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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Stevens_(cinematographer) | Jack Stevens (cinematographer) | ["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | American cinematographer (1903–61)
Jack StevensBorn(1903-11-02)November 2, 1903Oakland, California, United StatesDiedJune 17, 1961(1961-06-17) (aged 57)Los Angeles, California, United StatesOccupationCinematographerYears active1921–1938 (film)
Jack Stevens (1903–1961) was an American cinematographer active during the silent and early sound era. He worked on several Laurel and Hardy films for Hal Roach Studios. He was the elder brother of the director George Stevens.
Selected filmography
Mine to Keep (1923)
Other Men's Daughters (1923)
American Manners (1924)
The Law Forbids (1924)
Stepping Lively (1924)
The Fighting Demon (1925)
The Isle of Hope (1925)
The Broadway Gallant (1926)
The Night Patrol (1926)
The Merry Cavalier (1926)
The Better Man (1926)
The Blue Streak (1926)
The Cavalier (1928)
Another Fine Mess (1930)
Beau Hunks (1931)
Pardon Us (1931)
Our Wife (1931)
Chickens Come Home (1931)
Speed Madness (1932)
Get That Girl (1932)
On Your Guard (1933)
The Cuckoo Clock (1938)
References
^ Bliss p.141
^ Slide p.67
Bibliography
Bliss, Michael. Laurel and Hardy's Comic Catastrophes: Laughter and Darkness in the Features and Short Films. Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.
Slide, Anthony. She Could Be Chaplin!: The Comedic Brilliance of Alice Howell. University Press of Mississippi, 2016.
External links
Jack Stevens at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Spain
This article about an American cinematographer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_era"},{"link_name":"sound era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_era"},{"link_name":"Laurel and Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Hal Roach Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Roach_Studios"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"George Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stevens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jack Stevens (1903–1961) was an American cinematographer active during the silent and early sound era. He worked on several Laurel and Hardy films for Hal Roach Studios.[1] He was the elder brother of the director George Stevens.[2]","title":"Jack Stevens (cinematographer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mine to Keep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_to_Keep"},{"link_name":"Other Men's Daughters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_Men%27s_Daughters_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"American Manners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Manners"},{"link_name":"The Law Forbids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Law_Forbids"},{"link_name":"Stepping Lively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_Lively"},{"link_name":"The Fighting Demon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_Demon"},{"link_name":"The Isle of Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Isle_of_Hope&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Broadway Gallant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broadway_Gallant"},{"link_name":"The Night Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Patrol"},{"link_name":"The Merry Cavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Cavalier"},{"link_name":"The Better Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Better_Man_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"The Blue Streak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Streak_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"The Cavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cavalier_(film)"},{"link_name":"Another Fine Mess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Fine_Mess"},{"link_name":"Beau Hunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Hunks"},{"link_name":"Pardon Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon_Us"},{"link_name":"Our Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Wife_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"Chickens Come Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickens_Come_Home"},{"link_name":"Speed Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Madness_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Get That Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_That_Girl_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"On Your Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Your_Guard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Cuckoo Clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cuckoo_Clock_(film)"}],"text":"Mine to Keep (1923)\nOther Men's Daughters (1923)\nAmerican Manners (1924)\nThe Law Forbids (1924)\nStepping Lively (1924)\nThe Fighting Demon (1925)\nThe Isle of Hope (1925)\nThe Broadway Gallant (1926)\nThe Night Patrol (1926)\nThe Merry Cavalier (1926)\nThe Better Man (1926)\nThe Blue Streak (1926)\nThe Cavalier (1928)\nAnother Fine Mess (1930)\nBeau Hunks (1931)\nPardon Us (1931)\nOur Wife (1931)\nChickens Come Home (1931)\nSpeed Madness (1932)\nGet That Girl (1932)\nOn Your Guard (1933)\nThe Cuckoo Clock (1938)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bliss, Michael. Laurel and Hardy's Comic Catastrophes: Laughter and Darkness in the Features and Short Films. Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.\nSlide, Anthony. She Could Be Chaplin!: The Comedic Brilliance of Alice Howell. University Press of Mississippi, 2016.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0828452/","external_links_name":"Jack Stevens"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/31762114","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4872419","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Stevens_(cinematographer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Signol | Émile Signol | ["1 Biography","2 Selected works","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | French artist (1804–1892)
Émile Signol (March 11, 1804 – October 4, 1892) was a French artist who painted history paintings, portraits, and genre works. Although he lived during the Romantic period, he espoused an austere neoclassicism and was hostile to Romanticism.
Biography
Signol was born in Paris. He studied under Blondel and Gros. He made his Salon debut in 1824 with a painting of Joseph Recounting His Dream to His Brothers. He painted a portrait of Hector Berlioz at the Académie de France à Rome, Villa Medici, during the composer's stay upon his winning the Grand Prix de Rome in 1830. Signol had won the grand prize for the same competition's painting category with Titulus Crucis.
In 1842 he painted The Death of Saphira for the Church of the Madeleine, and was subsequently commissioned to decorate the churches of Saint Roch, Saint Sévérin, Saint Eustace, and Saint Augustin. Four of his paintings are housed at the Saint-Sulpice church in Paris.
He was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor in 1841, and an Officer in 1865.
Elected in 1860, he held a first seat position at the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. In 1862, Pierre-Auguste Renoir studied under Signol and Charles Gleyre across from the École du Louvre at the École des Beaux-Arts. Signol and Gleyre taught Jean-Jules-Antoine Lecomte du Nouÿ in 1861.
Signol died in Montmorency, Val-d'Oise in 1892.
Émile Signol, Dagobert I, king of Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy, oil on canvas, 1842, 90 × 72 cm. Musée National des châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon
Selected works
The Abduction of Psyche
Réveil du Juste, Réveil du Méchant Angers (Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers)
Godfrey of Bouillon
La Théologié
Titulus Crucis
Portrait of Berlioz (1832)
Saint Bernard preaching the Second Crusade before King Louis VII, his queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Abbot Suger, at Vézelay in Burgundy, March 31, 1146 (1840)
Le Christ et la femme adultère (1840)
Dagobert I (1842; Museo Nazionale del Castello e di Trianons, Versailles)
Prise de Jérusalem par les Croisés, 15 Juillet 1099 (1847)
The Trial Of Calumny
Apotre Guerissant Un Malade Par L'Imposition Des Mains
Notes
^ Schwartz, p. 336.
^ a b c d e Viardot, p. 59.
^ Bloom, Peter (1998). The Life of Berlioz, p. 8. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521485487
References
Schwartz, Emmanuel (2005). The Legacy of Homer: Four Centuries of Art from the École Nationale Supérieure Des Beaux-Arts, Paris. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300109180
Viardot, Louis (1883). The masterpieces of French art illustrated: being a biographical history of art in France, from the earliest period to and including the Salon of 1882, Volume 1
The Hector Berlioz Website
Guggenheim Hermitage Museum
External links
Media related to Émile Signol at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"history paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_painting"},{"link_name":"genre works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_work"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"neoclassicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Émile Signol (March 11, 1804 – October 4, 1892) was a French artist who painted history paintings, portraits, and genre works. 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He studied under Blondel and Gros.[2] He made his Salon debut in 1824 with a painting of Joseph Recounting His Dream to His Brothers.[2] He painted a portrait of Hector Berlioz at the Académie de France à Rome, Villa Medici, during the composer's stay upon his winning the Grand Prix de Rome in 1830. Signol had won the grand prize for the same competition's painting category with Titulus Crucis.[3]In 1842 he painted The Death of Saphira for the Church of the Madeleine, and was subsequently commissioned to decorate the churches of Saint Roch, Saint Sévérin, Saint Eustace, and Saint Augustin.[2] Four of his paintings are housed at the Saint-Sulpice church in Paris.[2]He was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor in 1841, and an Officer in 1865.[2]Elected in 1860, he held a first seat position at the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. In 1862, Pierre-Auguste Renoir studied under Signol and Charles Gleyre across from the École du Louvre at the École des Beaux-Arts. Signol and Gleyre taught Jean-Jules-Antoine Lecomte du Nouÿ in 1861.Signol died in Montmorency, Val-d'Oise in 1892.Émile Signol, Dagobert I, king of Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy, oil on canvas, 1842, 90 × 72 cm. Musée National des châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_d%27Angers"},{"link_name":"Titulus Crucis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulus_Crucis"},{"link_name":"Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlioz"},{"link_name":"Dagobert I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagobert_I"}],"text":"The Abduction of Psyche\nRéveil du Juste, Réveil du Méchant Angers (Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers)\nGodfrey of Bouillon\n La Théologié\nTitulus Crucis\nPortrait of Berlioz (1832)\nSaint Bernard preaching the Second Crusade before King Louis VII, his queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Abbot Suger, at Vézelay in Burgundy, March 31, 1146 (1840)\nLe Christ et la femme adultère (1840)\nDagobert I (1842; Museo Nazionale del Castello e di Trianons, Versailles)\nPrise de Jérusalem par les Croisés, 15 Juillet 1099 (1847)\nThe Trial Of Calumny\nApotre Guerissant Un Malade Par L'Imposition Des Mains","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Viardot59_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Viardot59_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Viardot59_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Viardot59_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Viardot59_2-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The Life of Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tsRF6Feu0CoC&pg=PA8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0521485487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521485487"}],"text":"^ Schwartz, p. 336.\n\n^ a b c d e Viardot, p. 59.\n\n^ Bloom, Peter (1998). The Life of Berlioz, p. 8. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521485487","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Émile Signol, Dagobert I, king of Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy, oil on canvas, 1842, 90 × 72 cm. Musée National des châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emile_Signol_%281804-1892%29_-_Dagobert_Ier_roi_d%27Austrasie_de_Neustrie_et_de_Bourgogne_%28mort_en_638%29.jpg/220px-Emile_Signol_%281804-1892%29_-_Dagobert_Ier_roi_d%27Austrasie_de_Neustrie_et_de_Bourgogne_%28mort_en_638%29.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tsRF6Feu0CoC&pg=PA8","external_links_name":"The Life of Berlioz"},{"Link":"http://www.hberlioz.com/Photos/BerliozPhotos1.html#Rome","external_links_name":"The Hector Berlioz Website"},{"Link":"http://www.guggenheimlasvegas.org/past/exhibition_187_work_md_570.html","external_links_name":"Guggenheim Hermitage Museum"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/15036449","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14793260x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14793260x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2003031191","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/72521","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500010148","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cr6k4x","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somotor | Somotor | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Ethnicity","4 Facilities","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°24′00″N 21°48′30″E / 48.40000°N 21.80833°E / 48.40000; 21.80833Village in SlovakiaSomotor
SzomotorvillageProtestant church in the villageSomotorLocation of Somotor in SlovakiaCoordinates: 48°24′00″N 21°48′30″E / 48.40000°N 21.80833°E / 48.40000; 21.80833CountrySlovakiaRegionKosiceDistrictTrebišovFirst mentioned1214Government • MayorJán JuhászArea • Total16.31 km2 (6.30 sq mi)Population (2006) • Total1,661 • Density100/km2 (260/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code076 35Area code056Car plateKSWebsiteobecsomotor.tym.sk
Somotor (Hungarian: Szomotor) is a village and municipality in the Trebišov District in the Košice Region of south-eastern Slovakia.
Geography
The village lies at an altitude of 109 metres and covers an area of 16.309 km².
It has a population of about 1665 people.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1214. The town was given a charter as a town in 1263 in a document mentioning "terrum Zomothor." The current Hungarian name of Szomotor was adopted in the late 1800s and even after the partitioning of Hungary, leaving Szomotor now in the new country of Czechoslovakia. The name remained Szomotor until 1927 when the Czech government changed it to Somotor to conform with Czech and Slovak spelling.
Slavic linguists say that the name of the town comes from the word "cmotr" (to look) however when the town was founded there was no evidence of Slavic inhabitants. Hungarian linguists say it comes from Szomoru Tor, which means sad funeral (wake) which took place after the death of Chief Ond (after the arrival of the Magyars in the 980s.) The area was inhabited by the Magyars after their arrival.
A Jewish community did exist in this town prior to World War II, which was destroyed in 1944 by Nazi Germany. A Jewish cemetery exists in this town (the name of the town is spelled in Hebrew: סאמאטאר
Ethnicity
The village is roughly 70% Hungarian and 28% Slovak and 2% Gypsy.
Facilities
The village has a public library, a gym and a football pitch.
External links
Official Town Website
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
KÉKNEFELEJCS folk collective
vteMunicipalities of Trebišov District
Čierna nad Tisou
Kráľovský Chlmec
Sečovce
Trebišov
Bačka
Bačkov
Bara
Biel
Boľ
Borša
Boťany
Brehov
Brezina
Byšta
Cejkov
Čeľovce
Čerhov
Černochov
Čierna
Dargov
Dobrá
Dvorianky
Egreš
Hraň
Hrčeľ
Hriadky
Kašov
Kazimír
Klin nad Bodrogom
Kožuchov
Kravany
Kuzmice
Kysta
Ladmovce
Lastovce
Leles
Luhyňa
Malá Tŕňa
Malé Ozorovce
Malé Trakany
Malý Horeš
Malý Kamenec
Michaľany
Nižný Žipov
Novosad
Nový Ruskov
Parchovany
Plechotice
Poľany
Pribeník
Rad
Sirník
Slivník
Slovenské Nové Mesto
Soľnička
Somotor
Stanča
Stankovce
Strážne
Streda nad Bodrogom
Svätá Mária
Svätuše
Svinice
Trnávka
Veľaty
Veľká Tŕňa
Veľké Ozorovce
Veľké Trakany
Veľký Horeš
Veľký Kamenec
Viničky
Višňov
Vojčice
Vojka
Zatín
Zbehňov
Zemplín
Zemplínska Nová Ves
Zemplínska Teplica
Zemplínske Hradište
Zemplínske Jastrabie
Zemplínsky Branč
This article relating to the geography of the Trebišov District is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Trebišov District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebi%C5%A1ov_District"},{"link_name":"Košice Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice_Region"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"text":"Village in SlovakiaSomotor (Hungarian: Szomotor) is a village and municipality in the Trebišov District in the Košice Region of south-eastern Slovakia.","title":"Somotor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"}],"text":"The village lies at an altitude of 109 metres and covers an area of 16.309 km².\nIt has a population of about 1665 people.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"}],"text":"In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1214. The town was given a charter as a town in 1263 in a document mentioning \"terrum Zomothor.\" The current Hungarian name of Szomotor was adopted in the late 1800s and even after the partitioning of Hungary, leaving Szomotor now in the new country of Czechoslovakia. The name remained Szomotor until 1927 when the Czech government changed it to Somotor to conform with Czech and Slovak spelling.\n[Historical records state that] Slavic linguists say that the name of the town comes from the word \"cmotr\" (to look) however when the town was founded there was no evidence of Slavic inhabitants. Hungarian linguists say it comes from Szomoru Tor, which means sad funeral (wake) which took place after the death of Chief Ond (after the arrival of the Magyars in the 980s.) The area was inhabited by the Magyars after their arrival.A Jewish community did exist in this town prior to World War II, which was destroyed in 1944 by Nazi Germany. A Jewish cemetery exists in this town (the name of the town is spelled in Hebrew: סאמאטאר","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"Gypsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"}],"text":"The village is roughly 70% Hungarian and 28% Slovak and 2% Gypsy.","title":"Ethnicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"gym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gym"},{"link_name":"football pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_pitch"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The village has a public library, a gym and a football pitch.[citation needed]","title":"Facilities"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Somotor¶ms=48_24_00_N_21_48_30_E_type:city(1661)_region:SK","external_links_name":"48°24′00″N 21°48′30″E / 48.40000°N 21.80833°E / 48.40000; 21.80833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Somotor¶ms=48_24_00_N_21_48_30_E_type:city(1661)_region:SK","external_links_name":"48°24′00″N 21°48′30″E / 48.40000°N 21.80833°E / 48.40000; 21.80833"},{"Link":"http://obecsomotor.tym.sk/","external_links_name":"obecsomotor.tym.sk"},{"Link":"http://www.somotor.sk/","external_links_name":"Official Town Website"},{"Link":"http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html","external_links_name":"http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071203061819/http://www.judit.kuscsik.com/coppermine/thumbnails.php?album=8","external_links_name":"KÉKNEFELEJCS folk collective"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somotor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_in_Somaliland | Caves in Somaliland | ["1 With rock art","1.1 Laas Geel","1.2 Dhagah Nabi Galay","1.3 Dhagah Kureh","1.4 Dhambalin","1.5 Dhaymoole","1.6 Shimuhshimuh or Haadh","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Wild animals depicted in the caves of Dhaymoole, Somaliland, many of whom have gone extinct in the region.
Map of Somaliland showing represents rock art sites and Himyarite and Sabaean.
Somaliland has many caves, some of which remain undiscovered. Such is the quality of the paintings that at least 10 sites, scattered across semi-desert terrain, are likely to be given World Heritage status.
The complex cave and rock shelters of Laas Geel, Dhagah Kureh, and Dhagah Nabi Galay lie just 30-45 minutes outside of Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland, a self-declared republic. Exhibiting outstanding Neolithic rock art, the sites’ cave paints are considered to be some of the best preserved rock paintings in all of Africa, and are essential to the Horn of Africa’s historical and heritage legacy.
With rock art
Laas Geel
Main article: Laas Geel
Neolithic rock art at the Laas Geel.
Laas Geel(Somali: Laas Geel), also spelled Laas Gaal, are cave formations on the rural outskirts of Hargeisa, Somaliland. They contain some of the earliest known cave paintings in the Horn of Africa. Laas Geel's rock art is estimated to date to somewhere between 9,000 and 3,000 years BC.
Dhagah Nabi Galay
Neolithic rock art at the Dhagah Nabi Galay .
One of the sites associated with Laas Geel, Dhagah Nabi Galay is unique in that it features what is considered to be the first examples of writing in East Africa. There has been minimal research conducted on this site, but it offers a wonderful opportunity to study the Neolithic Horn of Africa anterior to the introduction of Islam.
Dhagah Kureh
Dhagah Kureh exhibits the most rock paintings depicting cows in Somaliland,.
Dhagah Kureh translates to “the stone with the head” in the Somali language. The site is located in a beautiful and naturally green landscape with fertile farming lands nearby, and the rock shelters are made of stony outcrops with rocks resting on each other above an approximately 4 km-long granite range. The greatest number of rock art panels depicting large cows in Somaliland is found in Shelter 1 of Dhagah Kureh, making this site unique amongst the rock art sites of Somaliland.
Dhambalin
Main article: Dhambalin
Snakes, sheep and goat polychrome with symbolic elements in Dhambalin.
Dhambalin ("half, vertically cut mountain") is an archaeological site in the northwestern Sahil province of Somaliland. The sandstone rock shelter, contains rock art depicting various animals, such as horned cattle and goats, as well as giraffes, an animal no longer found in Somaliland region. The site also features the earliest known pictures of sheep in Somaliland. Discovered in autumn 2007, residents of Beenyo Dhaadheer reported the rock art to the Somali archaeologist Sada Mire, Director of the Department of Archaeology within the Ministry of Tourism and Culture of Somaliland.
Dhaymoole
Main article: Dhaymoole
Dhaymoole is an archaeological site in the Sahil province of Somaliland. The walls of the cave are full of infilled and outlined white camels, unidentified quadrupeds and symbols. Most of the quadrupeds are schematic and depicted upright facing right. Dhaymoole, Somaliland. Caves of Dhaymoole, believed to be about 3000 to 5000 years old.
Shimuhshimuh or Haadh
A herd of cows and Giraffe in Haadh, Sanaag.
Cave paintings have been found at Shimuhshimuh north of Erigavo. The painting were found by Jama Dabhaan and colleagues in 2010 but have been declared now after the photos taken were recovered.
Other places at the Guban area north of Shimuhshimuh have also some of the oldest painting of dinosaurs in the Horn of Africa. The paintings of dinosaurs are the first to be found in Somaliland. Shimuhshimuh is a location close to Surad which is the highest mountain in Somaliland and Somalia.
See also
History of Somaliland
Laas Geel
Dhaymoole
Dhambalin
References
^ Alberge, Dalya (17 September 2010). "UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites". The Guardian – via The Guardian.
^ Alberge, Dalya (September 17, 2010). "UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites Scientist unearths 5,000-year-old rock art, including drawing of a mounted hunter, in Somaliland". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
^ Mire, Sada (December 2008). "The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland". African Archaeological Review. 3-4. 25 (3–4): 153–168. doi:10.1007/s10437-008-9032-2.
^ Mire, Sada (14 April 2015). "Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire". African Archaeological Review. 32 (1): 111–136. doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9. ISSN 0263-0338.
^ "digital photograph (colour) | British Museum". The British Museum. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
^ Administrator2. "Somaliland Sun - Somaliland: Dinosaur Paintings Discovered at Shimuhshimuh Caves in Erigavo". www.somalilandsun.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2017-05-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
External links
CyArk - Rock Art Sites of Somaliland
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Portals: Evolutionary biology Paleontology | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Somaliland_Map_3_represents_rock_art_sites_and_Himyarite_and_Sabaean.png"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rock shelters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_shelter"},{"link_name":"Laas Geel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laas_Geel"},{"link_name":"Hargeisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"}],"text":"Map of Somaliland showing represents rock art sites and Himyarite and Sabaean.Somaliland has many caves, some of which remain undiscovered.[1] Such is the quality of the paintings that at least 10 sites, scattered across semi-desert terrain, are likely to be given World Heritage status.[citation needed]The complex cave and rock shelters of Laas Geel, Dhagah Kureh, and Dhagah Nabi Galay lie just 30-45 minutes outside of Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland, a self-declared republic. Exhibiting outstanding Neolithic rock art, the sites’ cave paints are considered to be some of the best preserved rock paintings in all of Africa, and are essential to the Horn of Africa’s historical and heritage legacy.","title":"Caves in Somaliland"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"With rock art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laas_Geel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laas Geel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laas_Geel"},{"link_name":"Laas Geel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laas_Geel"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"Hargeisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland"},{"link_name":"cave paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting"},{"link_name":"Horn of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"9,000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_millennium_BC"},{"link_name":"3,000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC"}],"sub_title":"Laas Geel","text":"Neolithic rock art at the Laas Geel.Laas Geel(Somali: Laas Geel), also spelled Laas Gaal, are cave formations on the rural outskirts of Hargeisa, Somaliland. They contain some of the earliest known cave paintings in the Horn of Africa. Laas Geel's rock art is estimated to date to somewhere between 9,000 and 3,000 years BC.","title":"With rock art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhagah_Nabi_Galay_-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laas Geel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laas_Geel"},{"link_name":"Dhagah Nabi Galay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhagah_Nabi_Galay&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Dhagah Nabi Galay","text":"Neolithic rock art at the Dhagah Nabi Galay .One of the sites associated with Laas Geel, Dhagah Nabi Galay is unique in that it features what is considered to be the first examples of writing in East Africa. There has been minimal research conducted on this site, but it offers a wonderful opportunity to study the Neolithic Horn of Africa anterior to the introduction of Islam.","title":"With rock art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhagah_Kureh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dhagah Kureh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhagah_Kureh&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Dhagah Kureh","text":"Dhagah Kureh exhibits the most rock paintings depicting cows in Somaliland,.Dhagah Kureh translates to “the stone with the head” in the Somali language. The site is located in a beautiful and naturally green landscape with fertile farming lands nearby, and the rock shelters are made of stony outcrops with rocks resting on each other above an approximately 4 km-long granite range. The greatest number of rock art panels depicting large cows in Somaliland is found in Shelter 1 of Dhagah Kureh, making this site unique amongst the rock art sites of Somaliland.","title":"With rock art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snakes,_sheep_and_goat_polychrome_with_symbolic_elements_in_Dhambalin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"Dhambalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhambalin"},{"link_name":"Dhambalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhambalin"},{"link_name":"Sahil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"rock art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberge2010-2"},{"link_name":"Sada Mire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sada_Mire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mire2008-3"}],"sub_title":"Dhambalin","text":"Snakes, sheep and goat polychrome with symbolic elements in Dhambalin.Dhambalin (\"half, vertically cut mountain\") is an archaeological site in the northwestern Sahil province of Somaliland. The sandstone rock shelter, contains rock art depicting various animals, such as horned cattle and goats, as well as giraffes, an animal no longer found in Somaliland region.[2] The site also features the earliest known pictures of sheep in Somaliland. Discovered in autumn 2007, residents of Beenyo Dhaadheer reported the rock art to the Somali archaeologist Sada Mire, Director of the Department of Archaeology within the Ministry of Tourism and Culture of Somaliland.[3]","title":"With rock art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhaymoole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaymoole"},{"link_name":"Sahil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Dhaymoole","text":"Dhaymoole is an archaeological site in the Sahil province of Somaliland.[4] The walls of the cave are full of infilled and outlined white camels, unidentified quadrupeds and symbols. Most of the quadrupeds are schematic and depicted upright facing right. Dhaymoole, Somaliland.[5] Caves of Dhaymoole, believed to be about 3000 to 5000 years old.","title":"With rock art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rock_art_site_of_Haadh_in_Sanaag_somaliland.jpg"},{"link_name":"cows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cows"},{"link_name":"Giraffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe"},{"link_name":"Sanaag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaag"},{"link_name":"Shimuhshimuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shimuhshimuh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erigavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erigavo"},{"link_name":"Horn of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland"},{"link_name":"highest mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_mountain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Shimuhshimuh or Haadh","text":"A herd of cows and Giraffe in Haadh, Sanaag.Cave paintings have been found at Shimuhshimuh north of Erigavo. The painting were found by Jama Dabhaan and colleagues in 2010 but have been declared now after the photos taken were recovered.\nOther places at the Guban area north of Shimuhshimuh have also some of the oldest painting of dinosaurs in the Horn of Africa. The paintings of dinosaurs are the first to be found in Somaliland. Shimuhshimuh is a location close to Surad which is the highest mountain in Somaliland and Somalia.[6]","title":"With rock art"}] | [{"image_text":"Wild animals depicted in the caves of Dhaymoole, Somaliland, many of whom have gone extinct in the region.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dhaymoole_Rock_art_in_Somaliland.jpg/180px-Dhaymoole_Rock_art_in_Somaliland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Somaliland showing represents rock art sites and Himyarite and Sabaean.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Somaliland_Map_3_represents_rock_art_sites_and_Himyarite_and_Sabaean.png/240px-Somaliland_Map_3_represents_rock_art_sites_and_Himyarite_and_Sabaean.png"},{"image_text":"Neolithic rock art at the Laas Geel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Laas_Geel.jpg/180px-Laas_Geel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neolithic rock art at the Dhagah Nabi Galay .","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Dhagah_Nabi_Galay_-1.jpg/180px-Dhagah_Nabi_Galay_-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dhagah Kureh exhibits the most rock paintings depicting cows in Somaliland,.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dhagah_Kureh.jpg/180px-Dhagah_Kureh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Snakes, sheep and goat polychrome with symbolic elements in Dhambalin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Snakes%2C_sheep_and_goat_polychrome_with_symbolic_elements_in_Dhambalin.jpg/180px-Snakes%2C_sheep_and_goat_polychrome_with_symbolic_elements_in_Dhambalin.jpg"},{"image_text":"A herd of cows and Giraffe in Haadh, Sanaag.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rock_art_site_of_Haadh_in_Sanaag_somaliland.jpg/180px-Rock_art_site_of_Haadh_in_Sanaag_somaliland.jpg"}] | [{"title":"History of Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somaliland"},{"title":"Laas Geel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laas_Geel"},{"title":"Dhaymoole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaymoole"},{"title":"Dhambalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhambalin"}] | [{"reference":"Alberge, Dalya (17 September 2010). \"UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites\". The Guardian – via The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/17/cave-paintings-found-in-somaliland","url_text":"\"UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites\""}]},{"reference":"Alberge, Dalya (September 17, 2010). \"UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites Scientist unearths 5,000-year-old rock art, including drawing of a mounted hunter, in Somaliland\". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/17/cave-paintings-found-in-somaliland","url_text":"\"UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites Scientist unearths 5,000-year-old rock art, including drawing of a mounted hunter, in Somaliland\""}]},{"reference":"Mire, Sada (December 2008). \"The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland\". African Archaeological Review. 3-4. 25 (3–4): 153–168. doi:10.1007/s10437-008-9032-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-008-9032-2","url_text":"10.1007/s10437-008-9032-2"}]},{"reference":"Mire, Sada (14 April 2015). \"Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire\". African Archaeological Review. 32 (1): 111–136. doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9. ISSN 0263-0338.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-015-9184-9","url_text":"\"Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-015-9184-9","url_text":"10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338","url_text":"0263-0338"}]},{"reference":"\"digital photograph (colour) | British Museum\". The British Museum. Retrieved 2021-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_2013-2034-15386","url_text":"\"digital photograph (colour) | British Museum\""}]},{"reference":"Administrator2. \"Somaliland Sun - Somaliland: Dinosaur Paintings Discovered at Shimuhshimuh Caves in Erigavo\". www.somalilandsun.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2017-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170425213731/http://www.somalilandsun.com/in-depth/history/10313-somaliland-dinosaur-paintings-discovered-at-shimuhshimuh-caves-in-erigavo","url_text":"\"Somaliland Sun - Somaliland: Dinosaur Paintings Discovered at Shimuhshimuh Caves in Erigavo\""},{"url":"http://www.somalilandsun.com/in-depth/history/10313-somaliland-dinosaur-paintings-discovered-at-shimuhshimuh-caves-in-erigavo","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/17/cave-paintings-found-in-somaliland","external_links_name":"\"UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/17/cave-paintings-found-in-somaliland","external_links_name":"\"UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites Scientist unearths 5,000-year-old rock art, including drawing of a mounted hunter, in Somaliland\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-008-9032-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10437-008-9032-2"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-015-9184-9","external_links_name":"\"Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-015-9184-9","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338","external_links_name":"0263-0338"},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_2013-2034-15386","external_links_name":"\"digital photograph (colour) | British Museum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170425213731/http://www.somalilandsun.com/in-depth/history/10313-somaliland-dinosaur-paintings-discovered-at-shimuhshimuh-caves-in-erigavo","external_links_name":"\"Somaliland Sun - Somaliland: Dinosaur Paintings Discovered at Shimuhshimuh Caves in Erigavo\""},{"Link":"http://www.somalilandsun.com/in-depth/history/10313-somaliland-dinosaur-paintings-discovered-at-shimuhshimuh-caves-in-erigavo","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://cyark.org/projects/rock-art-sites-of-somaliland","external_links_name":"CyArk - Rock Art Sites of Somaliland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham-class_cruiser | Town-class cruiser (1910) | ["1 Design","1.1 Bristol class","1.2 Weymouth class","1.3 Chatham class","1.4 Birmingham class","1.5 Further developments: Atlantic cruisers and Hawkins class","1.6 Birkenhead class","2 Ships","3 Operational service","4 Notes","5 Citations","6 References","7 External links"] | Class of light cruisers built for the Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy
For the Town class of World War II, see Town-class cruiser (1936).
HMS Gloucester
Class overview
NameTown class
Operators
Royal Navy
Royal Australian Navy
Preceded byNone
Succeeded byArethusa class
Subclasses
Bristol
Weymouth
Chatham
Birmingham
Birkenhead
Built1909–1916 (RN) 1911–1922 (RAN)
In commission1910–1931 (RN) 1920–1926 (RNZN) 1922–1949 (RAN)
Completed21
Lost2
Scrapped19
General characteristics
TypeLight cruiser
Displacement4,800–5,440 long tons (4,880–5,530 t)
Length453–462 ft (138.1–140.8 m) (o/a)
Beam48–50 ft (14.6–15.2 m)
Draught14–16 ft (4.3–4.9 m)
Installed power
22,000–25,000 shp (16,000–19,000 kW)
12 × Yarrow boilers
Propulsion4 shafts, 2 steam turbine sets
Speed25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph)
Range4,140–5,830 nautical miles (7,670–10,800 km; 4,760–6,710 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement310–480
Armament
Bristol subclass :
Two BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XI guns (50 calibre)
ten BL 4-inch (101.6 mm) Mk VII guns
four QF 3 pounder (47-mm) guns
Two 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes
Weymouth, Chatham, Birmingham subclasses :
Eight to nine BL 6- inch (Mk XI (50 calibre) guns or Mk XII (45 calibre) guns
four QF 3 pounder (47-mm) guns
Two 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes
Birkenhead subclass :
Ten BL 5.5 inch (140 mm) Mk I (50 calibre) guns
One 3 inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft gun
Two 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes
Armour
Bristol, Weymouth subclasses :
Deck: .75–2 in (19–51 mm)
Conning tower: 4 in (102 mm)
Gun Shields: 4 in (102 mm)
Chatham, Birmingham', Birkenhead subclasses:
Belt: 1.5–3 in (38–76 mm)
Deck: 0.4–1.5 in (10–38 mm)
Gun Shields: 4 in (102 mm)
Conning tower: 4 in (102 mm)
The Town class was a group of twenty-one light cruisers built for the Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN) of the first half of the 20th Century. These vessels were long-range cruisers, suitable for patrolling the vast expanse covered by the British Empire. These ships, initially rated as second class cruisers, were built to a series of designs, known as the Bristol (five ships), Weymouth (four ships), Chatham (three RN ships, plus three RAN ships), Birmingham (three ships, plus one similar RAN ship) and Birkenhead (two ships) classes – all having the names of British towns except for the RAN ships, which were named after Australian cities.
Design
Bristol class
Left elevation and deck plan of Bristol sub-class as depicted in Jane's Fighting Ships 1914
The Bristol class were all ordered under the 1908–09 Programme and commissioned in late 1910. They were second class cruisers suitable for a variety of roles including both trade protection and fleet duties. They were 453 feet (138.1 m) long overall, with a beam of 47 feet (14.3 m) and a draught of 15 feet 6 inches (4.7 m). Displacement was 4,800 long tons (4,900 t) normal and 5,300 long tons (5,400 t) full load. Twelve Yarrow three-drum boilers fed steam turbines rated at 22,000 shaft horsepower (16,000 kW), giving a speed of 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). One ship, Bristol, had Brown-Curtis turbines driving two propeller shafts, while the remaining three ships used Parsons turbines driving four shafts. Speed during sea trials varied between 25.856 knots (47.885 km/h; 29.755 mph) (Glasgow) and 27.012 knots (50.026 km/h; 31.085 mph) (Bristol). The experimental two-shaft layout of Bristol was successful, giving greater efficiency, especially at lower speeds. The ships used both coal and oil for fuel, with 1353 tons of coal and 260 tons of oil carried, giving an endurance of about 5,070 nautical miles (9,390 km; 5,830 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).
The Bristols were protected cruisers, with an armoured deck providing protection for the ships' vitals. The armoured deck was 2 inches (51 mm) thick over the magazines and machinery, 1 inch (25 mm) over the steering gear and 3⁄4 inch (19 mm) elsewhere. The conning tower was protected by 6 inches (150 mm) of armour, with the gun shields having 3 inches (76 mm) armour, as did the ammunition hoists. As the protective deck was at waterline, the ships were given a large metacentric height so that they would remain stable in the event of flooding above the armoured deck. This, however, resulted in the ships rolling badly, making them poor gun platforms. One problem with the armour of the Bristols which was shared with the other Town-class ships was the sizable gap between the bottom of the gun shields and the deck, which allowed shell splinters to pass through the gap, leading to large numbers of leg injuries in the ships' gun crews.
It was originally intended that the Bristol class would be fitted with a main gun armament of unshielded 4-inch (102 mm) guns, but the need to counter German light cruisers (such as the Königsberg class), which were armed with ten 105-millimetre (4.1 in) guns that outranged British 4-inch guns, resulted in the new class's armament being revised. They had two BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XI naval guns mounted on the ships' centreline fore and aft, with ten BL 4-inch Mk VII guns in waist mountings. All these guns were fitted with shields. Four Vickers 3-pounder (47 mm) saluting guns were fitted, while two submerged 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted, with seven torpedoes carried. This armament was considered rather too light for ships of this size, while the waist guns were subject to immersion in a high sea, making them difficult to work.
They had a crew of 480 officers and men, with the officers accommodated in the forward part of the ship, rather than aft as per tradition, following the instructions of Admiral Fisher to improve fighting efficiency. This arrangement was unpopular, however, as it was preferred to keep officer's and other ranks accommodation separate for disciplinary reasons, while the Bristol class were very cramped, with only 12.5 square feet (1.16 m2) for each seaman to live, eat, and sleep. In the First World War, the class's anti-aircraft armament was increased with the fitting of a single QF 3 inch (76 mm) 20 cwt gun.
Weymouth class
The Weymouth class were ordered under the 1909–1910 Programme and commissioned between 1911 and 1912. Major changes from the Bristol class included a heavier main armament of eight 6 in guns, and changes to improve seaworthiness and reduce overcrowding. They were 453 feet (138.1 m) long overall, with a beam of 48 feet 6 inches (14.78 m) and a draught of 15 feet 6 inches (4.7 m). Displacement was 5,250 long tons (5,330 t) normal and 5,800 long tons (5,900 t) full load. Machinery was similar to the Bristol class, with again a single example (Yarmouth) having the Brown-Curtis turbines and two-shaft arrangement used in Bristol, while the remaining three ships had the four-shaft, Yarrow turbine machinery. Speed remained 25 knots.
HMS Weymouth
Armour remained unchanged from the Bristols, while the main gun armament was changed to eight BL 6 inch Mk XI guns. The arrangement of the armament was revised, with three guns (one on the centreline and two on the beam) on an enlarged forecastle that also provided accommodation for the ships' officers. The remaining waist guns were protected by a bulwark to make them more weather resistant. Torpedo armament was increased, with two 21-inch (533 mm) submerged tubes (with seven torpedoes carried), while the ships' armament was completed by four 3-pounder saluting guns.
The class saw a number of alterations during the war, including the addition of a single 3 in (76 mm) AA gun in 1915, while the surviving ships were fitted with director control equipment for the ships' guns on a new tripod foremast. In 1917, Yarmouth was the first light cruiser to be able to operate aircraft, being fitted with a ramp above the conning tower and forecastle gun to allow a Sopwith Pup to be launched from the ship, although the aircraft could not land back on it so the pilot would have to ditch into the sea if it was not possible to reach land. In 1918, Weymouth also received a similar installation.
Chatham class
HMS Dublin
The Chatham class of six ships, three for the Royal Navy and three for Australia (of which one was to be built in Australia) were ordered under the 1910–1911 Programme. The five British-built ships commissioned between 1912 and 1913, while Brisbane, the Australian-built ship was laid down in 1913 and completed in 1916. The major difference between the Chathams and the earlier Towns was a revised armour scheme. While the earlier ships were protected cruisers, depending on an armoured deck deep within the ship to protect machinery and magazines, the Chathams relied on a vertical belt of armour.
The Chatham class were 458 feet (139.6 m) long overall, with a beam of 49 feet (14.9 m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9 m). Displacement was 5,400 long tons (5,500 t) normal and 6,000 long tons (6,100 t) full load. The belt consisted of 2-inch (51 mm) of nickel-steel on top of 1-inch (25 mm) of high-tensile steel, tapering from 3–2+1⁄2-inch (76–64 mm) forward and to 2-inch (51 mm) aft. It covered from 8.25–10.5 feet (2.51–3.20 m) above the waterline to 2.5 feet (0.76 m) below it. This belt was part of the load bearing structure of the ship, reducing the overall weight of structure required. A thin armoured deck, 3⁄8 inch (9.5 mm) over most of its length and 1+1⁄2 inches (38 mm) over the steering gear, was retained, mainly as a watertight deck. The ships' forecastle was again extended aft, reaching two-thirds of the length of the ship, and allowing two more guns to be raised up onto the forecastle, while the ships' metacentric height was reduced, making the ships better gun platforms. Officer's accommodation was moved back to the rear of the ships in this class. Machinery layout was again similar to the earlier Towns, with one ship, Southampton, having a two-shaft layout. It was rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000 kW) giving a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph).
While main armament again consisted of eight 6 in guns in single mountings, a new gun, the BL 6 inch Mk XII was used. This was shorter and lighter than the Mk XI guns used in earlier ships, and while range was slightly less (14,000 yards (13,000 m) compared to 14,600 yards (13,400 m)), they were much easier to handle in rough weather and were more accurate. They had larger magazines, giving up to 200 rounds per gun rather than 150 in earlier ships. The remaining armament was unchanged.
Wartime changes were similar to those made to the Weymouths, with a 3-inch anti-aircraft gun fitted during 1915 and director control with its associated tripod mast fitted later in the war. Four of the ships (Dublin, Southampton, Melbourne and Sydney) were fitted for platforms for operating aircraft.
Birmingham class
HMS Glasgow at Valparaiso in Chile before the Battle of Coronel, 1 November 1914
The 1911–1912 Programme brought the Birmingham class. Three ships were ordered for the Royal Navy, commissioning in 1914. A fourth, similar, ship, Adelaide, was built in Sydney for Australia. The First World War caused the construction of Adelaide, which was reliant on materials and parts from the United Kingdom, to be heavily delayed, with Adelaide not completing until 1922. They were closely based on the Chatham class but with a revised armament. While in theory, three guns could fire forwards in the previous arrangement (the forward centreline gun and the forward two waist guns), in practice the effects of blast from the waist guns on the bridge and conning tower prevented this. The solution was to mount two guns side-by side on the forecastle, forward of the bridge, giving a total armament of nine BL 6 inch Mk XII guns. The remainder of the armament was unchanged (i.e. four 3-pounder saluting guns and two submerged 21-inch torpedo tubes).
The ships were 457 feet (139.3 m) long overall (Adelaide was 462 feet 9 inches (141.05 m) long), with a beam of 50 feet (15.2 m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9 m). They displaced 5,440 long tons (5,530 t) normal and 6,040 long tons (6,140 t) deep load (Adelaide displaced 5,550 long tons (5,640 t) normal and 6,160 long tons (6,260 t) deep load). The ships' forecastle had increased flare to reduce spray. The ships' machinery was rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000 kW) giving a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph).
A 3-inch anti-aircraft gun was fitted in 1915, while Lowestoft and Birmingham were fitted with director control. (Nottingham was lost before it could be fitted). Adelaide was completed with these modifications, and received a major refit in the 1930s, with coal-fired boilers being removed along with a funnel, reducing the ship's speed, while one 6-inch was removed, with 4-inch anti-aircraft guns added. She was subject to further armament revisions during the Second World War, with more 6- and 4-inch guns removed to accommodate depth charge throwers, and radar being fitted.
Further developments: Atlantic cruisers and Hawkins class
Main article: Hawkins-class cruiser
In 1912, work began on a new cruiser for trade protection duties in response to rumours of large German cruisers that were thought to being built for commerce raiding. A series of designs were drawn up for what became known as the "Atlantic cruiser", featuring various combinations of 7.5-inch (190 mm) and 6-inch guns, mixed oil- and coal-fired boilers and speeds of between 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph) and 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph). When the rumoured German ships proved to be false, the Atlantic cruiser was abandoned.
In 1915, as a response to German commerce raiding in the early months of the war, the British Admiralty decided to build a new class of large, fast and heavily armed cruisers for trade protection work. Again, a mixed armament of 7.5 in and 6 in guns were chosen, with mixed oil- and coal-fired boilers in order to aid operations in distant waters where oil supplies would be limited. The new design became known as the "Improved Birmingham" class or Hawkins class, with five being built, completing between 1918 and 1925.
Birkenhead class
In early 1914, the Greek Navy, in response to Turkish naval expansion, placed an order with the Coventry Syndicate, a consortium of the shipbuilders Cammell Laird, Fairfields, John Brown and the armament company Coventry Ordnance Works, for two light cruisers and four destroyers. The light cruisers, which were both to be built by Cammell Laird, and to be named Antinavarchos Kountouriotis and Lambros Katsonis, were based on the design of the Chatham and Birmingham classes, but with a revised armament to be supplied by the Coventry Ordnance Works.
The new cruisers were 446 feet (135.9 m) long overall, with a beam of 50 feet (15.2 m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9 m). Displacement was between 5,185 long tons (5,268 t) and 5,235 long tons (5,319 t) normal, and between 5,795 long tons (5,888 t) and 5,845 long tons (5,939 t) deep load. Armour was as fitted to the Chathams. Machinery was also as in the Chathams. The first ship, later to become Birkenhead, had the same mixed oil-and coal-fired boilers, with the machinery rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000 kW) with a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph), but the second ship (later Chester) had all oil-fired boilers, which boosted power to 31,000 shaft horsepower (23,000 kW) and speed to 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph). The ships' main armament was ten QF 5.5 in (140 mm) Mark I guns (50 calibres long) to a new design by Coventry Ordnance Works. The guns fired an 82-pound (37 kg) shell to a range of 13,100 yards (12,000 m). The lighter shell was easier to handle, and gave a greater rate of fire. It was planned to fit the ships with two 12-pounder 76 mm (3.0 in) (76 mm) anti-aircraft guns, while two 21-inch torpedo tubes were fitted.
Work continued on the two ships for the Greeks after the outbreak of the First World War, but early in 1915, with no sign of an end to the war, the British Admiralty took over the contract for the two ships, which became the Birkenhead class, together with the 5.5-inch guns and ammunition. The ships' main armament was kept by the Royal Navy, and proved to be successful in service, with the 5.5 in gun being selected as secondary armament for the battlecruisers HMS Hood and HMS Furious and the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes. The 12-pounder 76 mm (3.0 in) anti-aircraft guns were unavailable, however, and Vickers 3-pounder guns were fitted in their place.
After the war, they were offered for sale back to the Greeks, but this offer was not taken up.
Ships
Construction data
Ship
Builder
Laid down
Launched
Commissioned
Fate
Bristol class
Bristol
John Brown, Clydebank
23 March 1909
23 February 1910
17 December 1910.
Sold for breaking up 9 May 1921 to Thos. W. Ward, Hayle.
Glasgow
Fairfield Shipbuilding, Govan
25 March 1909
30 September 1909
19 September 1910
Sold for breaking up 29 April 1927 to Thos. W. Ward, Morecambe.
Gloucester
William Beardmore, Dalmuir
15 April 1909
28 October 1909
October 1910
Sold for breaking up to Thos. W. Ward, Briton Ferry, 9 May 1921.
Liverpool
Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness
17 February 1909
30 October 1909
4 October 1910
Sold for scrap 8 November 1921. Broken up in Germany.
Newcastle
Armstrong Whitworth, Elswick
14 April 1909
25 November 1909
20 September 1910
Sold for scrap to Thos. W. Ward, Lelant, 9 May 1921.
Weymouth class
Weymouth
Armstrong Whitworth, Elswick
19 January 1910.
18 November 1910.
October 1911
Sold for breaking up to Hughes Bolckow, Blyth, 2 October 1928.
Yarmouth
London & Glasgow Shipbuilding, Govan
27 January 1910
12 April 1911
April 1912
Sold for breaking up 2 July 1929 to Alloa Ship Breaking Company, Rosyth.
Dartmouth
Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness
19 February 1910
14 December 1910
October 1911
Sold for breaking up 13 December 1930 to Alloa, Rosyth.
Falmouth
William Beardmore, Dalmuir
21 February 1910
20 September 1910
September 1911
Torpedoed by German submarine U-66 in the North Sea and damaged 19 August 1916, then torpedoed by German submarine U-63 the next day and sunk off Flamborough Head.
Chatham class
Royal Navy
Chatham
HM Dockyard, Chatham
3 January 1911
9 November 1911
December 1912
Transferred to the New Zealand Navy 11 September 1920, but returned to Royal Navy 1924. Sold for breaking up to Thos. W. Ward, Pembroke Dock, 13 July 1926.
Dublin
William Beardmore, Dalmuir
3 January 1911
9 November 1911
March 1913
Sold for breaking up to King, Troon, July 1926.
Southampton
John Brown, Clydebank
6 April 1911
16 May 1912
November 1912
Sold for breaking up to Thos. W. Ward, Pembroke Dock, 13 July 1926.
Royal Australian Navy
Sydney
London & Glasgow, Govan
11 February 1911
29 August 1912
26 June 1913
Broken up at Cockatoo Island, April 1929.
Melbourne
Cammell Laird, Birkenhead
14 April 1911
30 May 1912
January 1913
Sold for breaking up 8 December 1928 to Alloa, Rosyth.
Brisbane
HMA Dockyard, Cockatoo Island
25 January 1913
30 September 1915
October 1916
Sold for breaking up 13 June 1936 to Thos. W. Ward, Briton Ferry.
Birmingham class
Royal Navy
Birmingham
Armstrong Whitworth, Elswick
10 June 1912
7 May 1913
3 February 1914
Sold for breaking up 5 February 1931 to Thos. W. Ward, Pembroke Dock.
Lowestoft
HM Dockyard, Chatham
29 July 1912
28 April 1913
21 April 1914
Sold for breaking up 8 January 1931 to Thos. W. Ward, Milford Haven.
Nottingham
HM Dockyard, Pembroke Dock
13 June 1912
18 April 1913
1 April 1914
Torpedoed three times by German submarine U-52 in the North Sea 19 August 1916 and sunk with 38 dead.
Royal Australian Navy
Adelaide
HMA Dockyard, Cockatoo Island
20 November 1915
27 July 1918
4 August 1922
Sold for breaking up to Australian Iron and Steel Co., Port Kembla, New South Wales, January 1949
Birkenhead class
Birkenhead(ex-Antinavarchos Kountouriotis)
Cammell Laird, Birkenhead
27 March 1914
18 January 1915
May 1915
Sold for scrapping to Cashmore, Newport, Wales, 26 October 1921.
