill Bissonnette (1986)
Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans (1963) for the album A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector.
Webster Booth (1947)
David Carroll (1958)
Maybelle Carter (1961)
Perry Como (1962)
Bing Crosby (1945, sung on film soundtrack. Commercial recording made on September 10, 1945, for Decca Records)
Sheryl Crow (2008) for her album Home for Christmas.
Vic Damone (1991)
The Drifters (1954)
Connie Francis (1959) for her album My Thanks to You.
Neal Hefti and His Orchestra (1957)
Sammy Kaye and His Orchestra (1958)
Don Lee (1957)
Vera Lynn (1938) and again in (1982) for her album Favourite Sacred Songs.
Gordon MacRae (1959)
Jane Morgan (1961) for her album The Second Time Around.
Aaron Neville (1993)
Perfume Genius (2012)
Jimmy Preston (1949)
Reno and Smiley (1960)
Nat Shilkret and the Victor Orchestra (1928)
Charlie Spivak and His Orchestra (1945)
Sister Rosetta Tharpe (1952)
The Tokens (1965)
Kid Thomas Valentine (1960)
Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians (1958)
Andy Williams (1965) for his album Merry Christmas.
Ruby Winters (1967)
References
^ "Song lyric". Lyricsplayground.com. 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
^ Hooper, Brian; Henry, Jeff. "The Bells Of St Mary's". Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
^ Gilliland, John (197X). "Show 15" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Track 2.
^ "Song Lyrics with midi and Mp3: The Sarn't Major's Balls". www.traditionalmusic.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
^ "A man with two noses / Musical Mice". Monty Python's Flying Circus Episode 2 Partial Script. Archived from the original on 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
^ "Frances Alda (vocalist : soprano vocal)". Discography of American Historical recordings. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
^ "The Bells of St. Mary's". By Request, A Perry Como Discography. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
External links
The Bells of St. Mary's sheet music at the Archive of Popular American Music, Music Library, UCLA Library
vteBing Crosby singlesDiscography1920s
"My Blue Heaven" (with Paul Whiteman)
"Ol' Man River" (with Paul Whiteman)
"Mississippi Mud" (with Paul Whiteman)
"Silent Night, Holy Night" (with Paul Whiteman)
"Makin' Whoopee" (with Paul Whiteman)
"Let's Do It" (with Dorsey Brothers)
"Louise"
1930s
"Three Little Words" (with Duke Ellington)
"I Surrender Dear" (with Gus Arnheim)
"Just a Gigolo"
"At Your Command"
"Stardust"
"Goodnight, Sweetheart"
"Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" (Bing's Theme Song)
"Waltzing in a Dream"
"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?"
"I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance with You"
"Temptation"
"Did You Ever See a Dream Walking?"
"June in January"
"Love Is Just Around the Corner"
"I Wished on the Moon"
"It Ain't Necessarily So"
"I Can't Escape from You"
"Pennies from Heaven"
"Silent Night"
"Adeste Fideles"
"Sweet Leilani"
"Blue Hawaii"
"Never in a Million Years"
"Sail Along, Silv'ry Moon"
"My Reverie"
"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby"
"God Bless America"
"Ciribiribin (They're So in Love)" (with Andrews Sisters)
1940s
"Tumbling Tumbleweeds"
"Only Forever"
"It's Always You"
"New San Antonio Rose" (with Bob Crosby)
"Dolores"
"Deep in the Heart of Texas" (with Woody Herman)
"Easter Parade"
"White Christmas"
"Moonlight Becomes You"
"Sunday, Monday, or Always"
"People Will Say We're in Love" (with Trudy Erwin)
"Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'" (with Trudy Erwin)
"Pistol Packin' Mama" (with Andrews Sisters)
"I'll Be Home for Christmas"
"Jingle Bells" (with Andrews Sisters)
"Poinciana"
"I Love You"
"I'll Be Seeing You"
"Swinging on a Star"
"Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby" (with Andrews Sisters)
"Hot Time in the Town of Berlin" (with Andrews Sisters)
"Too-Ra-Loo-Ra-Loo-Ral (That's an Irish Lullaby)"
"Amor"
"Long Ago (and Far Away)"
"Don't Fence Me In" (with Andrews Sisters)
"Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive" (with Andrews Sisters)
"You Belong to My Heart"
"Along the Navajo Trail (with Andrews Sisters)
"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe"
"If I Loved You"
"It's Been a Long, Long Time" (with Les Paul Trio)
"I Can't Begin to Tell You"
"The Bells of St. Mary's"
"McNamara's Band"
"Sioux City Sue"
"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66" (with Andrews Sisters)
"Night and Day"
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town" (with Andrews Sisters)
"Galway Bay
"Ballerina"
"Now Is the Hour"
"But Beautiful"
"Far Away Places"
"Careless Hands"
"Riders in the Sky"
"Some Enchanted Evening"
"Dear Hearts and Gentle People"
"Mule Train"
1950s
"Quicksilver" (with Andrews Sisters)
"Have I Told You Lately That I Love You?" (with Andrews Sisters)
"Chattanoogie Shoe Shine Boy"
"Play a Simple Melody" (with Gary Crosby)
"Sam's Song " (with Gary Crosby)
"La Vie en rose"
"All My Love"
"Beyond the Reef"
"Harbor Lights"
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
"A Marshmallow World"
"Sparrow in the Treetop" (with Andrews Sisters)
"Gone Fishin'" (with Louis Armstrong)
"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening" (with Jane Wyman)
"The Isle of Innisfree"
"Zing a Little Zong" (with Jane Wyman)
"Silver Bells" (with Carol Richards)
"Down by the Riverside" (with Gary Crosby)
"Young at Heart"
"Count Your Blessings Instead of Sheep"
"Stranger in Paradise"
"In a Little Spanish Town" (with Buddy Cole Trio)
"True Love" (with Grace Kelly)
"Now You Has Jazz" (with Louis Armstrong)
"Well, Did You Evah!" (with Frank Sinatra)
1970s
"That's What Life Is All About"
1980s
"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" (with David Bowie)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_in_music"},{"link_name":"popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Douglas Furber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Furber"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Church, Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Southampton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_in_film"},{"link_name":"film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bells_of_St._Mary%27s"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"The Bells of St. Mary's\" is a 1917 popular song. The music was written by A. Emmett Adams, the lyrics[1] by Douglas Furber, following a visit to St. Mary's Church, Southampton, England.[2] It was published by the London company Ascherberg, Hopwood & Crew.The song was revived in 1945, in the film of the same name, by Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman.[3]","title":"The Bells of St. Mary's (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christmas pageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_pageant"},{"link_name":"The Drifters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drifters"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"},{"link_name":"White Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Christmas_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_B._Soxx_%26_the_Blue_Jeans"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Gift_for_You_from_Phil_Spector"},{"link_name":"Andy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Williams"},{"link_name":"Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Christmas_(Andy_Williams_album)"},{"link_name":"Aaron Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Neville"},{"link_name":"Sheryl Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Crow"},{"link_name":"Home for Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_for_Christmas_(Sheryl_Crow_album)"}],"text":"Due to the inclusion in the 1945 film of a scene featuring a Christmas pageant, both the film and the song have come to be associated with the Christmas season, although the song has no direct lyrical connection with the holiday (and, indeed, refers to the \"red leaves\" of autumn in the chorus). The Drifters recorded the song as the B-side of their 1954 \"White Christmas\" single, and several other artists have included it on Christmas albums; examples include Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans (A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector, 1963); Andy Williams (Merry Christmas, 1965); Aaron Neville (Aaron Neville's Soulful Christmas, 1993); and Sheryl Crow (Home for Christmas, 2008).","title":"Christmas connection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Monty Python's Flying Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus"},{"link_name":"Terry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Drifters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drifters"},{"link_name":"Goodfellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodfellas"},{"link_name":"Henry Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hill"},{"link_name":"Samuel L. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joe Pesci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pesci"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary's College (Indiana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College_(Indiana)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary-of-the-Woods_College"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary's College of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College_of_California"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"State University of New York Maritime College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Maritime_College"},{"link_name":"USS St. Mary's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_St._Mary%27s_(1844)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Colégio Santa Maria (São Paulo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%A9gio_Santa_Maria_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A bawdy parody, \"The Balls of Sarn't Major\",[4] is based on the song.The song appears in an episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus. In a skit called \"Musical Mice\", Ken Ewing (Terry Jones) claims to have trained mice to squeal at the specific pitches necessary to play the song (as he demonstrates with debatable success).[5]The Drifters' version is featured in the 1990 movie Goodfellas, in the Christmas Eve scene with Henry Hill and family, and the following scene where Stacks (Samuel L. Jackson) is shot dead by Tommy Devito (Joe Pesci).This song is also associated with Saint Mary's College (Indiana),[citation needed] Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College,[citation needed] and Saint Mary's College of California.[citation needed]A version of this song is the anthem of State University of New York Maritime College, whose first training ship was the USS St. Mary's.[citation needed]This song is the anthem for the Brazilian school Colégio Santa Maria (São Paulo) that was created by American founders.[citation needed]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frances Alda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Alda"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_in_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chet Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Atkins"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_in_music"},{"link_name":"Christmas with Chet Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_with_Chet_Atkins"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_in_music"},{"link_name":"Superpickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpickers"},{"link_name":"Mr. Acker Bilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acker_Bilk"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_in_music"},{"link_name":"Big Bill Bissonnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bill_Bissonnette"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_music"},{"link_name":"Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_B._Soxx_%26_the_Blue_Jeans"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_in_music"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Gift_for_You_from_Phil_Spector"},{"link_name":"Webster Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster_Booth"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_in_music"},{"link_name":"David Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carroll_(musician)"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_in_music"},{"link_name":"Maybelle Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybelle_Carter"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_in_music"},{"link_name":"Perry Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Como"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_in_music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_in_music"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sheryl Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Crow"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_music"},{"link_name":"Home for Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_for_Christmas_(Sheryl_Crow_album)"},{"link_name":"Vic Damone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Damone"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_in_music"},{"link_name":"The Drifters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drifters"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_in_music"},{"link_name":"Connie Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Francis"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_in_music"},{"link_name":"My Thanks to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Thanks_to_You"},{"link_name":"Neal Hefti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Hefti"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_in_music"},{"link_name":"Sammy Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Kaye"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_in_music"},{"link_name":"Don Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Lee_(accordionist)"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_in_music"},{"link_name":"Vera Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Lynn"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_in_music"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_music"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gordon MacRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_MacRae"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_in_music"},{"link_name":"Jane Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Morgan"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_in_music"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Aaron Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Neville"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_in_music"},{"link_name":"Perfume Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume_Genius"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_in_music"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Preston"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_in_music"},{"link_name":"Reno and Smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_and_Smiley"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_in_music"},{"link_name":"Nat Shilkret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Shilkret"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_in_music"},{"link_name":"Charlie Spivak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Spivak"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_in_music"},{"link_name":"Sister Rosetta Tharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_in_music"},{"link_name":"The Tokens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tokens"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_in_music"},{"link_name":"Kid Thomas Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Thomas_Valentine"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_in_music"},{"link_name":"Fred Waring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Waring"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_in_music"},{"link_name":"Andy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Williams"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_in_music"},{"link_name":"Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Christmas_(Andy_Williams_album)"},{"link_name":"Ruby Winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Winters"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_in_music"}],"text":"Frances Alda (1919)[6]\nChet Atkins (1961) for his album Christmas with Chet Atkins and again (1974) for his album Superpickers.\nMr. Acker Bilk (1967)\nBig Bill Bissonnette (1986)\nBob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans (1963) for the album A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector.\nWebster Booth (1947)\nDavid Carroll (1958)\nMaybelle Carter (1961)\nPerry Como (1962)[7]\nBing Crosby (1945, sung on film soundtrack. Commercial recording made on September 10, 1945, for Decca Records)[8]\nSheryl Crow (2008) for her album Home for Christmas.\nVic Damone (1991)\nThe Drifters (1954)\nConnie Francis (1959) for her album My Thanks to You.\nNeal Hefti and His Orchestra (1957)\nSammy Kaye and His Orchestra (1958)\nDon Lee (1957)\nVera Lynn (1938) and again in (1982) for her album Favourite Sacred Songs.[9]\nGordon MacRae (1959)\nJane Morgan (1961) for her album The Second Time Around.[10]\nAaron Neville (1993)\nPerfume Genius (2012)\nJimmy Preston (1949)\nReno and Smiley (1960)\nNat Shilkret and the Victor Orchestra (1928)\nCharlie Spivak and His Orchestra (1945)\nSister Rosetta Tharpe (1952)\nThe Tokens (1965)\nKid Thomas Valentine (1960)\nFred Waring and His Pennsylvanians (1958)\nAndy Williams (1965) for his album Merry Christmas.\nRuby Winters (1967)","title":"Notable recorded versions"}] | [{}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Song lyric\". Lyricsplayground.com. 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2018-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/t/thebellsofstmarys.shtml","url_text":"\"Song lyric\""}]},{"reference":"Hooper, Brian; Henry, Jeff. \"The Bells Of St Mary's\". Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100407031931/http://www.southampton-music.info/sis_007.htm","url_text":"\"The Bells Of St Mary's\""},{"url":"http://www.southampton-music.info/sis_007.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gilliland, John (197X). \"Show 15\" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland","url_text":"Gilliland, John"},{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633238/m1/#track/2%5d","url_text":"\"Show 15\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Chronicles","url_text":"Pop Chronicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries","url_text":"University of North Texas Libraries"}]},{"reference":"\"Song Lyrics with midi and Mp3: The Sarn't Major's Balls\". www.traditionalmusic.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/song-midis/Sarnt_Majors_Balls.htm","url_text":"\"Song Lyrics with midi and Mp3: The Sarn't Major's Balls\""}]},{"reference":"\"A man with two noses / Musical Mice\". Monty Python's Flying Circus Episode 2 Partial Script. Archived from the original on 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2007-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070922165024/http://orangecow.org/pythonet/sketches/2noses.htm","url_text":"\"A man with two noses / Musical Mice\""},{"url":"http://orangecow.org/pythonet/sketches/2noses.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frances Alda (vocalist : soprano vocal)\". Discography of American Historical recordings. Retrieved 12 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/talent/detail/28053/","url_text":"\"Frances Alda (vocalist : soprano vocal)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bells of St. Mary's\". By Request, A Perry Como Discography. Retrieved 2007-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kokomo.ca/pop_standards/bells_of_st_marys.htm","url_text":"\"The Bells of St. Mary's\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Bing Crosby Discography\". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved June 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/crosby1bDecca.html","url_text":"\"A Bing Crosby Discography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discogs.com\". Discogs.com. Retrieved June 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Vera-Lynn-With-Mike-Sammes-Singers-Favourite-Sacred-Songs/master/795652","url_text":"\"Discogs.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discogs.com\". Discogs.com. Retrieved June 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Jane-Morgan-The-Second-Time-Around/master/551305","url_text":"\"Discogs.com\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/t/thebellsofstmarys.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Song lyric\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100407031931/http://www.southampton-music.info/sis_007.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Bells Of St Mary's\""},{"Link":"http://www.southampton-music.info/sis_007.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633238/m1/#track/2%5d","external_links_name":"\"Show 15\""},{"Link":"http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/song-midis/Sarnt_Majors_Balls.htm","external_links_name":"\"Song Lyrics with midi and Mp3: The Sarn't Major's Balls\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070922165024/http://orangecow.org/pythonet/sketches/2noses.htm","external_links_name":"\"A man with two noses / Musical Mice\""},{"Link":"http://orangecow.org/pythonet/sketches/2noses.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/talent/detail/28053/","external_links_name":"\"Frances Alda (vocalist : soprano vocal)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kokomo.ca/pop_standards/bells_of_st_marys.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Bells of St. Mary's\""},{"Link":"http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/crosby1bDecca.html","external_links_name":"\"A Bing Crosby Discography\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Vera-Lynn-With-Mike-Sammes-Singers-Favourite-Sacred-Songs/master/795652","external_links_name":"\"Discogs.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Jane-Morgan-The-Second-Time-Around/master/551305","external_links_name":"\"Discogs.com\""},{"Link":"http://digital.library.ucla.edu/apam/librarian?ITEMID=NSO001029","external_links_name":"The Bells of St. Mary's"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/491b1bc0-cd90-48cc-97fa-7dc1fb9c340c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mydoom_worm | Mydoom | ["1 Technical overview","2 Timeline","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Self-replicating malware program that spread by email
MydoomExample of a randomly generated file opened by Mydoom after executionTypeComputer wormTechnical detailsPlatformWindows 2000, Windows XPWritten inC++Discontinued12 February 2004 (Mydoom.A)1 March 2004 (Mydoom.B)
Mydoom was a computer worm that targeted computers running Microsoft Windows. It was first sighted on January 26, 2004. It became the fastest-spreading e-mail worm ever, exceeding previous records set by the Sobig worm and ILOVEYOU, a record which as of 2024 has yet to be surpassed.
Mydoom appears to have been commissioned by e-mail spammers to send junk e-mail through infected computers. The worm contains the text message "andy; I'm just doing my job, nothing personal, sorry," leading many to believe that the worm's creator was paid. Early on, several security firms expressed their belief that the worm originated from a programmer in Russia. The actual author of the worm is unknown.
The worm appeared to be a poorly sent e-mail, and most people who originally were e-mailed the worm ignored it, thinking it was spam. However, it eventually spread to infect at least 500 thousand computers across the globe.
Speculative early coverage held that the sole purpose of the worm was to perpetrate a distributed denial-of-service attack against SCO Group. 25 percent of Mydoom.A-infected hosts targeted SCO Group with a flood of traffic. Trade press conjecture, spurred on by SCO Group's own claims, held that this meant the worm was created by a Linux or open source supporter in retaliation for SCO Group's controversial legal actions and public statements against Linux. This theory was rejected immediately by security researchers. Since then, it has been likewise rejected by law enforcement agents investigating the virus, who attribute it to organized online crime gangs.
Mydoom was named by Craig Schmugar, an employee of computer security firm McAfee and one of the earliest discoverers of the worm. Schmugar chose the name after noticing the text "mydom" within a line of the program's code. He noted: "It was evident early on that this would be very big. I thought having 'doom' in the name would be appropriate."
Technical overview
Mydoom is primarily transmitted via e-mail, appearing as a transmission error, with subject lines including "Error", "Mail Delivery System", "Test" or "Mail Transaction Failed" in different languages, including English and French. The mail contains an attachment that, if executed, resends the worm to e-mail addresses found in local files such as a user's address book. It also copies itself to the "shared folder" of peer-to-peer file sharing application Kazaa in an attempt to spread that way.
Mydoom avoids targeting e-mail addresses at certain universities, such as Rutgers, MIT, Stanford and UC Berkeley, as well as certain companies such as Microsoft and Symantec. Some early reports claimed the worm avoids all .edu addresses, but this is not the case.
The original version, Mydoom.A, is described as carrying two payloads:
A backdoor on port 3127/tcp to allow remote control of the subverted PC (by putting its own SHIMGAPI.DLL file in the system32 directory and launching it as a child process of Windows Explorer); this is essentially the same backdoor used by Mimail.
A denial-of-service attack against the website of the controversial company SCO Group, timed to commence 1 February 2004. Many virus analysts doubted if this payload would actually function. Later testing suggests that it functions in only 25% of infected systems.
A second version, Mydoom.B, as well as carrying the original payloads, also targets the Microsoft website and blocks access to Microsoft sites and popular online antivirus sites by modifying the hosts file, thus blocking virus removal tools or updates to antivirus software. The smaller number of copies of this version in circulation meant that Microsoft's servers suffered few ill effects.
Timeline
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26 January 2004: The Mydoom virus is first identified around 8am EST (1300 UTC), just before the beginning of the workday in North America. The earliest messages originate from Russia. For a period of a few hours mid-day, the worm's rapid spread slows overall internet performance by approximately ten percent and average web page load times by approximately fifty percent. Computer security companies report that Mydoom is responsible for approximately one in ten e-mail messages at this time.
Although Mydoom's denial of service attack was scheduled to begin on 1 February 2004, SCO Group's website goes offline briefly in the hours after the worm is first released. It is unclear whether Mydoom was responsible for this. SCO Group claimed it was the target of several distributed denial of service attacks in 2003 that were unrelated to computer viruses.
27 January 2004: SCO Group offers a US$250,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of the worm's creator. In the US, the FBI and the Secret Service begin investigations into the worm.
28 January 2004: A second version of the worm is discovered two days after the initial attack. The first messages sent by Mydoom.B are identified at around 1400 UTC and also appear to originate from Russia. The new version includes the original denial of service attack against SCO Group and an identical attack aimed at Microsoft.com beginning on 3 February 2004; however, both attacks are suspected to be either broken, or non-functional decoy code intended to conceal the backdoor function of Mydoom. Mydoom.B also blocks access to the websites of over 60 computer security companies, as well as pop-up advertisements provided by DoubleClick and other online marketing companies.
The spread of Mydoom peaks; computer security companies report that Mydoom is responsible for roughly one in five e-mail messages at this time.
29 January 2004: The spread of Mydoom begins to decline as bugs in Mydoom.B's code prevent it from spreading as rapidly as first anticipated. Microsoft offers US$250,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of the creator of Mydoom.B.
1 February 2004: An estimated one million computers around the world infected with Mydoom begin the virus's massive distributed denial of service attack—the largest such attack to date. As 1 February arrives in East Asia and Australia, SCO removes www.sco.com from the DNS around 1700 UTC on 31 January. (There is as yet no independent confirmation of www.sco.com in fact suffering the planned DDOS.)
3 February 2004: Mydoom.B's distributed denial of service attack on Microsoft begins, for which Microsoft prepares by offering a website which will not be affected by the worm, information.microsoft.com. However, the impact of the attack remains minimal and www.microsoft.com remains functional. This is attributed to the comparatively low distribution of the Mydoom.B variant, the high load tolerance of Microsoft's web servers and precautions taken by the company. Some experts point out that the burden is less than that of Microsoft software updates and other such web-based services.
9 February 2004: Doomjuice, a “parasitic” worm, begins spreading. This worm uses the backdoor left by Mydoom to spread. It does not attack non-infected computers. Its payload, akin to one of Mydoom.B's, is a denial-of-service attack against Microsoft.
12 February 2004: Mydoom.A is programmed to stop spreading. However, the backdoor remains open after this date.
1 March 2004: Mydoom.B is programmed to stop spreading; as with Mydoom.A, the backdoor remains open.
26 July 2004: A variant of Mydoom attacks Google, AltaVista and Lycos, completely stopping the function of the popular Google search engine for the larger portion of the workday, and creating noticeable slow-downs in the AltaVista and Lycos engines for hours.
23 September 2004: Mydoom versions U, V, W and X appear, sparking worries that a new, more powerful Mydoom is being prepared.
18 February 2005: Mydoom version AO appears.
July 2009: Mydoom resurfaces in the July 2009 cyber attacks affecting South Korea and the United States.
See also
Timeline of computer viruses and worms
References
^ "Security firm: MyDoom worm fastest yet". CNN.com. Time Warner. 2004-01-28. Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
^ Tiernan Ray (2004-02-18). "E-mail viruses blamed as spam rises sharply". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2004-02-19.
^ "Mydoom threat still high;Microsoft offers reward". NBC News. 26 January 2004. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
^ "More Doom?". Newsweek. Washington Post Company. 2004-02-03. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
^ " MyDoom Virus: The Most Destructive & Fastest Email Worm - MiniTool". www.minitool.com. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
^ "Mydoom virus starts to fizzle out". BBC News. BBC. 2004-02-04. Archived from the original on 2004-04-16. Retrieved 2004-02-04.
^ "How to Thwart Renewed 'MyDoom' E-Mail Bug". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
^ "Microsoft Information: MyDoom (Wayback Archive from 4 Feb 2004)". microsoft.com. 2004-02-04. Archived from the original on February 4, 2004.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "W32.HLLW.Doomjuice". Symantec Corporation. 2007-02-13. Archived from the original on 2004-04-15. Retrieved 2004-02-10.
^ "Lazy Hacker and Little Worm Set Off Cyberwar Frenzy". Wired News. 2009-07-08. Archived from the original on 2009-07-10. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
External links
MyDoom and DDoS Attacks
"Email-Worm.Win32.Mydoom.a". Viruslist.com. Kaspersky Lab. Archived from the original on 2006-10-15.
SCO Offers Reward for Arrest and Conviction of Mydoom Virus Author - SCO press release, 27 January 2004. Note the claim that the denial of service attack had already started at this date.
"Mydoom". F-Secure Computer Virus Information Pages. F-Secure Corporation.
"Win32.Mydoom.A". Security Advisor. Computer Associates International. Archived from the original on 2005-04-10. Retrieved 2005-04-30.
Information about the Mydoom worm from Symantec.com
"Computer Virus That Caused $50 Billion Damage". The InfoGraphics Show YouTube Channel.
vteHacking in the 2000s
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Timeline
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Incidents2004
Titan Rain (2003–2006)
Operation Firewall
2005
Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal
2007
Cyberattacks on Estonia
Operation: Bot Roast
2008
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Cyberattacks on Georgia
Sarah Palin email hack
US military cyberattack
2009
Operation Troy
Operation Aurora (findings published in 2010)
WebcamGate (2008–2010)
Groups
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associated events
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0x1fe
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RBN
ShadowCrew
TeamLoosh
World of Hell
Sandworm
Individuals
AKill
Jeanson James Ancheta
SilenZ
Dshocker
Digerati
str0ke (milw0rm)
Lil Hacker
BadB
camZero
Coolio
Cyxymu
diabl0
Albert Gonzalez
Sven Jaschan
Dan Kaminsky
Samy Kamkar
Dmitry Sklyarov
Stakkato
Darknets
Bluehell IRC
Hacking forums
ryan1918
unkn0wn.eu
darksun.ws
Vulnerabilitiesdiscovered
Shatter attack (2002)
Kaminsky DNS cache poisoning (2008)
sslstrip (2009)
Malware2000
ILOVEYOU
Pikachu
2001
Anna Kournikova
Code Red
Nimda
Klez
2002
Simile
2003
SQL Slammer
Welchia
Sobig
Gruel
Graybird
Blaster
2004
Bagle
NetSky
Sasser
Mydoom
2005
PGPCoder
Samy
Sony rootkit
2006
Rustock
ZLOB
Clickbot
Stration
2007
Storm
ZeuS
Black Energy 1
2008
Asprox
Agent.btz
Mariposa
2009
Conficker
Koobface
Waledac | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_worm"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Sobig worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobig_worm"},{"link_name":"ILOVEYOU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILOVEYOU"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"spammers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamming"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"distributed denial-of-service attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_denial-of-service_attack"},{"link_name":"SCO Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_Group"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"},{"link_name":"legal actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_v._IBM"},{"link_name":"McAfee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Mydoom was a computer worm that targeted computers running Microsoft Windows. It was first sighted on January 26, 2004. It became the fastest-spreading e-mail worm ever, exceeding previous records set by the Sobig worm and ILOVEYOU, a record which as of 2024 has yet to be surpassed.[1]Mydoom appears to have been commissioned by e-mail spammers to send junk e-mail through infected computers.[2] The worm contains the text message \"andy; I'm just doing my job, nothing personal, sorry,\" leading many to believe that the worm's creator was paid. Early on, several security firms expressed their belief that the worm originated from a programmer in Russia. The actual author of the worm is unknown.The worm appeared to be a poorly sent e-mail, and most people who originally were e-mailed the worm ignored it, thinking it was spam. However, it eventually spread to infect at least 500 thousand computers across the globe.[3]Speculative early coverage held that the sole purpose of the worm was to perpetrate a distributed denial-of-service attack against SCO Group. 25 percent of Mydoom.A-infected hosts targeted SCO Group with a flood of traffic. Trade press conjecture, spurred on by SCO Group's own claims, held that this meant the worm was created by a Linux or open source supporter in retaliation for SCO Group's controversial legal actions and public statements against Linux. This theory was rejected immediately by security researchers. Since then, it has been likewise rejected by law enforcement agents investigating the virus, who attribute it to organized online crime gangs.Mydoom was named by Craig Schmugar, an employee of computer security firm McAfee and one of the earliest discoverers of the worm. Schmugar chose the name after noticing the text \"mydom\" within a line of the program's code. He noted: \"It was evident early on that this would be very big. I thought having 'doom' in the name would be appropriate.\"[4]","title":"Mydoom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"e-mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail"},{"link_name":"attachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_attachment"},{"link_name":"executed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(computers)"},{"link_name":"peer-to-peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"file sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_sharing"},{"link_name":"Kazaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaa"},{"link_name":"Rutgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"UC Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Symantec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NortonLifeLock"},{"link_name":".edu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.edu"},{"link_name":"payloads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload_(software)"},{"link_name":"backdoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_and_UDP_port"},{"link_name":"child process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_process"},{"link_name":"Windows Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Explorer"},{"link_name":"Mimail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimail"},{"link_name":"denial-of-service attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack"},{"link_name":"controversial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_v._IBM"},{"link_name":"SCO Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"antivirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus_software"},{"link_name":"hosts file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_file"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Mydoom is primarily transmitted via e-mail, appearing as a transmission error, with subject lines including \"Error\", \"Mail Delivery System\", \"Test\" or \"Mail Transaction Failed\" in different languages, including English and French. The mail contains an attachment that, if executed, resends the worm to e-mail addresses found in local files such as a user's address book. It also copies itself to the \"shared folder\" of peer-to-peer file sharing application Kazaa in an attempt to spread that way.Mydoom avoids targeting e-mail addresses at certain universities, such as Rutgers, MIT, Stanford and UC Berkeley, as well as certain companies such as Microsoft and Symantec. Some early reports claimed the worm avoids all .edu addresses, but this is not the case.The original version, Mydoom.A, is described as carrying two payloads:A backdoor on port 3127/tcp to allow remote control of the subverted PC (by putting its own SHIMGAPI.DLL file in the system32 directory and launching it as a child process of Windows Explorer); this is essentially the same backdoor used by Mimail.\nA denial-of-service attack against the website of the controversial company SCO Group, timed to commence 1 February 2004. Many virus analysts doubted if this payload would actually function. Later testing suggests that it functions in only 25% of infected systems.[5]A second version, Mydoom.B, as well as carrying the original payloads, also targets the Microsoft website and blocks access to Microsoft sites and popular online antivirus sites by modifying the hosts file, thus blocking virus removal tools or updates to antivirus software. The smaller number of copies of this version in circulation meant that Microsoft's servers suffered few ill effects.[6][7]","title":"Technical overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"web page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page"},{"link_name":"SCO Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_Group"},{"link_name":"distributed denial of service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_denial_of_service"},{"link_name":"SCO Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_Group"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Secret Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service"},{"link_name":"backdoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)"},{"link_name":"DoubleClick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick"},{"link_name":"DNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"www.microsoft.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.microsoft.com"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"AltaVista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltaVista"},{"link_name":"Lycos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycos"},{"link_name":"July 2009 cyber attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2009_cyber_attacks"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lazy_Hacker_and_Little_Worm_Set_Off_Cyberwar_Frenzy-10"}],"text":"26 January 2004: The Mydoom virus is first identified around 8am EST (1300 UTC), just before the beginning of the workday in North America. The earliest messages originate from Russia. For a period of a few hours mid-day, the worm's rapid spread slows overall internet performance by approximately ten percent and average web page load times by approximately fifty percent. Computer security companies report that Mydoom is responsible for approximately one in ten e-mail messages at this time.Although Mydoom's denial of service attack was scheduled to begin on 1 February 2004, SCO Group's website goes offline briefly in the hours after the worm is first released. It is unclear whether Mydoom was responsible for this. SCO Group claimed it was the target of several distributed denial of service attacks in 2003 that were unrelated to computer viruses.27 January 2004: SCO Group offers a US$250,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of the worm's creator. In the US, the FBI and the Secret Service begin investigations into the worm.\n28 January 2004: A second version of the worm is discovered two days after the initial attack. The first messages sent by Mydoom.B are identified at around 1400 UTC and also appear to originate from Russia. The new version includes the original denial of service attack against SCO Group and an identical attack aimed at Microsoft.com beginning on 3 February 2004; however, both attacks are suspected to be either broken, or non-functional decoy code intended to conceal the backdoor function of Mydoom. Mydoom.B also blocks access to the websites of over 60 computer security companies, as well as pop-up advertisements provided by DoubleClick and other online marketing companies.The spread of Mydoom peaks; computer security companies report that Mydoom is responsible for roughly one in five e-mail messages at this time.29 January 2004: The spread of Mydoom begins to decline as bugs in Mydoom.B's code prevent it from spreading as rapidly as first anticipated. Microsoft offers US$250,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of the creator of Mydoom.B.\n1 February 2004: An estimated one million computers around the world infected with Mydoom begin the virus's massive distributed denial of service attack—the largest such attack to date. As 1 February arrives in East Asia and Australia, SCO removes www.sco.com from the DNS around 1700 UTC on 31 January. (There is as yet no independent confirmation of www.sco.com in fact suffering the planned DDOS.)\n3 February 2004: Mydoom.B's distributed denial of service attack on Microsoft begins, for which Microsoft prepares by offering a website which will not be affected by the worm, information.microsoft.com.[8] However, the impact of the attack remains minimal and www.microsoft.com remains functional. This is attributed to the comparatively low distribution of the Mydoom.B variant, the high load tolerance of Microsoft's web servers and precautions taken by the company. Some experts point out that the burden is less than that of Microsoft software updates and other such web-based services.\n9 February 2004: Doomjuice, a “parasitic” worm, begins spreading. This worm uses the backdoor left by Mydoom to spread. It does not attack non-infected computers. Its payload, akin to one of Mydoom.B's, is a denial-of-service attack against Microsoft.[9]\n12 February 2004: Mydoom.A is programmed to stop spreading. However, the backdoor remains open after this date.\n1 March 2004: Mydoom.B is programmed to stop spreading; as with Mydoom.A, the backdoor remains open.\n26 July 2004: A variant of Mydoom attacks Google, AltaVista and Lycos, completely stopping the function of the popular Google search engine for the larger portion of the workday, and creating noticeable slow-downs in the AltaVista and Lycos engines for hours.\n23 September 2004: Mydoom versions U, V, W and X appear, sparking worries that a new, more powerful Mydoom is being prepared.\n18 February 2005: Mydoom version AO appears.\nJuly 2009: Mydoom resurfaces in the July 2009 cyber attacks affecting South Korea and the United States.[10]","title":"Timeline"}] | [] | [{"title":"Timeline of computer viruses and worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_notable_computer_viruses_and_worms"}] | [{"reference":"\"Security firm: MyDoom worm fastest yet\". CNN.com. Time Warner. 2004-01-28. Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2007-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/internet/01/28/mydoom.spreadwed/","url_text":"\"Security firm: MyDoom worm fastest yet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071114133250/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/internet/01/28/mydoom.spreadwed/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tiernan Ray (2004-02-18). \"E-mail viruses blamed as spam rises sharply\". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2004-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2001859752_spamdoubles18.html","url_text":"\"E-mail viruses blamed as spam rises sharply\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times","url_text":"The Seattle Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826193746/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2001859752_spamdoubles18.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mydoom threat still high;Microsoft offers reward\". NBC News. 26 January 2004. Retrieved 2022-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4065701","url_text":"\"Mydoom threat still high;Microsoft offers reward\""}]},{"reference":"\"More Doom?\". Newsweek. Washington Post Company. 2004-02-03. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2007-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/id/52912","url_text":"\"More Doom?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post_Company","url_text":"Washington Post Company"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090302181536/http://www.newsweek.com/id/52912","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"[Review] MyDoom Virus: The Most Destructive & Fastest Email Worm - MiniTool\". www.minitool.com. Retrieved 2023-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minitool.com/backup-tips/mydoom-virus.html?amp","url_text":"\"[Review] MyDoom Virus: The Most Destructive & Fastest Email Worm - MiniTool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mydoom virus starts to fizzle out\". BBC News. BBC. 2004-02-04. Archived from the original on 2004-04-16. Retrieved 2004-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3459363.stm","url_text":"\"Mydoom virus starts to fizzle out\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040416132835/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3459363.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How to Thwart Renewed 'MyDoom' E-Mail Bug\". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2020-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/ZDM/story?id=97385","url_text":"\"How to Thwart Renewed 'MyDoom' E-Mail Bug\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200928232001/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/ZDM/story?id=97385","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Information: MyDoom (Wayback Archive from 4 Feb 2004)\". microsoft.com. 2004-02-04. Archived from the original on February 4, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040204005953/http://information.microsoft.com/security/antivirus/mydoom.asp","url_text":"\"Microsoft Information: MyDoom (Wayback Archive from 4 Feb 2004)\""}]},{"reference":"\"W32.HLLW.Doomjuice\". Symantec Corporation. 2007-02-13. Archived from the original on 2004-04-15. Retrieved 2004-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040415023504/http://www.symantec.com/avcenter/venc/data/w32.hllw.doomjuice.html","url_text":"\"W32.HLLW.Doomjuice\""},{"url":"http://www.symantec.com/avcenter/venc/data/w32.hllw.doomjuice.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lazy Hacker and Little Worm Set Off Cyberwar Frenzy\". Wired News. 2009-07-08. Archived from the original on 2009-07-10. Retrieved 2009-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/07/mydoom/","url_text":"\"Lazy Hacker and Little Worm Set Off Cyberwar Frenzy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_News","url_text":"Wired News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090710221733/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/07/mydoom/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Email-Worm.Win32.Mydoom.a\". Viruslist.com. Kaspersky Lab. Archived from the original on 2006-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061015223552/http://www.viruslist.com/en/viruses/encyclopedia?virusid=22686","url_text":"\"Email-Worm.Win32.Mydoom.a\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/search?q=memz+download&safe=active","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mydoom\". F-Secure Computer Virus Information Pages. F-Secure Corporation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/novarg.shtml","url_text":"\"Mydoom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Win32.Mydoom.A\". Security Advisor. Computer Associates International. Archived from the original on 2005-04-10. Retrieved 2005-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050410011944/http://www3.ca.com/securityadvisor/virusinfo/virus.aspx?ID=38102","url_text":"\"Win32.Mydoom.A\""},{"url":"http://www3.ca.com/securityadvisor/virusinfo/virus.aspx?id=38102","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Computer Virus That Caused $50 Billion Damage\". 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Shin Kamen Rider: Prologue, a 1992 film
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This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Shin Kamen Rider.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shin Kamen Rider: Prologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Kamen_Rider:_Prologue"},{"link_name":"Shin Kamen Rider (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Kamen_Rider_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider (Skyrider)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_(Skyrider)"},{"link_name":"Shin Kamen Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E3%83%BB%E4%BB%AE%E9%9D%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_(1971_TV_series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Shin_Kamen_Rider&namespace=0"}],"text":"Shin Kamen Rider: Prologue, a 1992 film\nShin Kamen Rider (film), a 2023 film\nKamen Rider (Skyrider), also referred to as Kamen Rider (Shin)\nShin Kamen Rider, a manga adaptation of Kamen Rider (1971)Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Shin Kamen Rider.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Shin Kamen Rider"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Shin_Kamen_Rider&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam%27s_Tomb | Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani | ["1 History","2 Misidentification as Christian","3 Desecration of the Mausoleum","4 Architecture and Ornamentation","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 27°12′55″N 77°56′34″E / 27.2153°N 77.9427°E / 27.2153; 77.9427Tomb of Mughal Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani
Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani BegumTomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, the favorite and chief consort of Emperor Akbar, in Sikandra, Agra.ReligionAffiliationIslamDistrictSikandraProvinceAgraEcclesiastical or organizational statusTombLeadershipJahangirYear consecrated1623LocationLocation Sikandra, IndiaTerritorySikandraGeographic coordinates27°12′55″N 77°56′34″E / 27.2153°N 77.9427°E / 27.2153; 77.9427ArchitectureTypeTombStyleMughal architectureCompletedBefore 1627SpecificationsDirection of façadeOpen on four sidesLength145 ftWidth145 ftHeight (max)39 ftDome(s)8MaterialsRed Sandstone Stucco
The Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani or Mariam's tomb is the mausoleum of Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai, the favorite wife of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. The tomb was built by her son Jahangir, in her memory between years 1623–1627 and is located in Sikandra, next to the Akbar's tomb, in the direction of Mathura. She stands as the only wife of Akbar buried closed to him.
History
Portrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum, drawn as per Akbar's description
Mariam-uz-Zamani was born a Rajput princess named Harkha Bai, the eldest daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amer. She was married to Emperor Akbar in 1562 CE and was honored with the title Mariam-uz-Zamani ('Mary/Compassionate of the Age') after she gave birth to her third son, Jahangir in the year 1569 CE. She died on 19 May 1623 in Agra and was buried close to her husband. There is no concrete evidence stating the reason for her death however it is believed to be because of sickness. Her son Jahangir commissioned a tomb for her between 1623 and 1627 CE. The tomb is just next to the Akbar's tomb, the only nearest of all the tombs of his other wives. She is known to be the first and last love of Emperor Akbar.
Alongside Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, her granddaughter Bahar Banu Begum is also buried in the same mausoleum insinuating that she might have been her favourite.