Chester(ex-Lambros Katsonis)
7 October 1914
8 December 1915
May 1916
Sold for scrapping to Rees, Llanelly, 9 November 1921.
Ship
Builder
Laid down
Launched
Commissioned
Fate
Operational service
HMS Birmingham under fire at the Battle of Jutland
The class saw much service in the First World War and many of the ships left their mark on history. Ships of the class saw action at the Battles of Coronel, the Battle of the Falkland Islands and the Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1914. That same year, Sydney attacked SMS Emden in an action that lasted over an hour and resulted in the German warship being beached by her captain to avoid his ship sinking. Also that year, Birmingham became the first ship to sink a submarine when she rammed the German submarine U-15 on 9 August.
In 1915, HMS Glasgow found SMS Dresden, which had escaped from the engagement at the Falkland Islands the previous year, in which Glasgow had helped in sinking SMS Leipzig. Dresden was eventually scuttled by her own crew after a short engagement. Ships of the class also took part in the Battle of Dogger Bank in 1915.
HMS Chester, showing damage sustained at the Battle of Jutland, 31 May 1916
In 1916, ships of the class also saw action at the Battle of Jutland, the largest surface engagement of the First World War . In 1917, a Sopwith Pup from HMS Yarmouth became the first aircraft from a cruiser to shoot down an aircraft, specifically the Zeppelin L23. The ships of the class saw more service than mentioned above, including action against German merchant ships. During the course of the war, two ships of the class were sunk: these were HMS Falmouth and HMS Nottingham, both torpedoed by German submarines.
After the end of the First World War, the surviving ships performed a variety of duties, including service on foreign stations. All ships, except Adelaide, were scrapped by the 1930s. Adelaide saw an extensive refit between 1938 and 1939. However, Adelaide was obsolete when the Second World War began, and she saw limited service, performing patrol and escort duties in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. She was decommissioned in 1945, but recommissioned to become a tender at Sydney. She was broken up in 1949.
Notes
^ Sometimes known as the Glasgow class.
^ Often known as the Falmouth class, particularly in contemporary accounts.
^ Also known as the Melbourne class, the Dublin class and the Southampton class.
^ Sources differ as to the layout of the machinery. Preston says that the Birminghams were four-shaft ships, while Lyon says that they were two-shaft ships, with Parsons turbines. Jane's Fighting Ships 1931 and Whitley say that Adelaide had two shafts, while Brook says that Birmingham also had two-shaft machinery.
^ Greece also ordered battleships from Germany and France.
^ The British requisition of the order took place sometime after 18 January 1915, when the first ship, Antinavarchos Kountouriotis, was launched.
^ While Preston and Dittmar and Colledge state that Dartmouth was launched on 14 December, Lyon states 13 February 1911.
^ While Lyon and Preston have Dublin launched on 9 November 1911, Dittmar and Colledge and Colledge say she was launched on 30 April 1912.
^ Lyon and Preston state 28 April, while Dittmar and Colledge and Colledge state 23 April.
Citations
^ a b c Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 56.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 3, p. 50.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Preston 1985, p. 51.
^ a b Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 60.
^ a b c d e Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 59.
^ Moore 1990, p. 61.
^ a b c d Brown 2010, p. 63.
^ a b c d e Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 57.
^ Brown 2010, p. 160.
^ a b Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 55, 57.
^ a b Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 53.
^ a b c Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 61.
^ Brown 2009, p. 59.
^ a b c d e f Preston 1985, p. 52.
^ Jones 1931, pp. 24–26.
^ a b c d e f Preston 1985, p. 53.
^ a b Brown 2009, p. 64.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Preston 1985, p. 54.
^ a b c d Whitley 1999, p. 15.
^ Parkes 1931, p. 91.
^ Brook 1999, p. 199.
^ Brown 2009, pp. 66–67.
^ Brown 2009, p. 67.
^ Preston 1985, p. 63.
^ Preston 1985, p. 384.
^ Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 54.
^ a b c d Preston 1985, p. 58.
^ Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 57, 60.
^ Brown 2009, pp. 64–65.
^ Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 54, 56.
^ Preston 1985, p. 59.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 50–51.
^ a b c d e f g h Dittmar and Colledge 1972, p. 45.
^ a b Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 3, p. 51.
^ Newbolt 1928, pp. 45–46.
^ a b c d e Dittmar and Colledge 1972, p. 46.
^ Colledge 2006, p. 104.
^ Colledge 2006, p. 205
^ Newbolt 1928, p. 35.
^ Kindell, Don. "1st - 31st August 1916 in date, ship/unit & name order". World War 1 - Casualty Lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies. naval-history.net. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
^ Corbett 1920, pp. 102–120, 352–354, 414–436.
^ Corbett 1920, pp. 380–383.
^ Grant 1964, p. 19.
References
Brook, Peter (1999). Warships for Escort: Armstrong Warships 1867–1927. Gravesend, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-89-4.
Brown, David K. (2010). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-085-7.
Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) . Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
Corbett, Julian (1920). History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Vol. I: To the Battle of the Falklands December 1914. London: Longmans Green.
Friedman, Norman (2010). British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59114-078-8.
Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
Grant, Robert M. (1964). U-Boats Destroyed: The Effects of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914–1918. London: Putnam. OCLC 621719619.
Jones, H. A. (1934). The War in the Air: Being the Story of the Part Played by the Royal Air Force in the Great War: Vol. IV. Oxford: The Clarenden Press. OCLC 769886209.
Lyon, David (1977). "The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 1". Warship. 1 (1). London: Conway Maritime Press: 48–58. ISBN 0-85177-132-7.
Lyon, David (1977). "The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 2". Warship. 1 (2). London: Conway Maritime Press: 54–61. ISBN 0-85177-132-7.
Lyon, David (1977). "The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 3". Warship. 1 (3). London: Conway Maritime Press: 46–51. ISBN 0-85177-132-7.
Newbolt, Henry (1928). History of the Great War: Naval Operations:Vol IV. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 220475138.
Parkes, Oscar (1973) . Jane's Fighting Ships 1931. Newton Abbot, United Kingdom: David & Charles (Publishers) Limited. ISBN 0-7153-5849-9.
Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Town class cruiser (1910).
Allied light cruisers of World War I
vteTown-class cruisersBristol class Royal Navy
Glasgow
Gloucester
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Bristol
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Nottingham
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Antinavarchos Kountouriotis
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Chester (ex-Lambros Katsonis)
Preceded by: None
Followed by: Arethusa class
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Cancelled | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Town-class cruiser (1936)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town-class_cruiser_(1936)"},{"link_name":"light cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"second class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_class_cruisers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_class"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"}],"text":"For the Town class of World War II, see Town-class cruiser (1936).The Town class was a group of twenty-one light cruisers built for the Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN) of the first half of the 20th Century. These vessels were long-range cruisers, suitable for patrolling the vast expanse covered by the British Empire. These ships, initially rated as second class cruisers, were built to a series of designs, known as the Bristol (five ships), Weymouth (four ships), Chatham (three RN ships, plus three RAN ships), Birmingham (three ships, plus one similar RAN ship) and Birkenhead (two ships) classes – all having the names of British towns except for the RAN ships, which were named after Australian cities.","title":"Town-class cruiser (1910)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bristol_class_cruiser_diagrams_Janes_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jane's Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n3_p50-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p51-4"},{"link_name":"long overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"Yarrow three-drum boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow_boiler"},{"link_name":"steam turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"shaft horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_Marine_Steam_Turbine_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p51-4"},{"link_name":"sea trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trials"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p60-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p59-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janesww1_p61-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p51-4"},{"link_name":"protected cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_cruiser"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p59-6"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline"},{"link_name":"metacentric height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacentric_height"},{"link_name":"rolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_motions#Rotation_motions"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_p63-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p57-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_p160-10"},{"link_name":"Königsberg class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg-class_cruiser_(1905)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p51-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_p63-8"},{"link_name":"BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XI naval guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_6_inch_Mk_XI_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"BL 4-inch Mk VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_4_inch_naval_gun_Mk_VII"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p51-4"},{"link_name":"Vickers 3-pounder (47 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_QF_3-pounder_Vickers"},{"link_name":"saluting guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluting_gun"},{"link_name":"18 inch (450 mm) torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_18_inch_torpedo"},{"link_name":"tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p55,7-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n1_p53-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_p63-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p51-4"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_p63-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p61-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_p59-14"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"QF 3 inch (76 mm) 20 cwt gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3_inch_20_cwt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p51-4"}],"sub_title":"Bristol class","text":"Left elevation and deck plan of Bristol sub-class as depicted in Jane's Fighting Ships 1914The Bristol class[a] were all ordered under the 1908–09 Programme and commissioned in late 1910.[2] They were second class cruisers suitable for a variety of roles including both trade protection and fleet duties.[3] They were 453 feet (138.1 m) long overall, with a beam of 47 feet (14.3 m) and a draught of 15 feet 6 inches (4.7 m). Displacement was 4,800 long tons (4,900 t) normal and 5,300 long tons (5,400 t) full load. Twelve Yarrow three-drum boilers fed steam turbines rated at 22,000 shaft horsepower (16,000 kW), giving a speed of 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). One ship, Bristol, had Brown-Curtis turbines driving two propeller shafts, while the remaining three ships used Parsons turbines driving four shafts.[3] Speed during sea trials varied between 25.856 knots (47.885 km/h; 29.755 mph) (Glasgow) and 27.012 knots (50.026 km/h; 31.085 mph) (Bristol).[4] The experimental two-shaft layout of Bristol was successful, giving greater efficiency, especially at lower speeds.[5] The ships used both coal and oil for fuel, with 1353 tons of coal and 260 tons of oil carried,[6] giving an endurance of about 5,070 nautical miles (9,390 km; 5,830 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).[3]The Bristols were protected cruisers, with an armoured deck providing protection for the ships' vitals. The armoured deck was 2 inches (51 mm) thick over the magazines and machinery, 1 inch (25 mm) over the steering gear and 3⁄4 inch (19 mm) elsewhere. The conning tower was protected by 6 inches (150 mm) of armour, with the gun shields having 3 inches (76 mm) armour, as did the ammunition hoists.[5] As the protective deck was at waterline, the ships were given a large metacentric height so that they would remain stable in the event of flooding above the armoured deck. This, however, resulted in the ships rolling badly, making them poor gun platforms.[7] One problem with the armour of the Bristols which was shared with the other Town-class ships was the sizable gap between the bottom of the gun shields and the deck, which allowed shell splinters to pass through the gap, leading to large numbers of leg injuries in the ships' gun crews.[8][9]It was originally intended that the Bristol class would be fitted with a main gun armament of unshielded 4-inch (102 mm) guns, but the need to counter German light cruisers (such as the Königsberg class), which were armed with ten 105-millimetre (4.1 in) guns that outranged British 4-inch guns, resulted in the new class's armament being revised.[3][7] They had two BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XI naval guns mounted on the ships' centreline fore and aft, with ten BL 4-inch Mk VII guns in waist mountings. All these guns were fitted with shields.[3] Four Vickers 3-pounder (47 mm) saluting guns were fitted, while two submerged 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted, with seven torpedoes carried.[10] This armament was considered rather too light for ships of this size,[11] while the waist guns were subject to immersion in a high sea, making them difficult to work.[7]They had a crew of 480 officers and men,[3] with the officers accommodated in the forward part of the ship, rather than aft as per tradition, following the instructions of Admiral Fisher to improve fighting efficiency. This arrangement was unpopular, however, as it was preferred to keep officer's and other ranks accommodation separate for disciplinary reasons, while the Bristol class were very cramped, with only 12.5 square feet (1.16 m2) for each seaman to live, eat, and sleep.[7][12][13] In the First World War, the class's anti-aircraft armament was increased with the fitting of a single QF 3 inch (76 mm) 20 cwt gun.[3]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n3_p50-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n1_p53-12"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p52-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Weymouth_(1910).jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p59-6"},{"link_name":"forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecastle"},{"link_name":"bulwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulwark_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p52-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p55,7-11"},{"link_name":"director control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_(military)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p52-16"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Pup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Pup"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_p24-6-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p61-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p52-16"}],"sub_title":"Weymouth class","text":"The Weymouth class[b] were ordered under the 1909–1910 Programme and commissioned between 1911 and 1912.[2] Major changes from the Bristol class included a heavier main armament of eight 6 in guns, and changes to improve seaworthiness and reduce overcrowding.[11] They were 453 feet (138.1 m) long overall, with a beam of 48 feet 6 inches (14.78 m) and a draught of 15 feet 6 inches (4.7 m). Displacement was 5,250 long tons (5,330 t) normal and 5,800 long tons (5,900 t) full load. Machinery was similar to the Bristol class, with again a single example (Yarmouth) having the Brown-Curtis turbines and two-shaft arrangement used in Bristol, while the remaining three ships had the four-shaft, Yarrow turbine machinery. Speed remained 25 knots.[14]HMS WeymouthArmour remained unchanged from the Bristols,[5] while the main gun armament was changed to eight BL 6 inch Mk XI guns. The arrangement of the armament was revised, with three guns (one on the centreline and two on the beam) on an enlarged forecastle that also provided accommodation for the ships' officers. The remaining waist guns were protected by a bulwark to make them more weather resistant. Torpedo armament was increased, with two 21-inch (533 mm) submerged tubes (with seven torpedoes carried), while the ships' armament was completed by four 3-pounder saluting guns.[14][10]The class saw a number of alterations during the war, including the addition of a single 3 in (76 mm) AA gun in 1915, while the surviving ships were fitted with director control equipment for the ships' guns on a new tripod foremast.[14] In 1917, Yarmouth was the first light cruiser to be able to operate aircraft, being fitted with a ramp above the conning tower and forecastle gun to allow a Sopwith Pup to be launched from the ship, although the aircraft could not land back on it so the pilot would have to ditch into the sea if it was not possible to reach land.[15][12] In 1918, Weymouth also received a similar installation.[14]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Dublin.jpg"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Brisbane_(1915)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n3_p50-3"},{"link_name":"belt of armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p53-19"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p53-19"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p59-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_p64-20"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p61-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p53-19"},{"link_name":"BL 6 inch Mk XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_6_inch_Mk_XII_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p60-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p53-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_p64-20"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p57-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p53-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p54-21"}],"sub_title":"Chatham class","text":"HMS DublinThe Chatham class[c] of six ships, three for the Royal Navy and three for Australia (of which one was to be built in Australia) were ordered under the 1910–1911 Programme. The five British-built ships commissioned between 1912 and 1913, while Brisbane, the Australian-built ship was laid down in 1913 and completed in 1916.[2] The major difference between the Chathams and the earlier Towns was a revised armour scheme. While the earlier ships were protected cruisers, depending on an armoured deck deep within the ship to protect machinery and magazines, the Chathams relied on a vertical belt of armour.[16]The Chatham class were 458 feet (139.6 m) long overall, with a beam of 49 feet (14.9 m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9 m). Displacement was 5,400 long tons (5,500 t) normal and 6,000 long tons (6,100 t) full load.[16] The belt consisted of 2-inch (51 mm) of nickel-steel on top of 1-inch (25 mm) of high-tensile steel, tapering from 3–2+1⁄2-inch (76–64 mm) forward and to 2-inch (51 mm) aft. It covered from 8.25–10.5 feet (2.51–3.20 m) above the waterline to 2.5 feet (0.76 m) below it. This belt was part of the load bearing structure of the ship, reducing the overall weight of structure required. A thin armoured deck, 3⁄8 inch (9.5 mm) over most of its length and 1+1⁄2 inches (38 mm) over the steering gear, was retained, mainly as a watertight deck.[5] The ships' forecastle was again extended aft, reaching two-thirds of the length of the ship, and allowing two more guns to be raised up onto the forecastle, while the ships' metacentric height was reduced, making the ships better gun platforms.[17] Officer's accommodation was moved back to the rear of the ships in this class.[12] Machinery layout was again similar to the earlier Towns, with one ship, Southampton, having a two-shaft layout. It was rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000 kW) giving a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph).[16]While main armament again consisted of eight 6 in guns in single mountings, a new gun, the BL 6 inch Mk XII was used. This was shorter and lighter than the Mk XI guns used in earlier ships, and while range was slightly less (14,000 yards (13,000 m) compared to 14,600 yards (13,400 m)[4]), they were much easier to handle in rough weather and were more accurate.[16][17] They had larger magazines, giving up to 200 rounds per gun rather than 150 in earlier ships.[8] The remaining armament was unchanged.[16]Wartime changes were similar to those made to the Weymouths, with a 3-inch anti-aircraft gun fitted during 1915 and director control with its associated tripod mast fitted later in the war. Four of the ships (Dublin, Southampton, Melbourne and Sydney) were fitted for platforms for operating aircraft.[18]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Glasgow_(1909).jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Glasgow_(1909)"},{"link_name":"Valparaiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valparaiso"},{"link_name":"Battle of Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Coronel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n3_p50-3"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Adelaide_(1918)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whit_p15-22"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p57-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p54-21"},{"link_name":"flare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p54-21"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p54-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p54-21"},{"link_name":"depth charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whit_p15-22"}],"sub_title":"Birmingham class","text":"HMS Glasgow at Valparaiso in Chile before the Battle of Coronel, 1 November 1914The 1911–1912 Programme brought the Birmingham class. Three ships were ordered for the Royal Navy, commissioning in 1914.[2] A fourth, similar, ship, Adelaide, was built in Sydney for Australia. The First World War caused the construction of Adelaide, which was reliant on materials and parts from the United Kingdom, to be heavily delayed, with Adelaide not completing until 1922.[19] They were closely based on the Chatham class but with a revised armament. While in theory, three guns could fire forwards in the previous arrangement (the forward centreline gun and the forward two waist guns), in practice the effects of blast from the waist guns on the bridge and conning tower prevented this. The solution was to mount two guns side-by side on the forecastle, forward of the bridge, giving a total armament of nine BL 6 inch Mk XII guns. The remainder of the armament was unchanged (i.e. four 3-pounder saluting guns and two submerged 21-inch torpedo tubes).[8][18]The ships were 457 feet (139.3 m) long overall (Adelaide was 462 feet 9 inches (141.05 m) long), with a beam of 50 feet (15.2 m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9 m). They displaced 5,440 long tons (5,530 t) normal and 6,040 long tons (6,140 t) deep load (Adelaide displaced 5,550 long tons (5,640 t) normal and 6,160 long tons (6,260 t) deep load). The ships' forecastle had increased flare to reduce spray.[18] The ships' machinery[d] was rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000 kW) giving a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph).[18]A 3-inch anti-aircraft gun was fitted in 1915, while Lowestoft and Birmingham were fitted with director control. (Nottingham was lost before it could be fitted).[18] Adelaide was completed with these modifications, and received a major refit in the 1930s, with coal-fired boilers being removed along with a funnel, reducing the ship's speed, while one 6-inch was removed, with 4-inch anti-aircraft guns added. She was subject to further armament revisions during the Second World War, with more 6- and 4-inch guns removed to accommodate depth charge throwers, and radar being fitted.[19]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_p66-7-26"},{"link_name":"British Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"Hawkins class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkins-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_p67-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p63-28"}],"sub_title":"Further developments: Atlantic cruisers and Hawkins class","text":"In 1912, work began on a new cruiser for trade protection duties in response to rumours of large German cruisers that were thought to being built for commerce raiding. A series of designs were drawn up for what became known as the \"Atlantic cruiser\", featuring various combinations of 7.5-inch (190 mm) and 6-inch guns, mixed oil- and coal-fired boilers and speeds of between 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph) and 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph). When the rumoured German ships proved to be false, the Atlantic cruiser was abandoned.[22]In 1915, as a response to German commerce raiding in the early months of the war, the British Admiralty decided to build a new class of large, fast and heavily armed cruisers for trade protection work. Again, a mixed armament of 7.5 in and 6 in guns were chosen, with mixed oil- and coal-fired boilers in order to aid operations in distant waters where oil supplies would be limited. The new design became known as the \"Improved Birmingham\" class or Hawkins class, with five being built, completing between 1918 and 1925.[23][24]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Navy"},{"link_name":"Cammell Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cammell_Laird"},{"link_name":"Fairfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering_Company"},{"link_name":"John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Coventry Ordnance Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Ordnance_Works"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n1_p54-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p58-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p58-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p58-32"},{"link_name":"QF 5.5 in (140 mm) Mark I guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_5.5_inch_Mark_I_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p57,0-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_p64-5-34"},{"link_name":"12-pounder 76 mm (3.0 in)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_12-pounder_12_cwt_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p57-9"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n1_p54,6-36"},{"link_name":"HMS Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hood"},{"link_name":"HMS Furious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Furious_(47)"},{"link_name":"HMS Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(95)"},{"link_name":"12-pounder 76 mm (3.0 in)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_12-pounder_12_cwt_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p57-9"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p59-37"}],"sub_title":"Birkenhead class","text":"In early 1914, the Greek Navy, in response to Turkish naval expansion, placed an order with the Coventry Syndicate, a consortium of the shipbuilders Cammell Laird, Fairfields, John Brown and the armament company Coventry Ordnance Works, for two light cruisers and four destroyers.[e] The light cruisers, which were both to be built by Cammell Laird, and to be named Antinavarchos Kountouriotis and Lambros Katsonis, were based on the design of the Chatham and Birmingham classes, but with a revised armament to be supplied by the Coventry Ordnance Works.[26][27]The new cruisers were 446 feet (135.9 m) long overall, with a beam of 50 feet (15.2 m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9 m). Displacement was between 5,185 long tons (5,268 t) and 5,235 long tons (5,319 t) normal, and between 5,795 long tons (5,888 t) and 5,845 long tons (5,939 t) deep load. Armour was as fitted to the Chathams.[27] Machinery was also as in the Chathams. The first ship, later to become Birkenhead, had the same mixed oil-and coal-fired boilers, with the machinery rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000 kW) with a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph), but the second ship (later Chester) had all oil-fired boilers, which boosted power to 31,000 shaft horsepower (23,000 kW) and speed to 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph).[27] The ships' main armament was ten QF 5.5 in (140 mm) Mark I guns (50 calibres long) to a new design by Coventry Ordnance Works. The guns fired an 82-pound (37 kg) shell to a range of 13,100 yards (12,000 m). The lighter shell was easier to handle, and gave a greater rate of fire.[28][29] It was planned to fit the ships with two 12-pounder 76 mm (3.0 in) (76 mm) anti-aircraft guns, while two 21-inch torpedo tubes were fitted.[8]Work continued on the two ships for the Greeks after the outbreak of the First World War, but early in 1915,[f] with no sign of an end to the war, the British Admiralty took over the contract for the two ships, which became the Birkenhead class, together with the 5.5-inch guns and ammunition.[30] The ships' main armament was kept by the Royal Navy, and proved to be successful in service, with the 5.5 in gun being selected as secondary armament for the battlecruisers HMS Hood and HMS Furious and the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes. The 12-pounder 76 mm (3.0 in) anti-aircraft guns were unavailable, however, and Vickers 3-pounder guns were fitted in their place.[8]After the war, they were offered for sale back to the Greeks, but this offer was not taken up.[31]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Birmingham_(1913)_Jutland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Coronel"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Battle of Heligoland Bight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_Bight_(1914)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navopv1_p102-20,_352-4,414-36-50"},{"link_name":"SMS Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Emden"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navopv1_p380-3-51"},{"link_name":"U-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-15_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grant_p19-52"},{"link_name":"SMS Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Dresden_(1907)"},{"link_name":"SMS Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Leipzig_(1905)"},{"link_name":"after a short engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1s_a_Tierra"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dogger Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1915)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Chester_(damaged).jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Pup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Pup"},{"link_name":"Zeppelin L23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeppelin_L23&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"HMS Birmingham under fire at the Battle of JutlandThe class saw much service in the First World War and many of the ships left their mark on history. Ships of the class saw action at the Battles of Coronel, the Battle of the Falkland Islands and the Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1914.[41] That same year, Sydney attacked SMS Emden in an action that lasted over an hour and resulted in the German warship being beached by her captain to avoid his ship sinking.[42] Also that year, Birmingham became the first ship to sink a submarine when she rammed the German submarine U-15 on 9 August.[43]In 1915, HMS Glasgow found SMS Dresden, which had escaped from the engagement at the Falkland Islands the previous year, in which Glasgow had helped in sinking SMS Leipzig. Dresden was eventually scuttled by her own crew after a short engagement. Ships of the class also took part in the Battle of Dogger Bank in 1915.HMS Chester, showing damage sustained at the Battle of Jutland, 31 May 1916In 1916, ships of the class also saw action at the Battle of Jutland, the largest surface engagement of the First World War . In 1917, a Sopwith Pup from HMS Yarmouth became the first aircraft from a cruiser to shoot down an aircraft, specifically the Zeppelin L23. The ships of the class saw more service than mentioned above, including action against German merchant ships. During the course of the war, two ships of the class were sunk: these were HMS Falmouth and HMS Nottingham, both torpedoed by German submarines.After the end of the First World War, the surviving ships performed a variety of duties, including service on foreign stations. All ships, except Adelaide, were scrapped by the 1930s. Adelaide saw an extensive refit between 1938 and 1939. However, Adelaide was obsolete when the Second World War began, and she saw limited service, performing patrol and escort duties in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. She was decommissioned in 1945, but recommissioned to become a tender at Sydney. She was broken up in 1949.","title":"Operational service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n1_p56-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n1_p56-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n1_p56-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p54-21"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n2_p59-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whit_p15-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfs31_p91-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brook_p199-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p384-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p58-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p52-16"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ditt_p45-39"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n3_p50-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n3_p50-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p53-19"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ditt_p46-43"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coll_p104-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warv1n3_p50-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p54-21"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ditt_p46-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coll_p205-46"}],"text":"^ Sometimes known as the Glasgow class.[1]\n\n^ Often known as the Falmouth class, particularly in contemporary accounts.[1]\n\n^ Also known as the Melbourne class, the Dublin class and the Southampton class.[1]\n\n^ Sources differ as to the layout of the machinery. Preston[18] says that the Birminghams were four-shaft ships, while Lyon[5] says that they were two-shaft ships, with Parsons turbines. Jane's Fighting Ships 1931 and Whitley say that Adelaide had two shafts,[19][20] while Brook says that Birmingham also had two-shaft machinery.[21]\n\n^ Greece also ordered battleships from Germany and France.[25]\n\n^ The British requisition of the order took place sometime after 18 January 1915, when the first ship, Antinavarchos Kountouriotis, was launched.[27]\n\n^ While Preston[14] and Dittmar and Colledge[33] state that Dartmouth was launched on 14 December, Lyon states 13 February 1911.[2]\n\n^ While Lyon[2] and Preston[16] have Dublin launched on 9 November 1911, Dittmar and Colledge[36] and Colledge[37] say she was launched on 30 April 1912.\n\n^ Lyon[2] and Preston[18] state 28 April, while Dittmar and Colledge[36] and Colledge[38] state 23 April.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n1_p56_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n1_p56_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n1_p56_1-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n3_p50_3-14"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p51_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p51_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p51_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p51_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p51_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p51_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p51_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p51_4-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p51_4-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p51_4-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p60_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p60_5-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p59_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p59_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p59_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p59_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p59_6-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-janesww1_p61_7-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brown_p63_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brown_p63_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brown_p63_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brown_p63_8-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p57_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p57_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p57_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p57_9-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p57_9-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brown_p160_10-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p55,7_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p55,7_11-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n1_p53_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n1_p53_12-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p61_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p61_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warv1n2_p61_13-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brown_p59_14-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p52_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p52_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p52_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p52_16-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p52_16-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p52_16-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jones_p24-6_17-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p53_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways06_p53_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cit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- 31st August 1916 in date, ship/unit & name order\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.naval-history.net/xDKCas1916-08Aug.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-navopv1_p102-20,_352-4,414-36_50-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-navopv1_p380-3_51-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-grant_p19_52-0"}],"text":"^ a b c Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 56.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 3, p. 50.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Preston 1985, p. 51.\n\n^ a b Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 60.\n\n^ a b c d e Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 59.\n\n^ Moore 1990, p. 61.\n\n^ a b c d Brown 2010, p. 63.\n\n^ a b c d e Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 57.\n\n^ Brown 2010, p. 160.\n\n^ a b Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 55, 57.\n\n^ a b Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 53.\n\n^ a b c Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 61.\n\n^ Brown 2009, p. 59.\n\n^ a b c d e f Preston 1985, p. 52.\n\n^ Jones 1931, pp. 24–26.\n\n^ a b c d e f Preston 1985, p. 53.\n\n^ a b Brown 2009, p. 64.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Preston 1985, p. 54.\n\n^ a b c d Whitley 1999, p. 15.\n\n^ Parkes 1931, p. 91.\n\n^ Brook 1999, p. 199.\n\n^ Brown 2009, pp. 66–67.\n\n^ Brown 2009, p. 67.\n\n^ Preston 1985, p. 63.\n\n^ Preston 1985, p. 384.\n\n^ Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 54.\n\n^ a b c d Preston 1985, p. 58.\n\n^ Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 57, 60.\n\n^ Brown 2009, pp. 64–65.\n\n^ Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 54, 56.\n\n^ Preston 1985, p. 59.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 50–51.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Dittmar and Colledge 1972, p. 45.\n\n^ a b Lyon Warship Vol. 1 No. 3, p. 51.\n\n^ Newbolt 1928, pp. 45–46.\n\n^ a b c d e Dittmar and Colledge 1972, p. 46.\n\n^ Colledge 2006, p. 104.\n\n^ Colledge 2006, p. 205\n\n^ Newbolt 1928, p. 35.\n\n^ Kindell, Don. \"1st - 31st August 1916 in date, ship/unit & name order\". World War 1 - Casualty Lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies. naval-history.net. Retrieved 20 March 2015.\n\n^ Corbett 1920, pp. 102–120, 352–354, 414–436.\n\n^ Corbett 1920, pp. 380–383.\n\n^ Grant 1964, p. 19.","title":"Citations"}] | [{"image_text":"Left elevation and deck plan of Bristol sub-class as depicted in Jane's Fighting Ships 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bristol_class_cruiser_diagrams_Janes_1914.jpg/220px-Bristol_class_cruiser_diagrams_Janes_1914.jpg"},{"image_text":"HMS Weymouth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/HMS_Weymouth_%281910%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Weymouth_%281910%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"HMS Dublin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HMS_Dublin.jpg/220px-HMS_Dublin.jpg"},{"image_text":"HMS Glasgow at Valparaiso in Chile before the Battle of Coronel, 1 November 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/HMS_Glasgow_%281909%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Glasgow_%281909%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"HMS Birmingham under fire at the Battle of Jutland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HMS_Birmingham_%281913%29_Jutland.jpg/220px-HMS_Birmingham_%281913%29_Jutland.jpg"},{"image_text":"HMS Chester, showing damage sustained at the Battle of Jutland, 31 May 1916","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HMS_Chester_%28damaged%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Chester_%28damaged%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Kindell, Don. \"1st - 31st August 1916 in date, ship/unit & name order\". World War 1 - Casualty Lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies. naval-history.net. Retrieved 20 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xDKCas1916-08Aug.htm","url_text":"\"1st - 31st August 1916 in date, ship/unit & name order\""}]},{"reference":"Brook, Peter (1999). Warships for Escort: Armstrong Warships 1867–1927. Gravesend, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-89-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905617-89-4","url_text":"0-905617-89-4"}]},{"reference":"Brown, David K. (2010). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-085-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-085-7","url_text":"978-1-84832-085-7"}]},{"reference":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge","url_text":"Colledge, J. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy","url_text":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8","url_text":"978-1-86176-281-8"}]},{"reference":"Corbett, Julian (1920). History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Vol. I: To the Battle of the Falklands December 1914. London: Longmans Green.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Corbett","url_text":"Corbett, Julian"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/navaloperations01corb","url_text":"History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Vol. I: To the Battle of the Falklands December 1914"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2010). British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59114-078-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman","url_text":"Friedman, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-078-8","url_text":"978-1-59114-078-8"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-100-7","url_text":"978-1-84832-100-7"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Robert M. (1964). U-Boats Destroyed: The Effects of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914–1918. London: Putnam. OCLC 621719619.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/621719619","url_text":"621719619"}]},{"reference":"Jones, H. A. (1934). The War in the Air: Being the Story of the Part Played by the Royal Air Force in the Great War: Vol. IV. Oxford: The Clarenden Press. OCLC 769886209.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/warinairbeingsto04rale","url_text":"The War in the Air: Being the Story of the Part Played by the Royal Air Force in the Great War: Vol. IV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769886209","url_text":"769886209"}]},{"reference":"Lyon, David (1977). \"The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 1\". Warship. 1 (1). London: Conway Maritime Press: 48–58. ISBN 0-85177-132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship_(journal)","url_text":"Warship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-132-7","url_text":"0-85177-132-7"}]},{"reference":"Lyon, David (1977). \"The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 2\". Warship. 1 (2). London: Conway Maritime Press: 54–61. ISBN 0-85177-132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-132-7","url_text":"0-85177-132-7"}]},{"reference":"Lyon, David (1977). \"The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 3\". Warship. 1 (3). London: Conway Maritime Press: 46–51. ISBN 0-85177-132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-132-7","url_text":"0-85177-132-7"}]},{"reference":"Newbolt, Henry (1928). History of the Great War: Naval Operations:Vol IV. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 220475138.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb","url_text":"History of the Great War: Naval Operations:Vol IV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/220475138","url_text":"220475138"}]},{"reference":"Parkes, Oscar (1973) [First published 1931 by Sampson Low, Marston & Co.]. Jane's Fighting Ships 1931. Newton Abbot, United Kingdom: David & Charles (Publishers) Limited. ISBN 0-7153-5849-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-5849-9","url_text":"0-7153-5849-9"}]},{"reference":"Preston, Antony (1985). \"Great Britain and Empire Forces\". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Preston","url_text":"Preston, Antony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5","url_text":"0-85177-245-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xDKCas1916-08Aug.htm","external_links_name":"\"1st - 31st August 1916 in date, ship/unit & name order\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/navaloperations01corb","external_links_name":"History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Vol. I: To the Battle of the Falklands December 1914"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/621719619","external_links_name":"621719619"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/warinairbeingsto04rale","external_links_name":"The War in the Air: Being the Story of the Part Played by the Royal Air Force in the Great War: Vol. IV"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769886209","external_links_name":"769886209"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb","external_links_name":"History of the Great War: Naval Operations:Vol IV"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/220475138","external_links_name":"220475138"},{"Link":"http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/lightcru.htm","external_links_name":"Allied light cruisers of World War I"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Brassard | Pierre Brassard | ["1 References","2 External links"] | This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Pierre Brassard" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Pierre Brassard (born April 24, 1966) is a French-Canadian actor, comedian, television personality, and radio broadcaster. He is associated with CKOI-FM in Montreal and known for his phone call hoaxes.
In one publicized incident, Brassard, thinly disguised as a television reporter, encountered former Canadian prime minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau at the 1993 Montreal Film Festival. After Brassard asked a series of absurd questions, Trudeau ripped off Brassard's fake beard, slapped the prankster in the face, and aimed a kick at his groin.
In 2021 he was a competitor on Chanteurs masqués, the Quebec adaptation of the Masked Singer franchise. He sang Les B.B.'s "Fais attention" in costume as a speckled trout, but was the second person eliminated from the competition.
References
^ Trueheart, Charles (October 18, 1993). "Letter from Montreal". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "Bleu Poudre" (YouTube). 2012-12-05.
^ Gaudet, Agnès (2016-07-03). "Pierre Brassard". Le Journal de Montréal (in French). Retrieved 2019-07-18.
^ Élizabeth Lepage-Boily, "Chanteurs masqués : La truite mouchetée révèle quelle chanson elle aurait interprétée par la suite". Showbizz, September 27, 2021.
External links
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This Quebec biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CKOI-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKOI-FM"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Pierre Elliott Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Montreal Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_World_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brassard-trudeau-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chanteurs masqués","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanteurs_masqu%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Masked Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_Singer"},{"link_name":"Les B.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_B.B."},{"link_name":"speckled trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Pierre Brassard (born April 24, 1966) is a French-Canadian actor, comedian, television personality, and radio broadcaster. He is associated with CKOI-FM in Montreal and known for his phone call hoaxes.In one publicized incident, Brassard, thinly disguised as a television reporter, encountered former Canadian prime minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau at the 1993 Montreal Film Festival. After Brassard asked a series of absurd questions, Trudeau ripped off Brassard's fake beard, slapped the prankster in the face, and aimed a kick at his groin.[1][2][3]In 2021 he was a competitor on Chanteurs masqués, the Quebec adaptation of the Masked Singer franchise. He sang Les B.B.'s \"Fais attention\" in costume as a speckled trout, but was the second person eliminated from the competition.[4]","title":"Pierre Brassard"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Trueheart, Charles (October 18, 1993). \"Letter from Montreal\". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/10/18/letter-from-montreal/2d75f6a3-b75e-4260-a674-9c30393d2439/","url_text":"\"Letter from Montreal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Bleu Poudre\" (YouTube). 2012-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcQFWt57Z1w","url_text":"\"Bleu Poudre\""}]},{"reference":"Gaudet, Agnès (2016-07-03). \"Pierre Brassard\". Le Journal de Montréal (in French). Retrieved 2019-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2016/07/03/pierre-brassard","url_text":"\"Pierre Brassard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Journal_de_Montr%C3%A9al","url_text":"Le Journal de Montréal"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pierre+Brassard%22","external_links_name":"\"Pierre Brassard\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pierre+Brassard%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pierre+Brassard%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pierre+Brassard%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pierre+Brassard%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pierre+Brassard%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/10/18/letter-from-montreal/2d75f6a3-b75e-4260-a674-9c30393d2439/","external_links_name":"\"Letter from Montreal\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcQFWt57Z1w","external_links_name":"\"Bleu Poudre\""},{"Link":"https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2016/07/03/pierre-brassard","external_links_name":"\"Pierre Brassard\""},{"Link":"https://showbizz.net/tele/chanteurs-masques-la-truite-mouchetee-revele-quelle-chanson-elle-aurait-interpretee-par-la-suite","external_links_name":"\"Chanteurs masqués : La truite mouchetée révèle quelle chanson elle aurait interprétée par la suite\""},{"Link":"https://m.imdb.com/name/nm0105453","external_links_name":"Pierre Brassard"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080095097","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/102890879","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8JgGFRP9rrgkdXy3mh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135579479","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135579479","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1024401650","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/198010869","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Brassard&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Pure_Heart_of_Mary_Catholic_Church | Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 30°41′46″N 88°03′11″W / 30.69598°N 88.05301°W / 30.69598; -88.05301Church in Alabama, United StatesMost Pure Heart of Mary Catholic ChurchThe church in 2009Location304 Sengstak StreetMobile, AlabamaCountryUnited StatesDenominationRoman CatholicReligious instituteSociety of St. Joseph of the Sacred HeartWebsitewww.mobilearchdiocese.orgHistoryFounded1899ArchitectureStyleNeoclassicalYears built1908AdministrationDioceseRoman Catholic Archdiocese of MobileParishMost Pure Heart of MaryClergyBishop(s)Archbishop Thomas John RodiPastor(s)Reverend Kenneth Ugwu, S.S.J.Part of a series onBlack Catholicism1892 Colored Catholic Congress
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Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church is a Catholic church in Mobile, Alabama administered by the Josephites. The Knights of Peter Claver, the largest and oldest Black Catholic organization in the United States, was founded by congregants and priests from the parish in 1909. Its clergy and congregation later took an active role in the Civil Rights Movement.
History
Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church was founded as a mission in 1899 by the Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart to serve Mobile's Creoles of African descent. The first Josephite priests were Rev. Joseph St. Laurent and Rev. Louis Pastorlli.
By 1901, a small school was established that continues into the present as the Most Pure Heart of Mary School. The school was first taught by the laity, until five Sisters of St. Francis arrived from Glen Riddle, Pennsylvania in October 1902 to take over. The church building was completed in 1908 and dedicated as Most Pure Heart of Mary in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
During the civil and political rights era in the United States, priests and nuns from the parish participated in boycotts and demonstrations in support of the African American community. Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church served as a public meeting place for the Neighborhood Organized Workers organization. Neighborhood Organized Workers (NOW) was established in Mobile in July 1966 with a mission focused on achieving equality for the African American community.
The church is listed on the African American Heritage Trail of Mobile.
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church
^ "History". Knights of Peter Claver. October 4, 2011.
^ "Knights of Peter Claver celebrate 100th anniversary". Catholic News Agency. November 15, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
^ a b c Roy Hoffman (February 26, 2011). "Most Pure Heart of Mary Church weaved into Mobile's political, social history". Press-Register. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
^ a b c d "History". Most Pure Heart of Mary School. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
^ "African-American History Research Sources". University of South Alabama Archives. University of South Alabama. October 4, 2011.
^ "African American Heritage Trail: Historic Sites". Mobile Historic Development Commission. City of Mobile. October 4, 2011.
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30°41′46″N 88°03′11″W / 30.69598°N 88.05301°W / 30.69598; -88.05301 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Josephites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_St._Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Knights of Peter Claver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Peter_Claver"},{"link_name":"Black Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholicnews-3"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressreg-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puremaryschool-5"}],"text":"Church in Alabama, United StatesMost Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church is a Catholic church in Mobile, Alabama administered by the Josephites.[1] The Knights of Peter Claver, the largest and oldest Black Catholic organization in the United States, was founded by congregants and priests from the parish in 1909.[2][3] Its clergy and congregation later took an active role in the Civil Rights Movement.[4][5]","title":"Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephite_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Creoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressreg-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puremaryschool-5"},{"link_name":"laity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"Sisters of St. Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis#Sisters_of_St._Francis_of_Philadelphia_(OSF)"},{"link_name":"Glen Riddle, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Riddle,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puremaryschool-5"},{"link_name":"civil and political rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"boycotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott"},{"link_name":"demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_(people)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressreg-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puremaryschool-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-now-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaheritagetrail-7"}],"text":"Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church was founded as a mission in 1899 by the Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart to serve Mobile's Creoles of African descent.[4][5] The first Josephite priests were Rev. Joseph St. Laurent and Rev. Louis Pastorlli.By 1901, a small school was established that continues into the present as the Most Pure Heart of Mary School. The school was first taught by the laity, until five Sisters of St. Francis arrived from Glen Riddle, Pennsylvania in October 1902 to take over. The church building was completed in 1908 and dedicated as Most Pure Heart of Mary in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary.[5]During the civil and political rights era in the United States, priests and nuns from the parish participated in boycotts and demonstrations in support of the African American community. Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church served as a public meeting place for the Neighborhood Organized Workers organization.[4][5] Neighborhood Organized Workers (NOW) was established in Mobile in July 1966 with a mission focused on achieving equality for the African American community.[6]The church is listed on the African American Heritage Trail of Mobile.[7]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mobile.svg/80px-Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mobile.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"History\". Knights of Peter Claver. October 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kofpc.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56&Itemid=34","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knights of Peter Claver celebrate 100th anniversary\". Catholic News Agency. November 15, 2009. 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Retrieved October 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425044932/http://www.heartofmaryschool.org/history.asp","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.heartofmaryschool.org/history.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"African-American History Research Sources\". University of South Alabama Archives. University of South Alabama. October 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usouthal.edu/archives/html/guide/blackhistory.htm","url_text":"\"African-American History Research Sources\""}]},{"reference":"\"African American Heritage Trail: Historic Sites\". Mobile Historic Development Commission. City of Mobile. October 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobilehd.org/aaht_historic.html","url_text":"\"African American Heritage Trail: Historic Sites\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Most_Pure_Heart_of_Mary_Catholic_Church¶ms=30.69598_N_88.05301_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"30°41′46″N 88°03′11″W / 30.69598°N 88.05301°W / 30.69598; -88.05301"},{"Link":"http://www.mobilearchdiocese.org/templates/viewparish.cfm?did=2&pid=10321","external_links_name":"www.mobilearchdiocese.org"},{"Link":"https://gnis-ld.org/lod/gnis/feature/143563","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church"},{"Link":"http://www.kofpc.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56&Itemid=34","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/knights_of_peter_claver_celebrate_100th_anniversary/","external_links_name":"\"Knights of Peter Claver celebrate 100th anniversary\""},{"Link":"http://blog.al.com/living-press-register/2011/02/heritage_of_faith_most_pure_he.html","external_links_name":"\"Most Pure Heart of Mary Church weaved into Mobile's political, social history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425044932/http://www.heartofmaryschool.org/history.asp","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.heartofmaryschool.org/history.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.usouthal.edu/archives/html/guide/blackhistory.htm","external_links_name":"\"African-American History Research Sources\""},{"Link":"http://www.mobilehd.org/aaht_historic.html","external_links_name":"\"African American Heritage Trail: Historic Sites\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Most_Pure_Heart_of_Mary_Catholic_Church¶ms=30.69598_N_88.05301_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"30°41′46″N 88°03′11″W / 30.69598°N 88.05301°W / 30.69598; -88.05301"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettie_Rosenstein | Nettie Rosenstein | ["1 Early life","2 Nettie Rosenstein Inc.","3 Later life","4 References"] | American fashion designer (1890–1980)
Nettie RosensteinNettie Rosenstein in 1944Born1890 (1890)Salzburg, AustriaDiedMarch 13, 1980 (1980-03-14) (age 90)New York City, U.S.Known forlittle black dresses; costume jewelryLabelNettie RosensteinSpouse
Saul Rosenstein
(m. 1913; died 1966)Children2AwardsCoty AwardNeiman Marcus Fashion Award
Nettie Rosenstein (1890 - March 13, 1980) was an American fashion designer, based in New York City between c.1913 and 1975. She was particularly renowned for her little black dresses and costume jewelry.
Early life
Born Nettie Rosenscrans in Salzburg, Austria in 1890, she and her family migrated to America in the 1890s and settled in Harlem, New York. Her family was Jewish. In 1913 Nettie married Saul Rosenstein, who ran a women's underwear business, and began dressmaking as a home business. After being approached by the I. Magnin department store in 1919, she began wholesaling. By 1921, she owned an establishment with 50 workers in Manhattan, New York.
Nettie Rosenstein Inc.
Mamie Eisenhower in her inauguration ball gown designed by Eva Rosencrans at Nettie Rosenstein. Painted in 1953 by Thomas Stevens
In the 1920s American fashion business, imported fashions by named French couturiers were considered the best to be had. At this time Rosenstein's designs were sold by stores under their own labels, though purchasers were told that the dresses were in fact by Nettie Rosenstein. Through word of mouth Rosenstein earned name recognition and her own-name label became a valuable commodity. Her clothes were retailed around America, but only one store in each city was permitted to carry fashions bearing Rosenstein's label. In 1927 Rosenstein tried an early retirement, but resumed designing in 1931, when she reopened on West 47th Street in collaboration with her sister-in-law Eva Rosencrans and Charles Gumprecht.
In 1937, Rosenstein was described by Life Magazine as one of the most highly regarded American designers. She was one of the first recipients of the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award on its launch in 1938. In 1940, Rosenstein clothing was sold out of 92 shops and department stores across the USA, at prices ranging from $98 to $500. Whilst these prices were beyond the range of most consumers, Rosenstein's designs were so widely copied that she still influenced the average American woman's wardrobe. One such design was the "little black dress" designed to go from day to evening with low-cut evening necklines combined with daywear silhouettes and materials. Nettie Rosenstein designs also included printed dresses with gloves to match, and she was also known for her accessories and striking costume jewelry. Many of the more striking Nettie Rosenstein garments were designed by Eva Rosencrans as Rosenstein preferred to focus her attention on running the business, and her sister-in-law was happy to let Nettie take credit for her work.
Nettie Rosenstein announced her second retirement in March 1942, inspiring a tribute in TIME Magazine. However, this retirement did not last long, as she resumed fashion design a few years later, winning a Coty Award in 1947. Nettie Rosenstein was responsible for First Lady Mamie Eisenhower's dress commissioned by Neiman Marcus for the 1953 presidential inauguration Ball, although the dress itself (and the subsequent 1957 ballgown for the second presidential inauguration) were designed by Eva Rosencrans, a good friend of Mamie's since 1950.
Later life
Nettie Rosenstein discontinued the fashion side of her business in 1961. Eva Rosencrans went on to design clothing for Ben Reig, while their long term business partner and Coty Award winner, Sol L. Klein, continued to design and manufacture costume jewelry and accessories under the name Nettie Rosenstein Accessories until 1975. He retired in 1975, the same time as the Nettie Rosenstein brand closed. On March 13, 1980, after a long illness, Nettie Rosenstein died at the age of 90.