Misidentification as Christian
Mariam-uz-Zamani's identity has been throughout centuries falsely inferred as Christian primarily on the pretext of her title, 'Mariam' and the absence of her background details from official Mughal chronicles giving rise to speculation about her race and religion. It was presumed by various writers that since she was named Mariam, she must have been a Christian lady. However Islam reveres Mary or Mariam as their own, in fact, Mariam is the only woman named in their holy book Quran and as per Muslims, she was the greatest woman to ever lived. This signifies the honour bestowed upon the empress and her distinguished rank as Akbar's wife.
According to Edmund Smith, this story was started by some visitors who expressed the idea that the painting in Mariam's house at Fatehpur Sikri represented annunciation and therefore believed that Mariam must have been a Christian, however, the liberal historian of Akbar, Abul Fazl makes no mention of her being Christian or Akbar ever having a Christian wife. Additionally Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh, a chronicle written in the Mughal era, explicitly states Mariam-uz-Zamani as a daughter of Raja Bharmal, therefore putting end to the supposition of Mariam Zamani being a Christian. It was not only that the painting in Sonahra Makan may have led to speculation of her as Christian but the name Maryam (Mary) has also led weight to the theory of "Christian wife" however Maryam is a common name among Muslims and Maryam-uz-Zamani (Mary of Age) was conferred upon her on the birth of her son, prince Salim. For the verification of the assertion of her association with Christianity, Edmund Smith had her crypt opened to find out whether the tomb was that of a Christian lady, but he did not find any trace of the cross.
Desecration of the Mausoleum
This tomb has been damaged heavily by the addition of white plaster during British rule which shadowed the former beauty of the tomb. This mausoleum was used as a printing press for an orphanage centre by Britishers and suffered great damage. Before the mutiny when the High Court was at Agra, the Government Press was situated in her mausoleum and the Native Christian school and Orphanage occupied a portion of the garden. Since the transfer of the government press to Allahabad the whole mausoleum and garden passed into the hands of the native government who put up a large number of partitioned walls inside the mausoleum and established factories there significantly damaging the tomb. The tomb after India-Pakistan partition housed Sindhi refugees and was degraded further.
Architecture and Ornamentation
Mariam-uz-Zamani laid out a large garden near the tomb of her husband in Sikandra, which originally had an open baradari (pleasure pavilion) built during the reign of Sikander Lodi, in 1495 AD. After her death in May 1623, she was buried here near her husband's tomb and the baradari was converted into a fine mausoleum by her son, Jahangir who established a large tomb over her grave by making a crypt below the central compartment and remodelling it substantially with heavy additions of embellishments like frescoes and floral carvings.
Layout of Mausoleum
The mausoleum contains three tombstones: one in the underground mortuary chamber, which is the grave itself; the cenotaph above it; and another cenotaph on the terrace. The ground floor consists of some forty chambers, which bear faint traces of paintings on plastered walls. The center of the ground floor houses the cenotaph of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani.
Flight of stairs leading to the grave of Mariam-uz-Zamani Begam
This square tomb stands in the center of the Mughal garden. It is built on a raised platform with stairs on its northern and southern sides. The two corridors running from east to west and from north to south divide the structure into nine sections that are further subdivided into smaller compartments. The largest one is at the center, four smaller square ones at the corners, and four oblong ones in their midst. Massive piers have been used to support the broad arches and vaulted ceilings. The tomb is built of brick and mortar, and finished with stucco.
The baradari was remodelled by Mughals who converted it into the tomb and added chhatris and chhaparkhats. It has four massive octagonal chhatris on its four corners and four oblongs chhaparkhats in the center of the four sides. Each chhatri is made out of red sandstone with a white dome and stands on a square platform. The domes are crowned with an inverted lotus or padma kosha. Brackets have been used to support the internal lintels and external chhajja, five on each pillar, making a total of 40 brackets in one chhatri. Each chhaparkhat is rectangular and has eight pillars with a similar cluster of brackets and a white roof. These chhatris and chhaparkhats are the most important ornament of the whole composition. The rectangular chhaparkhats with eight pillars and a cluster of brackets resemble the corner cupolas. The tomb does not have a dome. The mausoleum is of architectural importance in the category of Mughal tombs without a dome.
Hindu style detailing on the facade of the tomb
The facades (exterior) of the building were reconstructed with red sandstone panels and a chhajja with the addition of duchhati (mezzanine floors) at the corners by the Mughals. On each facade, there is a rectangular structure which projects forward and has a pointy arch in it. It is flanked on either side by wings, which consist of three arches and a set of double arches, one over the other, thus accommodating a duchhatti at each corner of the building. The wings are protected by chhajjas. The duchhatti are accessible by stairways.
Another important aspect of the tomb is that it is identical both in the front and the rear. Unlike other Mughal era structures, the back entrance is not a dummy but an actual entrance.
The red sandstone facade and panels with a variety of decorative designs, such as floral patterns, tell a lot about the former splendor of this tomb. There are chevron patterns in the nook shafts, wine vases within sunk niches, and geometrical floral designs gracing the piers between the arches. The chhatris have beautifully carved columns with hexagonal bases. The stone brackets occupy the spaces just below the chajja, while beautifully carved friezes are above it. And white marble is inlaid underneath the dome. The friezes of the chhaparkhats were originally covered with glazed tiles and have a pyramidal roof. Traces of floral paintings can still be seen in the corners that tell about the former beauty of the tomb.
Gallery
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomb of Mariam uz-Zamani.
Tomb of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani build near the Tomb of Akbar
Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani in Sikandra, Agra
The khiyabans are paved in the beautiful gardens surrounding the Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani.
Detailing on the main complex insinuating the former beauty of tomb
Intricate decorative engravings on the main complex of the tomb
One of the facade's domes visible from the east side of the tomb complex
Cenotaph of Mariam-uz-Zamani
Circumferential gallery around the cenotaph
ASI board outside the tomb
Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani
The Tomb Complex of Mariam-uz-Zamani
See also
Tomb of Jahangir
Tomb of Akbar the Great, third Mughal Emperor.
Bibi Ka Maqbara, the tomb of Dilras Banu Begum, consort of Emperor Aurangzeb
References
^ Mehta, J.L. (1981). Advance Study in the history of Medieval India. Vol. III. Sterling Publisher Private Limited. ISBN 8120704320. Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Hindu custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise a profound impact on the socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar. Salim (later Jahangir), the heir to the throne, was born of this wedlock on 30th August 1569.
^ Hindu Shah, Muhammad Qasim. Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi. p. 223.
^ Hunter Shah, Wlliam W. (1881). Lodge, Henry Cabot (ed.). The History of Nations: India and Modern Persia. Vol. 5. P.F. Collier & son, New York. p. 115.
^ Lal, Ruby (2005). Domesticity and power in the early Mughal world. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 9780521850223.
^ a b c Smith, Vincent Arthur (1917). Akbar the Great Mogul. Oxford, Clarendon Press. p. 58. ISBN 0895634716. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
^ a b c Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne, The Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin Books India. p. 136. ISBN 0141001437.
^ Smith, Vincent Arthur (1917). Akbar the Great Mogul. Oxford, Clarendon Press. p. 102. ISBN 0895634716. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
^ Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne, The Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin Books India. p. 171. ISBN 0141001437.
^ a b c "Mariam's Tomb, Sikandara, Agra - Ticketed Monument - Archaeological Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
^ Havell EB (1912). A Handbook to Agra and the Taj Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood. Kerala State Library. Longmans, Green & Co, London. p. 102.
^ Metcalf, Barbara, Thomas (2006). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-521-86362-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Frances Pritchett. "16fatahpursikri". Columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
^ a b c d "Mariam Tomb Mariam Tomb Agra Mariam Tomb Agra India Fatehpur Sikri Agra India". Egoldentriangle.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
^ a b c d e "Mariam-Zamani Tomb - Mariam-Zamani Tomb Agra - Mariam-Zamani Tomb Agra India". Agraindia.org.uk. Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
^ a b c d "Tomb of Mariam Zamani". Agra Redco. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
^ The Fatehpur Sikri Chronicles
^ "Unknown fact about Queen Mother Mariam uz Zamani". India Today. 1 October 2016.
^ Ashirbadi Lal, Srivastava (1964). Medieval Indian Culture. Universal Publications. p. 184.
^ Ashirbadi Lal, Srivastava (1964). Medieval Indian Culture. Universal Publications. p. 204.
^ Vogel, Dr. J. Ph. (1910). Annual Report Archaeological Survey Of India 1910-II. Superintendent Government Printing, Calcutta, India. p. 94.
^ Smith, Edmund W. (1973). Mughal Architecture of Fatehpur Sikri. Vol. I. Delhi: Indological Book. p. 31.
^ a b Aziz, Al (12 August 1905). Selections from the Native Newspapers Published in the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh. p. 262. JSTOR saoa.crl.25922623.
^ "New twist to timeless riddle". The Hindu. 27 April 2017.
^ "Mariam Zamani's tomb: Jodha's rest - Economic Times". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 6 March 2008. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
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Saharanpur
Varanasi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Mariam-uz-Zamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani"},{"link_name":"Jodha Bai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani#The_misnomer_of_Jodha_Bai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William-3"},{"link_name":"Mughal Emperor Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lal_2005_170-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eraly-6"},{"link_name":"Jahangir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir"},{"link_name":"Sikandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandra,_Agra"},{"link_name":"Akbar's tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar%27s_tomb"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eraly1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asi-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Tomb of Mughal Empress Mariam-uz-ZamaniThe Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani or Mariam's tomb is the mausoleum of Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai, the favorite wife[2][3] of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.[4][5][6] The tomb was built by her son Jahangir, in her memory between years 1623–1627 and is located in Sikandra, next to the Akbar's tomb,[7][8][9] in the direction of Mathura. She stands as the only wife of Akbar buried closed to him.[10]","title":"Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"Mariam-uz-Zamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani"},{"link_name":"Rajput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja"},{"link_name":"Bharmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharmal"},{"link_name":"Amer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amer,_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eraly-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metcalf-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eraly-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-columbia.edu-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-golden-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomb.uk-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real.agra-15"},{"link_name":"Akbar's tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar%27s_tomb"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chronicles-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiatoday-17"},{"link_name":"Bahar Banu Begum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahar_Banu_Begum"}],"text":"Portrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum, drawn as per Akbar's descriptionMariam-uz-Zamani was born a Rajput princess named Harkha Bai, the eldest daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amer.[5][6][11] She was married to Emperor Akbar in 1562 CE and[5][6] was honored with the title Mariam-uz-Zamani ('Mary/Compassionate of the Age') after she gave birth to her third son, Jahangir in the year 1569 CE.[12] She died on 19 May 1623 in Agra and was buried close to her husband. There is no concrete evidence stating the reason for her death however it is believed to be because of sickness. Her son Jahangir commissioned a tomb for her between 1623 and 1627 CE.[13][14][15] The tomb is just next to the Akbar's tomb, the only nearest of all the tombs of his other wives.[16] She is known to be the first and last love of Emperor Akbar.[17]Alongside Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, her granddaughter Bahar Banu Begum is also buried in the same mausoleum insinuating that she might have been her favourite.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Mary or Mariam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Abul Fazl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak"},{"link_name":"Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh"},{"link_name":"Raja Bharmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Bharmal"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Mariam-uz-Zamani's identity has been throughout centuries falsely inferred as Christian primarily on the pretext of her title, 'Mariam' and the absence of her background details from official Mughal chronicles giving rise to speculation about her race and religion.[18] It was presumed by various writers that since she was named Mariam, she must have been a Christian lady. However Islam reveres Mary or Mariam as their own, in fact, Mariam is the only woman named in their holy book Quran and as per Muslims, she was the greatest woman to ever lived. This signifies the honour bestowed upon the empress and her distinguished rank as Akbar's wife.According to Edmund Smith, this story was started by some visitors who expressed the idea that the painting in Mariam's house at Fatehpur Sikri represented annunciation and therefore believed that Mariam must have been a Christian, however, the liberal historian of Akbar, Abul Fazl makes no mention of her being Christian or Akbar ever having a Christian wife. Additionally Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh, a chronicle written in the Mughal era, explicitly states Mariam-uz-Zamani as a daughter of Raja Bharmal, therefore putting end to the supposition of Mariam Zamani being a Christian. It was not only that the painting in Sonahra Makan may have led to speculation of her as Christian but the name Maryam (Mary) has also led weight to the theory of \"Christian wife\" however Maryam is a common name among Muslims and Maryam-uz-Zamani (Mary of Age) was conferred upon her on the birth of her son, prince Salim. For the verification of the assertion of her association with Christianity, Edmund Smith had her crypt opened to find out whether the tomb was that of a Christian lady, but he did not find any trace of the cross.[19][20][21]","title":"Misidentification as Christian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asi-9"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaziz-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"This tomb has been damaged heavily by the addition of white plaster during British rule which shadowed the former beauty of the tomb.[9] This mausoleum was used as a printing press for an orphanage centre by Britishers and suffered great damage. Before the mutiny when the High Court was at Agra, the Government Press was situated in her mausoleum and the Native Christian school and Orphanage occupied a portion of the garden. Since the transfer of the government press to Allahabad the whole mausoleum and garden passed into the hands of the native government who put up a large number of partitioned walls inside the mausoleum and established factories there significantly damaging the tomb.[22] The tomb after India-Pakistan partition housed Sindhi refugees and was degraded further.[23]","title":"Desecration of the Mausoleum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaziz-22"},{"link_name":"baradari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baradari_(building)"},{"link_name":"Sikander Lodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikander_Lodi"},{"link_name":"crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_of_Mariam-uz-Zamani_Tomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"cenotaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real.agra-15"},{"link_name":"cenotaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asi-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MariamZamaniTomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mariam-uz-Zamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani"},{"link_name":"Mughal garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_garden"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomb.uk-14"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)"},{"link_name":"stucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-golden-13"},{"link_name":"chhatris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatri"},{"link_name":"octagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon"},{"link_name":"red sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"lintels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintel_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"ornament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_(art)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-golden-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real.agra-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomb.uk-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MuzTombDetailing.jpg"},{"link_name":"facades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"chhajja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"mezzanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzanine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real.agra-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-golden-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomb.uk-14"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jodha's_rest-24"},{"link_name":"chevron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)"},{"link_name":"friezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomb.uk-14"}],"text":"Mariam-uz-Zamani laid out a large garden near the tomb of her husband[22] in Sikandra, which originally had an open baradari (pleasure pavilion) built during the reign of Sikander Lodi, in 1495 AD. After her death in May 1623, she was buried here near her husband's tomb and the baradari was converted into a fine mausoleum by her son, Jahangir who established a large tomb over her grave by making a crypt below the central compartment and remodelling it substantially with heavy additions of embellishments like frescoes and floral carvings.Layout of MausoleumThe mausoleum contains three tombstones: one in the underground mortuary chamber, which is the grave itself; the cenotaph above it; and another cenotaph on the terrace.[15] The ground floor consists of some forty chambers, which bear faint traces of paintings on plastered walls. The center of the ground floor houses the cenotaph of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani.[9]Flight of stairs leading to the grave of Mariam-uz-Zamani BegamThis square tomb stands in the center of the Mughal garden. It is built on a raised platform with stairs on its northern and southern sides. The two corridors running from east to west and from north to south divide the structure into nine sections that are further subdivided into smaller compartments.[14] The largest one is at the center, four smaller square ones at the corners, and four oblong ones in their midst. Massive piers have been used to support the broad arches and vaulted ceilings. The tomb is built of brick and mortar, and finished with stucco.[13]The baradari was remodelled by Mughals who converted it into the tomb and added chhatris and chhaparkhats. It has four massive octagonal chhatris on its four corners and four oblongs chhaparkhats in the center of the four sides. Each chhatri is made out of red sandstone with a white dome and stands on a square platform. The domes are crowned with an inverted lotus or padma kosha. Brackets have been used to support the internal lintels and external chhajja, five on each pillar, making a total of 40 brackets in one chhatri. Each chhaparkhat is rectangular and has eight pillars with a similar cluster of brackets and a white roof. These chhatris and chhaparkhats are the most important ornament of the whole composition. The rectangular chhaparkhats with eight pillars and a cluster of brackets resemble the corner cupolas. The tomb does not have a dome. The mausoleum is of architectural importance in the category of Mughal tombs without a dome.[13][15][14]Hindu style detailing on the facade of the tombThe facades (exterior) of the building were reconstructed with red sandstone panels and a chhajja with the addition of duchhati (mezzanine floors) at the corners by the Mughals. On each facade, there is a rectangular structure which projects forward and has a pointy arch in it. It is flanked on either side by wings, which consist of three arches and a set of double arches, one over the other, thus accommodating a duchhatti at each corner of the building. The wings are protected by chhajjas.[15][13] The duchhatti are accessible by stairways.[14]Another important aspect of the tomb is that it is identical both in the front and the rear. Unlike other Mughal era structures, the back entrance is not a dummy but an actual entrance.[24]The red sandstone facade and panels with a variety of decorative designs, such as floral patterns, tell a lot about the former splendor of this tomb. There are chevron patterns in the nook shafts, wine vases within sunk niches, and geometrical floral designs gracing the piers between the arches. The chhatris have beautifully carved columns with hexagonal bases. The stone brackets occupy the spaces just below the chajja, while beautifully carved friezes are above it. And white marble is inlaid underneath the dome. The friezes of the chhaparkhats were originally covered with glazed tiles and have a pyramidal roof. Traces of floral paintings can still be seen in the corners that tell about the former beauty of the tomb.[14]","title":"Architecture and Ornamentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomb of Mariam uz-Zamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tomb_of_Mariam_uz-Zamani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Empress_Mariam-uz-Zamani.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Mariam-uz-Zamani.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_khiyabans_around_the_tomb_of_Mariam_uz_Zamani.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detailing_on_the_structure_comprising_Tomb_of_Mariam-uz-Zamani.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intricate_decorative_engraving_on_the_main_complex_of_the_Tomb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:One_of_the_facade%27s_dome_visible_from_east_side_of_the_tomb_complex.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Mariam-uz-Zamani_built_underground_with_flight_of_steps_leading_to_it.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_tomb_comprises_of_several_geometrical_and_floral_carved_pillars.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASI_board_outside_the_tomb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_Mariam-uz-Zamani.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_tomb_complex.jpg"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomb of Mariam uz-Zamani.Tomb of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani build near the Tomb of Akbar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani in Sikandra, Agra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe khiyabans are paved in the beautiful gardens surrounding the Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetailing on the main complex insinuating the former beauty of tomb\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIntricate decorative engravings on the main complex of the tomb\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the facade's domes visible from the east side of the tomb complex\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCenotaph of Mariam-uz-Zamani\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCircumferential gallery around the cenotaph\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tASI board outside the tomb\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Tomb Complex of Mariam-uz-Zamani","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum, drawn as per Akbar's description","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg/220px-AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg"},{"image_text":"Layout of Mausoleum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Plan_of_Mariam-uz-Zamani_Tomb.jpg/220px-Plan_of_Mariam-uz-Zamani_Tomb.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flight of stairs leading to the grave of Mariam-uz-Zamani Begam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MariamZamaniTomb.jpg/220px-MariamZamaniTomb.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hindu style detailing on the facade of the tomb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MuzTombDetailing.jpg/220px-MuzTombDetailing.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Tomb of Jahangir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir"},{"title":"Tomb of Akbar the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great"},{"title":"Bibi Ka Maqbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara"},{"title":"Dilras Banu Begum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilras_Banu_Begum"}] | [{"reference":"Mehta, J.L. (1981). Advance Study in the history of Medieval India. Vol. III. Sterling Publisher Private Limited. ISBN 8120704320. Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Hindu custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise a profound impact on the socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar. Salim (later Jahangir), the heir to the throne, was born of this wedlock on 30th August 1569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120704320","url_text":"8120704320"}]},{"reference":"Hindu Shah, Muhammad Qasim. Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi. p. 223.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hunter Shah, Wlliam W. (1881). Lodge, Henry Cabot (ed.). The History of Nations: India and Modern Persia. Vol. 5. P.F. Collier & son, New York. p. 115.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lal, Ruby (2005). Domesticity and power in the early Mughal world. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 9780521850223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521850223","url_text":"9780521850223"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Vincent Arthur (1917). Akbar the Great Mogul. Oxford, Clarendon Press. p. 58. ISBN 0895634716. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503","url_text":"Akbar the Great Mogul"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503/page/n83","url_text":"58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0895634716","url_text":"0895634716"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170806184520/https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne, The Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin Books India. p. 136. ISBN 0141001437.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141001437","url_text":"0141001437"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Vincent Arthur (1917). Akbar the Great Mogul. Oxford, Clarendon Press. p. 102. ISBN 0895634716. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503","url_text":"Akbar the Great Mogul"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503/page/n129","url_text":"102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0895634716","url_text":"0895634716"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170806184520/https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne, The Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin Books India. p. 171. ISBN 0141001437.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141001437","url_text":"0141001437"}]},{"reference":"\"Mariam's Tomb, Sikandara, Agra - Ticketed Monument - Archaeological Survey of India\". Asi.nic.in. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130916235001/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_up_mariamtomb.asp","url_text":"\"Mariam's Tomb, Sikandara, Agra - Ticketed Monument - Archaeological Survey of India\""},{"url":"http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_up_mariamtomb.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Havell EB (1912). A Handbook to Agra and the Taj Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood. Kerala State Library. Longmans, Green & Co, London. p. 102.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9313","url_text":"A Handbook to Agra and the Taj Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Barbara, Thomas (2006). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. 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Retrieved 8 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.egoldentriangle.com/agra-mariam-tomb.php","url_text":"\"Mariam Tomb Mariam Tomb Agra Mariam Tomb Agra India Fatehpur Sikri Agra India\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131215054606/http://www.egoldentriangle.com/agra-mariam-tomb.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mariam-Zamani Tomb - Mariam-Zamani Tomb Agra - Mariam-Zamani Tomb Agra India\". Agraindia.org.uk. Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.agraindia.org.uk/tomb-of-mariam-zamani/index.html","url_text":"\"Mariam-Zamani Tomb - Mariam-Zamani Tomb Agra - Mariam-Zamani Tomb Agra India\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080523141842/http://www.agraindia.org.uk/tomb-of-mariam-zamani/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tomb of Mariam Zamani\". Agra Redco. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Franklin_(American_football_coach) | Tony Franklin (American football coach) | ["1 Coaching career","1.1 Kentucky","1.2 Troy","1.3 Auburn","1.4 Middle Tennessee","1.5 Louisiana Tech","1.6 California","1.7 Middle Tennessee State","1.8 Army Sprint Football","2 Instruction","3 References","4 External links"] | American football player and coach (born 1957)
Tony FranklinBiographical detailsBorn (1957-08-29) August 29, 1957 (age 66)Princeton, Kentucky, U.S.Playing career1976–1977Murray State
Position(s)Running backCoaching career (HC unless noted)1988–1991Calloway County HS (KY)1993–1995Mayfield HS (KY) (assistant)1996Mercer County HS (KY)1997–1998Kentucky (RB)1999–2000Kentucky (OC/WR)2003Lexington Horsemen2006–2007Troy (OC/QB)2008Auburn (OC/QB)2009Middle Tennessee (OC/QB)2010–2012Louisiana Tech (OC/QB)2013–2014California (OC/QB)2015California (OC/QB/RB)2016–2020Middle Tennessee (OC/QB)2022–2023Army Sprint (OC/QB)
Tony Franklin (born August 29, 1957) is an American football coach, most recently serving as the offensive coordinator for the Army Black Knights sprint football team. Previously, he held the same position with the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders of Conference USA after making a move from the same position with the California Golden Bears. He announced his retirement from MTSU soon after the new year in 2021, following the completion of a challenging 2020 season.
Franklin was previously the quarterbacks coach and offensive coordinator of the Auburn University football team, before being fired from that position on October 8, 2008.
While he was a coach at Kentucky, quarterbacks Dusty Bonner and Jared Lorenzen each led the SEC in passing.
While a running back in college at Murray State in 1977, Franklin was a teammate of fellow future coach Bud Foster, who later came to prominence as the Virginia Tech defensive coordinator.
Coaching career
Franklin began his career as a high school coach in 1979, including a stint at Calloway County High School where he coached Mr. Football in Kentucky, Pookie Jones, who went to play at Kentucky. Franklin continued coaching in the high school ranks at other schools, including perennial state championship contender Mayfield High School, winning two state titles. He was the head football coach for one year at Mercer County Senior High School before he was hired by Hal Mumme in 1997 to coach running backs at Kentucky.
Kentucky
After Mike Leach was hired away by Oklahoma, Franklin was named offensive coordinator for the 2000 season and led the Wildcats to the nation's 2nd best passing offense, as well as the nation's 11th best team in total offense (445 yards per game). He helped lead the Wildcats to their first back-to-back bowl appearances in 15 years and their first New Year's bowl game appearance in 50 seasons. During his tenure at Kentucky, Franklin was named one of the top 10 recruiters in the South.
In 2003, Franklin was chosen as general manager and head coach of the expansion franchise Lexington Horsemen of the National Indoor Football League, successfully leading the team to the playoffs in their inaugural season. The team led the Atlantic Division in scoring, averaging 53.1 points per game.
Troy
In 2006, Franklin was hired by Larry Blakeney to serve as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at Troy University. In his first season at Troy, Franklin turned the teams stuttering offense around from the last placed offensive unit in the Sun Belt Conference prior to his arrival, to leading the league in passing and ranking second in overall offense. This remarkable turnaround helped the Trojans earn their first Sun Belt Conference title as well as the school's first bowl win, with a victory in the New Orleans Bowl. Prior to Franklin's arrival, Troy hadn't ranked better than 109th nationally in total offense in the previous four seasons. In 2007, the Trojans ranked 16th nationally in total offense (453 yards per game) and 25th nationally in scoring offense (34 points per game), helping the team win back to back Sun Belt Conference titles.
Auburn
After spending two seasons with the Trojans, Franklin was hired on December 12, 2007, by Tommy Tuberville to serve as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at Auburn University. Franklin implemented his new spread offense with only 8 days of practice, prior to the 2007 Chick-fil-A Bowl. The new system proved quite effective as Auburn bested their season average in all offensive categories, posting 423 yards of offense (233 passing / 190 rushing), had 24 first downs and ran an 11-year high 93 offensive plays, all despite playing against the #6 defense in the nation.
The Tigers' offense was much less impressive at the start of the 2008 season. Auburn started the season with a somewhat disappointing 4–2 record, losing to LSU and Vanderbilt and having close calls against two struggling teams in Mississippi State and Tennessee. After the first six games, Auburn ranked 104th in total offense out of all FBS teams.
On Wednesday, October 8, 2008, Auburn head coach Tuberville fired Franklin, citing a lack of offensive production from Franklin's spread offense, and noting Auburn's diminishing rank in most of the offensive categories in the FBS.
Middle Tennessee
On February 5, 2009, Franklin was hired to fill the vacant position of offensive coordinator at Middle Tennessee State University. He replaced G.A. Mangus, who left MTSU to become the quarterbacks coach at South Carolina under his college coach Steve Spurrier.
Under Franklin's tutelage, the Blue Raiders offense improved from 7th in the conference in scoring before his arrival (and 84th in the nation) to 2nd in the conference his first season (and 23rd in the nation). Despite a losing record the year prior, MTSU finished the regular season with a 9–3 record including a win over the Maryland from the Atlantic Coast Conference (the lone conference loss came at Troy). The press characterized the year as redemption for Franklin after the difficulties at Auburn the prior year. Franklin's offense helped the Blue Raiders finish with 10 wins (after beating Southern Mississippi 42–32 in the New Orleans Bowl), the program's best record since it entered the Bowl Subdivision (Division I-A) in 1999, with the offense averaging over 420 yards per game. Franklin's 2009 unit set MTSU records in total yards, passing yards, and total points. Quarterback Dwight Dasher finished the season ranked 7th in the nation in total offense, threw for a school record 23 TD passes, and was named the SBC Player of the Week three times.
Louisiana Tech
On February 17, 2010, Louisiana Tech head coach Sonny Dykes announced the hiring of Franklin as offensive coordinator. The two had previously worked together on Hal Mumme's staff at Kentucky. In their first season, LA Tech's record improved to 5–7 overall and 4–4 in the WAC, with the offense improving in several areas of the NCAA statistical ranks including passing offense (91st in 2009 to 62nd in 2010) and total offense (66th to 52nd) while the team's average offensive national rank improved from 65th in 2009 to 54th in 2010.
The 2011 team saw significant improvement, winning the program's first WAC football title since 2001. The Bulldogs finished the regular season 8–4 and were invited to play in the Poinsettia Bowl versus 15th ranked TCU. The regular season losses included a defeat in overtime at Mississippi State, 2-point loss at rival Southern Miss (finished season ranked #19 in Coaches Poll) and 1-point loss to Houston (finished season ranked #14 in Coaches Poll). Franklin's offense again made improvements, ranking 42nd nationally in scoring and 45th in passing.
The 2012 Bulldogs again saw remarkable offensive improvement. The team finished the regular season with the nation's top scoring offense (51.5 points per game) and led the conference in every offensive category including points, total yards, rushing yards and passing yards. The offense included a well-balanced attack with runningback Kenneth Dixon leading the country in scoring, quarterback Colby Cameron finishing 4th nationally in total offense, receiver Quinton Patton finishing 4th nationally in receiving yards per game.
Despite having one of the most successful seasons in school history, it was reported on December 2 that the Bulldogs would not play in a bowl game. They were initially invited to the Independence Bowl but the school administration asked for more time to decide to see if other options opened up. No other bowl invited them and the Independence Bowl selected Ohio instead.
California
On December 5, 2012, it was announced that head coach Sonny Dykes would be leaving Louisiana Tech to take the position as the head football coach at the University of California, Berkeley. The first assistant to be hired by Dykes at Cal was Tony Franklin as offensive coordinator.
The 2013 Cal football team finished 1–11. Their only win came against Portland State (an FCS team), by a margin of only 7 points. Cal's 2013 season amounted to the single worst record in the history of a program that first started playing football in 1886. The team failed to score 18 or more points in one third of its games.
The 2014 season was a year for redemption for the Tony Franklin system at Cal. Franklin's offense drastically improved productivity, especially in the passing game. Cal ranked 10th nationally in passing yards, and 31st national in overall offense. The Bears showed marked improvement, going 5–7 and just missing bowl eligibility.
In 2015, Cal finished 8–5, including a 55–36 victory over Air Force in the Armed Forces Bowl. That year was the junior year for quarterback Jared Goff, whom he coached to conference records in passing yards record (4,714) and touchdown passes (43) in one season.
Middle Tennessee State
Date Hired: January 22, 2016
In 2016 he tutored two first team all-conference picks (WR Richie James and RB I’Tavius Mathers) and a freshman All-American (Ty Lee)
2016 offense produced a 1,000-yard rusher and a 1,000-yard receiver for the first time in school history
2016 offense set single-season records in total offense, total yards/game, total yards/play, points scored, passing yards, pass attempts, pass completions, touchdown passes, total touchdowns, first downs and all-purpose yards
Coordinated an offense that ranked second in C-USA and No. 8 in the country in total offense, averaging a school record 517.7 yards per game in 2016
In 2018, QB Brent Stockstill was named C-USA MVP
Under his tutelage, Brent Stockstill became the school's all-time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, and completions while WR Richie James ended his career as the all-time leader in receptions, receiving yards and touchdown catches
In 2019, Ty Lee became the school's all-time leading receiver and Asher O’Hara was just the second QB to rush for over 1,000 yards
Date Resigned: January 1, 2021
Army Sprint Football
In the 2022 season Franklin led the Black Nights to a league leading 42.5 Points Per Game and 453.8 Yards Per Game.
Instruction
Tony Franklin is well known for owning and operating The Tony Franklin System Seminar. His copyrighted offensive system has been implemented by over 351 high school and college programs in 44 states across the nation, grossing over $170,000 annually from his consulting services. Several college coaches including Sonny Dykes at Arizona, Chris Hatcher at Murray State and Ed Argast at Fordham consult with Franklin about their offenses. Pro Football Hall of Famer John Hannah says of the system "If both teams have players who are equal in talent, this offense is impossible to stop".
After taking the offensive coordinator job at Auburn, Franklin was forced to sell the ownership of his football consulting business to partners because of a SEC rule prohibiting coaches from participating in a clinic not on the institution's premises. The system became known as The System Seminars . Since his departure from Auburn, he has again taken control of the business and gone back to the title "The Tony Franklin System".
Besides his offensive consulting work, Franklin has written a pair of football related books. In 2001, Franklin authored a nationally acclaimed book titled Fourth Down and Life To Go (ISBN 9780971428003), which chronicled his experiences with coaching football in Kentucky. The book detailed the inner workings of the Kentucky football program and effectively blacklisted him from coaching from 2001 to 2005 until he was hired at Troy. He authored a second book in 2005 titled Victor's Victory (ISBN 9780971428010), which dealt with the sudden death of 15-year-old Hoover High School football player Victor Dionte Hill, who died from a cardiac arrest during one of Franklin's consulting sessions. The book urges schools and youth organizations to make automated external defibrillators universally available.
References
^ "Middle Tennessee hires Franklin as offensive coordinator". USA TODAY. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
^ Brice, John (January 2, 2021). "Veteran OC retiring from "violent game"". footballscoop.com. Football Scoop. Football Scoop. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
^ "Franklin fired as Auburn offensive coordinator". Opelika-Auburn News. October 8, 2008. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
^ "IA National Team Report – 2000 Passing Offense". NCAA. 2001. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
^ "IA National Team Report – 2000 Total Offense". NCAA. 2001. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
^ "Troy brings new offensive scheme to NU". The Grand Island Independent. 2006. Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2008.
^ "FBS National Team Report – 2007 Total Offense". NCAA. 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
^ "FBS National Team Report – 2007 Scoring Offense". NCAA. 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
^ "Auburn names Tony Franklin offensive coordinator". NBC Sports. 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2007.
^ "Auburn offers glimpse of future in bowl win". Sporting News. 2008. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
^ "Auburn Football Ranking Summary – Week 6". NCAA. 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
^ "With Tigers 104th in offense, Franklin fired". ESPN. 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
^ "Middle Tennessee hires Tony Franklin as OC". Sporting News. February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
^ "FBS National Team Report – 2008 Scoring Offense". NCAA. 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
^ "FBS National Team Report – 2009 Scoring Offense". NCAA. 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
^ a b "Redemption for Tony Franklin at Middle Tennessee as Blue Raiders complete 10-win season". The Auburn Beat. 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
^ "Louisiana Tech Hires Tony Franklin as Offensive Coordinator". Louisiana Tech. February 17, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Bowl Subdivision (FBS) National Team Report – Scoring Offense". NCAA. 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
^ "Bowl Subdivision (FBS) National Team Report – Passing Offense". NCAA. 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
^ a b "2012 Louisiana Tech Football Ranking Summary (Week 15)". NCAA. 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
^ "9–3 Louisiana Tech won't play in bowl". ESPN.com. December 2, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ "Cal hires Sonny Dykes as new head football coach". Rivals.com. December 5, 2012. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
^ "Tony Franklin follows Sonny Dykes from LaTech to Cal". NBC Sports. December 11, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
^ "2021 College Football Team Total Offense Stats".
^ https://goarmywestpoint.com/sports/sprint-football/stats/2022
^ "Auburn hopes to score points with recruits". The Birmingham News. 2007. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
^ a b "AU offensive coordinator Tony Franklin steps away from namesake system". The Birmingham News. 2008. Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
^ a b Collins, Don (September 26, 2005). "Former college coach becoming prep offense guru". USA Today. Retrieved December 14, 2007.
^ "College coordinators partying like jock stars – NCAA Football – CBSSports.com". Archived from the original on May 18, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2008.