References
^ a b c d Jewish Women's Archive, Nettie Rosenstein, (March 26, 2009)
^ a b c d e f g h i Libo, Dr. Kenneth; & Skakun, Michael, Two Outstanding Figures of the Garment Industry: Rose Schneiderman and Nettie Rosenstein, essay on the Center for Jewish History website. Accessed March 27, 2009
^ a b c d No More Nettie, TIME Magazine, Monday March 16, 1942
^ a b c Harriman, Margaret Case; Very Terrific, Very Divine, The New Yorker, October 19, 1940, p. 28
^ a b c Lukas, Paul (29 May 2012). "Permanent Record: How a Poor New York Girl Ended up Designing Mamie Eisenhower's Inaugural Gown". Slate. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
^ Tolbert, Frank X. (1986). Tolbert of Texas: The Man and His Work. TCU Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 9780875650685.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
ULAN | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"little black dresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_black_dress"},{"link_name":"costume jewelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_jewelry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libo-2"}],"text":"Nettie Rosenstein (1890 - March 13, 1980) was an American fashion designer, based in New York City between c.1913 and 1975. 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Magnin department store in 1919, she began wholesaling.[2][3] By 1921, she owned an establishment with 50 workers in Manhattan, New York.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mamie-Eisenhower.jpg"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"couturiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmn-3"},{"link_name":"word of mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_mouth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libo-2"},{"link_name":"Eva Rosencrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Rosencrans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jwa-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmn-3"},{"link_name":"Life Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libo-2"},{"link_name":"Neiman Marcus Fashion Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tny-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tny-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libo-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tny-4"},{"link_name":"costume jewelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_jewelry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libo-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slate-5"},{"link_name":"TIME Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmn-3"},{"link_name":"Coty Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coty_Award"},{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mamie Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Neiman Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neiman_Marcus"},{"link_name":"1953 presidential inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"second presidential inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slate-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Mamie Eisenhower in her inauguration ball gown designed by Eva Rosencrans at Nettie Rosenstein. Painted in 1953 by Thomas StevensIn the 1920s American fashion business, imported fashions by named French couturiers were considered the best to be had. At this time Rosenstein's designs were sold by stores under their own labels, though purchasers were told that the dresses were in fact by Nettie Rosenstein.[3] Through word of mouth Rosenstein earned name recognition and her own-name label became a valuable commodity. Her clothes were retailed around America, but only one store in each city was permitted to carry fashions bearing Rosenstein's label.[2] In 1927 Rosenstein tried an early retirement, but resumed designing in 1931, when she reopened on West 47th Street in collaboration with her sister-in-law Eva Rosencrans and Charles Gumprecht.[1][3]In 1937, Rosenstein was described by Life Magazine as one of the most highly regarded American designers.[2] She was one of the first recipients of the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award on its launch in 1938. 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Nettie Rosenstein was responsible for First Lady Mamie Eisenhower's dress commissioned by Neiman Marcus for the 1953 presidential inauguration Ball, although the dress itself (and the subsequent 1957 ballgown for the second presidential inauguration) were designed by Eva Rosencrans, a good friend of Mamie's since 1950.[5][6]","title":"Nettie Rosenstein Inc."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Reig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Reig"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slate-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jwa-1"}],"text":"Nettie Rosenstein discontinued the fashion side of her business in 1961. Eva Rosencrans went on to design clothing for Ben Reig,[5] while their long term business partner and Coty Award winner, Sol L. Klein, continued to design and manufacture costume jewelry and accessories under the name Nettie Rosenstein Accessories until 1975. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malin_Ek | Malin Ek | ["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"] | Swedish stage and film actress
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Malin EkBorn (1945-04-18) 18 April 1945 (age 79)Malmö, SwedenNationalitySwedishOccupationActressPartnerHans KlingaChildrenElin KlingaParent(s)Anders EkBirgit CullbergRelativesNiklas Ek (brother)Mats Ek (brother)
Malin Ek (born 18 April 1945) is a Swedish stage and film actress. She won the Eugene O'Neill Award in 2010. She is the daughter of actor Anders Ek (the 1971 O'Neill Award laureate) and choreographer Birgit Cullberg.
She won the award for Best Actress at the 19th Guldbagge Awards for her role in Mamma. She won again in 1985 for her role in False as Water. She won it for a third time at the 26th Guldbagge Awards for her role in The Guardian Angel.
Selected filmography
Mamma (1982)
False as Water (1985)
The Guardian Angel (1990)
References
^ "Mamma (1982)". The Swedish Film Database. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
^ "Falsk som vatten (1985)". The Swedish Film Database. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
^ "Livsfarlig film (1988)". The Swedish Film Database. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
External links
Malin Ek at IMDb
Malin Ek, Royal Dramatic Theatre
vteGuldbagge Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role1963–1999
Ingrid Thulin (1963/64)
Eva Dahlbeck (1964/65)
Christina Schollin (1965/66)
Bibi Andersson (1966/67)
Lena Nyman (1967/68)
Liv Ullmann (1968/69)
Anita Ekström (1969/70)
Monica Zetterlund (1971/72)
Harriet Andersson (1972/73)
Inga Tidblad (1973/74)
Lis Nilheim (1974/75)
Margaretha Krook (1975/76)
Birgitta Valberg (1976/77)
Lil Terselius (1977/78)
Sif Ruud (1978/79)
Gunn Wållgren (1980/81)
Sunniva Lindekleiv, Lise Fjeldstad, Rønnaug Alten (1981/82)
Malin Ek, Kim Anderzon (1982/83)
Gunilla Nyroos (1984)
Malin Ek (1985)
Stina Ekblad (1986)
Lene Brøndum (1987)
Lena T. Hansson (1988)
Viveka Seldahl (1989)
Malin Ek (1990)
Gunilla Röör (1991)
Pernilla August (1992)
Helena Bergström (1993)
Suzanne Reuter (1994)
Gunilla Röör (1995)
Ghita Nørby (1996)
Johanna Sällström (1997)
Alexandra Dahlström (1998)
Katarina Ewerlöf (1999)
2000–present
Lena Endre (2000)
Viveka Seldahl (2001)
Oksana Akinshina (2002)
Ann Petrén (2003)
Maria Kulle (2004)
Maria Lundqvist (2005)
Haddy Jallow (2006)
Sofia Ledarp (2007)
Maria Heiskanen (2008)
Noomi Rapace (2009)
Alicia Vikander (2010)
Ann Petrén (2011)
Nermina Lukac (2012)
Edda Magnason (2013)
Saga Becker (2014)
Malin Levanon (2015)
Maria Sundbom (2016)
Lene Cecilia Sparrok (2017)
Eva Melander (2018)
Emelie Garbers (2019)
Ane Dahl Torp (2020)
Sofia Kappel (2021)
Sigrid Johnson (2022)
Marall Nasiri (2023)
This article about a Swedish actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Award"},{"link_name":"Anders Ek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Ek"},{"link_name":"Birgit Cullberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgit_Cullberg"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldbagge_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Leading_Role"},{"link_name":"19th Guldbagge Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Guldbagge_Awards"},{"link_name":"Mamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamma_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19thGuldbagge-1"},{"link_name":"in 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Guldbagge_Awards"},{"link_name":"False as Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_as_Water"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21stGuldbagge-2"},{"link_name":"26th Guldbagge Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Guldbagge_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Guardian Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_Angel_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26thGuldbagge-3"}],"text":"Malin Ek (born 18 April 1945) is a Swedish stage and film actress. She won the Eugene O'Neill Award in 2010. She is the daughter of actor Anders Ek (the 1971 O'Neill Award laureate) and choreographer Birgit Cullberg.She won the award for Best Actress at the 19th Guldbagge Awards for her role in Mamma.[1] She won again in 1985 for her role in False as Water.[2] She won it for a third time at the 26th Guldbagge Awards for her role in The Guardian Angel.[3]","title":"Malin Ek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamma_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"False as Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_as_Water"},{"link_name":"The Guardian Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_Angel_(1990_film)"}],"text":"Mamma (1982)\nFalse as Water (1985)\nThe Guardian Angel (1990)","title":"Selected filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mamma (1982)\". The Swedish Film Database. Retrieved 9 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=5933&iv=Awards","url_text":"\"Mamma (1982)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Falsk som vatten (1985)\". The Swedish Film Database. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140411192134/http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=14741&iv=Awards","url_text":"\"Falsk som vatten (1985)\""},{"url":"http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=14741&iv=Awards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Livsfarlig film (1988)\". The Swedish Film Database. Retrieved 16 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=16146&iv=Awards","url_text":"\"Livsfarlig film (1988)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMalin_Ek&sl=sv&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=5933&iv=Awards","external_links_name":"\"Mamma (1982)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140411192134/http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=14741&iv=Awards","external_links_name":"\"Falsk som vatten (1985)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=14741&iv=Awards","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=16146&iv=Awards","external_links_name":"\"Livsfarlig film (1988)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0252253/","external_links_name":"Malin Ek"},{"Link":"http://www.dramaten.se/Dramaten/Medverkande/Skadespelare/Ek-Malin-/","external_links_name":"Malin Ek"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malin_Ek&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Easy_to_Find_(film) | I Am Easy to Find (film) | ["1 Synopsis","2 Production","3 Release","4 References","5 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "I Am Easy to Find" film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2019 American filmI Am Easy to FindDirected byMike MillsWritten byMike MillsProduced by
Emma Wilcockson
David Zander
StarringAlicia VikanderCinematographyDavid VoldheimEdited byAaron BeekumMusic byThe NationalRelease date
April 22, 2019 (2019-04-22)
Running time27 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
I Am Easy to Find is a 2019 American short film directed by Mike Mills starring Alicia Vikander. The film was released on May 13, 2019 on the official YouTube page of the rock band the National.
The short is shot in black and white and features Vikander playing a woman from birth to death.
The film features a medley of songs from the album of the same name by the band the National; however, the songs in the film differ from those in the album as Mills was brought in early in production and given permission to alter the songs as he saw fit. As the two projects developed concurrently, the final songs ended up differing from one another.
The title for both the short film and the album of the same name was chosen by Mills from a lyric in the song of the same name. The song was originally titled Washington before Mills insisted on altering it.
Synopsis
Shot in black and white featuring 140 subtitles, the film is the biography of a woman from birth to death as she grows up, moves away from her family, falls in love, and creates a new family of her own.
Production
After finishing his film 20th Century Women, Mike Mills reached out to the band the National as he was interested in directing a music video for their album Sleep Well Beast. Instead the band responded by sending him fragments from their upcoming album encouraging Mills to use them as he saw fit. Mills was acquainted with actress Alicia Vikander who had trained as a ballet dancer and who had told him she wanted an opportunity to use her dance skills on film. When Mills conceived of the idea of making a biographical film on one woman's life from birth to death played by one actress he decided to use Vikander as her dance skills would help her embody the different ranges of motion necessary to portray the character.
The film was shot in 2018 over 5 days.
Release
The movie premiered at a "Special Evening With the National" event at the Beacon Theatre in New York on April 22, 2019. A Q&A about the film followed moderated by Julien Baker featuring Mike Mills and two members of the National, Bryce Dessner, and Matt Berninger. Following was an audience Q&A along with the live premier of the whole album along with a few prior released songs. It was subsequently released on YouTube on May 13, 2019. A version with director's commentary as well as a version with commentary by Berninger and Carin Besser; his wife; was also released along with their Q&A at The Beacon on the same day within the description of said video.
References
^ ""I Am Easy To Find" - A Film by Mike Mills / An Album by The National". Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ SHAFFER, CLAIRE. "Watch the National's Artful 'I Am Easy to Find' Short Film". Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ McHenry, Jackson. "How the National, Alicia Vikander, and Mike Mills Made a Movie (and an Album) Together". Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ NISSEN, DANO. "Alicia Vikander 'Transforms' in the National's Short Film 'I Am Easy to Find'". Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ Ehrlich, David. "Mike Mills, Alicia Vikander, and The National Made the Most Beautiful Visual Album of All Time". Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ Edelstone, Steve. "A Special Evening with The National". pastemagazine.com. Paste Magazine. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to I Am Easy to Find (film).
I Am Easy to Find at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Mike Mills
Paperboys (2001)
Thumbsucker (2005)
Beginners (2010)
20th Century Women (2016)
I Am Easy to Find (2019)
C'mon C'mon (2021) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mills_(director)"},{"link_name":"Alicia Vikander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Vikander"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"the National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Easy_to_Find_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"2019 American filmI Am Easy to Find is a 2019 American short film directed by Mike Mills starring Alicia Vikander. The film was released on May 13, 2019 on the official YouTube page of the rock band the National.[1]The short is shot in black and white and features Vikander playing a woman from birth to death.The film features a medley of songs from the album of the same name by the band the National; however, the songs in the film differ from those in the album as Mills was brought in early in production and given permission to alter the songs as he saw fit. As the two projects developed concurrently, the final songs ended up differing from one another.[2]The title for both the short film and the album of the same name was chosen by Mills from a lyric in the song of the same name. 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Instead the band responded by sending him fragments from their upcoming album encouraging Mills to use them as he saw fit.[3] Mills was acquainted with actress Alicia Vikander who had trained as a ballet dancer and who had told him she wanted an opportunity to use her dance skills on film. When Mills conceived of the idea of making a biographical film on one woman's life from birth to death played by one actress he decided to use Vikander as her dance skills would help her embody the different ranges of motion necessary to portray the character.[4]The film was shot in 2018 over 5 days.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beacon Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Theatre_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Julien Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Baker"},{"link_name":"Bryce Dessner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_Dessner"},{"link_name":"Matt Berninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Berninger"}],"text":"The movie premiered at a \"Special Evening With the National\" event at the Beacon Theatre in New York on April 22, 2019.[6] A Q&A about the film followed moderated by Julien Baker featuring Mike Mills and two members of the National, Bryce Dessner, and Matt Berninger. Following was an audience Q&A along with the live premier of the whole album along with a few prior released songs. It was subsequently released on YouTube on May 13, 2019. A version with director's commentary as well as a version with commentary by Berninger and Carin Besser; his wife; was also released along with their Q&A at The Beacon on the same day within the description of said video.","title":"Release"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"\"I Am Easy To Find\" - A Film by Mike Mills / An Album by The National\". Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifElv18k2O8","url_text":"\"\"I Am Easy To Find\" - A Film by Mike Mills / An Album by The National\""}]},{"reference":"SHAFFER, CLAIRE. \"Watch the National's Artful 'I Am Easy to Find' Short Film\". Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/the-national-i-am-easy-to-find-short-film-834586/","url_text":"\"Watch the National's Artful 'I Am Easy to Find' Short Film\""}]},{"reference":"McHenry, Jackson. \"How the National, Alicia Vikander, and Mike Mills Made a Movie (and an Album) Together\". Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/05/the-national-alicia-vikander-and-mike-mills-made-a-movie.html","url_text":"\"How the National, Alicia Vikander, and Mike Mills Made a Movie (and an Album) Together\""}]},{"reference":"NISSEN, DANO. \"Alicia Vikander 'Transforms' in the National's Short Film 'I Am Easy to Find'\". Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/music/news/the-national-alicia-vikander-i-am-easy-to-find-music-video-1203211858/","url_text":"\"Alicia Vikander 'Transforms' in the National's Short Film 'I Am Easy to Find'\""}]},{"reference":"Ehrlich, David. \"Mike Mills, Alicia Vikander, and The National Made the Most Beautiful Visual Album of All Time\". Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2019/05/alicia-vikander-the-national-mike-mills-short-film-visual-album-interview-1202140179/","url_text":"\"Mike Mills, Alicia Vikander, and The National Made the Most Beautiful Visual Album of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"Edelstone, Steve. \"A Special Evening with The National\". pastemagazine.com. Paste Magazine. Retrieved 27 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2019/04/a-special-evening-with-the-national.html","url_text":"\"A Special Evening with The National\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22I+Am+Easy+to+Find%22+film","external_links_name":"\"I Am Easy to Find\" film"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22I+Am+Easy+to+Find%22+film+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22I+Am+Easy+to+Find%22+film&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22I+Am+Easy+to+Find%22+film+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22I+Am+Easy+to+Find%22+film","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22I+Am+Easy+to+Find%22+film&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifElv18k2O8","external_links_name":"\"\"I Am Easy To Find\" - A Film by Mike Mills / An Album by The National\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/the-national-i-am-easy-to-find-short-film-834586/","external_links_name":"\"Watch the National's Artful 'I Am Easy to Find' Short Film\""},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/05/the-national-alicia-vikander-and-mike-mills-made-a-movie.html","external_links_name":"\"How the National, Alicia Vikander, and Mike Mills Made a Movie (and an Album) Together\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2019/music/news/the-national-alicia-vikander-i-am-easy-to-find-music-video-1203211858/","external_links_name":"\"Alicia Vikander 'Transforms' in the National's Short Film 'I Am Easy to Find'\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/2019/05/alicia-vikander-the-national-mike-mills-short-film-visual-album-interview-1202140179/","external_links_name":"\"Mike Mills, Alicia Vikander, and The National Made the Most Beautiful Visual Album of All Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2019/04/a-special-evening-with-the-national.html","external_links_name":"\"A Special Evening with The National\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10380084/","external_links_name":"I Am Easy to Find"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_von_Born | Ignaz von Born | ["1 Biography","2 Selected publications","3 Species described","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | A portrait of Ignaz von Born
Ignaz Edler von Born, also known as Ignatius von Born (Hungarian: Born Ignác, Romanian: Ignațiu von Born, Czech: Ignác Born) (26 December 1742 in Alba Iulia, Grand Principality of Transylvania, Habsburg monarchy – 24 July 1791 in Vienna), was a mineralogist and metallurgist. He was a prominent freemason, being head of Vienna's lodge and an influential anti-clerical writer. He was the leading scientist in the Holy Roman Empire during the 1770s in the Age of Enlightenment.
His interests include mining, mineralogy, palaeontology, chemistry, metallurgy and malacology.
Biography
Born belonged to a noble family of Transylvanian Saxon origin. He started school in his hometown, then was educated in a Jesuit college in Vienna, but left the Jesuits after sixteen months to study law at Prague University. He then travelled extensively to present-day Germany, the Netherlands, and France, studying mineralogy, and on his return to Prague in 1770 entered the department of mines and the mint.
In 1776 he was appointed by Maria Theresa to arrange the imperial museum at Vienna (German: K.k. Hof-Naturalienkabinette, the predecessor of today's Naturhistorisches Museum), where he was nominated to the council of mines and the mint, and continued to reside until his death.
He introduced a method of extracting metals by amalgamation (Uber des Anquicken der Erze, 1786), and other improvements in mining and other technical processes. His publications also include Lithophylacium Bornianum (1772–1775) and Bergbaukunde (1789), besides several museum catalogues.
Born attempted satire with no great success. Die Staatsperücke, a tale published without his knowledge in 1772. He criticised state bureaucracy in this work. And an attack on Father Hell, the Jesuit, and king's astronomer at Vienna, are two of his satirical works. Part of a satire, entitled Monachologia, in which the monks are described in the technical language of natural history, is also ascribed to him.
Born was well acquainted with Latin and the principal modern languages of Europe, and with many branches of science not immediately connected with metallurgy and mineralogy. He took an active part in the political changes in Hungary. After the death of the emperor Joseph II, the diet of the states of Hungary rescinded many innovations of that ruler, and conferred the rights of denizen on several persons who had been favourable to the cause of the Hungarians, and, amongst others, on Born.
In 1771 Born was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1774 a Fellow of the Royal Society
In 1781 Born proposed that Austria undertake a scientific voyage round the world, emulating those of Cook. The expedition was described in the press in the following terms:
Vienna, 20 July 1782. His Majesty the Emperor has ordered Councillor von Born, one of our Monarchy’s most learned savants, to put forward two subjects experienced in Natural History, to send to America in order to make new discoveries there. Mr. Heidinger, Adjunct in the Imperial Natural History Cabinet, and Doctor Maerter, Lecturer in Natural History at the Theresianum, were presented and approved; also, a Gardener and a Painter were included with them. They will go by Cape Horn to Otaheiti, from thence to Sandwich Island, to the American Coast on the North side of California, and finally to China. They both have knowledge of all areas of Natural History; it can therefore be assured that their discoveries will be of much greater ambit and usefulness than all that have been made hitherto, since Banks, Solander, and Forster looked at few other Objects of Natural History than Botany. At the end of August, they will sail on the Ship Comte de Cobenzell.
Born himself hoped to lead the expedition, but the poor state of his health meant that he had to relinquish the post of leader in favour of Franz Josef Maerter, who was accompanied by Franz Boos. Subsequently, in July 1789, Born recommended Thaddaeus Haenke to the Spanish Government for appointment as botanist on the Malaspina expedition.
In 1790, he catalogued the mineral collection of Éléonore de Raab, and this work formed the basis of William Babington's 1799 work A New System of Mineralogy, in the form of a Catalogue, after the manner of Baron Born’s Systematic Catalogue of the collection of fossils of Mlle Éléonore de Raab.
At the time of his death in 1791, he was writing Fasti Leopoldini, probably relating to the prudent conduct of Leopold II, the successor of Joseph, towards the Hungarians.
As an active freemason in the "Benevolence" lodge, he introduced and tutored Mozart into the lodge. Born's essay Über die Mysterien der Ägypter (The Mysteries of the Egyptians), published in 1784 in the freemason periodical Journal für Freymaurer, was one of the sources for the libretto for The Magic Flute written for Mozart by Emanuel Schikaneder. Born was also the regional head of the Viennese Illuminati lodge, and was a sympathiser with the Enlightenment ideas of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. He published an anticlerical satire called Monachologien in 1783, in which he depicts monks as being of a distinct race that is a mixture between ape and man.
The mineral bornite (Cu5FeS4), a common copper ore mineral was named in his honour.
Selected publications
Born, I. 1778. Index rerum naturalium Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis. Pars I.ma. Testacea. Verzeichniß der natürlichen Seltenheiten des k. k. Naturalien Cabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil. Schalthiere. Vindobonæ: Kraus. + 1–458 + . (in Latin and German language)
Born, I. E. von (1790). Catalogue Methodique et Raisonne de la Collection des Fossiles de Mlle. Éléonore de Raab. Vienna: J. V. Degen.
Species described
Species described by Ignatius von Born include:
gastropods:
Bullata bullata (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Voluta bullata Born, 1778; Marginella bullata (Born, 1778)
Cerithium atratum (Born, 1778) – synonym: Murex atratus Born, 1778
Cerithium litteratum (Born, 1778) – synonym: Murex litteratus Born, 1778
Clathrodrillia gibbosa (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Crassispira gibbosa (Born, 1778); Drillia gibbosa (Born, 1778); Murex gibbosus Born, 1778
Conus centurio Born, 1778
Conus ermineus Born, 1778 – synonym: Dendroconus ermineus (Born, 1778)
Fissurella nodosa (Born, 1778) – synonym: Patella nodosa Born, 1778
Hastula cinerea (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Terebra cinerea (Born, 1778); Buccinum cinereum Born, 1778
Labyrinthus plicatus (Born, 1780) – synonym: Helix plicata Born, 1780
Osilinus turbinatus (Born, 1780) – synonym: Trochus turbinatus Born, 1780
Patella miniata Born, 1778
Patella oculus Born, 1778
Prunum marginatum (Born, 1778) – synonym: Voluta marginata Born, 1778
Scutellastra cochlear (Born, 1778) – synonym: Patella cochlear Born 1778
Semicassis granulata (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Phalium granulata (Born, 1778); Phalium granulatum (Born, 1778); Buccinum granulatum Born, 1778
Stigmaulax sulcatus (Born, 1778) – synonym: Nerita sulcata Born, 1778
Tegula fasciata (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Trochus fasciatus Born, 1778; Chlorostoma fasciata (Born, 1778)
Thais lacera (Born, 1778) – synonym: Thais lacerus (Born, 1778)
Trochita trochiformis (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Turbo trochiformis Born, 1778; Patella trochiformis (Born, 1778)
Vasum muricatum (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Voluta muricata Born, 1778; Turbinella muricatum (Born, 1778)
Xenophora conchyliophora (Born, 1780) – synonyms: Astraea conchyliophora (Born, 1780); Trochus conchyliophorus Born, 1780
synonyms of gastropods:
Tritonium costatum (Born, 1778) and Triton costatum (Born, 1778) and Murex costatus Born, 1778 are synonyms for Cymatium parthenopeum (von Salis, 1793)
Murex gigas Born, 1780 is a synonym for Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo torcularis Born, 1778 is a synonym for Torcula exoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)
bivalves:
Argopecten nucleus (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Ostrea nucleus Born, 1778; Aequipecten nucleus (Born, 1778); Pecten nucleus (Born, 1778)
Ctenoides scabra (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Ostrea scabra Born, 1778; Lima scabra (Born, 1778)
Dosinia concentrica (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Venus concentrica Born, 1778; Cytherea concentrica (Born, 1778); Artemis concentrica (Born, 1778)
Eurytellina punicea (Born, 1778) – synonym: Tellina punicea Born, 1778
Gafrarium calipygum (Born, 1778)
Mactra glauca Born, 1778
Ostrea cristata Born, 1778
Panopea glycimeris (Born, 1778)
Papyridea lata (Born, 1778) – synonym: Cardium latum Born, 1778
Pitar circinatus (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Venus circinata Born, 1778; Cytherea circinatus (Born, 1778)
Tellina punicea (Born, 1778)
Tivela mactroides (Born, 1778) – synonym: Venus mactroides Born, 1778; Cytherea mactroides (Born, 1778)
See also
List of minerals named after people
Notes
Regarding personal names: Edler is a rank of nobility, not a first or middle name. The female form is Edle.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Born, Ignaz". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 255.
Museum guide of Mozarthaus Vienna (Prestel museum guide)
^ Born, Ignaz; Raspe, Rudolf Erich; Ferber, Johann Jakob (1 January 1777). Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, Transylvania, and Hungary, in the year 1770. Described in a series of letter to Prof. Ferber, on the mines and mountains of these different countries. London : Printed by J. Miller, for G. Kearsley. pp. 136.
^ a b c (in Czech) Dvaasedmdesát jmen české historie (46/72). Ignác Born.. (Film document by Czech television, 2009), website. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
^ Born, Ignaz; Raspe, Rudolf Erich; Ferber, Johann Jakob (1 January 1777). Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, Transylvania, and Hungary, in the year 1770. Described in a series of letter to Prof. Ferber, on the mines and mountains of these different countries. London : Printed by J. Miller, for G. Kearsley. pp. 137.
^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911.
^ "Fellow Details". Royal Society. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
^ Nicolai Josephi Jacquin, Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis Descriptiones et Icones, Vienna, Vol.I, 1797, Praefatio, pp.iii-v; Ernst Moritz Kronfeld, Park und Garten von Schönbrunn, Wien, 1923, S.75–76.
^ Diemer of Watergraafs-Meersch Courant (Amsterdam), 26 July 1782. Also in the Mercure de France, 10 Aout 1782, pp.53-4
^ Leopold Joseph Fitzinger, "Geschichte des Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes zu Wien," Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Band 21, Wien, 1856, S.453–454; Robert J. King, "William Bolts and the Austrian Origins of the Lapérouse Expedition", Terrae Incognitae, vol.40, 2008, pp.1–28.
^ Born to Banks, 8 February 1791, British Library Additional Manuscript 8097: 375–6. Josef Haubelt, "Haenke, Born y Banks", Ibero-Americana Pragensia, Vol.IV, 1970, p.182.
^ Babington, William (1799). A New System of Mineralogy in the Form of a Catalogue: After the Manner of Baron Born's Systematic Catalogue of the collection of fossils of Mlle Éléonore de Raab. W. Phillips, G.C. and J . Robinson and T. Cox. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
^ Jan Assmann, Jehova-Isis: The Mysteries of Egypt and the Quest for Natural Religion in the Age of Enlightenment, in: Irene. A. Bierman (Hrsg.), Egypt and the Fabrication of European Identity (UCLA Near East Center, Colloquium Series), Los Angeles 1995, S. 35-83
^ Robert Kreil, Wiener Freunde 1784–1800, Wien, 1883.
^ " Catalog of Eleonore DeRaab (1741-1793?)". Highlights from Record Library IIIB (PDF). The Mineralogical Record.
^ Malacolog Version 4.1.1. A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. Retrieved 5 October 2009. (searching for Born)
Further reading
Drace-Francis, Alex 2006. "A provincial imperialist and a Curious Account of Wallachia: Ignaz von Born." European History Quarterly, vol. 36 (2006), pp. 61–89.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to Ignatius, Edler von Born.
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http://www.ilab.org/db/book1099_22049.html
(in Czech) http://tv.sms.cz/televise/CT2/20091002/1170029325_Dvaasedmdesat_jmen_ceske_historie_46_72
species described in Index rerum naturalium…
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ignaz_von_Born2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edler"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Alba Iulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Iulia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Grand Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"mineralogist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogist"},{"link_name":"metallurgist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Age of Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceskatelevize-2"},{"link_name":"mineralogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy"},{"link_name":"palaeontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeontology"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceskatelevize-2"},{"link_name":"metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"malacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacology"}],"text":"A portrait of Ignaz von BornIgnaz Edler von Born, also known as Ignatius von Born (Hungarian: Born Ignác, Romanian: Ignațiu von Born, Czech: Ignác Born) (26 December 1742 in Alba Iulia,[1] Grand Principality of Transylvania, Habsburg monarchy – 24 July 1791 in Vienna), was a mineralogist and metallurgist. He was a prominent freemason, being head of Vienna's lodge and an influential anti-clerical writer. He was the leading scientist in the Holy Roman Empire during the 1770s in the Age of Enlightenment.[2]His interests include mining, mineralogy, palaeontology, chemistry,[2] metallurgy and malacology.","title":"Ignaz von Born"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transylvanian Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Prague University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Naturhistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturhistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"bureaucracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceskatelevize-2"},{"link_name":"natural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"emperor Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Joseph_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Franz Josef Maerter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Josef_Maerter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franz Boos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Thaddaeus Haenke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddaeus_Haenke"},{"link_name":"Malaspina expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaspina_expedition"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Éléonore de Raab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9onore_de_Raab"},{"link_name":"William Babington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Babington_(physician)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Leopold II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"The Magic Flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Flute"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Schikaneder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Schikaneder"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Illuminati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"bornite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornite"}],"text":"Born belonged to a noble family of Transylvanian Saxon origin. He started school in his hometown,[3] then was educated in a Jesuit college in Vienna, but left the Jesuits after sixteen months to study law at Prague University. He then travelled extensively to present-day Germany, the Netherlands, and France, studying mineralogy, and on his return to Prague in 1770 entered the department of mines and the mint.[4]In 1776 he was appointed by Maria Theresa to arrange the imperial museum at Vienna (German: K.k. Hof-Naturalienkabinette, the predecessor of today's Naturhistorisches Museum), where he was nominated to the council of mines and the mint, and continued to reside until his death.[4]He introduced a method of extracting metals by amalgamation (Uber des Anquicken der Erze, 1786), and other improvements in mining and other technical processes. His publications also include Lithophylacium Bornianum (1772–1775) and Bergbaukunde (1789), besides several museum catalogues.[4]Born attempted satire with no great success. Die Staatsperücke, a tale published without his knowledge in 1772. He criticised state bureaucracy in this work.[2] And an attack on Father Hell, the Jesuit, and king's astronomer at Vienna, are two of his satirical works. Part of a satire, entitled Monachologia, in which the monks are described in the technical language of natural history, is also ascribed to him.[4]Born was well acquainted with Latin and the principal modern languages of Europe, and with many branches of science not immediately connected with metallurgy and mineralogy. He took an active part in the political changes in Hungary. After the death of the emperor Joseph II, the diet of the states of Hungary rescinded many innovations of that ruler, and conferred the rights of denizen on several persons who had been favourable to the cause of the Hungarians, and, amongst others, on Born.[4]In 1771 Born was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1774 a Fellow of the Royal Society[5]In 1781 Born proposed that Austria undertake a scientific voyage round the world, emulating those of Cook.[6] The expedition was described in the press in the following terms:Vienna, 20 July 1782. His Majesty the Emperor has ordered Councillor von Born, one of our Monarchy’s most learned savants, to put forward two subjects experienced in Natural History, to send to America in order to make new discoveries there. Mr. Heidinger, Adjunct in the Imperial Natural History Cabinet, and Doctor Maerter, Lecturer in Natural History at the Theresianum, were presented and approved; also, a Gardener and a Painter were included with them. They will go by Cape Horn to Otaheiti, from thence to Sandwich Island, to the American Coast on the North side of California, and finally to China. They both have knowledge of all areas of Natural History; it can therefore be assured that their discoveries will be of much greater ambit and usefulness than all that have been made hitherto, since Banks, Solander, and Forster looked at few other Objects of Natural History than Botany. At the end of August, they will sail on the Ship Comte de Cobenzell.[7]Born himself hoped to lead the expedition, but the poor state of his health meant that he had to relinquish the post of leader in favour of Franz Josef Maerter, who was accompanied by Franz Boos.[8] Subsequently, in July 1789, Born recommended Thaddaeus Haenke to the Spanish Government for appointment as botanist on the Malaspina expedition.[9]In 1790, he catalogued the mineral collection of Éléonore de Raab, and this work formed the basis of William Babington's 1799 work A New System of Mineralogy, in the form of a Catalogue, after the manner of Baron Born’s Systematic Catalogue of the collection of fossils of Mlle Éléonore de Raab.[10]At the time of his death in 1791, he was writing Fasti Leopoldini, probably relating to the prudent conduct of Leopold II, the successor of Joseph, towards the Hungarians.[4]As an active freemason in the \"Benevolence\" lodge, he introduced and tutored Mozart into the lodge. Born's essay Über die Mysterien der Ägypter (The Mysteries of the Egyptians), published in 1784 in the freemason periodical Journal für Freymaurer, was one of the sources for the libretto for The Magic Flute written for Mozart by Emanuel Schikaneder.[11] Born was also the regional head of the Viennese Illuminati lodge, and was a sympathiser with the Enlightenment ideas of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. He published an anticlerical satire called Monachologien in 1783, in which he depicts monks as being of a distinct race that is a mixture between ape and man.[12]The mineral bornite (Cu5FeS4), a common copper ore mineral was named in his honour.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Index rerum naturalium Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/indexrerumnatura00born"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Born, I. 1778. Index rerum naturalium Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis. Pars I.ma. Testacea. Verzeichniß der natürlichen Seltenheiten des k. k. Naturalien Cabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil. Schalthiere. Vindobonæ: Kraus. [1–40] + 1–458 + [1–82]. (in Latin and German language)\nBorn, I. E. von (1790). Catalogue Methodique et Raisonne de la Collection des Fossiles de Mlle. Éléonore de Raab. Vienna: J. V. Degen.[13]","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bullata bullata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bullata_bullata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cerithium atratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerithium_atratum"},{"link_name":"Cerithium litteratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerithium_litteratum"},{"link_name":"Clathrodrillia gibbosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrodrillia_gibbosa"},{"link_name":"Conus centurio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_centurio"},{"link_name":"Conus ermineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_ermineus"},{"link_name":"Fissurella nodosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissurella_nodosa"},{"link_name":"Hastula cinerea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastula_cinerea"},{"link_name":"Labyrinthus plicatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthus_plicatus"},{"link_name":"Osilinus turbinatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osilinus_turbinatus"},{"link_name":"Patella miniata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_miniata"},{"link_name":"Patella oculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_oculus"},{"link_name":"Prunum marginatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunum_marginatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scutellastra cochlear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutellastra_cochlear"},{"link_name":"Semicassis granulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicassis_granulata"},{"link_name":"Phalium granulatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalium_granulatum"},{"link_name":"Stigmaulax sulcatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmaulax_sulcatus"},{"link_name":"Tegula fasciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegula_fasciata"},{"link_name":"Thais lacera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thais_lacera"},{"link_name":"Trochita trochiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochita_trochiformis"},{"link_name":"Vasum muricatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasum_muricatum"},{"link_name":"Xenophora conchyliophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophora_conchyliophora"},{"link_name":"Cymatium parthenopeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymatium_parthenopeum"},{"link_name":"Syrinx aruanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrinx_aruanus"},{"link_name":"Torcula exoleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torcula_exoleta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Argopecten nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argopecten_nucleus"},{"link_name":"Ctenoides scabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenoides_scabra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dosinia concentrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosinia_concentrica"},{"link_name":"Eurytellina punicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurytellina_punicea"},{"link_name":"Gafrarium calipygum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gafrarium_calipygum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mactra glauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mactra_glauca"},{"link_name":"Ostrea cristata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostrea_cristata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panopea glycimeris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopea_glycimeris"},{"link_name":"Papyridea lata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papyridea_lata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pitar circinatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitar_circinatus"},{"link_name":"Tellina punicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellina_punicea"},{"link_name":"Tivela mactroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivela_mactroides"}],"text":"Species described by Ignatius von Born include:[14]gastropods:Bullata bullata (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Voluta bullata Born, 1778; Marginella bullata (Born, 1778)\nCerithium atratum (Born, 1778) – synonym: Murex atratus Born, 1778\nCerithium litteratum (Born, 1778) – synonym: Murex litteratus Born, 1778\nClathrodrillia gibbosa (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Crassispira gibbosa (Born, 1778); Drillia gibbosa (Born, 1778); Murex gibbosus Born, 1778\nConus centurio Born, 1778\nConus ermineus Born, 1778 – synonym: Dendroconus ermineus (Born, 1778)\nFissurella nodosa (Born, 1778) – synonym: Patella nodosa Born, 1778\nHastula cinerea (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Terebra cinerea (Born, 1778); Buccinum cinereum Born, 1778\nLabyrinthus plicatus (Born, 1780) – synonym: Helix plicata Born, 1780\nOsilinus turbinatus (Born, 1780) – synonym: Trochus turbinatus Born, 1780\nPatella miniata Born, 1778\nPatella oculus Born, 1778\nPrunum marginatum (Born, 1778) – synonym: Voluta marginata Born, 1778\nScutellastra cochlear (Born, 1778) – synonym: Patella cochlear Born 1778\nSemicassis granulata (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Phalium granulata (Born, 1778); Phalium granulatum (Born, 1778); Buccinum granulatum Born, 1778\nStigmaulax sulcatus (Born, 1778) – synonym: Nerita sulcata Born, 1778\nTegula fasciata (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Trochus fasciatus Born, 1778; Chlorostoma fasciata (Born, 1778)\nThais lacera (Born, 1778) – synonym: Thais lacerus (Born, 1778)\nTrochita trochiformis (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Turbo trochiformis Born, 1778; Patella trochiformis (Born, 1778)\nVasum muricatum (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Voluta muricata Born, 1778; Turbinella muricatum (Born, 1778)\nXenophora conchyliophora (Born, 1780) – synonyms: Astraea conchyliophora (Born, 1780); Trochus conchyliophorus Born, 1780synonyms of gastropods:Tritonium costatum (Born, 1778) and Triton costatum (Born, 1778) and Murex costatus Born, 1778 are synonyms for Cymatium parthenopeum (von Salis, 1793)\nMurex gigas Born, 1780 is a synonym for Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758)\nTurbo torcularis Born, 1778 is a synonym for Torcula exoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)bivalves:Argopecten nucleus (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Ostrea nucleus Born, 1778; Aequipecten nucleus (Born, 1778); Pecten nucleus (Born, 1778)\nCtenoides scabra (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Ostrea scabra Born, 1778; Lima scabra (Born, 1778)\nDosinia concentrica (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Venus concentrica Born, 1778; Cytherea concentrica (Born, 1778); Artemis concentrica (Born, 1778)\nEurytellina punicea (Born, 1778) – synonym: Tellina punicea Born, 1778\nGafrarium calipygum (Born, 1778)\nMactra glauca Born, 1778\nOstrea cristata Born, 1778\nPanopea glycimeris (Born, 1778)\nPapyridea lata (Born, 1778) – synonym: Cardium latum Born, 1778\nPitar circinatus (Born, 1778) – synonyms: Venus circinata Born, 1778; Cytherea circinatus (Born, 1778)\nTellina punicea (Born, 1778)\nTivela mactroides (Born, 1778) – synonym: Venus mactroides Born, 1778; Cytherea mactroides (Born, 1778)","title":"Species described"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edler"},{"link_name":"Edle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edle"}],"text":"Regarding personal names: Edler is a rank of nobility, not a first or middle name. The female form is Edle.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Drace-Francis, Alex 2006. \"A provincial imperialist and a Curious Account of Wallachia: Ignaz von Born.\" European History Quarterly, vol. 36 (2006), pp. 61–89.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A portrait of Ignaz von Born","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ignaz_von_Born2.jpg/220px-Ignaz_von_Born2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of minerals named after people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals_named_after_people"}] | [{"reference":"Born, I. E. von (1790). Catalogue Methodique et Raisonne de la Collection des Fossiles de Mlle. Éléonore de Raab. Vienna: J. V. Degen.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Born, Ignaz\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 255.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Born,_Ignaz","url_text":"Born, Ignaz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Born, Ignaz; Raspe, Rudolf Erich; Ferber, Johann Jakob (1 January 1777). Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, Transylvania, and Hungary, in the year 1770. Described in a series of letter to Prof. Ferber, on the mines and mountains of these different countries. London : Printed by J. Miller, for G. Kearsley. pp. 136.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughba00born","url_text":"Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, Transylvania, and Hungary, in the year 1770. Described in a series of letter to Prof. Ferber, on the mines and mountains of these different countries"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughba00born/page/136","url_text":"136"}]},{"reference":"Born, Ignaz; Raspe, Rudolf Erich; Ferber, Johann Jakob (1 January 1777). Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, Transylvania, and Hungary, in the year 1770. Described in a series of letter to Prof. Ferber, on the mines and mountains of these different countries. London : Printed by J. Miller, for G. Kearsley. pp. 137.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughba00born","url_text":"Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, Transylvania, and Hungary, in the year 1770. Described in a series of letter to Prof. Ferber, on the mines and mountains of these different countries"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughba00born/page/137","url_text":"137"}]},{"reference":"\"Fellow Details\". Royal Society. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220329154600/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27born%20,%20ignaz%27%29","url_text":"\"Fellow Details\""},{"url":"https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27born%20,%20ignaz%27%29","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Babington, William (1799). A New System of Mineralogy in the Form of a Catalogue: After the Manner of Baron Born's Systematic Catalogue of the collection of fossils of Mlle Éléonore de Raab. W. Phillips, G.C. and J . Robinson and T. Cox. Retrieved 25 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anewsystemminer00babigoog/page/n6/mode/2up","url_text":"A New System of Mineralogy in the Form of a Catalogue: After the Manner of Baron Born's Systematic Catalogue of the collection of fossils of Mlle Éléonore de Raab"}]},{"reference":"\"[34] Catalog of Eleonore DeRaab (1741-1793?)\". Highlights from Record Library IIIB (PDF). The Mineralogical Record.","urls":[{"url":"https://mineralogicalrecord.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/pdfs/Highlights-from-Record-Library-III-B.pdf","url_text":"Highlights from Record Library IIIB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mineralogical_Record","url_text":"The Mineralogical Record"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/indexrerumnatura00born","external_links_name":"Index rerum naturalium Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughba00born","external_links_name":"Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, Transylvania, and Hungary, in the year 1770. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_de_Castro | Leo de Castro | ["1 Early career","2 King Harvest","3 Leo de Castro and Friends","4 Johnny Rocco Band","5 Later life","6 References","7 External links"] | New Zealand musical artist (c.1948–2019)
Leo de CastroBirth nameKiwi Leo de Castro KinoBornca. 1948Benneydale, King Country, North Island, New ZealandOriginAuckland, New ZealandDied3 March 2019 (aged 70)AucklandGenresFunk, soul, country, rock, blues, progressive rockOccupation(s)SingerInstrument(s)Vocals, guitarYears active1968–2008LabelsBig BeatMusical artist
Leo de Castro (born Kiwi Leo de Castro Kino; c. 1948 – 3 March 2019) was a New Zealand funk and soul singer-guitarist. From 1969 to 1995 he worked in Australia in a variety of bands before returning to Auckland. He contributed to Rocco (1976), as a member of Johnny Rocco Band; Voodoo Soul – Live at The Basement (October 1987), by Leo de Castro and Friends; a live album, Long White Clouds (2007), which had been recorded in January 1988 using two separate backing bands, The Dancehall Racketeers and Roger Janes Band.
De Castro's vocals feature on the singles, "Wichita Lineman" (January 1971) by King Harvest, "Heading in the Right Direction" (August 1975) by Johnny Rocco Band, "Suspicious Minds" (June 1979) by Leo de Castro and Babylon. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described him as a "permanent fixture of the pub/concert/festival circuit and was praised for his vocal abilities" as "one of the best soul singers working in Australia" during the 1970s. From 1995 de Castro was performing in and around Hobart. His farewell gig in 2008 was recorded and filmed live at the Republic Bar. Leo and the Warriors featured some of Tassie finest musicians including fellow Kiwi the late great guitarist/vocalist Joe Pirere. Later in 2008 moved back to New Zealand to retire.
Early career
Leo de Castro was born as Kiwi Leo de Castro Kino in Benneydale, King Country, New Zealand. He was named after the doctor who delivered him. In 1966, with his family, he moved to Auckland where he started his career in the local club scene. During 1968, for six months, he was the lead singer of Dallas Four and was noted to have a "soul style about his singing".
De Castro relocated to Sydney in 1969 and joined The Browns, alongside Ray Arnott on drums (ex-Chelsea Set), Ronnie Peel on bass guitar (The Missing Links, The Pleazers, Rockwell T. James and the Rhythm Aces, the La De Da's) and Les Stacpool on guitar (Chessmen, Merv Benton and the Tamlas). The Browns also backed Bernadette O'Neill, another singer, and were alternately billed as Leo and The Browns or Bernadette and The Browns. Later that year, De Castro formed Leo and Friends with John Capek on piano, Rob MacKenzie on guitar (MacKenzie Theory), Kevin Murphy on drums (ex-Wild Cherries) and Jeremy Noone on saxophone (Sons of the Vegetal Mother). The group disbanded early in the following year.
During that time he stayed briefly with Melbourne rock promoter Michael Browning, who would go on to manage AC/DC. Browning wrote in his memoirs that de Castro was "probably the most electrifying vocalist I've ever heard", but also noted his erratic behaviour. De Castro also appeared at the 1970 Ourimbah "Pilgrimage for Pop", Australia's first rock festival, and was included in the 2012 film Once Around the Sun, a psychedelic movie about the event.
King Harvest
In September 1970 de Castro, on vocals and guitar, formed King Harvest as a progressive rock group with Jimmy Doyle on guitar (Silhouettes, Aesop's Fables, Moonstone), Mark Kennedy on drums (Spectrum), Duncan McGuire on bass guitar (Phantoms, Epics, Questions, Doug Parkinson in Focus, Rush) and Steve Yates on keyboards (Rush, Expression). Billy Green on guitar (Doug Parkinson in Focus) replaced Doyle; Green, in turn, was replaced by MacKenzie, and then by Ray Oliver (The Light). In January 1971 King Harvest issued a cover version of "Wichita Lineman", which peaked at No. 35 on Go-Set's National Top 60. The producer was Ian "Molly" Meldrum, a Go-Set journalist; and the single was issued by RCA. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, felt their version of "Wichita Lineman" was an "enthralling arrangement ... highlighted by De Castro's soulful vocals and Green's haunting wah wah guitar lines."
By March 1971 Kennedy and McGuire had left King Harvest to rejoin Green in Doug Parkinson in Focus. They were replaced by Murphy (now, ex-Rush, Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs) on drums and Gary Clarke on bass guitar. Oliver also left in that month and was replaced on guitar by John Williams (Rebels). This line-up issued a cover version of "Jumping Jack Flash" in April with Meldrum producing, but it did not chart. McFarlane noted it was a "potent, six-minute rave-up fired by blazing guitars and crashing drums." The group broke up in September and de Castro formed a briefly existing band, Flite, with Capek on piano (by then ex-Carson), Barry Harvey on drums (Thursday's Children, Wild Cherries, Chain, King Harvest), Vince Melouney on guitar (Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs, Bee Gees, Fanny Adams, Cleves) and Barry Sullivan on bass (Thursday's Children, Wild Cherries, Chain, Carson).
Leo de Castro and Friends
In December 1971 de Castro formed Leo de Castro and Friends, also billed as Friends, as a progressive rock group in Melbourne. He was joined by former bandmates Kennedy, MacKenzie and McGuire; and new associates Tim Martin on saxophone and flute, and Charlie Tumahai on vocals and percussion (Healing Force, Chain). MacKenzie left early in the following year with Phil Manning of Chain filling-in until April when both Green and Oliver joined on guitar. Friends had appeared at the inaugural Sunbury Pop Festival in January 1972.
In August 1972 Friends released a single, "B-B-Boogie", which Duncan Kimball of MilesAgo website felt was a "solid boogie-rock number highlighted by Green and Oliver's dexterous dual guitar work." McFarlane described it as "exceptional hard rock". The track was co-written by de Castro, Kennedy, McGuire and Tumahai. Kimball preferred the B-side, "Freedom Train", which he opined was a "driving, prog-jazz" track that "became their signature tune", it was "one of the best Australian progressive recordings of the '70s." McFarlane noticed that it was a "jubilant jazz-tinged" work.
Tumahai returned to Healing Force in January 1973 and, late that month, Friends appeared at the Sunbury Pop Festival as a six-piece – de Castro, Green, Kennedy, Martin, McGuire and Oliver. Three of their performances "Lucille", "Bird on a Wire" and "La La Song", were recorded for a live 3× LP album, Sunbury 1973 – The Great Australian Rock Festival (April) by various artists on Mushroom Records. A six-track extended play was also issued with one track by Friends. On stage at Sunbury de Castro joined Lobby Loyde and the Coloured Balls, and Billy Thorpe for an early morning session. Their track, "Help Me" / "Rock Me Baby", was issued on a live album, Summer Jam (November 1973), by the Coloured Balls on the Havoc label.
The studio version of "Lucille" was issued as a single by Friends in February 1973 on Mushroom Records. Soon after Green, Martin and Oliver left and, in April, Ray Burton joined on guitar (Delltones, Executives). In June a four-piece line-up of de Castro, Burton, Kennedy and McGuire performed "Freedom Train" and McGuire's newly written track, "Lady Montego", at one of the final concerts at The Garrison venue. The tracks were issued on the live album, Garrison: The Final Blow, Unit 1, by various artists on Mushroom Records.
In June Leo de Castro and Friends disbanded when Burton, McGuire & Kennedy all left to form an eponymous trio. The trio added Doyle in August and became Ayers Rock, a jazz fusion, progressive rock group, by September. That group's lead single was a cover version of "Lady Montego", which also appeared on their debut album, Big Red Rock (November 1974).
De Castro established the New King Harvest in mid-1973 with Ben Kaika on bass guitar (McPhee, Tramp), Tui Richards on guitar, Steve Webb on drums (Blackfeather, Duck, Tramp) and Lindsay Wells on guitar (Healing Force, One Ton Gypsy, Blackfeather). By the end of that year he formed the eponymous group, De Castro. They played "a mix of funk, soul, rock and blues" and were composed of de Castro on vocals and guitar, with Webb on drums joined by Rob Grey on keyboards, Ian Winter on guitar (Carson, Daddy Cool) and John Young on bass guitar.
Johnny Rocco Band
Late in 1974 de Castro, on vocals, joined the Sydney-based group, Johnny Rocco Band, alongside Tony Buchanan on saxophone (Thunderbirds, Daly-Wilson Big Band), Russell Dunlop on drums (Aesop's Fables, Levi Smith's Clefs, Mother Earth), Tim Partridge on bass guitar (Clockwork Oringe, King Harvest, Island, Mighty Kong), Harris Campbell from Arapae, Te Kuiti on guitar and vocals, and Mark Punch on guitar and vocals (Mother Earth). They were "one of the first Australian bands to incorporate funk and soul into the pub-rock forum". In August 1975 they issued a single, "Heading in the Right Direction", which was covered by Renée Geyer after Punch had joined her backing band.
In January 1976 Johnny Rocco Band released their debut album, Rocco, on the Ritz Gramophone label, distributed by Festival Records. Tony Catterall of The Canberra Times compared it with American singer, Felix Cavaliere"s second solo album, Destiny (1975). Catterall felt that "while Cavaliere is just as powerful as the Rocco Band's Leo de Castro, he's much sweeter. And his own falsetto, plus the use of female back-up singers, points up the limitations of de Castro's voice." In August that year Catterall previewed a gig by Johnny Rocco Band as "definitely one of the hottest hot-soul bands in the country, featuring the downright "baaaad" voice of Leo de Castro, a legend amongst those who know."
Johnny Rocco Band toured the United States east coast in 1976 to promote their album, " little success, the band broke up". Over the next few years de Castro formed a variety of groups: Cahoots (1976), Leo de Castro and Rocco (from May 1977), Leo de Castro Band, Heavy Division (1978) and Leo de Castro and Babylon from December 1978. That group issued a cover version of "Suspicious Minds" in June 1979.
Later life
From the early 1980s de Castro had relocated to Tasmania, "where he leads a small-time pub band." In October 1987 he reassembled Leo de Castro and Friends to perform at the Sydney venue, The Basement. He used the line-up of Doyle, Kennedy and Punch, together with Jason Brewer on saxophone, Dave Green on bass guitar and backing vocals, Sally King on guest vocals, Jason McDermid on trumpet, Dave McRae on piano and Andy Thompson on saxophone. They recorded a cassette, Voodoo Soul – Live at The Basement, which was produced by McGuire and David Cafe and issued late that year. It appeared as a CD in 2010 by Big Beat Music.
During 1988 de Castro recorded live-in-the-studio for an album, Long White Clouds, using two disparate backing groups, Roger Janes Band and The Dancehall Racketeers. It was engineered by McGuire and produced by Cafe at Paradise Studios and Rich Music Studios and was released on CD in 2007. McGuire died of a brain tumour in July 1989. In 1995 de Castro returned to Auckland and reconnected with former bandmate, Tumahai, with a view to record together. Tumahai had a heart attack and died in December 1995.
In 1999 McFarlane described de Castro as a "permanent fixture of the pub/concert/festival circuit and was praised for his vocal abilities" as "one of the best soul singers working in Australia" during the 1970s. In a seachange mood, to further demonstrate the diversity of his musical palette, Leo de Castro and the Cuban Heels were formed in Hobart in late 1989, with Steve 'Keys' Grahame on piano/keyboards, Marcus "Piz" Pizzolato (ex Mary Lou and the Brokenhearted) on lead guitar, Mick 'Moonie' McCallum (ex Rainbow Stew) on pedal steel, Simon Gethen (ex Albino Spade/Tim Brewster and the Blues Roosters) on bass, and Dennis Matthews (ex Sydney Clubs/Mary Lou and the Brokenhearted) on drums. This seasoned troupe performed soulful renditions of country songs by George Jones, Hank Williams, Merle Haggard, Gram Parsons and The Flying Burrito Brothers, among many other classic country music greats. In September 2008 de Castro was farewelled from Hobart by Sarah Shofield on "Leo de Castro and Dutch Tilders" episode of ABC Tasmania's radio show, Breakfast with Robbie Buck. Dutch Tilders, a blues musician, accompanied de Castro. Shofield described de Castro, " not a well man, so the siren song of home and family is calling him away from Tasmania after more than 20 years of playing music here."
In October 2010, de Castro featured on "Episode 5: Leo de Castro 'Soulman' & Sonny Day 'Bluesman'" on the Māori Television inaugural series, Unsung Heroes of Māori Music. In February 2012 Radio New Zealand National's Musical Chairs aired a two-part episode, "Leo de Castro – The Elusive Legend". The reporter, Keith Newman, interviewed de Castro, Ray Oliver (bandmate), Bob Burns (promoter) and Evan Silva (soul singer).
De Castro died in Auckland on 3 March 2019.
References
General
McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Whammo Homepage". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 23 May 2015. Note: Archived copy has limited functionality.
Specific
^ Teneti Ririnui, Leo de Castro profile, audioculture, 11 June 2015
^ a b Sergent, Bruce. "Leo de Castro". New Zealand Music of the 60's, 70's and a bit of 80's Artists A – K. Bruce Sergent. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
^ a b c d e f g McFarlane, 'Leo de Castro' entry. Archived from the original on 13 July 2004. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
^ a b c d e f McFarlane, 'King Harvest' entry. Archived from the original on 18 May 2003. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ Michael Browning, Dog Eat Dog, p30, Allen & Unwin, 2014, ISBN 978-1-76011-191-5
^ Sexton, Paul (25 January 2019). "Ourimbah, 1970: Australia's First Rock Festival". Udiscovermusic.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ Nimmervoll, Ed (10 April 1971). "National Top 60". Go-Set. Waverley Press. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h Kimball, Duncan (2002). "Friends". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ Kimball, "Sunbury Festival 1972". Archived from the original on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ a b c d e McFarlane, 'Friends' entry. Archived from the original on 1 October 2004. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ "'BB Boogie' at APRA search engine". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015. Note: User may have to click 'Search again' and provide details at 'Enter a title:' e.g BB Boogie; or at 'Performer:' Friends
^ a b c d Kimball, "Sunbury Festival 1973". Archived from the original on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ a b Catterall, Tony (5 January 1976). "Life Style: Sight and Sound: Rock Music: Australia Breeds a Funky Disco Band". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). National Library of Australia. p. 11. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ Catterall, Tony (21 August 1976). "Funky music ball". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). National Library of Australia. p. 12. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ a b "Leo De Castro | Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ "Leo De Castro & Friends – Voodoo Soul – Live at The Basement". Big Beat Music. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ a b c "Leo de Castro – The Elusive Legend". Musical Chairs. Radio New Zealand National. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ De Castro, Leo; Roger Janes Band; Dancehall Racketeers (2007), Long white clouds, BigBeat Music, retrieved 24 May 2015
^ Shofield, Sarah (5 September 2008). "Leo de Castro and Dutch Tilders". Breakfast with Robbie Buck. ABC Tasmania – Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ "Episode 5: Leo de Castro 'Soulman' & Sonny Day 'Bluesman'". Unsung Heroes of Māori Music'. Crown Music. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
^ Cashmere, Paul (3 March 2019). "New Zealand funk and soul legend Leo de Castro dies at age 70". Noise11.com. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
^ "Leo de Castro". Audioculture.co.nz. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
External links
AudioCulture profile | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Wichita Lineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Lineman"},{"link_name":"Suspicious Minds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspicious_Minds"},{"link_name":"musicologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicologist"},{"link_name":"Ian McFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane"}],"text":"Musical artistLeo de Castro (born Kiwi Leo de Castro Kino; c. 1948 – 3 March 2019) was a New Zealand funk and soul singer-guitarist. From 1969 to 1995 he worked in Australia in a variety of bands before returning to Auckland. He contributed to Rocco (1976), as a member of Johnny Rocco Band; Voodoo Soul – Live at The Basement (October 1987), by Leo de Castro and Friends; a live album, Long White Clouds (2007), which had been recorded in January 1988 using two separate backing bands, The Dancehall Racketeers and Roger Janes Band.De Castro's vocals feature on the singles, \"Wichita Lineman\" (January 1971) by King Harvest, \"Heading in the Right Direction\" (August 1975) by Johnny Rocco Band, \"Suspicious Minds\" (June 1979) by Leo de Castro and Babylon. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described him as a \"permanent fixture of the pub/concert/festival circuit and was praised for his vocal abilities\" as \"one of the best soul singers working in Australia\" during the 1970s. From 1995 de Castro was performing in and around Hobart. His farewell gig in 2008 was recorded and filmed live at the Republic Bar. Leo and the Warriors featured some of Tassie finest musicians including fellow Kiwi the late great guitarist/vocalist Joe Pirere. Later in 2008 moved back to New Zealand to retire.","title":"Leo de Castro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benneydale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benneydale"},{"link_name":"King Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Country"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Audioculture-1"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sergent-2"},{"link_name":"Ray Arnott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Arnott"},{"link_name":"The Missing Links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Missing_Links"},{"link_name":"The Pleazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleazers"},{"link_name":"the La De Da's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_La_De_Da%27s"},{"link_name":"Merv Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv_Benton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"John Capek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Capek"},{"link_name":"MacKenzie Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacKenzie_Theory"},{"link_name":"Wild Cherries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Cherries"},{"link_name":"Sons of the Vegetal Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_the_Vegetal_Mother"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_KH-4"},{"link_name":"AC/DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Leo de Castro was born as Kiwi Leo de Castro Kino in Benneydale, King Country, New Zealand. He was named after the doctor who delivered him.[1] In 1966, with his family, he moved to Auckland where he started his career in the local club scene. During 1968, for six months, he was the lead singer of Dallas Four and was noted to have a \"soul style about his singing\".[2]De Castro relocated to Sydney in 1969 and joined The Browns, alongside Ray Arnott on drums (ex-Chelsea Set), Ronnie Peel on bass guitar (The Missing Links, The Pleazers, Rockwell T. James and the Rhythm Aces, the La De Da's) and Les Stacpool on guitar (Chessmen, Merv Benton and the Tamlas). The Browns also backed Bernadette O'Neill, another singer, and were alternately billed as Leo and The Browns or Bernadette and The Browns.[3] Later that year, De Castro formed Leo and Friends with John Capek on piano, Rob MacKenzie on guitar (MacKenzie Theory), Kevin Murphy on drums (ex-Wild Cherries) and Jeremy Noone on saxophone (Sons of the Vegetal Mother). The group disbanded early in the following year.[4]During that time he stayed briefly with Melbourne rock promoter Michael Browning, who would go on to manage AC/DC. Browning wrote in his memoirs that de Castro was \"probably the most electrifying vocalist I've ever heard\", but also noted his erratic behaviour.[5] De Castro also appeared at the 1970 Ourimbah \"Pilgrimage for Pop\", Australia's first rock festival,[6] and was included in the 2012 film Once Around the Sun, a psychedelic movie about the event.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Doyle_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mark Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_(band)"},{"link_name":"Duncan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_McGuire_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Doug Parkinson in Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Parkinson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_KH-4"},{"link_name":"Wichita Lineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Lineman"},{"link_name":"Go-Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Set"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Go-Set_Wichita-7"},{"link_name":"Ian \"Molly\" Meldrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Meldrum"},{"link_name":"Ian McFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_KH-4"},{"link_name":"Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Thorpe_and_the_Aztecs"},{"link_name":"Jumping Jack Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_Jack_Flash"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_KH-4"},{"link_name":"Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_(band)"},{"link_name":"Vince Melouney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Melouney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_KH-4"}],"text":"In September 1970 de Castro, on vocals and guitar, formed King Harvest as a progressive rock group with Jimmy Doyle on guitar (Silhouettes, Aesop's Fables, Moonstone), Mark Kennedy on drums (Spectrum), Duncan McGuire on bass guitar (Phantoms, Epics, Questions, Doug Parkinson in Focus, Rush) and Steve Yates on keyboards (Rush, Expression). Billy Green on guitar (Doug Parkinson in Focus) replaced Doyle; Green, in turn, was replaced by MacKenzie, and then by Ray Oliver (The Light).[4] In January 1971 King Harvest issued a cover version of \"Wichita Lineman\", which peaked at No. 35 on Go-Set's National Top 60.[7] The producer was Ian \"Molly\" Meldrum, a Go-Set journalist; and the single was issued by RCA. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, felt their version of \"Wichita Lineman\" was an \"enthralling arrangement ... highlighted by De Castro's soulful vocals and Green's haunting wah wah guitar lines.\"[4]By March 1971 Kennedy and McGuire had left King Harvest to rejoin Green in Doug Parkinson in Focus. They were replaced by Murphy (now, ex-Rush, Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs) on drums and Gary Clarke on bass guitar. Oliver also left in that month and was replaced on guitar by John Williams (Rebels). This line-up issued a cover version of \"Jumping Jack Flash\" in April with Meldrum producing, but it did not chart. McFarlane noted it was a \"potent, six-minute rave-up fired by blazing guitars and crashing drums.\"[4] The group broke up in September and de Castro formed a briefly existing band, Flite, with Capek on piano (by then ex-Carson), Barry Harvey on drums (Thursday's Children, Wild Cherries, Chain, King Harvest), Vince Melouney on guitar (Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs, Bee Gees, Fanny Adams, Cleves) and Barry Sullivan on bass (Thursday's Children, Wild Cherries, Chain, Carson).[4]","title":"King Harvest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Tumahai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Tumahai"},{"link_name":"Phil Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Manning_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball-8"},{"link_name":"Sunbury Pop Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Pop_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball_1972-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRA_Boogie-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball_1973-12"},{"link_name":"Lucille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_(Little_Richard_song)"},{"link_name":"Bird on a Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_on_the_Wire"},{"link_name":"Mushroom Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball_1973-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball_1973-12"},{"link_name":"Lobby Loyde and the Coloured Balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobby_Loyde#Coloured_Balls"},{"link_name":"Billy Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball_1973-12"},{"link_name":"Ray Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Burton_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-10"},{"link_name":"Ayers Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayers_Rock_(band)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_KH-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"}],"text":"In December 1971 de Castro formed Leo de Castro and Friends, also billed as Friends, as a progressive rock group in Melbourne. He was joined by former bandmates Kennedy, MacKenzie and McGuire; and new associates Tim Martin on saxophone and flute, and Charlie Tumahai on vocals and percussion (Healing Force, Chain). MacKenzie left early in the following year with Phil Manning of Chain filling-in until April when both Green and Oliver joined on guitar.[8] Friends had appeared at the inaugural Sunbury Pop Festival in January 1972.[9]In August 1972 Friends released a single, \"B-B-Boogie\", which Duncan Kimball of MilesAgo website felt was a \"solid boogie-rock number highlighted by Green and Oliver's dexterous dual guitar work.\"[8] McFarlane described it as \"exceptional hard rock\".[10] The track was co-written by de Castro, Kennedy, McGuire and Tumahai.[11] Kimball preferred the B-side, \"Freedom Train\", which he opined was a \"driving, prog-jazz\" track that \"became their signature tune\", it was \"one of the best Australian progressive recordings of the '70s.\"[8] McFarlane noticed that it was a \"jubilant jazz-tinged\" work.[10]Tumahai returned to Healing Force in January 1973 and, late that month, Friends appeared at the Sunbury Pop Festival as a six-piece – de Castro, Green, Kennedy, Martin, McGuire and Oliver.[10][12] Three of their performances \"Lucille\", \"Bird on a Wire\" and \"La La Song\", were recorded for a live 3× LP album, Sunbury 1973 – The Great Australian Rock Festival (April) by various artists on Mushroom Records.[8][12] A six-track extended play was also issued with one track by Friends.[12] On stage at Sunbury de Castro joined Lobby Loyde and the Coloured Balls, and Billy Thorpe for an early morning session. Their track, \"Help Me\" / \"Rock Me Baby\", was issued on a live album, Summer Jam (November 1973), by the Coloured Balls on the Havoc label.[8][12]The studio version of \"Lucille\" was issued as a single by Friends in February 1973 on Mushroom Records. Soon after Green, Martin and Oliver left and, in April, Ray Burton joined on guitar (Delltones, Executives). In June a four-piece line-up of de Castro, Burton, Kennedy and McGuire performed \"Freedom Train\" and McGuire's newly written track, \"Lady Montego\", at one of the final concerts at The Garrison venue. The tracks were issued on the live album, Garrison: The Final Blow, Unit 1, by various artists on Mushroom Records.[8][10]In June Leo de Castro and Friends disbanded when Burton, McGuire & Kennedy all left to form an eponymous trio. The trio added Doyle in August and became Ayers Rock, a jazz fusion, progressive rock group, by September.[8] That group's lead single was a cover version of \"Lady Montego\", which also appeared on their debut album, Big Red Rock (November 1974).[8]De Castro established the New King Harvest in mid-1973 with Ben Kaika on bass guitar (McPhee, Tramp), Tui Richards on guitar, Steve Webb on drums (Blackfeather, Duck, Tramp) and Lindsay Wells on guitar (Healing Force, One Ton Gypsy, Blackfeather). By the end of that year he formed the eponymous group, De Castro.[4] They played \"a mix of funk, soul, rock and blues\" and were composed of de Castro on vocals and guitar, with Webb on drums joined by Rob Grey on keyboards, Ian Winter on guitar (Carson, Daddy Cool) and John Young on bass guitar.[3]","title":"Leo de Castro and Friends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daly-Wilson Big Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daly-Wilson_Big_Band"},{"link_name":"Russell Dunlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Dunlop"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catterall-13"},{"link_name":"Renée Geyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Geyer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_JRB-10"},{"link_name":"Festival Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Records"},{"link_name":"The Canberra Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times"},{"link_name":"Felix Cavaliere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Cavaliere"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catterall-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catterall_2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG_Bio-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sergent-2"},{"link_name":"Suspicious Minds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspicious_Minds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"}],"text":"Late in 1974 de Castro, on vocals, joined the Sydney-based group, Johnny Rocco Band, alongside Tony Buchanan on saxophone (Thunderbirds, Daly-Wilson Big Band), Russell Dunlop on drums (Aesop's Fables, Levi Smith's Clefs, Mother Earth), Tim Partridge on bass guitar (Clockwork Oringe, King Harvest, Island, Mighty Kong), Harris Campbell from Arapae, Te Kuiti on guitar and vocals, and Mark Punch on guitar and vocals (Mother Earth). They were \"one of the first Australian bands to incorporate funk and soul into the pub-rock forum\".[13] In August 1975 they issued a single, \"Heading in the Right Direction\", which was covered by Renée Geyer after Punch had joined her backing band.[10]In January 1976 Johnny Rocco Band released their debut album, Rocco, on the Ritz Gramophone label, distributed by Festival Records. Tony Catterall of The Canberra Times compared it with American singer, Felix Cavaliere\"s second solo album, Destiny (1975). Catterall felt that \"while Cavaliere is just as powerful as the Rocco Band's Leo de Castro, he's much sweeter. And his own falsetto, plus the use of female back-up singers, points up the limitations of de Castro's voice.\"[13] In August that year Catterall previewed a gig by Johnny Rocco Band as \"definitely one of the hottest hot-soul bands in the country, featuring the downright \"baaaad\" voice of Leo de Castro, a legend amongst those who know.\"[14]Johnny Rocco Band toured the United States east coast in 1976 to promote their album, \"[finding] little success, the band broke up\".[15] Over the next few years de Castro formed a variety of groups: Cahoots (1976), Leo de Castro and Rocco (from May 1977), Leo de Castro Band, Heavy Division (1978) and Leo de Castro and Babylon from December 1978.[2] That group issued a cover version of \"Suspicious Minds\" in June 1979.[3]","title":"Johnny Rocco Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG_Bio-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_cassette"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Big_Beat-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_NZ-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long_White-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"Dutch Tilders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Tilders"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shofield-19"},{"link_name":"Māori Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Television"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unsung-20"},{"link_name":"Radio New Zealand National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_National"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_NZ-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_NZ-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"From the early 1980s de Castro had relocated to Tasmania, \"where he leads a small-time pub band.\"[15] In October 1987 he reassembled Leo de Castro and Friends to perform at the Sydney venue, The Basement. He used the line-up of Doyle, Kennedy and Punch, together with Jason Brewer on saxophone, Dave Green on bass guitar and backing vocals, Sally King on guest vocals, Jason McDermid on trumpet, Dave McRae on piano and Andy Thompson on saxophone.[3] They recorded a cassette, Voodoo Soul – Live at The Basement, which was produced by McGuire and David Cafe and issued late that year.[3] It appeared as a CD in 2010 by Big Beat Music.[16][17]During 1988 de Castro recorded live-in-the-studio for an album, Long White Clouds, using two disparate backing groups, Roger Janes Band and The Dancehall Racketeers. It was engineered by McGuire and produced by Cafe at Paradise Studios and Rich Music Studios and was released on CD in 2007.[18] McGuire died of a brain tumour in July 1989. In 1995 de Castro returned to Auckland and reconnected with former bandmate, Tumahai, with a view to record together. Tumahai had a heart attack and died in December 1995.[3]In 1999 McFarlane described de Castro as a \"permanent fixture of the pub/concert/festival circuit and was praised for his vocal abilities\" as \"one of the best soul singers working in Australia\" during the 1970s.[3] In a seachange mood, to further demonstrate the diversity of his musical palette, Leo de Castro and the Cuban Heels were formed in Hobart in late 1989, with Steve 'Keys' Grahame on piano/keyboards, Marcus \"Piz\" Pizzolato (ex Mary Lou and the Brokenhearted) on lead guitar, Mick 'Moonie' McCallum (ex Rainbow Stew) on pedal steel, Simon Gethen (ex Albino Spade/Tim Brewster and the Blues Roosters) on bass, and Dennis Matthews (ex Sydney Clubs/Mary Lou and the Brokenhearted) on drums. This seasoned troupe performed soulful renditions of country songs by George Jones, Hank Williams, Merle Haggard, Gram Parsons and The Flying Burrito Brothers, among many other classic country music greats. In September 2008 de Castro was farewelled from Hobart by Sarah Shofield on \"Leo de Castro and Dutch Tilders\" episode of ABC Tasmania's radio show, Breakfast with Robbie Buck. Dutch Tilders, a blues musician, accompanied de Castro. Shofield described de Castro, \"[he's] not a well man, so the siren song of home and family is calling him away from Tasmania after more than 20 years of playing music here.\"[19]In October 2010, de Castro featured on \"Episode 5: Leo de Castro 'Soulman' & Sonny Day 'Bluesman'\" on the Māori Television inaugural series, Unsung Heroes of Māori Music.[20] In February 2012 Radio New Zealand National's Musical Chairs aired a two-part episode, \"Leo de Castro – The Elusive Legend\".[17] The reporter, Keith Newman, interviewed de Castro, Ray Oliver (bandmate), Bob Burns (promoter) and Evan Silva (soul singer).[17]De Castro died in Auckland on 3 March 2019.[21][22]","title":"Later life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (1999). \"Whammo Homepage\". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 23 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane","url_text":"McFarlane, Ian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040405231007/http://www.whammo.com.au/index.asp","url_text":"\"Whammo Homepage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Australian_Rock_and_Pop","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Leonards, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-072-1","url_text":"1-86508-072-1"},{"url":"http://www.whammo.com.au/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sergent, Bruce. \"Leo de Castro\". New Zealand Music of the 60's, 70's and a bit of 80's Artists A – K. Bruce Sergent. Retrieved 23 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sergent.com.au/music/leodecastro.html","url_text":"\"Leo de Castro\""}]},{"reference":"Sexton, Paul (25 January 2019). \"Ourimbah, 1970: Australia's First Rock Festival\". Udiscovermusic.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/ourimbah-1970-australias-first-rock-festival/","url_text":"\"Ourimbah, 1970: Australia's First Rock Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Nimmervoll, Ed (10 April 1971). \"National Top 60\". Go-Set. Waverley Press. Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Nimmervoll","url_text":"Nimmervoll, Ed"},{"url":"http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1971/19710410.html","url_text":"\"National Top 60\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Set","url_text":"Go-Set"}]},{"reference":"Kimball, Duncan (2002). \"Friends\". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080306130200/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/35967/20080307-0002/www.milesago.com/Artists/friends.html","url_text":"\"Friends\""},{"url":"http://www.milesago.com/Artists/friends.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'BB Boogie' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020448/https://www.apra.com.au/cms/worksearch/worksearch.srvlt?action=workSearch","url_text":"\"'BB Boogie' at APRA search engine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Performing_Right_Association","url_text":"Australasian Performing Right Association"},{"url":"https://www.apra.com.au/cms/worksearch/worksearch.srvlt?action=workSearch#axd?q=BB%20Boogie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Catterall, Tony (5 January 1976). \"Life Style: Sight and Sound: Rock Music: Australia Breeds a Funky Disco Band\". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). National Library of Australia. p. 11. Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110795333","url_text":"\"Life Style: Sight and Sound: Rock Music: Australia Breeds a Funky Disco Band\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"}]},{"reference":"Catterall, Tony (21 August 1976). \"Funky music ball\". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). National Library of Australia. p. 12. Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110822509","url_text":"\"Funky music ball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leo De Castro | Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/leo-de-castro-mn0001010387/biography","url_text":"\"Leo De Castro | Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Leo De Castro & Friends – Voodoo Soul – Live at The Basement\". Big Beat Music. Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bigbeatmusic.com.au/catalogue/bbm004/index.html","url_text":"\"Leo De Castro & Friends – Voodoo Soul – Live at The Basement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leo de Castro – The Elusive Legend\". Musical Chairs. Radio New Zealand National. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/musicalchairs/20120218","url_text":"\"Leo de Castro – The Elusive Legend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_National","url_text":"Radio New Zealand National"}]},{"reference":"De Castro, Leo; Roger Janes Band; Dancehall Racketeers (2007), Long white clouds, BigBeat Music, retrieved 24 May 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/25672629","url_text":"Long white clouds"}]},{"reference":"Shofield, Sarah (5 September 2008). \"Leo de Castro and Dutch Tilders\". Breakfast with Robbie Buck. ABC Tasmania – Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.abc.net.au/tasmania/2008/09/leo-de-castro-a.html?site=sydney&program=702_breakfast","url_text":"\"Leo de Castro and Dutch Tilders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Episode 5: Leo de Castro 'Soulman' & Sonny Day 'Bluesman'\". Unsung Heroes of Māori Music'. Crown Music. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://crownmusic.co.nz/wawcs0122650/tn-unsung.html","url_text":"\"Episode 5: Leo de Castro 'Soulman' & Sonny Day 'Bluesman'\""}]},{"reference":"Cashmere, Paul (3 March 2019). \"New Zealand funk and soul legend Leo de Castro dies at age 70\". Noise11.com. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noise11.com/news/new-zealand-funk-and-soul-legend-leo-de-castro-dies-at-age-70-20190304","url_text":"\"New Zealand funk and soul legend Leo de Castro dies at age 70\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leo de Castro\". Audioculture.co.nz. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckhardt_Rehberg | Eckhardt Rehberg | ["1 Political career","2 Other activities","2.1 Regulatory agencies","2.2 Corporate boards","2.3 Non-profit organizations","3 Political positions","3.1 Human rights","3.2 Economic policy","4 References","5 External links"] | German politician
Eckhardt RehbergRehberg in 2017Member of the Bundestag for Mecklenburgische Seenplatte II – Landkreis Rostock III(Bad Doberan – Güstrow – Müritz; 2005–2013)In office18 October 2005 – 26 October 2021Preceded byDirk ManzewskiSucceeded byJohannes ArltMember of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern for Nordvorpommern I(Ribnitz-Damgarten I; 1990–1994)In office26 October 1990 – 31 December 2005Preceded byConstituency establishedSucceeded byMaika Friemann-Jennert (2006)
Personal detailsBorn (1954-04-03) 3 April 1954 (age 70)Ribnitz-Damgarten, East Germany (now Germany)Political partyChristian Democratic Union (1990–)Other politicalaffiliationsChristian Democratic Union (East Germany) (1984–1990)Children2OccupationPoliticianBusinessmanLay judgeWebsiteOfficial website
Eckhardt Rehberg (born 3 April 1954) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern from 2005 until 2021.
Political career
From 1990 until 2005, Rehberg served as a member of the State Parliament of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. From 2001 until 2005, he was the chairman of the CDU in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. During that time, he was the party's candidate to unseat incumbent Minister-President Harald Ringstorff in the 2002 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election; he eventually lost against Ringstorff.
Rehberg became a member of the Bundestag in the 2005 German federal election. From 2005 until 2009, he served on the Committee on Economic Affairs and Technology. From 2009 until 2021, he was a member of the Budget Committee. In 2015 he also became his parliamentary group's spokesperson on the national budget. He was also a member of the so-called Confidential Committee (Vertrauensgremium) of the Budget Committee, which provides budgetary supervision for Germany's three intelligence services, BND, BfV and MAD. In addition to his committee assignments, he served on the Council of Elders, which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigns committee chairpersons based on party representation.
In the negotiations to form Merkel's fourth coalition government following the 2017 federal elections, Rehberg was part of the working group on financial policies and taxes, led by Peter Altmaier, Andreas Scheuer and Olaf Scholz.
Other activities
Regulatory agencies
Federal Network Agency for Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Posts and Railway (BNetzA), Member of the Rail Infrastructure Advisory Council (2014–2015)
Corporate boards
Deutsche Bahn, Member of the supervisory board (since 2018)
KfW, ex-officio Member of the Board of Supervisory Directors (2014–2019)
Nordex, Member of the Political Advisory Board (2009–2013)
Volkswerft, Member of the supervisory board (2005–2013)
Ostseestadion, Member of the advisory board (2005–2009)
Non-profit organizations
F.C. Hansa Rostock, Member
Political positions
Human rights
In June 2017, Rehberg voted against Germany's introduction of same-sex marriage.
Economic policy
Rehberg has been a supporter of the debt brake in the budget of Germany since its introduction in 2009. Amid the economic downturn due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, he demanded that “suspending the debt brake must not become a habit. We have to get back to the regular debt limit as quickly as possible.”
In 2018, Rehberg rejected plans presented by Minister of Finance Olaf Scholz for a European unemployment stabilization fund designed to arm the eurozone against crises. He later criticized the European Commission’s 2019 plans for loosening the EU's budget rules in a bid to free up spending for a European Green Deal, arguing that the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) already provided enough flexibility to permit public investments.
References
^ Andreas Frost (September 20, 2009), Politik: Tapfer in der Opposition Der Tagesspiegel.
^ "Eckhardt Rehberg". CDU/CSU-Fraktion. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
^ "German Bundestag - Budget". German Bundestag. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
^ Daniel Delhaes and Dieter Fockenbrock (May 31, 2018), Stühlerücken im Bahn-Aufsichtsrat: Christian Schmidt und Eckhardt Rehberg werden neue Bahn-Aufseher Handelsblatt.
^ 2018 Annual Report: Report of the Board of Supervisory Directors KfW.
^ Diese Unionsabgeordneten stimmten für die Ehe für alle Die Welt, June 30, 2017.
^ Michael Nienaber (August 20, 2020), Merkel's conservatives clash with Scholz over debt brake Reuters.
^ Guy Chazan and Mehreen Khan (October 17, 2018), German finance minister advocates unemployment fund for eurozone Financial Times.
^ Sam Fleming and Guy Chazan (December 11, 2019), German politicians warn EU on looser budget rules for green drive Financial Times.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eckhardt Rehberg.
Official website (in German)
Bundestag biography (in English)
Links to related articles
vte Members of the 16th Bundestag (2005–2009)President: Norbert Lammert (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU/CSUSpeaker: Angela Merkel and Volker Kauder
CDU:
Adam
Albach
Altmaier
Bareiß
Barthle
Bauer
Baumann
Beck
Bellmann
Bergner
Bernhardt
Binninger
Bismarck
Bleser
Blumenthal
Böhmer
Borchert
Börnsen
Bosbach
Brähmig
Brand
Brandt
Brauksiepe
Brüning
Brunnhuber
Connemann
Dautzenberg
Deittert
Dörflinger
Dött
Eymer
Falk
Faust
Ferlemann
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Fischer
Fischer
Fischer
Flachsbarth
Flosbach
Fritz
Fromme
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Fuchtel
Gehb
Gienger
Göbel
Göhner
Götz
Granold
Grindel
Gröhe
Grosse-Brömer
Grübel
Grund
Grütters
Gutting
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Philipp
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Weiß
Weiß
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CSU:
Aigner
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SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Franz Müntefering and Peter Struck
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Ackermann
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Essen
Flach
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Geisen
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Link
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Otto
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Rohde
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Wolff
Zeil
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Schäfer
Schneider
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Seifert
Sitte
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Tempel
Troost
Ulrich
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Wunderlich
Zimmermann
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Beck
Beck
Behm
Bender
Berninger
Bonde
Deligöz
Dückert
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Fell
Fischer
Gehring
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Kurth
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Nachtwei
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Sager
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Scheel
Schewe-Gerigk
Schick
Staffelt
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Ströbele
Terpe
Trittin
Wieland
Winkler
Wolf
OTHERvteIndependent
Members:
Tauss
List of members of the 16th Bundestag
vte Members of the 17th Bundestag (2009–2013)President: Norbert Lammert (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU/CSUSpeaker: Volker Kauder
CDU:
Altmaier
Bareiß
Barthle
Baumann
Beck
Behrens
Bellmann
Bergner
Beyer
Bilger
Binninger
Bleser
Böhmer
Börnsen
Bosbach
Brackmann
Brähmig
Brand
Brandt
Brauksiepe
Braun
Brehmer
Brinkhaus
Caesar
Connemann
Dautzenberg
de Maizière
Dörflinger
Dött
Feist
Ferlemann
Fischbach
Fischer
Fischer
Fischer
Flachsbarth
Flosbach
Fritz
Fuchs
Fuchtel
Funk
Gädechens
Gebhart
Gerig
Gienger
Götz
Granold
Grindel
Gröhe
Grosse-Brömer
Grotelüschen
Grübel
Grund
Grütters
Gutting
Haibach
Harbarth
Hardt
Heider
Heiderich
Heil
Heinen-Esser
Heinrich
Henke
Hennrich
Herrmann
Heveling
Hintze
Hirte
Hochbaum
Holzenkamp
Hörster
Hübinger
Hüppe
Jarzombek
Jasper
Jung
Jung
Jüttner
Kammer
Kampeter
Kaster
Kauder
Kauder
Kaufmann
Kiesewetter
von Klaeden
Klamt
Klein
Klimke
Klöckner
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Kolbe
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Kruse
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Lach
Lamers
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Landgraf
von der Leyen
Liebing
Lietz
Linnemann
Lips
Luczak
Luther
Maag
von der Marwitz
Mattfeldt
Meister
Merkel
Michalk
Middelberg
Mißfelder
Monstadt
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Murmann
Neumann
Noll
Otte
Paul
Pawelski
Petzold
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Pfeiffer
Philipp
Pofalla
Poland
Polenz
Pols
Puttrich
Rachel
Rehberg
Reiche
Riebsamen
Rief
Riegert
Riesenhuber
Röring
Röttgen
Rüddel
Schäfer
Schäuble
Schavan
Schiewerling
Schindler
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Schirmbeck
Schnieder
Schockenhoff
Schröder
Schröder
Schulte-Drüggelte
Schummer
Schuster
Seif
Selle
Sendker
Sensburg
Siebert
Spahn
Stauche
Steffel
Steinbach
von Stetten
Stier
Storjohann
Strenz
Strobl
Strothmann
Stübgen
Tauber
Tillmann
Vaatz
Vogel
Vogelsang
Voßhoff
Wadephul
Wanderwitz
Wegner
Weinberg
Weiss
Weiß
Wellenreuther
Wellmann
Wichtel
Widmann-Mauz
Willsch
Winkelmeier-Becker
Zimmer
Zylajew
CSU:
Aigner
Aumer
Bär
Brandl
Dobrindt
Frankenhauser
Friedrich
Frieser
Gauweiler
Geis
Glos
Göppel
Götzer
zu Guttenberg
Hahn
Hasselfeldt
Hinsken
Holmeier
Kalb
Karl
Koschyk
Lange
Lehmer
Lehrieder
Mayer
Michelbach
Mortler
Müller
Müller
Nüßlein
Obermeier
Oswald
Raab
Ramsauer
Ruck
Rupprecht
Scheuer
Schmidt
Silberhorn
Singhammer
Stracke
Straubinger
Uhl
Wöhrl
Zöller
SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Members:
Arndt-Brauer
Arnold
Barchmann
Barnett
Bartels
Barthel
Bartol
Bas
Bätzing-Lichtenthäler
Becker
Beckmeyer
Binding
Bollmann
Brandner
Brase
Brinkmann
Bulmahn
Bülow
Burchardt
Burkert
Crone
Danckert
Dörmann
Drobinski-Weiß
Duin
Edathy
Egloff
Ehrmand
Erler
Ernstberger
Evers-Meyer
Ferner
Fograscher
Franke
Freitag
Friedrich
Gabriel
Gerdes
Gerster
Gleicke
Gloser
Gottschalck
Graf
Griese
Groneberg
Groschek
Groß
Gunkel
Hacker
Hagedorn
Hagemann
Hartmann
Heil
Hellmich
Hempelmann
Hendricks
Herzog
Hiller-Ohm
Hinz
Hofmann
Högl
Humme
Juratović
Kaczmarek
Kahrs
Kastner
Kelber
Klingbeil
Klose
Klug
Kofler
Kolbe
Körper
Kramme
Kressl
Krüger-Leißner
Kumpf
Lambrecht
Lange
Lauterbach
Lemme
Lischka
Lösekrug-Möller
Lühmann
Marks
Mast
Mattheis
Merkel
Meßmer
Miersch
Müntefering
Mützenich
Nahles
Nietan
Nink
Oppermann
Ortel
Özoğuz
Paula
Pflug
Poß
Priesmeier
Pronold
Raabe
Rawert
Rebmann
Reichenbach
Reimann
Rix
Röspel
Rossmann
Roth
Roth
Rupprecht
Sawade
Schaaf
Schäfer
Scheelen
Scheer
Schieder
Schieder
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schneider
Scholz
Schreiner
Schulz
Schurer
Schwabe
Schwall-Düren
Schwanholz
Schwanitz
Schwartze
Schwarzelühr-Sutter
Sieling
Steffen
Steinbrück
Steinmeier
Strässer
Tack
Thierse
Thönnes
Tiefensee
Veit
Vogt
Volkmer
Wicklein
Wieczorek-Zeul
Wiefelspütz
Wolff
Zapf
Ziegler
Zöllmer
Zypries
FDPvte FDPSpeaker: Birgit Homburger and Rainer Brüderle
Members:
Ackermann
Ahrendt
Aschenberg-Dugnus
Bahr
Bernschneider
Blumenthal
Bögel
Bracht-Bendt
Breil
Brüderle
Brunkhorst
Burgbacher
Buschmann
Canel
Daub
Deutschmann
Djir-Sarai
Döring
Drexler
Dyckmans
Ehrenberg
Erdel
van Essen
Flach
Fricke
Friedhoff
Geisen
Gerhardt
Goldmann
Golombeck
Gruß
Günther
Happach-Kasan
Haustein
Höferlin
Hoff
Homburger
Hoyer
Kamp
Kauch
Knopek
Kober
Kolb
Königshaus
Kopp
Koppelin
Körber
Krestel
Kurth
Lanfermann
Laurischk
Leibrecht
Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger
Lindemann
Lindner
Lindner
Link
Lotter
Luksic
Meierhofer
Meinhardt
Molitor
Mücke
Müller
Müller-Sönksen
Neumann
Niebel
Otto
Pieper
Piltz
von Polheim
Ratjen-Damerau
Reinemund
Reinhold
Röhlinger
Ruppert
Sänger
Schäffler
Schnurr
Schulz
Schuster
Schweickert
Simmling
Skudelny
Solms
Spatz
Stadler
Staffeldt
Stinner
Thiele
Thomae
Todtenhausen
Toncar
Tören
Vogel
Volk
Westerwelle
Winterstein
Wissing
Wolff
LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Gregor Gysi
Members:
Alpers
Bartsch
Behrens
Binder
Birkwald
Bluhm
Bockhahn
Buchholz
Bulling-Schröter
Bunge
Claus
Dağdelen
Dehm-Desoi
Dittrich
Dreibus
Enkelmann
Ernst
Gehrcke-Reymann
Gohlke
Golze
Groth
Gysi
Hänsel
Hein
Höger
Höll
Hunko
Jelpke
Jochimsen
Kipping
Koch
Korte
Krellmann
Kunert
Lafontaine
Lay
Leidig
Lenkert
Leutert
Liebich
Lötzer
Lötzsch
Lutze
Maurer
Menzner
Möhring
Möller
Movassat
Naumann
Nord
Pau
Petermann
Pitterle
Ploetz
Remmers
Schäfer
Schlecht
Schui
Seifert
Senger-Schäfer
Sharma
Sitte
Stüber
Süßmair
Tackmann
Tempel
Troost
Ulrich
van Aken
Vogler
Voß
Wagenknecht
Wawzyniak
Weinberg
Werner
Wunderlich
Zimmermann
GRÜNEvte GRUENESpeaker: Renate Künast and Jürgen Trittin
Members:
Andreae
Beck
Beck
Behm
Bender
Bonde
Deligöz
Dörner
Ebner
Fell
Gambke
Gehring
Göring-Eckardt
Haßelmann
Herlitzius
Hermann
Hinz
Höfken-Deipenbrock
Hofreiter
Höhn
Hönlinger
Hoppe
Kekeritz
Keul
Kieckbusch
Kilic
Kindler
Klein-Schmeink
Koczy
Koenigs
Kotting-Uhl
Krischer
Krumwiede
Kuhn
Kühn
Künast
Kurth
Kurth
Lazar
Lindner
Maisch
Malczak
Montag
Müller
Müller-Gemmeke
Nestle
Nouripour
Ostendorff
Ott
Paus
Pothmer
Rößner
Roth
Sager
Sarrazin
Scharfenberg
Scheel
Schick
Schmidt
Schneider
Seiler
Steiner
Strengmann-Kuhn
Ströbele
Terpe
Tressel
Trittin
von Cramon-Taubadel
von Notz
Wagner
Wagner
Walter-Rosenheimer
Wieland
Wilms
Winkler
OTHERvteIndependent
Members:
Nešković
List of members of the 17th Bundestag
vte Members of the 18th Bundestag (2013–2017)President: Norbert Lammert (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU/CSUSpeaker: Volker Kauder
CDU:
Albani
Altmaier
Bareiß
Barthle
Baumann
Beermann
Behrens
Bellmann
Benning
Berghegger
Bergner
Bertram
Beyer
Bilger
Binninger
Bleser
Böhmer
Bosbach
Brackmann
Brähmig
Brand
Brandt
Brauksiepe
Braun
Brehmer
Brinkhaus
Caesar
Connemann
Dinges-Dierig
Donth
Dörflinger
Dött
Eckenbach
Färber
Feiler
Feist
Ferlemann
Fischbach
Fischer
Fischer
Flachsbarth
Flosbach
Frei
Fuchs
Fuchtel
Funk
Gädechens
Gebhart
Gerig
Gienger
Giousouf
Grindel
Groden-Kranich
Gröhe
Gröhler
Grosse-Brömer
Grotelüschen
Grübel
Grund
Grundmann
Grütters
Gundelach
Güntzler
Gutting
Haase
Hajek
Harbarth
Hardt
Hauer
Hauptmann
Heck
Heider
Heiderich
Heil
Heinrich
Helfrich
Heller
Hellmuth
Henke
Hennrich
Herdan
Heveling
Hintze
Hinz
Hirte
Hirte
Hochbaum
Hoffmann
Holzenkamp
Hoppenstedt
Horb
Höschel
Hornhues
Huber
Hübinger
Hüppe
Jarzombek
Jepsen
Jörrißen
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jüttner
Kammer
Kampeter
Kanitz
Karliczek
Kaster
Kauder
Kaufmann
Kemmer
Kiesewetter
Kippels
Klein
Klimke
Knoerig
Koeppen
Koob
Körber
Kovac
Kretschmer
Krichbaum
Krings
Kruse
Kudla
Kühne
Lach
Lagosky
Lamers
Lämmel
Lammert
Landgraf
Leikert
Lengsfeld
Leyen
Lezius
Liebing
Lietz
Linnemann
Lips
Lorenz
Lücking-Michel
Luczak
Maag
Magwas
Mahlberg
Maizière
Manderla
Marschall
Marwitz
Mattfeldt
Meister
Merkel
Metzler
Michalk
Middelberg
Mißfelder
Monstadt
Möring
Mosblech
Motschmann
Müller
Murmann
Nick
Noll
Nowak
Oellers
Ostermann
Otte
Pahlmann
Pantel
Patzelt
Pätzold
Petzold
Pfeiffer
Pfeiffer
Pofalla
Pols
Rachel
Radomski
Rehberg
Reiche
Riebsamen
Rief
Riesenhuber
Ripsam
Röring
Rösel
Röttgen
Rüddel
Schäfer
Schäuble
Schavan
Schiewerling
Schimke
Schindler
Schipanski
Schmelzle
Schmidt
Schnieder
Schockenhoff
Schön
Schröder
Schröder
Schulte-Drüggelte
Schulze
Schummer
Schuster
Schwarzer
Seif
Selle
Sendker
Sensburg
Siebert
Sorge
Spahn
Stauche
Steffel
Stegemann
Stein
Steineke
Steiniger
Stetten
Stier
Stockhofe
Storjohann
Strenz
Stritzl
Strobl
Strothmann
Stübgen
Sütterlin-Waack
Tauber
Tillmann
Timmermann-Fechter
Uhl
Vaatz
Veith
Viesehon
Vietz
Vogel
Volmering
Voßbeck-Kayser
Vries
Wadephul
Wanderwitz
Wange
Warken
Wegner
Weiler
Weinberg
Weiß
Weiss
Wellenreuther
Wellmann
Wendt
Westermayer
Whittaker
Wichtel
Widmann-Mauz
Wiese
Willsch
Winkelmeier-Becker
Wittke
Woltmann
Zertik
Zimmer
CSU:
Albsteiger
Auernhammer
Bär
Brandl
Dobrindt
Durz
Eberl
Fabritius
Freudenstein
Friedrich
Frieser
Gauweiler
Göppel
Hahn
Hasselfeldt
Hoffmann
Holmeier
Irlstorfer
Kalb
Karl
Koschyk
Lange
Lanzinger
Launert
Lehrieder
Lenz
Lerchenfeld
Lindholz
Ludwig
Mayer
Meier
Michelbach
Mortler
Müller
Müller
Nüßlein
Obermeier
Oßner
Radwan
Rainer
Ramsauer
Rupprecht
Scheuer
Schmidt
Silberhorn
Singhammer
Stefinger
Stracke
Straubinger
Strebl
Uhl
Ullrich
Weisgerber
Wöhrl
Zech
Zeulner
Zollner
SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Thomas Oppermann
Members:
Annen
Arndt-Brauer
Arnold
Baehrens
Bahr
Bähr-Losse
Barchmann
Barley
Barnett
Bartels
Barthel
Bartke
Bartol
Bas
Bätzing-Lichtenthäler
Becker
Beckmeyer
Binding
Blienert
Brase
Brunner
Bulmahn
Bülow
Burkert
Castellucci
Coße
Crone
Daldrup
De Ridder
Diaby
Dittmar
Dörmann
Drobinski-Weiß
Edathy
Ehrmann
Engelmeier-Heite
Erler
Ernstberger
Esken
Evers-Meyer
Fechner
Felgentreu
Ferner
Finckh-Krämer
Flisek
Fograscher
Franke
Freese
Freitag
Gabriel
Gerdes
Gerster
Gleicke
Glöckner
Gottschalck
Griese
Groneberg
Groß
Grötsch
Gunkel
Hagedorn
Hagl-Kehl
Hakverdi
Hampel
Hartmann
Hartmann
Heidenblut
Heil
Heinrich
Held
Hellmich
Hendricks
Henn
Herzog
Hiller-Ohm
Hinz
Hitschler
Högl
Ilgen
Jantz
Jost
Junge
Juratovic
Jurk
Kaczmarek
Kahrs
Kampmann
Kapschack
Katzmarek
Kelber
Kermer
Kiziltepe
Klare
Klingbeil
Kofler
Kolbe
Kömpel
Kramme
Krüger
Krüger-Leißner
Kühn-Mengel
Lambrecht
Lange
Lauterbach
Lemme
Lischka
Lösekrug-Möller
Lotze
Lühmann
Malecha-Nissen
Marks
Mast
Mattheis
Miersch
Mindrup
Mittag
Müller
Müller
Müntefering
Mützenich
Nahles
Nietan
Nissen
Oppermann
Özdemir
Özoğuz
Paschke
Petry
Pflugradt
Pilger
Poschmann
Poß
Post
Post
Priesmeier
Pronold
Raabe
Raatz
Rabanus
Rawert
Rebmann
Reichenbach
Reimann
Rimkus
Rix
Rode-Bosse
Rohde
Rosemann
Röspel
Rossmann
Roth
Rüthrich
Rützel
Ryglewski
Saathoff
Sawade
Schabedoth
Schäfer
Scheer
Schieder
Schiefner
Schlegel
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schneider
Scho-Antwerpes
Schulte
Schulz
Schurer
Schwabe
Schwartze