External links
Middle Tennessee profile
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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Previously, he held the same position with the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders of Conference USA after making a move from the same position with the California Golden Bears.[1] He announced his retirement from MTSU soon after the new year in 2021, following the completion of a challenging 2020 season.[2]Franklin was previously the quarterbacks coach and offensive coordinator of the Auburn University football team, before being fired from that position on October 8, 2008.[3]While he was a coach at Kentucky, quarterbacks Dusty Bonner and Jared Lorenzen each led the SEC in passing.While a running back in college at Murray State in 1977, Franklin was a teammate of fellow future coach Bud Foster, who later came to prominence as the Virginia Tech defensive coordinator.","title":"Tony Franklin (American football coach)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calloway County High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calloway_County_High_School"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"Mayfield High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield_High_School_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Mercer County Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_County_Senior_High_School_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Hal Mumme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Mumme"}],"text":"Franklin began his career as a high school coach in 1979, including a stint at Calloway County High School where he coached Mr. Football in Kentucky, Pookie Jones, who went to play at Kentucky. Franklin continued coaching in the high school ranks at other schools, including perennial state championship contender Mayfield High School, winning two state titles. He was the head football coach for one year at Mercer County Senior High School before he was hired by Hal Mumme in 1997 to coach running backs at Kentucky.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Leach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Leach_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_football"},{"link_name":"Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lexington Horsemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Horsemen"},{"link_name":"National Indoor Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Indoor_Football_League"}],"sub_title":"Kentucky","text":"After Mike Leach was hired away by Oklahoma, Franklin was named offensive coordinator for the 2000 season and led the Wildcats to the nation's 2nd best passing offense,[4] as well as the nation's 11th best team in total offense (445 yards per game).[5] He helped lead the Wildcats to their first back-to-back bowl appearances in 15 years and their first New Year's bowl game appearance in 50 seasons. During his tenure at Kentucky, Franklin was named one of the top 10 recruiters in the South.In 2003, Franklin was chosen as general manager and head coach of the expansion franchise Lexington Horsemen of the National Indoor Football League, successfully leading the team to the playoffs in their inaugural season. The team led the Atlantic Division in scoring, averaging 53.1 points per game.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Blakeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Blakeney"},{"link_name":"Troy University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_University"},{"link_name":"Sun Belt Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference"},{"link_name":"Trojans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Trojans"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Troy","text":"In 2006, Franklin was hired by Larry Blakeney to serve as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at Troy University. In his first season at Troy, Franklin turned the teams stuttering offense around from the last placed offensive unit in the Sun Belt Conference prior to his arrival, to leading the league in passing and ranking second in overall offense. This remarkable turnaround helped the Trojans earn their first Sun Belt Conference title as well as the school's first bowl win, with a victory in the New Orleans Bowl. Prior to Franklin's arrival, Troy hadn't ranked better than 109th nationally in total offense in the previous four seasons.[6] In 2007, the Trojans ranked 16th nationally in total offense (453 yards per game)[7] and 25th nationally in scoring offense (34 points per game),[8] helping the team win back to back Sun Belt Conference titles.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tommy Tuberville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Tuberville"},{"link_name":"Auburn University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AU_OC-9"},{"link_name":"2007 Chick-fil-A Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Chick-fil-A_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2008 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Auburn_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Auburn","text":"After spending two seasons with the Trojans, Franklin was hired on December 12, 2007, by Tommy Tuberville to serve as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at Auburn University.[9] Franklin implemented his new spread offense with only 8 days of practice, prior to the 2007 Chick-fil-A Bowl. The new system proved quite effective as Auburn bested their season average in all offensive categories, posting 423 yards of offense (233 passing / 190 rushing), had 24 first downs and ran an 11-year high 93 offensive plays, all despite playing against the #6 defense in the nation.[10]The Tigers' offense was much less impressive at the start of the 2008 season. Auburn started the season with a somewhat disappointing 4–2 record, losing to LSU and Vanderbilt and having close calls against two struggling teams in Mississippi State and Tennessee. After the first six games, Auburn ranked 104th in total offense out of all FBS teams.[11]On Wednesday, October 8, 2008, Auburn head coach Tuberville fired Franklin, citing a lack of offensive production from Franklin's spread offense, and noting Auburn's diminishing rank in most of the offensive categories in the FBS.[12]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Tennessee State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtsu-13"},{"link_name":"G.A. Mangus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.A._Mangus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"quarterbacks coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterbacks_coach"},{"link_name":"Steve Spurrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Spurrier"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redemption-16"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_New_Orleans_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redemption-16"}],"sub_title":"Middle Tennessee","text":"On February 5, 2009, Franklin was hired to fill the vacant position of offensive coordinator at Middle Tennessee State University.[13] He replaced G.A. Mangus, who left MTSU to become the quarterbacks coach at South Carolina under his college coach Steve Spurrier.Under Franklin's tutelage, the Blue Raiders offense improved from 7th in the conference in scoring before his arrival (and 84th in the nation)[14] to 2nd in the conference his first season (and 23rd in the nation).[15] Despite a losing record the year prior, MTSU finished the regular season with a 9–3 record including a win over the Maryland from the Atlantic Coast Conference (the lone conference loss came at Troy). The press characterized the year as redemption for Franklin after the difficulties at Auburn the prior year.[16] Franklin's offense helped the Blue Raiders finish with 10 wins (after beating Southern Mississippi 42–32 in the New Orleans Bowl), the program's best record since it entered the Bowl Subdivision (Division I-A) in 1999, with the offense averaging over 420 yards per game.[16] Franklin's 2009 unit set MTSU records in total yards, passing yards, and total points. Quarterback Dwight Dasher finished the season ranked 7th in the nation in total offense, threw for a school record 23 TD passes, and was named the SBC Player of the Week three times.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"Sonny Dykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Dykes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latech-17"},{"link_name":"2011 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Louisiana_Tech_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"WAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Poinsettia Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Poinsettia_Bowl"},{"link_name":"rival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivalry_in_Dixie"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2012 Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Louisiana_Tech_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12ranksummary-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12ranksummary-20"},{"link_name":"Independence Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Independence_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Ohio_Bobcats_football_team"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Louisiana Tech","text":"On February 17, 2010, Louisiana Tech head coach Sonny Dykes announced the hiring of Franklin as offensive coordinator.[17] The two had previously worked together on Hal Mumme's staff at Kentucky. In their first season, LA Tech's record improved to 5–7 overall and 4–4 in the WAC, with the offense improving in several areas of the NCAA statistical ranks including passing offense (91st in 2009 to 62nd in 2010) and total offense (66th to 52nd) while the team's average offensive national rank improved from 65th in 2009 to 54th in 2010.The 2011 team saw significant improvement, winning the program's first WAC football title since 2001. The Bulldogs finished the regular season 8–4 and were invited to play in the Poinsettia Bowl versus 15th ranked TCU. The regular season losses included a defeat in overtime at Mississippi State, 2-point loss at rival Southern Miss (finished season ranked #19 in Coaches Poll) and 1-point loss to Houston (finished season ranked #14 in Coaches Poll). Franklin's offense again made improvements, ranking 42nd nationally in scoring[18] and 45th in passing.[19]The 2012 Bulldogs again saw remarkable offensive improvement. The team finished the regular season with the nation's top scoring offense (51.5 points per game) and led the conference in every offensive category including points, total yards, rushing yards and passing yards.[20] The offense included a well-balanced attack with runningback Kenneth Dixon leading the country in scoring, quarterback Colby Cameron finishing 4th nationally in total offense, receiver Quinton Patton finishing 4th nationally in receiving yards per game.[20]Despite having one of the most successful seasons in school history, it was reported on December 2 that the Bulldogs would not play in a bowl game. They were initially invited to the Independence Bowl but the school administration asked for more time to decide to see if other options opened up. No other bowl invited them and the Independence Bowl selected Ohio instead.[21]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_football"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Jared Goff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Goff"}],"sub_title":"California","text":"On December 5, 2012, it was announced that head coach Sonny Dykes would be leaving Louisiana Tech to take the position as the head football coach at the University of California, Berkeley.[22] The first assistant to be hired by Dykes at Cal was Tony Franklin as offensive coordinator.[23]The 2013 Cal football team finished 1–11. Their only win came against Portland State (an FCS team), by a margin of only 7 points. Cal's 2013 season amounted to the single worst record in the history of a program that first started playing football in 1886. The team failed to score 18 or more points in one third of its games.The 2014 season was a year for redemption for the Tony Franklin system at Cal. Franklin's offense drastically improved productivity, especially in the passing game. Cal ranked 10th nationally in passing yards, and 31st national in overall offense. The Bears showed marked improvement, going 5–7 and just missing bowl eligibility.[24]In 2015, Cal finished 8–5, including a 55–36 victory over Air Force in the Armed Forces Bowl. That year was the junior year for quarterback Jared Goff, whom he coached to conference records in passing yards record (4,714) and touchdown passes (43) in one season.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Middle Tennessee State","text":"Date Hired: January 22, 2016In 2016 he tutored two first team all-conference picks (WR Richie James and RB I’Tavius Mathers) and a freshman All-American (Ty Lee)2016 offense produced a 1,000-yard rusher and a 1,000-yard receiver for the first time in school history2016 offense set single-season records in total offense, total yards/game, total yards/play, points scored, passing yards, pass attempts, pass completions, touchdown passes, total touchdowns, first downs and all-purpose yardsCoordinated an offense that ranked second in C-USA and No. 8 in the country in total offense, averaging a school record 517.7 yards per game in 2016In 2018, QB Brent Stockstill was named C-USA MVPUnder his tutelage, Brent Stockstill became the school's all-time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, and completions while WR Richie James ended his career as the all-time leader in receptions, receiving yards and touchdown catchesIn 2019, Ty Lee became the school's all-time leading receiver and Asher O’Hara was just the second QB to rush for over 1,000 yardsDate Resigned: January 1, 2021","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Army Sprint Football","text":"In the 2022 season Franklin led the Black Nights to a league leading 42.5 Points Per Game and 453.8 Yards Per Game.[25]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-systemsseminar-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prepguru-28"},{"link_name":"Sonny Dykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Dykes"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"Chris Hatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hatcher_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Murray State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_State_Racers_football"},{"link_name":"Ed Argast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Argast"},{"link_name":"Fordham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_Rams"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Famer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"John Hannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hannah_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prepguru-28"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-systemsseminar-27"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780971428003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780971428003"},{"link_name":"blacklisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklisted"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780971428010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780971428010"},{"link_name":"Hoover High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_High_School_(Alabama)"},{"link_name":"automated external defibrillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillator"}],"text":"Tony Franklin is well known for owning and operating The Tony Franklin System Seminar. His copyrighted offensive system has been implemented by over 351 high school and college programs in 44 states across the nation,[26][27] grossing over $170,000 annually from his consulting services.[28] Several college coaches including Sonny Dykes at Arizona, Chris Hatcher at Murray State and Ed Argast at Fordham consult with Franklin about their offenses. Pro Football Hall of Famer John Hannah says of the system \"If both teams have players who are equal in talent, this offense is impossible to stop\".[28]After taking the offensive coordinator job at Auburn, Franklin was forced to sell the ownership of his football consulting business to partners because of a SEC rule prohibiting coaches from participating in a clinic not on the institution's premises.[27] The system became known as The System Seminars . Since his departure from Auburn, he has again taken control of the business and gone back to the title \"The Tony Franklin System\".Besides his offensive consulting work, Franklin has written a pair of football related books. In 2001, Franklin authored a nationally acclaimed book titled Fourth Down and Life To Go (ISBN 9780971428003), which chronicled his experiences with coaching football in Kentucky. The book detailed the inner workings of the Kentucky football program and effectively blacklisted him from coaching from 2001 to 2005 until he was hired at Troy.[29] He authored a second book in 2005 titled Victor's Victory (ISBN 9780971428010), which dealt with the sudden death of 15-year-old Hoover High School football player Victor Dionte Hill, who died from a cardiac arrest during one of Franklin's consulting sessions. The book urges schools and youth organizations to make automated external defibrillators universally available.","title":"Instruction"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Middle Tennessee hires Franklin as offensive coordinator\". USA TODAY. Retrieved January 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/2016/01/22/middle-tennessee-hires-franklin-as-offensive-coordinator/79184056/","url_text":"\"Middle Tennessee hires Franklin as offensive coordinator\""}]},{"reference":"Brice, John (January 2, 2021). \"Veteran OC retiring from \"violent game\"\". footballscoop.com. Football Scoop. Football Scoop. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://footballscoop.com/news/veteran-oc-retiring-from-violent-game/","url_text":"\"Veteran OC retiring from \"violent game\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Franklin fired as Auburn offensive coordinator\". Opelika-Auburn News. October 8, 2008. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20081009112918/http://www.oanow.com/oan/news/local/article/franklin_fired_as_auburn_offensive_coordinator/40169/","url_text":"\"Franklin fired as Auburn offensive coordinator\""},{"url":"https://www.oanow.com/oan/news/local/article/franklin_fired_as_auburn_offensive_coordinator/40169/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IA National Team Report – 2000 Passing Offense\". NCAA. 2001. Retrieved January 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/d1mfb/natlRank.jsp?year=2000&div=4&rpt=IA_teampass&site=org","url_text":"\"IA National Team Report – 2000 Passing Offense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA","url_text":"NCAA"}]},{"reference":"\"IA National Team Report – 2000 Total Offense\". NCAA. 2001. Retrieved January 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/d1mfb/natlRank.jsp?year=2000&div=4&rpt=IA_teamtotoff&site=org","url_text":"\"IA National Team Report – 2000 Total Offense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA","url_text":"NCAA"}]},{"reference":"\"Troy brings new offensive scheme to NU\". The Grand Island Independent. 2006. Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070819143518/http://www.theindependent.com/stories/092206/hus_troy22.shtml","url_text":"\"Troy brings new offensive scheme to NU\""},{"url":"https://www.theindependent.com/stories/092206/hus_troy22.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FBS National Team Report – 2007 Total Offense\". NCAA. 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/d1mfb/natlRank.jsp?year=2007&div=4&rpt=IA_teamtotoff&site=org","url_text":"\"FBS National Team Report – 2007 Total Offense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA","url_text":"NCAA"}]},{"reference":"\"FBS National Team Report – 2007 Scoring Offense\". NCAA. 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/d1mfb/natlRank.jsp?year=2007&div=4&rpt=IA_teamscoroff&site=org","url_text":"\"FBS National Team Report – 2007 Scoring Offense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA","url_text":"NCAA"}]},{"reference":"\"Auburn names Tony Franklin offensive coordinator\". NBC Sports. 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcsports.com/portal/site/nbcsports/menuitem.6f806e473b4cb158fb00ec22493c2d04/?vgnextoid=91df94993e0d6110VgnVCM2000006fc3d240RCRD","url_text":"\"Auburn names Tony Franklin offensive coordinator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sports","url_text":"NBC Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"Auburn offers glimpse of future in bowl win\". Sporting News. 2008. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004100732/http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=332020","url_text":"\"Auburn offers glimpse of future in bowl win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News","url_text":"Sporting News"},{"url":"http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=332020","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Auburn Football Ranking Summary – Week 6\". NCAA. 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/football/exec/rankingSummary?org=37&year=2008&week=6","url_text":"\"Auburn Football Ranking Summary – Week 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA","url_text":"NCAA"}]},{"reference":"\"With Tigers 104th in offense, Franklin fired\". ESPN. 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3632904","url_text":"\"With Tigers 104th in offense, Franklin fired\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Middle Tennessee hires Tony Franklin as OC\". Sporting News. February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=514678","url_text":"\"Middle Tennessee hires Tony Franklin as OC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News","url_text":"Sporting News"}]},{"reference":"\"FBS National Team Report – 2008 Scoring Offense\". NCAA. 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/d1mfb/natlRank.jsp?year=2008&div=4&rpt=IA_teamscoroff&site=org","url_text":"\"FBS National Team Report – 2008 Scoring Offense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA","url_text":"NCAA"}]},{"reference":"\"FBS National Team Report – 2009 Scoring Offense\". NCAA. 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/d1mfb/natlRank.jsp?year=2009&div=4&rpt=IA_teamscoroff&site=org","url_text":"\"FBS National Team Report – 2009 Scoring Offense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA","url_text":"NCAA"}]},{"reference":"\"Redemption for Tony Franklin at Middle Tennessee as Blue Raiders complete 10-win season\". The Auburn Beat. 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.al.com/auburnbeat/2009/12/redemption_for_tony_franklin_a.html","url_text":"\"Redemption for Tony Franklin at Middle Tennessee as Blue Raiders complete 10-win season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana Tech Hires Tony Franklin as Offensive Coordinator\". Louisiana Tech. February 17, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latechsports.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/021710aaa.html","url_text":"\"Louisiana Tech Hires Tony Franklin as Offensive Coordinator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_Bulldogs_football","url_text":"Louisiana Tech"}]},{"reference":"\"Bowl Subdivision (FBS) National Team Report – Scoring Offense\". NCAA. 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricoldo_of_Montecroce | Riccoldo da Monte di Croce | ["1 Life","2 Works","2.1 Travels","2.2 On the Fall of Acre","2.3 Apologetic writings against Islam and Judaism","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Italian Dominican friar, travel writer, and missionary
Riccoldo da Monte di Croce and Pope Nicolas IV
Riccoldo da Monte di Croce (Florence; c. 1243–1320) or Ricold of Monte Croce (Latin: Ricoldus de Monte Crucis) was an Italian Dominican friar, travel writer, missionary, and Christian apologist. He is most famous for his polemical works on Medieval Islam and the account of his missionary travels to Baghdad.
Life
Riccoldo was born in Florence, and his family name originated from a small castle just above Pontassieve. As he is sometimes referenced as "Pennini", his father was presumably named Pennino. After studying in various major European schools, he became a Dominican in 1267, entering the house of Santa Maria Novella. He was a professor in several convents of Tuscany, including St Catherine in Pisa (1272–99). With a papal commission to preach he departed for Acre (Antiochia Ptolemais) in 1286 or 1287 and made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land (1288) and then travelled for many years as a missionary in western Asia. He arrived in Mossul in 1289, equipped with a papal bull. He failed to convince the Nestorian Christian mayor of the city to convert to Catholicism. He was a missionary to the court of the Mongol Il-Khan ruler Arghun, of whom he wrote that he was "a man given to the worst of villainy, but for all that a friend of the Christians".
Moving to Baghdad, Riccoldo entered in conflict with the local Nestorian Christians, preaching against them in their own cathedral. He was allowed nonetheless by Mongol authorities to build his own church, with the interdiction to preach in public. Riccoldo brought the matter to the Nestorian patriarch Yahballaha III, who agreed with him that the doctrine of Nestorius, namely the duality of Christ (thus achieving a theoretical fusion of the Latin Church and the Church of the East) was heretical. Yahballaha was however disavowed by his own followers.
He returned to Florence before 1302, and was chosen to high offices in his order. He died in Florence on 31 October 1320.
Works
Title page of Riccoldo's work published in Seville c.1500, showing a Christian friar preaching to Muslims
Travels
His Book of Travels (Latin: Liber Peregrinacionis) or Itinerary (Itinerarius), written about 1288–91, was intended as a guide-book for missionaries, and is a description of the Oriental countries he visited.
In 1288 or 1289 he began to keep a record of his experiences in the Levant; this record he probably reduced to final book form in Baghdad. Entering Syria at Acre, he crossed Galilee to the Sea of Tiberias; thence returning to Acre he seems to have travelled down the coast to Jaffa, and so up to Jerusalem. After visiting the Jordan River and the Dead Sea he left Palestine by the coast road, retracing his steps to Acre and passing on by Tripoli and Tortosa into Cilicia. From the Cilician port of Lajazzo (now Yumurtalik in Turkey) he started on the great high road to Tabriz in north Persia. Crossing the Taurus he travelled on by Sivas of Cappadocia to Erzerum, the neighborhood of Ararat and Tabriz. In and near Tabriz he preached for several months, after which he proceeded to Baghdad via Mosul and Tikrit. In Baghdad he stayed several years.
As a traveller and observer his merits are conspicuous. His account of the Tatars and his sketch of Islamic religion and manners are especially noteworthy. In spite of strong prejudice, he shows remarkable breadth of view and appreciation of merit in systems different from his own.
On the Fall of Acre
His Letters on the Fall of Acre (Latin: Epistolæ de Perditione Acconis) are five letters in the form of lamentations over the fall of Acre (written about 1292, published in Paris, 1884).
And so it came to pass that I was in Baghdad, “among the captives by the river of Chebar” , the Tigris. This garden of delights in which I found myself enthralled me, for it was like a paradise in its abundance of trees, its fertility, its many fruits. This garden was watered by the rivers of Paradise, and the inhabitants built gilt houses all around it. Yet I was saddened by the massacre and capture of the Christian people. I wept over the loss of Acre, seeing the Saracens joyous and prospering, the Christians squalid and consternated: little children, young girls, old people, whimpering, threatened to be led as captives and slaves into the remotest countries of the East, among barbarous nations.
Suddenly, in this sadness, swept up into an unaccustomed astonishment, I began, stupefied, to ponder God's judgment concerning the government of the world, especially concerning the Saracens and the Christians. What could be the cause of such massacre and such degradation of the Christian people? Of so much worldly prosperity for the perfidious Saracen people? Since I could not simply be amazed, nor could I find a solution to this problem, I decided to write to God and his celestial court, to express the cause of my astonishment, to open my desire through prayer, so that God might confirm me in the truth and sincerity of the Faith, that he quickly put an end to the law, or rather the perfidy, of the Saracens, and more than anything else that he liberate the Christian captives from the hands of the enemies.
Epistolae V de perditione Acconis (1291), quoted in Tolan 2002, p. xiii
Apologetic writings against Islam and Judaism
Bibliothèque nationale de France MS ar. 384, the Arabic manuscript of the Qur'an read by Riccoldo while he was writing his book Contra legem Saracenorum, with Riccoldo's annotations in Latin
During his stay in Baghdad, Riccoldo studied the Qur'an and other works of Islamic theology for controversial purposes, arguing with Nestorian Christians, and writing. In 1300–1301 Riccoldo again appeared in Florence. About 1300 in Florence he wrote Against the Laws of the Saracens (Latin: Contra Legem Sarracenorum) and To the Eastern Races (Ad Nationes Orientales).
Riccoldo's best known work of this kind was his book Against the Laws of the Saracens, written in Baghdad, which has in previous centuries been very popular among Christians as a polemical source against Islam, and has been often edited (first published in Seville, 1500, under the title Confutatio Alcorani or "Confutation of the Koran"). This work was translated into German by Martin Luther in 1542 as Verlegung des Alcoran. There are translations into English by Thomas C. Pfotenhauer (Islam in the Crucible: Can It Pass the Test?, Lutheran News, Inc., 2002), and Londini Ensis, under the title, "Refutation of the Koran" (Createspace 2010).
Much of this work's contents derive from those sections of the Book of Travels devoted to Muslim beliefs and related topics. One of Riccoldo's major sources, extensively quoted in his own work, is the anonymous Liber Denudationis siue Ostensionis aut Patefaciens. Despite Riccoldo's hostility towards Islam, his work shows specific knowledge of the Qur'an and overcomes one important prejudicial error common to other Medieval criticisms of Islam: the view of Muhammad as an introducer of a Christological heresy.
The Christianæ Fidei Confessio facta Sarracenis (printed in Basel, 1543) is attributed to Riccoldo, and was probably written about the same time as the above-mentioned works. Other works are: Against the Errors of the Jews (Contra Errores Judaeorum); Against the Eastern Races (Libellus contra Nationes Orientales; MSS. at Florence and Paris); Against the Saracens and Quran (Contra Sarracenos et Alcoranum; MS. at Paris); and On Different Religions (De Variis Religionibus; MS. at Turin). Very probably the last three works were written after his return to Europe; the last has a title similar to the last chapter of the Travels (De Variis Religionibus Terre Sancte). Riccoldo is also known to have written two theological works—a defence of the doctrines of Thomas Aquinas (in collaboration with John of Pistoia, about 1285) and a commentary on the Libri Sententiarum (before 1288). Riccoldo began a Latin translation of the Quran about 1290, but it is not known whether this work was completed.
Notes
^ "China", Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. V (9th ed.), 1878.
^ a b Roux, p.411
^ Jackson, p.176
^ Burman 1994, pp. 215–216
^ Giuseppe Rizzardi, "Il Contra legel Saracenorum di Riccoldo di Montecroce: Dipendenza ed originalità nei confronti di san Tommaso," Teologia 9 (1984), pp. 59–68
References
Roux, Jean-Paul (1993). Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, Fayard, ISBN 2-213-03164-9
Burman, Thomas E. (1994). Religious polemic and the intellectual history of the Mozarabs, c.1050–1200, Leiden: Brill.
Tolan, John V. (2002). Saracens: Islam in the medieval European imagination, New York: Columbia University Press.
Jackson, Peter (2005). The Mongols and the West, Pearson Education Ltd, ISBN 0-582-36896-0
George-Tvrtkovic, Rita (2012). A Christian Pilgrim in Medieval Iraq: Riccoldo da Montecroce's Encounter with Islam', Turnhout: Brepols Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Ricoldo da Monte di Croce". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ricold of Monte Croce". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 316.
External links
Riccoldi Florentini Libelli ad nationes orientales (web edition)
Epistolae V commentatoriae de perditione Acconis, ed. Reinhold Röhricht, in Archives de l'Orient latin, vol. 2 (1884), pp. 258–296 = Google PDF pp. 765–792
Liber Peregrinacionis, ed. J.C.M. Laurent, Leipzig, 1864 (in Peregrinatores Medii Aevi Quattuor, pp. 101ff. = Google PDF pp. 116 ff.)
Confutatio alcorani (Bartolomeus Picernus' retranslation into Latin from the Greek of Demetrios Kydones), Basel, 1507, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek copy (OCLC 165364264)
Ed Emery, "Riccoldo of Monte Croce", Research Notes on Dante Alighieri
Emilio Panella, Riccoldo di Pennino da Monte di Croce
Klaus Peter Todt (1994). "Riccoldo da Monte Croce". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 8. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 191–194. ISBN 3-88309-053-0.
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As he is sometimes referenced as \"Pennini\", his father was presumably named Pennino.[citation needed] After studying in various major European schools, he became a Dominican in 1267, entering the house of Santa Maria Novella. He was a professor in several convents of Tuscany, including St Catherine in Pisa (1272–99). With a papal commission to preach he departed for Acre (Antiochia Ptolemais) in 1286 or 1287 and made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land (1288) and then travelled for many years as a missionary in western Asia. He arrived in Mossul in 1289, equipped with a papal bull. He failed to convince the Nestorian Christian mayor of the city to convert to Catholicism.[2] He was a missionary to the court of the Mongol Il-Khan ruler Arghun, of whom he wrote that he was \"a man given to the worst of villainy, but for all that a friend of the Christians\".[3]Moving to Baghdad, Riccoldo entered in conflict with the local Nestorian Christians, preaching against them in their own cathedral. He was allowed nonetheless by Mongol authorities to build his own church, with the interdiction to preach in public. Riccoldo brought the matter to the Nestorian patriarch Yahballaha III, who agreed with him that the doctrine of Nestorius, namely the duality of Christ (thus achieving a theoretical fusion of the Latin Church and the Church of the East) was heretical. Yahballaha was however disavowed by his own followers.[2]He returned to Florence before 1302, and was chosen to high offices in his order. He died in Florence on 31 October 1320.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ImprobatioAlCorani.png"}],"text":"Title page of Riccoldo's work published in Seville c.1500, showing a Christian friar preaching to Muslims","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"Sea of Tiberias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Tiberias"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartus"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Yumurtalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumurtalik"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Sivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas"},{"link_name":"Cappadocia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia"},{"link_name":"Erzerum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzerum"},{"link_name":"Ararat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_plain"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Tikrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrit"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"}],"sub_title":"Travels","text":"His Book of Travels (Latin: Liber Peregrinacionis) or Itinerary (Itinerarius), written about 1288–91, was intended as a guide-book for missionaries, and is a description of the Oriental countries he visited.In 1288 or 1289 he began to keep a record of his experiences in the Levant; this record he probably reduced to final book form in Baghdad. Entering Syria at Acre, he crossed Galilee to the Sea of Tiberias; thence returning to Acre he seems to have travelled down the coast to Jaffa, and so up to Jerusalem. After visiting the Jordan River and the Dead Sea he left Palestine by the coast road, retracing his steps to Acre and passing on by Tripoli and Tortosa into Cilicia. From the Cilician port of Lajazzo (now Yumurtalik in Turkey) he started on the great high road to Tabriz in north Persia. Crossing the Taurus he travelled on by Sivas of Cappadocia to Erzerum, the neighborhood of Ararat and Tabriz. In and near Tabriz he preached for several months, after which he proceeded to Baghdad via Mosul and Tikrit. In Baghdad he stayed several years.As a traveller and observer his merits are conspicuous. His account of the Tatars and his sketch of Islamic religion and manners are especially noteworthy. In spite of strong prejudice, he shows remarkable breadth of view and appreciation of merit in systems different from his own.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"fall of Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)"},{"link_name":"Tigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris"},{"link_name":"rivers of Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_Paradise"}],"sub_title":"On the Fall of Acre","text":"His Letters on the Fall of Acre (Latin: Epistolæ de Perditione Acconis) are five letters in the form of lamentations over the fall of Acre (written about 1292, published in Paris, 1884).And so it came to pass that I was in Baghdad, “among the captives by the river of Chebar” [Ezek. 1:1], the Tigris. This garden of delights in which I found myself enthralled me, for it was like a paradise in its abundance of trees, its fertility, its many fruits. This garden was watered by the rivers of Paradise, and the inhabitants built gilt houses all around it. Yet I was saddened by the massacre and capture of the Christian people. I wept over the loss of Acre, seeing the Saracens joyous and prospering, the Christians squalid and consternated: little children, young girls, old people, whimpering, threatened to be led as captives and slaves into the remotest countries of the East, among barbarous nations.\nSuddenly, in this sadness, swept up into an unaccustomed astonishment, I began, stupefied, to ponder God's judgment concerning the government of the world, especially concerning the Saracens and the Christians. What could be the cause of such massacre and such degradation of the Christian people? Of so much worldly prosperity for the perfidious Saracen people? Since I could not simply be amazed, nor could I find a solution to this problem, I decided to write to God and his celestial court, to express the cause of my astonishment, to open my desire through prayer, so that God might confirm me in the truth and sincerity of the Faith, that he quickly put an end to the law, or rather the perfidy, of the Saracens, and more than anything else that he liberate the Christian captives from the hands of the enemies.\n\nEpistolae V de perditione Acconis (1291), quoted in Tolan 2002, p. xiii","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BNF_MS_ar_384.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque nationale de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Nestorian Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorian_Christian"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Liber Denudationis siue Ostensionis aut Patefaciens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_denudationis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"criticisms of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"view of Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Christological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christological"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_heresy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"}],"sub_title":"Apologetic writings against Islam and Judaism","text":"Bibliothèque nationale de France MS ar. 384, the Arabic manuscript of the Qur'an read by Riccoldo while he was writing his book Contra legem Saracenorum, with Riccoldo's annotations in LatinDuring his stay in Baghdad, Riccoldo studied the Qur'an and other works of Islamic theology for controversial purposes, arguing with Nestorian Christians, and writing. In 1300–1301 Riccoldo again appeared in Florence. About 1300 in Florence he wrote Against the Laws of the Saracens (Latin: Contra Legem Sarracenorum) and To the Eastern Races (Ad Nationes Orientales).Riccoldo's best known work of this kind was his book Against the Laws of the Saracens, written in Baghdad, which has in previous centuries been very popular among Christians as a polemical source against Islam, and has been often edited (first published in Seville, 1500, under the title Confutatio Alcorani or \"Confutation of the Koran\"). This work was translated into German by Martin Luther in 1542 as Verlegung des Alcoran. There are translations into English by Thomas C. Pfotenhauer (Islam in the Crucible: Can It Pass the Test?, Lutheran News, Inc., 2002), and Londini Ensis, under the title, \"Refutation of the Koran\" (Createspace 2010).Much of this work's contents derive from those sections of the Book of Travels devoted to Muslim beliefs and related topics. One of Riccoldo's major sources, extensively quoted in his own work, is the anonymous Liber Denudationis siue Ostensionis aut Patefaciens.[4] Despite Riccoldo's hostility towards Islam, his work shows specific knowledge of the Qur'an and overcomes one important prejudicial error common to other Medieval criticisms of Islam: the view of Muhammad as an introducer of a Christological heresy.[5]The Christianæ Fidei Confessio facta Sarracenis (printed in Basel, 1543) is attributed to Riccoldo, and was probably written about the same time as the above-mentioned works. Other works are: Against the Errors of the Jews (Contra Errores Judaeorum); Against the Eastern Races (Libellus contra Nationes Orientales; MSS. at Florence and Paris); Against the Saracens and Quran (Contra Sarracenos et Alcoranum; MS. at Paris); and On Different Religions (De Variis Religionibus; MS. at Turin). Very probably the last three works were written after his return to Europe; the last has a title similar to the last chapter of the Travels (De Variis Religionibus Terre Sancte). Riccoldo is also known to have written two theological works—a defence of the doctrines of Thomas Aquinas (in collaboration with John of Pistoia, about 1285) and a commentary on the Libri Sententiarum (before 1288). Riccoldo began a Latin translation of the Quran about 1290, but it is not known whether this work was completed.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Roux,_p.411_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Roux,_p.411_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ \"China\", Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. V (9th ed.), 1878.\n\n^ a b Roux, p.411\n\n^ Jackson, p.176\n\n^ Burman 1994, pp. 215–216\n\n^ Giuseppe Rizzardi, \"Il Contra legel Saracenorum di Riccoldo di Montecroce: Dipendenza ed originalità nei confronti di san Tommaso,\" Teologia 9 (1984), pp. 59–68","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Riccoldo da Monte di Croce and Pope Nicolas IV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ricoldo_de_montecroce_%26_nicolas_IV.jpg/220px-Ricoldo_de_montecroce_%26_nicolas_IV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Title page of Riccoldo's work published in Seville c.1500, showing a Christian friar preaching to Muslims","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ImprobatioAlCorani.png/220px-ImprobatioAlCorani.png"},{"image_text":"Bibliothèque nationale de France MS ar. 384, the Arabic manuscript of the Qur'an read by Riccoldo while he was writing his book Contra legem Saracenorum, with Riccoldo's annotations in Latin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/BNF_MS_ar_384.jpg/220px-BNF_MS_ar_384.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"China\", Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. V (9th ed.), 1878","urls":[]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Ricoldo da Monte di Croce\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ricoldo_da_Monte_di_Croce","url_text":"Ricoldo da Monte di Croce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ricold of Monte Croce\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ricold_of_Monte_Croce","url_text":"Ricold of Monte Croce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Klaus Peter Todt (1994). \"Riccoldo da Monte Croce\". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 8. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 191–194. ISBN 3-88309-053-0.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbkl.de/r/riccoldo_d_m_c.shtml","url_text":"Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-053-0","url_text":"3-88309-053-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www1.sdu.dk/Hum/kvj/Riccoldo/index.html","external_links_name":"Riccoldi Florentini Libelli ad nationes orientales"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/archivesdelorie00parigoog","external_links_name":"Archives de l'Orient latin, vol. 2 (1884)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/peregrinatoresm00brocgoog","external_links_name":"Liber Peregrinacionis"},{"Link":"http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00003304/images/","external_links_name":"Confutatio alcorani"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165364264","external_links_name":"165364264"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030407211349/http://www.geocities.com/DanteStudies/riccoldo.html","external_links_name":"\"Riccoldo of Monte Croce\", Research Notes on Dante Alighieri"},{"Link":"http://emilioweb.t35.com/riccoldo/index.htm","external_links_name":"Riccoldo di Pennino da Monte di Croce"},{"Link":"http://www.bbkl.de/r/riccoldo_d_m_c.shtml","external_links_name":"Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1843993/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000092219675","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/41413317","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcccVGkWxjhRbThcHPfbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2066098","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4962380","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122897298","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122897298","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/100959431","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V046054","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267008405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no93038038","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/20dhl81l1f7h2hd","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0207045&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record169713","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p127731016","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810692325505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/40548","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/riccoldo-da-montecroce_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd100959431.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/031737560","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Street_Bridge_(Philadelphia) | Market Street Bridge (Philadelphia) | ["1 Middle Ferry","2 First bridge - Schuylkill Permanent Bridge","3 Second bridge","4 Third bridge","5 Fourth bridge","6 Fifth (current) bridge","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading"] | Coordinates: 39°57′16″N 75°10′49″W / 39.95444°N 75.18028°W / 39.95444; -75.18028Bridge across Schuylkill River in Philadelphia
Market Street BridgeMarket Street Bridge in Philadelphia, November 2017Coordinates39°57′16″N 75°10′49″W / 39.95444°N 75.18028°W / 39.95444; -75.18028Carries PA 3 eastbound (Market Street)CrossesSchuylkill RiverLocalePhiladelphiaOther name(s)Permanent BridgeHigh Street BridgeCharacteristicsDesignCovered Arch (1805)MaterialWood (1805)Total length400 feet (120 m)Piers in water2 (1805)1 (1932)HistoryDesignerTimothy Palmer (1805)Opened1805Location
The Market Street Bridge carries Market Street (Pennsylvania Route 3 eastbound), the primary east-west street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, across the Schuylkill River. The current bridge is the fifth permanent structure built at the site.
Middle Ferry
A ferry was established at or near this location by 1673. It came to be called the "Middle Ferry," because a ferry operated upstream (Upper Ferry) and another downstream (Lower Ferry).
Early in the Revolutionary War, American General Israel Putnam built a pontoon bridge at the Middle Ferry site, made of floating logs bound together by rope. This was intentionally destroyed to prevent its falling into the hands of the British. The British Army built its own pontoon bridge at the site during the 1777-78 Occupation of Philadelphia. It washed away in 1780. Its replacement washed away in 1784. That was succeeded by a plank-floor bridge also built on floating logs. Market Street was originally known as "High Street," and this floating bridge was the final link in the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike.
First bridge - Schuylkill Permanent Bridge
When the directors of the Schuylkill Permanent Bridge Company of Philadelphia elected in 1801 to build a wooden structure across the Schuylkill instead of the stone arch bridge originally planned, they called on Timothy Palmer to complete the job. Palmer (1751–1821) was the best-known wooden bridge builder in the country, and the resulting bridge became his best-known work. Palmer and his workmen completed the structure on two previously-built piers at a cost of US$300,000. Known then as "The Permanent Bridge," it had an overall length of 495 feet (151 m), with a center span of 195 feet (59 m) and a 12-foot (3.7 m) rise. The two side spans were 150 feet (46 m) each. Supposedly, this was the first permanent bridge over a major American river, as well as the world's first bridge with regular masonry piers in deep water.
The trusswork was sufficiently completed on January 1, 1805, to permit the bridge to be opened to traffic. But the president of the bridge company asked Palmer if the bridge wouldn't last longer if it was protected from the wind and rain by a weatherproof covering. Palmer said that the bridge's life span might be increased from ten-twelve years to thirty-forty years if a roof and sidewalls were added. Thus was created the first covered bridge in America.
About 1812, the bridge was adorned with wooden allegorical figures carved by sculptor William Rush. Commerce was installed over the west portal, and Agriculture over the east portal.
"High Street Bridge, before the bridge was covered." (1805) by William Birch.
High Street Bridge after it was covered, c1820
Schuylkill Permanent Bridge, (1801–1875). Plaque at center of current bridge.
Second bridge
As Palmer had predicted, the bridge stood with little attention until 1850, when a fire gutted it. It was rebuilt and widened for an additional railroad car track, as by then it was also used for railroad traffic. The second Market Street Bridge lasted until 1875, when it was completely destroyed by another fire.
Third bridge
Third Market Street Bridge (1875-88)
The third bridge was a wooden structure and had the shortest tenure, lasting only 13 years, 1875-88.
Fourth bridge
The fourth bridge had three spans and a wrought-iron cantilever structure. Its piers were built on the foundations of the Schuylkill Permanent Bridge. Its width was 77 feet, its two side spans were each 98 feet, and its center span was 215 feet including a 76-foot suspended section.
Fifth (current) bridge
The current Market Street Bridge was erected in 1932, complete with balustrades and other decorative elements. The four eagle statues on the east and west approaches were salvaged from New York's Pennsylvania Station, donated to the City of Philadelphia by the Pennsylvania Railroad after Penn Station was demolished in 1963. The Market Street Bridge is across from Philadelphia's 30th Street Station, built and formerly owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad.
Current bridge, with 30th Street Station and Cira Centre in the background.
Eagles salvaged from Pennsylvania Station, New York flank the bridge's approaches.
See also
List of crossings of the Schuylkill River
References
^ Scharf, John Thomas (1884). History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Volume 3. L. H. Everts & Company.
^ Klein, p. 354.
^ A Statistical account of the Schuylkill permanent bridge, commenced September 5th 1801, opened January 1st, 1805, communicated to the Philadelphia Society of Agriculture, 1806
^ Klein, p. 355.
Further reading
Wilmer Z. Klein, "Philadelphia Bridges: Past, Present and Future," Proceedings of the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia, Volume 34 (1917).
Adapted from Shank, William H. (1980). Historic Bridges of Pennsylvania, revised ed. York, PA: American Canal & Transportation Center. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-933788-33-9. and from other sources.
Crossings of the Schuylkill River
UpstreamMarket-Frankford Line / SEPTA subway–surface trolley lines
Market Street Bridge
DownstreamChestnut Street Bridge | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Market Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Route 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Schuylkill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill_River"}],"text":"Bridge across Schuylkill River in PhiladelphiaThe Market Street Bridge carries Market Street (Pennsylvania Route 3 eastbound), the primary east-west street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, across the Schuylkill River. The current bridge is the fifth permanent structure built at the site.","title":"Market Street Bridge (Philadelphia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillyhistvol3-1"},{"link_name":"Upper Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Lower Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_Ferry_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Israel Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam"},{"link_name":"pontoon bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Occupation of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_and_Lancaster_Turnpike"}],"text":"A ferry was established at or near this location by 1673.[1] It came to be called the \"Middle Ferry,\" because a ferry operated upstream (Upper Ferry) and another downstream (Lower Ferry).Early in the Revolutionary War, American General Israel Putnam built a pontoon bridge at the Middle Ferry site, made of floating logs bound together by rope. This was intentionally destroyed to prevent its falling into the hands of the British. The British Army built its own pontoon bridge at the site during the 1777-78 Occupation of Philadelphia. It washed away in 1780. Its replacement washed away in 1784.[2] That was succeeded by a plank-floor bridge also built on floating logs. Market Street was originally known as \"High Street,\" and this floating bridge was the final link in the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike.","title":"Middle Ferry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arch bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridge"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"allegorical figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegorical_figure"},{"link_name":"William Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rush_(sculptor)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High_Street_Bridge_,_before_the_bridge_was_covered._William_Birch,_1805..jpg"},{"link_name":"William Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Birch_(painter)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schuylkill_Permanent_Bridge_at_High_Street,_the_first_covered_bridge_in_America.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phila_Market_Street_Bridge00.png"}],"text":"When the directors of the Schuylkill Permanent Bridge Company of Philadelphia elected in 1801 to build a wooden structure across the Schuylkill instead of the stone arch bridge originally planned, they called on Timothy Palmer to complete the job. Palmer (1751–1821) was the best-known wooden bridge builder in the country, and the resulting bridge became his best-known work. Palmer and his workmen completed the structure on two previously-built piers at a cost of US$300,000. Known then as \"The Permanent Bridge,\" it had an overall length of 495 feet (151 m), with a center span of 195 feet (59 m) and a 12-foot (3.7 m) rise. The two side spans were 150 feet (46 m) each. Supposedly, this was the first permanent bridge over a major American river, as well as the world's first bridge with regular masonry piers in deep water.The trusswork was sufficiently completed on January 1, 1805, to permit the bridge to be opened to traffic.[3] But the president of the bridge company asked Palmer if the bridge wouldn't last longer if it was protected from the wind and rain by a weatherproof covering. Palmer said that the bridge's life span might be increased from ten-twelve years to thirty-forty years if a roof and sidewalls were added. Thus was created the first covered bridge in America.About 1812, the bridge was adorned with wooden allegorical figures carved by sculptor William Rush. Commerce was installed over the west portal, and Agriculture over the east portal.\"High Street Bridge, before the bridge was covered.\" (1805) by William Birch.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHigh Street Bridge after it was covered, c1820\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSchuylkill Permanent Bridge, (1801–1875). Plaque at center of current bridge.","title":"First bridge - Schuylkill Permanent Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As Palmer had predicted, the bridge stood with little attention until 1850, when a fire gutted it. It was rebuilt and widened for an additional railroad car track, as by then it was also used for railroad traffic. The second Market Street Bridge lasted until 1875, when it was completely destroyed by another fire.","title":"Second bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Street_bridge,_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg"}],"text":"Third Market Street Bridge (1875-88)The third bridge was a wooden structure and had the shortest tenure, lasting only 13 years, 1875-88.","title":"Third bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The fourth bridge had three spans and a wrought-iron cantilever structure. Its piers were built on the foundations of the Schuylkill Permanent Bridge. Its width was 77 feet, its two side spans were each 98 feet, and its center span was 215 feet including a 76-foot suspended section.[4]","title":"Fourth bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"30th Street Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Street_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:30th_Street_Station_Philly.JPG"},{"link_name":"30th Street Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Street_Station"},{"link_name":"Cira Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cira_Centre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:03_30th_street.jpg"}],"text":"The current Market Street Bridge was erected in 1932, complete with balustrades and other decorative elements. The four eagle statues on the east and west approaches were salvaged from New York's Pennsylvania Station, donated to the City of Philadelphia by the Pennsylvania Railroad after Penn Station was demolished in 1963. The Market Street Bridge is across from Philadelphia's 30th Street Station, built and formerly owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad.Current bridge, with 30th Street Station and Cira Centre in the background.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEagles salvaged from Pennsylvania Station, New York flank the bridge's approaches.","title":"Fifth (current) bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Philadelphia Bridges: Past, Present and Future,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vdtLAAAAYAAJ&dq=Proceedings+of+the+Engineers%27+Club+of+Philadelphia%2C+Volume+34&pg=PA354"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-933788-33-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933788-33-9"},{"link_name":"Schuylkill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill_River"},{"link_name":"Market-Frankford Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market-Frankford_Line"},{"link_name":"SEPTA subway–surface trolley lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_subway%E2%80%93surface_trolley_lines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_plate.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PA-3.svg"},{"link_name":"Chestnut Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Street_Bridge_(Philadelphia)"}],"text":"Wilmer Z. Klein, \"Philadelphia Bridges: Past, Present and Future,\" Proceedings of the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia, Volume 34 (1917).\nAdapted from Shank, William H. (1980). Historic Bridges of Pennsylvania, revised ed. York, PA: American Canal & Transportation Center. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-933788-33-9. and from other sources.Crossings of the Schuylkill River\nUpstreamMarket-Frankford Line / SEPTA subway–surface trolley lines\nMarket Street Bridge\nDownstreamChestnut Street Bridge","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Third Market Street Bridge (1875-88)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Market_Street_bridge%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/220px-Market_Street_bridge%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of crossings of the Schuylkill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Schuylkill_River"}] | [{"reference":"Scharf, John Thomas (1884). History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Volume 3. L. H. Everts & Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8uYkAAAAYAAJ&dq=curtis+grubb+gray%27s+ferry&pg=PA2143","url_text":"History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Volume 3"}]},{"reference":"Shank, William H. (1980). Historic Bridges of Pennsylvania, revised ed. York, PA: American Canal & Transportation Center. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-933788-33-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933788-33-9","url_text":"0-933788-33-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Market_Street_Bridge_(Philadelphia)¶ms=39_57_16_N_75_10_49_W_region:US-PA_type:landmark_scale:1500","external_links_name":"39°57′16″N 75°10′49″W / 39.95444°N 75.18028°W / 39.95444; -75.18028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Market_Street_Bridge_(Philadelphia)¶ms=39_57_16_N_75_10_49_W_region:US-PA_type:landmark_scale:1500","external_links_name":"39°57′16″N 75°10′49″W / 39.95444°N 75.18028°W / 39.95444; -75.18028"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8uYkAAAAYAAJ&dq=curtis+grubb+gray%27s+ferry&pg=PA2143","external_links_name":"History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Volume 3"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/statisticalaccou00pete","external_links_name":"A Statistical account of the Schuylkill permanent bridge, commenced September 5th 1801, opened January 1st, 1805, communicated to the Philadelphia Society of Agriculture, 1806"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vdtLAAAAYAAJ&dq=Proceedings+of+the+Engineers%27+Club+of+Philadelphia%2C+Volume+34&pg=PA354","external_links_name":"\"Philadelphia Bridges: Past, Present and Future,\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLY_(file_format) | PLY (file format) | ["1 The file format","2 ASCII or binary format","3 History","4 Example file","5 See also","6 Open source software","7 References","8 External links"] | File format designed to store three-dimensional data from 3D scanners
Polygon File FormatFilename extension
.plyInternet media type
text/plainType codeASCII/Binary fileMagic numberplyDeveloped byGreg Turk, Stanford UniversityInitial release1994Type of format3D model format
PLY is a computer file format known as the Polygon File Format or the Stanford Triangle Format. It was principally designed to store three-dimensional data from 3D scanners. The data storage format supports a relatively simple description of a single object as a list of nominally flat polygons. A variety of properties can be stored, including color and transparency, surface normals, texture coordinates and data confidence values. The format permits one to have different properties for the front and back of a polygon.