Schwarz
Schwarzelühr-Sutter
Sieling
Spiering
Spinrath
Stadler
Stamm-Fibich
Steffen
Steinbrück
Steinmeier
Strässer
Tack
Tausend
Thews
Thissen
Thönnes
Tiefensee
Träger
Veit
Vogt
Vöpel
Weber
Westphal
Wicklein
Wiese
Wolff
Yüksel
Ziegler
Zierke
Zimmermann
Zöllmer
Zypries
LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Gregor Gysi, Dietmar Bartsch, Sahra Wagenknecht
Members:
Aken
Alpers
Bartsch
Behrens
Binder
Birkwald
Bluhm
Buchholz
Bulling-Schröter
Claus
Dağdelen
Dehm
Ernst
Gehrcke
Gohlke
Golze
Groth
Gysi
Hahn
Hänsel
Hein
Höger
Hunko
Hupach
Jelpke
Karawanskij
Kassner
Kipping
Korte
Krellmann
Kunert
Lay
Leidig
Lenkert
Leutert
Liebich
Lötzsch
Lutze
Menz
Möhring
Movassat
Müller
Neu
Nord
Pau
Petzold
Pitterle
Renner
Schlecht
Sitte
Steinke
Tackmann
Tank
Tempel
Troost
Ulrich
Vogler
Wagenknecht
Wawzyniak
Weinberg
Werner
Wöllert
Wunderlich
Zdebel
Zimmermann
Zimmermann
GRÜNEvte GRUENESpeaker: Katrin Göring-Eckardt, Anton Hofreiter
Members:
Amtsberg
Andreae
Baerbock
Beck
Beck
Brantner
Brugger
Deligöz
Dörner
Dröge
Ebner
Gambke
Gastel
Gehring
Göring-Eckardt
Hajduk
Haßelmann
Hinz
Hofreiter
Höhn
Janecek
Kekeritz
Keul
Kindler
Klein-Schmeink
Koenigs
Kotting-Uhl
Krischer
Kühn
Kühn
Künast
Kurth
Lazar
Lemke
Lindner
Maisch
Meiwald
Mihalic
Müller-Gemmeke
Mutlu
Notz
Nouripour
Ostendorff
Özdemir
Paus
Pothmer
Rößner
Roth
Rüffer
Sarrazin
Scharfenberg
Schauws
Schick
Schmidt
Schulz-Asche
Strengmann-Kuhn
Ströbele
Terpe
Tressel
Trittin
Verlinden
Wagner
Walter-Rosenheimer
Wilms
OTHERvteIndependent
Members:
Steinbach
List of members of the 18th Bundestag
vte Members of the 20th Bundestag (2021–2025)President Bärbel Bas (SPD)SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Rolf Mützenich
Other members:
Abdi
Ahmetovic
Alabali-Radovan
Andres
Annen
Arlt
Baehrens
Bahr
Baldy
Baradari
Bartol
Bartz
Bas
Becker
Berghahn
Bergt
Blankenburg
Breymaier
Brunner
Budde
Cademartori
Castellucci
Daldrup
Demir
De Ridder
Diaby
Diedenhofen
Dieren
Dilcher
Dittmar
Döring
Droßmann
Echeverria
Eichwede
Engelhardt
Esdar
Esken
Fäscher
Fechner
Fiedler
Franke
Funke
Gava
Gerdes
Gerster
Glöckner
Griese
Hagedorn
Hagl-Kehl
Hakverdi
Hartmann
Heidenblut
Heil
Heiligenstadt
Heinrich
Hellmich
Hennig
Heselhaus
Heubach
Hitschler
Hohmann
Hostert
Hubertz
Hümpfer
Junge
Juratovic
Kaczmarek
Kaiser
Karaahmetoǧlu
Kasper
Kassautzki
Katzmarek
Kersten
Kleebank
Klinck
Klingbeil
Klose
Klüssendorf
Kofler
Koß
Kramme
Kreiser
Kröber
Kühnert
Lahrkamp
Larem
Lauterbach
Lehmann
Leiser
Licina-Bode
Limbacher
Lindh
Lugk
Lutze
Machalet
Mackensen-Geis
Malottki
Mann
Martens
Marvi
Mascheck
Mast
Mehltretter
Mehmet Ali
Mende
Mesarosch
Michel
Miersch
Mieves
Mittag
Moll
Möller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müntefering
Mützenich
Nasr
Nickholz
Nietan
Nürnberger
Oehl
Ortleb
Özdemir
Özoğuz
Pantazis
Papenbrock
Papendieck
Pawlik
Peick
Petry
Plobner
Poschmann
Post
Rabanus
Rhie
Rimkus
Rinkert
Rix
Rohde
Roloff
Rosemann
Rosenthal
Roth
Rudolph
Rudolph
Ruf
Rützel
Ryglewski
Saathoff
Schäfer
Schäfer
Schamber
Schätzl
Scheer
Schieder
Schiefner
Schierenbeck
Schisanowski
Schmid
Schmid
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schneider
Schneider
Scholz
Schraps
Schreider
Schrodi
Schulze
Schwabe
Schwartze
Schwarz
Schwarzelühr-Sutter
Seitzl
Stadler
Stamm-Fibich
Stegner
Stein
Sthamer
Stüwe
Tausend
Thews
Töns
Träger
Troff-Schaffarzyk
Türk-Nachbaur
Ullrich
Völlers
Vontz
Vöpel
Wagner
Wallstein
Walter
Wegge
Wegling
Weingarten
Werner
Westphal
Wiese
Wollmann
Yüksel
Zierke
Zimmermann
Zorn
Zschau
CDU/CSUvte CDU, CSUSpeaker: Friedrich Merz
CDU:
Abraham
Albani
Altenkamp
Amthor
Aumer
Bareiß
Bernstein
Beyer
Biadacz
Bilger
Borchardt
Brand
Braun
Breher
Brehmer
Breilmann
Brinkhaus
Brodesser
Bröhr
Bury
Connemann
Czaja
Damerow
Donth
Färber
Feiler
Ferlemann
Föhr
Frei
Gädechens
Gebhart
Gramling
Gröhe
Grosse-Brömer
Grübel
Grütters
Grund
Grundmann
Güler
Güntzler
Gutting
Haase
Hardt
Hauer
Heck
Heil
Heilmann
Helfrich
Henrichmann
Heveling
Hirte
Hoppenstedt
Hoppermann
Hüppe
Janssen
Jarzombek
Jung
Karliczek
Kaufmann
Kemmer
Kiesewetter
Kippels
Klein
Klein
Klöckner
Knoerig
König
Koeppen
Körber
Koob
Krichbaum
Krings
Kuban
Laschet
Lehmann
Leikert
Linnemann
Lips
Luczak
Mack
Magwas
Mannes
Mayer-Lay
Meister
Merz
Metzler
Middelberg
Mörseburg
Monstadt
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Nacke
Nicolaisen
Oellers
Oppelt
Oster
Otte
Pahlmann
Ploß
Plum
Rachel
Radomski
Rehbaum
Reichel
Rief
Röttgen
Röwekamp
Rohwer
Rouenhoff
Rüddel
Firnhaber
Schenderlein
Schimke
Schnieder
Schön
Schreiner
Seif
Simon
Sorge
Spahn
Stegemann
Steiniger
von Stetten
Stier
Stöcker
Stumpp
Tebroke
Thies
Throm
Tillmann
Timmermann-Fechter
Uhl
Ullrich
Vieregge
Vogt
Vries
Wadephul
Wanderwitz
Warken
Weiss
Weiss
Whittaker
Widmann-Mauz
Wiener
Wiesmann
Willsch
Winkelmeier-Becker
Wulf
Ziemiak
Zippelius
CSU:
Auernhammer
Bär
Brandl
Brehm
Dobrindt
Durz
Edelhäußer
Engelhard
Englhardt-Kopf
Erndl
Friedrich
Frieser
Geissler
Hahn
Hierl
Hoffmann
Irlstorfer
Kießling
Lange
Launert
Lehrieder
Lenz
Lindholz
Loos
Ludwig
Mayer
Müller
Oßner
Radwan
Rainer
Ramsauer
Rupprecht
Scheuer
Silberhorn
Staffler
Stefinger
Stracke
Straubinger
Weisgerber
Winkler
Wittmann
Zeulner
GRÜNEvte GRÜNESpeaker: Claudia Roth
Other members: Aeffner
Amtsberg
Audretsch
Außendorf
Bacherle
Badum
Bär
Baerbock
Banaszak
Bayram
Beck
Benner
Brantner
Brugger
Bsirske
Christmann
Dahmen
Deligöz
Detzer
Dröge
Düring
Ebner
Eckert
Emmerich
Fester
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Gehring
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Göring-Eckardt
Grau
Grützmacher
Grundl
Habeck
Haßelmann
Heitmann
Henneberger
Herrmann
Hönel
Hoffmann
Hofreiter
von Holtz
Janecek
Kaddor
Kappert-Gonther
Kellner
Keul
Khan
Kindler
Klein-Schmeink
Kopf
Krämer
Kraft
Kretz
Krischer
Krumwiede-Steiner
Künast
Kurth
Lang
Lehmann
Lemke
Liebert
Limburg
Lindner
Loop
Lucks
Lührmann
Mayer
Menge
Michaelsen
Mihalic
Mijatovič
C. Müller
S. Müller
Müller-Gemmeke
Nanni
Nestle
Nick
von Notz
Nouripour
Özdemir
Otte
Pahlke
Paus
Piechotta
Filiz
Reinalter
Rößner
Rottmann
Rüffer
Sacher
Taher Saleh
J. Schäfer
S. Schäfer
Schauws
Schmidt
Schönberger
Schröder
Schulz-Asche
Sekmen
Slawik
Spallek
Spellerberg
Steffen
Steinmüller
Strengmann-Kuhn
Tesfaiesus
Trittin
Uhlig
Verlinden
N. Wagener
R. Wagener
Wagner
Walter-Rosenheimer
Weishaupt
Wenzel
Winklmann
FDPvte FDPSpeaker: Christian Dürr
Other members: Abel
Adler
Al-Halak
Alt
Aschenberg-Dugnus
Bartelt
Bauer
Beeck
Bodtke
Boginski
J. Brandenburg
M. Brandenburg
Bubendorfer-Licht
Buschmann
Busen
Cronenberg
Djir-Sarai
Dürr
Faber
Föst
Funke-Kaiser
Gassner-Herz
Gerschau
Gründer
Hacker
Hartewig
Harzer
Heidt
Helling-Plahr
Herbrand
Herbst
Hessel
Hocker
Höferlin
Hoffmann
Houben
in der Beek
Jensen
Jurisch
Klein
Kluckert
Kober
Köhler
Konrad
Kruse
Kubicki
Kuhle
Lambsdorff
Lechte
Lenders
Lieb
Lindner
Link
Lütke
Luksic
Mansmann
Merten
Meyer
Mordhorst
Müller
Müller-Rosentritt
Raffelhüschen
Redder
Reinhold
Reuther
Sauter
Schäffler
Schröder
Schulz
Seestern-Pauly
Seiter
Semet
Skudelny
Stark-Watzinger
Stockmeier
Strack-Zimmermann
Strasser
Teuteberg
Teutrine
Theurer
Thomae
Tippelt
Todtenhausen
Toncar
Ullmann
Ullrich
Vogel
Wagner
Weeser
Westig
Willkomm
Wissing
AfDvte AfDSpeaker:
Other members:
Bachmann
Baum
Baumann
Beckamp
Bernhard
Blerk
Bochmann
Boehringer
Bollmann
Brandes
Brandner
Braun
Bühl
Bystron
Chrupalla
Curio
Dietz
Ehrhorn
Espendiller
Felser
Friedhoff
Frömming
Frohnmaier
Gauland
Glaser
Gnauck
Gottschalk
Harder-Kühnel
Haug
Hess
Hilse
Höchst
Holm
Huy
Jacobi
Janich
Jongen
Malte Kaufmann
Michael Kaufmann
Keuter
Kleinwächter
König
Komning
Kotré
Kraft
Lenk
Lucassen
Moncsek
Moosdorf
Münzenmaier
Naujok
Nolte
Otten
Peterka
Pohl
Protschka
Reichardt
Renner
Rinck
Rothfuß
Schattner
Schielke-Ziesing
E. Schmidt
J. Schmidt
Schneider
Schulz
Seitz
Sichert
Spaniel
Springer
Stöber
von Storch
Weidel
Weyel
Wiehle
Wirth
Wundrak
Ziegler
LINKEvte LINKESpeaker:
Other members: Akbulut
Bartsch
Birkwald
Bünger
Cezanne
Domscheit-Berg
Ferschl
Gohlke
Görke
Gürpinar
Gysi
Hahn
Hennig-Wellsow
Korte
Latendorf
Lay
Lenkert
Lötzsch
Möhring
Nastić
Pellmann
Perlif
Reichinnek
Renner
Riexinger
Sitte
Vogler
Wissler
OTHERvteNon-attached
Members: Al-Dailami (BSW)
Cotar (Independent)
Dağdelen (BSW)
Ernst (BSW)
Hunko (BSW)
Farle (Independent)
Helferich (Independent)
Huber (Independent)
Leye (BSW)
Mohamed Ali (BSW)
Nastić (BSW)
Tatti (BSW)
Ulrich (BSW)
Seidler (SSW)
Wagenknecht (BSW)
Witt (Independent)
List of members of the 20th Bundestag
vteMembers of the German Bundestag from Mecklenburg-VorpommernSPD
Frank Junge
Sonja Steffen
CDU
Philipp Amthor
Maika Friemann-Jennert (from 7 April 2021)
Angela Merkel
Dietrich Monstadt
Eckhardt Rehberg
Peter Stein
Karin Strenz (until 21 March 2021)
Greens
Claudia Müller
FDP
Hagen Reinhold
AfD
Leif-Erik Holm
Enrico Komning
Ulrike Schielke-Ziesing
The Left
Dietmar Bartsch
Heidrun Bluhm
Kerstin Kassner
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg-Vorpommern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"}],"text":"Eckhardt Rehberg (born 3 April 1954) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern from 2005 until 2021.","title":"Eckhardt Rehberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Parliament of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtag_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"},{"link_name":"Harald Ringstorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Ringstorff"},{"link_name":"2002 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_state_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2005 German federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"national budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"BND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesnachrichtendienst"},{"link_name":"BfV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution"},{"link_name":"MAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rischer_Abschirmdienst"},{"link_name":"Council of Elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Elders_of_the_Bundestag_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Merkel_cabinet"},{"link_name":"2017 federal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Peter Altmaier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Altmaier"},{"link_name":"Andreas Scheuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Scheuer"},{"link_name":"Olaf Scholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz"}],"text":"From 1990 until 2005, Rehberg served as a member of the State Parliament of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. From 2001 until 2005, he was the chairman of the CDU in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. During that time, he was the party's candidate to unseat incumbent Minister-President Harald Ringstorff in the 2002 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election;[1] he eventually lost against Ringstorff.Rehberg became a member of the Bundestag in the 2005 German federal election.[2] From 2005 until 2009, he served on the Committee on Economic Affairs and Technology. From 2009 until 2021, he was a member of the Budget Committee.[3] In 2015 he also became his parliamentary group's spokesperson on the national budget. He was also a member of the so-called Confidential Committee (Vertrauensgremium) of the Budget Committee, which provides budgetary supervision for Germany's three intelligence services, BND, BfV and MAD. In addition to his committee assignments, he served on the Council of Elders, which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigns committee chairpersons based on party representation.In the negotiations to form Merkel's fourth coalition government following the 2017 federal elections, Rehberg was part of the working group on financial policies and taxes, led by Peter Altmaier, Andreas Scheuer and Olaf Scholz.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Network Agency for Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Posts and Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Network_Agency"}],"sub_title":"Regulatory agencies","text":"Federal Network Agency for Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Posts and Railway (BNetzA), Member of the Rail Infrastructure Advisory Council (2014–2015)","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"KfW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KfW"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nordex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordex"},{"link_name":"Volkswerft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswerft"},{"link_name":"Ostseestadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostseestadion"}],"sub_title":"Corporate boards","text":"Deutsche Bahn, Member of the supervisory board (since 2018)[4]\nKfW, ex-officio Member of the Board of Supervisory Directors (2014–2019)[5]\nNordex, Member of the Political Advisory Board (2009–2013)\nVolkswerft, Member of the supervisory board (2005–2013)\nOstseestadion, Member of the advisory board (2005–2009)","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F.C. Hansa Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Hansa_Rostock"}],"sub_title":"Non-profit organizations","text":"F.C. Hansa Rostock, Member","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Human rights","text":"In June 2017, Rehberg voted against Germany's introduction of same-sex marriage.[6]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"debt brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_brake_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"budget of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Minister of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Olaf Scholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz"},{"link_name":"eurozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"European Green Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Green_Deal"},{"link_name":"Stability and Growth Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_and_Growth_Pact"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Economic policy","text":"Rehberg has been a supporter of the debt brake in the budget of Germany since its introduction in 2009. Amid the economic downturn due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, he demanded that “suspending the debt brake must not become a habit. We have to get back to the regular debt limit as quickly as possible.”[7]In 2018, Rehberg rejected plans presented by Minister of Finance Olaf Scholz for a European unemployment stabilization fund designed to arm the eurozone against crises.[8] He later criticized the European Commission’s 2019 plans for loosening the EU's budget rules in a bid to free up spending for a European Green Deal, arguing that the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) already provided enough flexibility to permit public investments.[9]","title":"Political positions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Eckhardt Rehberg\". CDU/CSU-Fraktion. Retrieved 2020-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/eckhardt-rehberg","url_text":"\"Eckhardt Rehberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"German Bundestag - Budget\". German Bundestag. Retrieved 2020-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a08","url_text":"\"German Bundestag - Budget\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.eckhardt-rehberg.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/tapfer-in-der-opposition/347680.html","external_links_name":"Politik: Tapfer in der Opposition"},{"Link":"https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/eckhardt-rehberg","external_links_name":"\"Eckhardt Rehberg\""},{"Link":"https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a08","external_links_name":"\"German Bundestag - Budget\""},{"Link":"https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/handel-konsumgueter/stuehleruecken-im-bahn-aufsichtsrat-christian-schmidt-und-eckhardt-rehberg-werden-neue-bahn-aufseher/22625580.html","external_links_name":"Stühlerücken im Bahn-Aufsichtsrat: Christian Schmidt und Eckhardt Rehberg werden neue Bahn-Aufseher"},{"Link":"https://www.kfw.de/KfW-Group/About-KfW/Berichtsportal-2018/Gesch%C3%A4ftsbericht-2018/Report-of-the-Board-of-Supervisory-Directors/","external_links_name":"2018 Annual Report: Report of the Board of Supervisory Directors"},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article166099805/Diese-Unionsabgeordneten-stimmten-fuer-die-Ehe-fuer-alle.html","external_links_name":"Diese Unionsabgeordneten stimmten für die Ehe für alle"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-germany-debt/merkels-conservatives-clash-with-scholz-over-debt-brake-idUSKCN25G0P6","external_links_name":"Merkel's conservatives clash with Scholz over debt brake"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/46b521ba-d1f3-11e8-a9f2-7574db66bcd5","external_links_name":"German finance minister advocates unemployment fund for eurozone"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/26707a24-1b69-11ea-97df-cc63de1d73f4","external_links_name":"German politicians warn EU on looser budget rules for green drive"},{"Link":"https://www.eckhardt-rehberg.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.bundestag.de/en/members/rehberg_eckhardt-522826","external_links_name":"Bundestag biography"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/46146285537015372822","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDgxpV96Q7gth7yPyfMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1099728274","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards | 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards | ["1 Background","2 Performers","3 Presenters","4 Winners and nominees","5 Multiple awards","5.1 Artist(s) with multiple wins","5.2 Artist(s) with multiple nominations","6 Broadcast","7 Notes","8 References"] | 2012 Mnet Asian Music AwardsDateNovember 30, 2012 (2012-11-30)VenueHong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong KongHosted bySong Joong-kiMost awardsPsy (4)Most nominationsPsy (6)Television/radio coverageNetworks
South Korea: Mnet
Japan: Mnet Japan, Music On! TV
Southeast Asia: Channel M
Thailand: Bang Channel
Runtimearound 240 minutes
← 2011 ·
Mnet Asian Music Awards
· 2013 →
The 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards took place on November 30, 2012, at Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre in Hong Kong. The ceremony was the third consecutive Mnet Asian Music Awards to occur outside of South Korea. It was reported by international news agencies such as Agence France-Presse, ITN, and was also broadcast in 85 countries around the world.
Leading the nominees was Psy with six nominations. By the end of the ceremony, Psy had won four awards, the most of any of the nominees, followed by boybands BigBang and Busker Busker with two each, excluding the special awards.
Background
The event marked the fourteenth of the annual music awards. Using its slogan "Music Makes One" for the second consecutive time, MAMA was broadcast live in China, Japan, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia through various channels, as well as in the US and Canada.
During the Red Carpet, artists B.A.P, Davichi, Mike Izon and Block B performed their songs "No Mercy", "Crash", "I'll Think of You", "Don't Say Goodbye", "Set Fire to the Rain" and "Nillili Mambo" respectively. International artists were seen with their greetings on screen during the main event including Dr. Dre and Jackie Chan
Performers
The following individuals and groups, listed in order of appearance, performed musical numbers at the ceremony.
Name(s)
Performed
Notes
Song Joong-ki, Jung Jae II, G-Dragon, Ailee, Pia & Bang Yong Guk
"Really", Freestyle rapping, "A Better Tomorrow"
"This Is The Moment" (Opening Act)
Ga-in, Sistar, Trouble Maker
"Bloom", "Alone", "Trouble Maker"
"Lady Mamalady"
Wang Leehom
"The Things You Never Knew", "Beautiful"
"Picture Your Song"
Epik High ft. Lee Hi
"It's Cold", "Don't Hate Me"
"HATE Mental Hospital"
Wooyoung, Park Jin-young (JYP)
"Sexy Lady", "DJ Got Me Goin' Crazy", "You're the One", "Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)"
"The Memorial Of JYP"
Roy Kim
"Passing By", "누구를 위한 삶인가"
"My Way"
Adam Lambert
"Whataya Want from Me", "Trespassing"
"Time For Miracle"
EXO and SHINee
"Mama", "Warrior's Descendant", "Mirotic", "Lucifer", "Sherlock"
"Time Loop 2012"
Super Junior
"Spy", "Mr. Simple", "Sexy, Free & Single"
"Super Junior Never Die"
Li Yuchun, Natthew, TimeZ
"Hello Baby", "She's Bad", "Idol Hooray"
(Asian Acts)
Gaeko of Dynamic Duo, Zico, Double K, Loco, Davichi and Chuija
Various freestyle rapping
"Beats Rock The World"
Big Bang
"Crayon", "Fantastic Baby"
"Monster In Me"
Seo In-young, B.o.B, and K.Will
"Anymore", "Airplanes", "Nothin' on You"
"The Tie Between Hong Kong"
Psy ft. Hyuna
"Gangnam Style"
"The Worldwide Phenomenon"
Presenters
Song Joong-ki – welcome address
Choi Minho and Jung Eun-ji – presented Best New Female Artist
Simon Yam – presented Best Dance Performance - Solo
Han Ga-in – presented Best Male Group
Kim Kang-woo – Best Female Group
Jung Il-woo – introduced performer Wang Leehom and presented the Overall Best Asian Artist
Jung Gyu-woon and Chae Yeon – presented Best Collaboration Performance and Mnet PD's Choice
Huang Tsz Ting – introduced performers Epik High ft. Lee Hi
Jung Il-woo and Jo Yoon-hee – presented Best Dance Performance - Male Group and Female Group
Han Chae-young – introduced performer Roy Kim
Kim Sung-soo and Go Joon-hee – presented Best Vocal Performance - Solo and Group
Krystal Jung – introduced performer Adam Lambert
Kim Hyo-jin – presented International Favorite Artist
Peng Yuyan and Bai Baihe – presented Best OST
Han Ye-seul – introduced performers SHINee and EXO
Han Chae-young – presented Best Music Video
Victoria Song – presented TVB Choice Award
Kim Hyo-jin – introduced performer Li Yuchun
Park Shin-hye and Yoon Shi-yoon – presented Best New Asian Group
Jung Suk-won and Yun-gil Jeong – presented Best Style in Music
Angelababy – presented Guardian Angel Worldwide Performer
Danny (대니) – Guest host - Introduced Hip-hop performers
Shin Bora and Ailee – presented Best Rap Performance
Bolin Chen – presented Best Male Artist
Choi Ji-woo – presented Best Line Award, introduced performers Big Bang
Song Seung-heon – presented Best Global Group
Song Joong-ki – introduced performer Psy
Yoo Seung-jun, Helen Yao and Zhang Lanxin – Introduced the three grand awards through the movie CZ12
Jackie Chan and Han Ye-seul – presented Artist of the Year
Song Seung-heon and Han Ga-in – presented Album of the Year
Choi Ji-woo and Jung Woo-sung – presented Song of the Year
Song Joong-ki – Closing remarks
Winners and nominees
Psy, Song of the Year and more
Big Bang, Artist of the Year and more
Super Junior, Album of the Year and more
G-Dragon, Best Male Artist
IU, Best Female Artist
Sistar, Best Female Group
Best Dance PerformersShineef(x)
Davichi, Best Vocal Performer – Group
K.Will, Best Vocal Performer – Solo
Epik High, Best Rap Performers
Busker Busker, New Male Artist and Band Performers
Wang Leehom, Overall Best Asian Artist
Best Asian ArtistAKB48Sarah GeronimoTaufik BatisahAgnez MoLi YuchunWinners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.
Song of the Year(daesang)
Artist of the Year(daesang)
Psy – "Gangnam Style"
Busker Busker – "Cherry Blossom Ending"
IU – "You and I"
Sistar – "Alone"
Super Junior – "Sexy, Free & Single"
Big Bang
Busker Busker
Super Junior
Psy
Sistar
Album of the Year(daesang)
Best Music Video
Super Junior – Sexy, Free & Single
G-Dragon – One of a Kind
TVXQ – Catch Me
Busker Busker – Busker Busker 1st Album
Big Bang – Alive
Psy – "Gangnam Style"
Big Bang – "Monster"
Ga-in – "Bloom"
Infinite – "The Chaser"
Naul – "Memory Of The Wind"
Best Male Artist
Best Female Artist
G-Dragon
K.Will
Park Jin-young (JYP)
Se7en
Psy
IU
Baek Ji-young
BoA
Ga-in
G.NA
Best Male Group
Best Female Group
Big Bang
TVXQ
Beast
Super Junior
Shinhwa
Sistar
2NE1
Girls' Generation-TTS
KARA
T-ara
Best Dance Performance – Male Group
Best Dance Performance – Female Group
SHINee – "Sherlock"
Beast – "Beautiful Night"
Super Junior – "Sexy, Free & Single"
MBLAQ – "This Is War"
Infinite – "The Chaser"
f(x) – "Electric Shock"
4Minute – "Volume Up"
Miss A – "Touch"
Secret – "Poison"
Sistar – "Alone"
Best Dance Performance – Solo
Best Band Performance
Psy – "Gangnam Style"
BoA – "Only One"
Hyuna – "Ice Cream"
Park Jin-young (JYP) – "You're The One"
Seo In-young – "Let's Dance"
Busker Busker – "Cherry Blossom Ending"
10cm – "Fine Thank You And You"
CN Blue – "Hey You"
F.T. Island – "Severely"
Nell – "The Day Before"
Best Vocal Performance – Group
Best Vocal Performance – Solo
Davichi – "Will Think Of You"
2AM – "I Wonder If You Hurt Like Me"
Noel – "I Miss You"
Urban Zakapa – "I Hate You"
4MEN – "The Man, The Woman"
K.Will – "I Need You"
Baek Ji-young – "Voice"
IU – "You And I"
John Park – "Falling"
Huh Gak – "The Person Who Once Loved Me"
Best OST
Best Rap Performance
Seo In-guk & Jung Eun-ji – "All For You" (Reply 1997)
Lyn – "Back In Time" (Moon Embracing the Sun)
Lee Jong-hyun – "My Love" (A Gentleman's Dignity)
Taeyeon – "Missing You Like Crazy" (The King 2 Hearts)
Huh Gak – "One Person" (Big)
Epik High – "Up"
Dynamic Duo – "Without You"
Leessang – "Someday"
Mighty Mouth – "Bad Boy"
Verbal Jint – "You Deserve Better"
Best New Male Artist
Best New Female Artist
Busker Busker
B.A.P
Exo
John Park
Ulala Session
Ailee
AOA
Spica
Juniel
Hello Venus
International Favorite Artist
Best Collaboration Performance
Psy – "Gangnam Style"
Trouble Maker – "Trouble Maker"
Davichi & T-ara – "We Were In Love"
Park Jin-young (JYP) & Ga-in – "Someone Else"
Huh Gak & Zia – "I Need You"
Skull & Haha – "Busan Vacance"
Best Global Group – Female
Best Global Group – Male
Kara
2NE1
f(x)
Girls' Generation-TTS
Wonder Girls
Super Junior
Beast
Big Bang
CN Blue
TVXQ
Special Awards
Mnet PD's Choice: BAP
Overall Best Asian Artist: Wang Leehom
Asian Artist Award:
AKB48
Sarah Geronimo
My Tam
Taufik Batisah
Agnes Monica
Chris Lee (Li Yuchun)
Best New Asian Group:
EXO
TimeZ
Natthew
TVB Choice Award: Joey Yung
Best Style in Music: Son Ga-in
Guardian Angel Worldwide Performer: Big Bang
Best Line Award: Super Junior
Multiple awards
Artist(s) with multiple wins
The following artist(s) received two or more wins (excluding the special awards):
Awards
Artist(s)
4
Psy
2
Big Bang
Busker Busker
Super Junior
Artist(s) with multiple nominations
The following artist(s) received two or more nominations:
Nominations
Artist(s)
6
Psy
Super Junior
5
Busker Busker
Big Bang
4
Sistar
3
Ga-in
Park Jin-young (JYP)
Huh Gak
IU
TVXQ
Beast
2
G-Dragon
Infinite
K.Will
John Park
Davichi
T-ara
KARA
2NE1
f(x)
Girls' Generation-TTS
CN Blue
Broadcast
Network
Country
Mnet
South Korea
tvN
CJ E&M channels
Mnet Japan
Japan
TVB
Hong Kong
MyTV-Cambodia
Other countries around the world
KM
Mnet America
Channel M
Myx Philippines
Studio 23 now ABS-CBN Sports and Action ( PHILIPPINES )
And all other channels that carried Mnet Asian Music Awards in Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Europe.
Notes
^ a b c d e Including collaborations.
References
^ "Psy brings "Gangnam Style" to Hong Kong". AFP. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Psy wins big at Asian Music Awards". Independent Television News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Psy's Hong Kong performance to be broadcast to 85 countries". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "MKMF goes into history" Asiae. October 20, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2012
^ Benjamin, Jeff. "PSY, HyunA & Adam Lambert Rock MAMAs: Video Highlights". Billboard. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
^ Zhang, Jingya. "Psy wins at 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards". english.cntv.cn/. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
^ " 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards". mwave. MAMA. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
^ " 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards". mwave. MAMA. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
^ " 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards". mwave. MAMA. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
^ " 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards". mwave. MAMA. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
^ "2012 MAMA Winners". Mnet Asian Music Awards. CJ E&M. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
^ "Nominees for the 2012 MAMA Announced". enewsWorld. CJ E&M. October 23, 2012. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^ "Nominees for SONG and ARTIST of the YEAR". enewsWorld. CJ E&M. October 23, 2012. Archived from the original on December 26, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^ Eun, Elizabeth (November 30, 2012). "Big Bang, Super Junior and Psy Win Big at 2012 MAMA". enewsWorld. CJ E&M. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
vteMAMA AwardsMnet KM Music Festival (MKMF) → Mnet Asian Music Awards (MAMA) → MAMA Awards Merit awardsGrand Prizes/Daesang
Album of the Year
Artist of the Year
Song of the Year
Worldwide Icon of the Year
Competitive Awards
Best Male Artist
Best Female Artist
Best Male Group
Best Female Group
Best New Artist
Best Dance Performance
Best Band Performance
Best Rap Performance
Best Vocal Performance
Best Collaboration
Best OST
Best Music Video
Special Awards
Best International Artist
Best Asian Artist
Other Special Awards
Discontinued awards
Best Mixed Group
Best Ballad/R&B Performance
Other Discontinued Genre-Specific Awards
Discontinued Music Video Awards
Ceremonies
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2005
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2018
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2021
2022
2023
Website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mnet Asian Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Convention_and_Exhibition_Centre"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Agence France-Presse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ITN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITN"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards took place on November 30, 2012, at Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre in Hong Kong. The ceremony was the third consecutive Mnet Asian Music Awards to occur outside of South Korea. It was reported by international news agencies such as Agence France-Presse,[1] ITN,[2] and was also broadcast in 85 countries around the world.[3]Leading the nominees was Psy with six nominations. By the end of the ceremony, Psy had won four awards, the most of any of the nominees, followed by boybands BigBang and Busker Busker with two each, excluding the special awards.","title":"2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-changename-4"},{"link_name":"B.A.P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.A.P_(band)"},{"link_name":"Davichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davichi"},{"link_name":"Block B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_B"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dre"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The event marked the fourteenth of the annual music awards.[4] Using its slogan \"Music Makes One\" for the second consecutive time, MAMA was broadcast live in China, Japan, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia through various channels, as well as in the US and Canada.During the Red Carpet, artists B.A.P, Davichi, Mike Izon and Block B performed their songs \"No Mercy\", \"Crash\", \"I'll Think of You\", \"Don't Say Goodbye\", \"Set Fire to the Rain\" and \"Nillili Mambo\" respectively. International artists were seen with their greetings on screen during the main event including Dr. Dre and Jackie Chan[5][6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAMA_pt1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The following individuals and groups, listed in order of appearance, performed musical numbers at the ceremony.[7][8][9][10]","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Song Joong-ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Joong-ki"},{"link_name":"Choi Minho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Minho_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Jung Eun-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Eun-ji"},{"link_name":"Best New Female Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_New_Artist_(Solo_or_Group)"},{"link_name":"Simon Yam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Yam"},{"link_name":"Best Dance Performance - Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Dance_Performance"},{"link_name":"Han Ga-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Ga-in"},{"link_name":"Best Male Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Male_Group"},{"link_name":"Kim Kang-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kang-woo"},{"link_name":"Best Female Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Female_Group"},{"link_name":"Jung Il-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Il-woo"},{"link_name":"Wang Leehom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Leehom"},{"link_name":"Overall Best Asian Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Asian_Artist"},{"link_name":"Jung Gyu-woon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Gyu-woon"},{"link_name":"Chae Yeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Chae-yeon_(singer,_born_1978)"},{"link_name":"Best Collaboration Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards_in_the_Special_Awards_Category"},{"link_name":"Mnet PD's Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards_in_the_Special_Awards_Category"},{"link_name":"Epik High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epik_High"},{"link_name":"Lee Hi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hi"},{"link_name":"Jung Il-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Il-woo"},{"link_name":"Jo Yoon-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Yoon-hee"},{"link_name":"Best Dance Performance - Male Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Dance_Performance"},{"link_name":"Female Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Dance_Performance"},{"link_name":"Han Chae-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chae-young"},{"link_name":"Roy Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Kim"},{"link_name":"Kim Sung-soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sung-soo_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Go Joon-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Joon-hee"},{"link_name":"Best Vocal Performance - Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards_in_the_Genre-Specific_Awards_Category"},{"link_name":"Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards_in_the_Genre-Specific_Awards_Category"},{"link_name":"Krystal Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystal_Jung"},{"link_name":"Adam Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Kim Hyo-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Hyo-jin"},{"link_name":"International Favorite Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_International_Artist"},{"link_name":"Peng Yuyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Yuyan"},{"link_name":"Bai Baihe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_Baihe"},{"link_name":"Best OST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_OST"},{"link_name":"Han Ye-seul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Ye-seul"},{"link_name":"SHINee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHINee"},{"link_name":"EXO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Han Chae-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chae-young"},{"link_name":"Best Music Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Music_Video"},{"link_name":"Victoria Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Song"},{"link_name":"TVB Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards_in_the_Special_Awards_Category"},{"link_name":"Kim Hyo-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Hyo-jin"},{"link_name":"Li Yuchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yuchun"},{"link_name":"Park Shin-hye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Shin-hye"},{"link_name":"Yoon Shi-yoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Shi-yoon"},{"link_name":"Best New Asian Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards_in_the_Special_Awards_Category"},{"link_name":"Jung Suk-won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Suk-won"},{"link_name":"Best Style in Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards_in_the_Special_Awards_Category"},{"link_name":"Angelababy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelababy"},{"link_name":"Guardian Angel Worldwide Performer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards_in_the_Special_Awards_Category"},{"link_name":"Shin Bora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bora"},{"link_name":"Ailee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailee"},{"link_name":"Best Rap Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Rap_Performance"},{"link_name":"Bolin Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolin_Chen"},{"link_name":"Best Male Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Male_Artist"},{"link_name":"Choi Ji-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Ji-woo"},{"link_name":"Best Line Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards_in_the_Special_Awards_Category"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"Song Seung-heon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Seung-heon"},{"link_name":"Best Global Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards_in_the_Special_Awards_Category"},{"link_name":"Song Joong-ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Joong-ki"},{"link_name":"Psy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psy"},{"link_name":"Yoo Seung-jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Seung-jun"},{"link_name":"Helen Yao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Yao"},{"link_name":"Zhang Lanxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Lanxin"},{"link_name":"CZ12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZ12"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"},{"link_name":"Han Ye-seul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Ye-seul"},{"link_name":"Artist of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Artist_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Song Seung-heon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Seung-heon"},{"link_name":"Han Ga-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Ga-in"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Choi Ji-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Ji-woo"},{"link_name":"Jung Woo-sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Woo-sung"},{"link_name":"Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Song Joong-ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Joong-ki"}],"text":"Song Joong-ki – welcome address\nChoi Minho and Jung Eun-ji – presented Best New Female Artist\nSimon Yam – presented Best Dance Performance - Solo\nHan Ga-in – presented Best Male Group\nKim Kang-woo – Best Female Group\nJung Il-woo – introduced performer Wang Leehom and presented the Overall Best Asian Artist\nJung Gyu-woon and Chae Yeon – presented Best Collaboration Performance and Mnet PD's Choice\nHuang Tsz Ting – introduced performers Epik High ft. Lee Hi\nJung Il-woo and Jo Yoon-hee – presented Best Dance Performance - Male Group and Female Group\nHan Chae-young – introduced performer Roy Kim\nKim Sung-soo and Go Joon-hee – presented Best Vocal Performance - Solo and Group\nKrystal Jung – introduced performer Adam Lambert\nKim Hyo-jin – presented International Favorite Artist\nPeng Yuyan and Bai Baihe – presented Best OST\nHan Ye-seul – introduced performers SHINee and EXO\nHan Chae-young – presented Best Music Video\nVictoria Song – presented TVB Choice Award\nKim Hyo-jin – introduced performer Li Yuchun\nPark Shin-hye and Yoon Shi-yoon – presented Best New Asian Group\nJung Suk-won and Yun-gil Jeong – presented Best Style in Music\nAngelababy – presented Guardian Angel Worldwide Performer\nDanny (대니) – Guest host - Introduced Hip-hop performers\nShin Bora and Ailee – presented Best Rap Performance\nBolin Chen – presented Best Male Artist\nChoi Ji-woo – presented Best Line Award, introduced performers Big Bang\nSong Seung-heon – presented Best Global Group\nSong Joong-ki – introduced performer Psy\nYoo Seung-jun, Helen Yao and Zhang Lanxin – Introduced the three grand awards through the movie CZ12\nJackie Chan and Han Ye-seul – presented Artist of the Year\nSong Seung-heon and Han Ga-in – presented Album of the Year\nChoi Ji-woo and Jung Woo-sung – presented Song of the Year\nSong Joong-ki – Closing remarks","title":"Presenters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psy_performing_Gangnam_Style_at_the_Future_Music_Festival_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Psy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Bang_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_(South_Korean_band)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Super_Junior_Cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Super Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G-Dragon_2012_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"G-Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Dragon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IU_(Korean_singer)_from_acrofan.jpg"},{"link_name":"IU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IU_(singer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sistar_at_the_Cyworld_Festival2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sistar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinee_at_the_Special_Stage_Expo_(5).jpg"},{"link_name":"Shinee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KOCIS_Group_f(x)_performs_to_celebrate_the_40th_anniversary_of_the_KOCIS_(6557945863).jpg"},{"link_name":"f(x)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F(x)_(band)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K_Drama_IRIS2_Press_01_(8455582202).jpg"},{"link_name":"Davichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davichi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K.Will_on_May_14,_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"K.Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.Will"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epik_High_cropped.JPG"},{"link_name":"Epik High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epik_High"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Busker_Busker_from_acrofan_-_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Busker Busker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busker_Busker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leehom_Wang_at_Harbin_Film_Festival.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wang Leehom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Leehom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ax10akb18.jpg"},{"link_name":"AKB48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKB48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarah_G_Dubai_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sarah Geronimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Geronimo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taufik_Batisah_ABU_TV_Song_Festival_Seoul.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taufik Batisah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufik_Batisah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agnes_Monica_in_2009_Asia_Song_Festival.jpg"},{"link_name":"Agnez Mo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnez_Mo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Li_Yu_Chun_Chris_Lee_at_her_Fans_Charity_Fund.jpg"},{"link_name":"Li Yuchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yuchun"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Special Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards_in_the_Special_Awards_Category"},{"link_name":"BAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.A.P_(band)"},{"link_name":"Overall Best Asian Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Asian_Artist"},{"link_name":"Wang Leehom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Leehom"},{"link_name":"Asian Artist Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Asian_Artist"},{"link_name":"AKB48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKB48"},{"link_name":"Sarah Geronimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Geronimo"},{"link_name":"My Tam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Tam"},{"link_name":"Taufik Batisah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufik_Batisah"},{"link_name":"Agnes Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Monica"},{"link_name":"Chris Lee (Li Yuchun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yuchun"},{"link_name":"EXO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Natthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natthew"},{"link_name":"Joey Yung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Yung"},{"link_name":"Son Ga-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ga-in"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(application)"},{"link_name":"Super Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior"}],"text":"Psy, Song of the Year and moreBig Bang, Artist of the Year and moreSuper Junior, Album of the Year and moreG-Dragon, Best Male ArtistIU, Best Female ArtistSistar, Best Female GroupBest Dance PerformersShineef(x)Davichi, Best Vocal Performer – GroupK.Will, Best Vocal Performer – SoloEpik High, Best Rap PerformersBusker Busker, New Male Artist and Band PerformersWang Leehom, Overall Best Asian ArtistBest Asian ArtistAKB48Sarah GeronimoTaufik BatisahAgnez MoLi YuchunWinners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.[11][12][13][14]Special AwardsMnet PD's Choice: BAP\nOverall Best Asian Artist: Wang Leehom\nAsian Artist Award:AKB48\nSarah Geronimo\nMy Tam\nTaufik Batisah\nAgnes Monica\nChris Lee (Li Yuchun)\nBest New Asian Group:\nEXO\nTimeZ\nNatthewTVB Choice Award: Joey Yung\nBest Style in Music: Son Ga-in\nGuardian Angel Worldwide Performer: Big Bang\nBest Line Award: Super Junior","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Multiple awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Artist(s) with multiple wins","text":"The following artist(s) received two or more wins (excluding the special awards):","title":"Multiple awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Artist(s) with multiple nominations","text":"The following artist(s) received two or more nominations:","title":"Multiple awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-colab_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-colab_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-colab_15-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-colab_15-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-colab_15-4"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Including collaborations.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Psy, Song of the Year and more","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Psy_performing_Gangnam_Style_at_the_Future_Music_Festival_2013.jpg/150px-Psy_performing_Gangnam_Style_at_the_Future_Music_Festival_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Big Bang, Artist of the Year and more","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Big_Bang_2012.jpg/150px-Big_Bang_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"Super Junior, Album of the Year and 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Cerne | Rudi Cerne | ["1 Personal life","2 Career","2.1 Figure skating","2.2 Television","3 Results","3.1 1976–1984","3.2 1969–1976","4 References"] | German television presenter and former figure skater
Rudi CerneCerne in 2012Born (1958-09-26) 26 September 1958 (age 65)Wanne-Eickel, West GermanyFigure skating careerCountry West Germany
Medal record
Representing West Germany
Men's Figure skating
European Championships
1984 Budapest
Men's singles
Rudi Cerne (born 26 September 1958) is a German TV presenter and former figure skater. He is the 1984 European silver medalist and a two-time West German national champion. He competed at two Winter Olympics, finishing fourth in 1984.
Personal life
Cerne was born on 26 September 1958 in Wanne-Eickel, West Germany. His father was a figure skater.
In 1987, Cerne married his wife Christiane, with whom he has a daughter.
Career
Figure skating
When he was six years old, Cerne was introduced to ice skating by his father, a former ice skater who had lost a leg in the war. His skating club was Herner EV in Herne, Germany. He was coached by Günter Zöller and was a member of West Germany's national team in the late 1970s and early 1980s. His domestic rivals included Norbert Schramm and Heiko Fischer. He was most known for his elegant style, which emulated that of John Curry, and his strong edging.
Cerne won the German Figure Skating Championships in 1978 and 1980. Then, in 1981, a younger teammate, Norbert Schramm, emerged and went on to dominate not only the German Nationals but also various international competitions. Schramm won two consecutive world silver medals in 1982 and 1983 while Cerne could barely place in the top dozen, which prompted many to conclude that Cerne's career as the top West German male skater was over.
In 1984, however, 26-year-old Cerne entered the scene with a new attitude and consistent triple jumps due to intensive training. Most notably, Cerne had mastered the triple Lutz jump, which he needed in order to be technically competitive with Schramm as well as other top skaters.
Cerne received the bronze medal at the German Championships during his final two seasons, 1982–83 and 1983–84, but won silver at the 1984 European Championships in Budapest, Hungary, behind Alexandr Fadeev of the Soviet Union. He went on to finish 4th at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, having ranked third in the compulsory figures, sixth in the short program, and fourth in the free skate. After placing fifth at the 1984 World Championships, Cerne turned professional and skated with "Holiday on Ice". He also became a figure skating coach.
Television
After ending his figure skating career, Cerne became a TV journalist, working initially for the German public TV station ARD, presenting sport shows from 1992 onwards. In 1996, he joined ZDF, Germany's other public broadcaster. He also presents Aktenzeichen XY… ungelöst, a show about unresolved crimes, since 2002.
Results
1976–1984
International
Event
76–77
77–78
78–79
79–80
80–81
81–82
82–83
83–84
Olympics
13th
4th
Worlds
14th
11th
15th
10th
5th
Europeans
7th
WD
4th
7th
2nd
Skate America
2nd
NHK Trophy
6th
Nebelhorn
3rd
3rd
St. Gervais
3rd
1st
National
German Champ.
4th
1st
1st
2nd
2nd
3rd
3rd
WD = Withdrew
1969–1976
International
Event
69–70
70–71
71–72
72–73
73–74
74–75
75–76
Prague Skate
9th
National
German Champ.
1st J
1st S
4th
4th
5th
6th
4th
In 1970 and 1971, the categories were juniors (J), seniors (S), and master class; S in this case is not the highest level.
References
^ "'Vaters Traum verwirklicht'". noz.de (in German). 26 June 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ a b Döring, Udo (23 January 2012). "Ex-Eiskunstläufer Rudi Cerne: "Ich hatte einen Eislauf-Vater"". Westdeutsche Zeitung.