There are two versions of the file format, one in ASCII, the other in binary.
The file format
A Ply file starts with the "header" attribute, which specifies the elements of a mesh and their types, followed by the list of elements itself. The elements are usually vertices and faces, but may include other entities such as edges, samples of range maps, and triangle strips.
The header of both ASCII and binary files is ASCII text. Only the numerical data that follows the header is different between the two versions.
The header always starts with a "magic number", a line containing:
ply
which identifies the file as a PLY file. The second line indicates which variation of the PLY format this is. It should be one of the following:
format ascii 1.0
format binary_little_endian 1.0
format binary_big_endian 1.0
Future versions of the standard will change the revision number at the end - but 1.0 is the only version currently in use.
Comments may be placed in the header by using the word comment at the start of the line. Everything from there until the end of the line should then be ignored. e.g.:
comment This is a comment!
The element keyword introduces a description of how some particular data elements are stored and how many of them there are. Hence, in a file where there are 12 vertices, each represented as a floating point (X,Y,Z) triple, one would expect to see:
element vertex 12
property float x
property float y
property float z
Other property lines might indicate that colours or other data items are stored at each vertex and indicate the data type of that information. Regarding the data type, there are two variants depending on the source of the ply file. The type can be specified with one of char uchar short ushort int uint float double, or one of int8 uint8 int16 uint16 int32 uint32 float32 float64. For an object with ten polygonal faces, one might see:
element face 10
property list uchar int vertex_index
PLY implementations vary wildly in the property names. vertex_indices is more often used than vertex_index, for example in Blender and VTK. The extended specification lists a "Core List (required)", "Second List (often used)" and "Third List (suggested extensions)" of property names.
The word list indicates that the data is a list of values, the first of which is the number of entries in the list (represented as a 'uchar' in this case). In this example each list entry is represented as an 'int'. At the end of the header, there must always be the line:
end_header
ASCII or binary format
In the ASCII version of the format, the vertices and faces are each described one to a line with the numbers separated by white space. In the binary version, the data is simply packed closely together at the endianness specified in the header and with the data types given in the property records. For the common property list... representation for polygons, the first number for that element is the number of vertices that the polygon has and the remaining numbers are the indices of those vertices in the preceding vertex list.
History
The PLY format was developed in the mid-90s by Greg Turk and others in the Stanford graphics lab under the direction of Marc Levoy. Its design was inspired by the Wavefront .obj format. However, the Obj format lacked extensibility for arbitrary properties and groupings, so the property and element keywords were devised to generalize the notions of vertices, faces, associated data, and other groups.
Example file
The following is a full example of a PLY file which describes a cube mesh exported from Blender version 4.0.2:
ply
format ascii 1.0
comment Created in Blender version 4.0.2
element vertex 14
property float x
property float y
property float z
property float nx
property float ny
property float nz
property float s
property float t
element face 6
property list uchar uint vertex_indices
end_header
1 1 1 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0.5
-1 1 1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.875 0.5
-1 -1 1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.875 0.75
1 -1 1 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0.75
1 -1 -1 0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0.75
-1 -1 1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 1
-1 -1 -1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 1
-1 -1 -1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0
-1 -1 1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0
-1 1 1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0.25
-1 1 -1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0.25
-1 1 -1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.125 0.5
1 1 -1 0.5773503 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0.5
-1 -1 -1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.125 0.75
4 0 1 2 3
4 4 3 5 6
4 7 8 9 10
4 11 12 4 13
4 12 0 3 4
4 10 9 0 12
The file starts with the header which defines a file in ASCII format. There are 14 vertices (6 faces * 4 vertices - 10 vertices saved due to merging) and 6 faces in total. After the header, the vertex and face data is listed. The vertex list contains position (x,y,z), normals (nx,ny,nz) and texture coordinates (s,t) for each of the 14 vertices. The face list contains the vertex count (4) and the vertex indices for each of the 6 quadrilateral faces.
See also
STL (file format), another common file format for 3D printing
Additive Manufacturing File Format
Wavefront .obj file, a 3D geometry definition file format with .obj file extension
glTF - a Khronos Group file format for 3D Scenes and models.
Universal Scene Description (USD).
Open source software
CloudCompare having a focus on point clouds with some additional functions for meshes.
GigaMesh Software Framework: numerical computations on meshes in PLY (or OBJ).
MeshLab: generic application for visualizing, processing and converting three-dimensional meshes to or from the PLY file format.
References
^ Greg Turk. "The PLY Polygon File Format". Archived from the original on 2016-12-04.
^ Greg Turk. "The PLY Polygon File Format (extended)" (PDF).
External links
Library of Congress Format Description
PLY - Polygon File Format
Some tools for working with PLY files (C source code)
rply - An Ansi C software library for reading and writing PLY files (MIT license)
libply - A C++ software library for reading and writing PLY files (GNU license)
Another C++ software library for reading and writing PLY files (GPL 3.0 license)
A repository of 3D models stored in the PLY format
This computer-storage-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"file format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_file"}],"text":"PLY is a computer file format known as the Polygon File Format or the Stanford Triangle Format. It was principally designed to store three-dimensional data from 3D scanners. The data storage format supports a relatively simple description of a single object as a list of nominally flat polygons. A variety of properties can be stored, including color and transparency, surface normals, texture coordinates and data confidence values. The format permits one to have different properties for the front and back of a polygon.There are two versions of the file format, one in ASCII, the other in binary.","title":"PLY (file format)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)#Magic_numbers_in_files"},{"link_name":"Blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(software)"},{"link_name":"VTK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTK"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A Ply file starts with the \"header\" attribute, which specifies the elements of a mesh and their types, followed by the list of elements itself. The elements are usually vertices and faces, but may include other entities such as edges, samples of range maps, and triangle strips.The header of both ASCII and binary files is ASCII text. Only the numerical data that follows the header is different between the two versions.\nThe header always starts with a \"magic number\", a line containing:plywhich identifies the file as a PLY file. The second line indicates which variation of the PLY format this is. It should be one of the following:format ascii 1.0\nformat binary_little_endian 1.0\nformat binary_big_endian 1.0Future versions of the standard will change the revision number at the end - but 1.0 is the only version currently in use.Comments may be placed in the header by using the word comment at the start of the line. Everything from there until the end of the line should then be ignored. e.g.:comment This is a comment!The element keyword introduces a description of how some particular data elements are stored and how many of them there are. Hence, in a file where there are 12 vertices, each represented as a floating point (X,Y,Z) triple, one would expect to see:element vertex 12\nproperty float x\nproperty float y\nproperty float zOther property lines might indicate that colours or other data items are stored at each vertex and indicate the data type of that information. Regarding the data type, there are two variants depending on the source of the ply file. The type can be specified with one of char uchar short ushort int uint float double, or one of int8 uint8 int16 uint16 int32 uint32 float32 float64. For an object with ten polygonal faces, one might see:element face 10\nproperty list uchar int vertex_indexPLY implementations vary wildly in the property names. vertex_indices is more often used than vertex_index, for example in Blender and VTK. The extended specification lists a \"Core List (required)\", \"Second List (often used)\" and \"Third List (suggested extensions)\" of property names.[2]The word list indicates that the data is a list of values, the first of which is the number of entries in the list (represented as a 'uchar' in this case). In this example each list entry is represented as an 'int'. At the end of the header, there must always be the line:end_header","title":"The file format"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the ASCII version of the format, the vertices and faces are each described one to a line with the numbers separated by white space. In the binary version, the data is simply packed closely together at the endianness specified in the header and with the data types given in the property records. For the common property list... representation for polygons, the first number for that element is the number of vertices that the polygon has and the remaining numbers are the indices of those vertices in the preceding vertex list.","title":"ASCII or binary format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Turk"},{"link_name":"Wavefront .obj format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront_.obj_file"}],"text":"The PLY format was developed in the mid-90s by Greg Turk and others in the Stanford graphics lab under the direction of Marc Levoy. Its design was inspired by the Wavefront .obj format. However, the Obj format lacked extensibility for arbitrary properties and groupings, so the property and element keywords were devised to generalize the notions of vertices, faces, associated data, and other groups.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(software)"}],"text":"The following is a full example of a PLY file which describes a cube mesh exported from Blender version 4.0.2:ply\nformat ascii 1.0\ncomment Created in Blender version 4.0.2\nelement vertex 14\nproperty float x\nproperty float y\nproperty float z\nproperty float nx\nproperty float ny\nproperty float nz\nproperty float s\nproperty float t\nelement face 6\nproperty list uchar uint vertex_indices\nend_header\n1 1 1 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0.5\n-1 1 1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.875 0.5\n-1 -1 1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.875 0.75\n1 -1 1 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0.75\n1 -1 -1 0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0.75\n-1 -1 1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 1\n-1 -1 -1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 1\n-1 -1 -1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0\n-1 -1 1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0\n-1 1 1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0.25\n-1 1 -1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0.25\n-1 1 -1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.125 0.5\n1 1 -1 0.5773503 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0.5\n-1 -1 -1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.125 0.75\n4 0 1 2 3\n4 4 3 5 6\n4 7 8 9 10\n4 11 12 4 13\n4 12 0 3 4\n4 10 9 0 12The file starts with the header which defines a file in ASCII format. There are 14 vertices (6 faces * 4 vertices - 10 vertices saved due to merging) and 6 faces in total. After the header, the vertex and face data is listed. The vertex list contains position (x,y,z), normals (nx,ny,nz) and texture coordinates (s,t) for each of the 14 vertices. The face list contains the vertex count (4) and the vertex indices for each of the 6 quadrilateral faces.","title":"Example file"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CloudCompare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CloudCompare"},{"link_name":"point clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_cloud"},{"link_name":"GigaMesh Software Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaMesh_Software_Framework"},{"link_name":"MeshLab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeshLab"}],"text":"CloudCompare having a focus on point clouds with some additional functions for meshes.\nGigaMesh Software Framework: numerical computations on meshes in PLY (or OBJ).\nMeshLab: generic application for visualizing, processing and converting three-dimensional meshes to or from the PLY file format.","title":"Open source software"}] | [] | [{"title":"STL (file format)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_(file_format)"},{"title":"Additive Manufacturing File Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_Manufacturing_File_Format"},{"title":"Wavefront .obj file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront_.obj_file"},{"title":"glTF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlTF"},{"title":"Khronos Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khronos_Group"},{"title":"Universal Scene Description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Scene_Description"}] | [{"reference":"Greg Turk. \"The PLY Polygon File Format\". Archived from the original on 2016-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204152348/http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/teaching/cs4/www/graphics/Web/ply.html","url_text":"\"The PLY Polygon File Format\""},{"url":"http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/teaching/cs4/www/graphics/Web/ply.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greg Turk. \"The PLY Polygon File Format (extended)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://gamma.cs.unc.edu/POWERPLANT/papers/ply.pdf","url_text":"\"The PLY Polygon File Format (extended)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204152348/http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/teaching/cs4/www/graphics/Web/ply.html","external_links_name":"\"The PLY Polygon File Format\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/teaching/cs4/www/graphics/Web/ply.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://gamma.cs.unc.edu/POWERPLANT/papers/ply.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The PLY Polygon File Format (extended)\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000501.shtml","external_links_name":"Library of Congress Format Description"},{"Link":"http://paulbourke.net/dataformats/ply/","external_links_name":"PLY - Polygon File Format"},{"Link":"http://www.cc.gatech.edu/projects/large_models/ply.html","external_links_name":"Some tools for working with PLY files (C source code)"},{"Link":"http://w3.impa.br/~diego/software/rply/","external_links_name":"rply - An Ansi C software library for reading and writing PLY files (MIT license)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151202190005/http://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~ares.lagae/libply/","external_links_name":"libply - A C++ software library for reading and writing PLY files (GNU license)"},{"Link":"http://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Thijs.Van-Lankveld/prog/ply/doc/index.html","external_links_name":"Another C++ software library for reading and writing PLY files (GPL 3.0 license)"},{"Link":"http://graphics.stanford.edu/data/3Dscanrep/","external_links_name":"A repository of 3D models stored in the PLY format"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLY_(file_format)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICH6R | I/O Controller Hub | ["1 ICH","2 ICH2","3 ICH3","4 ICH4","5 ICH5","6 ICH6","7 ICH7","8 ICH8","9 ICH9","10 ICH10","11 PCH architecture","12 See also","13 References"] | Family of Intel southbridge microchips
I/O Controller Hub (ICH) is a family of Intel southbridge microchips used to manage data communications between a CPU and a motherboard, specifically Intel chipsets based on the Intel Hub Architecture. It is designed to be paired with a second support chip known as a northbridge. As with any other southbridge, the ICH is used to connect and control peripheral devices.
As CPU speeds increased data transmission between the CPU and support chipset, the support chipset eventually emerged as a bottleneck between the processor and the motherboard. Accordingly, starting with the 2008 Intel 5 Series, a new architecture was used that incorporated some functions of the traditional north and south bridge chips onto the CPU itself, with the remaining functions being consolidated into a single Platform Controller Hub (PCH) and therefore replacing the traditional two chip setup.
ICH
ICH - 82801AA
The first version of the ICH was released in June 1999 along with the Intel 810 northbridge. While its predecessor, the PIIX, was connected to the northbridge through an internal PCI bus with a bandwidth of 133 MB/s, the ICH used a proprietary interface (called by Intel Hub Interface) that linked it to the northbridge through an 8-bit wide, 266 MB/s bus.
The Hub Interface was a point-to-point connection between different components on the motherboard. Another design decision was to substitute the rigid North-South axis on the motherboard with a star structure.
Note that, along with the ICH, Intel evolved other uses of the "Hub" terminology. Thus, the northbridge became the Memory Controller Hub (MCH) or if it had integrated graphics (e.g., Intel 810), the Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH).
Other ICH features include:
PCI Rev 2.2 compliant with support for 33 MHz PCI operations.
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) Support
Integrated IDE controller for Ultra ATA support
Integrated I/O APIC supporting 24 interrupt sources
System Management Bus (SMBus) with support for I²C devices
AC'97 2.1 Compliant Link
Low Pin Count (LPC) interface
The ICH came in two flavors:
82801AA (ICH) - Ultra ATA/66 support, 6 PCI slots, Alert on LAN support
82801AB (ICH0) - Ultra ATA/33 support, 4 PCI slots, no Alert on LAN
ICH2
ICH2
In early 2000 Intel had suffered a significant setback with the i820 northbridge. Customers were not willing to pay the high prices for RDRAM and either bought i810 or i440BX motherboards or changed to the competition. The hastily developed 82815 northbridge, which supported PC-133 SDRAM, became Intel's method to recover in the middle range segment.
The ICH1 or the new ICH2 (360 pins) could be placed to the side of the 82815. An ICH2 could also be used with Intel's 82850 chipset, which, like the 82820 before it, required the use of RDRAM and supported the Pentium 4 CPU. For the first time a Fast Ethernet chip (82559) was integrated into the southbridge, depending upon an external PHY chip.
The PATA interface was accelerated to ATA/100 and the number of USB connections was doubled to four. The integrated AC'97 sound controller gained support for up to six channel sound.
There was also a mobile variant called the ICH2-M.
The following variants existed:
82801BA (ICH2)
82801BAM (ICH2-M) Mobile
ICH3
ICH3-M
In 2001, Intel delivered ICH3, which was available in two versions: the server version, ICH3-S, running with the E7501 Northbridge, and the mobile version, ICH3-M, which worked with the i830 and i845 northbridges. There is no version for desktop motherboards.
In comparison with the ICH2, the changes were limited: "Native Mode" support in the PATA Controller; up to six USB-1.1 devices; SMBus 2.0; and the newest SpeedStep version, which allowed power-saving devices to be switched off during operation. The chip had 421 pins.
This has the following variants:
82801CA (ICH3-S) Server
82801CAM (ICH3-M) Mobile
ICH4
ICH4
The ICH4 was Intel's southbridge for the year 2002. The most important innovation was the support of USB 2.0 on all six ports. Sound support was improved and corresponded the newest AC'97 specification, version 2.3. Like the preceding generation, the ICH4 had 421 pins.
This has the following variants:
82801DB (ICH4) Base
82801DBM (ICH4-M) Base Mobile
ICH5
ICH5
In 2003, and in conjunction with the i865 and i875 northbridges, the ICH5 was created. A SATA host controller was integrated. The ICH5R variant additionally supported RAID 0 on SATA ports. Eight USB-2.0 ports were available. The chip had full support for ACPI 2.0. It had 460 pins.
Since 1999 the 266 MB/s hub interface was assumed to be a bottleneck. In the new chip generation, Intel therefore offered an optional port for a Gigabit Ethernet Controller directly attached to the MCH.
The goal of this CSA technology was to reduce the latencies for Gigabit LAN by direct memory access and to free up bandwidth on the Hub interface between ICH and MCH for non removable disk and PCI data traffic.
Since mid-2004, the large motherboard manufacturers noticed an increased complaint ratio with motherboards equipped with ICH5. A cause was the insufficient ESD tolerance of certain ICH5 steppings.
In particular, when connecting USB devices via front panels, the chips died by discharges of static electricity. Intel reacted to the problem by shipping ICH5 with increased ESD tolerance. Effective ESD preventive measures on USB ports are difficult and costly, since they can impair the quality of the USB-2.0 high-speed signals. Many motherboard manufacturers had omitted the necessary high-quality safety devices for front panel connectors for cost reasons.
This has the following variants:
82801E (C-ICH) Communications
82801EB (ICH5) Base
82801ER (ICH5R) RAID
82801EBM (ICH5-M) Base Mobile
6300ESB (ESB) Enterprise Southbridge
ICH6
ICH6M
ICH6 was Intel's first PCI Express southbridge, to pair with the i910 and i915 MCH. It made four PCI Express ×1 ports available. Faster ×16-Ports were accommodated in the MCH. The bottleneck Hub interface was replaced by a new Direct Media Interface (in reality a PCI Express ×4 link) with 1 GB/s of bandwidth per direction. Support for Intel High Definition Audio was included. In addition, AC'97 and the classical PCI 2.3 were still supported.
Two additional SATA ports were added, and one PATA channel was removed. The ICH6R variant supported RAID modes 0, 1, 0+1 and the Intel specific "Matrix RAID".
ICH6R and ICH6-M implemented AHCI SATA controllers for the first time. The chips had 652 pins. Originally Intel had planned to bring two further variants under the names ICH6W and ICH6RW to the market, which should contain a software Access Point for a Wireless LAN. These chips are published.
This has the following variants:
82801FB (ICH6) Base
82801FR (ICH6R) RAID
82801FBM (ICH6M) Base Mobile
6311ESB (ESB2) Enterprise Southbridge
6321ESB (ESB2) Enterprise Southbridge with integrated LAN for embedded
ICH7
NH82801GB - ICH7 Base
The ICH7 started to ship in mid-2005 together with Intel's new high-end MCH, the i955X. Two additional PCI express ×1-Ports, a SATA 2.0 Controller for up to 300 MB/s data transmission rate (the mobile version has this capability disabled), as well as support for Intel's "Active Management Technology" were added. Only the ICH7DH, ICH7R, ICH7-M, ICH7-M DH chip have AHCI support. The ICH7 (Base) and ICH7-U (Ultra-mobile) chip do not support AHCI.
The ICH7R additionally supports RAID 5.
This has the following variants:
82801GB (ICH7) Base
82801GR (ICH7R) RAID
82801GDH (ICH7DH) Digital Home
82801GBM (ICH7M) Mobile
82801GHM (ICH7M DH) Mobile Digital Home
PC82801GU (ICH7-U) Ultra-mobile
ICH8
82801HBM
ICH8 is offered in several different versions and is the complement to the 965 class MCH chips. The non-mobile ICH8 does not have a traditional PATA interface, and just one AC'97. In practice, most baseboard manufacturers still offered PATA appropriate connection types using additional chips from manufacturers such as JMicron or Marvell.
The ICH8 was the first ICH model to control eSATA and Gigabit Ethernet, which were previously accommodated in the MCH. The base version only includes four SATA 2.0 ports.
The ICH8R (RAID) and above chips support six SATA devices. Additionally the ICH8DH (Digital Home) has Quick Resume and can be used together with the P965 and/or G965 in Intel Viiv-certified systems.
The counterpart to the ICH8DO (Digital Office) is the Q965 MCH, which together provide Intel vPro compatibility.
This has the following variants:
82801HB (ICH8) Base
82801HR (ICH8R) RAID
82801HH (ICH8DH) Digital Home
82801HO (ICH8DO) Digital Office
82801HM (ICH8M) Mobile
82801HBM (ICH8BM) Base Mobile
82801HEM (ICH8EM) Enhanced Mobile
ICH9
82801IBM
The ICH9 came out in May 2007 in the P35 (Bearlake) chipset. It removes all PATA support. In practice, many motherboard manufacturers continue providing PATA support using third-party chips. Officially only the ICH9R, ICH9DH, ICH9DO chip have AHCI support.
This part has the following variants:
82801IB (ICH9) Base officially has neither AHCI or RAID support, but with a simple BIOS mod can add support for AHCI.
82801IR (ICH9R) RAID with AHCI and RAID Support
82801IH (ICH9DH) Digital Home with AHCI and no RAID Support
82801IO (ICH9DO) Digital Office with AHCI and RAID Support
82801IBM (ICH9M) Base Mobile
82801IEM (ICH9EM) Enhanced Mobile
82801IUX (ICH9M-SFF) Ultra Mobile
ICH10
Intel launched the ICH10 southbridge in June 2008 with the P45 and P43 (Eaglelake) chipset.
ICH10 implements the 1 GB/s bidirectional DMI interface to the "northbridge" device. It supports various interfaces to "low-speed" peripherals, and it supports a suite of housekeeping functions.
ICH10 also offers reduced load on CPU and decreased power consumption.
ICH10 does not offer direct PATA or LPT support. Notably there is support of 'hot-swap' functionality.
The RAID variant also supports a new technology called “Turbo Memory”. This allows the use of flash memory on a motherboard for fast caching.
Peripheral support includes:
Six PCIe version 1.1 ports, which can be configured as either 2 + (4 ×1) or 2 + (1 ×4).
PCI bus
Six SATA 3 Gbit/s ports in either legacy IDE or AHCI mode. Can support external eSATA
Intel High Definition Audio
Integrated gigabit LAN
AHCI support
Two EHCI host controllers (which support up to twelve USB 2.0 connections) with companion UHCI controllers to handle low-speed and full-speed USB devices
This part has the following variants:
82801JB (ICH10) Base
82801JR (ICH10R) RAID
82801JH (ICH10D) Digital Home
82801JO (ICH10DO) Digital Office
PCH architecture
Main article: Platform Controller Hub
As CPU speeds increased, a bottleneck eventually emerged between the processor and the motherboard, due to limitations caused by data transmission between the CPU and southbridge. Accordingly, starting with the Intel 5 Series, a new architecture was used where some functions of the north and south bridge chips were moved to the CPU, and others were consolidated into a Platform Controller Hub (PCH).
Some northbridge functions, including the memory controller, the integrated GPU (Intel HD Graphics), the graphics card interface (PCIe x16), were integrated into the CPU, while the PCH took over the remaining functions in addition to the traditional roles of the southbridge. The northbridge was therefore eliminated.
Other northbridge functions and all southbridge functions were migrated to a new Platform Controller Hub. These included clocking (the system clock), Flexible Display Interface (FDI) and Direct Media Interface (DMI). The FDI is only used when the chipset requires supporting a CPU with integrated graphics.
See also
List of Intel chipsets
Platform Controller Hub (PCH)
System Controller Hub (SCH)
PCI IDE ISA Xcelerator (PIIX)
Northbridge (computing)
Southbridge (computing)
References
^ " How to add AHCI mod to ASUS "P5K SE" bios not EPU ?". www.bios-mods.com. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
Intel 82801AA (ICH) and Intel 82801AB (ICH0) I/O Controller Hub
Intel 82801BA I/O Controller Hub 2 (ICH2) and Intel 82801BAM I/O Controller Hub 2 Mobile (ICH2-M) Datasheet
Intel 82801CA I/O Controller Hub 3 (ICH3-S) Datasheet
Intel 82801CAM I/O Controller Hub 3 (ICH3-M) Datasheet
Intel 82801DB I/O Controller Hub 4 (ICH4) Datasheet
Intel 82801DBM I/O Controller Hub 4 Mobile (ICH4-M) Datasheet
Intel 82801E Communications I/O Controller Hub (C-ICH) Datasheet
Intel 82801EB I/O Controller Hub 5 (ICH5) and Intel 82801ER I/O Controller Hub 5 R (ICH5R) Datasheet
Intel 6300ESB I/O Controller Datasheet
Intel I/O Controller Hub 6 (ICH6) Family Datasheet
Intel 631xESB/632xESB I/O Controller Hub Datasheet
Intel I/O Controller Hub 7 (ICH7) Family Datasheet
Intel I/O Controller Hub 8 (ICH8) Family Datasheet
Intel I/O Controller Hub 9 (ICH9) Family Datasheet
Intel I/O Controller Hub 10 (ICH10) Family Datasheet
Intel I/O Controller Hub 10 (ICH10) Family Specification Update
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Larrabee | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"southbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southbridge_(computing)"},{"link_name":"data communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU"},{"link_name":"motherboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard"},{"link_name":"chipsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipset"},{"link_name":"Intel Hub Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Hub_Architecture"},{"link_name":"northbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge_(computing)"},{"link_name":"bottleneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bottleneck"},{"link_name":"motherboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard"},{"link_name":"Intel 5 Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_5_Series"},{"link_name":"Platform Controller Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub"}],"text":"I/O Controller Hub (ICH) is a family of Intel southbridge microchips used to manage data communications between a CPU and a motherboard, specifically Intel chipsets based on the Intel Hub Architecture. It is designed to be paired with a second support chip known as a northbridge. As with any other southbridge, the ICH is used to connect and control peripheral devices.As CPU speeds increased data transmission between the CPU and support chipset, the support chipset eventually emerged as a bottleneck between the processor and the motherboard. Accordingly, starting with the 2008 Intel 5 Series, a new architecture was used that incorporated some functions of the traditional north and south bridge chips onto the CPU itself, with the remaining functions being consolidated into a single Platform Controller Hub (PCH) and therefore replacing the traditional two chip setup.","title":"I/O Controller Hub"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asus_P3C2000_-_Intel_FW82801AA-8642.jpg"},{"link_name":"Intel 810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_810"},{"link_name":"northbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge_(computing)"},{"link_name":"PIIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_IDE_ISA_Xcelerator"},{"link_name":"PCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect"},{"link_name":"MB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyte"},{"link_name":"bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"Memory Controller Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Controller_Hub"},{"link_name":"Intel 810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_810"},{"link_name":"Advanced Configuration and Power Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface"},{"link_name":"IDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Drive_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Ultra ATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_ATA"},{"link_name":"I/O APIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_APIC_Architecture"},{"link_name":"System Management Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_Bus"},{"link_name":"I²C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Integrated_Circuit"},{"link_name":"AC'97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC%2797"},{"link_name":"Low Pin Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Pin_Count"},{"link_name":"Alert on LAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert_on_LAN"}],"text":"ICH - 82801AAThe first version of the ICH was released in June 1999 along with the Intel 810 northbridge. While its predecessor, the PIIX, was connected to the northbridge through an internal PCI bus with a bandwidth of 133 MB/s, the ICH used a proprietary interface (called by Intel Hub Interface) that linked it to the northbridge through an 8-bit wide, 266 MB/s bus.The Hub Interface was a point-to-point connection between different components on the motherboard. Another design decision was to substitute the rigid North-South axis on the motherboard with a star structure.Note that, along with the ICH, Intel evolved other uses of the \"Hub\" terminology. Thus, the northbridge became the Memory Controller Hub (MCH) or if it had integrated graphics (e.g., Intel 810), the Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH).Other ICH features include:PCI Rev 2.2 compliant with support for 33 MHz PCI operations.\nAdvanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) Support\nIntegrated IDE controller for Ultra ATA support\nIntegrated I/O APIC supporting 24 interrupt sources\nSystem Management Bus (SMBus) with support for I²C devices\nAC'97 2.1 Compliant Link\nLow Pin Count (LPC) interfaceThe ICH came in two flavors:82801AA (ICH) - Ultra ATA/66 support, 6 PCI slots, Alert on LAN support\n82801AB (ICH0) - Ultra ATA/33 support, 4 PCI slots, no Alert on LAN","title":"ICH"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_ICH2.jpg"},{"link_name":"RDRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDRAM"},{"link_name":"Fast Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Ethernet"},{"link_name":"PATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT_Attachment"},{"link_name":"USB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus"}],"text":"ICH2In early 2000 Intel had suffered a significant setback with the i820 northbridge. Customers were not willing to pay the high prices for RDRAM and either bought i810 or i440BX motherboards or changed to the competition. The hastily developed 82815 northbridge, which supported PC-133 SDRAM, became Intel's method to recover in the middle range segment.The ICH1 or the new ICH2 (360 pins) could be placed to the side of the 82815. An ICH2 could also be used with Intel's 82850 chipset, which, like the 82820 before it, required the use of RDRAM and supported the Pentium 4 CPU. For the first time a Fast Ethernet chip (82559) was integrated into the southbridge, depending upon an external PHY chip.The PATA interface was accelerated to ATA/100 and the number of USB connections was doubled to four. The integrated AC'97 sound controller gained support for up to six channel sound.There was also a mobile variant called the ICH2-M.The following variants existed:82801BA (ICH2)\n82801BAM (ICH2-M) Mobile","title":"ICH2"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_ICH3M.jpg"},{"link_name":"SMBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_Bus"},{"link_name":"82801CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27669/Intel-82801CA-IO-Controller"}],"text":"ICH3-MIn 2001, Intel delivered ICH3, which was available in two versions: the server version, ICH3-S, running with the E7501 Northbridge, and the mobile version, ICH3-M, which worked with the i830 and i845 northbridges. There is no version for desktop motherboards.In comparison with the ICH2, the changes were limited: \"Native Mode\" support in the PATA Controller; up to six USB-1.1 devices; SMBus 2.0; and the newest SpeedStep version, which allowed power-saving devices to be switched off during operation. The chip had 421 pins.This has the following variants:82801CA (ICH3-S) Server\n82801CAM (ICH3-M) Mobile","title":"ICH3"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_FW82801DB.JPG"},{"link_name":"82801DB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27671/Intel-82801DB-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801DBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27672/Intel-82801DBM-IO-Controller"}],"text":"ICH4The ICH4 was Intel's southbridge for the year 2002. The most important innovation was the support of USB 2.0 on all six ports. Sound support was improved and corresponded the newest AC'97 specification, version 2.3. Like the preceding generation, the ICH4 had 421 pins.This has the following variants:82801DB (ICH4) Base\n82801DBM (ICH4-M) Base Mobile","title":"ICH4"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel-82801EB.jpg"},{"link_name":"SATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATA"},{"link_name":"RAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID"},{"link_name":"ACPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface"},{"link_name":"CSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Communication_Streaming_Architecture"},{"link_name":"ESD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge"},{"link_name":"82801EB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27674/Intel-82801EB-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27675/Intel-82801ER-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"6300ESB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27663/Intel-6300ESB-IO-Controller"}],"text":"ICH5In 2003, and in conjunction with the i865 and i875 northbridges, the ICH5 was created. A SATA host controller was integrated. The ICH5R variant additionally supported RAID 0 on SATA ports. Eight USB-2.0 ports were available. The chip had full support for ACPI 2.0. It had 460 pins.Since 1999 the 266 MB/s hub interface was assumed to be a bottleneck. In the new chip generation, Intel therefore offered an optional port for a Gigabit Ethernet Controller directly attached to the MCH.The goal of this CSA technology was to reduce the latencies for Gigabit LAN by direct memory access and to free up bandwidth on the Hub interface between ICH and MCH for non removable disk and PCI data traffic.Since mid-2004, the large motherboard manufacturers noticed an increased complaint ratio with motherboards equipped with ICH5. A cause was the insufficient ESD tolerance of certain ICH5 steppings.In particular, when connecting USB devices via front panels, the chips died by discharges of static electricity. Intel reacted to the problem by shipping ICH5 with increased ESD tolerance. Effective ESD preventive measures on USB ports are difficult and costly, since they can impair the quality of the USB-2.0 high-speed signals. Many motherboard manufacturers had omitted the necessary high-quality safety devices for front panel connectors for cost reasons.This has the following variants:82801E (C-ICH) Communications\n82801EB (ICH5) Base\n82801ER (ICH5R) RAID\n82801EBM (ICH5-M) Base Mobile\n6300ESB (ESB) Enterprise Southbridge","title":"ICH5"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KL_Intel_FW82801FBM_Southbridge_ES.jpg"},{"link_name":"PCI Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express"},{"link_name":"Direct Media Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface"},{"link_name":"GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte"},{"link_name":"Intel High Definition Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio"},{"link_name":"AC'97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC%2797"},{"link_name":"AHCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface"},{"link_name":"Wireless LAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN"},{"link_name":"82801FB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27676/Intel-82801FB-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801FR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27678/Intel-82801FR-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801FBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27677/Intel-82801FBM-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"6311ESB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27664/Intel-6311ESB-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"6321ESB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27665/Intel-6321ESB-IO-Controller"}],"text":"ICH6MICH6 was Intel's first PCI Express southbridge, to pair with the i910 and i915 MCH. It made four PCI Express ×1 ports available. Faster ×16-Ports were accommodated in the MCH. The bottleneck Hub interface was replaced by a new Direct Media Interface (in reality a PCI Express ×4 link) with 1 GB/s of bandwidth per direction. Support for Intel High Definition Audio was included. In addition, AC'97 and the classical PCI 2.3 were still supported.Two additional SATA ports were added, and one PATA channel was removed. The ICH6R variant supported RAID modes 0, 1, 0+1 and the Intel specific \"Matrix RAID\".ICH6R and ICH6-M implemented AHCI SATA controllers for the first time. The chips had 652 pins. Originally Intel had planned to bring two further variants under the names ICH6W and ICH6RW to the market, which should contain a software Access Point for a Wireless LAN. These chips are published.This has the following variants:82801FB (ICH6) Base\n82801FR (ICH6R) RAID\n82801FBM (ICH6M) Base Mobile\n6311ESB (ESB2) Enterprise Southbridge\n6321ESB (ESB2) Enterprise Southbridge with integrated LAN for embedded","title":"ICH6"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asus_P5PL2_-_Intel_NH82801GB_-_SL8FX-93719.jpg"},{"link_name":"82801GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27679/Intel-82801GB-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801GR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27683/Intel-82801GR-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801GDH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27681/Intel-82801GDH-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801GBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27680/Intel-82801GBM-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801GHM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27682/Intel-82801GHM-IO-Controller"}],"text":"NH82801GB - ICH7 BaseThe ICH7 started to ship in mid-2005 together with Intel's new high-end MCH, the i955X. Two additional PCI express ×1-Ports, a SATA 2.0 Controller for up to 300 MB/s data transmission rate (the mobile version has this capability disabled), as well as support for Intel's \"Active Management Technology\" were added. Only the ICH7DH, ICH7R, ICH7-M, ICH7-M DH chip have AHCI support. The ICH7 (Base) and ICH7-U (Ultra-mobile) chip do not support AHCI.The ICH7R additionally supports RAID 5.This has the following variants:82801GB (ICH7) Base\n82801GR (ICH7R) RAID\n82801GDH (ICH7DH) Digital Home\n82801GBM (ICH7M) Mobile\n82801GHM (ICH7M DH) Mobile Digital Home\nPC82801GU (ICH7-U) Ultra-mobile","title":"ICH7"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_NH82801HBM_SLB9A_Southbridge-2408.jpg"},{"link_name":"JMicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMicron"},{"link_name":"Marvell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group"},{"link_name":"eSATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATA#External_SATA"},{"link_name":"Intel Viiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Viiv"},{"link_name":"Intel vPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_vPro"},{"link_name":"82801HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27684/Intel-82801HB-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801HR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27687/Intel-82801HR-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801HH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27685/Intel-82801HH-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801HO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/27686/Intel-82801HO-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801HM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/29823/Intel-82801HM-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801HBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/29823/Intel-82801HM-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801HEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/29824/Intel-82801HEM-IO-Controller"}],"text":"82801HBMICH8 is offered in several different versions and is the complement to the 965 class MCH chips. The non-mobile ICH8 does not have a traditional PATA interface, and just one AC'97. In practice, most baseboard manufacturers still offered PATA appropriate connection types using additional chips from manufacturers such as JMicron or Marvell.The ICH8 was the first ICH model to control eSATA and Gigabit Ethernet, which were previously accommodated in the MCH. The base version only includes four SATA 2.0 ports.The ICH8R (RAID) and above chips support six SATA devices. Additionally the ICH8DH (Digital Home) has Quick Resume and can be used together with the P965 and/or G965 in Intel Viiv-certified systems.The counterpart to the ICH8DO (Digital Office) is the Q965 MCH, which together provide Intel vPro compatibility.This has the following variants:82801HB (ICH8) Base\n82801HR (ICH8R) RAID\n82801HH (ICH8DH) Digital Home\n82801HO (ICH8DO) Digital Office\n82801HM (ICH8M) Mobile\n82801HBM (ICH8BM) Base Mobile\n82801HEM (ICH8EM) Enhanced Mobile","title":"ICH8"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_AF82801IBM_SLB8Q_Southbridge-3593.jpg"},{"link_name":"P35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_P35"},{"link_name":"82801IB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/31892/Intel-82801IB-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"AHCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface"},{"link_name":"RAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"82801IR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/31894/Intel-82801IR-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"AHCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface"},{"link_name":"RAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID"},{"link_name":"82801IH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/31898/Intel-82801IH-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"AHCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface"},{"link_name":"RAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID"},{"link_name":"82801IO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/31899/Intel-82801IO-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"AHCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface"},{"link_name":"RAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID"},{"link_name":"82801IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/34229/Intel-82801IBM-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801IEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/34336/Intel-82801IEM-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801IUX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/35547/Intel-82801IUX-SFF-IO-Controller"}],"text":"82801IBMThe ICH9 came out in May 2007 in the P35 (Bearlake) chipset. It removes all PATA support. In practice, many motherboard manufacturers continue providing PATA support using third-party chips. Officially only the ICH9R, ICH9DH, ICH9DO chip have AHCI support.This part has the following variants:82801IB (ICH9) Base officially has neither AHCI or RAID support, but with a simple BIOS mod can add support for AHCI. [1]\n82801IR (ICH9R) RAID with AHCI and RAID Support\n82801IH (ICH9DH) Digital Home with AHCI and no RAID Support\n82801IO (ICH9DO) Digital Office with AHCI and RAID Support\n82801IBM (ICH9M) Base Mobile\n82801IEM (ICH9EM) Enhanced Mobile\n82801IUX (ICH9M-SFF) Ultra Mobile","title":"ICH9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_P45"},{"link_name":"DMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface"},{"link_name":"Turbo Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Turbo_Memory"},{"link_name":"Intel High Definition Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio"},{"link_name":"AHCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHCI"},{"link_name":"EHCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHCI"},{"link_name":"UHCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHCI"},{"link_name":"82801JB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/34392/Intel-82801JB-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801JR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/34395/Intel-82801JR-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801JH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/34393/Intel-82801JH-IO-Controller"},{"link_name":"82801JO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ark.intel.com/products/34394/Intel-82801JO-IO-Controller"}],"text":"Intel launched the ICH10 southbridge in June 2008 with the P45 and P43 (Eaglelake) chipset.ICH10 implements the 1 GB/s bidirectional DMI interface to the \"northbridge\" device. It supports various interfaces to \"low-speed\" peripherals, and it supports a suite of housekeeping functions.ICH10 also offers reduced load on CPU and decreased power consumption.ICH10 does not offer direct PATA or LPT support. Notably there is support of 'hot-swap' functionality.The RAID variant also supports a new technology called “Turbo Memory”. This allows the use of flash memory on a motherboard for fast caching.Peripheral support includes:Six PCIe version 1.1 ports, which can be configured as either 2 + (4 ×1) or 2 + (1 ×4).\nPCI bus\nSix SATA 3 Gbit/s ports in either legacy IDE or AHCI mode. Can support external eSATA\nIntel High Definition Audio\nIntegrated gigabit LAN\nAHCI support\nTwo EHCI host controllers (which support up to twelve USB 2.0 connections) with companion UHCI controllers to handle low-speed and full-speed USB devicesThis part has the following variants:82801JB (ICH10) Base\n82801JR (ICH10R) RAID\n82801JH (ICH10D) Digital Home\n82801JO (ICH10DO) Digital Office","title":"ICH10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bottleneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bottleneck"},{"link_name":"motherboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard"},{"link_name":"Intel 5 Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_5_Series"},{"link_name":"Platform Controller Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub"},{"link_name":"Intel HD Graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_HD_Graphics"},{"link_name":"PCIe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCIe"},{"link_name":"southbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southbridge_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Platform Controller Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub"},{"link_name":"system clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_clock"},{"link_name":"Flexible Display Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_Display_Interface"},{"link_name":"Direct Media Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface"}],"text":"As CPU speeds increased, a bottleneck eventually emerged between the processor and the motherboard, due to limitations caused by data transmission between the CPU and southbridge. Accordingly, starting with the Intel 5 Series, a new architecture was used where some functions of the north and south bridge chips were moved to the CPU, and others were consolidated into a Platform Controller Hub (PCH).Some northbridge functions, including the memory controller, the integrated GPU (Intel HD Graphics), the graphics card interface (PCIe x16), were integrated into the CPU, while the PCH took over the remaining functions in addition to the traditional roles of the southbridge. The northbridge was therefore eliminated.\nOther northbridge functions and all southbridge functions were migrated to a new Platform Controller Hub. These included clocking (the system clock), Flexible Display Interface (FDI) and Direct Media Interface (DMI). The FDI is only used when the chipset requires supporting a CPU with integrated graphics.","title":"PCH architecture"}] | [{"image_text":"ICH - 82801AA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Asus_P3C2000_-_Intel_FW82801AA-8642.jpg/220px-Asus_P3C2000_-_Intel_FW82801AA-8642.jpg"},{"image_text":"ICH2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Intel_ICH2.jpg/150px-Intel_ICH2.jpg"},{"image_text":"ICH3-M","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Intel_ICH3M.jpg/150px-Intel_ICH3M.jpg"},{"image_text":"ICH4","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Intel_FW82801DB.JPG/150px-Intel_FW82801DB.JPG"},{"image_text":"ICH5","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Intel-82801EB.jpg/150px-Intel-82801EB.jpg"},{"image_text":"ICH6M","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KL_Intel_FW82801FBM_Southbridge_ES.jpg/150px-KL_Intel_FW82801FBM_Southbridge_ES.jpg"},{"image_text":"NH82801GB - ICH7 Base","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Asus_P5PL2_-_Intel_NH82801GB_-_SL8FX-93719.jpg/150px-Asus_P5PL2_-_Intel_NH82801GB_-_SL8FX-93719.jpg"},{"image_text":"82801HBM","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Intel_NH82801HBM_SLB9A_Southbridge-2408.jpg/150px-Intel_NH82801HBM_SLB9A_Southbridge-2408.jpg"},{"image_text":"82801IBM","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Intel_AF82801IBM_SLB8Q_Southbridge-3593.jpg/150px-Intel_AF82801IBM_SLB8Q_Southbridge-3593.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Intel chipsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_chipsets"},{"title":"Platform Controller Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub"},{"title":"System Controller Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Controller_Hub"},{"title":"PCI IDE ISA Xcelerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_IDE_ISA_Xcelerator"},{"title":"Northbridge (computing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge_(computing)"},{"title":"Southbridge (computing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southbridge_(computing)"}] | [{"reference":"\"[solved] How to add AHCI mod to ASUS \"P5K SE\" bios not EPU ?\". www.bios-mods.com. Retrieved 2016-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bios-mods.com/forum/Thread-solved-How-to-add-AHCI-mod-to-ASUS-P5K-SE-bios-not-EPU","url_text":"\"[solved] How to add AHCI mod to ASUS \"P5K SE\" bios not EPU ?\""}]},{"reference":"Intel 82801AA (ICH) and Intel 82801AB (ICH0) I/O Controller Hub","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/datashts/290655.htm","url_text":"Intel 82801AA (ICH) and Intel 82801AB (ICH0) I/O Controller Hub"}]},{"reference":"Intel 82801BA I/O Controller Hub 2 (ICH2) and Intel 82801BAM I/O Controller Hub 2 Mobile (ICH2-M) Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/chipsets/82801ba-i-o-controller-hub-2-82801bam-i-o-controller-hub-2-mobile-datasheet.html","url_text":"Intel 82801BA I/O Controller Hub 2 (ICH2) and Intel 82801BAM I/O Controller Hub 2 Mobile (ICH2-M) Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel 82801CA I/O Controller Hub 3 (ICH3-S) Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/chipsets/82801ca-io-controller-hub-3-datasheet.html","url_text":"Intel 82801CA I/O Controller Hub 3 (ICH3-S) Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel 82801CAM I/O Controller Hub 3 (ICH3-M) Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/datashts/290716.htm","url_text":"Intel 82801CAM I/O Controller Hub 3 (ICH3-M) Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel 82801DB I/O Controller Hub 4 (ICH4) Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/chipsets/82801db-io-controller-hub-4-datasheet.html","url_text":"Intel 82801DB I/O Controller Hub 4 (ICH4) Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel 82801DBM I/O Controller Hub 4 Mobile (ICH4-M) Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/chipsets/82801dbm-i-o-controller-hub-4-mobile-datasheet.html","url_text":"Intel 82801DBM I/O Controller Hub 4 Mobile (ICH4-M) Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel 82801E Communications I/O Controller Hub (C-ICH) Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/datashts/273598.htm","url_text":"Intel 82801E Communications I/O Controller Hub (C-ICH) Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel 82801EB I/O Controller Hub 5 (ICH5) and Intel 82801ER I/O Controller Hub 5 R (ICH5R) Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/chipsets/82801eb-82801er-io-controller-hub-datasheet.html","url_text":"Intel 82801EB I/O Controller Hub 5 (ICH5) and Intel 82801ER I/O Controller Hub 5 R (ICH5R) Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel 6300ESB I/O Controller Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/chipsets/6300esb-io-controller-hub-datasheet.html","url_text":"Intel 6300ESB I/O Controller Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel I/O Controller Hub 6 (ICH6) Family Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/io-controller-hub-6-datasheet.html","url_text":"Intel I/O Controller Hub 6 (ICH6) Family Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel 631xESB/632xESB I/O Controller Hub Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/chipsets/631xesb-632xesb-io-controller-hub-datasheet.html","url_text":"Intel 631xESB/632xESB I/O Controller Hub Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel I/O Controller Hub 7 (ICH7) Family Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/i-o-controller-hub-7-datasheet.html","url_text":"Intel I/O Controller Hub 7 (ICH7) Family Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel I/O Controller Hub 8 (ICH8) Family Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/intel-io-controller-hub-8-datasheet.html","url_text":"Intel I/O Controller Hub 8 (ICH8) Family Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel I/O Controller Hub 9 (ICH9) Family Datasheet","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/io-controller-hub-9-datasheet.html","url_text":"Intel I/O Controller Hub 9 (ICH9) Family Datasheet"}]},{"reference":"Intel I/O Controller Hub 10 (ICH10) Family 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerzhenets_peat_railway | Kerzhenets peat railway | ["1 Current status","2 Rolling stock","2.1 Locomotives","2.2 Railroad car","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References and sources","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 56°28′25″N 44°25′28″E / 56.473679°N 44.424574°E / 56.473679; 44.424574Kerzhenets peat railwayOverviewLocaleNizhny Novgorod Oblast, RussiaTerminiKerzhenetsServiceTypeNarrow gauge railwayOperator(s)ОАО «Борресурсы»HistoryOpened1945TechnicalLine length14 kilometres (8.7 mi)Track gauge750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in)
56°28′25″N 44°25′28″E / 56.473679°N 44.424574°E / 56.473679; 44.424574
The Kerzhenets peat railway is located in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. The peat railway was opened in 1945, and has a total length of 14 kilometres (8.7 mi); the track gauge is 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in). The railway operates year-round.
Current status
The Kerzhenets peat railway emerged in the 1940s, in the area of Borsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. The peat railway was built for hauling peat and workers. The railway line leaves Kerzhenets at northern side to reach the peat fields. Until 1997 the settlement Pionersky at Kerzhenets River was the terminus of the railway. A peat briquette factory was established in 2002 and started its work in 2004.
Rolling stock
Locomotives
TU8 – №0307
ESU2A – №925
Railroad car
Flatcar
Tank car
Snow blower
Crane (railroad)
Open wagon
Gallery
Peat briquette factory
Open wagon unloading peat
Peat briquette factory
Open wagon for peat
See also
Narrow-gauge railways in Russia
Altsevo peat railway
Narrow-gauge railway of Decor-1 factory
References and sources
^ History
^ "Briquette factory Kerzhenets-1, 2002-2004". Archived from the original on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kerzhenets peat narrow gauge railway.
Photos Kerzhenets | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"56°28′25″N 44°25′28″E / 56.473679°N 44.424574°E / 56.473679; 44.424574","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kerzhenets_peat_railway¶ms=56.473679_N_44.424574_E_region:IM_type:landmark_scale:10000"},{"link_name":"Nizhny Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"peat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat"},{"link_name":"track gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gauge"},{"link_name":"750 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/750_mm_gauge_railways"}],"text":"56°28′25″N 44°25′28″E / 56.473679°N 44.424574°E / 56.473679; 44.424574The Kerzhenets peat railway is located in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. The peat railway was opened in 1945, and has a total length of 14 kilometres (8.7 mi); the track gauge is 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in). The railway operates year-round.","title":"Kerzhenets peat railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Nizhny Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kerzhenets River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerzhenets_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Kerzhenets peat railway emerged in the 1940s, in the area of Borsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.[1] The peat railway was built for hauling peat and workers. The railway line leaves Kerzhenets at northern side to reach the peat fields. Until 1997 the settlement Pionersky at Kerzhenets River was the terminus of the railway. A peat briquette factory was established in 2002 and started its work in 2004.[2]","title":"Current status"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TU8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TU8_diesel_locomotive"},{"link_name":"ESU2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ESU2A&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Locomotives","text":"TU8 – №0307\nESU2A – №925","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flatcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatcar"},{"link_name":"Tank car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_car"},{"link_name":"Snow blower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_blower"},{"link_name":"Crane (railroad)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(railroad)"},{"link_name":"Open wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_wagon"}],"sub_title":"Railroad car","text":"Flatcar\nTank car\nSnow blower\nCrane (railroad)\nOpen wagon","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peat_Briquette_Factory.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Briquette_Factory_Peat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Open wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_wagon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kerzhenets_Peat_Briquette_Factory.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kerzhenets_peat_railway.JPG"}],"text":"Peat briquette factory\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpen wagon unloading peat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPeat briquette factory\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpen wagon for peat","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uzkokoleika.info/gppjt.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Briquette factory Kerzhenets-1, 2002-2004\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140330005144/http://www.dekor.nnov.ru/object-9.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dekor.nnov.ru/object-9.htm"}],"text":"^ History\n\n^ \"Briquette factory Kerzhenets-1, 2002-2004\". Archived from the original on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2013-03-29.","title":"References and sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Narrow-gauge railways in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways_in_Russia"},{"title":"Altsevo peat railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altsevo_peat_railway"},{"title":"Narrow-gauge railway of Decor-1 factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway_of_Decor-1_factory"}] | [{"reference":"\"Briquette factory Kerzhenets-1, 2002-2004\". Archived from the original on 2014-03-30. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Branighan | Ray Branighan | ["1 Background","2 Souths club career","3 Manly club career","4 Representative career","5 Footnotes","6 External links"] | Australia international rugby league footballer
Ray BranighanPersonal informationBorn (1947-12-05) 5 December 1947 (age 76)Sydney, AustraliaPlaying informationPositionCentre, Wing, Fullback
Club
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
1968–71
South Sydney
57
26
31
0
140
1972–78
Manly-Warringah
114
30
52
0
194
Total
171
56
83
0
334
Representative
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
1970–75
City Firsts
4
0
6
0
12
1970–74
New South Wales
7
0
5
0
10
1970–75
Australia
17
4
10
0
32
Source:
Ray Branighan (born 5 December 1947) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer, a star wing and Centre of the 1970s for the South Sydney Rabbitohs, the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, as well as New South Wales state and Australian national representative sides.
Background
Ray Branighan was born in Sydney, Australia.
Souths club career
Branighan played 57 games with South Sydney between 1968 and 1971. He played in 1970 and 1971 victorious Rabbitohs Grand Finals scoring tries in both.
In 2004, he was named by Souths in their South Sydney Dream Team, consisting of 17 players and a coach representing the club from 1908 through to 2004.
Manly club career
He was one of a number of 1971 Rabbitohs poached by wealthier clubs in 1972, and along with teammate John O'Neill he moved to Manly. He played 114 games for Manly between 1972 and 1978. He played in the victorious 1972 and 1973 Grand Finals for Manly (partnering Bob Fulton in the centres in both and kicking 6 goals from 7 attempts in the 19 –-14 win over Easts in 1972). Branighan was a reserve back for Manly in their 16–0 win over Cronulla in the 1978 Grand Final replay (Manly had also defeated Cronulla 10 –- 7 in 1973).
Representative career
Branighan represented for Australia in eight Test and nine World Cup matches and appeared five times for New South Wales.
Ray played alongside his brother Arthur Branighan for South Sydney from 1968 to 1970, and his nephew Luke Branighan played with the St George Dragons in 2004.
Footnotes
^ RLP
^ Yesterday's Hero
^ South Sydney Dream Team Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine from the official South Sydney website.
External links
Kangaroos beat Lions at Wilderspool
vteSouth Sydney squad - 1970 NSWRFL Premiers (19th title)
1. Eric Simms
2. Michael Cleary
3. Paul Sait
4. Arthur Branighan
5. Ray Branighan
6. Denis Pittard
7. Bob Grant
8. John Sattler
9. Elwyn Walters
10. John O'Neill
11. Bob McCarthy
12. Gary Stevens
13. Ron Coote
14. Bob Honan
Coach: Clive Churchill
vteSouth Sydney squad - 1971 NSWRFL Premiers (20th title)
1. Eric Simms
2. Keith Edwards
3. Paul Sait
4. Bob Honan
5. Ray Branighan
6. Denis Pittard
7. Bob Grant
8. John Sattler
9. George Piggins
10. John O'Neill
11. Bob McCarthy
12. Gary Stevens
13. Ron Coote
Coach: Clive Churchill
Manly-Warringah navigation templates
vteManly-Warringah Sea Eagles squad – 1972 NSWRFL Premiers (1st title)
1 Graham Eadie
2 Ken Irvine
3 Ray Branighan
4 Bob Fulton
5 Max Brown
6 Ian Martin
7 Dennis Ward
8 Bill Hamilton
9 Fred Jones (c)
10 John O'Neill
11 Allan Thomson
12 Terry Randall
13 Malcolm Reilly
Coach: Ron Willey
vteManly-Warringah Sea Eagles squad – 1973 NSWRFL Premiers (2nd title)
1 Graham Eadie
2 Ken Irvine
3 Ray Branighan
4 Bob Fulton
5 Max Brown
6 Ian Martin
7 John Mayes
8 Bill Hamilton
9 Fred Jones (c)
10 John O'Neill
11 Peter Peters
12 Terry Randall
13 Mal Reilly
14 John Bucknall
Coach: Ron Willey
vteManly-Warringah Sea Eagles squad – 1978 NSWRFL Premiers (4th title)
1 Graham Eadie
2 Tom Mooney
3 Stephen Knight
4 Russel Gartner
5 Simon Booth
6 Alan Thompson
7 Steve Martin
8 Ian Thomson
9 Max Krilich (c)
10 John Harvey
11 Bruce Walker
12 Terry Randall
13 Ian Martin
14 Wayne Springall
16 Ray Branighan
Coach: Frank Stanton
vteManly-Warringah Sea Eagles 60th Anniversary Dream Team
1. Graham Eadie
2. Ken Irvine
3. Ray Branighan
4. Bob Fulton
5. Michael O'Connor
6. Wally O'Connell
7. Geoff Toovey
8. Roy Bull
9. Max Krilich
10. John O'Neill
11. Steve Menzies
12. Terry Randall
13. Mal Reilly
Bench: Des Hasler
Ben Kennedy
Cliff Lyons
Paul Vautin
Coach: Frank Stanton
Manager: Ken Arthurson
Australia navigation templates
vteAustralia squad – 1970 Rugby League World Cup final winners (3rd title)
1 Eric Simms
2 Lionel Williamson
3 John Cootes
4 Paul Sait
5 Mark Harris
6 Bob Fulton
7 Billy Smith
8 John O'Neill
9 Ron Turner
10 Bob O'Reilly
11 Bob McCarthy
12 Ron Costello
13 Ron Coote (captain)
14 Ray Branighan
15 Elwyn Walters Coach: Harry Bath
vteAustralia squad – 1972 Rugby League World Cup
Graeme Langlands (c)
Arthur Beetson
Ray Branighan
Bob Fulton
John Elford
John Grant
Mark Harris
Fred Jones
Stephen Knight
Bob McCarthy
John O'Neill
Bob O'Reilly
Tommy Raudonikis
Paul Sait
Geoff Starling
Gary Stevens
Gary Sullivan
Dennis Ward
Elwyn Walters
Coach: Harry Bath
vte1973 Kangaroo Tour squad
Graeme Langlands (c)
Arthur Beetson (vc)
Bob McCarthy (vc)
Tom Raudonikis (vc)
Ray Branighan
Michael Cronin
Graham Eadie
Bob Fulton
Ted Goodwin
Bill Hamilton
John Lang
Ken Maddison
John O'Neill
Bob O'Reilly
Warren Orr
Tim Pickup
Greg Pierce
Graham Olling
Terry Randall
Steve Rogers
Paul Sait
Geoff Starling
Gary Stevens
David Waite
Elwyn Walters
Dennis Ward
Lionel Williamson
Coach: Graeme Langlands
vteAustralia squad – 1975 Rugby League World Championship winners (4th title)
Graeme Langlands (Capt./Coach)
Chris Anderson
Arthur Beetson
Ray Branighan
John Brass
Ron Coote
Mick Cronin
John Donnelly
Graham Eadie
Terry Fahey
Denis Fitzgerald
Bob Fulton
Mark Harris
Ray Higgs
John Lang
Ian Mackay
Allan McMahon
John Mayes
John O'Neill
John Peard
Tim Pickup
Greg Pierce
George Piggins
Lew Platz
Jim Porter
John Quayle
Terry Randall
Tommy Raudonikis
Johnny Rhodes
Steve Rogers
Paul Sait
Ian Schubert
Gary Stevens
Ross Strudwick
Greg Veivers
David Wright | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Wing"},{"link_name":"Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Centre"},{"link_name":"South Sydney Rabbitohs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs"},{"link_name":"Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly-Warringah_Sea_Eagles"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Kangaroos"}],"text":"Ray Branighan (born 5 December 1947) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer, a star wing and Centre of the 1970s for the South Sydney Rabbitohs, the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, as well as New South Wales state and Australian national representative sides.","title":"Ray Branighan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"}],"text":"Ray Branighan was born in Sydney, Australia.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_NSWRFL_season#Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_NSWRFL_season#Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Rabbitohs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rugby_League_season_1908"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League_season_2004"}],"text":"Branighan played 57 games with South Sydney between 1968 and 1971. He played in 1970 and 1971 victorious Rabbitohs Grand Finals scoring tries in both.In 2004, he was named by Souths in their South Sydney Dream Team,[3] consisting of 17 players and a coach representing the club from 1908 through to 2004.","title":"Souths club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Neill_(rugby_league_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Manly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly-Warringah_Sea_Eagles"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_NSWRFL_season#Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_NSWRFL_season#Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Bob Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Fulton"},{"link_name":"Easts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Roosters"},{"link_name":"Cronulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronulla-Sutherland_Sharks"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_NSWRFL_season#Grand_Final"}],"text":"He was one of a number of 1971 Rabbitohs poached by wealthier clubs in 1972, and along with teammate John O'Neill he moved to Manly. He played 114 games for Manly between 1972 and 1978. He played in the victorious 1972 and 1973 Grand Finals for Manly (partnering Bob Fulton in the centres in both and kicking 6 goals from 7 attempts in the 19 –-14 win over Easts in 1972). Branighan was a reserve back for Manly in their 16–0 win over Cronulla in the 1978 Grand Final replay (Manly had also defeated Cronulla 10 –- 7 in 1973).","title":"Manly club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Arthur Branighan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Branighan"},{"link_name":"Luke Branighan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Branighan"},{"link_name":"St George Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George_Dragons"}],"text":"Branighan represented for Australia in eight Test and nine World Cup matches and appeared five times for New South Wales.Ray played alongside his brother Arthur Branighan for South Sydney from 1968 to 1970, and his nephew Luke Branighan played with the St George Dragons in 2004.","title":"Representative career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"RLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/Ray_Branighan/summary.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Yesterday's Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yesterdayshero.com.au/PlayerProfile.aspx?fname=PlayerProfile.aspx&QStr=1219"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"South Sydney Dream Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.souths.com.au/history/viewclublegends.asp?ArticleID=842"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070614004123/http://www.souths.com.au/history/viewclublegends.asp?ArticleID=842"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ RLP\n\n^ Yesterday's Hero\n\n^ South Sydney Dream Team Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine from the official South Sydney website.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/Ray_Branighan/summary.html","external_links_name":"RLP"},{"Link":"http://www.yesterdayshero.com.au/PlayerProfile.aspx?fname=PlayerProfile.aspx&QStr=1219","external_links_name":"Yesterday's Hero"},{"Link":"http://www.souths.com.au/history/viewclublegends.asp?ArticleID=842","external_links_name":"South Sydney Dream Team"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070614004123/http://www.souths.com.au/history/viewclublegends.asp?ArticleID=842","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100114184956/http://totalrl.com/features/content.php?feat_id=289&featcat_id=32","external_links_name":"Kangaroos beat Lions at Wilderspool"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Le_Bouthillier | Wilfred Le Bouthillier | ["1 Life","2 Discography","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Wilfred Le Bouthillier (born May 12, 1978) is an Acadian singer from the town of Tracadie-Sheila, New Brunswick, and the winner of both the 2003 edition of Star Académie, a French Canadian reality show for aspiring singers, and the 2021 edition of Chanteurs masqués, the French Canadian adaptation of The Masked Singer, along with Marie-Élaine Thibert.
Life
He is known simply by his first name, Wilfred. His debut album Wilfred Le Bouthillier was released in the autumn of 2003. Produced with the assistance of Cajun singer Zachary Richard, it proved to be an enviable success, selling over 200,000 copies. This is exceptional for a french canadian artist in Canada. By way of comparison, this would be equivalent to selling more than 8 million copies of an English-language album in the United States.
Among his awards and distinctions, Wilfred has received several "Prix Étoiles" (in Acadie). He took home the Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year for his debut album, Wilfred Le Bouthillier. He was also nominated in several categories during the Quebec l'ADISQ 2005 gala, including one nomination in the Best Seller category. At the 16th SOCAN gala, his song "Je ferai tout", was listed among the top ten most-played francophone songs on the radio.
Wilfred recorded a follow-up album in 2005 called Poussières. The first song released from that album, "Avec toi", reached the top five in the radio BDS countdown while the video also placed the song in the top five on Musique Plus and Musimax (the Francophone version of MuchMusic).
At the end of August 2007, "L'insignifiant", also from the album Poussières, was sitting at number seven on Quebec's "Top 50 Radio Correspondants Francophone."
In 2021, Le Bouthillier and Thibert performed together in the first season of Chanteurs masqués, the Quebec adaptation of The Masked Singer, as a pair of lovebirds. Although not a couple in real life, their careers have been closely associated since the start, as Thibert was the runner-up on Le Bouthillier's winning season of Star Académie and they have often performed together since. They won the competition.
Discography
Je poursuis ma route (2013)
Droit Devant (2009)
Poussières (2006)
L'Acadie en Chanson (2005)
Simple – Si demain... (Turn Around) (2005)
L'Acadie en Chanson (2004)
Le choix du Québec (2004)
Merci pour la chanson (2004)
Wilfred Le Bouthillier (2003)
Star Académie (2003)
See also
List of Quebec television series
Television of Quebec
Music of Quebec
Acadia
References
^ "Wilfred LeBouthillier music, videos, stats, and photos". 14 July 2023.
^ "CARAS Scores A Hit With 2004 Juno Awards" Archived 2016-08-15 at the Wayback Machine. Soul Shine. 2004-04-05
^ "Québec Info Musique | Wilfred le Bouthillier".
^ "Magasin de musique et librairie en ligne | Archambault".
^ Guillaume Picard, "«Chanteurs masqués»: Marie-Élaine Thibert et Wilfred LeBouthillier triomphent". Le Journal de Montréal, November 28, 2021.
External links
Artist's website (in French)
Preceded byNone
Winner of Star Académie 2003
Succeeded byStéphanie Lapointe
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wilfred Le Bouthillier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_name"},{"link_name":"Cajun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun"},{"link_name":"Zachary Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Richard"},{"link_name":"Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award_for_Francophone_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Musique Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_Plus"},{"link_name":"Musimax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musimax"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chanteurs masqués","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanteurs_masqu%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"The Masked Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masked_Singer"},{"link_name":"lovebirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebird"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"He is known simply by his first name, Wilfred. His debut album Wilfred Le Bouthillier was released in the autumn of 2003. Produced with the assistance of Cajun singer Zachary Richard, it proved to be an enviable success, selling over 200,000 copies. This is exceptional for a french canadian artist in Canada. By way of comparison, this would be equivalent to selling more than 8 million copies of an English-language album in the United States.Among his awards and distinctions, Wilfred has received several \"Prix Étoiles\" (in Acadie). He took home the Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year for his debut album, Wilfred Le Bouthillier.[2] He was also nominated in several categories during the Quebec l'ADISQ 2005 gala, including one nomination in the Best Seller category. At the 16th SOCAN gala, his song \"Je ferai tout\", was listed among the top ten most-played francophone songs on the radio.[3]Wilfred recorded a follow-up album in 2005 called Poussières. The first song released from that album, \"Avec toi\", reached the top five in the radio BDS countdown while the video also placed the song in the top five on Musique Plus and Musimax (the Francophone version of MuchMusic).[4]At the end of August 2007, \"L'insignifiant\", also from the album Poussières, was sitting at number seven on Quebec's \"Top 50 Radio Correspondants Francophone.\"In 2021, Le Bouthillier and Thibert performed together in the first season of Chanteurs masqués, the Quebec adaptation of The Masked Singer, as a pair of lovebirds. Although not a couple in real life, their careers have been closely associated since the start, as Thibert was the runner-up on Le Bouthillier's winning season of Star Académie and they have often performed together since. They won the competition.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Si demain... (Turn Around)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_demain..._(Turn_Around)"}],"text":"Je poursuis ma route (2013)\nDroit Devant (2009)\nPoussières (2006)\nL'Acadie en Chanson (2005)\nSimple – Si demain... (Turn Around) (2005)\nL'Acadie en Chanson (2004)\nLe choix du Québec (2004)\nMerci pour la chanson (2004)\nWilfred Le Bouthillier (2003)\nStar Académie (2003)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Quebec television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Quebec_television_series"},{"title":"Television of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_of_Quebec"},{"title":"Music of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Quebec"},{"title":"Acadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Wilfred LeBouthillier music, videos, stats, and photos\". 14 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.last.fm/music/Wilfred+LeBouthillier","url_text":"\"Wilfred LeBouthillier music, videos, stats, and photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Québec Info Musique | Wilfred le Bouthillier\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qim.com/artistes/biographie.asp?artistid=571","url_text":"\"Québec Info Musique | Wilfred le Bouthillier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magasin de musique et librairie en ligne | Archambault\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archambault.ca/poussieres-ACH001792138-fr-pr?origin=cross_sales","url_text":"\"Magasin de musique et librairie en ligne | Archambault\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.last.fm/music/Wilfred+LeBouthillier","external_links_name":"\"Wilfred LeBouthillier music, videos, stats, and photos\""},{"Link":"http://www.soulshine.ca/news/newsarticle.php?nid=419","external_links_name":"\"CARAS Scores A Hit With 2004 Juno Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815054635/http://www.soulshine.ca/news/newsarticle.php?nid=419","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.qim.com/artistes/biographie.asp?artistid=571","external_links_name":"\"Québec Info Musique | Wilfred le Bouthillier\""},{"Link":"http://www.archambault.ca/poussieres-ACH001792138-fr-pr?origin=cross_sales","external_links_name":"\"Magasin de musique et librairie en ligne | Archambault\""},{"Link":"https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2021/11/28/chanteurs-masques-marie-elaine-thibert-et-wilfred-lebouthillier-triomphent-1","external_links_name":"\"«Chanteurs masqués»: Marie-Élaine Thibert et Wilfred LeBouthillier triomphent\""},{"Link":"http://www.wilfredlebouthillier.com/","external_links_name":"Artist's website (in French)"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000074542145","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/106497695","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXwfpC33WXjcGrtHVQv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/aa7f5c9e-efd1-4aeb-956c-f293ef14ce38","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanie_Festival | Alice Springs Beanie Festival | ["1 Overview","2 History","3 External links","4 References"] | The Alice Springs Beanie Festival (also called simply the Beanie Festival) is an annual, community based, four-day festival celebrating beanies in all their forms.
The festival is held in June each year at the Araluen Cultural Precinct in Alice Springs.
Overview
Parts of the festival include:
Beanie Central; this is where beanies of all sorts, submitted from around the world, are sold to the public. Approximately 6,000 beanies are displayed this way each year.
National Beanie Exhibition and Competition; beanies can also be submitted into the National Beanie Exhibition and Competition and, in order to be considered, they must be original pieces and artistically presented; there is also often a theme the beanie makers are asked to respond to. These beanies are then formally exhibited at the Araluen Art Centre and judged for a variety of awards. This exhibition remains in place for several weeks after the festival.
Beanie Making Workshops; these are run in conjunction with Central Craft, a not for profit craft organisation, who run drop-in textile workshops alongside ladies from Pukatja who give demonstrations of hand spinning wool and the Tjanpi Desert Weavers who run basket weaving workshops.
The Beanie Festival attracts thousands of tourists to Alice Springs each year.
History
The Beanie Festival was started in 1997, on a much smaller scale, with a 'beanie party' designed to create a unique social-enterprise and it was the idea of Adi Dunlop. The festival was inspired by the cold desert winters and existing popularity of beanies with Central Australian Aboriginal people who were already creating colourful and individual handmade creations. Beanies were often decorated with seeds, various fibres and other embellishments.
Beanies were also picked as a perfect social-enterprise as they are ideal for the tourist market, being light and inexpensive.
The 2020 festival, set for June, was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. The Festival was next held on 25-28 June 2021.
External links
Official website
References
^ "What we do". Alice Springs Beanie Festival. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ "The Alice Springs Beanie Festival". www.discovercentralaustralia.com. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ "Alice Springs Beanie Festival". Off The Leash. 18 June 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ a b "Information for all Beanie Makers". Alice Springs Beanie Festival. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ "The Alice Springs Beanie Festival". www.discovercentralaustralia.com. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ "About Us | Central Craft". centralcraft.org.au. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ Amanda (23 June 2014). "Why I Love the Alice Springs Beanie Festival". Travel Outback Australia. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ "Workshops and Festival Program". Alice Springs Beanie Festival. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ Krishnan, ABC News: Shuba (24 June 2016). "Thousands head out to Alice Springs Beanie Festival". ABC News. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ a b "Our Story". Alice Springs Beanie Festival. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ "News". Alice Springs Beanie Festival. Retrieved 5 July 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beanies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knit_cap"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Araluen Cultural Precinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araluen_Cultural_Precinct"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Alice Springs Beanie Festival (also called simply the Beanie Festival) is an annual, community based, four-day festival celebrating beanies in all their forms.[1]The festival is held in June each year at the Araluen Cultural Precinct in Alice Springs.[2]","title":"Alice Springs Beanie Festival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"not for profit craft organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pukatja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukatja,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tjanpi Desert Weavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjanpi_Desert_Weavers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Parts of the festival include:Beanie Central; this is where beanies of all sorts, submitted from around the world,[3] are sold to the public. Approximately 6,000 beanies are displayed this way each year.[4]\nNational Beanie Exhibition and Competition; beanies can also be submitted into the National Beanie Exhibition and Competition and, in order to be considered, they must be original pieces and artistically presented; there is also often a theme the beanie makers are asked to respond to. These beanies are then formally exhibited at the Araluen Art Centre and judged for a variety of awards.[4] This exhibition remains in place for several weeks after the festival.[5]\nBeanie Making Workshops; these are run in conjunction with Central Craft, a not for profit craft organisation,[6] who run drop-in textile workshops alongside ladies from Pukatja who give demonstrations of hand spinning wool[7] and the Tjanpi Desert Weavers who run basket weaving workshops.[8]The Beanie Festival attracts thousands of tourists to Alice Springs each year.[9]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social-enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_enterprise"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alice-beanie-fest-'20-cancel-11"}],"text":"The Beanie Festival was started in 1997, on a much smaller scale, with a 'beanie party' designed to create a unique social-enterprise and it was the idea of Adi Dunlop. The festival was inspired by the cold desert winters and existing popularity of beanies with Central Australian Aboriginal people who were already creating colourful and individual handmade creations. Beanies were often decorated with seeds, various fibres and other embellishments.[10]Beanies were also picked as a perfect social-enterprise as they are ideal for the tourist market, being light and inexpensive.[10]The 2020 festival, set for June, was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. The Festival was next held on 25-28 June 2021.[11]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"What we do\". Alice Springs Beanie Festival. Retrieved 25 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://beaniefest.org/our-story","url_text":"\"What we do\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Alice Springs Beanie Festival\". www.discovercentralaustralia.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Act_2011 | Education Act 2011 | ["1 Parliamentary passage","2 Provisions","2.1 Part 1 - Early years provision","2.2 Part 2 - Discipline","2.3 Part 3 - School workforce","2.4 Part 4 - Qualifications and the Curriculum","2.5 Part 5 - Educational institutions: other provisions","2.6 Part 6 - Academies","2.7 Part 7 - Post-16 education and training","2.8 Part 8 - Direct payments","2.9 Part 9 - Student finance","2.10 Part 10 - General","3 Commencement","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | United Kingdom legislationEducation Act 2011Parliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to make provision about education, childcare, apprenticeships and training; to make provision about schools and the school workforce, institutions within the further education sector and Academies; to abolish the General Teaching Council for England, the Training and Development Agency for Schools, the School Support Staff Negotiating Body, the Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency and the Young People’s Learning Agency for England; to make provision about the Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation and the Chief Executive of Skills Funding; to make provision about student loans and fees; and for connected purposes.Citation2011 c. 21Introduced byMichael Gove & Lord Hill of OarefordTerritorial extent England and Wales, except that Part 10 also extend to Scotland and Northern Ireland, and that any amendment or repeal made by the Act has the same extent as the enactment amended or repealed.DatesRoyal assent15 November 2011CommencementSee CommencementOther legislationRelates toEducation Act 1996, Childcare Act 2006, Education and Inspections Act 2006, Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009Status: Current legislationText of statute as originally enactedRevised text of statute as amended
The Education Act 2011 (c. 21) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was the first major piece of education legislation to be introduced by the coalition government, and makes changes to many areas of educational policy, including the power of school staff to discipline students, the manner in which newly trained teachers are supervised, the regulation of qualifications, the administration of local authority maintained schools, academies, the provision of post-16 education, including vocational apprenticeships, and student finance for higher education.
The Act also brought about the abolition of the General Teaching Council for England, the Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency and the Training and Development Agency for Schools, amongst other bodies.
The Act is divided into ten parts, and comprises 83 Sections and 18 Schedules.
Parliamentary passage
The Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, introduced the Education Bill to the House of Commons on 26 January 2011 when it also received its first reading. Two weeks later, on 8 February 2011, the Commons debated the general principles of the Bill before passing it at second reading, before committing it to a public bill committee to be scrutinised in depth by a select, cross party group of MPs. The committee stage lasted 11 days throughout March and the beginning of April, before returning to the main floor of the Commons on 11 May 2011, where consideration at report stage was completed alongside its third reading, thus completing its passage through the lower house.
The bill as passed by the Commons was introduced to the House of Lords the following day, before receiving its second reading following a debate on 14 June. It was sent to a grand committee of all peers for detailed scrutiny, which sat for eight days before the summer recess of Parliament, and for three days afterwards, before returning for four days of report stage scrutiny in the Lords chamber. It passed its third reading, and thus passed the House of Lords, on 9 November, when it was returned to the Commons to obtain agreement to the various amendments to the bill made during its passage through the upper house. The Commons accepted all of the Lords' amendments without further amendment after debate on 14 November, allowing it to receive royal assent and become an Act of Parliament the following day.
Provisions
The Act is divided into 10 distinct parts, each of which are summarised below.
Part 1 - Early years provision
Part 1 makes provision for the organisation and supply of early years learning by amending the Childcare Act 2006 to extend the duty on all English local authorities that requires them to provide 15 hours of early years education free of charge for all three- and four-year-olds and to all two-year-olds identified as disadvantaged. The Secretary of State and local authorities will determine those who fall into such a category through the tax credit information held by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs and tax information held by the Department for Work and Pensions, which the Secretary of State is authorised to receive by virtue of Section 1(3) of the Act, which also makes it a criminal offence for anyone to disclose such information without authorisation.
Part 2 - Discipline
Part 2 extends the power given to school staff in Section 550ZA of the Education Act 1996 to search a pupil or their possessions if they believe them to be carrying certain items to include power to search if the member of staff believes one or more of the possessions have been, or may be used, to commit a criminal offence, cause personal injury or damage property. Staff are also given the power to search a student even if they are under the age of criminal responsibility, and for staff of the opposite sex to the student to search said student if they believe the risk is so great that serious harm would be caused if they waited or attempted to find a member of staff who is the same sex as the student to be searched. Clarification is also provided as to when "reasonable force" can be used by staff to confiscate items, as well as setting out the process to be followed if specified items are found. Teachers are also given the power to examine data files on electronic devices and delete them if they believe there is good reason to do so.
Part 2 also, through Section 4, gives headteachers of maintained schools and lead teachers of pupil referral units in England the power to exclude a pupil either permanently or for a fixed-term for disciplinary reasons. The section also gives the excluded party the power to appeal to a "review panel" if the headteacher or lead teacher has decided not to reinstate a pupil, who may uphold the exclusion, recommend a review of the exclusion by the headteacher or lead teacher, or quash the exclusion and force the headteacher to reconsider the exclusion.
Section 5 of Part 2 removes the requirement on a school to provide a student's parent, guardian or carer with 24 hours' written notice of an out of school detention, whilst Section 6 removes the duty imposed on schools by the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 to enter into behaviour and attendance partnerships with other authorities in a local area.
Part 3 - School workforce
Part 3 abolishes the General Teaching Council for England (GTCE), and transfers the majority of its functions to the Secretary of State, including the power to investigate disciplinary cases, issue prohibition orders to bar a person from teaching and maintain a register of those barred from teaching. The abolition of the GTCE does not affect the General Teaching Council for Wales, which continues to exist with all of the powers it currently holds.
Section 9 legislates for all new teachers in England to be required to serve an induction period, a practice that already currently exists but is administered by the GTCE, whose abolition requires the Secretary of State to take on the responsibility for the procedure, as this section sets out.