MDR German TV Station
vteGerman champions in figure skating – Men's singles
1891: Anon Schmitson
1892–93: Georg Zachariades
1894: Gustav Hügel
1895–96: Gilbert Fuchs
1897: Karl Zenger
1900–01: Wilhelm Zenger
1903: Ludwig Niedermeyer
1904: Heinrich Burger
1905: Karl Zenger
1906–07: Heinrich Burger
1909: Gilbert Fuchs
1911–13: Werner Rittberger
1914: Hugo Metzner
1920–26: Werner Rittberger
1927: Paul Franke
1928: Werner Rittberger
1929: Paul Franke
1930–32: Leopold Maier-Labergo
1933–38: Ernst Baier
1939–41: Horst Faber
1942: Erich Zeller
1943: Edi Rada
1944: Horst Faber
1947–51: Horst Faber
1952–54: Freimut Stein
1955: Tilo Gutzeit
1956–61: Manfred Schnelldorfer
1962: Sepp Schönmetzler
1963–64: Manfred Schnelldorfer
1965: Sepp Schönmetzler
1966–68: Peter Krick
1969: Reinhard E. Ketterer
1970–71: Klaus Grimmelt
1972: Harald Kuhn
1973–75: Erich Reifschneider
1976: Gert-Walter Gräbner
1977: Kurt Kürzinger
1978: Rudi Cerne
1979: Norbert Schramm
1980: Rudi Cerne
1981: Norbert Schramm
1982–83: Heiko Fischer
1984: Norbert Schramm
1985–86: Heiko Fischer
1987: Richard Zander
1988: Heiko Fischer
1989: Richard Zander
1990–91: Daniel Weiss
1992: Mirko Eichhorn
1993–94: Ronny Winkler
1995–97: Andrejs Vlascenko
1998: Sven Meyer
1999: Andrejs Vlascenko
2000: Stefan Lindemann
2001: Silvio Smalun
2002: Stefan Lindemann
2003: Silvio Smalun
2004–07: Stefan Lindemann
2008: Clemens Brummer
2009: Peter Liebers
2010: Stefan Lindemann
2011–14: Peter Liebers
2015–16: Franz Streubel
2017: Peter Liebers
2018–20: Paul Fentz
2021: Denis Gurdzhi
2022: Paul Fentz
2023: Nikita Starostin
2024: Kai Jagoda
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"figure skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skater"},{"link_name":"1984 European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"West German national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics"}],"text":"Rudi Cerne[1] (born 26 September 1958) is a German TV presenter and former figure skater. He is the 1984 European silver medalist and a two-time West German national champion. 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His father was a figure skater.In 1987, Cerne married his wife Christiane, with whom he has a daughter.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wz120123-2"},{"link_name":"Herne, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Günter Zöller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Z%C3%B6ller"},{"link_name":"Norbert Schramm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Schramm"},{"link_name":"Heiko Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiko_Fischer"},{"link_name":"John Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curry"},{"link_name":"Norbert Schramm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Schramm"},{"link_name":"Lutz jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_jump"},{"link_name":"1984 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Alexandr Fadeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Vladimirovich_Fadeyev"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"1984 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"1984 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Holiday on Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_on_Ice"}],"sub_title":"Figure skating","text":"When he was six years old, Cerne was introduced to ice skating by his father, a former ice skater who had lost a leg in the war.[2] His skating club was Herner EV in Herne, Germany. He was coached by Günter Zöller and was a member of West Germany's national team in the late 1970s and early 1980s. His domestic rivals included Norbert Schramm and Heiko Fischer. He was most known for his elegant style, which emulated that of John Curry, and his strong edging.Cerne won the German Figure Skating Championships in 1978 and 1980. Then, in 1981, a younger teammate, Norbert Schramm, emerged and went on to dominate not only the German Nationals but also various international competitions. Schramm won two consecutive world silver medals in 1982 and 1983 while Cerne could barely place in the top dozen, which prompted many to conclude that Cerne's career as the top West German male skater was over.In 1984, however, 26-year-old Cerne entered the scene with a new attitude and consistent triple jumps due to intensive training. Most notably, Cerne had mastered the triple Lutz jump, which he needed in order to be technically competitive with Schramm as well as other top skaters.Cerne received the bronze medal at the German Championships during his final two seasons, 1982–83 and 1983–84, but won silver at the 1984 European Championships in Budapest, Hungary, behind Alexandr Fadeev of the Soviet Union. He went on to finish 4th at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, having ranked third in the compulsory figures, sixth in the short program, and fourth in the free skate. After placing fifth at the 1984 World Championships, Cerne turned professional and skated with \"Holiday on Ice\". He also became a figure skating coach.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"ZDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDF"},{"link_name":"Aktenzeichen XY… ungelöst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktenzeichen_XY%E2%80%A6_ungel%C3%B6st"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wz120123-2"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"After ending his figure skating career, Cerne became a TV journalist, working initially for the German public TV station ARD, presenting sport shows from 1992 onwards. In 1996, he joined ZDF, Germany's other public broadcaster. He also presents Aktenzeichen XY… ungelöst, a show about unresolved crimes, since 2002.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1976–1984","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1969–1976","title":"Results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"'Vaters Traum verwirklicht'\". noz.de (in German). 26 June 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.noz.de/archiv/vermischtes/artikel/407676/vaters-traum-verwirklicht-1","url_text":"\"'Vaters Traum verwirklicht'\""}]},{"reference":"Döring, Udo (23 January 2012). \"Ex-Eiskunstläufer Rudi Cerne: \"Ich hatte einen Eislauf-Vater\"\". Westdeutsche Zeitung.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wz-newsline.de/home/sport/specials/verdammt-lang-her/ex-eiskunstlaeufer-rudi-cerne-ich-hatte-einen-eislauf-vater-1.884018","url_text":"\"Ex-Eiskunstläufer Rudi Cerne: \"Ich hatte einen Eislauf-Vater\"\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.noz.de/archiv/vermischtes/artikel/407676/vaters-traum-verwirklicht-1","external_links_name":"\"'Vaters Traum verwirklicht'\""},{"Link":"http://www.wz-newsline.de/home/sport/specials/verdammt-lang-her/ex-eiskunstlaeufer-rudi-cerne-ich-hatte-einen-eislauf-vater-1.884018","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Eiskunstläufer Rudi Cerne: \"Ich hatte einen Eislauf-Vater\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.mdr.de/hier-ab-vier/promiadressen/503600.html","external_links_name":"MDR German TV Station"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/201103929","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxY4GWwdJrHKxCcRQTHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/189466871","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/112318568","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Seliger | Charles Seliger | ["1 Career","2 Museum collections","3 Awards and honors","4 Personal life","5 References"] | American painter (1926 - 2009)
Charles Seliger (June 3, 1926 – October 1, 2009) was an American abstract expressionist painter. He was born in Manhattan June 3, 1926, and he died on 1 October 2009, in Westchester County, New York. Seliger was one of the original generation of abstract expressionist painters connected with the New York School.
Career
He began his career in 1945 as one of the youngest artists to exhibit at The Art of This Century gallery, and as the youngest artist associated with the Abstract expressionist movement. The Art of This Century gallery was opened in New York City during World War II in 1942 by Peggy Guggenheim who was then married to the surrealist painter Max Ernst. In 1943, Seliger met and befriended Jimmy Ernst the son of Max Ernst, and who at the age of 23 years was just a few years older than Seliger. Seliger was drawn into the circle of the avant-garde through his friendship with Ernst. His paintings attracted the attention of Howard Putzel who worked with Peggy Guggenheim. At 19, Seliger was included in Putzel’s groundbreaking exhibition A Problem for Critics at the 67 Gallery, (which was located at 67 E.57th Street in Manhattan). Also in 1945 he had his first solo show at the Art of This Century Gallery. Seliger showed his paintings there until 1947 when Guggenheim closed the gallery and returned to Europe. At 20 the Museum of Modern Art acquired his painting Natural History: Form within Rock (1946), for their permanent collection.
Known for creating small jewel-like paintings (unlike most painters from the NY School who worked in large-scale formats). He was a veteran of more than 45 solo exhibitions at important contemporary galleries and museums. In 1950 he joined the Willard Gallery, in New York who represented important contemporary artists of the time including David Smith, Morris Graves and several others. He formed close friendships with many of the Willard Gallery artists, including Mark Tobey, Lyonel Feininger, and Norman Lewis. Seliger had his first museum exhibition, at the De Young Museum, San Francisco in 1949. In 1986, he was the subject of a retrospective exhibition, at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. He was represented by Michael Rosenfeld Gallery in New York until 2014, and had an exhibition there in 2003 that was reviewed in Art in America.
Museum collections
His work is also represented in many museum collections including:
Addison Gallery, Andover, MA
Arkansas Arts Center, Little Rock, AR
Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL
Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD
British Museum, London, England
Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, NY
Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA
Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, The Hague, Holland
Greenville County Museum of Art, Greenville, SC
Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC
Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel
Museum of Contemporary Art Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
Long Beach Museum of Art, Long Beach, CA
Mead Art Museum, Amherst College, Amherst, MA
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY
Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, WI
Mississippi Museum of Art, Jackson, MS
Mobile Museum of Art, Mobile, AL
Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, Utica, NY
Museum of Fine Arts (Houston), Houston, TX
Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase College, State College of New York, Purchase, NY
Newark Museum, Newark, NJ
New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, LA
New York Public Library, New York, NY
Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, FL
Ogunquit Museum of American Art, Ogunquit, ME
Oklahoma City Museum of Art, Oklahoma City, OK
Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice, Italy
The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC
Rose Art Museum, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC,
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY
Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
Sunrise (Charleston, West Virginia), Charleston, WV
Terra Museum, Chicago, IL
Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY
Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA
Awards and honors
In 2003, (at age 77), he received the Pollock-Krasner Foundation’s Lee Krasner Award in recognition of his lifetime in the arts.
In 2005, the Morgan Library and Museum acquired his journals—148 hand-written volumes produced between 1952 and the present—making his introspective writing, which covers a vast range of topics across the span of six decades, accessible to art historians and scholars.
Personal life
In 1948, Seliger married artist Ruth Lewin, and they remained married until her death in 1975.
References
^ "Charles Seliger, Abstract Expressionist, Dies at 83 (Published 2009)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-08-01.
^ "Charles Seliger". Charles Seliger. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
^ Biography, Retrieved December 31, 2009 Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ July 1945 exhibition review by New York Times critic Edward Alden Jewell, The Arts, By Richard B. K. McLanathan, Gene Brown, Retrieved January 1, 2010
^ Art in America review
^ Biography, Retrieved December 31, 2009 Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Ruth Lewin". Ruth Lewin. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
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RKD Artists
ULAN
Other
SNAC
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Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY\nStaatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany\nSunrise (Charleston, West Virginia), Charleston, WV\nTerra Museum, Chicago, IL\nWadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT\nWhitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY\nWorcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA","title":"Museum collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pollock-Krasner Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollock-Krasner_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Morgan Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Library_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2003, (at age 77), he received the Pollock-Krasner Foundation’s Lee Krasner Award in recognition of his lifetime in the arts.In 2005, the Morgan Library and Museum acquired his journals—148 hand-written volumes produced between 1952 and the present—making his introspective writing, which covers a vast range of topics across the span of six decades, accessible to art historians and scholars.[6]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1948, Seliger married artist Ruth Lewin, and they remained married until her death in 1975.[7]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Charles Seliger, Abstract Expressionist, Dies at 83 (Published 2009)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_limit_(BDSM) | Limits (BDSM) | ["1 Setting limits","1.1 \"No limits\"","2 Types of limits","2.1 Hard limit","2.2 Soft limit","2.3 Requirement limit","2.4 Time limit","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"] | Agreed limits to erotic practices
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Limits" BDSM – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A submissive man is consoled by his mistress after she has made his back bloody through massive beating.
In BDSM, limits refer to issues that participants in a play scene or dynamic feel strongly about, usually referring to prohibited activities. Participants typically negotiate an outline of what activities will and will not take place. The participants describe what they desire, do not desire, will and will not tolerate, including the determination of limits. For example, it is common to set a safeword and to establish certain types of play as prohibited.
The BDSM usage of the terminology "limits" derives from the concept of "off limits", the idea of limiting a scene to a specific set of activities, and the limitations (in terms of interest, as well as physical and emotional tolerance) of the participants.
Setting limits
Both dominants and submissives can set limits. Limits can be agreed to verbally or they can be incorporated into a formal contract. Sometimes the participants engage in a formal conversation about limits and boundaries; this is referred to as negotiation. Other couples discuss their likes and dislikes in a similar manner to "Vanilla" relationships.
"No limits"
Some partners choose not to set limits; however, this is uncommon and most likely to be seen in established relationships between committed partners. It may occur in total power exchange dynamics and can be considered a form of edgeplay. In wider kink and BDSM circles, especially in the context of casual play, “no limits” is commonly accepted to be an indication of an unsafe play partner.
Types of limits
The terminology varies slightly across different local communities and Internet forums. However, there are general usages recognized across most BDSM populations.
Hard limit
A hard limit is something that must not be done. This is so because it is essentially something which makes the party in question very uncomfortable or something which would invoke a triggered response from them. Violating a set hard limit is often considered cause for ending a scene or even a relationship. Examples include “scat is a hard limit for me” or “I have a back injury, so striking on the back is a hard limit”.
Soft limit
A soft limit is something that a person hesitates about or places strict conditions on, but for which they may still give informed consent. An action could be prohibited except under specific circumstances or an area of discomfort that someone wishes to avoid. Soft limits can also include actions that require a cautious approach or — while somewhat appealing — still generate an uncomfortable amount of apprehension in one or more partners.
Requirement limit
A requirement limit, or must-limit, is something without which one or more partners will not participate in the scene. Examples include “lots of hair pulling is a must-limit for me” or “if you're going to flog me, I'll need lots of aftercare.”
Time limit
A time limit is a set time period for which an activity or temporary relationship takes place. This is most common for scenes and casual play.
Some couples practice time limitations for relationships. They can be used to set time limits on phases of relationships, such as training or consideration.
See also
Glossary of BDSM
References
^ Keir, Zak Jane (22 January 2016). "No Limits Slaves In BDSM". CaraSutra. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
Further reading
Gloria G. Brame, William D. Brame, and Jon Jacobs. Different Loving: An Exploration of the World of Sexual Dominance and Submission. New York: Villard Books, 1993. ISBN 0-679-40873-8.
Philip Miller and Molly Devon, Screw the Roses, Send Me the Thorns: The Romance and Sexual Sorcery of Sadomasochism. Mystic Rose Books, 1995. ISBN 0-9645960-0-8.
vteBDSM
Outline
Glossary
Bondage and disciplineB&D or B/D
Animal roleplay
Bondage hood
Bondage positions and methods
Bondage suit
Collar
Equipment
Erotic sexual denial
Erotic tickling
Forced orgasm
Head bondage
Hogtie bondage
Human furniture
In culture and media
Interrogation scene
Japanese bondage
Law
Metal bondage
Mummification
Organizations
Positions
Predicament bondage
Rope bondage
Self-bondage
Sensation play
Spreadeagle position
Suspension bondage
Total enclosure
Dominance and submissionD&S or D/S
Ageplay
Bladder desperation
Body worship
Boot worship
Chastity
Dominatrix
Facesitting
Fear play
Female submission
Feminization
Male dominance
Male submission
Master/slave
Medical fetishism
Rape fantasy
Forced seduction
Service-oriented submission
SadomasochismS&M or S/M
Breast torture
Caning
Cock and ball torture
Erotic asphyxiation
Erotic electrostimulation
Erotic spanking
Figging
Impact play
Knife play
Play piercing
Temperature play
Urethral sounding
Violet wand
Wax play
Erotic humiliation
In fiction
Related topics
Consent
Dungeon monitor
Edgeplay
Edging
Feminist views on BDSM
Gorean subculture
International Fetish Day
Kink
Leathermen
Leather Pride flag
Limits
Munch
Pegging
Play
Play party
Risk-aware consensual kink
Safeword
Sexual fetishism
Sexual roleplay
Top, bottom, switch
Writers
Laura Antoniou
Pauline Réage
Anne Rice
Catherine Robbe-Grillet
Leopold von Sacher-Masoch
Ariel Sands
Commentators and theorists
Gloria Brame
Patrick Califia
Dossie Easton
Janet Hardy
Trevor Jacques
Fakir Musafar
Gayle Rubin
Organizations
Eulenspiegel Society
FetLife
Samois
Society of Janus
Universities with BDSM clubs
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Femdom_bloody_back.jpg"},{"link_name":"BDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM#Scenes"},{"link_name":"negotiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_(BDSM)#Negotiation"},{"link_name":"safeword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeword"}],"text":"A submissive man is consoled by his mistress after she has made his back bloody through massive beating.In BDSM, limits refer to issues that participants in a play scene or dynamic feel strongly about, usually referring to prohibited activities. Participants typically negotiate an outline of what activities will and will not take place. The participants describe what they desire, do not desire, will and will not tolerate, including the determination of limits. For example, it is common to set a safeword and to establish certain types of play as prohibited.The BDSM usage of the terminology \"limits\" derives from the concept of \"off limits\", the idea of limiting a scene to a specific set of activities, and the limitations (in terms of interest, as well as physical and emotional tolerance) of the participants.","title":"Limits (BDSM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dominants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"submissives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"negotiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_(BDSM)#Negotiation"},{"link_name":"Vanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_sex"}],"text":"Both dominants and submissives can set limits.[1] Limits can be agreed to verbally or they can be incorporated into a formal contract. Sometimes the participants engage in a formal conversation about limits and boundaries; this is referred to as negotiation. Other couples discuss their likes and dislikes in a similar manner to \"Vanilla\" relationships.","title":"Setting limits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"total power exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master/slave_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"edgeplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeplay"}],"sub_title":"\"No limits\"","text":"Some partners choose not to set limits; however, this is uncommon and most likely to be seen in established relationships between committed partners. It may occur in total power exchange dynamics and can be considered a form of edgeplay. In wider kink and BDSM circles, especially in the context of casual play, “no limits” is commonly accepted to be an indication of an unsafe play partner.","title":"Setting limits"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The terminology varies slightly across different local communities and Internet forums. However, there are general usages recognized across most BDSM populations.","title":"Types of limits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces"}],"sub_title":"Hard limit","text":"A hard limit is something that must not be done. This is so because it is essentially something which makes the party in question very uncomfortable or something which would invoke a triggered response from them. Violating a set hard limit is often considered cause for ending a scene or even a relationship. Examples include “scat is a hard limit for me” or “I have a back injury, so striking on the back is a hard limit”.","title":"Types of limits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Soft limit","text":"A soft limit is something that a person hesitates about or places strict conditions on, but for which they may still give informed consent. An action could be prohibited except under specific circumstances or an area of discomfort that someone wishes to avoid. Soft limits can also include actions that require a cautious approach or — while somewhat appealing — still generate an uncomfortable amount of apprehension in one or more partners.","title":"Types of limits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aftercare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftercare_(BDSM)"}],"sub_title":"Requirement limit","text":"A requirement limit, or must-limit, is something without which one or more partners will not participate in the scene. Examples include “lots of hair pulling is a must-limit for me” or “if you're going to flog me, I'll need lots of aftercare.”","title":"Types of limits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM#Scenes"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(BDSM)"}],"sub_title":"Time limit","text":"A time limit is a set time period for which an activity or temporary relationship takes place. This is most common for scenes and casual play.Some couples practice time limitations for relationships. They can be used to set time limits on phases of relationships, such as training or consideration.","title":"Types of limits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gloria G. Brame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_G._Brame"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-679-40873-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-40873-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9645960-0-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9645960-0-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:BDSM"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:BDSM"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BDSM"},{"link_name":"BDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_BDSM"},{"link_name":"Glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_BDSM"},{"link_name":"Bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondage_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"discipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discipline_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"Animal roleplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_roleplay"},{"link_name":"Bondage hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondage_hood"},{"link_name":"Bondage positions and methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondage_positions_and_methods"},{"link_name":"Bondage suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondage_suit"},{"link_name":"Collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BDSM_equipment"},{"link_name":"Erotic sexual denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial"},{"link_name":"Erotic tickling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_tickling"},{"link_name":"Forced orgasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_orgasm"},{"link_name":"Head bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_bondage"},{"link_name":"Hogtie bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogtie_bondage"},{"link_name":"Human furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_furniture"},{"link_name":"In culture and media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM_in_culture_and_media"},{"link_name":"Interrogation scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogation_scene"},{"link_name":"Japanese bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_bondage"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM_and_the_law"},{"link_name":"Metal bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_bondage"},{"link_name":"Mummification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummification_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BDSM_organizations"},{"link_name":"Positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bondage_positions"},{"link_name":"Predicament bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicament_bondage"},{"link_name":"Rope bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_bondage"},{"link_name":"Self-bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-bondage"},{"link_name":"Sensation play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensation_play"},{"link_name":"Spreadeagle position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadeagle_(position)#Bondage_activity"},{"link_name":"Suspension bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bondage"},{"link_name":"Total enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_enclosure_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Dominance and submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_and_submission"},{"link_name":"Ageplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageplay"},{"link_name":"Bladder desperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omorashi"},{"link_name":"Body worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_worship"},{"link_name":"Boot worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_worship"},{"link_name":"Chastity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chastity_belt_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"Dominatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatrix"},{"link_name":"Facesitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facesitting"},{"link_name":"Fear play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_play"},{"link_name":"Female submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_submission"},{"link_name":"Feminization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminization_(activity)"},{"link_name":"Male dominance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_dominance_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"Male submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_submission"},{"link_name":"Master/slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master/slave_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"Medical fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Rape fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Forced seduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_seduction"},{"link_name":"Service-oriented submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_submission"},{"link_name":"Sadomasochism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism"},{"link_name":"Breast torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_torture"},{"link_name":"Caning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caning"},{"link_name":"Cock and ball torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_and_ball_torture"},{"link_name":"Erotic asphyxiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_asphyxiation"},{"link_name":"Erotic electrostimulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_electrostimulation"},{"link_name":"Erotic spanking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_spanking"},{"link_name":"Figging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figging"},{"link_name":"Impact play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_play"},{"link_name":"Knife play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife_play"},{"link_name":"Play piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_piercing"},{"link_name":"Temperature play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_play"},{"link_name":"Urethral sounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethral_sounding"},{"link_name":"Violet wand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_wand"},{"link_name":"Wax play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_play"},{"link_name":"Erotic humiliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_humiliation"},{"link_name":"In fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadism_and_masochism_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Consent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_in_BDSM"},{"link_name":"Dungeon monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_monitor"},{"link_name":"Edgeplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeplay"},{"link_name":"Edging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)"},{"link_name":"Feminist views on BDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM"},{"link_name":"Gorean subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorean_subculture"},{"link_name":"International Fetish Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fetish_Day"},{"link_name":"Kink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kink_(sexuality)"},{"link_name":"Leathermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_subculture"},{"link_name":"Leather Pride flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_Pride_flag"},{"link_name":"Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Munch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munch_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"Pegging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegging_(sexual_practice)"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"Play party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_party_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"Risk-aware consensual kink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk-aware_consensual_kink"},{"link_name":"Safeword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeword"},{"link_name":"Sexual fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Sexual roleplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_roleplay"},{"link_name":"Top, bottom, switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top,_bottom,_switch_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"Laura Antoniou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Antoniou"},{"link_name":"Pauline Réage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Desclos"},{"link_name":"Anne Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Rice"},{"link_name":"Catherine Robbe-Grillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Robbe-Grillet"},{"link_name":"Leopold von Sacher-Masoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Sacher-Masoch"},{"link_name":"Ariel Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sands"},{"link_name":"Gloria Brame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Brame"},{"link_name":"Patrick Califia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Califia"},{"link_name":"Dossie Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dossie_Easton"},{"link_name":"Janet Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Trevor Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Jacques"},{"link_name":"Fakir Musafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakir_Musafar"},{"link_name":"Gayle Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayle_Rubin"},{"link_name":"Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BDSM_organizations"},{"link_name":"Eulenspiegel Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulenspiegel_Society"},{"link_name":"FetLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FetLife"},{"link_name":"Samois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samois"},{"link_name":"Society of Janus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Janus"},{"link_name":"Universities with BDSM clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_with_BDSM_clubs"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:BDSM"}],"text":"Gloria G. Brame, William D. Brame, and Jon Jacobs. Different Loving: An Exploration of the World of Sexual Dominance and Submission. New York: Villard Books, 1993. ISBN 0-679-40873-8.\nPhilip Miller and Molly Devon, Screw the Roses, Send Me the Thorns: The Romance and Sexual Sorcery of Sadomasochism. Mystic Rose Books, 1995. ISBN 0-9645960-0-8.vteBDSM\nOutline\nGlossary\nBondage and disciplineB&D or B/D\nAnimal roleplay\nBondage hood\nBondage positions and methods\nBondage suit\nCollar\nEquipment\nErotic sexual denial\nErotic tickling\nForced orgasm\nHead bondage\nHogtie bondage\nHuman furniture\nIn culture and media\nInterrogation scene\nJapanese bondage\nLaw\nMetal bondage\nMummification\nOrganizations\nPositions\nPredicament bondage\nRope bondage\nSelf-bondage\nSensation play\nSpreadeagle position\nSuspension bondage\nTotal enclosure\nDominance and submissionD&S or D/S\nAgeplay\nBladder desperation\nBody worship\nBoot worship\nChastity\nDominatrix\nFacesitting\nFear play\nFemale submission\nFeminization\nMale dominance\nMale submission\nMaster/slave\nMedical fetishism\nRape fantasy\nForced seduction\nService-oriented submission\nSadomasochismS&M or S/M\nBreast torture\nCaning\nCock and ball torture\nErotic asphyxiation\nErotic electrostimulation\nErotic spanking\nFigging\nImpact play\nKnife play\nPlay piercing\nTemperature play\nUrethral sounding\nViolet wand\nWax play\nErotic humiliation\nIn fiction\nRelated topics\nConsent\nDungeon monitor\nEdgeplay\nEdging\nFeminist views on BDSM\nGorean subculture\nInternational Fetish Day\nKink\nLeathermen\nLeather Pride flag\nLimits\nMunch\nPegging\nPlay\nPlay party\nRisk-aware consensual kink\nSafeword\nSexual fetishism\nSexual roleplay\nTop, bottom, switch\nWriters\nLaura Antoniou\nPauline Réage\nAnne Rice\nCatherine Robbe-Grillet\nLeopold von Sacher-Masoch\nAriel Sands\nCommentators and theorists\nGloria Brame\nPatrick Califia\nDossie Easton\nJanet Hardy\nTrevor Jacques\nFakir Musafar\nGayle Rubin\nOrganizations\nEulenspiegel Society\nFetLife\nSamois\nSociety of Janus\nUniversities with BDSM clubs\n\n Category","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A submissive man is consoled by his mistress after she has made his back bloody through massive beating.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Femdom_bloody_back.jpg/220px-Femdom_bloody_back.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Glossary of BDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_BDSM"}] | [{"reference":"Keir, Zak Jane (22 January 2016). \"No Limits Slaves In BDSM\". CaraSutra. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://carasutra.com/2016/01/no-limits-slaves-in-bdsm/","url_text":"\"No Limits Slaves In BDSM\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Limits%22+BDSM","external_links_name":"\"Limits\" BDSM"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Limits%22+BDSM+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Limits%22+BDSM&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Limits%22+BDSM+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Limits%22+BDSM","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Limits%22+BDSM&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://carasutra.com/2016/01/no-limits-slaves-in-bdsm/","external_links_name":"\"No Limits Slaves In BDSM\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arengo_and_Freedom | Arengo and Freedom | ["1 References"] | Political party in San Marino
Arengo and Freedom Arengo e LibertàFoundedSeptember 2008DissolvedSeptember 2012Split fromParty of Socialists and DemocratsIdeologyLiberalismSocial liberalismPolitical positionCentre to centre-rightColoursAzureItalian counterpartCircles of Freedom,Forza Italia (partly)Politics of San MarinoPolitical partiesElections
Arengo and Freedom (Italian: Arengo e Libertà, AL) was a liberal and social liberal political party in San Marino.
It was founded in September 2008 by two splinters from the Party of Socialists and Democrats, Fabio Berardi and Nadia Ottaviani, both members of the Grand and General Council, who considered the party to be too leftist. The group is linked to the Italian Clubs of Freedom. For the 2008 general election, the sole elections Arengo and Freedom have competed in, the party was part of the Pact for San Marino coalition and had its candidates in the list of the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS). The electoral coalition won 35 seats out of 60 in the Grand and General Council in the Sammarinese parliamentary election, 2008 gaining 54.22% of the national vote and a governmental majority of 5.
After the Sammarinese political crisis of 2011, and looking to the elections of 2012, the party collapsed, their members joining many different parties.
References
^ a b "Radio e Televisione della Repubblica di San Marino - Politica". Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-10-06. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"social liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_liberalism"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Party of Socialists and Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Socialists_and_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Fabio Berardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Berardi"},{"link_name":"Nadia Ottaviani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadia_Ottaviani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand and General Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_and_General_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanmarinortv.sm-1"},{"link_name":"Clubs of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanmarinortv.sm-1"},{"link_name":"2008 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammarinese_parliamentary_election,_2008"},{"link_name":"Pact for San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_for_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammarinese_Christian_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Grand and General Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_and_General_Council"},{"link_name":"Sammarinese parliamentary election, 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammarinese_parliamentary_election,_2008"}],"text":"Arengo and Freedom (Italian: Arengo e Libertà, AL) was a liberal and social liberal political party in San Marino.It was founded in September 2008 by two splinters from the Party of Socialists and Democrats, Fabio Berardi and Nadia Ottaviani, both members of the Grand and General Council, who considered the party to be too leftist.[1] The group is linked to the Italian Clubs of Freedom.[1] For the 2008 general election, the sole elections Arengo and Freedom have competed in, the party was part of the Pact for San Marino coalition and had its candidates in the list of the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS). The electoral coalition won 35 seats out of 60 in the Grand and General Council in the Sammarinese parliamentary election, 2008 gaining 54.22% of the national vote and a governmental majority of 5.After the Sammarinese political crisis of 2011, and looking to the elections of 2012, the party collapsed, their members joining many different parties.","title":"Arengo and Freedom"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Radio e Televisione della Repubblica di San Marino - Politica\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081007070605/http://www.sanmarinortv.sm/politica/default.asp?id=32","url_text":"\"Radio e Televisione della Repubblica di San Marino - Politica\""},{"url":"http://www.sanmarinortv.sm/politica/default.asp?id%3D32%26id_n%3D28025","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081007070605/http://www.sanmarinortv.sm/politica/default.asp?id=32","external_links_name":"\"Radio e Televisione della Repubblica di San Marino - Politica\""},{"Link":"http://www.sanmarinortv.sm/politica/default.asp?id%3D32%26id_n%3D28025","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Florence_Young | Phyllis Florence Young | ["1 References"] | Canadian politician
Phyllis Florence YoungMember of the British Columbia Legislative Assemblyfor Vancouver-Little MountainIn officeAugust 30, 1972 – December 11, 1975Serving with Roy CummingsPreceded byGrace McCarthyLeslie PetersonSucceeded byGrace McCarthyEvan Maurice Wolfe
Personal detailsBorn(1925-04-05)April 5, 1925Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.DiedMarch 17, 1984(1984-03-17) (aged 58)Burnaby, British Columbia, CanadaPolitical partyNew DemocraticResidence(s)Vancouver, British ColumbiaProfessionTrade unionist
Phyllis Florence Young (April 5, 1925 – March 17, 1984) was a Canadian trade unionist and politician. She served in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1972 to 1975, as a NDP member for the constituency of Vancouver-Little Mountain. In 1973, she complained of gender-based discrimination in the labour movement and cited it as a reason for her entry to electoral politics.
From May 18, 1973 to November 8, 1973, she served as Minister without Portfolio, responsible for consumer services. From November 8, 1973 to December 22, 1975, she served as Minister of Consumer Services.
References
^ Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1973, PG Normandin, pg. 555
^ Unions side with bosses, not with female members, The Vancouver Sun, 1973 January 6, p. 6
vteCabinet of Premier of British Columbia Dave Barrett (1972–1975)Dave Barrett
Frank Calder
Dennis Cocke
Eileen Dailly
Ernest Hall
Bill Hartley
William King
Gary Lauk
Graham Lea
Norman Levi
Carl Liden
James Lorimer
Alexander Macdonald
Lorne Nicolson
Leo Nimsick
Alf Nunweiler
Jack Radford
Robert Strachan
David Stupich
Robert Williams
Phyllis Young
Authority control databases
ISNI
VIAF
This article about a Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Vancouver-Little Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver-Little_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Phyllis Florence Young (April 5, 1925 – March 17, 1984) was a Canadian trade unionist and politician. She served in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1972 to 1975, as a NDP member for the constituency of Vancouver-Little Mountain.[1] In 1973, she complained of gender-based discrimination in the labour movement and cited it as a reason for her entry to electoral politics.[2]From May 18, 1973 to November 8, 1973, she served as Minister without Portfolio, responsible for consumer services. From November 8, 1973 to December 22, 1975, she served as Minister of Consumer Services.","title":"Phyllis Florence Young"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000021974710","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/77566678","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phyllis_Florence_Young&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katov_(Brno-Country_District) | Katov (Brno-Country District) | ["1 Demographics","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 49°19′58″N 16°16′44″E / 49.33278°N 16.27889°E / 49.33278; 16.27889Municipality in South Moravian, Czech RepublicKatovMunicipalityChapel of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary
FlagCoat of armsKatovLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 49°19′58″N 16°16′44″E / 49.33278°N 16.27889°E / 49.33278; 16.27889Country Czech RepublicRegionSouth MoravianDistrictBrno-CountryFirst mentioned1390Area • Total3.00 km2 (1.16 sq mi)Elevation474 m (1,555 ft)Population (2024-01-01) • Total278 • Density93/km2 (240/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code594 55Websitewww.katov.cz
Katov is a municipality and village in Brno-Country District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Katov lies approximately 29 kilometres (18 mi) north-west of Brno and 159 km (99 mi) south-east of Prague.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%1869254— 1880268+5.5%1890247−7.8%1900254+2.8%1910222−12.6%1921205−7.7%1930212+3.4%1950197−7.1%1961213+8.1%1970207−2.8%1980181−12.6%1991189+4.4%2001196+3.7%2011201+2.6%2021265+31.8%Source: Censuses
References
^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17.
^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Brno-venkov" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 5–6.
^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Katov (Brno-Country District).
Official website
vteTowns, market towns and villages of Brno-Country District
Babice nad Svitavou
Babice u Rosic
Běleč
Bílovice nad Svitavou
Biskoupky
Blažovice
Blučina
Borač
Borovník
Braníškov
Branišovice
Bratčice
Brumov
Březina (Blansko)
Březina (Tišnov)
Bukovice
Čebín
Černvír
Česká
Chudčice
Čučice
Cvrčovice
Deblín
Dolní Kounice
Dolní Loučky
Domašov
Doubravník
Drahonín
Drásov
Hajany
Heroltice
Hlína
Hluboké Dvory
Holasice
Horní Loučky
Hostěnice
Hradčany
Hrušovany u Brna
Hvozdec
Ivaň
Ivančice
Javůrek
Jinačovice
Jiříkovice
Kaly
Kanice
Katov
Ketkovice
Kobylnice
Kovalovice
Kratochvilka
Křižínkov
Kupařovice
Kuřim
Kuřimská Nová Ves
Kuřimské Jestřabí
Lažánky
Ledce
Lelekovice
Lesní Hluboké
Litostrov
Loděnice
Lomnice
Lomnička
Lubné
Lukovany
Malešovice
Malhostovice
Maršov
Medlov
Mělčany
Měnín
Modřice
Mokrá-Horákov
Moravany
Moravské Bránice
Moravské Knínice
Moutnice
Nebovidy
Nedvědice
Nelepeč-Žernůvka
Němčičky
Neslovice
Nesvačilka
Níhov
Nosislav
Nová Ves
Nové Bránice
Ochoz u Brna
Ochoz u Tišnova
Odrovice
Olší
Omice
Opatovice
Ořechov
Osiky
Oslavany
Ostopovice
Ostrovačice
Otmarov
Pasohlávky
Pernštejnské Jestřabí
Podolí
Pohořelice
Ponětovice
Popovice
Popůvky
Pozořice
Prace
Pravlov
Předklášteří
Přibice
Příbram na Moravě
Přibyslavice
Přísnotice
Prštice
Radostice
Rajhrad
Rajhradice
Rašov
Rebešovice
Říčany
Říčky
Řícmanice
Řikonín
Rohozec
Rojetín
Rosice
Rozdrojovice
Rudka
Senorady
Sentice
Šerkovice
Silůvky
Sivice
Skalička
Skryje
Šlapanice
Sobotovice
Sokolnice
Stanoviště
Štěpánovice
Střelice
Strhaře
Šumice
Svatoslav
Synalov
Syrovice
Telnice
Těšany
Tetčice
Tišnov
Tišnovská Nová Ves
Trboušany
Troskotovice
Troubsko
Tvarožná
Újezd u Brna
Újezd u Rosic
Újezd u Tišnova
Unín
Unkovice
Úsuší
Velatice
Veverská Bítýška
Veverské Knínice
Viničné Šumice
Vlasatice
Vohančice
Vojkovice
Vranov
Vranovice
Vratislávka
Všechovice
Vysoké Popovice
Žabčice
Zakřany
Zálesná Zhoř
Zastávka
Žatčany
Zbraslav
Zbýšov
Žďárec
Želešice
Železné
Zhoř
Židlochovice
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
This South Moravian Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brno-Country District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno-Country_District"},{"link_name":"South Moravian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Moravian_Region"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"}],"text":"Municipality in South Moravian, Czech RepublicKatov is a municipality and village in Brno-Country District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.Katov lies approximately 29 kilometres (18 mi) north-west of Brno and 159 km (99 mi) south-east of Prague.","title":"Katov (Brno-Country District)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d","url_text":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Brno-venkov\" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 5–6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150643.pdf/47ac850e-b40a-4704-8fa7-201d6a738d83?version=1.2","url_text":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Brno-venkov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","url_text":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Katov_(Brno-Country_District)¶ms=49_19_58_N_16_16_44_E_type:city(278)","external_links_name":"49°19′58″N 16°16′44″E / 49.33278°N 16.27889°E / 49.33278; 16.27889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Katov_(Brno-Country_District)¶ms=49_19_58_N_16_16_44_E_type:city(278)","external_links_name":"49°19′58″N 16°16′44″E / 49.33278°N 16.27889°E / 49.33278; 16.27889"},{"Link":"https://www.katov.cz/","external_links_name":"www.katov.cz"},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d","external_links_name":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150643.pdf/47ac850e-b40a-4704-8fa7-201d6a738d83?version=1.2","external_links_name":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Brno-venkov\""},{"Link":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","external_links_name":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"Link":"https://www.katov.cz/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge856537&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katov_(Brno-Country_District)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Studio | Cyber Studio | ["1 History","2 Extensions","3 References"] | 3D modeling and animation package
Cyber Studio CAD-3DOriginal author(s)Tom HudsonDeveloper(s)Antic SoftwareInitial release1986; 38 years ago (1986)Stable release2.02
/ 1987; 37 years ago (1987)
Operating systemAtari TOSType3D computer graphicsLicenseProprietary
Cyber Studio CAD-3D (or just CAD-3D) is a 3D modeling and animation package developed by Tom Hudson for the Atari ST computer and published by Antic Software. The package is a precursor to 3D Studio Max.
CAD-3D is a basic polygonal 3D modeling and rendering program. An operator can assemble a scene out of geometric primitives or custom extruded or lathed objects. Various view ports are available to adjust lighting and camera positioning. The limited rendering functionality allows for flat shading in 16 shades. Rendered images can be exported in Degas Elite or NEOChrome format.
By making changes between rendering separate cels, CAD-3D can be used for simple animations. Without its scripting extension Cyber Control changes have to be made by hand.
History
The first version was published in 1986 titled CAD-3D. It still lacked advanced modeling features (boolean subtraction) and any animation.
In early 1987 Tom Hudson extended the application and it was renamed 'Cyber Studio CAD-3D v.2.02 '. The name Cyber Studio was proposed by Antic Software publisher Gary Yost due to his interest in William Gibson's seminal 1984 book "Neuromancer" which had introduced the term Cyberspace to describe a virtual 3D environment. As of 1987 the software was packaged together with Cybermate, a Forth-based authoring language written by Tektronix engineer Mark Kimball, the creator of the StereoTek liquid crystal shutter 3D glasses that Antic Software sold as an add-on to Cyber Studio. Cybermate was used to edit, sequence and present the animation files along with sound. The scripts allowed an operator to control when and how fast a video or audio segment played and whether it should loop. In combination with the other scripting language, CyberControl, users were capable to create video animations up to five minutes long. Jim Kent wrote Cyber Paint, a 2D animation program that brought together a wide variety of animation and paint functionality and the delta-compressed animation format developed for CAD-3D.
Extensions
Antic Software published a variety of related Cyber-products to extend the software's functionality:
Cyberpaint - A Cell-based 2D-painting and animation software
CyberControl - Scripting language for CyberStudio CAD-3D
CyberSculpt - An extended modeling software
CyberTexture - A texturing extension
References
^ a b "START VOL. 4 NO. 8, Tom Hudson's CAD-3D review: Three-Dimensional Modeling for Everyone", 2010-04-30
^ "The Antic Cyber Graphics Software and the Pre-history of Autodesk 3D Studio and Discreet 3ds max", 2009-06-14
^ "The history of 3D Studio, Tom Hudson interview", 2010-04-30
^ "The history of 3D Studio, Gary Yost interview", 2010-04-30
^ "Going "Cyber" - The Antic Cyber Graphics Software and the Pre-history of Autodesk 3D Studio and Discreet 3ds max", 2009-06-14
^ "Now, in 3-D!" - The Antic Cyber Graphics Software and the Pre-history of Autodesk 3D Studio and Discreet 3ds max", 2009-06-14
vte3D computer graphics softwareOpen-source
3D Movie Maker
Blender
CloudCompare
FreeCAD
GigaMesh Software Framework
LuxCoreRender
MakeHuman
MeshLab
OpenFX
OpenSCAD
Point Cloud Library
POV-Ray
Seamless3d
Sweet Home 3D
Wings 3D
YafaRay
Closed-source
3D-Coat
AC3D
Arnold
Autodesk 3ds Max
Autodesk Alias
Autodesk Maya
Autodesk Mudbox
AutoQ3D Community
Blackmagic Fusion
Bryce
Carrara
Cinema 4D
Clara.io
Daz Studio
Electric Image Animation System
E-on Vue
Golaem Crowd
Hexagon
Houdini
Kerkythea
LightWave 3D
MASSIVE
Medium by Adobe
Messiah
Modo
Nuke
Octane Render
Paint 3D
Pixar RenderMan
Poser
Remo 3D
Rhinoceros 3D
Shade 3D
Shark 3D
Silo
SketchUp
Source Filmmaker
Strata 3D
Terragen
ZBrush
Defunct
Amapi
Autodesk Softimage
Cyber Studio CAD-3D
Dynamation
Imagine
N-World
PowerAnimator
Sculpt 3D
Softimage 3D
StrataVision 3D
Swift 3D
TrueSpace
TurboSilver
VistaPro
Core technologies
ACIS
C3D
HOOPS 3D
KernelCAD
Open Cascade Technology
Parasolid
Romulus
RGK
ShapeManager
Teigha
IntelliCAD
Comparison
Category
List
3D modeling
3D rendering | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hudson_(software_developer)"},{"link_name":"Atari ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST"},{"link_name":"Antic Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antic_Software"},{"link_name":"3D Studio Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Studio_Max"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"flat shading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_shading"},{"link_name":"Degas Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degas_Elite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NEOChrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeoChrome"},{"link_name":"Cyber Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyber_Control&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Cyber Studio CAD-3D (or just CAD-3D) is a 3D modeling and animation package developed by Tom Hudson for the Atari ST computer and published by Antic Software. The package is a precursor to 3D Studio Max.[2][3][4]CAD-3D is a basic polygonal 3D modeling and rendering program. An operator can assemble a scene out of geometric primitives or custom extruded or lathed objects. Various view ports are available to adjust lighting and camera positioning. The limited rendering functionality allows for flat shading in 16 shades. Rendered images can be exported in Degas Elite or NEOChrome format.By making changes between rendering separate cels, CAD-3D can be used for simple animations. Without its scripting extension Cyber Control changes have to be made by hand.","title":"Cyber Studio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-startvol4n8-1"},{"link_name":"Gary Yost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Yost"},{"link_name":"William Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Neuromancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromancer"},{"link_name":"Cyberspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cybermate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cybermate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jim Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Kent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The first version was published in 1986 titled CAD-3D.[1] It still lacked advanced modeling features (boolean subtraction) and any animation.In early 1987 Tom Hudson extended the application and it was renamed 'Cyber Studio CAD-3D v.2.02 '. The name Cyber Studio was proposed by Antic Software publisher Gary Yost due to his interest in William Gibson's seminal 1984 book \"Neuromancer\" which had introduced the term Cyberspace to describe a virtual 3D environment.[5] As of 1987 the software was packaged together with Cybermate, a Forth-based authoring language written by Tektronix engineer Mark Kimball, the creator of the StereoTek liquid crystal shutter 3D glasses that Antic Software sold as an add-on to Cyber Studio.[6] Cybermate was used to edit, sequence and present the animation files along with sound. The scripts allowed an operator to control when and how fast a video or audio segment played and whether it should loop. In combination with the other scripting language, CyberControl, users were capable to create video animations up to five minutes long. Jim Kent wrote Cyber Paint, a 2D animation program that brought together a wide variety of animation and paint functionality and the delta-compressed animation format developed for CAD-3D.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antic Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antic_Software"},{"link_name":"Cyberpaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyberpaint&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CyberControl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CyberControl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CyberSculpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CyberSculpt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CyberTexture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CyberTexture&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Antic Software published a variety of related Cyber-products to extend the software's functionality:Cyberpaint - A Cell-based 2D-painting and animation software\nCyberControl - Scripting language for CyberStudio CAD-3D\nCyberSculpt - An extended modeling software\nCyberTexture - A texturing extension","title":"Extensions"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.atarimagazines.com/startv4n8/cad_3d.html","external_links_name":"\"START VOL. 4 NO. 8, Tom Hudson's CAD-3D review: Three-Dimensional Modeling for Everyone\""},{"Link":"http://doudoroff.com/atari/","external_links_name":"\"The Antic Cyber Graphics Software and the Pre-history of Autodesk 3D Studio and Discreet 3ds max\""},{"Link":"http://cgpress.org/archives/cgarticles/the_history_of_3d_studio","external_links_name":"\"The history of 3D Studio, Tom Hudson interview\""},{"Link":"http://cgpress.org/archives/cgarticles/the_history_of_3d_studio_pt2","external_links_name":"\"The history of 3D Studio, Gary Yost interview\""},{"Link":"http://doudoroff.com/atari/history6.html","external_links_name":"\"Going \"Cyber\" - The Antic Cyber Graphics Software and the Pre-history of Autodesk 3D Studio and Discreet 3ds max\""},{"Link":"http://doudoroff.com/atari/history3.html","external_links_name":"\"Now, in 3-D!\" - The Antic Cyber Graphics Software and the Pre-history of Autodesk 3D Studio and Discreet 3ds max\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_highland | Oceanic climate | ["1 Precipitation","2 Temperature","3 Cause","4 Locations","4.1 Europe","4.2 The Americas","4.3 Africa","4.4 Asia and Oceania","4.5 Indian Ocean","5 Varieties","5.1 Marine west coast (Cfb)","5.2 Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)","5.3 Subpolar oceanic and cold subtropical highland varieties (Cfc, Cwc)","6 Examples","6.1 Africa","6.2 Asia","6.3 Europe","6.4 North America","6.5 Oceania","6.6 South America","6.7 Southern Indian Ocean","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Climate classification
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Oceanic climate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Regions where oceanic or subtropical highland climates (Cfb, Cfc, Cwb, Cwc) are found.
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification represented as Cfb, typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool to warm summers and cool to mild winters (for their latitude), with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature. Oceanic climates can be found in both hemispheres generally between 40 and 60 degrees latitude, with subpolar versions extending to 70 degrees latitude in some coastal areas. Other varieties of climates usually classified together with these include subtropical highland climates, represented as Cwb or Cfb, and subpolar oceanic or cold subtropical highland climates, represented as Cfc or Cwc. Subtropical highland climates occur in some mountainous parts of the subtropics or tropics, some of which have monsoon influence, while their cold variants and subpolar oceanic climates occur near polar or tundra regions.
Precipitation
Locations with oceanic climates tend to feature frequent cloudy conditions with precipitation, low hanging clouds, and frequent fronts and storms. Thunderstorms are normally few, since strong daytime heating and hot and cold air masses meet infrequently in the regions, but are more common in subtropical highland climates where these air masses meet more frequently due to the influence of hotter weather in the subtropics or tropics, especially in monsoon-influenced climates. In most areas with an oceanic climate, precipitation comes in the form of rain for the majority of the year. Most oceanic climate zones, however, experience at least one snowfall per year. Snowfall is more frequent and commonplace in the subpolar oceanic climates due to the colder weather in those locations.
Temperature
Overall temperature characteristics of the oceanic climates feature cool temperatures and infrequent extremes of temperature. In the Köppen climate classification, oceanic climates have a mean temperature of 0 °C (32 °F) or higher (or −3 °C (27 °F) or higher) in the coldest month, compared to continental climates where the coldest month has a mean temperature of below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)) in the coldest month. Summers are warm but not hot, with the warmest month having a mean temperature below 22 °C (72 °F). Poleward of the latter is a subtype of it and is the subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc), with long but relatively mild (for their latitude) winters and cool and short summers (average temperatures of at least 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months). Examples of this climate include parts of coastal Iceland, the coast of Norway north of Bodø, the Scottish Highlands, the mountains of Vancouver Island, and Haida Gwaii in Canada, in the Northern Hemisphere and extreme southern Chile in the Southern Hemisphere (examples include Punta Arenas), the Tasmanian Central Highlands, and parts of New Zealand.
Cause
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Oceanic climate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Oceanic climates are not necessarily found in coastal locations on the aforementioned parallels; however, in most cases oceanic climates parallel higher middle latitude oceans. The polar jet stream, which moves in a west to east direction across the middle latitudes, advances low pressure systems, storms, and fronts. In coastal areas of the higher middle latitudes (45–60° latitude), the prevailing onshore flow creates the basic structure of most oceanic climates. Oceanic climates are a product and reflection of the cool ocean adjacent to them. In the autumn, winter, and early spring, when the polar jet stream is most active, the frequent passing of marine weather systems creates the frequent fog, cloudy skies, and light drizzle often associated with oceanic climates. They are typically found poleward of Mediterranean climates, except in Australia where they are poleward of both such climates and humid subtropical climates due to the shape of the continent. Only in Europe do they penetrate far inland, where they eventually transition into warm-summer humid continental climates; in other continents, they are blocked by a large mountain range or limited by nearby oceans.
The North Atlantic Gulf Stream, a tropical oceanic current that passes north of the Caribbean and up the East Coast of the United States to North Carolina, then heads east-northeast to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, is thought to greatly modify the climate of northwest Europe. As a result of the North Atlantic Current, west coast areas located in high latitudes like Ireland, the UK, and Norway have much milder winters (for their latitude) than would otherwise be the case. The lowland attributes of western Europe also help drive marine air masses into continental areas, enabling cities such as Dresden, Prague, and Vienna to have maritime climates in spite of being located well inland from the ocean.
Locations
Europe
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Climate chart (explanation)
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Imperial conversion
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Oceanic climate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Oceanic climates in Europe occupy a large stretch of land, from Norway's Atlantic coast and the British Isles, southeast to some parts of Turkey.