Part 3, through Section 13, also introduces restrictions on the reporting of allegations made against teachers by students, including the reporting of information through which a teacher against whom an allegation has been made could be identified. Such restrictions would only be lifted once a teacher is charged with a criminal offence, or when the Secretary of State publishes certain information. The Act makes it a criminal offence to breach these restrictions, including through reporting on the internet.
Sections 14 to 17 abolish the Training and Development Agency for Schools, and transfers its functions to the Secretary of State, who is in turn given power to delegate Welsh responsibilities of the TDA on Welsh Ministers. Section 18 authorises the abolition of the School Support Staff Negotiating Body, whilst Section 19 makes minor amendments to preceding legislation regarding school budgets.
Part 4 - Qualifications and the Curriculum
In Part 4, Clause 20 gives the Secretary of State the power to direct the governing bodies of schools to participate in certain international education surveys.
Part 4 also makes changes to the operation and management of Ofqual, the government's qualifications regulator. It changes the title of the Chief Executive of Ofqual to 'Chief Regulator' who will now be appointed by The Queen through an order in council, whilst the Chairman of Ofqual, who was previously known as the 'Chief Regulator' and appointed by the Queen, will now simply be the Chairman, and appointed directly by the Secretary of State. Provisions are also made about how Chairman and Chief Regulator will be appointed, the length of their terms of office, their salaries and pensions. Section 22 provides a definition of what Ofqual's objectives are in relation to the standard of qualifications offered. Section 23 gives Ofqual the power to impose financial penalties on qualification awarding bodies if they have failed to comply with a condition of their recognition, and sets out detailed conditions as to how such penalties are to be administered, whilst Section 24 provides Welsh Ministers with similar powers to those granted to Ofqual through Section 23.
The Qualification and Curriculum Development Agency (QCDA) is abolished by Sections 25-27, and its powers and functions transferred to the Secretary of State, who is also given power to introduce a scheme to transfer the staff, properties and liabilities of the QCDA to the Secretary of State and Department for Education.
Section 28 removes the Secretary of State's powers to give directions to local authorities regarding the provision of careers and post-16 education advice, and the requirement that schools must provide people involved in careers advice access to both students and school facilities. Section 29 legislates that all schools must continually provide students aged between 14-16 careers advice that is completely independent and that provides impartial information about all post-16 training options, including apprenticeships.
Sections 30 and 31 repeal unenacted provisions from the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 relating to diploma entitlements.
Part 5 - Educational institutions: other provisions
Part 5 removes the need for school governing bodies to publish a 'school profile', and for the local authority to appoint 'school improvement partners'. Section 34 of Part 5 removes a local authority's need to set up 'admission forums', as well as making slight alterations to the powers of the schools adjudicator in relation to school admissions. Section 35 imposes a cap on the charge that can be made for providing milk, school meals and other refreshments to pupils, preventing any charge being higher than the cost of providing such a service, whilst also giving schools the power to charge different prices for the same item.
Section 37 enacts Schedule 11 of the Act which makes provision about the creation of new schools. It requires that when a local authority is of the opinion that a new school is required, it must seek proposals for such a school to be created through the creation of a new academy school, and that no competition for the creation of a new school may begin without the local authority obtaining the consent of the Secretary of State. The Schedule sets out the various bureaucratic processes that must be conducted by both the local authority and Secretary of State when the local authority decides that a new school is needed. The interpretation of this section of the Act was tested by a judicial review in November 2012, when the court upheld the decision of Richmond Local Authority to establish Voluntary Aided schools, St. Richard Reynolds Catholic College, without first seeking proposals for an Academy.
Section 38 reduces the number of different categories of governors that must be elected or appointed to a school's governing body, whilst Section 39 makes provision for the procedure to dissolve the governing body of a single school within a wider federation of schools should the school wish to leave the federation in order to convert to academy status.
Section 40 gives power to the Chief Inspector of schools to create a list of 'exempt schools' that do not need to be inspected at the regular intervals set out in the Education Act 2005, whilst Section 41 makes provision about what matters should be covered by a school inspection. Further education and sixth-form colleges that received an 'Outstanding' inspection grading in their last inspection are given exemption from future inspections by virtue of Section 42, whilst Section 43 clarifies the requirements of inspections of schools that provide boarding accommodation. Section 44 gives the Secretary of State additional powers to intervene in schools that have been judged by Ofsted to require improvement, including the power to direct the closure of any school that has failed to comply with performance standards. Section 45 removes the requirement of the Local Government Ombudsman to consider complaints about a school from parents and pupils, as well as strengthening the Secretary of State's power to intervene when they are of the opinion that a governing body is acting or intends to act in an unreasonable manner.
Section 46 gives the Secretary of State the power, after consultation, to direct a local authority to revise parts of the scheme they are required to keep that details its financial relationship with schools under its control, whilst the governing body is given the power to use the school's budget to reimburse the local authority any outstanding funds following the retirement, dismissal or resignation of members of staff employed by the school for 'community purposes' by Section 47. Section 48 amends Education Act 1996 to give governing bodies the power to charge for early years provision that is provided beyond the 15 hours of free provision provided by Part 1 of the Act, which can include charges to maintain the upkeep of buildings and their utility supplies, education materials, and for the employment of teaching staff.
Section 49 enacts Schedule 12 to the Act, which gives additional powers to further education and sixth-form colleges, including the power to borrow money to run their education services without having to first gain the permission of either the Young People's Learning Agency for England (YPLA) or their local authority, and the removal of the duty on post-16 establishments to "promote the economic and social wellbeing of an area". The Secretary of State is given the power to dissolve a further education college of sixth-form without having to consult the YPLA as is currently required, as well as to create a new sixth-form college without having to wait for a local authority to request such a creation. The Secretary of State is also given the power to draw up the initial instruments and articles of government of a new sixth-form, a function previously undertaken by the YPLA. As a result of the removal of almost all of their responsibilities, Schedule 12 also dissolves the YPLA and transfers any remaining powers to the Secretary of State. The Schedule also removes the need for post-16 governing bodies to have regard to possible future staff and students in the exercise of their functions, as well as transferring to the Secretary of State the power currently held by the Chief Executive of Skills Funding in respect of further education colleges, and by the local authority in respect to sixth-form colleges, to intervene in establishments that are considered to be either mismanaged or failing.
The final provisions of part 5 relate to Pupil Referral Units (PRUs), with Section 50 providing for PRUs to be allocated funding by the local authority in the same manner as maintained schools, whilst Section 51 repeals unenacted provisions in the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 that would have renamed PRUs as 'Short-Stay Schools'.
Part 6 - Academies
Part 6 removes the need for academies to have a specialism in one or more specific subject areas, as well as providing for the creation of specific '16-19 academies' and 'alternative provision academies' instead of the currently one size fits all academy. Section 55 makes it necessary for the Secretary of State to involve the appropriate religious body in the decision making process to convert a foundation school, a voluntary aided school or a voluntary controlled school to an academy, whilst Section 56 places a requirement on the governing bodies of maintained schools to consult all those who they see fit before they opt to convert to academy status. Section 57 allows for the conversion of a federated school to an academy without the agreement of the whole federated body, section 58 clarifies that a local authority is not prohibited from providing an academy with assistance, financially or otherwise, should it believe it would be beneficial, whilst Section 59 makes technical amendments to the power held by the Secretary of State by virtue of the Academies Act 2010 regarding the transfer of properties and other liabilities from the local authority to a new academy.
Section 61 deals with boarding provision at academy schools, and provides in certain circumstances for the boarding fees of a student to be remitted by the local authority in which that students would have resided if they had not been attending a boarding school. The two conditions are defined as when the local authority was unable to provide a non-boarding school place for the student, or when paying the boarding fees would place the paying family in financial hardship. Section 62 meanwhile gives academies with a religious character the same rights as maintained school to employ a number of "reserve" teachers who are capable of teaching religious education in accordance with the religious denomination of the school, as well as the power to appoint people specifically because of their religious character.
Section 63 enacts Schedule 14 relating to the land academies may own, and gives the Secretary of State the power to transfer the publicly funded land held by maintained school to an academy, but whilst also protecting the public interest in any such land. The Secretary of State is given the power to obtain through compulsory purchase any land a local authority has sold without his consent to a third party, if he believes such land is now needed by an academy. Section 64 places academies on the same basis as maintained school with regards to the power of a parent, pupil, or the Secretary of State, to refer the academy's admissions arrangements to the School Adjudicator, and thus extends many of the Adjudicator's power to include academies.
Part 7 - Post-16 education and training
Part 7 abolishes the Young People's Learning Agency for England (YPLA), and transfers its functions and duties to the Secretary of State, as well as giving the Secretary of State the power to introduce a scheme to allow for the transfer of the staff, properties and liabilities of the YPLA to the Department of Education, through the Secretary of State.
Section 69 of Part 7 requires the Chief Executive of Skills Funding to prioritise funding in order to secure an apprenticeship offer for certain people, namely those aged between 16-18, those aged 19–24 who are care-leavers, and those aged 19–24 who are disabled. Section 71 makes the Secretary of State the default issuer of apprenticeship certificates, but provides him with the power to appoint another person to exercise this responsibility.
Section 72 gives the Secretary of State power to compel the Chief Executive of Skills Funding to consult with certain people about the exercise of his duties and functions, whilst Section 73 reduces the right to fee remission for vocational training only to those aged between 19 and 24. Finally, Section 74 gives the Secretary of State greater flexibility in the commencement of the provisions of the Education and Skills Act 2008 regarding the raising of the education and training leaving age to 18, but does not alter the inherent requirement for the leaving age to have been fully raised to 18 by 2015.
Part 8 - Direct payments
Part 8, which consists solely of Section 75, gives the Secretary of State the power to create pilot schemes that would allow local authorities to make direct payments to secure goods and services for students who they hold a statement of Special Educational Needs (SEN) or Education Health and Care plan (EHC plan).
Part 9 - Student finance
Part 9 gives the Secretary of State greater power to set the interest rates that are to be charged of student loans made to those who commence their courses on or after 1 September 2012, the day on which the level of tuition fee is permitted to increase to a maximum level of £9,000 per year. The rates the Secretary of State sets cannot, however, be out of line with the rates at the time being offered on loan available to the public. Section 77 introduces limits on the amount a higher education institution can charge students undertaking courses on a part-time basis in order to ensure they do not exceed the equivalent charges being made to full-time students.
Part 10 - General
Section 78 gives the Secretary of State power to implement the provisions of this Act through the use of one or more Statutory Instruments, and defines how any such instruments are to be approved. Section 79 provides detailed citations of preceding Acts of Parliament that are referenced in the Act, Section 80 allows for any charges incurred in the implementation of the Act to be paid for by Parliament, whilst Section 81 details the territorial extent of the Act within the United Kingdom. Section 82 details when and how the provisions of the Act are to be implemented, whilst Section 83 authorises the Act to be called the Education Act 2011, and for it to be included in the official list of Education Acts maintained in Section 578 of the Education Act 1996.
Commencement
Different provisions of the Act were brought into law at different stages, as specified by Section 78, and the resulting Statutory Instruments made under that Section. The table below summarises these different commencement dates.
Date
Provisions enacted
15 November 2011
Sections 33, 40(1)-(3), 40(5)-(9), 41, 42(1)-(7), 42(9)-(11), 58 and 75-83
17 November 2011
Section 44
15 January 2012
Sections 5, 6, 26(1), 30, 31, 47, 48, 51 and 61
1 February 2012
Sections 18-20, 22, 28(5), 29(1), 29(2), 29(8), 32, 34-36, 40(4), 42(8), 43, 46, 52, 53, 55-56, 59-60, 62-65 and 74 and Schedules 10, 11, 14 and 15
1 April 2012
Sections 2-3, 7-12, 14-17, 21, 25-27, 49, 54, 57, 66-68, 71-72 and 73(3) and Schedules 2-3, 5-9, 12-13 and 16-17
1 May 2012
Sections 23 and 24
1 August 2012
Sections 45 and 73(1)-73(2)
1 September 2012
Sections 1, 4, 38-39, 50, 69-70 in full, the parts of Sections 28 and 29 not previously enacted, and Schedules 1 and 18
1 October 2012
Section 13 and Schedule 4
1 August 2013
The parts of Section 73 not previously enacted
The remaining provisions will be enacted on a day to be appointed by a Minister of the Crown by further statutory instruments.
See also
Education Act
References
^ The citation of this Act by this short title is authorised by Section 83(1) of this Act.
^ Education Act 2011, Section 81
^ Wolfe, David. "No longer a presumption that new schools will be academies?". A Can of Worms. Wordpress. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
^ a b c Education Act 2011, Section 82
^ The Education Act 2011 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2011
^ a b The Education Act 2011 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2012
^ a b The Education Act 2011 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2012
^ a b The Education Act 2011 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2012
^ a b The Education Act 2011 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2012
External links
Official text of the Education Act 2011 as enacted, and in force today
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Church of England instruments | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"coalition government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition"},{"link_name":"local authority maintained schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"apprenticeships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship#Revitalisation_from_1990s_on"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"General Teaching Council for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Teaching_Council_for_England"},{"link_name":"Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualifications_and_Curriculum_Development_Agency"},{"link_name":"Training and Development Agency for Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_and_Development_Agency_for_Schools"}],"text":"United Kingdom legislationThe Education Act 2011 (c. 21) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was the first major piece of education legislation to be introduced by the coalition government, and makes changes to many areas of educational policy, including the power of school staff to discipline students, the manner in which newly trained teachers are supervised, the regulation of qualifications, the administration of local authority maintained schools, academies, the provision of post-16 education, including vocational apprenticeships, and student finance for higher education.The Act also brought about the abolition of the General Teaching Council for England, the Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency and the Training and Development Agency for Schools, amongst other bodies.The Act is divided into ten parts, and comprises 83 Sections and 18 Schedules.","title":"Education Act 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education"},{"link_name":"Michael Gove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gove"},{"link_name":"public bill committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_bill_committee"},{"link_name":"grand committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_committee"},{"link_name":"royal assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent"}],"text":"The Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, introduced the Education Bill to the House of Commons on 26 January 2011 when it also received its first reading. Two weeks later, on 8 February 2011, the Commons debated the general principles of the Bill before passing it at second reading, before committing it to a public bill committee to be scrutinised in depth by a select, cross party group of MPs. The committee stage lasted 11 days throughout March and the beginning of April, before returning to the main floor of the Commons on 11 May 2011, where consideration at report stage was completed alongside its third reading, thus completing its passage through the lower house.The bill as passed by the Commons was introduced to the House of Lords the following day, before receiving its second reading following a debate on 14 June. It was sent to a grand committee of all peers for detailed scrutiny, which sat for eight days before the summer recess of Parliament, and for three days afterwards, before returning for four days of report stage scrutiny in the Lords chamber. It passed its third reading, and thus passed the House of Lords, on 9 November, when it was returned to the Commons to obtain agreement to the various amendments to the bill made during its passage through the upper house. The Commons accepted all of the Lords' amendments without further amendment after debate on 14 November, allowing it to receive royal assent and become an Act of Parliament the following day.","title":"Parliamentary passage"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Act is divided into 10 distinct parts, each of which are summarised below.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Childcare Act 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childcare_Act_2006"},{"link_name":"Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Revenue_and_Customs"},{"link_name":"Department for Work and Pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions"}],"sub_title":"Part 1 - Early years provision","text":"Part 1 makes provision for the organisation and supply of early years learning by amending the Childcare Act 2006 to extend the duty on all English local authorities that requires them to provide 15 hours of early years education free of charge for all three- and four-year-olds and to all two-year-olds identified as disadvantaged. The Secretary of State and local authorities will determine those who fall into such a category through the tax credit information held by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs and tax information held by the Department for Work and Pensions, which the Secretary of State is authorised to receive by virtue of Section 1(3) of the Act, which also makes it a criminal offence for anyone to disclose such information without authorisation.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education Act 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Act_1996"},{"link_name":"Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeships,_Skills,_Children_and_Learning_Act_2009"}],"sub_title":"Part 2 - Discipline","text":"Part 2 extends the power given to school staff in Section 550ZA of the Education Act 1996 to search a pupil or their possessions if they believe them to be carrying certain items to include power to search if the member of staff believes one or more of the possessions have been, or may be used, to commit a criminal offence, cause personal injury or damage property. Staff are also given the power to search a student even if they are under the age of criminal responsibility, and for staff of the opposite sex to the student to search said student if they believe the risk is so great that serious harm would be caused if they waited or attempted to find a member of staff who is the same sex as the student to be searched. Clarification is also provided as to when \"reasonable force\" can be used by staff to confiscate items, as well as setting out the process to be followed if specified items are found. Teachers are also given the power to examine data files on electronic devices and delete them if they believe there is good reason to do so.Part 2 also, through Section 4, gives headteachers of maintained schools and lead teachers of pupil referral units in England the power to exclude a pupil either permanently or for a fixed-term for disciplinary reasons. The section also gives the excluded party the power to appeal to a \"review panel\" if the headteacher or lead teacher has decided not to reinstate a pupil, who may uphold the exclusion, recommend a review of the exclusion by the headteacher or lead teacher, or quash the exclusion and force the headteacher to reconsider the exclusion.Section 5 of Part 2 removes the requirement on a school to provide a student's parent, guardian or carer with 24 hours' written notice of an out of school detention, whilst Section 6 removes the duty imposed on schools by the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 to enter into behaviour and attendance partnerships with other authorities in a local area.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Teaching Council for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Teaching_Council_for_England"},{"link_name":"General Teaching Council for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Teaching_Council_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"Training and Development Agency for Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_and_Development_Agency_for_Schools"},{"link_name":"School Support Staff Negotiating Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_Support_Staff_Negotiating_Body&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Part 3 - School workforce","text":"Part 3 abolishes the General Teaching Council for England (GTCE), and transfers the majority of its functions to the Secretary of State, including the power to investigate disciplinary cases, issue prohibition orders to bar a person from teaching and maintain a register of those barred from teaching. The abolition of the GTCE does not affect the General Teaching Council for Wales, which continues to exist with all of the powers it currently holds.Section 9 legislates for all new teachers in England to be required to serve an induction period, a practice that already currently exists but is administered by the GTCE, whose abolition requires the Secretary of State to take on the responsibility for the procedure, as this section sets out.Part 3, through Section 13, also introduces restrictions on the reporting of allegations made against teachers by students, including the reporting of information through which a teacher against whom an allegation has been made could be identified. Such restrictions would only be lifted once a teacher is charged with a criminal offence, or when the Secretary of State publishes certain information. The Act makes it a criminal offence to breach these restrictions, including through reporting on the internet.Sections 14 to 17 abolish the Training and Development Agency for Schools, and transfers its functions to the Secretary of State, who is in turn given power to delegate Welsh responsibilities of the TDA on Welsh Ministers. Section 18 authorises the abolition of the School Support Staff Negotiating Body, whilst Section 19 makes minor amendments to preceding legislation regarding school budgets.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ofqual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofqual"},{"link_name":"order in council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_in_council"},{"link_name":"Qualification and Curriculum Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualification_and_Curriculum_Development_Agency"}],"sub_title":"Part 4 - Qualifications and the Curriculum","text":"In Part 4, Clause 20 gives the Secretary of State the power to direct the governing bodies of schools to participate in certain international education surveys.Part 4 also makes changes to the operation and management of Ofqual, the government's qualifications regulator. It changes the title of the Chief Executive of Ofqual to 'Chief Regulator' who will now be appointed by The Queen through an order in council, whilst the Chairman of Ofqual, who was previously known as the 'Chief Regulator' and appointed by the Queen, will now simply be the Chairman, and appointed directly by the Secretary of State. Provisions are also made about how Chairman and Chief Regulator will be appointed, the length of their terms of office, their salaries and pensions. Section 22 provides a definition of what Ofqual's objectives are in relation to the standard of qualifications offered. Section 23 gives Ofqual the power to impose financial penalties on qualification awarding bodies if they have failed to comply with a condition of their recognition, and sets out detailed conditions as to how such penalties are to be administered, whilst Section 24 provides Welsh Ministers with similar powers to those granted to Ofqual through Section 23.The Qualification and Curriculum Development Agency (QCDA) is abolished by Sections 25-27, and its powers and functions transferred to the Secretary of State, who is also given power to introduce a scheme to transfer the staff, properties and liabilities of the QCDA to the Secretary of State and Department for Education.Section 28 removes the Secretary of State's powers to give directions to local authorities regarding the provision of careers and post-16 education advice, and the requirement that schools must provide people involved in careers advice access to both students and school facilities. Section 29 legislates that all schools must continually provide students aged between 14-16 careers advice that is completely independent and that provides impartial information about all post-16 training options, including apprenticeships.Sections 30 and 31 repeal unenacted provisions from the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 relating to diploma entitlements.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school governing bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_governing_bodies"},{"link_name":"school profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_profile"},{"link_name":"judicial review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_English_law"},{"link_name":"Richmond Local Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"Voluntary Aided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_aided_school"},{"link_name":"St. Richard Reynolds Catholic College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Richard_Reynolds_Catholic_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_governor"},{"link_name":"Education Act 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Act_2005"},{"link_name":"Local Government Ombudsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Ombudsman"},{"link_name":"Young People's Learning Agency for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_People%27s_Learning_Agency_for_England"},{"link_name":"Skills Funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skills_Funding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pupil Referral Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pupil_Referral_Units&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Part 5 - Educational institutions: other provisions","text":"Part 5 removes the need for school governing bodies to publish a 'school profile', and for the local authority to appoint 'school improvement partners'. Section 34 of Part 5 removes a local authority's need to set up 'admission forums', as well as making slight alterations to the powers of the schools adjudicator in relation to school admissions. Section 35 imposes a cap on the charge that can be made for providing milk, school meals and other refreshments to pupils, preventing any charge being higher than the cost of providing such a service, whilst also giving schools the power to charge different prices for the same item.Section 37 enacts Schedule 11 of the Act which makes provision about the creation of new schools. It requires that when a local authority is of the opinion that a new school is required, it must seek proposals for such a school to be created through the creation of a new academy school, and that no competition for the creation of a new school may begin without the local authority obtaining the consent of the Secretary of State. The Schedule sets out the various bureaucratic processes that must be conducted by both the local authority and Secretary of State when the local authority decides that a new school is needed. The interpretation of this section of the Act was tested by a judicial review in November 2012, when the court upheld the decision of Richmond Local Authority to establish Voluntary Aided schools, St. Richard Reynolds Catholic College, without first seeking proposals for an Academy.[3]Section 38 reduces the number of different categories of governors that must be elected or appointed to a school's governing body, whilst Section 39 makes provision for the procedure to dissolve the governing body of a single school within a wider federation of schools should the school wish to leave the federation in order to convert to academy status.Section 40 gives power to the Chief Inspector of schools to create a list of 'exempt schools' that do not need to be inspected at the regular intervals set out in the Education Act 2005, whilst Section 41 makes provision about what matters should be covered by a school inspection. Further education and sixth-form colleges that received an 'Outstanding' inspection grading in their last inspection are given exemption from future inspections by virtue of Section 42, whilst Section 43 clarifies the requirements of inspections of schools that provide boarding accommodation. Section 44 gives the Secretary of State additional powers to intervene in schools that have been judged by Ofsted to require improvement, including the power to direct the closure of any school that has failed to comply with performance standards. Section 45 removes the requirement of the Local Government Ombudsman to consider complaints about a school from parents and pupils, as well as strengthening the Secretary of State's power to intervene when they are of the opinion that a governing body is acting or intends to act in an unreasonable manner.Section 46 gives the Secretary of State the power, after consultation, to direct a local authority to revise parts of the scheme they are required to keep that details its financial relationship with schools under its control, whilst the governing body is given the power to use the school's budget to reimburse the local authority any outstanding funds following the retirement, dismissal or resignation of members of staff employed by the school for 'community purposes' by Section 47. Section 48 amends Education Act 1996 to give governing bodies the power to charge for early years provision that is provided beyond the 15 hours of free provision provided by Part 1 of the Act, which can include charges to maintain the upkeep of buildings and their utility supplies, education materials, and for the employment of teaching staff.Section 49 enacts Schedule 12 to the Act, which gives additional powers to further education and sixth-form colleges, including the power to borrow money to run their education services without having to first gain the permission of either the Young People's Learning Agency for England (YPLA) or their local authority, and the removal of the duty on post-16 establishments to \"promote the economic and social wellbeing of an area\". The Secretary of State is given the power to dissolve a further education college of sixth-form without having to consult the YPLA as is currently required, as well as to create a new sixth-form college without having to wait for a local authority to request such a creation. The Secretary of State is also given the power to draw up the initial instruments and articles of government of a new sixth-form, a function previously undertaken by the YPLA. As a result of the removal of almost all of their responsibilities, Schedule 12 also dissolves the YPLA and transfers any remaining powers to the Secretary of State. The Schedule also removes the need for post-16 governing bodies to have regard to possible future staff and students in the exercise of their functions, as well as transferring to the Secretary of State the power currently held by the Chief Executive of Skills Funding in respect of further education colleges, and by the local authority in respect to sixth-form colleges, to intervene in establishments that are considered to be either mismanaged or failing.The final provisions of part 5 relate to Pupil Referral Units (PRUs), with Section 50 providing for PRUs to be allocated funding by the local authority in the same manner as maintained schools, whilst Section 51 repeals unenacted provisions in the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 that would have renamed PRUs as 'Short-Stay Schools'.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"specialism in one or more specific subject areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"foundation school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_school"},{"link_name":"voluntary aided school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_aided_school"},{"link_name":"voluntary controlled school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_controlled_school"},{"link_name":"Academies Act 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academies_Act_2010"},{"link_name":"compulsory purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_purchase"}],"sub_title":"Part 6 - Academies","text":"Part 6 removes the need for academies to have a specialism in one or more specific subject areas, as well as providing for the creation of specific '16-19 academies' and 'alternative provision academies' instead of the currently one size fits all academy. Section 55 makes it necessary for the Secretary of State to involve the appropriate religious body in the decision making process to convert a foundation school, a voluntary aided school or a voluntary controlled school to an academy, whilst Section 56 places a requirement on the governing bodies of maintained schools to consult all those who they see fit before they opt to convert to academy status. Section 57 allows for the conversion of a federated school to an academy without the agreement of the whole federated body, section 58 clarifies that a local authority is not prohibited from providing an academy with assistance, financially or otherwise, should it believe it would be beneficial, whilst Section 59 makes technical amendments to the power held by the Secretary of State by virtue of the Academies Act 2010 regarding the transfer of properties and other liabilities from the local authority to a new academy.Section 61 deals with boarding provision at academy schools, and provides in certain circumstances for the boarding fees of a student to be remitted by the local authority in which that students would have resided if they had not been attending a boarding school. The two conditions are defined as when the local authority was unable to provide a non-boarding school place for the student, or when paying the boarding fees would place the paying family in financial hardship. Section 62 meanwhile gives academies with a religious character the same rights as maintained school to employ a number of \"reserve\" teachers who are capable of teaching religious education in accordance with the religious denomination of the school, as well as the power to appoint people specifically because of their religious character.Section 63 enacts Schedule 14 relating to the land academies may own, and gives the Secretary of State the power to transfer the publicly funded land held by maintained school to an academy, but whilst also protecting the public interest in any such land. The Secretary of State is given the power to obtain through compulsory purchase any land a local authority has sold without his consent to a third party, if he believes such land is now needed by an academy. Section 64 places academies on the same basis as maintained school with regards to the power of a parent, pupil, or the Secretary of State, to refer the academy's admissions arrangements to the School Adjudicator, and thus extends many of the Adjudicator's power to include academies.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young People's Learning Agency for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_People%27s_Learning_Agency_for_England"},{"link_name":"Skills Funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skills_Funding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skills Funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skills_Funding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Education and Skills Act 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_and_Skills_Act_2008"}],"sub_title":"Part 7 - Post-16 education and training","text":"Part 7 abolishes the Young People's Learning Agency for England (YPLA), and transfers its functions and duties to the Secretary of State, as well as giving the Secretary of State the power to introduce a scheme to allow for the transfer of the staff, properties and liabilities of the YPLA to the Department of Education, through the Secretary of State.Section 69 of Part 7 requires the Chief Executive of Skills Funding to prioritise funding in order to secure an apprenticeship offer for certain people, namely those aged between 16-18, those aged 19–24 who are care-leavers, and those aged 19–24 who are disabled. Section 71 makes the Secretary of State the default issuer of apprenticeship certificates, but provides him with the power to appoint another person to exercise this responsibility.Section 72 gives the Secretary of State power to compel the Chief Executive of Skills Funding to consult with certain people about the exercise of his duties and functions, whilst Section 73 reduces the right to fee remission for vocational training only to those aged between 19 and 24. Finally, Section 74 gives the Secretary of State greater flexibility in the commencement of the provisions of the Education and Skills Act 2008 regarding the raising of the education and training leaving age to 18, but does not alter the inherent requirement for the leaving age to have been fully raised to 18 by 2015.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Part 8 - Direct payments","text":"Part 8, which consists solely of Section 75, gives the Secretary of State the power to create pilot schemes that would allow local authorities to make direct payments to secure goods and services for students who they hold a statement of Special Educational Needs (SEN) or Education Health and Care plan (EHC plan).","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Part 9 - Student finance","text":"Part 9 gives the Secretary of State greater power to set the interest rates that are to be charged of student loans made to those who commence their courses on or after 1 September 2012, the day on which the level of tuition fee is permitted to increase to a maximum level of £9,000 per year. The rates the Secretary of State sets cannot, however, be out of line with the rates at the time being offered on loan available to the public. Section 77 introduces limits on the amount a higher education institution can charge students undertaking courses on a part-time basis in order to ensure they do not exceed the equivalent charges being made to full-time students.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statutory Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_Instrument"}],"sub_title":"Part 10 - General","text":"Section 78 gives the Secretary of State power to implement the provisions of this Act through the use of one or more Statutory Instruments, and defines how any such instruments are to be approved. Section 79 provides detailed citations of preceding Acts of Parliament that are referenced in the Act, Section 80 allows for any charges incurred in the implementation of the Act to be paid for by Parliament, whilst Section 81 details the territorial extent of the Act within the United Kingdom. Section 82 details when and how the provisions of the Act are to be implemented, whilst Section 83 authorises the Act to be called the Education Act 2011, and for it to be included in the official list of Education Acts maintained in Section 578 of the Education Act 1996.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Section82-4"}],"text":"Different provisions of the Act were brought into law at different stages, as specified by Section 78, and the resulting Statutory Instruments made under that Section. The table below summarises these different commencement dates.The remaining provisions will be enacted on a day to be appointed by a Minister of the Crown by further statutory instruments.[4]","title":"Commencement"}] | [] | [{"title":"Education Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Act"}] | [{"reference":"Wolfe, David. \"No longer a presumption that new schools will be academies?\". A Can of Worms. Wordpress. Retrieved 20 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/1390","url_text":"\"No longer a presumption that new schools will be academies?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/21/contents/enacted","external_links_name":"Text of statute as originally enacted"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/21/contents","external_links_name":"Revised text of statute as amended"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/21/section/83/enacted","external_links_name":"Section 83(1)"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/21/section/81/enacted","external_links_name":"Section 81"},{"Link":"http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/1390","external_links_name":"\"No longer a presumption that new schools will be academies?\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/82/section/81/enacted","external_links_name":"Section 82"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/2750/article/2/made","external_links_name":"The Education Act 2011 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2011"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/84/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Education Act 2011 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2012"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/924/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Education Act 2011 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2012"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/1087/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Education Act 2011 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2012"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/2213/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Education Act 2011 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2012"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/21","external_links_name":"Official text of the Education Act 2011"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Discovery_Programme | Thames Discovery Programme | ["1 Discoveries","2 Outreach and events","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"] | Thames Discovery ProgrammeAbbreviationTDPFormation2008PurposePromotion of the historic River ThamesLocationLondonWebsitethamesdiscovery.orgThe Thames Discovery Programme is a community archaeology project, focusing on the archaeology of the River Thames on the Tideway. The Thames Discovery Programme (TDP) was launched in October 2008 and until September 2011, the project was supported by the National Lottery and a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The project is designed to communicate an understanding and informed enjoyment of the historic Thames to the widest possible audience, and to train and support members of the public (the Foreshore Recording and Observation Group or FROG) to monitor and record the archaeology of the foreshore during the lifetime of the project, and into the future.
The project builds on initiatives pioneered by the Museum of London's Thames Archaeological Survey that took place from 1993 to 1999, the work of commercial archaeological units, such as Museum of London Archaeology and the Thames Explorer Trust's innovative education projects. Over three years, archaeologists from the programme surveyed 20 archaeological sites along the tidal Thames in the Greater London area, supported by the work of the Foreshore Recording and Observation Group or FROG, who monitor the surveyed sites for changes, as the daily tides scour away the remaining archaeological features. The FROG is made up of volunteer members of the public, who are trained in foreshore recording techniques, the history and archaeology of the River Thames, health and safety and participation in digital media by the TDP team.
The TDP currently has a small staff team and is hosted by Museum of London Archaeology. As at the start of 2019 this staff consists of four professional archaeologists. There are estimated to be around 150 active FROG volunteers. Partners and supporters include the Thames Explorer Trust, the Museum of London, the Port of London Authority, English Heritage, and the University College London Institute of Archaeology.
Discoveries
Recording the causeway at Isleworth
Using data generated by the Thames Archaeological Survey, the Thames Discovery Programme selected twenty key sites across the Greater London area for further recording and on-going monitoring during 2008 - 2011. The first site chosen was Custom House, London; in February 2009, FROG members recorded the causeway, parts of the 1819 riverside wall, the Custom House gridiron, the remains of two vessels partly buried on the foreshore and a multi-phase revetment structure located under Billingsgate Wharf.
In April 2009, an examination of access to the foreshore at Isleworth included recording the 20th century boat slipway and the remains of the Victorian 'Church Ferry' causeway.
During low tides in June and July 2009, survey and recording at Charlton, London, formerly the location of Castle's Shipbreakers Yard focused on the 'stack' of very large ships timbers surviving at the top of the foreshore which represent the remains of one or more warship class vessels. Nautical remains are very well represented at this site where, in addition to the 'stack', we have also discovered a slipway constructed of reused ship and boat timbers, as well as the remains of at least three smaller vessels. During the 2009 Summer Season, teams worked at Alderman Stairs (near St Katharine Docks), Putney and Bermondsey. In November 2009, the first FROG-led project at Carrara Wharf in Fulham recorded part of the 1729 bridge to Putney, while a TDP survey earlier in the year on the foreshore in front of Fulham Palace found Iron Age timber piles.
During January 2010, investigations on the Isle of Dogs with the Thames and Field Metal Detecting Society discovered the remains of a human skeleton, dating to the early 18th century.
A buckle found on the Tower of London foreshore in July 2010
During the 2010 Summer Season, work continued on the Isle of Dogs, recording the remains of the slipways used during the launch of the SS Great Eastern, the last project of engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel. In July 2010, the TDP team and the FROG worked on the foreshore at the Tower of London, undertaking survey and recording of an area normally closed to the public. Sections of the riverside wall were recorded and data collected to create a contour survey of the foreshore surface.
The team also worked with members of the Society of Thames Mudlarks and the Portable Antiquities Scheme to record artefacts found on the surface. The TDP field team then moved to Greenwich where the riverside wall was again examined, together with parts of a Tudor timber jetty and a newly discovered medieval structure. The project also featured on the BBC's Digging for Britain. During late August 2010, work was undertaken at two sites in West London, while in September, fieldwork was undertaken at Tripcockness near the Royal Arsenal and Rotherhithe.
In January 2011, the project published the results of recent investigations at Vauxhall, where the remains of the oldest structure so far discovered in the London area, dating to the late Mesolithic period, have been recorded by the Thames Discovery Programme, English Heritage and the Museum of London.
During the 2011 summer field season, the TDP worked at Brentford, recording the remains of two vessels abandoned on the foreshore, and at Wapping, surveying the watermans' causeway and nautical remains. Further fieldwork was also undertaken at Greenwich and at the Tower of London foreshore.
Outreach and events
Recording the gridiron at Custom House
The Thames Discovery Programme runs a programme of events and activities designed to engage the public with the archaeology and history of the river. Outreach activities undertaken by the project including public lectures, small exhibitions, information stands, guided walks on the foreshore, observation of the FROG members in action on site and events for families and school groups, seminars, workshops and conferences.
In 2009 the Thames Discovery Programme worked with a number of different organisations including Fulham Palace, Historic Royal Palaces, Gunnersbury Park Museum, Camden Young Archaeologists Club, the University of East London, Thames Explorer Trust, Thames Estuary Partnership, the London Archaeological Archive and Research Centre, the Worshipful Company of Antiquarian Collectors, the Museum of London and Museum in Docklands. During 2010 and 2011, the team again worked with a number of different organisations including the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds at Rainham Marshes, Discover Greenwich, Historic Royal Palaces at the Tower of London and Southwark Cathedral.
The project also featured in the Archaeology in Action gallery at the Museum of London. Thousands of members of the public have visited the foreshore and attended other events, particularly during the two-week Festival of British Archaeology coordinated by the Council for British Archaeology in July each year. In July 2009, the Thames Discovery Programme celebrated the Festival at Fulham Palace and on the foreshore and in 2010 the team were at the Tower of London, Hall Place and the Museum of London.
A detailed report on the events, activities and fieldwork undertaken by the Thames Discovery Programme during the Heritage Lottery Funded phase of the project (October 2008-September 2011) is available on the project website.
In 2017 a book entitled The river’s tale: archaeology on the Thames foreshore in Greater London by Nathalie Cohen and Eliott Wragg was published by MOLA
Awards
The TDP website won the award for the "Best Representation of Archaeology in the Media" at the 2010 British Archaeological Awards and in February 2011, the project was one of five from across Britain nominated by Current Archaeology as "Best Research Project of 2011". In July 2012, the project won the award for "Best Community Archaeology Project" at the British Archaeological Awards.
In 2013, TDP's then Project Director Gustav Milne was nominated as one of Current Archaeology's "Archaeologists of the Year" and the Thames Discovery Programme won the Archaeology Training Forum's Training Award, which was presented at the IfA Conference in Birmingham.
References
^ "Heritage Lottery Fund". Hlf.org.uk. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Thames Archaeological Survey". Thamesdiscovery.org. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ a b "Museum of London Archaeology". museumoflondonarchaeology.org.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
^ "The FROG". Thamesdiscovery.org. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
^ "Thames Explorer Trust". Thames-explorer.org.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ Museum of London Archived 22 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ Port of London – www.pla.co.uk. "Port of London Authority". Pla.co.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "English Heritage". English Heritage. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Institute of Archaeology". Ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ Cohen, Nathalie; Gustav Milne; Eliott Wagg (1 December 2012). "The Thames Discovery Programme: Public Engagement and Research on London's Foreshore". Archaeology International. 15: 99–106. doi:10.5334/ai.1506.
^ "Volunteers hunt bank of Thames for clues of lost Victorian warships". Evening Standard. London. 28 July 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Fulham foreshore reveals ancient secrets". Shepherdsbush.ealinggazette.co.uk. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
^ "Thames and Field Metal Detecting Society". Thamesandfield.com. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
^ "Discoveries on the Isle of Dogs". Thamesdiscovery.org. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Tower of London Fieldwork Report". Thamesdiscovery.org. 4 August 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Portable Antiquities Scheme". Finds.org.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Greenwich Fieldwork Report". Thamesdiscovery.org. 11 September 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Strand on the Green Report". Thamesdiscovery.org. 23 September 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Tripcockness Fieldwork Report". Thamesdiscovery.org. 12 September 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Vauxhall discoveries". Thamesdiscovery.org. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Raindrops keep falling". Thamesdiscovery.org. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
^ "Greenwich fieldwork update". Thamesdiscovery.org. 12 June 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
^ "Fulham Palace". Fulham Palace. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Historic Royal Palaces". Hrp.org.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Gunnersbury Park". Hounslow.gov. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
^ Camden Young Archaeologists Club Archived 25 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "University of East London". Uel.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "LAARC". museumoflondon.org.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
^ "RSPB Rainham". Rspb.org.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Discover Greenwich". Oldroyalnavalcollege.org. 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Tower of London". hrp.org.uk. 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
^ "Southwark Cathedral". cathedral.southwark.anglican.org. 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
^ "Archaeology in Action". museumoflondon.org.uk. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
^ "Festival of British Archaeology". Festival.britarch.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Thames Discovery at Fulham Palace". Festival.britarch.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Community Archaeology Report". thamesdiscovery.org. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
^ "MOLA: The River's Tale". Retrieved 6 August 2019.
^ "British Archaeological Awards". Britarch.ac.uk. 1 November 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Research Project of the Year". Archaeologyawards.org. 26 November 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "British Archaeological Awards". Britarch.ac.uk. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
^ "ATF Award". thamesdiscovery.org.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
External links
Thames Discovery Programme project website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_archaeology"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames"},{"link_name":"Tideway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tideway"},{"link_name":"National Lottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Heritage Lottery Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Museum of London Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London_Archaeology_Service"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museumoflondonarchaeology12-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Museum of London Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London_Archaeology_Service"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museumoflondonarchaeology12-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Museum of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Port of London Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Institute of Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohen2-10"}],"text":"The Thames Discovery Programme is a community archaeology project, focusing on the archaeology of the River Thames on the Tideway. The Thames Discovery Programme (TDP) was launched in October 2008 and until September 2011, the project was supported by the National Lottery and a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.[1] The project is designed to communicate an understanding and informed enjoyment of the historic Thames to the widest possible audience, and to train and support members of the public (the Foreshore Recording and Observation Group or FROG) to monitor and record the archaeology of the foreshore during the lifetime of the project, and into the future.The project builds on initiatives pioneered by the Museum of London's Thames Archaeological Survey[2] that took place from 1993 to 1999, the work of commercial archaeological units, such as Museum of London Archaeology[3] and the Thames Explorer Trust's innovative education projects. Over three years, archaeologists from the programme surveyed 20 archaeological sites along the tidal Thames in the Greater London area, supported by the work of the Foreshore Recording and Observation Group or FROG,[4] who monitor the surveyed sites for changes, as the daily tides scour away the remaining archaeological features. The FROG is made up of volunteer members of the public, who are trained in foreshore recording techniques, the history and archaeology of the River Thames, health and safety and participation in digital media by the TDP team.The TDP currently has a small staff team and is hosted by Museum of London Archaeology.[3] As at the start of 2019 this staff consists of four professional archaeologists. There are estimated to be around 150 active FROG volunteers. Partners and supporters include the Thames Explorer Trust,[5] the Museum of London,[6] the Port of London Authority,[7] English Heritage,[8] and the University College London Institute of Archaeology.[9][10]","title":"Thames Discovery Programme"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recording_the_causeway_at_Isleworth.JPG"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"Custom House, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_House,_City_of_London"},{"link_name":"gridiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridiron_plan"},{"link_name":"vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"revetment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revetment"},{"link_name":"Billingsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billingsgate"},{"link_name":"Isleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleworth"},{"link_name":"slipway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipway"},{"link_name":"causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway"},{"link_name":"Charlton, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton,_London"},{"link_name":"warship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Nautical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical"},{"link_name":"St Katharine Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Katharine_Docks"},{"link_name":"Putney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney"},{"link_name":"Bermondsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermondsey"},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham"},{"link_name":"Putney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney"},{"link_name":"Fulham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_Palace"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Isle of Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Dogs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tower_Buckle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isle of Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Dogs"},{"link_name":"SS Great Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern"},{"link_name":"Isambard Kingdom Brunel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Portable Antiquities Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Digging for Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digging_for_Britain"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Royal Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Rotherhithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherhithe"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford"},{"link_name":"Wapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Recording the causeway at IsleworthUsing data generated by the Thames Archaeological Survey, the Thames Discovery Programme selected twenty key sites across the Greater London area for further recording and on-going monitoring during 2008 - 2011. The first site chosen was Custom House, London; in February 2009, FROG members recorded the causeway, parts of the 1819 riverside wall, the Custom House gridiron, the remains of two vessels partly buried on the foreshore and a multi-phase revetment structure located under Billingsgate Wharf.In April 2009, an examination of access to the foreshore at Isleworth included recording the 20th century boat slipway and the remains of the Victorian 'Church Ferry' causeway.During low tides in June and July 2009, survey and recording at Charlton, London, formerly the location of Castle's Shipbreakers Yard focused on the 'stack' of very large ships timbers surviving at the top of the foreshore which represent the remains of one or more warship class vessels.[11] Nautical remains are very well represented at this site where, in addition to the 'stack', we have also discovered a slipway constructed of reused ship and boat timbers, as well as the remains of at least three smaller vessels. During the 2009 Summer Season, teams worked at Alderman Stairs (near St Katharine Docks), Putney and Bermondsey. In November 2009, the first FROG-led project at Carrara Wharf in Fulham recorded part of the 1729 bridge to Putney, while a TDP survey earlier in the year on the foreshore in front of Fulham Palace found Iron Age timber piles.[12]During January 2010, investigations on the Isle of Dogs with the Thames and Field Metal Detecting Society[13] discovered the remains of a human skeleton, dating to the early 18th century.[14]A buckle found on the Tower of London foreshore in July 2010During the 2010 Summer Season, work continued on the Isle of Dogs, recording the remains of the slipways used during the launch of the SS Great Eastern, the last project of engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel. In July 2010, the TDP team and the FROG worked on the foreshore at the Tower of London, undertaking survey and recording of an area normally closed to the public. Sections of the riverside wall[15] were recorded and data collected to create a contour survey of the foreshore surface.The team also worked with members of the Society of Thames Mudlarks and the Portable Antiquities Scheme[16] to record artefacts found on the surface. The TDP field team then moved to Greenwich where the riverside wall was again examined, together with parts of a Tudor timber jetty and a newly discovered medieval structure.[17] The project also featured on the BBC's Digging for Britain. During late August 2010, work was undertaken at two sites in West London,[18] while in September, fieldwork was undertaken at Tripcockness near the Royal Arsenal[19] and Rotherhithe.In January 2011, the project published the results of recent investigations at Vauxhall,[20] where the remains of the oldest structure so far discovered in the London area, dating to the late Mesolithic period, have been recorded by the Thames Discovery Programme, English Heritage and the Museum of London.During the 2011 summer field season, the TDP worked at Brentford, recording the remains of two vessels abandoned on the foreshore, and at Wapping,[21] surveying the watermans' causeway and nautical remains. Further fieldwork was also undertaken at Greenwich[22] and at the Tower of London foreshore.","title":"Discoveries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recording_the_gridiron_at_Custom_House,_London.jpg"},{"link_name":"Outreach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outreach"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Museum in Docklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_in_Docklands"},{"link_name":"Royal Society for the Protection of Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds"},{"link_name":"Rainham Marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainham_Marshes"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Southwark Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Museum of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London"},{"link_name":"foreshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshore"},{"link_name":"Festival of British Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_British_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Council for British Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_British_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Hall Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Place"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Recording the gridiron at Custom HouseThe Thames Discovery Programme runs a programme of events and activities designed to engage the public with the archaeology and history of the river. Outreach activities undertaken by the project including public lectures, small exhibitions, information stands, guided walks on the foreshore, observation of the FROG members in action on site and events for families and school groups, seminars, workshops and conferences.In 2009 the Thames Discovery Programme worked with a number of different organisations including Fulham Palace,[23] Historic Royal Palaces,[24] Gunnersbury Park Museum,[25] Camden Young Archaeologists Club,[26] the University of East London,[27] Thames Explorer Trust, Thames Estuary Partnership, the London Archaeological Archive and Research Centre,[28] the Worshipful Company of Antiquarian Collectors, the Museum of London and Museum in Docklands. During 2010 and 2011, the team again worked with a number of different organisations including the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds at Rainham Marshes,[29] Discover Greenwich,[30] Historic Royal Palaces at the Tower of London[31] and Southwark Cathedral.[32]The project also featured in the Archaeology in Action gallery[33] at the Museum of London. Thousands of members of the public have visited the foreshore and attended other events, particularly during the two-week Festival of British Archaeology[34] coordinated by the Council for British Archaeology in July each year. In July 2009, the Thames Discovery Programme celebrated the Festival at Fulham Palace and on the foreshore[35] and in 2010 the team were at the Tower of London, Hall Place and the Museum of London.A detailed report[36] on the events, activities and fieldwork undertaken by the Thames Discovery Programme during the Heritage Lottery Funded phase of the project (October 2008-September 2011) is available on the project website.In 2017 a book entitled The river’s tale: archaeology on the Thames foreshore in Greater London by Nathalie Cohen and Eliott Wragg was published by MOLA[37]","title":"Outreach and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Current Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Gustav Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Milne"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"The TDP website won the award for the \"Best Representation of Archaeology in the Media\" at the 2010 British Archaeological Awards[38] and in February 2011, the project was one of five from across Britain nominated by Current Archaeology as \"Best Research Project of 2011\".[39] In July 2012, the project won the award for \"Best Community Archaeology Project\" at the British Archaeological Awards.[40]In 2013, TDP's then Project Director Gustav Milne was nominated as one of Current Archaeology's \"Archaeologists of the Year\" and the Thames Discovery Programme won the Archaeology Training Forum's Training Award, which was presented at the IfA Conference in Birmingham.[41]","title":"Awards"}] | [{"image_text":"Recording the causeway at Isleworth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Recording_the_causeway_at_Isleworth.JPG/220px-Recording_the_causeway_at_Isleworth.JPG"},{"image_text":"A buckle found on the Tower of London foreshore in July 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/Tower_Buckle.jpg/220px-Tower_Buckle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Recording the gridiron at Custom House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Recording_the_gridiron_at_Custom_House%2C_London.jpg/220px-Recording_the_gridiron_at_Custom_House%2C_London.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Heritage Lottery Fund\". Hlf.org.uk. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111211220147/http://www.hlf.org.uk/Pages/Home.aspx","url_text":"\"Heritage Lottery Fund\""},{"url":"http://www.hlf.org.uk/Pages/Home.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thames Archaeological Survey\". Thamesdiscovery.org. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/riverpedia/the-thames-archaeological-survey","url_text":"\"Thames Archaeological Survey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Museum of London Archaeology\". museumoflondonarchaeology.org.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museumoflondonarchaeology.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Museum of London Archaeology\""}]},{"reference":"\"The FROG\". Thamesdiscovery.org. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/about/the_frog","url_text":"\"The FROG\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thames Explorer Trust\". Thames-explorer.org.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thames-explorer.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Thames Explorer Trust\""}]},{"reference":"Port of London – www.pla.co.uk. \"Port of London Authority\". Pla.co.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pla.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Port of London Authority\""}]},{"reference":"\"English Heritage\". English Heritage. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/","url_text":"\"English Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Institute of Archaeology\". Ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/","url_text":"\"Institute of Archaeology\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Nathalie; Gustav Milne; Eliott Wagg (1 December 2012). \"The Thames Discovery Programme: Public Engagement and Research on London's Foreshore\". Archaeology International. 15: 99–106. doi:10.5334/ai.1506.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.1506","url_text":"\"The Thames Discovery Programme: Public Engagement and Research on London's Foreshore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.1506","url_text":"10.5334/ai.1506"}]},{"reference":"\"Volunteers hunt bank of Thames for clues of lost Victorian warships\". Evening Standard. London. 28 July 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23724819-volunteers-hunt-bank-of-thames-for-clues-of-lost-victorian-warships.do","url_text":"\"Volunteers hunt bank of Thames for clues of lost Victorian warships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fulham foreshore reveals ancient secrets\". Shepherdsbush.ealinggazette.co.uk. Retrieved 24 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://shepherdsbush.ealinggazette.co.uk/2009/11/fulham-foreshore-reveals-ancie.html","url_text":"\"Fulham foreshore reveals ancient secrets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thames and Field Metal Detecting Society\". Thamesandfield.com. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesandfield.com/","url_text":"\"Thames and Field Metal Detecting Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discoveries on the Isle of Dogs\". Thamesdiscovery.org. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/discoveries-on-the-isle-of-dogs","url_text":"\"Discoveries on the Isle of Dogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tower of London Fieldwork Report\". Thamesdiscovery.org. 4 August 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/tower-of-london-fieldwork-report","url_text":"\"Tower of London Fieldwork Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portable Antiquities Scheme\". Finds.org.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.finds.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Portable Antiquities Scheme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greenwich Fieldwork Report\". Thamesdiscovery.org. 11 September 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/greenwich-fieldwork-report","url_text":"\"Greenwich Fieldwork Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strand on the Green Report\". Thamesdiscovery.org. 23 September 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/strand-on-the-green-frog-report","url_text":"\"Strand on the Green Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tripcockness Fieldwork Report\". Thamesdiscovery.org. 12 September 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/ballast-blog","url_text":"\"Tripcockness Fieldwork Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vauxhall discoveries\". Thamesdiscovery.org. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall","url_text":"\"Vauxhall discoveries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raindrops keep falling\". Thamesdiscovery.org. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/raindrops-keep-falling","url_text":"\"Raindrops keep falling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greenwich fieldwork update\". Thamesdiscovery.org. 12 June 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/greenwich-fieldwork-update","url_text":"\"Greenwich fieldwork update\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fulham Palace\". Fulham Palace. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fulhampalace.org/","url_text":"\"Fulham Palace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Royal Palaces\". Hrp.org.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hrp.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Historic Royal Palaces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gunnersbury Park\". Hounslow.gov. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hounslow.info/arts/gunnersburyparkmuseum/","url_text":"\"Gunnersbury Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of East London\". Uel.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uel.ac.uk/","url_text":"\"University of East London\""}]},{"reference":"\"LAARC\". museumoflondon.org.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/Collections-Research/LAARC/","url_text":"\"LAARC\""}]},{"reference":"\"RSPB Rainham\". Rspb.org.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/guide/r/rainhammarshes/","url_text":"\"RSPB Rainham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discover Greenwich\". Oldroyalnavalcollege.org. 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141107003836/http://www.oldroyalnavalcollege.org/discover-greenwich/","url_text":"\"Discover Greenwich\""},{"url":"http://www.oldroyalnavalcollege.org/discover-greenwich/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tower of London\". hrp.org.uk. 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/","url_text":"\"Tower of London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southwark Cathedral\". cathedral.southwark.anglican.org. 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://cathedral.southwark.anglican.org/","url_text":"\"Southwark Cathedral\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archaeology in Action\". museumoflondon.org.uk. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111231193716/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/London-Wall/Whats-on/Exhibitions-Displays/Archaeology-in-Action.htm","url_text":"\"Archaeology in Action\""},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/London-Wall/Whats-on/Exhibitions-Displays/Archaeology-in-Action.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Festival of British Archaeology\". Festival.britarch.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://festival.britarch.ac.uk/","url_text":"\"Festival of British Archaeology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thames Discovery at Fulham Palace\". Festival.britarch.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120303222307/http://festival.britarch.ac.uk/blog","url_text":"\"Thames Discovery at Fulham Palace\""},{"url":"http://festival.britarch.ac.uk/blog","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Community Archaeology Report\". thamesdiscovery.org. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/about/community-archaeology-report","url_text":"\"Community Archaeology Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"MOLA: The River's Tale\". Retrieved 6 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mola.org.uk/-rivers-tale-archaeology-thames-foreshore-greater-london","url_text":"\"MOLA: The River's Tale\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Archaeological Awards\". Britarch.ac.uk. 1 November 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111235609/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/awards/","url_text":"\"British Archaeological Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.britarch.ac.uk/awards/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Research Project of the Year\". Archaeologyawards.org. 26 November 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://archaeologyawards.org/2011/research-project-of-the-year.htm","url_text":"\"Research Project of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Archaeological Awards\". Britarch.ac.uk. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120728095608/http://www.archaeologyuk.org/awards/","url_text":"\"British Archaeological Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.archaeologyuk.org/awards/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ATF Award\". thamesdiscovery.org.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/atf-award-winners","url_text":"\"ATF Award\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://thamesdiscovery.org/","external_links_name":"thamesdiscovery.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111211220147/http://www.hlf.org.uk/Pages/Home.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Heritage Lottery Fund\""},{"Link":"http://www.hlf.org.uk/Pages/Home.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/riverpedia/the-thames-archaeological-survey","external_links_name":"\"Thames Archaeological Survey\""},{"Link":"http://www.museumoflondonarchaeology.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Museum of London Archaeology\""},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/about/the_frog","external_links_name":"\"The FROG\""},{"Link":"http://www.thames-explorer.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Thames Explorer Trust\""},{"Link":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/","external_links_name":"Museum of London"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091222235451/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pla.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Port of London Authority\""},{"Link":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"English Heritage\""},{"Link":"http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/","external_links_name":"\"Institute of Archaeology\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.1506","external_links_name":"\"The Thames Discovery Programme: Public Engagement and Research on London's Foreshore\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.1506","external_links_name":"10.5334/ai.1506"},{"Link":"http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23724819-volunteers-hunt-bank-of-thames-for-clues-of-lost-victorian-warships.do","external_links_name":"\"Volunteers hunt bank of Thames for clues of lost Victorian warships\""},{"Link":"http://shepherdsbush.ealinggazette.co.uk/2009/11/fulham-foreshore-reveals-ancie.html","external_links_name":"\"Fulham foreshore reveals ancient secrets\""},{"Link":"http://www.thamesandfield.com/","external_links_name":"\"Thames and Field Metal Detecting Society\""},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/discoveries-on-the-isle-of-dogs","external_links_name":"\"Discoveries on the Isle of Dogs\""},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/tower-of-london-fieldwork-report","external_links_name":"\"Tower of London Fieldwork Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.finds.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Portable Antiquities Scheme\""},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/greenwich-fieldwork-report","external_links_name":"\"Greenwich Fieldwork Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/strand-on-the-green-frog-report","external_links_name":"\"Strand on the Green Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/ballast-blog","external_links_name":"\"Tripcockness Fieldwork Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall","external_links_name":"\"Vauxhall discoveries\""},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/raindrops-keep-falling","external_links_name":"\"Raindrops keep falling\""},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/greenwich-fieldwork-update","external_links_name":"\"Greenwich fieldwork update\""},{"Link":"http://www.fulhampalace.org/","external_links_name":"\"Fulham Palace\""},{"Link":"http://www.hrp.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Historic Royal Palaces\""},{"Link":"http://www.hounslow.info/arts/gunnersburyparkmuseum/","external_links_name":"\"Gunnersbury Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.camdenyoungarchaeologists.org.uk/default.asp","external_links_name":"Camden Young Archaeologists Club"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080325072443/http://www.camdenyoungarchaeologists.org.uk/default.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.uel.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"\"University of East London\""},{"Link":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/Collections-Research/LAARC/","external_links_name":"\"LAARC\""},{"Link":"http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/guide/r/rainhammarshes/","external_links_name":"\"RSPB Rainham\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141107003836/http://www.oldroyalnavalcollege.org/discover-greenwich/","external_links_name":"\"Discover Greenwich\""},{"Link":"http://www.oldroyalnavalcollege.org/discover-greenwich/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/","external_links_name":"\"Tower of London\""},{"Link":"http://cathedral.southwark.anglican.org/","external_links_name":"\"Southwark Cathedral\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111231193716/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/London-Wall/Whats-on/Exhibitions-Displays/Archaeology-in-Action.htm","external_links_name":"\"Archaeology in Action\""},{"Link":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/London-Wall/Whats-on/Exhibitions-Displays/Archaeology-in-Action.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://festival.britarch.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Festival of British Archaeology\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120303222307/http://festival.britarch.ac.uk/blog","external_links_name":"\"Thames Discovery at Fulham Palace\""},{"Link":"http://festival.britarch.ac.uk/blog","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/about/community-archaeology-report","external_links_name":"\"Community Archaeology Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.mola.org.uk/-rivers-tale-archaeology-thames-foreshore-greater-london","external_links_name":"\"MOLA: The River's Tale\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111235609/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/awards/","external_links_name":"\"British Archaeological Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.britarch.ac.uk/awards/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archaeologyawards.org/2011/research-project-of-the-year.htm","external_links_name":"\"Research Project of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120728095608/http://www.archaeologyuk.org/awards/","external_links_name":"\"British Archaeological Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.archaeologyuk.org/awards/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/atf-award-winners","external_links_name":"\"ATF Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/","external_links_name":"Thames Discovery Programme project website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript_Printer_Description | PostScript Printer Description | ["1 CUPS","2 Windows","3 MIME type","4 References","5 External links"] | PostScript Printer DescriptionFilename extension
.ppdInternet media type
text/plain, application/vnd.cups-ppdMagic number*PPD-AdobeDeveloped byAdobe Systems
PostScript Printer Description (PPD) files are created by vendors to describe the entire set of features and capabilities available for their PostScript printers.
A PPD also contains the PostScript code (commands) used to invoke features for the print job. As such, PPDs function as drivers for all PostScript printers, by providing a unified interface for the printer's capabilities and features. For example, a generic PPD file for all models of HP Color LaserJet contains:
*% =================================
*% Basic Device Capabilities
*% =================================
*LanguageLevel: "2"
*ColorDevice: True
*DefaultColorSpace: CMYK
*TTRasterizer: Type42
*FileSystem: False
*Throughput: "10"
which specifies that the printer understands PostScript Level 2, is a color device, and so forth. The PPD can describe allowable paper sizes, memory configurations, the minimum font set for the printer, and even specify a tree-based user interface for printer-specific configuration.
A PPD is also often called PostScript Page Description instead of Printer Description, this is because PostScript has the concept of Page Devices where the PostScript page description configuration is read from or saved as a PPD file.
CUPS
CUPS uses PPD drivers for all of its PostScript printers, and has even extended the concept to allow for PostScript printing to non-PostScript printing devices, by directing output through a CUPS filter. Such a file is no longer a standard PPD, but rather a "CUPS-PPD".
CUPS clients usually read the current PPD file from the server every time a new print job is created. It is located in /usr/share/ppd/ or /usr/share/cups/model/.
/usr/share/ppd
├── cupsfilters
│ ├── Fuji_Xerox-DocuPrint_CM305_df-PDF.ppd
│ ├── Generic-PDF_Printer-PDF.ppd
│ ├── HP-Color_LaserJet_CM3530_MFP-PDF.ppd
│ ├── pxlcolor.ppd
│ ├── pxlmono.ppd
│ └── Ricoh-PDF_Printer-PDF.ppd
├── cups-pdf
│ ├── CUPS-PDF_noopt.ppd
│ └── CUPS-PDF_opt.ppd
└── custom
Windows
Microsoft Windows also uses PPD files but converts these to a binary .BPD file format before using them. These, both PPD and BPD, are normally stored in %WINDIR%\system32\spool\drivers\w32x86\3 on an x86 system, or %WINDIR%\System32\spool\drivers\x64\3 on a 64 bit system.
Updating a PPD file requires four steps:
stop the spooling service;
edit the existing PPD file in place or replace it by an updated version;
remove the old BPD file;
restart the spooling service.
This will automatically generate a new BPD from the updated PPD.
MIME type
The MIME type for the CUPS variant of PPD is application/vnd.cups-ppd.
References
^ PostScript Language Reference Manual Chapter 6.1 Using Page Devices page 393.
^ IANA: https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/vnd.cups-ppd
External links
Adobe PostScript Language Specifications
Adobe Tech Note 5003: PostScript Printer Description (PPD) File Format Specification, hosted on MIT
Adobe Tech Note 5645: Update to PPD Specification Version 4.3, hosted on MIT
This business software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PostScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript"},{"link_name":"print job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_job"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"PostScript Printer Description (PPD) files are created by vendors to describe the entire set of features and capabilities available for their PostScript printers.A PPD also contains the PostScript code (commands) used to invoke features for the print job. As such, PPDs function as drivers for all PostScript printers, by providing a unified interface for the printer's capabilities and features. For example, a generic PPD file for all models of HP Color LaserJet contains:*% =================================\n*% Basic Device Capabilities\n*% =================================\n*LanguageLevel: \"2\"\n*ColorDevice: True\n*DefaultColorSpace: CMYK\n*TTRasterizer: Type42\n*FileSystem: False\n*Throughput: \"10\"which specifies that the printer understands PostScript Level 2, is a color device, and so forth. The PPD can describe allowable paper sizes, memory configurations, the minimum font set for the printer, and even specify a tree-based user interface for printer-specific configuration.A PPD is also often called PostScript Page Description instead of Printer Description, this is because PostScript has the concept of Page Devices where the PostScript page description configuration is read from or saved as a PPD file.[1]","title":"PostScript Printer Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CUPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUPS"}],"text":"CUPS uses PPD drivers for all of its PostScript printers, and has even extended the concept to allow for PostScript printing to non-PostScript printing devices, by directing output through a CUPS filter. Such a file is no longer a standard PPD, but rather a \"CUPS-PPD\".\nCUPS clients usually read the current PPD file from the server every time a new print job is created. It is located in /usr/share/ppd/ or /usr/share/cups/model/./usr/share/ppd\n├── cupsfilters\n│ ├── Fuji_Xerox-DocuPrint_CM305_df-PDF.ppd\n│ ├── Generic-PDF_Printer-PDF.ppd\n│ ├── HP-Color_LaserJet_CM3530_MFP-PDF.ppd\n│ ├── pxlcolor.ppd\n│ ├── pxlmono.ppd\n│ └── Ricoh-PDF_Printer-PDF.ppd\n├── cups-pdf\n│ ├── CUPS-PDF_noopt.ppd\n│ └── CUPS-PDF_opt.ppd\n└── custom","title":"CUPS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"}],"text":"Microsoft Windows also uses PPD files but converts these to a binary .BPD file format before using them. These, both PPD and BPD, are normally stored in %WINDIR%\\system32\\spool\\drivers\\w32x86\\3 on an x86 system, or %WINDIR%\\System32\\spool\\drivers\\x64\\3 on a 64 bit system.Updating a PPD file requires four steps:stop the spooling service;\nedit the existing PPD file in place or replace it by an updated version;\nremove the old BPD file;\nrestart the spooling service.This will automatically generate a new BPD from the updated PPD.","title":"Windows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The MIME type for the CUPS variant of PPD is application/vnd.cups-ppd.[2]","title":"MIME type"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/vnd.cups-ppd","external_links_name":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/vnd.cups-ppd"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160901200541/http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/ps/index_specs.html","external_links_name":"Adobe PostScript Language Specifications"},{"Link":"https://web.mit.edu/PostScript/Adobe/Documents/5003.PPD_Spec_v4.3.pdf","external_links_name":"Adobe Tech Note 5003: PostScript Printer Description (PPD) File Format Specification, hosted on MIT"},{"Link":"https://web.mit.edu/PostScript/Adobe/Documents/5645.PPD_Update.pdf","external_links_name":"Adobe Tech Note 5645: Update to PPD Specification Version 4.3, hosted on MIT"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PostScript_Printer_Description&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellmates | Cellmates | ["1 Plot","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"] | 2011 film directed by Jesse Baget
For other uses, see Cell Mates (disambiguation).
CellmatesDirected byJesse BagetWritten byJesse BagetProduced byRyan R. JohnsonJ. Daniel BortStarringTom SizemoreStacy KeachKevin FarleyHéctor JiménezOlga SeguraCinematographyBill OttoEdited byJesse BagetRelease date
April 29, 2011 (2011-04-29) (Newport Beach International Film Festival)
CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Cellmates is a 2011 American comedy film starring Tom Sizemore, and Olga Segura and was directed and written by producer, director, and writer Jesse Baget.
Plot
Leroy Lowe is a racist who throughout his life has hated everything that was not as white as the color of his skin. Unexpectedly immersed in Mexican culture Leroy is forced to decide whether to return to his old life back in the United States or start a new life under the sun-drenched skies of Mexico.
Reception
Currently, the film has a rating of 47% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 15 reviews and an average score of 4.33/10.
References
^ "Cellmates (2012)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
External links
Cellmates at IMDb
This film article about a 2010s comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cell Mates (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_Mates_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Tom Sizemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sizemore"},{"link_name":"Olga Segura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Segura"}],"text":"For other uses, see Cell Mates (disambiguation).Cellmates is a 2011 American comedy film starring Tom Sizemore, and Olga Segura and was directed and written by producer, director, and writer Jesse Baget.","title":"Cellmates"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Leroy Lowe is a racist who throughout his life has hated everything that was not as white as the color of his skin. Unexpectedly immersed in Mexican culture Leroy is forced to decide whether to return to his old life back in the United States or start a new life under the sun-drenched skies of Mexico.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Currently, the film has a rating of 47% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 15 reviews and an average score of 4.33/10.[1]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cellmates (2012)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cellmates_2012/","url_text":"\"Cellmates (2012)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_(company)","url_text":"Fandango"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cellmates_2012/","external_links_name":"\"Cellmates (2012)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1615480/","external_links_name":"Cellmates"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellmates&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudong%E2%80%93Zhonghua_Shipbuilding | Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding | ["1 History","2 Incidents with LNG ships","3 Facilities and divisions","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Sources","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 31°16′39″N 121°34′10″E / 31.27750°N 121.56944°E / 31.27750; 121.56944Chinese shipbuilding company
31°16′39″N 121°34′10″E / 31.27750°N 121.56944°E / 31.27750; 121.56944
Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding (Group) Co., Ltd.沪东中华造船(集团)有限公司Main gate of Hudong–Zhonghua ShipbuildingCompany typeState-owned enterpriseIndustryShipbuilding, defenceFounded2001HeadquartersShanghai, ChinaParentChina State Shipbuilding CorporationWebsitehz-shipgroup.cssc.net.cn
Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding is a subsidiary of China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC). It produces civilian and military ships. Hudong–Zhonghua claims to be the "Cradle of Chinese Frigates and Landing Ships" for its work for the People's Liberation Army Navy.
History
New location of Hudong–Zhonghua Shipyard - Changxingdao island
Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding was formed by the merger of Hudong Shipbuilding Group and Zhonghua shipyard.
Hudong-Zhonghua constructed Dapeng Sun, the first LNG carrier built in China, for US$160 million. Delivery, four months late, occurred in April 2008.
In 2005, it was announced that Hudong-Zhonghua intended to invest 1 billion Kč into a joint venture with České loděnice (Czech Shipyard) in Děčín. České loděnice avoided collapse by merging with VEKA Group in 2011.
In July 2001, a 5000-ton gantry crane collapsed at Hudong Shipbuilding Group while being erected, killing 36 workers and injuring another eight. It was the first gantry crane designed and built in China.
In May 2008, two 600-ton gantry cranes collapsed during a lifting operation, killing three and injuring another two.
In September 2017, Hudong-Zhonghua was contracted to build five of nine 23,000 TEU Jacques Saadé-class container ships. The ships were at the time the world's largest container vessels to run on LNG, measuring 400 meters long and 61 meters wide. The first, CMA CGM Jacques Saadé, was delivered on 22 September 2020; delivery had been expected in November 2019 but was delayed by 10 months. By 2021, all of the five ships contracted to Hudong-Zhonghua had been delivered.
In 2019, Hudong-Zhonghua won a contract for four 23,000 TEU ships from the Taiwanese Evergreen shipping line, after the successful delivery of four 2,500 teu ships to the same company previously. A spokesperson for Hudong-Zhonghua's parent China State Shipbuilding Corporation said "this showed major liner operators had endorsed the shipbuilder’s design and construction of ultra-large containerships".
In 2020, Hudong-Zhonghua won a US$3 billion contract for 16 LNG carriers to be delivered to QatarEnergy. The tender was part of a plan by QatarEnergy, the world's largest LNG producer to support its expected increase in LNG production, and will potentially include up to 100 new LNG carriers.
In January 2021, it was reported that the Hudong-Zhonghua yard would relocate to Changxing Island, next to the Jiangnan Shipyard. Construction of the yard commenced in January 2021. The first of two phases is expected to be completed in 2023 for CN¥8 billion. The total cost is expected to be CN¥18 billion.
In June 2021, Evergreen awarded a contract to Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding for a pair of 24,000 TEU Evergreen A-class ships, which will become the world's largest container ships by TEU, with delivery expected in late 2023 to early 2024. The ships were estimated to cost $180m each. In March 2022, another 3 ships of the class were ordered.
Incidents with LNG ships
Early Chinese-built LNG carriers suffered reliability issues. Dapeng Sun underwent lengthy repairs in Singapore 14 months after being delivered. CESI Gladstone, a LNG carrier delivered by Hudong-Zhonghua in October 2016, suffered a propulsion breakdown near Papua New Guinea in June 2018.
The F-22P frigate built by Hudong-Zhonghua for the Pakistan Navy
Facilities and divisions
Hudong Heavy Machinery
Created from the merger of the engine divisions of the Hudong and Shanghai Shipyards
Hudong Shipyard
Shanghai Edward Shipbuilding
Created in 1997 as a joint venture between CSSC and Hansa Shipbuilding. Reportedly a joint venture between Hudong–Zhonghua and Hansa in 2005.
Huarun Dadong Shipyard
Joint venture with China Resources
Zhonghua Shipyard
See also
List of shipbuilders and shipyards
G4-class freighter, built by Hudong–Zhonghua
References
Citations
^ "Company profile". Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding (Group) Co., Ltd. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ China's Largest Shipbuilder Selects Electronic Signature Solutions from CIC China
^ "LNG tanker hailed as a milestone for China". china.org.cn. Shanghai Daily. 4 April 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "China 1st home-made LNG tanker delivered, behind time". Reuters. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding Group". European Monitoring Centre on Change. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "České loděnice podepsaly první větší smlouvu po vzkříšení". Česká televize (in Czech). 30 June 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "Crane Collapse Kills 36 in Shanghai Shipyard". People's Daily. 18 July 2001. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "Gantry cranes topple, killing 3 in Shanghai". China Daily. Xinhua. 30 May 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "CMA CGM Confirms Order for 22,000 TEU Giants". World Maritime News. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ a b c Snyder, John (29 May 2020). "Chinese financing backs massive Qatar LNG carrier order". Riviera. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ a b "Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding names CMA CGM Rivoli". 11 January 2021.
^ "The CMA CGM JACQUES SAADE, the largest LNG-powered container ship ever built features Wärtsilä solutions". Wärtsilä. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ a b "Box ship orderbook grows fatter, with Evergreen and SITC needing more capacity". 21 June 2021.
^ "Qatar Petroleum inks huge China LNG carrier deal". 22 April 2020.
^ "Hudong-Zhonghua inks $2.86bn LNG carrier order from Qatar". 22 April 2020.
^ "QP signs $3bn LNG carrier deal with Hudong - News for the Energy Sector". 23 April 2020.
^ Tate, Andrew (5 January 2021). "Hudong-Zhonghua shipyard to relocate to Changxing Island near Shanghai". Janes. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ Wang, Ying (5 January 2021). "Shanghai launches 64 projects worth $42b". China Daily. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "Evergreen in for three more 24,000 teu ships at Hudong-Zhonghua". 17 March 2022.
^ "dapeng sun out of drydock following major repair work". Tradewindsnews. 21 Aug 2009.
^ Chambers, Sam (28 June 2018). "Chinese gas carrier plagued with propulsion issues expected to resume voyage this weekend". Splash247.
^ A New Direction for China's Defense Industry, pg. 120
^ a b c d A New Direction for China's Defense Industry, pg. 118
^ Collins, Gabriel; Grubb, Michael C. (August 2008). A Comprehensive Survey of China's Dynamic Shipbuilding Industry (Report). China Maritime Studies. Vol. 1. United States Naval War College. p. 16. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
Sources
Medeiros, Evan S.; Cliff, Roger; Crane, Keith; Mulvenon, James C. (2005). A New Direction for China's Defense Industry (PDF). RAND Corporation. ISBN 0-8330-3794-3.