Western Europe is almost exclusively oceanic between 45°N to 55°N; including most of France (away from the Mediterranean), nearly all of Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, most of Luxembourg, most of Denmark, western Germany, northwestern Switzerland, south coast and western areas of Norway north to Skrova and extreme southern Sweden.
While most of Southern Europe is climatically Mediterranean, some parts of Southern Europe also have oceanic climates. However, these instances of the climate are highly variable, and often somewhat anomalous. The north coast of Spain, the western Azores off the coast of Portugal are too wet in summer to be Mediterranean, and too mild in summer to be humid subtropical, though they often have winter means above 9 °C (48 °F), unusual for European oceanic climates.
Another anomalous case can be found in northwestern Turkey, including northern Istanbul. These places are, in a strict air-mass sense, not oceanic: they are affected by southerlies directly from the Mediterranean, and polar intrusions from Siberia. Yet their position near the Black Sea makes them too wet in summer to be Mediterranean, too mild during winter to be humid continental, and not hot enough in summer to be humid subtropical; therefore Köppen classifies them as oceanic. Despite their anomalous position, however, their temperatures, around 4–5 °C (39–41 °F) in winter and 20–22 °C (68–72 °F) in summer, are not wholly atypical for European oceanic climates.
Some Eastern European regions such as the north of Croatia and Serbia and some parts of the Czech Republic, also have oceanic climates; these are generally near the boundary for being humid continental.
The line between oceanic and continental climates in Europe runs in a generally north to south direction. For example, western Germany is more impacted by milder Atlantic air masses than eastern Germany. Thus, winters across Europe become colder to the east, and (in some locations) summers become hotter. The line between oceanic Europe and Mediterranean Europe normally runs west to east and is related to changes in precipitation patterns and differences to seasonal temperatures; although intrusions of polar air, remnants of marine air-masses, and higher summer precipitation can create oceanic climates in Eastern Europe and transcontinental regions as far south as 40°N.
The Americas
Vancouver, Canada
Climate chart (explanation)
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Imperial conversion
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The oceanic climate exists in an arc spreading across the northwestern coast of North America from the Alaskan panhandle to northern Washington. In addition, some east coast areas such as Block Island, Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket have a similar climate. An extensive area of oceanic climates distinguishes the coastal regions of southern Chile and extends into bordering Argentina.
Africa
The only noteworthy area of maritime climate at or near sea-level within Africa is in South Africa from Mossel Bay on the Western Cape coast to Plettenberg Bay (the Garden Route), with additional pockets of this climate inland of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal coast. It is usually warm most of the year with no pronounced rainy season, but slightly more rain in autumn and spring. The Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the South Atlantic also has an oceanic climate.
Asia and Oceania
Christchurch, New Zealand
Climate chart (explanation)
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Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
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73
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The oceanic climate is prevalent in the more southerly parts of Oceania. A mild maritime climate is in existence in New Zealand. In Australia, the climate is found in Tasmania, southern half of Victoria and southeastern New South Wales (southwards from Wollongong).
Some parts of the northeastern coast of Honshu, such as Mutsu, Aomori in Japan, feature this climate, although it is rare in Asia due to the lack of a west coast in the middle latitudes.
Indian Ocean
Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul, both part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, are located in the subtropics and have an oceanic climate (akin to Tristan da Cunha; see above).
Varieties
Marine west coast (Cfb)
Plymouth, United Kingdom
Climate chart (explanation)
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Imperial conversion
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Temperate oceanic climates, also known as "marine mild winter" climates or simply oceanic climates, are found either at middle latitudes. They are often found on or near the west coast of continents; hence another name for Cfb, "marine west coast climates". In addition to moderate temperatures year-round, one of the characteristics is the absence of a dry season. Except for Europe, this type of climate is confined to narrow bands of territory, largely in mid or high latitudes, although it can appear in elevated areas of continental terrain in low latitudes, e.g. plateaus in the subtropics. It exists in both hemispheres between 35° and 60°: at low altitudes between Mediterranean, humid continental, and subarctic climates.
Western sea breezes ease temperatures and moderates the winter, especially if warm sea currents are present, and cause cloudy weather to predominate. Precipitation is constant, especially in colder months, when temperatures are warmer than elsewhere at comparable latitudes. This climate can occur farther inland if no mountain ranges are present or nearby. As this climate causes sufficient moisture year-round without permitting deep snow cover, vegetation typically prospers in this climate. Deciduous trees are predominant in this climate region. However, conifers such as spruce, pine, and cedar are also common in few areas, and fruits such as apples, pears, and grapes can often be cultivated here.
In the hottest month, the average temperature is below 22 °C (72 °F), and at least four months feature average temperatures higher than 10 °C (50 °F). The average temperature of the coldest month must not be colder than −3–0 °C (27–32 °F), or the climate will be classified as continental. The average temperature variations in the year are between 10–15 °C (50–59 °F), with average annual temperatures between 6–13 °C (43–55 °F). Rain values can vary from 50–500 cm (20–197 in), depending on whether mountains cause orographic precipitation. Frontal cyclones can be common in marine west coast regions, with some areas experiencing more than 150 rainy days annually, but strong storms are rare.
Zennor, United Kingdom
Cfb climates are predominant in most of Europe except the northeast, as global temperatures became warmer towards late 20th and early 21st century. They are the main climate type in New Zealand and the Australian states of Tasmania, Victoria, and southeastern New South Wales (starting from the Illawarra region). In North America, they are found mainly in Vancouver Island and neighbouring parts of British Columbia, as well as many coastal areas of southeast Alaska. There are pockets of Cfb in most South American countries, mostly in regions of southern Chile and Argentina, parts of the provinces of Chubut, Santa Cruz, and southeast Buenos Aires province in Argentina, the highest elevations of the Brazilian Highlands, and due to variations in rainfall and temperature patterns in some places of the Tropical Andes in Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. In Western Asia, the climate can be found on the Black Sea coast of northern Turkey and Georgia, often transitional to humid subtropical. While Cfb zones are rare in Africa, one dominates the coastline of the Eastern Cape in South Africa.
The climate subtype can also be found in Nantucket, Massachusetts (in the immediate west and northwest in transition for humid continental, the remainder of Cape Cod) and northeastern Georgia both in the eastern United States. It is also found in the highest portions of the Brazilian state of Bahia and Roraima (in transition or strongly influenced for Cwb), Cuyuni-Mazuruni in Guiana, Brønnøy, Nordland at 65.28 °N (Norway north-central coast), South Sudan (border with Uganda), Central Province of the Sri Lanka, the provinces of Bình Định and Quảng Ngãi in Vietnam, Sabah (northeastern Malaysia) and Baluchistan, Pakistan. Although there are more or less rare places associated with relatively isolated mountainous regions (e.g., North Oceania islands and China).
Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)
Mexico City
Climate chart (explanation)
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Imperial conversion
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Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka
The subtropical highland climate is a climate variety often grouped together with oceanic climates which exists in some mountainous or elevated portions of the world in either the subtropics or tropics. Despite the latitude, the higher elevations of these regions mean that the climate shares characteristics with oceanic climates.
Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (Cfb) usually have rainfall spread relatively evenly throughout the year, similar to other oceanic climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high diurnal temperature variation and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high elevation. Subtropical highland climates with monsoon influence (Cwb) have distinctive wet summers and dry winters.
In locations outside the tropics, other than the drying trend in the winter, subtropical highland climates tend to be essentially identical to an oceanic climate, with mild summers and noticeably cooler winters, plus, in some instances, some snowfall. In the tropics, a subtropical highland climate typically features mild weather year-round. Temperatures there remain relatively constant throughout the year and snowfall is seldom seen due to warmer winters than most oceanic climates.
Areas with this climate feature monthly averages below 22 °C (72 °F) but above either 0 °C (32 °F) or −3 °C (27 °F) depending on isotherm used. At least one month's average temperature is below 18 °C (64 °F). Without their elevation, many of these regions would likely feature either humid subtropical or tropical climates.
This type of climate exists in parts of east, south and southeastern Africa, interior southern Africa and elevated portions of eastern Africa as far north as Ethiopia and of western Africa (west region of Cameroon) up to the southwestern Angola highlands also share this climate type. It also exists in the exposed areas of the High Atlas, some mountainous areas across southern Europe, mountainous sections of North America, including parts of the southern Appalachians and the Central America Volcanic Arc. In South America, it can be found mainly in temperate mountainous areas in the Tropical Andes, Venezuelan Coastal Range, the highest elevations of Serra do Mar in Southeastern Brazil, and tepuis of the Guiana Shield. Most of Yunnan and mountainous areas across Southeast Asia, parts of the Himalayas, parts of Sri Lanka, and parts of the Hawaiian Islands of Maui and Hawaii. In the Caribbean, only the peaks in the highest mountain ranges have this climate (including the Blue Mountains in Jamaica and Cerro Maravilla in Puerto Rico), with only Hispaniola's Cordillera Central and Chaîne de la Selle having significant urban settlements under this climate zone, such as cities like Kenscoff in Haiti and Constanza in the Dominican Republic.
Subpolar oceanic and cold subtropical highland varieties (Cfc, Cwc)
Punta Arenas, Chile
Climate chart (explanation)
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Imperial conversion
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Areas with subpolar oceanic climates feature an oceanic climate but are usually located closer to polar regions, with long but relatively mild winters and short, cool summers. As a result of their location, these regions tend to be on the cool end of oceanic climates, approaching to polar regions. Snowfall tends to be more common here than in other oceanic climates. Subpolar oceanic climates are less prone to temperature extremes than subarctic climates or continental climates, featuring milder winters than these climates. Subpolar oceanic climates feature only one to three months of average monthly temperatures that are at least 10 °C (50 °F). As with oceanic climates, none of its average monthly temperatures fall below -3.0 °C (26.6 °F) or 0 °C depending on the isotherm used. Typically, these areas in the warmest month experience daytime maximum temperatures below 17 °C (63 °F), while the coldest month features highs slightly above freezing and lows near or just below freezing while keeping the average warm enough. It typically carries a Cfc designation, though very small areas in Argentina and Chile have summers sufficiently short to be Cwc with fewer than four months over 10 °C (50 °F).
This variant of an oceanic climate is found in parts of coastal Iceland, the Faroe Islands, upland/mountainous parts of Scotland and Northern England, northwestern coastal areas of Norway (most of Lofoten, Vesterålen, warmest part of Tromsø reaching to 71°N on some islands), uplands/highlands in western Norway, the Aleutian Islands of Alaska and northern parts of the Alaskan Panhandle, the southwest of Argentina and Chile, and a few highland areas of Tasmania, and the Australian and Southern Alps. This type of climate is even found in very remote parts of the New Guinea Highlands. The classification used for this regime is Cfc. In the most marine of those areas affected by this regime, temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) are extreme weather events, even in the midst of summer. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) have been recorded on rare occasions in some areas of this climate, and in winter temperatures down to −20 °C (−4 °F) have seldom been recorded in some areas.
Small areas in Yunnan, Sichuan; parts of Bolivia and Peru; and parts of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania have summers sufficiently short to be Cwc with fewer than four months over 10 °C (50 °F). This is the cold variant of the monsoon-influenced subtropical highland climate. El Alto, Bolivia, is one of the few confirmed towns that features this variation of the subtropical highland climate.
Examples
^1 According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is considered humid subtropical (Cf) since at least eight months are greater than 10 °C (50 ″C).
Africa
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia1 (Cwb)
Eldoret, Kenya1 (Cfb)
George, Western Cape, South Africa1 (Cfb)
Harare, Zimbabwe1 (Cwb)
Kabale, Uganda1 (Cfb)
Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa1 (Cwb)
Maseru, Lesotho1 (Cfb, bordering on Cwb)
Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa1 (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
Nairobi, Kenya1 (Cwb)
Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa1 (Cfb)
Tristan da Cunha, United Kingdom1 (Cfb)
Asia
Artvin, Turkey (Cfb, bordering on Csb)
Bolu, Turkey (Cfb)
Brinchang, Pahang, Malaysia1 (Cfb)
Goris, Syunik, Armenia (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Hakha, Myanmar1 (Cwb)
Hengshan, China (Cfb, bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)
Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India1 (Cfb)
Kunming, China1 (Cwb)
La Trinidad, Philippines1 (Cwb)
Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka1 (Cfb)
Phongsali, Laos1 (Cwb)
Puncak, West Java, Indonesia1 (Cfb)
Sa Pa, Vietnam1 (Cfb)
Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India1 (Cwb)
Thimphu, Bhutan1 (Cwb, bordering on Cwa)
Europe
Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands (Cfb)
Andorra la Vella, Andorra (Cfb)
Bahçeköy, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (Cfb)
Bergen, Vestland, Norway (Cfb)
Berlin, Germany (Cfb)
Bern, Switzerland (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain1 (Cfb)
Bordeaux, France1 (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
Bornholm, Denmark (Cfb)
Brussels, Belgium (Cfb)
Caransebeş, Romania (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (Cfb)
Cetinje, Montenegro (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Copenhagen, Denmark (Cfb)
Corvo Island, Azores, Portugal1 (Cfb, coast is Cfa)
Cuneo, Italy (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
Dijon, France (Cfb)
Dublin, Ireland (Cfb)
Frankfurt, Germany (Cfb)
Gdynia, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (Cfb)
Gothenburg, Västra Götaland County, Sweden (Cfb)
Győr, Hungary (Cfb, bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)
Hamburg, Germany (Cfb)
Ljubljana, Slovenia (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
Lofoten, Nordland, Norway (Cfb, bordering on Cfc/Dfb/Dfc)
London, England, United Kingdom (Cfb)
Luxembourg City, Luxembourg (Cfb)
Malmö, Skåne County, Sweden (Cfb)
Munich, Bavaria, Germany (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Ørland, Trøndelag, Norway (Cfb)
Paris, France (Cfb)
Penzance, England, United Kingdom1 (Cfb)
Prague, Czech Republic (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Santander, Cantabria, Spain1 (Cfb)
Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain1 (Cfb)
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Skagen, Denmark (Cfb)
St Helier, Jersey, United Kingdom1 (Cfb)
Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway (Cfb)
Szczecin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland (Cfb)
Trevico, Italy (Cfb)
Ushant, France1 (Cfb)
Vaduz, Liechtenstein (Cfb)
Vienna, Austria (Cfb, bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)
Wrocław, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Zagreb, Croatia (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Zürich, Switzerland (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
North America
Block Island, Rhode Island, United States (Cfb, bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)
Blue Mountains, Jamaica1 (Cfb)
Cobán, Guatemala1 (Cfb)
Constanza, Dominican Republic1 (Cfb)
Forks, Washington, United States (Cfb)
Hope, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb)
Kenscoff, Haiti1 (Cwb, bordering on Aw)
Ketchikan, Alaska, United States (Cfb)
La Esperanza, Honduras1 (Cfb, bordering on Cwb)
Mexico City. Mexico1 (Cwb)
Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb, bordering on Csb)
Nantucket, Massachusetts, United States (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb)
Provincetown, Massachusetts, United States (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
Sitka, Alaska, United States (Cfb)
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb, bordering on Csb)
Waynesville, North Carolina, United States (Cfb)
Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico1 (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
Oceania
Ashburton, New Zealand (Cfb)
Auckland, New Zealand1 (Cfb)
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia1 (Cfb)
Christchurch, New Zealand (Cfb)
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia1 (Cfb)
Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia (Cfb)
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia1 (Cfb)
Nelson, New Zealand1 (Cfb)
Volcano, Hawaii, United States1 (Cfb)
Wabag, Papua New Guinea1 (Cfb)
Wellington, New Zealand1 (Cfb)
Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia1 (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
South America
Bogotá, Colombia1 (Cfb)
Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil1 (Cfb)
Chachapoyas, Peru1 (Cfb)
Cuenca, Ecuador1 (Cfb)
Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil1 (Cfb)
La Paz, Bolivia (Cwb, bordering on Cwc)
Manizales, Colombia1 (Cfb)
Mar del Plata, Argentina1 (Cfb)
Mérida, Venezuela1 (Cfb, bordering on Am)
Mucuchíes, Venezuela1 (Cfb)
Osorno, Los Lagos Region, Chile (Cfb)
Puerto Montt, Los Lagos Region, Chile (Cfb)
Punta del Este, Uruguay1 (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
Quito, Ecuador1 (Cfb)
Sucre, Bolivia1 (Cwb)
Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil1 (Cfb)
Valdivia, Los Ríos Region, Chile1 (Cfb)
Southern Indian Ocean
Île Amsterdam, French Southern and Antarctic Lands1 (Cfb)
Île Saint-Paul, French Southern and Antarctic Lands1 (Cfb)
See also
Temperate climate
Humid temperate climate
Subhumid temperate climate
Mediterranean climate
Köppen climate classification
References
^ a b Tom L. McKnight & Darrel Hess (2000). Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System. Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation. Prentice Hall. pp. 226–235. ISBN 978-0-13-020263-5.
^ Briney, Amanda (22 January 2020). "The Gulf Stream". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ "Klimaattabel Schiphol, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1991–2020" (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
^ "Klimatoloji-2" (PDF).
^ M. C. Peel; B. L. Finlayson & T. A. McMahon (11 October 2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1638–1643. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
^ "CliFlo – National Climate Database". NIWA. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
^ "Winter in Japan - a Complete Guide to Wintertime in Japan | Compathy Magazine". Compathy Magazine （コンパシーマガジン）. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ Michael Pidwirny, 2017, Appendix 3: Köppen Climate Classification: Single appendix from the eBook Understanding Physical Geography. Kelowna BC, Canada; Our Planet Earth Publishing, pp. 8, 24.
^ a b "Temperate oceanic climate". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
^ a b "marine west coast climate | Characteristics & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
^ "Marine West Coast Climate". www.earthonlinemedia.com. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
^ "Hot Continental Division". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
^ "Mean Temperature US in January - 30 yrs (normals)".
^ "Massachusetts Koppen Climate".
^ "Georgia US Koppen Climate".
^ "World Maps of Köppen-Geiger climate classification". koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
^ Pacheco-Torgal, Fernando; Goran-Granqvist, Claes (30 January 2023). Adapting the Built Environment for Climate Change. Elsevier. p. 187. ISBN 9780323953375. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
^ Herminingrum, Sri; Hum, M (November 2021). Fisheries and Marine Science. Media Nusa Creative (MNC Publishing). p. 17. ISBN 9786024620998. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
^ Khan, Ansar; Niyogi, Dev; Fiorito, Francesco; Akbari, Hashem; Mithun, Sk (15 June 2022). Global Urban Heat Island Mitigation. Elsevier Science. p. 253. ISBN 9780323897945. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ "Mindat.org". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
^ "Estadistica Climatologica Tomo III (pg 512–537)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
^ a b Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (11 October 2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. S2CID 9654551. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
^ "Weather statistics for Hasvik (Finnmark)".
^ Tapper, Andrew; Tapper, Nigel (1996). Gray, Kathleen (ed.). The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand (First ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-19-553393-4.
^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Trevico". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
External links
"Marine (Humid) West Coast Climate", June 21, 2007, The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography, Michael Ritter, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point
"EPIC Web Browser", NOAA, on-line ocean observational data collection
"NOAA "Dapper In-situ Ocean Data Viewer", plot and download ocean observations
"Maritime Climate", Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment, Atmosphere, Climate & Environment Information Programme
vteClimate types under the Köppen climate classificationClass A
Tropical rainforest (Af)
Tropical monsoon (Am)
Tropical savanna (Aw, As)
Class B
Desert (BWh, BWk)
Semi-arid (BSh, BSk)
Class C
Humid subtropical (Cfa, Cwa)
Oceanic (Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc)
Mediterranean (Csa, Csb, Csc)
Class D
Humid continental (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsb)
Subarctic (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsd)
Class E
Tundra (ET)
Ice cap (EF)
Alpine (ET, EF) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen_World_Map_Cfb_Cfc_Cwb_Cwc.png"},{"link_name":"temperate climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"subtropics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics"},{"link_name":"tropics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"polar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_climate"}],"text":"Regions where oceanic or subtropical highland climates (Cfb, Cfc, Cwb, Cwc) are found.An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification represented as Cfb, typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool to warm summers and cool to mild winters (for their latitude), with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature. Oceanic climates can be found in both hemispheres generally between 40 and 60 degrees latitude, with subpolar versions extending to 70 degrees latitude in some coastal areas. Other varieties of climates usually classified together with these include subtropical highland climates, represented as Cwb or Cfb, and subpolar oceanic or cold subtropical highland climates, represented as Cfc or Cwc. Subtropical highland climates occur in some mountainous parts of the subtropics or tropics, some of which have monsoon influence, while their cold variants and subpolar oceanic climates occur near polar or tundra regions.","title":"Oceanic climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Locations with oceanic climates tend to feature frequent cloudy conditions with precipitation, low hanging clouds, and frequent fronts and storms. Thunderstorms are normally few, since strong daytime heating and hot and cold air masses meet infrequently in the regions, but are more common in subtropical highland climates where these air masses meet more frequently due to the influence of hotter weather in the subtropics or tropics, especially in monsoon-influenced climates. In most areas with an oceanic climate, precipitation comes in the form of rain for the majority of the year. Most oceanic climate zones, however, experience at least one snowfall per year. Snowfall is more frequent and commonplace in the subpolar oceanic climates due to the colder weather in those locations.","title":"Precipitation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"continental climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKnight-1"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Bodø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Scottish Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"Haida Gwaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_Gwaii"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Northern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Southern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"Punta Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Arenas"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Central Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Central_Highlands"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"}],"text":"Overall temperature characteristics of the oceanic climates feature cool temperatures and infrequent extremes of temperature. In the Köppen climate classification, oceanic climates have a mean temperature of 0 °C (32 °F) or higher (or −3 °C (27 °F) or higher) in the coldest month, compared to continental climates where the coldest month has a mean temperature of below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)) in the coldest month. Summers are warm but not hot, with the warmest month having a mean temperature below 22 °C (72 °F). Poleward of the latter is a subtype of it and is the subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc),[1] with long but relatively mild (for their latitude) winters and cool and short summers (average temperatures of at least 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months). Examples of this climate include parts of coastal Iceland, the coast of Norway north of Bodø, the Scottish Highlands, the mountains of Vancouver Island, and Haida Gwaii in Canada, in the Northern Hemisphere and extreme southern Chile in the Southern Hemisphere (examples include Punta Arenas), the Tasmanian Central Highlands, and parts of New Zealand.","title":"Temperature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"jet stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"humid continental climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Gulf Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Grand Banks of Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"text":"Oceanic climates are not necessarily found in coastal locations on the aforementioned parallels; however, in most cases oceanic climates parallel higher middle latitude oceans.[clarification needed] The polar jet stream, which moves in a west to east direction across the middle latitudes, advances low pressure systems, storms, and fronts. In coastal areas of the higher middle latitudes (45–60° latitude), the prevailing onshore flow creates the basic structure of most oceanic climates. Oceanic climates are a product and reflection of the cool ocean adjacent to them. In the autumn, winter, and early spring, when the polar jet stream is most active, the frequent passing of marine weather systems creates the frequent fog, cloudy skies, and light drizzle often associated with oceanic climates. They are typically found poleward of Mediterranean climates, except in Australia where they are poleward of both such climates and humid subtropical climates due to the shape of the continent. Only in Europe do they penetrate far inland, where they eventually transition into warm-summer humid continental climates; in other continents, they are blocked by a large mountain range or limited by nearby oceans.The North Atlantic Gulf Stream, a tropical oceanic current that passes north of the Caribbean and up the East Coast of the United States to North Carolina, then heads east-northeast to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, is thought to greatly modify the climate of northwest Europe.[2] As a result of the North Atlantic Current, west coast areas located in high latitudes like Ireland, the UK, and Norway have much milder winters (for their latitude) than would otherwise be the case. The lowland attributes of western Europe also help drive marine air masses into continental areas, enabling cities such as Dresden, Prague, and Vienna to have maritime climates in spite of being located well inland from the ocean.","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Skrova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrova"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"northern Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"humid continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"humid continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"continental climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"Oceanic climates in Europe occupy a large stretch of land, from Norway's Atlantic coast and the British Isles, southeast to some parts of Turkey.Western Europe is almost exclusively oceanic between 45°N to 55°N; including most of France (away from the Mediterranean), nearly all of Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, most of Luxembourg, most of Denmark, western Germany, northwestern Switzerland, south coast and western areas of Norway north to Skrova and extreme southern Sweden.While most of Southern Europe is climatically Mediterranean, some parts of Southern Europe also have oceanic climates. However, these instances of the climate are highly variable, and often somewhat anomalous. The north coast of Spain, the western Azores off the coast of Portugal are too wet in summer to be Mediterranean, and too mild in summer to be humid subtropical, though they often have winter means above 9 °C (48 °F), unusual for European oceanic climates.Another anomalous case can be found in northwestern Turkey, including northern Istanbul. These places are, in a strict air-mass sense, not oceanic: they are affected by southerlies directly from the Mediterranean, and polar intrusions from Siberia.[4] Yet their position near the Black Sea makes them too wet in summer to be Mediterranean, too mild during winter to be humid continental, and not hot enough in summer to be humid subtropical; therefore Köppen classifies them as oceanic. Despite their anomalous position, however, their temperatures, around 4–5 °C (39–41 °F) in winter and 20–22 °C (68–72 °F) in summer, are not wholly atypical for European oceanic climates.Some Eastern European regions such as the north of Croatia and Serbia and some parts of the Czech Republic, also have oceanic climates; these are generally near the boundary for being humid continental.The line between oceanic and continental climates in Europe runs in a generally north to south direction. For example, western Germany is more impacted by milder Atlantic air masses than eastern Germany. Thus, winters across Europe become colder to the east, and (in some locations) summers become hotter. The line between oceanic Europe and Mediterranean Europe normally runs west to east and is related to changes in precipitation patterns and differences to seasonal temperatures; although intrusions of polar air, remnants of marine air-masses, and higher summer precipitation can create oceanic climates in Eastern Europe and transcontinental regions as far south as 40°N.[citation needed]","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaskan panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskan_panhandle"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Block Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Island"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod"},{"link_name":"Martha's Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Nantucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peel-5"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"}],"sub_title":"The Americas","text":"The oceanic climate exists in an arc spreading across the northwestern coast of North America from the Alaskan panhandle to northern Washington. In addition, some east coast areas such as Block Island, Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket have a similar climate.[5] An extensive area of oceanic climates distinguishes the coastal regions of southern Chile and extends into bordering Argentina.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mossel Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay,_Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"Western Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"Plettenberg Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plettenberg_Bay"},{"link_name":"Garden Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Route"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"KwaZulu-Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal"},{"link_name":"Tristan da Cunha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha"}],"sub_title":"Africa","text":"The only noteworthy area of maritime climate at or near sea-level within Africa is in South Africa from Mossel Bay on the Western Cape coast to Plettenberg Bay (the Garden Route), with additional pockets of this climate inland of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal coast. It is usually warm most of the year with no pronounced rainy season, but slightly more rain in autumn and spring. The Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the South Atlantic also has an oceanic climate.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Wollongong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollongong"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"Mutsu, Aomori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutsu,_Aomori"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Asia and Oceania","text":"The oceanic climate is prevalent in the more southerly parts of Oceania. A mild maritime climate is in existence in New Zealand. In Australia, the climate is found in Tasmania, southern half of Victoria and southeastern New South Wales (southwards from Wollongong).Some parts of the northeastern coast of Honshu, such as Mutsu, Aomori in Japan, feature this climate, although it is rare in Asia due to the lack of a west coast in the middle latitudes.[7]","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Île Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Île Saint-Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul"},{"link_name":"French Southern and Antarctic Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands"}],"sub_title":"Indian Ocean","text":"Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul, both part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, are located in the subtropics and have an oceanic climate (akin to Tristan da Cunha; see above).","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"middle latitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_latitudes"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"plateaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"subtropics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"humid continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"subarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-10"},{"link_name":"sea breezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_breeze"},{"link_name":"sea currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation"},{"link_name":"spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus"},{"link_name":"apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"pears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear"},{"link_name":"grapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain"},{"link_name":"orographic precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orographic_precipitation"},{"link_name":"Frontal cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zennor,_from_Zennor_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_633.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zennor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zennor"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Illawarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illawarra"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Chubut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubut_Province"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Province,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Tropical Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Andes"},{"link_name":"Western Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asia"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Nantucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantucket"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"humid continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"eastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Brazilian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia"},{"link_name":"Roraima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima"},{"link_name":"Cuyuni-Mazuruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyuni-Mazaruni"},{"link_name":"Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guianas"},{"link_name":"Brønnøy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y"},{"link_name":"Nordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Central Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Bình Định","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province"},{"link_name":"Quảng Ngãi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Baluchistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Marine west coast (Cfb)","text":"Temperate oceanic climates, also known as \"marine mild winter\" climates[8] or simply oceanic climates, are found either at middle latitudes. They are often found on or near the west coast of continents; hence another name for Cfb, \"marine west coast climates\". In addition to moderate temperatures year-round, one of the characteristics is the absence of a dry season. Except for Europe, this type of climate is confined to narrow bands of territory, largely in mid or high latitudes, although it can appear in elevated areas of continental terrain in low latitudes, e.g. plateaus in the subtropics.[9] It exists in both hemispheres between 35° and 60°: at low altitudes between Mediterranean, humid continental, and subarctic climates.[10]Western sea breezes ease temperatures and moderates the winter, especially if warm sea currents are present, and cause cloudy weather to predominate. Precipitation is constant, especially in colder months, when temperatures are warmer than elsewhere at comparable latitudes. This climate can occur farther inland if no mountain ranges are present or nearby.[11] As this climate causes sufficient moisture year-round without permitting deep snow cover, vegetation typically prospers in this climate. Deciduous trees are predominant in this climate region. However, conifers such as spruce, pine, and cedar are also common in few areas, and fruits such as apples, pears, and grapes can often be cultivated here.In the hottest month, the average temperature is below 22 °C (72 °F), and at least four months feature average temperatures higher than 10 °C (50 °F). The average temperature of the coldest month must not be colder than −3–0 °C (27–32 °F), or the climate will be classified as continental.[9][12] The average temperature variations in the year are between 10–15 °C (50–59 °F), with average annual temperatures between 6–13 °C (43–55 °F). Rain values can vary from 50–500 cm (20–197 in), depending on whether mountains cause orographic precipitation. Frontal cyclones can be common in marine west coast regions, with some areas experiencing more than 150 rainy days annually, but strong storms are rare.[10]Zennor, United KingdomCfb climates are predominant in most of Europe except the northeast, as global temperatures became warmer towards late 20th and early 21st century. They are the main climate type in New Zealand and the Australian states of Tasmania, Victoria, and southeastern New South Wales (starting from the Illawarra region). In North America, they are found mainly in Vancouver Island and neighbouring parts of British Columbia, as well as many coastal areas of southeast Alaska. There are pockets of Cfb in most South American countries, mostly in regions of southern Chile and Argentina, parts of the provinces of Chubut, Santa Cruz, and southeast Buenos Aires province in Argentina, the highest elevations of the Brazilian Highlands, and due to variations in rainfall and temperature patterns in some places of the Tropical Andes in Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. In Western Asia, the climate can be found on the Black Sea coast of northern Turkey and Georgia, often transitional to humid subtropical. While Cfb zones are rare in Africa, one dominates the coastline of the Eastern Cape in South Africa.The climate subtype can also be found in Nantucket, Massachusetts (in the immediate west and northwest in transition for humid continental, the remainder of Cape Cod[13])[14] and northeastern Georgia both in the eastern United States.[15] It is also found in the highest portions of the Brazilian state of Bahia and Roraima (in transition or strongly influenced for Cwb), Cuyuni-Mazuruni in Guiana, Brønnøy, Nordland at 65.28 °N (Norway north-central coast), South Sudan (border with Uganda), Central Province of the Sri Lanka, the provinces of Bình Định and Quảng Ngãi in Vietnam, Sabah (northeastern Malaysia) and Baluchistan, Pakistan. Although there are more or less rare places associated with relatively isolated mountainous regions (e.g., North Oceania islands and China).[16]","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SL_Nuwara_Eliya_asv2020-01_img12_racecourse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nuwara Eliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuwara_Eliya"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"elevations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"diurnal temperature variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"wet summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_season"},{"link_name":"dry winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"High Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Atlas"},{"link_name":"southern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Appalachians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachians"},{"link_name":"Central America Volcanic Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America_Volcanic_Arc"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Tropical Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Andes"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan Coastal Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Coastal_Range"},{"link_name":"Serra do Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_do_Mar"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Brazil"},{"link_name":"tepuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepuis"},{"link_name":"Guiana Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Shield"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Jamaica)"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Cerro Maravilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Maravilla"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Central,_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chaîne de la Selle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_de_la_Selle"},{"link_name":"Kenscoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenscoff"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Constanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanza,_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"}],"sub_title":"Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)","text":"Nuwara Eliya, Sri LankaThe subtropical highland climate is a climate variety often grouped together with oceanic climates which exists in some mountainous or elevated portions of the world in either the subtropics or tropics. Despite the latitude, the higher elevations of these regions mean that the climate shares characteristics with oceanic climates.[17][18]Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (Cfb)[19] usually have rainfall spread relatively evenly throughout the year, similar to other oceanic climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high diurnal temperature variation and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high elevation. Subtropical highland climates with monsoon influence (Cwb) have distinctive wet summers and dry winters.[20]In locations outside the tropics, other than the drying trend in the winter, subtropical highland climates tend to be essentially identical to an oceanic climate, with mild summers and noticeably cooler winters, plus, in some instances, some snowfall. In the tropics, a subtropical highland climate typically features mild weather year-round. Temperatures there remain relatively constant throughout the year and snowfall is seldom seen due to warmer winters than most oceanic climates.Areas with this climate feature monthly averages below 22 °C (72 °F) but above either 0 °C (32 °F) or −3 °C (27 °F) depending on isotherm used. At least one month's average temperature is below 18 °C (64 °F). Without their elevation, many of these regions would likely feature either humid subtropical or tropical climates.This type of climate exists in parts of east, south and southeastern Africa, interior southern Africa and elevated portions of eastern Africa as far north as Ethiopia and of western Africa (west region of Cameroon) up to the southwestern Angola highlands also share this climate type. It also exists in the exposed areas of the High Atlas, some mountainous areas across southern Europe, mountainous sections of North America, including parts of the southern Appalachians and the Central America Volcanic Arc. In South America, it can be found mainly in temperate mountainous areas in the Tropical Andes, Venezuelan Coastal Range, the highest elevations of Serra do Mar in Southeastern Brazil, and tepuis of the Guiana Shield. Most of Yunnan and mountainous areas across Southeast Asia, parts of the Himalayas, parts of Sri Lanka, and parts of the Hawaiian Islands of Maui and Hawaii. In the Caribbean, only the peaks in the highest mountain ranges have this climate (including the Blue Mountains in Jamaica and Cerro Maravilla in Puerto Rico), with only Hispaniola's Cordillera Central and Chaîne de la Selle having significant urban settlements under this climate zone, such as cities like Kenscoff in Haiti and Constanza in the Dominican Republic.","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polar regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"subarctic climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"continental climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peel_2007-22"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Lofoten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofoten"},{"link_name":"Vesterålen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vester%C3%A5len"},{"link_name":"Tromsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaskan Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskan_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Alps"},{"link_name":"Southern Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alps_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"New Guinea Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKnight-1"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Mount Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peel_2007-22"},{"link_name":"El Alto, Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Alto,_Bolivia"}],"sub_title":"Subpolar oceanic and cold subtropical highland varieties (Cfc, Cwc)","text":"Areas with subpolar oceanic climates feature an oceanic climate but are usually located closer to polar regions, with long but relatively mild winters and short, cool summers. As a result of their location, these regions tend to be on the cool end of oceanic climates, approaching to polar regions. Snowfall tends to be more common here than in other oceanic climates. Subpolar oceanic climates are less prone to temperature extremes than subarctic climates or continental climates, featuring milder winters than these climates. Subpolar oceanic climates feature only one to three months of average monthly temperatures that are at least 10 °C (50 °F). As with oceanic climates, none of its average monthly temperatures fall below -3.0 °C (26.6 °F) or 0 °C depending on the isotherm used. Typically, these areas in the warmest month experience daytime maximum temperatures below 17 °C (63 °F), while the coldest month features highs slightly above freezing and lows near or just below freezing while keeping the average warm enough. It typically carries a Cfc designation, though very small areas in Argentina and Chile have summers sufficiently short to be Cwc with fewer than four months over 10 °C (50 °F).[22]This variant of an oceanic climate is found in parts of coastal Iceland, the Faroe Islands, upland/mountainous parts of Scotland and Northern England, northwestern coastal areas of Norway (most of Lofoten, Vesterålen, warmest part of Tromsø reaching to 71°N on some islands),[23] uplands/highlands in western Norway, the Aleutian Islands of Alaska and northern parts of the Alaskan Panhandle, the southwest of Argentina and Chile, and a few highland areas of Tasmania, and the Australian and Southern Alps.[24] This type of climate is even found in very remote parts of the New Guinea Highlands. The classification used for this regime is Cfc.[1] In the most marine of those areas affected by this regime, temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) are extreme weather events, even in the midst of summer. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) have been recorded on rare occasions in some areas of this climate, and in winter temperatures down to −20 °C (−4 °F) have seldom been recorded in some areas.Small areas in Yunnan, Sichuan; parts of Bolivia and Peru; and parts of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania have summers sufficiently short to be Cwc with fewer than four months over 10 °C (50 °F).[22] This is the cold variant of the monsoon-influenced subtropical highland climate. El Alto, Bolivia, is one of the few confirmed towns that features this variation of the subtropical highland climate.","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"Trewartha climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_climate&action=edit§ion=15"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Eldoret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldoret"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George,_Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"Western Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Kabale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabale"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=605863&cityname=Kabale-Western-Region-Uganda"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Gauteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauteng"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Maseru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maseru"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Mthatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mthatha"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gqeberha"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Tristan da Cunha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_climate&action=edit§ion=16"},{"link_name":"Artvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artvin"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Bolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolu"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Brinchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinchang"},{"link_name":"Pahang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Goris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goris"},{"link_name":"Syunik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syunik_Province"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Hakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakha"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Hengshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Heng_(Hunan)"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"La Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Trinidad,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Nuwara Eliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuwara_Eliya"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Phongsali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phongsali"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Puncak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncak"},{"link_name":"West Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/puncak-jaya_indonesia_1642658"},{"link_name":"Sa Pa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa_Pa"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Shimla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Thimphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thimphu"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_climate&action=edit§ion=17"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam,_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"North Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Holland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Andorra la Vella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Bahçeköy, Sarıyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A7ek%C3%B6y,_Sar%C4%B1yer"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"Vestland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Bornholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornholm"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Caransebeş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caransebe%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Corvo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvo_Island"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Cuneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneo"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Gdynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Västra Götaland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_G%C3%B6taland_County"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Győr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%91r"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Lofoten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofoten"},{"link_name":"Nordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_City,_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Skåne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_County"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ørland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98rland"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Penzance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penzance"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-kingdom/penzance-climate#temperature"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Cantabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabria"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Skagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"St Helier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helier"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.je/StatisticsPerformance/Environment/Pages/Climate.aspx"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger"},{"link_name":"Rogaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Trevico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevico"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMONormals-25"},{"link_name":"Ushant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushant"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Vaduz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaduz,_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna,_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_climate&action=edit§ion=18"},{"link_name":"Block Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Island"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Jamaica)"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Cobán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cob%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Constanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanza,_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Forks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forks,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Kenscoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenscoff"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Ketchikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchikan,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"La Esperanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intibuc%C3%A1,_Intibuc%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Nanaimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaimo"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nantucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantucket"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Provincetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincetown,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/massachusetts/provincetown-141814/"},{"link_name":"Sitka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Waynesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynesville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Xalapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalapa"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"}],"text":"^1 According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is considered humid subtropical (Cf) since at least eight months are greater than 10 °C (50 ″C). \n\nAfrica[edit]\nAddis Ababa, Ethiopia1 (Cwb)\nEldoret, Kenya1 (Cfb)\nGeorge, Western Cape, South Africa1 (Cfb)\nHarare, Zimbabwe1 (Cwb)\nKabale, Uganda1 (Cfb) [1]\nJohannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa1 (Cwb)\nMaseru, Lesotho1 (Cfb, bordering on Cwb)\nMthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa1 (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)\nNairobi, Kenya1 (Cwb)\nPort Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa1 (Cfb)\nTristan da Cunha, United Kingdom1 (Cfb)\nAsia[edit]\nArtvin, Turkey (Cfb, bordering on Csb)\nBolu, Turkey (Cfb)\nBrinchang, Pahang, Malaysia1 (Cfb)\nGoris, Syunik, Armenia (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nHakha, Myanmar1 (Cwb)\nHengshan, China (Cfb, bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)\nKodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India1 (Cfb)\nKunming, China1 (Cwb)\nLa Trinidad, Philippines1 (Cwb)\nNuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka1 (Cfb)\nPhongsali, Laos1 (Cwb)\nPuncak, West Java, Indonesia1 (Cfb) [2]\nSa Pa, Vietnam1 (Cfb)\nShimla, Himachal Pradesh, India1 (Cwb)\nThimphu, Bhutan1 (Cwb, bordering on Cwa)\nEurope[edit]\nAmsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands (Cfb)\nAndorra la Vella, Andorra (Cfb)\nBahçeköy, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)\nBelfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (Cfb)\nBergen, Vestland, Norway (Cfb)\nBerlin, Germany (Cfb)\nBern, Switzerland (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nBilbao, Basque Country, Spain1 (Cfb)\nBordeaux, France1 (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)\nBornholm, Denmark (Cfb)\nBrussels, Belgium (Cfb)\nCaransebeş, Romania (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nCardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (Cfb)\nCetinje, Montenegro (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nCopenhagen, Denmark (Cfb)\nCorvo Island, Azores, Portugal1 (Cfb, coast is Cfa)\nCuneo, Italy (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)\nDijon, France (Cfb)\nDublin, Ireland (Cfb)\nFrankfurt, Germany (Cfb)\nGdynia, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nGlasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (Cfb)\nGothenburg, Västra Götaland County, Sweden (Cfb)\nGyőr, Hungary (Cfb, bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)\nHamburg, Germany (Cfb)\nLjubljana, Slovenia (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)\nLofoten, Nordland, Norway (Cfb, bordering on Cfc/Dfb/Dfc)\nLondon, England, United Kingdom (Cfb)\nLuxembourg City, Luxembourg (Cfb)\nMalmö, Skåne County, Sweden (Cfb)\nMunich, Bavaria, Germany (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nØrland, Trøndelag, Norway (Cfb)\nParis, France (Cfb)\nPenzance, England, United Kingdom1 (Cfb) [3]\nPrague, Czech Republic (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nSantander, Cantabria, Spain1 (Cfb)\nSantiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain1 (Cfb)\nSarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nSkagen, Denmark (Cfb)\nSt Helier, Jersey, United Kingdom1 (Cfb) [4]\nStavanger, Rogaland, Norway (Cfb)\nSzczecin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland (Cfb)\nTrevico, Italy (Cfb)[25]\nUshant, France1 (Cfb)\nVaduz, Liechtenstein (Cfb)\nVienna, Austria (Cfb, bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)\nWrocław, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nZagreb, Croatia (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nZürich, Switzerland (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nNorth America[edit]\nBlock Island, Rhode Island, United States (Cfb, bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)\nBlue Mountains, Jamaica1 (Cfb)\nCobán, Guatemala1 (Cfb)\nConstanza, Dominican Republic1 (Cfb)\nForks, Washington, United States (Cfb)\nHope, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb)\nKenscoff, Haiti1 (Cwb, bordering on Aw)\nKetchikan, Alaska, United States (Cfb)\nLa Esperanza, Honduras1 (Cfb, bordering on Cwb)\nMexico City. Mexico1 (Cwb)\nNanaimo, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb, bordering on Csb)\nNantucket, Massachusetts, United States (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)\nPrince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb)\nProvincetown, Massachusetts, United States (Cfb, bordering on Dfb) [5]\nSitka, Alaska, United States (Cfb)\nVancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb, bordering on Csb)\nWaynesville, North Carolina, United States (Cfb)\nXalapa, Veracruz, Mexico1 (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Australian Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Lithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithgow,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Wabag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabag"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Wollongong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollongong"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"}],"sub_title":"Oceania","text":"Ashburton, New Zealand (Cfb)\nAuckland, New Zealand1 (Cfb)\nCanberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia1 (Cfb)\nChristchurch, New Zealand (Cfb)\nHobart, Tasmania, Australia1 (Cfb)\nLithgow, New South Wales, Australia (Cfb)\nMelbourne, Victoria, Australia1 (Cfb)\nNelson, New Zealand1 (Cfb)\nVolcano, Hawaii, United States1 (Cfb)\nWabag, Papua New Guinea1 (Cfb)\nWellington, New Zealand1 (Cfb)\nWollongong, New South Wales, Australia1 (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Caxias do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxias_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Chachapoyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachapoyas,_Peru"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Curitiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba"},{"link_name":"Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"La Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Manizales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manizales"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Mar del Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Mucuchíes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucuch%C3%ADes"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Osorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osorno,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Los Lagos Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Puerto Montt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Montt"},{"link_name":"Los Lagos Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Punta del Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_del_Este"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Sucre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Teresópolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teres%C3%B3polis"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Valdivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivia"},{"link_name":"Los Ríos Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_R%C3%ADos_Region"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"}],"sub_title":"South America","text":"Bogotá, Colombia1 (Cfb)\nCaxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil1 (Cfb)\nChachapoyas, Peru1 (Cfb)\nCuenca, Ecuador1 (Cfb)\nCuritiba, Paraná, Brazil1 (Cfb)\nLa Paz, Bolivia (Cwb, bordering on Cwc)\nManizales, Colombia1 (Cfb)\nMar del Plata, Argentina1 (Cfb)\nMérida, Venezuela1 (Cfb, bordering on Am)\nMucuchíes, Venezuela1 (Cfb)\nOsorno, Los Lagos Region, Chile (Cfb)\nPuerto Montt, Los Lagos Region, Chile (Cfb)\nPunta del Este, Uruguay1 (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)\nQuito, Ecuador1 (Cfb)\nSucre, Bolivia1 (Cwb)\nTeresópolis, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil1 (Cfb)\nValdivia, Los Ríos Region, Chile1 (Cfb)","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Île Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"French Southern and Antarctic Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"Île Saint-Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul"},{"link_name":"French Southern and Antarctic Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"}],"sub_title":"Southern Indian Ocean","text":"Île Amsterdam, French Southern and Antarctic Lands1 (Cfb)\nÎle Saint-Paul, French Southern and Antarctic Lands1 (Cfb)","title":"Examples"}] | [{"image_text":"Regions where oceanic or subtropical highland climates (Cfb, Cfc, Cwb, Cwc) are found.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Koppen_World_Map_Cfb_Cfc_Cwb_Cwc.png/260px-Koppen_World_Map_Cfb_Cfc_Cwb_Cwc.png"},{"image_text":"Zennor, United Kingdom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Zennor%2C_from_Zennor_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_633.jpg/220px-Zennor%2C_from_Zennor_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_633.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/SL_Nuwara_Eliya_asv2020-01_img12_racecourse.jpg/220px-SL_Nuwara_Eliya_asv2020-01_img12_racecourse.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Temperate climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate"},{"title":"Humid temperate climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_temperate_climate"},{"title":"Subhumid temperate climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhumid_temperate_climate"},{"title":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"title":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"}] | [{"reference":"Tom L. McKnight & Darrel Hess (2000). Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System. Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation. Prentice Hall. pp. 226–235. ISBN 978-0-13-020263-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/226","url_text":"Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System. Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/226","url_text":"226–235"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-020263-5","url_text":"978-0-13-020263-5"}]},{"reference":"Briney, Amanda (22 January 2020). \"The Gulf Stream\". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-the-gulf-stream-1435328","url_text":"\"The Gulf Stream\""}]},{"reference":"\"Klimaattabel Schiphol, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1991–2020\" (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 30 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knmi.nl/klimaat-viewer/grafieken-tabellen/klimaattabellen-per-station/schiphol/klimaattabel_schiphol_1991-2020","url_text":"\"Klimaattabel Schiphol, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1991–2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute","url_text":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Klimatoloji-2\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/klimatoloji2.pdf","url_text":"\"Klimatoloji-2\""}]},{"reference":"M. C. Peel; B. L. Finlayson & T. A. McMahon (11 October 2007). \"Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification\" (PDF). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1638–1643. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Retrieved 30 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/30/50/98/PDF/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf","url_text":"\"Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P","url_text":"2007HESS...11.1633P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007","url_text":"10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007"}]},{"reference":"\"CliFlo – National Climate Database\". NIWA. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/","url_text":"\"CliFlo – National Climate Database\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151127002612/http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Winter in Japan - a Complete Guide to Wintertime in Japan | Compathy Magazine\". Compathy Magazine （コンパシーマガジン）. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.compathy.net/magazine/2016/09/18/winter-in-japan-a-complete-guide-to-wintertime-in-japan/","url_text":"\"Winter in Japan - a Complete Guide to Wintertime in Japan | Compathy Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Temperate oceanic climate\". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 11 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindat.org/climate-Cfb.html","url_text":"\"Temperate oceanic climate\""}]},{"reference":"\"marine west coast climate | Characteristics & Facts\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/marine-west-coast-climate","url_text":"\"marine west coast climate | Characteristics & Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marine West Coast Climate\". www.earthonlinemedia.com. Retrieved 11 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/climate_systems/marine_west_coast.html","url_text":"\"Marine West Coast Climate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Continental Division\". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 11 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/colorimagemap/images/220.html","url_text":"\"Hot Continental Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mean Temperature US in January - 30 yrs (normals)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://prism.oregonstate.edu/inc/images/graphics/normals/800m/tmean/viewable/PRISM_tmean_30yr_normal_800mM2_01.png?ts=20181016","url_text":"\"Mean Temperature US in January - 30 yrs (normals)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massachusetts Koppen Climate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Massachusetts_K%C3%B6ppen.png","url_text":"\"Massachusetts Koppen Climate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia US Koppen Climate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Georgia_K%C3%B6ppen.png","url_text":"\"Georgia US Koppen Climate\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Maps of Köppen-Geiger climate classification\". koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at. 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Retrieved 3 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/Trevico_16263.csv","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Trevico\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22","external_links_name":"\"Oceanic climate\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Oceanic+climate%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Oceanic+climate%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22","external_links_name":"\"Oceanic climate\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Oceanic+climate%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Oceanic+climate%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22","external_links_name":"\"Oceanic climate\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Oceanic+climate%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Oceanic+climate%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Oceanic+climate%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=888","external_links_name":"Environment Canada"},{"Link":"http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/uk/plymouth_e.htm","external_links_name":"Hong Kong Observatory"},{"Link":"http://worldweather.wmo.int/179/c00279.htm","external_links_name":"WMO"},{"Link":"https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=605863&cityname=Kabale-Western-Region-Uganda","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/puncak-jaya_indonesia_1642658","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-kingdom/penzance-climate#temperature","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.je/StatisticsPerformance/Environment/Pages/Climate.aspx","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/massachusetts/provincetown-141814/","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/226","external_links_name":"Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau | ["1 Role","2 History","3 Regulatory activities","3.1 Public outreach","3.2 Consumer data protection","3.3 Controversies","4 Amendments","4.1 Proposed amendments","5 Legal challenges","5.1 2017 dispute over acting director","5.2 2019 dispute over CFPB leadership","5.3 2022 dispute over funding structure","5.4 2023 sanctioned over conduct","6 List of directors","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°53′53″N 77°02′26″W / 38.898091°N 77.040591°W / 38.898091; -77.040591United States government agency
"CFPB" redirects here. For the Canadian radio station, see CFFB (AM).