External links
Official web site (in English)
China State Shipbuilding Corporation web site (in English)
vte Shipbuilding companies of ChinaChina State Shipbuilding CorporationShanghai
Hudong–Zhonghua
Jiangnan
Guangdong
COMEC
Huangpu Wenchong
Liaoning
Bohai Shipbuilding
Dalian Shipbuilding
Hubei
Wuchang Shipbuilding | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"31°16′39″N 121°34′10″E / 31.27750°N 121.56944°E / 31.27750; 121.56944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hudong%E2%80%93Zhonghua_Shipbuilding¶ms=31_16_39_N_121_34_10_E_"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"China State Shipbuilding Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_State_Shipbuilding_Corporation"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Chinese shipbuilding company31°16′39″N 121°34′10″E / 31.27750°N 121.56944°E / 31.27750; 121.56944Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding is a subsidiary of China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC). It produces civilian and military ships. 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Delivery, four months late, occurred in April 2008.[3][4]In 2005, it was announced that Hudong-Zhonghua intended to invest 1 billion Kč into a joint venture with České loděnice (Czech Shipyard) in Děčín.[5] České loděnice avoided collapse by merging with VEKA Group in 2011.[6]\nIn July 2001, a 5000-ton gantry crane collapsed at Hudong Shipbuilding Group while being erected, killing 36 workers and injuring another eight. It was the first gantry crane designed and built in China.[7]In May 2008, two 600-ton gantry cranes collapsed during a lifting operation, killing three and injuring another two.[8]In September 2017, Hudong-Zhonghua was contracted to build five of nine[9] 23,000 TEU[10] Jacques Saadé-class container ships.[10] The ships were at the time the world's largest container vessels to run on LNG, measuring 400 meters long and 61 meters wide.[11] The first, CMA CGM Jacques Saadé, was delivered on 22 September 2020;[12] delivery had been expected in November 2019 but was delayed by 10 months.[10] By 2021, all of the five ships contracted to Hudong-Zhonghua had been delivered.[11]In 2019, Hudong-Zhonghua won a contract for four 23,000 TEU ships from the Taiwanese Evergreen shipping line, after the successful delivery of four 2,500 teu ships to the same company previously. A spokesperson for Hudong-Zhonghua's parent China State Shipbuilding Corporation said \"this showed major liner operators had endorsed the shipbuilder’s design and construction of ultra-large containerships\".[13]In 2020, Hudong-Zhonghua won a US$3 billion contract for 16 LNG carriers to be delivered to QatarEnergy.[14] The tender was part of a plan by QatarEnergy, the world's largest LNG producer to support its expected increase in LNG production, and will potentially include up to 100 new LNG carriers.[15][16]In January 2021, it was reported that the Hudong-Zhonghua yard would relocate to Changxing Island, next to the Jiangnan Shipyard.[17] Construction of the yard commenced in January 2021. The first of two phases is expected to be completed in 2023 for CN¥8 billion. The total cost is expected to be CN¥18 billion.[18]In June 2021, Evergreen awarded a contract to Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding for a pair of 24,000 TEU Evergreen A-class ships, which will become the world's largest container ships by TEU, with delivery expected in late 2023 to early 2024. The ships were estimated to cost $180m each.[13] In March 2022, another 3 ships of the class were ordered.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-22P_PNS_Zulfiquar.JPG"},{"link_name":"F-22P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22P"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Navy"}],"text":"Early Chinese-built LNG carriers suffered reliability issues. Dapeng Sun underwent lengthy repairs in Singapore 14 months after being delivered.[20] CESI Gladstone, a LNG carrier delivered by Hudong-Zhonghua in October 2016, suffered a propulsion breakdown near Papua New Guinea in June 2018.[21]The F-22P frigate built by Hudong-Zhonghua for the Pakistan Navy","title":"Incidents with LNG ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_direction_120-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_direction_118-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cms-1_p16-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_direction_118-23"},{"link_name":"China Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Resources"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_direction_118-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_direction_118-23"}],"text":"Hudong Heavy MachineryCreated from the merger of the engine divisions of the Hudong and Shanghai Shipyards[22]Hudong Shipyard[23]\nShanghai Edward ShipbuildingCreated in 1997 as a joint venture between CSSC and Hansa Shipbuilding.[24] Reportedly a joint venture between Hudong–Zhonghua and Hansa in 2005.[23]Huarun Dadong ShipyardJoint venture with China Resources[23]Zhonghua Shipyard[23]","title":"Facilities and divisions"}] | [{"image_text":"New location of Hudong–Zhonghua Shipyard - Changxingdao island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shanghai_location_Changxingdao_island.svg/220px-Shanghai_location_Changxingdao_island.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The F-22P frigate built by Hudong-Zhonghua for the Pakistan Navy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/F-22P_PNS_Zulfiquar.JPG/255px-F-22P_PNS_Zulfiquar.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of shipbuilders and shipyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipbuilders_and_shipyards"},{"title":"G4-class freighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4-class_freighter"}] | [{"reference":"\"Company profile\". Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding (Group) Co., Ltd. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://hz-shipgroup.cssc.net.cn/hz_en/component_general_situation/","url_text":"\"Company profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"LNG tanker hailed as a milestone for China\". china.org.cn. Shanghai Daily. 4 April 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.china.org.cn/business/2008-04/04/content_14273750.htm","url_text":"\"LNG tanker hailed as a milestone for China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Daily","url_text":"Shanghai Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"China 1st home-made LNG tanker delivered, behind time\". Reuters. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idCNTPEK32393620080403","url_text":"\"China 1st home-made LNG tanker delivered, behind time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding Group\". European Monitoring Centre on Change. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/erm/factsheets/hudong-zhonghua-shipbuilding-group","url_text":"\"Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding Group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_on_Change","url_text":"European Monitoring Centre on Change"}]},{"reference":"\"České loděnice podepsaly první větší smlouvu po vzkříšení\". Česká televize (in Czech). 30 June 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/ekonomika/1254801-ceske-lodenice-podepsaly-prvni-vetsi-smlouvu-po-vzkriseni","url_text":"\"České loděnice podepsaly první větší smlouvu po vzkříšení\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1_televize","url_text":"Česká televize"}]},{"reference":"\"Crane Collapse Kills 36 in Shanghai Shipyard\". People's Daily. 18 July 2001. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.people.cn/english/200107/18/eng20010718_75230.html","url_text":"\"Crane Collapse Kills 36 in Shanghai Shipyard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Daily","url_text":"People's Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"Gantry cranes topple, killing 3 in Shanghai\". China Daily. Xinhua. 30 May 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-05/30/content_6723501.htm","url_text":"\"Gantry cranes topple, killing 3 in Shanghai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Daily","url_text":"China Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"CMA CGM Confirms Order for 22,000 TEU Giants\". World Maritime News. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/229960/cma-cgm-confirms-order-for-22000-teu-giants/","url_text":"\"CMA CGM Confirms Order for 22,000 TEU Giants\""}]},{"reference":"Snyder, John (29 May 2020). \"Chinese financing backs massive Qatar LNG carrier order\". Riviera. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/chinese-financing-backs-massive-qatar-lng-carrier-order-says-analyst-59605","url_text":"\"Chinese financing backs massive Qatar LNG carrier order\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding names CMA CGM Rivoli\". 11 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offshore-energy.biz/hudong-zhonghua-shipbuilding-names-cma-cgm-rivoli/","url_text":"\"Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding names CMA CGM Rivoli\""}]},{"reference":"\"The CMA CGM JACQUES SAADE, the largest LNG-powered container ship ever built features Wärtsilä solutions\". Wärtsilä. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wartsila.com/media/news/15-10-2020-the-cma-cgm-jacques-saade-the-largest-lng-powered-container-ship-ever-built-features-wartsila-solutions","url_text":"\"The CMA CGM JACQUES SAADE, the largest LNG-powered container ship ever built features Wärtsilä solutions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4rtsil%C3%A4","url_text":"Wärtsilä"}]},{"reference":"\"Box ship orderbook grows fatter, with Evergreen and SITC needing more capacity\". 21 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://theloadstar.com/box-ship-orderbook-grows-fatter-with-evergreen-and-sitc-needing-more-capacity/","url_text":"\"Box ship orderbook grows fatter, with Evergreen and SITC needing more capacity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qatar Petroleum inks huge China LNG carrier deal\". 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offshore-energy.biz/qatar-petroleum-inks-huge-china-lng-carrier-deal/","url_text":"\"Qatar Petroleum inks huge China LNG carrier deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hudong-Zhonghua inks $2.86bn LNG carrier order from Qatar\". 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/shipbuilding/hudong-zhonghua-inks-286bn-lng-carrier-order-qatar","url_text":"\"Hudong-Zhonghua inks $2.86bn LNG carrier order from Qatar\""}]},{"reference":"\"QP signs $3bn LNG carrier deal with Hudong - News for the Energy Sector\". 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.energyvoice.com/oilandgas/middle-east/236815/qp-signs-3bn-lng-carrier-deal-with-hudong/","url_text":"\"QP signs $3bn LNG carrier deal with Hudong - News for the Energy Sector\""}]},{"reference":"Tate, Andrew (5 January 2021). \"Hudong-Zhonghua shipyard to relocate to Changxing Island near Shanghai\". Janes. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hudong-zhonghua-shipyard-to-relocate-to-changxing-island-near-shanghai","url_text":"\"Hudong-Zhonghua shipyard to relocate to Changxing Island near Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"Wang, Ying (5 January 2021). \"Shanghai launches 64 projects worth $42b\". China Daily. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/05/WS5ff3bb5da31024ad0baa06fa.html","url_text":"\"Shanghai launches 64 projects worth $42b\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evergreen in for three more 24,000 teu ships at Hudong-Zhonghua\". 17 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://splash247.com/evergreen-in-for-three-more-24000-teu-ships-at-hudong-zhonghua/","url_text":"\"Evergreen in for three more 24,000 teu ships at Hudong-Zhonghua\""}]},{"reference":"\"dapeng sun out of drydock following major repair work\". Tradewindsnews. 21 Aug 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tradewindsnews.com/lngunlimited/dapeng-sun-out-of-drydock-following-major-repair-work/1-1-307314","url_text":"\"dapeng sun out of drydock following major repair work\""}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Sam (28 June 2018). \"Chinese gas carrier plagued with propulsion issues expected to resume voyage this weekend\". Splash247.","urls":[{"url":"https://splash247.com/chinese-gas-carrier-plagued-propulsion-issues-expected-resume-voyage-weekend/","url_text":"\"Chinese gas carrier plagued with propulsion issues expected to resume voyage this weekend\""}]},{"reference":"Collins, Gabriel; Grubb, Michael C. (August 2008). A Comprehensive Survey of China's Dynamic Shipbuilding Industry (Report). China Maritime Studies. Vol. 1. United States Naval War College. p. 16. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cmsi-red-books/9/","url_text":"A Comprehensive Survey of China's Dynamic Shipbuilding Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_War_College","url_text":"United States Naval War College"}]},{"reference":"Medeiros, Evan S.; Cliff, Roger; Crane, Keith; Mulvenon, James C. (2005). A New Direction for China's Defense Industry (PDF). RAND Corporation. ISBN 0-8330-3794-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf","url_text":"A New Direction for China's Defense Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-3794-3","url_text":"0-8330-3794-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hudong%E2%80%93Zhonghua_Shipbuilding¶ms=31_16_39_N_121_34_10_E_","external_links_name":"31°16′39″N 121°34′10″E / 31.27750°N 121.56944°E / 31.27750; 121.56944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hudong%E2%80%93Zhonghua_Shipbuilding¶ms=31_16_39_N_121_34_10_E_","external_links_name":"31°16′39″N 121°34′10″E / 31.27750°N 121.56944°E / 31.27750; 121.56944"},{"Link":"http://hz-shipgroup.cssc.net.cn/hz_en/index.php","external_links_name":"hz-shipgroup.cssc.net.cn"},{"Link":"http://hz-shipgroup.cssc.net.cn/hz_en/component_general_situation/","external_links_name":"\"Company profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chinas-largest-shipbuilder-selects-electronic-signature-solutions-from-cic-china-59017857.html","external_links_name":"China's Largest Shipbuilder Selects Electronic Signature Solutions from CIC China"},{"Link":"http://www.china.org.cn/business/2008-04/04/content_14273750.htm","external_links_name":"\"LNG tanker hailed as a milestone for China\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idCNTPEK32393620080403","external_links_name":"\"China 1st home-made LNG tanker delivered, behind time\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/erm/factsheets/hudong-zhonghua-shipbuilding-group","external_links_name":"\"Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding Group\""},{"Link":"https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/ekonomika/1254801-ceske-lodenice-podepsaly-prvni-vetsi-smlouvu-po-vzkriseni","external_links_name":"\"České loděnice podepsaly první větší smlouvu po vzkříšení\""},{"Link":"http://en.people.cn/english/200107/18/eng20010718_75230.html","external_links_name":"\"Crane Collapse Kills 36 in Shanghai Shipyard\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-05/30/content_6723501.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gantry cranes topple, killing 3 in Shanghai\""},{"Link":"https://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/229960/cma-cgm-confirms-order-for-22000-teu-giants/","external_links_name":"\"CMA CGM Confirms Order for 22,000 TEU Giants\""},{"Link":"https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/chinese-financing-backs-massive-qatar-lng-carrier-order-says-analyst-59605","external_links_name":"\"Chinese financing backs massive Qatar LNG carrier order\""},{"Link":"https://www.offshore-energy.biz/hudong-zhonghua-shipbuilding-names-cma-cgm-rivoli/","external_links_name":"\"Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding names CMA CGM Rivoli\""},{"Link":"https://www.wartsila.com/media/news/15-10-2020-the-cma-cgm-jacques-saade-the-largest-lng-powered-container-ship-ever-built-features-wartsila-solutions","external_links_name":"\"The CMA CGM JACQUES SAADE, the largest LNG-powered container ship ever built features Wärtsilä solutions\""},{"Link":"https://theloadstar.com/box-ship-orderbook-grows-fatter-with-evergreen-and-sitc-needing-more-capacity/","external_links_name":"\"Box ship orderbook grows fatter, with Evergreen and SITC needing more capacity\""},{"Link":"https://www.offshore-energy.biz/qatar-petroleum-inks-huge-china-lng-carrier-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Qatar Petroleum inks huge China LNG carrier deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/shipbuilding/hudong-zhonghua-inks-286bn-lng-carrier-order-qatar","external_links_name":"\"Hudong-Zhonghua inks $2.86bn LNG carrier order from Qatar\""},{"Link":"https://www.energyvoice.com/oilandgas/middle-east/236815/qp-signs-3bn-lng-carrier-deal-with-hudong/","external_links_name":"\"QP signs $3bn LNG carrier deal with Hudong - News for the Energy Sector\""},{"Link":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hudong-zhonghua-shipyard-to-relocate-to-changxing-island-near-shanghai","external_links_name":"\"Hudong-Zhonghua shipyard to relocate to Changxing Island near Shanghai\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/05/WS5ff3bb5da31024ad0baa06fa.html","external_links_name":"\"Shanghai launches 64 projects worth $42b\""},{"Link":"https://splash247.com/evergreen-in-for-three-more-24000-teu-ships-at-hudong-zhonghua/","external_links_name":"\"Evergreen in for three more 24,000 teu ships at Hudong-Zhonghua\""},{"Link":"https://www.tradewindsnews.com/lngunlimited/dapeng-sun-out-of-drydock-following-major-repair-work/1-1-307314","external_links_name":"\"dapeng sun out of drydock following major repair work\""},{"Link":"https://splash247.com/chinese-gas-carrier-plagued-propulsion-issues-expected-resume-voyage-weekend/","external_links_name":"\"Chinese gas carrier plagued with propulsion issues expected to resume voyage this weekend\""},{"Link":"https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cmsi-red-books/9/","external_links_name":"A Comprehensive Survey of China's Dynamic Shipbuilding Industry"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf","external_links_name":"A New Direction for China's Defense Industry"},{"Link":"http://hz-shipgroup.cssc.net.cn/hz_en/index.php","external_links_name":"Official web site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190606140606/http://www.cssc.net.cn/en/","external_links_name":"China State Shipbuilding Corporation web site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Charter_of_1826 | Constitutional Charter of 1826 | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Second constitution in Portuguese history
King Pedro IV of Portugal holding the Constitutional Charter. The monument is in Porto.
The Charter of 1826 or Carta Constitucional, often simply referred to as the Carta, was the second constitution in Portuguese history. It was given to the country in 1826 by King Dom Pedro IV. The constitution remained in force, with the exceptions of the periods 1828–1834 and 1838–1842, until the fall of the monarchy in 1910. It was modified in 1852, 1865, 1896, and 1907. The constitution was modelled on the 1824 Brazilian constitution that Pedro imposed on the country, which in turn was modelled on the failed 1822 Portuguese Constitution, which in turn was modelled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812.
In contrast to the first constitution, the Portuguese Constitution of 1822, approved by the constitutional assembly or cortes (see the Liberal Revolution of 1820), the Carta was an imposed constitution issued by the king under his own authority without the involvement of the people.
The Carta provided for a bicameral Parliament. The upper chamber, modeled after the British House of Lords, consisted of hereditary peers; the chamber of representatives was partially elected and partially appointed by the king. The Carta was far more conservative than the Constitution of 1822, because the king also attempted to satisfy advocates of the absolute monarchy. Nonetheless, this faction rejected the Carta, which was set aside when the absolute monarch Dom Miguel I of Portugal seized power, and it was reintroduced only after the victory of the liberals in the Miguelite War.
After the Miguelite War, the liberals throughout the country were divided on the question of whether the Carta should be restored or whether a constitution modeled after that of 1822 should be introduced. Both factions, the Cartistas (advocates of the Carta) and the Setembristas (advocates of a liberal constitution), quarreled bitterly, which ultimately led to civil war. The Carta was restored and set aside repeatedly as one side or the other gained the upper hand. Thus it served as the constitution of Portugal from 1826 to 1828, from 1834 to 1838 and from 1842 until the end of the monarchy in 1910. In 1852 the Carta underwent significant change in the constitutional reform intended to make it acceptable to the Setembristas as well.
See also
Portuguese Civil Code
Timeline of Portuguese history
References
^ a b c Paquette, Gabriel (2011). "The Brazilian origins of the 1826 Portuguese Constitution". European History Quarterly. 41 (3): 444–471. doi:10.1177/0265691411405137. ISSN 0265-6914. S2CID 143140472.
External links
The Parliament in the History of the Constitution
A Carta Constitucional de 1826
The Brazilian origins of the 1826 Portuguese Constitution | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estatua_D_Pedro_IV_b_(Porto).JPG"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"Portuguese history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Pedro IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"1824 Brazilian constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Constitution of 1822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Constitution_of_1822"},{"link_name":"Liberal Revolution of 1820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"absolute monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Miguel I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Miguelite War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Wars"},{"link_name":"Cartistas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartista"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"}],"text":"King Pedro IV of Portugal holding the Constitutional Charter. The monument is in Porto.The Charter of 1826 or Carta Constitucional, often simply referred to as the Carta, was the second constitution in Portuguese history. It was given to the country in 1826 by King Dom Pedro IV. The constitution remained in force, with the exceptions of the periods 1828–1834 and 1838–1842, until the fall of the monarchy in 1910.[1] It was modified in 1852, 1865, 1896, and 1907.[1] The constitution was modelled on the 1824 Brazilian constitution that Pedro imposed on the country, which in turn was modelled on the failed 1822 Portuguese Constitution, which in turn was modelled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812.[1]In contrast to the first constitution, the Portuguese Constitution of 1822, approved by the constitutional assembly or cortes (see the Liberal Revolution of 1820), the Carta was an imposed constitution issued by the king under his own authority without the involvement of the people.The Carta provided for a bicameral Parliament. The upper chamber, modeled after the British House of Lords, consisted of hereditary peers; the chamber of representatives was partially elected and partially appointed by the king. The Carta was far more conservative than the Constitution of 1822, because the king also attempted to satisfy advocates of the absolute monarchy. Nonetheless, this faction rejected the Carta, which was set aside when the absolute monarch Dom Miguel I of Portugal seized power, and it was reintroduced only after the victory of the liberals in the Miguelite War.After the Miguelite War, the liberals throughout the country were divided on the question of whether the Carta should be restored or whether a constitution modeled after that of 1822 should be introduced. Both factions, the Cartistas (advocates of the Carta) and the Setembristas (advocates of a liberal constitution), quarreled bitterly, which ultimately led to civil war. The Carta was restored and set aside repeatedly as one side or the other gained the upper hand. Thus it served as the constitution of Portugal from 1826 to 1828, from 1834 to 1838 and from 1842 until the end of the monarchy in 1910. In 1852 the Carta underwent significant change in the constitutional reform intended to make it acceptable to the Setembristas as well.","title":"Constitutional Charter of 1826"}] | [{"image_text":"King Pedro IV of Portugal holding the Constitutional Charter. The monument is in Porto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Estatua_D_Pedro_IV_b_%28Porto%29.JPG/220px-Estatua_D_Pedro_IV_b_%28Porto%29.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Portuguese Civil Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Civil_Code"},{"title":"Timeline of Portuguese history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history"}] | [{"reference":"Paquette, Gabriel (2011). \"The Brazilian origins of the 1826 Portuguese Constitution\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mallavelly | Battle of Mallavelly | ["1 Prelude","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 12°20′50″N 77°03′52″E / 12.347139°N 77.064333°E / 12.347139; 77.064333
Battle of MallavellyPart of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore WarDate27 March 1799LocationMalavalli, Karnataka, India12°20′50″N 77°03′52″E / 12.347139°N 77.064333°E / 12.347139; 77.064333Result
British East India Company victoryBelligerents
British East India Company
MysoreCommanders and leaders
George HarrisArthur Wellesley
Tipu SultanCasualties and losses
66–69 men
1,000–2,000vteFourth Anglo-Mysore War
Seedaseer
Mallavelly
Sultanpet Tope
Seringapatam
The Battle of Mallavelly (also spelled Malvilly or Malavalli) was fought on 27 March 1799 between forces of the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. The British forces, led by General George Harris and Colonel Arthur Wellesley, drove the Mysorean force of Tipu Sultan from a defensive position designed to impede the British force's progress toward Mysore's capital, Seringapatam.
Prelude
Although the reduction of the power and resources of Tipu Sultan, effected by the Treaty of Seringapatam, which terminated the Third Anglo-Mysore War of 1792, had weakened his influence, yet he remained a perceived threat to the British East India Company. The Sultan had entered into a negotiation with the Governor of the Isle of France (Mauritius), in 1798, and sent an embassy to Zaman Shah, ruler of Kabul, for the purpose of inducing him to attack the possessions of the East India Company. Having also derived encouragement from the successes of Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign, from which France intended to act against the British dominions in India, Tipu commenced augmenting his military force, and his hostile designs against the British became every day more apparent. Governor-General Richard, Earl of Mornington (afterwards Marquess of Wellesley) perceiving a rupture inevitable, resolved to launch a preemptive strike, and ordered the army to take the field and march into the heart of the Tipu's Mysore territory.
Major-General George (afterwards Lord) Harris, who was serving with the local rank of lieutenant-general, in conformity to these orders, advanced the army under his command on 11 February 1799 and entered Mysore territory on 5 March.
Battle
On 27 March 1799, British troops arrived at Mallavelly, and on approaching the ground of encampment the forces of Tipu were seen drawn up on a height a few miles off. The enemy attacked the advanced pickets, and a general action ensued, in which the 33rd Regiment of Foot highly distinguished itself. A body of two thousand men moved forward in the best order towards the regiment, which held its fire until the enemy came within about 60 yards (55 m). Then, led by its lieutenant-colonel, Arthur Wellesley (the future Duke of Wellington and the brother of the Governor-General), it made a bayonet charge, forcing the approaching column to give way. This movement being supported by Major-General Floyd, who made a rapid charge with the cavalry, completed the disorder, and the enemy retreated before the whole of the British line, which immediately moved forward.
While this attack was being made by the left wing, under Lieutenant-Colonel Wellesley, with the Nizam's contingent, the 33rd, and Major-General Floyd's cavalry, Lieutenant-General Harris and the right wing had also been engaged.
As the 12th Foot moved forward on the right wing, a large body of Mysorean cavalry formed a wedge, with an elephant with a howdah on its back in front, and charged the regiment. The British line halted to receive the attack. Immediately afterwards, two other very large bodies of the enemy were spotted in two topes or woods, preparing to support the first charge. Lieutenant-General Harris, recognising the danger, placed himself in the regiment's rear, frequently repeating the words, "Steady, Twelfth!" "Steady, old Twelfth!" When the wedge approached within a hundred yards, the Mysoreans discharged their carbines and pistols, but without much effect. When the Mysoreans came within about 30 yards (27 m), the regiment fired a well-directed volley with its muskets, followed by a rapid firing by file, inflicting many casualties to the enemy, creating a rampart of killed and wounded men and horses lying along the front of the regiment.
The rear of the wedge was hindered by the killed and wounded in front, and could not continue the charge. The elephant was severely wounded, its handler was dead, and the chiefs on his back had fallen. Turning around, the beast directed all its fury upon the Mysoreans, overturning everything in its path and creating great havoc with a prodigious chain, which he swayed.
A few Mysorean horsemen broke through the regiment, but were instantly shot in its rear. The British artillery arrived and opened fire. The enemy cavalry fell back; at the same time, the line advanced, and decided the fate of the day on that part of the battlefield; a distant cannonade, however, indicated that the fighting was raging elsewhere.
Aftermath
The following morning the British army advanced and arrived before Seringapatam on 5 April 1799, and proceed to lay siege to the city.
Notes
^ a b "In this battle Tipu sustained a loss of nearly two thousand, including some of his most valuable officers; whilst the British casualties amounted to only sixty-six men" (Carter 1861, p. 3); "The loss of the English was sixty-nine men, that of the Sultan more than a thousand" (Mill & Wilson 1858, p. 86).
^ Naravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 179. ISBN 9788131300343.
^ Carter 1861, p. 2.
^ Carter 1861, pp. 2–3.
^ a b c d e Carter 1861, p. 3.
^ Carter 1861, p. 4.
References
Mill, James; Wilson, Horace Hayman (1858), The history of British India, vol. 6 (5 ed.), J. Madden, pp. 85–86
Attribution
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Carter, Thomas (1861), India, China, etc, Medals of the British Army: And how They Were Won, vol. 3, Groombridge and sons, pp. 2–4
External links
Holmes, Richard (2002), Wellington - The Iron Duke 1 3/5 (documentary), archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 3 January 2014 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fourth Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Mallavelly.jpg"},{"link_name":"12°20′50″N 77°03′52″E / 12.347139°N 77.064333°E / 12.347139; 77.064333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Mallavelly¶ms=12.347139_N_77.064333_E_region:IN"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mysore.svg"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"George Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harris,_1st_Baron_Harris"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casualties-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casualties-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Fourth Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Seedaseer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seedaseer"},{"link_name":"Mallavelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sultanpet Tope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sultanpet_Tope"},{"link_name":"Seringapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)"},{"link_name":"Malavalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malavalli"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Fourth Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"George Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harris,_1st_Baron_Harris"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Seringapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seringapatam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naravane-2"}],"text":"Battle of MallavellyPart of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore WarDate27 March 1799LocationMalavalli, Karnataka, India12°20′50″N 77°03′52″E / 12.347139°N 77.064333°E / 12.347139; 77.064333Result\nBritish East India Company victoryBelligerents\n British East India Company\n MysoreCommanders and leaders\nGeorge HarrisArthur Wellesley\nTipu SultanCasualties and losses\n66–69 men[a]\n1,000–2,000[a]vteFourth Anglo-Mysore War\nSeedaseer\nMallavelly\nSultanpet Tope\nSeringapatamThe Battle of Mallavelly (also spelled Malvilly or Malavalli) was fought on 27 March 1799 between forces of the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. The British forces, led by General George Harris and Colonel Arthur Wellesley, drove the Mysorean force of Tipu Sultan from a defensive position designed to impede the British force's progress toward Mysore's capital, Seringapatam.[1]","title":"Battle of Mallavelly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Seringapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Isle of France (Mauritius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_France_(Mauritius)"},{"link_name":"Zaman Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul#Durrani_Empire"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Richard, Earl of Mornington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Wellesley"},{"link_name":"preemptive strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemptive_strike"},{"link_name":"Tipu's Mysore territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore#Under_Haider_Ali_and_Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter18612-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter18612%E2%80%933-4"}],"text":"Although the reduction of the power and resources of Tipu Sultan, effected by the Treaty of Seringapatam, which terminated the Third Anglo-Mysore War of 1792, had weakened his influence, yet he remained a perceived threat to the British East India Company. The Sultan had entered into a negotiation with the Governor of the Isle of France (Mauritius), in 1798, and sent an embassy to Zaman Shah, ruler of Kabul, for the purpose of inducing him to attack the possessions of the East India Company. Having also derived encouragement from the successes of Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign, from which France intended to act against the British dominions in India, Tipu commenced augmenting his military force, and his hostile designs against the British became every day more apparent. Governor-General Richard, Earl of Mornington (afterwards Marquess of Wellesley) perceiving a rupture inevitable, resolved to launch a preemptive strike, and ordered the army to take the field and march into the heart of the Tipu's Mysore territory.[2]Major-General George (afterwards Lord) Harris, who was serving with the local rank of lieutenant-general, in conformity to these orders, advanced the army under his command on 11 February 1799 and entered Mysore territory on 5 March.[3]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"33rd Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter18613-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter18613-5"},{"link_name":"12th Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Foot"},{"link_name":"howdah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howdah"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter18613-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter18613-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter18613-5"}],"text":"On 27 March 1799, British troops arrived at Mallavelly, and on approaching the ground of encampment the forces of Tipu were seen drawn up on a height a few miles off. The enemy attacked the advanced pickets, and a general action ensued, in which the 33rd Regiment of Foot highly distinguished itself. A body of two thousand men moved forward in the best order towards the regiment, which held its fire until the enemy came within about 60 yards (55 m). Then, led by its lieutenant-colonel, Arthur Wellesley (the future Duke of Wellington and the brother of the Governor-General), it made a bayonet charge, forcing the approaching column to give way. This movement being supported by Major-General Floyd, who made a rapid charge with the cavalry, completed the disorder, and the enemy retreated before the whole of the British line, which immediately moved forward.[4]While this attack was being made by the left wing, under Lieutenant-Colonel Wellesley, with the Nizam's contingent, the 33rd, and Major-General Floyd's cavalry, Lieutenant-General Harris and the right wing had also been engaged.[4]As the 12th Foot moved forward on the right wing, a large body of Mysorean cavalry formed a wedge, with an elephant with a howdah on its back in front, and charged the regiment. The British line halted to receive the attack. Immediately afterwards, two other very large bodies of the enemy were spotted in two topes or woods, preparing to support the first charge. Lieutenant-General Harris, recognising the danger, placed himself in the regiment's rear, frequently repeating the words, \"Steady, Twelfth!\" \"Steady, old Twelfth!\" When the wedge approached within a hundred yards, the Mysoreans discharged their carbines and pistols, but without much effect. When the Mysoreans came within about 30 yards (27 m), the regiment fired a well-directed volley with its muskets, followed by a rapid firing by file[clarification needed], inflicting many casualties to the enemy, creating a rampart of killed and wounded men and horses lying along the front of the regiment.[4]The rear of the wedge was hindered by the killed and wounded in front, and could not continue the charge. The elephant was severely wounded, its handler was dead, and the chiefs on his back had fallen. Turning around, the beast directed all its fury upon the Mysoreans, overturning everything in its path and creating great havoc with a prodigious chain, which he swayed.[4]A few Mysorean horsemen broke through the regiment, but were instantly shot in its rear. The British artillery arrived and opened fire. The enemy cavalry fell back; at the same time, the line advanced, and decided the fate of the day on that part of the battlefield; a distant cannonade, however, indicated that the fighting was raging elsewhere.[4]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seringapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seringapatam"},{"link_name":"lay siege to the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter18614-6"}],"text":"The following morning the British army advanced and arrived before Seringapatam on 5 April 1799, and proceed to lay siege to the city.[5]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-casualties_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-casualties_1-1"},{"link_name":"Carter 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarter1861"},{"link_name":"Mill & Wilson 1858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMillWilson1858"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Naravane_2-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788131300343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131300343"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter18612_3-0"},{"link_name":"Carter 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarter1861"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter18612%E2%80%933_4-0"},{"link_name":"Carter 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarter1861"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter18613_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter18613_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter18613_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter18613_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter18613_5-4"},{"link_name":"Carter 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarter1861"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter18614_6-0"},{"link_name":"Carter 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarter1861"}],"text":"^ a b \"In this battle Tipu sustained a loss of nearly two thousand, including some of his most valuable officers; whilst the British casualties amounted to only sixty-six men\" (Carter 1861, p. 3); \"The loss of the English was sixty-nine men, that of the Sultan more than a thousand\" (Mill & Wilson 1858, p. 86).^ Naravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 179. ISBN 9788131300343.\n\n^ Carter 1861, p. 2.\n\n^ Carter 1861, pp. 2–3.\n\n^ a b c d e Carter 1861, p. 3.\n\n^ Carter 1861, p. 4.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Naravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 179. ISBN 9788131300343.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131300343","url_text":"9788131300343"}]},{"reference":"Mill, James; Wilson, Horace Hayman (1858), The history of British India, vol. 6 (5 ed.), J. Madden, pp. 85–86","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zVQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA86","url_text":"85"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Thomas (1861), India, China, etc, Medals of the British Army: And how They Were Won, vol. 3, Groombridge and sons, pp. 2–4","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/medalsbritishar02cartgoog","url_text":"2"}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Richard (2002), Wellington - The Iron Duke 1 3/5 (documentary), archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 3 January 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)","url_text":"Holmes, Richard"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39c0g4KffWI","url_text":"Wellington - The Iron Duke 1 3/5 (documentary)"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/39c0g4KffWI","url_text":"archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Mallavelly¶ms=12.347139_N_77.064333_E_region:IN","external_links_name":"12°20′50″N 77°03′52″E / 12.347139°N 77.064333°E / 12.347139; 77.064333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Mallavelly¶ms=12.347139_N_77.064333_E_region:IN","external_links_name":"12°20′50″N 77°03′52″E / 12.347139°N 77.064333°E / 12.347139; 77.064333"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zVQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA86","external_links_name":"85"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/medalsbritishar02cartgoog","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39c0g4KffWI","external_links_name":"Wellington - The Iron Duke 1 3/5 (documentary)"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/39c0g4KffWI","external_links_name":"archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steal_Big_Steal_Little | Steal Big Steal Little | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Production","5 Home formats","6 References","7 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Steal Big Steal Little" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1995 American filmSteal Big Steal LittleCanadian theatrical release posterDirected byAndrew DavisScreenplay by
Andrew Davis
Lee Blessing
Jeanne Blake
Terry Kahn
Story by
Andrew Davis
Teresa Tucker-Davies
Frank Ray Perilli
Starring
Andy García
Alan Arkin
Rachel Ticotin
Joe Pantoliano
Ally Walker
David Ogden Stiers
Kevin McCarthy
Richard Bradford
CinematographyFrank TidyEdited byTina HirschMusic byWilliam OlvisProductioncompanyChicago Pacific EntertainmentDistributed bySavoy PicturesRelease date
September 29, 1995 (1995-09-29)
Running time135 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$35 millionBox office$3,150,170 (US)
Steal Big Steal Little is a 1995 American comedy film directed by Andrew Davis and starring Andy García in dual roles. It also features Alan Arkin and Joe Pantoliano.
Plot
Mild-mannered, unassuming Ruben Martinez has a slick, unscrupulous twin brother who now goes by the name Robby Martin. They were orphans raised by a rich landowner named Clifford Downey and his dancer wife, Mona Rowland-Downey.
Upon her death, Mona leaves her entire 40,000-acre (160 km2) ranch in Santa Barbara, California in the care of only one son, Ruben. The other brother begins plotting how to win control of the property away from his estranged twin.
Ruben's main concern at the moment is that his wife Laura has left him. She cannot comprehend how her loving husband could have cheated on her with another woman.
Ruben tracks her to Chicago, where he meets used-car salesman Lou Perilli. He is assured that Laura will come back to him eventually. In the meantime, being pursued by a tough customer named Nick Zangaro about a debt he owes, Lou decides to make a quick getaway out west to Santa Barbara.
Eddie Agopian, a family lawyer, is in charge of watching over Ruben's interests. But suddenly he disappears. Local authorities, including Sheriff Otis and a corrupt judge, have begun harassing Ruben and the dozens of workers and friends who live at the ranch. They are the stooges of powerful businessman Reed Tyler, who has business interests with Ruben's brother, Robby.
Lou becomes a partner to the timid Ruben by promising to help him with his legal troubles. Lou has no lawyer experiences, but begins doing some investigating on Ruben's behalf and does the best he can in court. He also helps Ruben track down Eddie, who has absconded to Mexico with a stash of money.
A scam is exposed, revealing to Laura that it was not her husband who had relations with another woman but Robby, his evil twin. Ruben, Laura and Lou quickly hatch a scheme of their own, catching the sheriff and judge in compromising positions and luring Robby into one with the help of a couple of young women hired for the occasion.
The relationship between the brothers is healed a bit, if not completely, by the end as Ruben finds happiness at the ranch with his wide assortment of friends and family.
Cast
Andy García as Ruben Martinez/Robby Martin
Alan Arkin as Lou Perilli
Rachel Ticotin as Laura
Joe Pantoliano as Eddie Agopian
Holland Taylor as Mona
Ally Walker as Bonnie Martin
Richard Bradford as Nick Zangaro
David Ogden Stiers as Judge Myers
Charles Rocket as Sheriff Otis
Kevin McCarthy as Reed Tyler
Candice Daly as Melissa
Reception
The film received poor reviews from critics and was a box office failure. It holds a rating of 15% on Rotten Tomatoes.
Production
Steal Big Steal Little was filmed on location at Rancho San Julian, Santa Barbara County, California.
Home formats
In 2022 the film was rereleased for rent or to purchase online at Andrew Davis Films
After the film's theatrical release, HBO released the film onto VHS. In 2004, HBO released the film onto DVD. The DVD is now discontinued and as of March 29, 2010, neither HBO or Focus Features, the latter of which has begun to acquire some of Savoy's movies, has announced any plans to release a new DVD of the film. For these reasons, used copies of the original DVD have gone for as much as $35 online.
References
^ "Steal Big, Steal Little - Rotten Tomatoes". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
External links
Steal Big Steal Little at IMDb
Steal Big Steal Little at Rotten Tomatoes
Steal Big Steal Little at Box Office Mojo
Andrew Davis Films
vteFilms directed by Andrew Davis
Stony Island (1978)
The Final Terror (1983)
Code of Silence (1985)
Above the Law (1988)
The Package (1989)
Under Siege (1992)
The Fugitive (1993)
Steal Big Steal Little (1995)
Chain Reaction (1996)
A Perfect Murder (1998)
Collateral Damage (2002)
Holes (2003)
The Guardian (2006) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Davis_(director)"},{"link_name":"Andy García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Alan Arkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Arkin"},{"link_name":"Joe Pantoliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pantoliano"}],"text":"1995 American filmSteal Big Steal Little is a 1995 American comedy film directed by Andrew Davis and starring Andy García in dual roles. It also features Alan Arkin and Joe Pantoliano.","title":"Steal Big Steal Little"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"}],"text":"Mild-mannered, unassuming Ruben Martinez has a slick, unscrupulous twin brother who now goes by the name Robby Martin. They were orphans raised by a rich landowner named Clifford Downey and his dancer wife, Mona Rowland-Downey.Upon her death, Mona leaves her entire 40,000-acre (160 km2) ranch in Santa Barbara, California in the care of only one son, Ruben. The other brother begins plotting how to win control of the property away from his estranged twin.Ruben's main concern at the moment is that his wife Laura has left him. She cannot comprehend how her loving husband could have cheated on her with another woman.Ruben tracks her to Chicago, where he meets used-car salesman Lou Perilli. He is assured that Laura will come back to him eventually. In the meantime, being pursued by a tough customer named Nick Zangaro about a debt he owes, Lou decides to make a quick getaway out west to Santa Barbara.Eddie Agopian, a family lawyer, is in charge of watching over Ruben's interests. But suddenly he disappears. Local authorities, including Sheriff Otis and a corrupt judge, have begun harassing Ruben and the dozens of workers and friends who live at the ranch. They are the stooges of powerful businessman Reed Tyler, who has business interests with Ruben's brother, Robby.Lou becomes a partner to the timid Ruben by promising to help him with his legal troubles. Lou has no lawyer experiences, but begins doing some investigating on Ruben's behalf and does the best he can in court. He also helps Ruben track down Eddie, who has absconded to Mexico with a stash of money.A scam is exposed, revealing to Laura that it was not her husband who had relations with another woman but Robby, his evil twin. Ruben, Laura and Lou quickly hatch a scheme of their own, catching the sheriff and judge in compromising positions and luring Robby into one with the help of a couple of young women hired for the occasion.The relationship between the brothers is healed a bit, if not completely, by the end as Ruben finds happiness at the ranch with his wide assortment of friends and family.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andy García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Alan Arkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Arkin"},{"link_name":"Rachel Ticotin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Ticotin"},{"link_name":"Joe Pantoliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pantoliano"},{"link_name":"Holland Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Ally Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_Walker"},{"link_name":"Richard Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bradford_(actor)"},{"link_name":"David Ogden Stiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ogden_Stiers"},{"link_name":"Charles Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rocket"},{"link_name":"Kevin McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Candice Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candice_Daly"}],"text":"Andy García as Ruben Martinez/Robby Martin\nAlan Arkin as Lou Perilli\nRachel Ticotin as Laura\nJoe Pantoliano as Eddie Agopian\nHolland Taylor as Mona\nAlly Walker as Bonnie Martin\nRichard Bradford as Nick Zangaro\nDavid Ogden Stiers as Judge Myers\nCharles Rocket as Sheriff Otis\nKevin McCarthy as Reed Tyler\nCandice Daly as Melissa","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The film received poor reviews from critics and was a box office failure. It holds a rating of 15% on Rotten Tomatoes.[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rancho San Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Julian"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County"}],"text":"Steal Big Steal Little was filmed on location at Rancho San Julian, Santa Barbara County, California.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Davis Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.andrewdavisfilms.com/watch-now-steal-big-steal-little"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"}],"text":"In 2022 the film was rereleased for rent or to purchase online at Andrew Davis FilmsAfter the film's theatrical release, HBO released the film onto VHS. In 2004, HBO released the film onto DVD. The DVD is now discontinued and as of March 29, 2010, neither HBO or Focus Features, the latter of which has begun to acquire some of Savoy's movies, has announced any plans to release a new DVD of the film. For these reasons, used copies of the original DVD have gone for as much as $35 online.","title":"Home formats"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Steal Big, Steal Little - Rotten Tomatoes\". www.rottentomatoes.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhil_Chinapa | Nikhil Chinapa | ["1 Early life","2 Personal life","3 Career","4 Filmography","4.1 Films","4.2 Television","5 Discography","6 Accolades","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Indian DJ
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Nikhil ChinapaNikhil ChinapaBornKalengada Bhemaiah Chinapa (1973-06-06) 6 June 1973 (age 51)Bangalore, IndiaNationalityIndianAlma materB.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management,B.M.S. College of Engineering, BangaloreOccupation(s)VJDJHostYears active1999–presentSpouse
DJ Pearl (m. 2006)Children1
Nikhil Chinapa is an Indian DJ, host and festival curator, often credited with popularizing EDM among the youth in India. He has been associated with MTV India since the late 1990s and has appeared in multiple television shows including Roadies and Splitsvilla. He has been instrumental in popularizing DJing as a profession and leading the music scene at the Sunburn Festival in its early years.
Early life
Chinapa was born in Bangalore. His father was a paratrooper in the Indian Army, and as a result he did his early education from different schools in India, including Begumpet's Hyderabad Public School, Hyderabad and Faust High School, Secundarabad, after which he studied in St. George High School Agra. He earned a degree in architecture from BMS College of Engineering in Bangalore with a thesis on the design of hospitals. His interest in music grew during his college life when he used to do gigs as a DJ in parties to earn his pocket money.
Personal life
Chinapa married his long-time girlfriend DJ Pearl Miglani in 2012 after a six-year-long relationship. In February 2018, they welcomed their daughter.
Chinapa is also a keen scuba diver, and loves exploring oceans around the world.
Career
Chinapa's career as a television personality started when he won the MTV VJ Hunt in 1999. Thereon he hosted MTV Select, a show which introduced popular music and bands from the various parts of the world. In 2000 he debuted as an actor with the film Snip!. Later, he hosted shows like India's Got Talent 2 with Ayushmann Khurana and several seasons of MTV Splitsvilla. He also judged shows like Rock On, MTV Mashups, Fame X and seasons 4, 5 and 7 of MTV Roadies. Since the thirteenth season of Roadies, Chinapa has been playing the role of a gang leader in the show.
Chinapa co-founded Submerge in 2003 along with his wife Pearl and Hermit Sethi; it went on to be one of the largest EDM companies in India. In 2007, he co-founded Sunburn, but parted ways with the franchise in 2013 due to internal issues and co-founded Vh1 Supersonic with his wife Pearl. It continues to be one of India's biggest dance music festivals.
Filmography
Films
Year
Film
Role
2000
Snip!
2003
Pyaar Kiya Nahin Jaatha
Ravi S. Pillai
2006
Kudiyon Ka Hai Zamana
2009
42 kms
2011
Shaitan
Sandeep Srivastava
Television
Year
Show
Role
1999
MTV VJ Hunt
Contestant
1999-2000
Hello Friends
Vikram and Akram
2000
MTV Select
Host
2009
MTV Rock On
Host
2009–2014
MTV Splitsvilla
Host
2010
India's Got Talent
Host
2017–present
MTV Roadies
Gang Leader/Leader
2021
MTV Splitsvilla
Guest Presenter
Discography
Stop! ("Nachle - Remix") (2004)
Salaam Namaste (Salaam Namaste (Dhol Mix)) (2005) along with DJ Naved Khan
Dus (Z version, "Deedar De") (2005)
Zinda (Writer: "Maula", "Maula - Remix", "Zinda Hoon Main", "Zinda Hoon Main - Remix") (2006)
Shootout at Lokhandwala ("Unke Nashe Mein - Remix", "Aakhri Alvida - Remix") (2007)
Om Shanti Om (Writer: "Dastaan-E-Om Shanti Om" (The Dark Side)) (2007)
Accolades
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
2003
Indian Television Academy Awards
Best Anchor - Music/Film Based Show
MTV Fresh
Won
See also
Sunburn Festival
List of MTV VJs
References
^ a b c d e "Nikhil Chinappa". IMDb.
^ "Nikhil Chinapa moves on from Sunburn to a new EDM festival". www.telegraphindia.com.
^ a b "Nikhil Chinapa". DMC World (interview). 12 September 2012.
^ "Roadies' Nikhil Chinapa becomes a father to baby girl". Times of India. 25 February 2018.
^ "99 > 100: A True Story – Maldives Insider". 23 May 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
^ "VJ Sunanda and Gaelyn Mendonca wins Idea MTV VJ Hunt!". www.indiainfoline.com.
^ Mukherjee, Tatsam (6 June 2017). "To Every 90s Kid, Nikhil Chinapa Made The Job Of A VJ Look Like The Coolest Thing Ever". ScoopWhoop.
^ "Submerge to launch music label". 10 November 2018 – via Business Standard.
^ a b "About". Submerge.
^ "GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2002". gr8mag.com. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nikhil Chinapa.
Nikhil Chinapa's Online School
Nikhil Chinapa at IMDb
About page on the official website of Submerge, The Music company co-founded by Nikhil Chinapa
Authority control databases: Artists
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It continues to be one of India's biggest dance music festivals.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salaam Namaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Namaste"},{"link_name":"Dus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dus"},{"link_name":"Zinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinda_(film)"},{"link_name":"Shootout at Lokhandwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootout_at_Lokhandwala"},{"link_name":"Om Shanti Om","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Shanti_Om"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb-1"}],"text":"Stop! 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