Consumer Financial Protection BureauAgency overviewFormedJuly 21, 2011; 12 years ago (2011-07-21).JurisdictionUnited StatesHeadquartersWashington, D.C., U.S.38°53′53″N 77°02′26″W / 38.898091°N 77.040591°W / 38.898091; -77.040591Employees1,591 (2021)Annual budgetUS$596 million (FY 2021)Agency executiveRohit Chopra, DirectorParent agencyFederal ReserveKey documentDodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection ActWebsitewww.consumerfinance.gov
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is an independent agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. CFPB's jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors, and other financial companies operating in the United States. Since its founding, the CFPB has used technology tools to monitor how financial entities used social media and algorithms to target consumers.: 531–532, 537
The CFPB's creation was authorized by the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, whose passage in 2010 was a legislative response to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the subsequent Great Recession and is an independent bureau within the Federal Reserve. The CFPB's status as an independent agency has been subject to many challenges in court. In June 2020, the United States Supreme Court found the single-director structure removable only with-cause unconstitutional but allowed the agency to remain in operation.
Role
According to former Director Richard Cordray, the Bureau's priorities are mortgages, credit cards and student loans. The CFPB qualifies as a large independent agency that was designed to consolidate its employees and responsibilities from a number of other federal regulatory bodies, including the Federal Reserve, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit Union Administration and even the Department of Housing and Urban Development.: 12, 22 The bureau is an independent unit located inside and funded by the United States Federal Reserve, with interim affiliation with the U.S. Treasury Department.
The CFPB writes and enforces rules for financial institutions, examines both bank and non-bank financial institutions, monitors and reports on markets, as well as collects and tracks consumer complaints.
The CFPB opened its website in early February 2011 to accept suggestions from consumers via YouTube, Twitter, and its own website interface. According to the United States Treasury Department, the bureau is tasked with the responsibility to "promote fairness and transparency for mortgages, credit cards, and other consumer financial products and services". According to its web site, the CFPB's "central mission...is to make markets for consumer financial products and services work for Americans—whether they are applying for a mortgage, choosing among credit cards, or using any number of other consumer financial products". In 2016 alone most of the hundreds and thousands of consumer complaints about their financial services—including banks and credit card issuers—were received and compiled by CFPB and are publicly available on a federal government database.
Once a financial institution acquires $10 billion in assets, it falls under the guidance, rules, and regulations under the CFPB. The bank will then be known as a CFPB regulated bank. The CFPB will examine the institution for compliance with bank regulatory laws.
The regulations implemented by the Bureau are housed in Chapter X of Title XII Banks and Banking of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, and consist of ECOA (Equal Credit Opportunity Act- Regulation B), HMDA (Home Mortgage Disclosure Act - Regulation C), Alternative Mortgage Transaction Parity Act of 1982 (Regulation D), EFTA (Electronic Fund Transfer Act - Regulation E), FDCPA (Fair Debt Collection Practices Act - Regulation F), SAFE Act (Federal & State), Land Registration (Regulation J & K), Special Rules of Practice (Regulation L), Consumer Leasing (Regulation M), Privacy of Consumer Financial Information (Regulation P), FCRA (Fair Credit Reporting Act - Regulation V), RESPA (Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act - Regulation X), TILA (Truth in Lending Act - Regulation Z), Truth in Savings Act (Regulation DD), and Payday, Vehicle Title, and Certain High-Cost Installment Loans Act (Payday Lending Rule).
History
In July 2010, Congress passed the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, during the 111th United States Congress in response to the late-2000s recession and financial crisis. The agency was originally proposed in 2007 by then Harvard Law School professor Elizabeth Warren, who later became a US senator. The proposed CFPB was actively supported by Americans for Financial Reform, a newly created umbrella organization of some 250 consumer, labor, civil rights and other activist organizations.
On September 17, 2010, President Obama announced the appointment of Warren as Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury on the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to set up the new agency. Due to the way the legislation creating the bureau was written, until the first Director was in place, the agency was not able to write new rules or supervise financial institutions other than banks.
On July 21, 2011, Senator Richard Shelby wrote an op‑ed for The Wall Street Journal affirming his continued opposition to a centralized structure, noting that both the Securities Exchange Commission and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had executive boards and that the CFPB should be no different. He noted lessons learned from experiences with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as support for his argument.
Politico interpreted Shelby's statements as saying that Cordray's nomination was "dead on arrival". Republican threats of a filibuster to block the nomination in December 2011 led to Senate inaction.
President Barack Obama announces the nomination of Richard Cordray as the first director of the CFPB on July 18, 2011.
Elizabeth Warren, who proposed and established the CFPB, was removed from consideration as the bureau's first formal director after Obama administration officials became convinced Warren could not overcome strong Republican opposition. On July 17, President Obama nominated former Ohio Attorney General and Ohio State Treasurer Richard Cordray to be the first formal director of the CFPB. Prior to his nomination, Cordray had been hired as chief of enforcement for the agency.
However, Cordray's nomination was immediately in jeopardy due to 44 Senate Republicans vowing to derail any nominee in order to encourage a decentralized structure of the organization. Senate Republicans had also shown a pattern of refusing to consider regulatory agency nominees.
The CFPB formally began operation on July 21, 2011.
Since the CFPB database was established in 2011, more than four million complaints have been published. CFPB supporters include the Consumers Union claim that it is a "vital tool that can help consumers make informed decisions". CFPB detractors argue that the CFPB database is a "gotcha game" and that there is already a database maintained by the Federal Trade Commission although that information is not available to the public.
On January 4, 2012, Barack Obama issued a recess appointment to install Cordray as director through the end of 2013. This was a highly controversial move as the Senate was still holding pro forma sessions, and the possibility existed that the appointment could be challenged in court. This type of recess appointment was unanimously ruled unconstitutional in NLRB v. Noel Canning.
On July 16, 2013, the Senate confirmed Cordray as director in a 66–34 vote. Cordray resigned in late 2017 to run for governor of Ohio.
The Financial CHOICE Act, proposed by the House Financial Services Committee's Jeb Hensarling, to repeal the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, passed the House on June 8, 2017. Also in June 2017, the Senate was crafting its own reform bill.
Testimony in US Congressional hearings of 2017 have elicited concerns that the wholesale publication of consumer complaints is both misleading and injurious to the consumer market. Rep. Barry Loudermilk (R-GA) said at one such congressional hearing, "Is the purpose of the database just to name and shame companies? Or should they have a disclaimer on there that says it's a fact-free zone, or this is fake news? That's really what I see happening here." Bill Himpler, executive vice president of the American Financial Services Association, a trade group representing banks and other lenders responded "Something needs to be done." "Once the damage is done to a company, it's hard to get your reputation back.
Mick Mulvaney, as acting director of the CFPB, removed all 25 members of the agency's Consumer Advisory Board on June 5, 2018, after eleven of them held a press conference on June 3 in which they criticized him.
On February 13, 2021, President Joe Biden formally submitted to the Senate the nomination of Rohit Chopra to serve as director of the CFPB. His nomination was approved on September 30, 2021, by a 50-48 vote.
Regulatory activities
From its creation until 2017, the CFPB "has curtailed abusive debt collection practices, reformed mortgage lending, publicized and investigated hundreds of thousands of complaints from aggrieved customers of financial institutions, and extracted nearly $12 billion for 29 million consumers in refunds and canceled debts."
Public outreach
The CFPB has created a number of personal finance tools for consumers, including Ask CFPB, which compiles plain-language answers to personal finance questions, and Paying for College, which estimates the cost of attending specific universities based on the financial aid offers a student has received.
The CFPB has also attempted to help consumers understand virtual currencies such as Bitcoin.
Consumer data protection
In 2016, the CFPB took its first enforcement action against a company that the CFPB alleged had failed to properly protect the privacy and security of consumers data.
Controversies
A 2013 press release from the United States House Financial Services Committee criticized the CFPB for what was described as a "radical structure" that "is controlled by a single individual who cannot be fired for poor performance and who exercises sole control over the agency, its hiring and its budget." Moreover, the committee alleged a lack of financial transparency and a lack of accountability to Congress or the President. Committee Vice Chairman Patrick McHenry, expressed particular concern about travel costs and a $55 million renovation of CFPB headquarters, stating "$55 million is more than the entire annual construction and acquisition budget for GSA for the totality of federal buildings." In 2012, the majority of GSA's Federal Buildings Fund went to rental costs, totaling $5.2 billion. $50 million was budgeted for construction and acquisition of facilities.
In 2014, some employees and former employees of the CFPB testified before Congress about an alleged culture of racism and sexism at the agency. Former employees testified they were retaliated against for bringing problems to the attention of superiors.
As described in articles in Motor Finance and The Wall Street Journal, the CFPB has been criticized for the methodology it uses to identify instances of racial discrimination among auto lenders. Because of legal constraints, the agency used a system to "guess" the race of auto loan applicants based on their last name and listed address. Based on that information, the agency charged several lenders were discriminating against minority applicants and levied large fines and settlements against those companies. Ally Financial paid $98 million in fines and settlement fees in 2013. As the agency's methodology means it can only guess who may be victims of discrimination entitled to settlement funds, as of late 2015, the CFPB had yet to compensate any individuals who were victims of Ally's allegedly discriminatory practices.
Cordray was accused of multiple violations of the Hatch Act as Director of the CFPB and investigated by the Office of Special Counsel (OSC), who found no violations.
Amendments
On May 21, 2018, US President Donald Trump signed into law Congressional legislation repealing the enforcement of automobiles lending rules. On May 24, 2018, Trump signed into law the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act, exempting dozens of banks from the CFPB's regulations.
Proposed amendments
On September 26, 2013, the Consumer Financial Protection Safety and Soundness Improvement Act of 2013 (H.R. 3193; 113th Congress) was introduced into the United States House of Representatives. If adopted, the bill would have modified the CFPB by transforming it into a five-person commission and removing it from the Federal Reserve System. The CFPB would have been renamed the "Financial Product Safety Commission". The bill was also intended to make it easier to override the CFPB decisions. It passed in the House of Representatives on February 27, 2014 and was received by the Senate on March 4. It was never considered in the Democratic controlled Senate.
Legal challenges
Further information: Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act § Constitutional challenge to Dodd–Frank
Two lawsuits were filed in the early years of the CFPB; they were both dismissed by federal courts, but one was appealed and is still ongoing.
The first one, filed on June 21, 2012, by a Texas bank along with the Competitive Enterprise Institute, challenged the constitutionality of provisions of the CFPB. One year later, in August 2013, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit because the plaintiffs had failed to show that they had suffered harm.
In July 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part, holding that the bank, but not the states that later joined the lawsuit, had standing to challenge the law, and returned the case for further proceedings.
A lawsuit filed July 22, 2013, by Morgan Drexen Integrated Systems, a provider of outsourced administrative support services to attorneys, and Connecticut attorney Kimberly A. Pisinski, challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB. The complaint, filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, alleged that the "CFPB's structure insulates it from political accountability and internal checks and balances in violation of the United States Constitution. Unbridled from constitutionally-required accountability, CFPB has engaged in ultra vires and abusive practices, including attempts to regulate the practice of law (a function reserved for state bars), attempts to collect attorney-client protected material, and overreaching demands for, and mining of, personal financial information of American citizens, which has prompted a Government Accountability Office ("GAO") investigation, commenced on July 12, 2013."
On August 22, 2013, one month after Morgan Drexen's lawsuit, the CFPB filed its own lawsuit against Morgan Drexen in the United States District Court for the Central District of California alleging that Morgan Drexen charged advance fees for debt relief services in violation of the Telemarketing Sales Rule and engaged in deceptive acts and practices in violation of the Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFPA). The CFPB won this lawsuit and Morgan Drexen was ordered to pay $132,882,488 in restitution and a $40 million civil penalty.
In October 2016, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that it was unconstitutional for the CFPB Director to be removable by the President of the United States only for cause, such as "inefficiency, neglect of duty or malfeasance." Circuit Judge Brett Kavanaugh, joined by Senior Circuit Judge A. Raymond Randolph, wrote that the law was "a threat to individual liberty" and instead found that the President could remove the CFPB Director at will. Circuit Judge Karen L. Henderson agreed that the CFPB Director had been wrong in adopting a new interpretation of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, finding the statute of limitations did not apply to the CFPB, and fining the petitioning mortgage company PHH Corporation $109 million, but she dissented from giving the President a new power to remove the Director, citing constitutional avoidance. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated the decision and ordered en banc review. On January 31, 2018, the en banc D.C. Circuit found that the CFPB's structure was constitutional by a vote of 7–3. Judge Cornelia Pillard, writing for the majority, found that the Take Care Clause does not forbid independent agencies, while each of the circuit judges from the earlier panel wrote separate dissents.
In June 2018, New York Federal District Court judge Loretta Preska ruled against its structure.
In January 2019, the Supreme Court denied review of the DC Circuit Court decision.
In October 2019, the Supreme Court announced it would review the constitutionality of the Bureau's structure in the case Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau considering the split decision of the lower courts. Oral arguments began on March 3, 2020.
On June 29, 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that the firing protections are an unconstitutional restraint on the president's ability to oversee executive branch agencies. "Such an agency lacks a foundation in historical practice and clashes with constitutional structure by concentrating power in a unilateral actor insulated from Presidential control," Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in the majority opinion, which was joined by his conservative colleagues. The statutes around the Director's position on the CFPB were considered severable from the remaining structure of the CFPB, and the Court ordered that "The agency may therefore continue to operate, but its Director, in light of our decision, must be removable by the President at will." The dissenting opinion, written by Justice Elena Kagan, stated that the majority's decision has the court "second-guessing" the two political branches of government (Congress and the president) on how to structure the executive branch and "wipes out a feature of its creators thought fundamental to its mission—a measure of independence from political pressure."
2017 dispute over acting director
See also: English v. Trump
On November 24, 2017, Director Cordray appointed Leandra English to the position of deputy director, and announced that he would leave office at the close of business that day. Cordray indicated that would make English the acting director after his resignation, citing provisions of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act providing that the deputy director of the CFPB becomes acting director in the "absence or unavailability" of the director. Later the same day, however, President Donald Trump appointed the incumbent director of the Office of Management and Budget, Mick Mulvaney, as acting director, citing the authority of the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998.
On November 25, the Office of Legal Counsel released an opinion, written by Assistant Attorney General Steven Engel, asserting that the President has the authority under the FVRA to designate an acting CFPB Director. The OLC memo maintained that "both the Vacancies Reform Act and are available for filling on an acting basis a vacancy that results from the resignation of the CFPB's Director" but that "when the President designates an individual...outside the ordinary order of succession, the President's designation necessarily controls." This position was also supported by the General Counsel of the CFPB, Mary E. McLeod.
On November 26, English (represented by former CFPB Senior Counsel Deepak Gupta) filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia seeking a temporary restraining order and declaratory judgment to prevent Mulvaney from becoming acting director, Mulvaney was given access by unnamed individuals with the keys to the director's office on November 27 and ordered all CFPB employees to disregard any claims from English that she is the acting director. Both English and Mulvaney sent emails to the entire 1,600-person staff of the CFPB, each signing as "Acting Director" of the agency. On November 28, 2017, U.S. District Judge Timothy J. Kelly, who had been appointed by President Trump just a few months earlier, denied English's motion for a preliminary injunction and allowed Mulvaney to begin serving as CFPB Acting Director.
2019 dispute over CFPB leadership
See also: Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Seila Law LLC (Seila Law), a law firm that provided debt relief services, was under investigation by the CFPB. As part of its investigation, the CFPB issued a civil investigative demand (CID) to Seila Law, which required Seila Law to produce certain documents. Seila Law declined to comply with the CID and challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB. The CFPB brought a motion to enforce the CID to the United States District Court for the Central District of California, where District Judge Josephine Staton granted the motion after finding the CFPB was constitutionally structured.
Seila Law's appeal to the Ninth Circuit was dismissed. The 9th Circuit panel affirmed the District Court's ruling, and agreed that the Supreme Court's prior decisions upholding for-cause removal in Humphrey's Executor and Morrison were "controlling". It also referred approvingly to the en banc decision of the DC Circuit in PHH Corp. v. CFPB (2018), in which the Circuit found that the structure of the CFPB was constitutional.
There was arguably a circuit split on the question presented in Seila Law. While the Ninth Circuit and DC Circuit had held that the CFPB's structure is constitutional, the Fifth Circuit in Collins v. Mnuchin (2018) held that the structure of the Federal Housing Finance Agency—another agency whose director can be removed only for cause—violated the separation of powers.
The Supreme Court granted certiorari in Seila Law on October 18, 2019, and heard oral argument on March 3, 2020.
The Court issued its decision on June 29, 2020. The 5–4 decision ruled that the CFPB structure, with a sole director that could only be terminated for cause, was unconstitutional as it violated the separation of powers, vacating the lower court judgement and remanding the case for review. The Court recognized that the statutes around the director of the CFPB was severable from the rest of the statute establishing the agency, and thus "The agency may therefore continue to operate, but its Director, in light of our decision, must be removable by the President at will."
Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the majority opinion joined by Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh. Roberts wrote that the CFPB structure with a single point of leadership that could only be removed for cause "has no foothold in history or tradition", and has only been used in four other instances: three current uses for the United States Office of Special Counsel, the Social Security Administration, and the Federal Housing Finance Agency, and temporarily for one year during the American Civil War for the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Roberts wrote that the three current uses "are modern and contested. And they do not involve regulatory or enforcement authority comparable to that exercised by the CFPB." Roberts also wrote that the CFPB structure "is also incompatible with the structure of the Constitution, which—with the sole exception of the Presidency—scrupulously avoids concentrating power in the hands of any single individual." Roberts referred back to the precedent established by Humphrey's Executor and Morrison as a basis for the majority's decision.
Justice Elena Kagan wrote the dissent joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor. Kagan wrote that "Today's decision wipes out a feature of that agency its creators thought fundamental to its mission—a measure of independence from political pressure." Kagan challenged the separation of powers argument presented by the majority: "Nowhere does the text say anything about the President's power to remove subordinate officials at will." The dissenting Justices did concur on the matter of severability of the remaining structure of the CFPB outside of the director.
2022 dispute over funding structure
Main article: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau v. Community Financial Services Association of America, Limited
In 2018, the Community Financial Services Association of America sued the CFPB over its 2017 rule that blocked lenders to attempt to collect funds from borrowers' accounts after two consecutive failed attempts, unless the borrower had consented. Part of its argument in the case was that the CFPB's budgetary structure was unconstitutional, as it did not receive funding through Congressional appropriations but requested its funding through the Federal Reserve. While the district court ruled against the association, the Fifth Circuit ruled in favor of the association in October 2022, deeming that its funding structure was unconstitutional.
That opinion was appealed to the US Supreme Court, which reversed the 5th Circuit and upheld the CFPB's funding mechanism. May 2024, the Court ruled for the CFPB in a 7-2 decision written by Justice Clarence Thomas.
2023 sanctioned over conduct
The Eleventh Circuit affirmed sanctions levied by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia against the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau due to its conduct during discovery.
List of directors
Status
Special Advisor
Acting Director
No.
Portrait
Name
State of residence
Took office
Left office
Tenure
Presidents
–
Elizabeth Warren
Massachusetts
September 17, 2010
August 1, 2011
318 days
Barack Obama
–
Raj Date
District of Columbia
August 1, 2011
January 4, 2012
156 days
1
Richard Cordray
Ohio
January 4, 2012
November 24, 2017
5 years, 16 days
308 days(5 years, 324 days total)
Donald Trump
–
Mick Mulvaney
South Carolina
November 25, 2017
December 10, 2018
1 year, 15 days
2
Kathy Kraninger
Ohio
December 11, 2018
January 20, 2021
2 years, 40 days
–
David Uejio
District of Columbia
January 20, 2021
October 12, 2021
265 days
Joe Biden
3
Rohit Chopra
District of Columbia
October 12, 2021
Incumbent
2 years, 251 days
See also
United States portalPolitics portalBusiness and economics portal
Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis
Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate
Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Volcker Rule
Wall Street reform
List of financial regulatory authorities by jurisdiction
References
^ "Financial report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Fiscal year 2021" (PDF). Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
^ Van Loo, Rory (July 1, 2018). "Technology Regulation by Default: Platforms, Privacy, and the CFPB". Georgetown Law Technology Review. 2 (2): 531.
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^ "Consumer Financial Protection Bureau". Federal Register. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
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^ a b Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, topics.nytimes.com Updated: December 8, 2011
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^ "Risks to Consumers Posed by Virtual Currencies" (PDF). consumerfinance.gov. August 1, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
^ "Dwolla Fined $100,000 by CFPB in First Data Security Enforcement Action". Archived from the original on March 9, 2016.
^ Jeb Hensarling (June 18, 2013). "CFPB Lacks Oversight and Accountability". U.S. House of Representatives Financial Services Committee. Archived from the original (Press release) on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ "FY 2013 Congressional Justification". General Services Administration. February 13, 2012. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ Devaney, Tim (June 18, 2014). "Ex-staffer: CFPB run like a 'plantation'". The Hill.
^ Lee, M. J. (April 2, 2014). "Worker alleges CFPB 'trail of victims'". POLITICO.
^ Benoit, Michael (April 2016). "Discrimination accusation in US auto finance" (PDF). Motor Finance (137): 11. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
^ Andriotis, Annamaria (October 29, 2015). "U.S. Government Uses Race Test for $80 Million in Payments". The Wall Street Journal.
^ Manchester, Julia (November 3, 2017). "Consumer chief didn't violate ethics rules, agency says". The Hill. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
^ Warmbrodt, Zachary (May 21, 2018). "Trump signs bill blocking consumer bureau auto-lending measure". Politico. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
^ Sherman, Erik (May 24, 2018). "Scaling back Dodd-Frank is just the beginning of Trump's run on deregulation". NBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
^ "H.R. 3193 – Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
^ Kasperowicz, Pete (February 7, 2014). "House to take another swing at Dodd–Frank reform". The Hill. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
^ "H.R. 3193 – Consumer Financial Freedom and Washington Accountability Act". congress.gov. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ Lunsford, Patrick (March 5, 2015). "CFPB Reform Bill Introduced in House Designed to Pass Congress". insidearm.com. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ Hall, Christine (June 21, 2012). "Dodd–Frank Unconstitutional Power-Grab, Says New Lawsuit". Competitive Enterprise Institute. Competitive Enterprise Institute.
^ "Standing Alone, But Firm; Morgan Drexen Presses Forth in Lawsuit Against the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau" (Press release). GlobeNewswire. August 2, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
^ Adler, Jonathan H. (July 24, 2015). "D.C. Circuit revives constitutional challenge to Consumer Financial Protection Bureau". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
^ State National Bank of Big Spring, et al. v. Lew, no. 13-5247 (D.C. Cir, July 24, 2015).
^ Pollock, Richard (July 23, 2013). "Private firm sues CFPB, challenges board's constitutionality". Washington Examiner. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
^ Karmasek, Jessica M. (August 10, 2013). "Conn. attorney, support services provider sue CFPB over alleged 'data mining'". Legal Newsline. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
^ "Morgan Drexen Filings". Morgan Drexen. Archived from the original on August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
^ Kaplinsky, Alan (August 23, 2013). "A tale of two lawsuits: CFPB sues Morgan Drexen". JD Supra Law News. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
^ "CFPB Wins Final Judgment Against Morgan Drexen for Illegal Debt-Relief Scheme". March 18, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
^ a b Cowley, Stacy (October 12, 2016). "Court Upholds Consumer Agency, Minus Its Leader's Job Security". The New York Times. p. B2. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
^ Frankel, Alison (October 11, 2016). "The D.C. Circuit's gratuitous ruling on CFPB constitutionality". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 15, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
^ "PHH Corporation v. CFPB, No. 15-1177 (D.C. Cir. 2017)". Justia. October 11, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
^ Weiss, Debra Cassens (January 31, 2018). "Full DC Circuit upholds structure of Consumer Financial Protection Bureau". ABA Journal. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
^ Hayashi, Yuka (June 22, 2018). "Judge Rules Against Bureau's Structure". The Wall Street Journal. Vol. CCLXXI, no. 145. Dow Jones/News Corp. p. A5.
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^ Liptak, Adam (March 3, 2020). "Supreme Court Divided on Trump's Power to Fire Head of Consumer Bureau". The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
^ Rowland, Geoffrey (June 29, 2020). "Supreme Court rules consumer bureau director can be fired at will". TheHill. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
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^ "Note to staff from Director Cordray". Politico.
^ Tara Siegel Bernard, Dueling Appointments Lead to Clash at Consumer Protection Bureau, The New York Times (November 24, 2017).
^ "Leandra English Named Deputy Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau". Washington, D.C.: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. November 24, 2017. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ a b Alison Frankel, CFPB's controversial structure looms over leadership showdown, Reuters (November 27, 2017).
^ "Memorandum for Donald F. McGahn II, Counsel to the President" (PDF).
^ Merle, Renae (November 26, 2017). "Leandra English, the woman at the center of a White House battle for control of the CFPB, files lawsuit against Trump pick to lead watchdog agency". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
^ Woellert, Lorraine (November 26, 2017). "Consumer bureau's top lawyer sides with Trump in leadership clash". Politico. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
^ Cowley, Stacy (November 26, 2017). "Battle for Control of Consumer Agency Heads to Court". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
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^ Katie Rogers, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Has 2 Bosses Claiming Control, The New York Times (November 27, 2017).
^ Patrick Rucker, Richard Cowan, Directors duel over control of U.S. consumer protection agency, Reuters (November 27, 2017).
^ Rogers, Katie; Bernard, Tara Siegel (November 29, 2017). "President Wins Round in the Battle for the Consumer Bureau". The New York Times. p. A16. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
^ Consumer Financial Protection Bureau v. Seila Law LLC, ___ F__ ___ (United States District Court for the Central District of California August 25, 2017).
^ Consumer Financial Protection Bureau v. Seila Law LLC, 923 F.3d 680 (9th Cir. May 6, 2019).
^ PHH Corp. v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 881 F.3d 75 (D.C. Cir. January 31, 2018).
^ Adler, Jonathan H. (October 18, 2019). "Is the CFPB Unconstitutional? We'll Soon Find Out". The Volokh Conspiracy. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
^ "Case File: Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
^ Mangan, Dan; Higgens, Tucker (June 29, 2020). "Supreme Court leaves consumer regulator standing but backs president's ability to fire director". CNBC. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
^ Adler, Jonathan (June 29, 2020). "With Chief in Charge, SCOTUS Strikes Down Louisiana Abortion Law and Eliminates CFPB Independence". Reason. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
^ Redmond, Nate (October 20, 2022). "U.S. consumer protection watchdog's funding unconstitutional, court rules". Reuters. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
^ Johnson, Jake (October 2, 2023). "Existential Threat to CFPB Spotlights Massive Stakes of New Supreme Court Term". www.commondreams.org. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
^ "Supreme Court Rules Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Funding Structure is Legal". CNBC. May 16, 2024.
^ "Evasive Deposition Tactics by the CFPB Supported Dismissal as a Sanction, Affirmed by Eleventh Circuit". JD Supra.
^ Wattles, Jackie (November 24, 2017). "Richard Cordray resigns as head of Consumer Financial Protection Bureau". CNN Money.
^ Lane, Sylvan (January 20, 2021). "Consumer bureau director resigns after Biden's inauguration". The Hill. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
Further reading
Holding the CFPB Accountable: Review Of The First Semi-Annual Report: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, January 31, 2012
The Semi-Annual Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Hearing before the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, September 20, 2012
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Semi-annual Report to Congress: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 23, 2013
Sorelle, Mallory. 2020. Democracy Declined: The Failed Politics of Consumer Financial Protection. University of Chicago Press.
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loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_loans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSOFP-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NUcfbhwp-6"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation"},{"link_name":"National Credit Union Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Credit_Union_Administration"},{"link_name":"Department of Housing and Urban Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topics.nytimes.com-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"United States Federal Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Federal_Reserve"},{"link_name":"U.S. Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Treasury_Department"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"non-bank financial institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-bank_financial_institution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NUcfbhwp-6"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"United States Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Treasury_Department"},{"link_name":"mortgages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loan"},{"link_name":"credit cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card"},{"link_name":"financial products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_product"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_T100_CFPB_closure-11"},{"link_name":"financial institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institution"},{"link_name":"billion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion"},{"link_name":"assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assets"},{"link_name":"regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulations"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Code of Federal Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations"},{"link_name":"Equal Credit Opportunity Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act"},{"link_name":"Home Mortgage Disclosure Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act"},{"link_name":"Alternative Mortgage Transaction Parity Act of 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Mortgage_Transaction_Parity_Act_of_1982"},{"link_name":"Electronic Fund Transfer Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act"},{"link_name":"Fair Debt Collection Practices Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Debt_Collection_Practices_Act"},{"link_name":"Fair Credit Reporting Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act"},{"link_name":"Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Settlement_Procedures_Act"},{"link_name":"Truth in Lending Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act"},{"link_name":"Truth in Savings Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_in_Savings_Act"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"According to former Director Richard Cordray, the Bureau's priorities are mortgages, credit cards and student loans.[3][6] The CFPB qualifies as a large independent agency that was designed to consolidate its employees and responsibilities from a number of other federal regulatory bodies, including the Federal Reserve, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit Union Administration and even the Department of Housing and Urban Development.[7][8]: 12, 22 The bureau is an independent unit located inside and funded by the United States Federal Reserve, with interim affiliation with the U.S. Treasury Department.[citation needed]The CFPB writes and enforces rules for financial institutions, examines both bank and non-bank financial institutions, monitors and reports on markets, as well as collects and tracks consumer complaints.[6]The CFPB opened its website in early February 2011 to accept suggestions from consumers via YouTube, Twitter, and its own website interface. According to the United States Treasury Department, the bureau is tasked with the responsibility to \"promote fairness and transparency for mortgages, credit cards, and other consumer financial products and services\".[9] According to its web site, the CFPB's \"central mission...is to make markets for consumer financial products and services work for Americans—whether they are applying for a mortgage, choosing among credit cards, or using any number of other consumer financial products\".[10] In 2016 alone most of the hundreds and thousands of consumer complaints about their financial services—including banks and credit card issuers—were received and compiled by CFPB and are publicly available on a federal government database.[11]Once a financial institution acquires $10 billion in assets, it falls under the guidance, rules, and regulations under the CFPB. The bank will then be known as a CFPB regulated bank. The CFPB will examine the institution for compliance with bank regulatory laws.[12]The regulations implemented by the Bureau are housed in Chapter X of Title XII Banks and Banking of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, and consist of ECOA (Equal Credit Opportunity Act- Regulation B), HMDA (Home Mortgage Disclosure Act - Regulation C), Alternative Mortgage Transaction Parity Act of 1982 (Regulation D), EFTA (Electronic Fund Transfer Act - Regulation E), FDCPA (Fair Debt Collection Practices Act - Regulation F), SAFE Act (Federal & State), Land Registration (Regulation J & K), Special Rules of Practice (Regulation L), Consumer Leasing (Regulation M), Privacy of Consumer Financial Information (Regulation P), FCRA (Fair Credit Reporting Act - Regulation V), RESPA (Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act - Regulation X), TILA (Truth in Lending Act - Regulation Z), Truth in Savings Act (Regulation DD), and Payday, Vehicle Title, and Certain High-Cost Installment Loans Act (Payday Lending Rule).[13]","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act"},{"link_name":"111th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"late-2000s recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recession"},{"link_name":"financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSOFP-3"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Americans for Financial Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_for_Financial_Reform"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Assistant to the President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_to_the_President"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topics.nytimes.com-7"},{"link_name":"Richard Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shelby"},{"link_name":"op‑ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-ed"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Securities Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Fannie Mae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Mae"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mac"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TDoaUCPC-18"},{"link_name":"Politico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"filibuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nomination_of_Richard_Cordray.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Richard Cordray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cordray"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ohio Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Ohio State Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Treasurer"},{"link_name":"Richard Cordray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cordray"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CordrayPicked-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Consumers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers_Union"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_T100_CFPB_closure-11"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_T100_CFPB_closure-11"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"recess appointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_appointment"},{"link_name":"pro forma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_forma"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"NLRB v. Noel Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLRB_v._Noel_Canning"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTSCC-28"},{"link_name":"Financial CHOICE Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_CHOICE_Act"},{"link_name":"Jeb Hensarling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Hensarling"},{"link_name":"Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN_financial_choice_2017-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessinsider_CHOICE_2017-30"},{"link_name":"Barry Loudermilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Loudermilk"},{"link_name":"American Financial Services Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Financial_Services_Association"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_T100_CFPB_closure-11"},{"link_name":"Mick Mulvaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Rohit Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohit_Chopra"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In July 2010, Congress passed the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, during the 111th United States Congress in response to the late-2000s recession and financial crisis.[3] The agency was originally proposed in 2007 by then Harvard Law School professor Elizabeth Warren, who later became a US senator.[14] The proposed CFPB was actively supported by Americans for Financial Reform, a newly created umbrella organization of some 250 consumer, labor, civil rights and other activist organizations.[15]On September 17, 2010, President Obama announced the appointment of Warren as Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury on the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to set up the new agency.[16][17] Due to the way the legislation creating the bureau was written, until the first Director was in place, the agency was not able to write new rules or supervise financial institutions other than banks.[7]On July 21, 2011, Senator Richard Shelby wrote an op‑ed for The Wall Street Journal affirming his continued opposition to a centralized structure, noting that both the Securities Exchange Commission and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had executive boards and that the CFPB should be no different. He noted lessons learned from experiences with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as support for his argument.[18]\nPolitico interpreted Shelby's statements as saying that Cordray's nomination was \"dead on arrival\".[19] Republican threats of a filibuster to block the nomination in December 2011 led to Senate inaction.[citation needed]President Barack Obama announces the nomination of Richard Cordray as the first director of the CFPB on July 18, 2011.Elizabeth Warren, who proposed and established the CFPB, was removed from consideration as the bureau's first formal director after Obama administration officials became convinced Warren could not overcome strong Republican opposition.[20] On July 17, President Obama nominated former Ohio Attorney General and Ohio State Treasurer Richard Cordray to be the first formal director of the CFPB.[21] Prior to his nomination, Cordray had been hired as chief of enforcement for the agency.[22]However, Cordray's nomination was immediately in jeopardy due to 44 Senate Republicans vowing to derail any nominee in order to encourage a decentralized structure of the organization. Senate Republicans had also shown a pattern of refusing to consider regulatory agency nominees.[23]\nThe CFPB formally began operation on July 21, 2011.[24]Since the CFPB database was established in 2011, more than four million complaints have been published.[25] CFPB supporters include the Consumers Union claim that it is a \"vital tool that can help consumers make informed decisions\".[11] CFPB detractors argue that the CFPB database is a \"gotcha game\" and that there is already a database maintained by the Federal Trade Commission although that information is not available to the public.[11]On January 4, 2012, Barack Obama issued a recess appointment to install Cordray as director through the end of 2013. This was a highly controversial move as the Senate was still holding pro forma sessions, and the possibility existed that the appointment could be challenged in court.[26] This type of recess appointment was unanimously ruled unconstitutional in NLRB v. Noel Canning.[27]On July 16, 2013, the Senate confirmed Cordray as director in a 66–34 vote.[28] Cordray resigned in late 2017 to run for governor of Ohio.The Financial CHOICE Act, proposed by the House Financial Services Committee's Jeb Hensarling, to repeal the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, passed the House on June 8, 2017. Also in June 2017, the Senate was crafting its own reform bill.[29][30]Testimony in US Congressional hearings of 2017 have elicited concerns that the wholesale publication of consumer complaints is both misleading and injurious to the consumer market. Rep. Barry Loudermilk (R-GA) said at one such congressional hearing, \"Is the purpose of the database just to name and shame companies? Or should they have a disclaimer on there that says it's a fact-free zone, or this is fake news? That's really what I see happening here.\" Bill Himpler, executive vice president of the American Financial Services Association, a trade group representing banks and other lenders responded \"Something needs to be done.\" \"Once the damage is done to a company, it's hard to get your reputation back.[11]Mick Mulvaney, as acting director of the CFPB, removed all 25 members of the agency's Consumer Advisory Board on June 5, 2018, after eleven of them held a press conference on June 3 in which they criticized him.[31]On February 13, 2021, President Joe Biden formally submitted to the Senate the nomination of Rohit Chopra to serve as director of the CFPB.[32] His nomination was approved on September 30, 2021, by a 50-48 vote.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"From its creation until 2017, the CFPB \"has curtailed abusive debt collection practices, reformed mortgage lending, publicized and investigated hundreds of thousands of complaints from aggrieved customers of financial institutions, and extracted nearly $12 billion for 29 million consumers in refunds and canceled debts.\"[34]","title":"Regulatory activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_finance"},{"link_name":"financial aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_financial_aid_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"virtual currencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_currency"},{"link_name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bitcoinCFPB-37"}],"sub_title":"Public outreach","text":"The CFPB has created a number of personal finance tools for consumers, including Ask CFPB, which compiles plain-language answers to personal finance questions, and Paying for College, which estimates the cost of attending specific universities based on the financial aid offers a student has received.[35][36]The CFPB has also attempted to help consumers understand virtual currencies such as Bitcoin.[37]","title":"Regulatory activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Consumer data protection","text":"In 2016, the CFPB took its first enforcement action against a company that the CFPB alleged had failed to properly protect the privacy and security of consumers data.[38]","title":"Regulatory activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States House Financial Services Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services"},{"link_name":"Patrick McHenry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_McHenry"},{"link_name":"GSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Services_Administration"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Ally Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_Financial"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Hatch Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Controversies","text":"A 2013 press release from the United States House Financial Services Committee criticized the CFPB for what was described as a \"radical structure\" that \"is controlled by a single individual who cannot be fired for poor performance and who exercises sole control over the agency, its hiring and its budget.\" Moreover, the committee alleged a lack of financial transparency and a lack of accountability to Congress or the President. Committee Vice Chairman Patrick McHenry, expressed particular concern about travel costs and a $55 million renovation of CFPB headquarters, stating \"$55 million is more than the entire annual construction and acquisition budget for GSA for the totality of federal buildings.\"[39] In 2012, the majority of GSA's Federal Buildings Fund went to rental costs, totaling $5.2 billion. $50 million was budgeted for construction and acquisition of facilities.[40]In 2014, some employees and former employees of the CFPB testified before Congress about an alleged culture of racism and sexism at the agency. Former employees testified they were retaliated against for bringing problems to the attention of superiors.[41][42]As described in articles in Motor Finance and The Wall Street Journal, the CFPB has been criticized for the methodology it uses to identify instances of racial discrimination among auto lenders. Because of legal constraints, the agency used a system to \"guess\" the race of auto loan applicants based on their last name and listed address. Based on that information, the agency charged several lenders were discriminating against minority applicants and levied large fines and settlements against those companies. Ally Financial paid $98 million in fines and settlement fees in 2013. As the agency's methodology means it can only guess who may be victims of discrimination entitled to settlement funds, as of late 2015, the CFPB had yet to compensate any individuals who were victims of Ally's allegedly discriminatory practices.[43][44][needs update]Cordray was accused of multiple violations of the Hatch Act as Director of the CFPB and investigated by the Office of Special Counsel (OSC), who found no violations.[45]","title":"Regulatory activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Growth,_Regulatory_Relief_and_Consumer_Protection_Act"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"On May 21, 2018, US President Donald Trump signed into law Congressional legislation repealing the enforcement of automobiles lending rules.[46] On May 24, 2018, Trump signed into law the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act, exempting dozens of banks from the CFPB's regulations.[47]","title":"Amendments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consumer Financial Protection Safety and Soundness Improvement Act of 2013 (H.R. 3193; 113th Congress)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Financial_Protection_Safety_and_Soundness_Improvement_Act_of_2013_(H.R._3193;_113th_Congress)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hr3193-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peteanotherswing-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Proposed amendments","text":"On September 26, 2013, the Consumer Financial Protection Safety and Soundness Improvement Act of 2013 (H.R. 3193; 113th Congress) was introduced into the United States House of Representatives.[48] If adopted, the bill would have modified the CFPB by transforming it into a five-person commission and removing it from the Federal Reserve System.[49] The CFPB would have been renamed the \"Financial Product Safety Commission\". The bill was also intended to make it easier to override the CFPB decisions. It passed in the House of Representatives on February 27, 2014 and was received by the Senate on March 4.[50] It was never considered in the Democratic controlled Senate.[51]","title":"Amendments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act § Constitutional challenge to Dodd–Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act#Constitutional_challenge_to_Dodd%E2%80%93Frank"},{"link_name":"Competitive Enterprise Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CEILawsuit-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"District Court for the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"ultra vires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Central District of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cowly2016-61"},{"link_name":"Brett Kavanaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh"},{"link_name":"A. Raymond Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Raymond_Randolph"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cowly2016-61"},{"link_name":"Karen L. Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_L._Henderson"},{"link_name":"Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Settlement_Procedures_Act"},{"link_name":"statute of limitations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations"},{"link_name":"PHH Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHH_Corporation"},{"link_name":"constitutional avoidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_avoidance"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"en banc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_banc"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Cornelia Pillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Pillard"},{"link_name":"Take Care Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Care_Clause"},{"link_name":"independent agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"New York Federal District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Loretta Preska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Preska"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JRABS-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seila_Law_v._Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"John Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"severable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severability"},{"link_name":"Elena Kagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc_decision-71"}],"text":"Further information: Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act § Constitutional challenge to Dodd–FrankTwo lawsuits were filed in the early years of the CFPB; they were both dismissed by federal courts, but one was appealed and is still ongoing.\nThe first one, filed on June 21, 2012, by a Texas bank along with the Competitive Enterprise Institute, challenged the constitutionality of provisions of the CFPB.[52] One year later, in August 2013, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit because the plaintiffs had failed to show that they had suffered harm.[53]\nIn July 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part, holding that the bank, but not the states that later joined the lawsuit, had standing to challenge the law, and returned the case for further proceedings.[54][55]A lawsuit filed July 22, 2013, by Morgan Drexen Integrated Systems, a provider of outsourced administrative support services to attorneys, and Connecticut attorney Kimberly A. Pisinski, challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB.[56][57] The complaint, filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, alleged that the \"CFPB's structure insulates it from political accountability and internal checks and balances in violation of the United States Constitution. Unbridled from constitutionally-required accountability, CFPB has engaged in ultra vires and abusive practices, including attempts to regulate the practice of law (a function reserved for state bars), attempts to collect attorney-client protected material, and overreaching demands for, and mining of, personal financial information of American citizens, which has prompted a Government Accountability Office (\"GAO\") investigation, commenced on July 12, 2013.\"[58]\nOn August 22, 2013, one month after Morgan Drexen's lawsuit, the CFPB filed its own lawsuit against Morgan Drexen in the United States District Court for the Central District of California alleging that Morgan Drexen charged advance fees for debt relief services in violation of the Telemarketing Sales Rule and engaged in deceptive acts and practices in violation of the Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFPA).[59] The CFPB won this lawsuit and Morgan Drexen was ordered to pay $132,882,488 in restitution and a $40 million civil penalty.[60]In October 2016, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that it was unconstitutional for the CFPB Director to be removable by the President of the United States only for cause, such as \"inefficiency, neglect of duty or malfeasance.\"[61] Circuit Judge Brett Kavanaugh, joined by Senior Circuit Judge A. Raymond Randolph, wrote that the law was \"a threat to individual liberty\" and instead found that the President could remove the CFPB Director at will.[61] Circuit Judge Karen L. Henderson agreed that the CFPB Director had been wrong in adopting a new interpretation of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, finding the statute of limitations did not apply to the CFPB, and fining the petitioning mortgage company PHH Corporation $109 million, but she dissented from giving the President a new power to remove the Director, citing constitutional avoidance.[62] The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated the decision and ordered en banc review.[63] On January 31, 2018, the en banc D.C. Circuit found that the CFPB's structure was constitutional by a vote of 7–3. Judge Cornelia Pillard, writing for the majority, found that the Take Care Clause does not forbid independent agencies, while each of the circuit judges from the earlier panel wrote separate dissents.[64]In June 2018, New York Federal District Court judge Loretta Preska ruled against its structure.[65][66]\nIn January 2019, the Supreme Court denied review of the DC Circuit Court decision.[67]In October 2019, the Supreme Court announced it would review the constitutionality of the Bureau's structure in the case Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau considering the split decision of the lower courts.[68] Oral arguments began on March 3, 2020.[69]On June 29, 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that the firing protections are an unconstitutional restraint on the president's ability to oversee executive branch agencies. \"Such an agency lacks a foundation in historical practice and clashes with constitutional structure by concentrating power in a unilateral actor insulated from Presidential control,\" Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in the majority opinion, which was joined by his conservative colleagues.[70] The statutes around the Director's position on the CFPB were considered severable from the remaining structure of the CFPB, and the Court ordered that \"The agency may therefore continue to operate, but its Director, in light of our decision, must be removable by the President at will.\" The dissenting opinion, written by Justice Elena Kagan, stated that the majority's decision has the court \"second-guessing\" the two political branches of government (Congress and the president) on how to structure the executive branch and \"wipes out a feature of [the CFPB] its creators thought fundamental to its mission—a measure of independence from political pressure.\"[71]","title":"Legal challenges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English v. Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_v._Trump"},{"link_name":"Leandra English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandra_English"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frankel-75"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"Mick Mulvaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney"},{"link_name":"Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Vacancies_Reform_Act_of_1998"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frankel-75"},{"link_name":"Office of Legal Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Steven Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Engel"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Deepak Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Gupta_(attorney)"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Timothy J. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_J._Kelly"},{"link_name":"preliminary injunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_injunction"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"2017 dispute over acting director","text":"See also: English v. TrumpOn November 24, 2017, Director Cordray appointed Leandra English to the position of deputy director, and announced that he would leave office at the close of business that day.[72][73] Cordray indicated that would make English the acting director after his resignation,[74] citing provisions of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act providing that the deputy director of the CFPB becomes acting director in the \"absence or unavailability\" of the director.[75] Later the same day, however, President Donald Trump appointed the incumbent director of the Office of Management and Budget, Mick Mulvaney, as acting director, citing the authority of the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998.[75]On November 25, the Office of Legal Counsel released an opinion, written by Assistant Attorney General Steven Engel, asserting that the President has the authority under the FVRA to designate an acting CFPB Director. The OLC memo maintained that \"both the Vacancies Reform Act and [§1011(b)(5) of Dodd-Frank] are available for filling on an acting basis a vacancy that results from the resignation of the CFPB's Director\" but that \"when the President designates an individual...outside the ordinary order of succession, the President's designation necessarily controls.\"[76] This position was also supported by the General Counsel of the CFPB, Mary E. McLeod.[77][78]On November 26, English (represented by former CFPB Senior Counsel Deepak Gupta) filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia seeking a temporary restraining order and declaratory judgment to prevent Mulvaney from becoming acting director,[79] Mulvaney was given access by unnamed individuals with the keys to the director's office on November 27 and ordered all CFPB employees to disregard any claims from English that she is the acting director.[80] Both English and Mulvaney sent emails to the entire 1,600-person staff of the CFPB, each signing as \"Acting Director\" of the agency.[81][82] On November 28, 2017, U.S. District Judge Timothy J. Kelly, who had been appointed by President Trump just a few months earlier, denied English's motion for a preliminary injunction and allowed Mulvaney to begin serving as CFPB Acting Director.[83]","title":"Legal challenges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seila_Law_LLC_v._Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau"},{"link_name":"civil investigative demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_investigative_demand"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Central District of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California"},{"link_name":"Josephine Staton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Staton"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Ninth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"DC Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"circuit split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_split"},{"link_name":"Fifth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Collins v. Mnuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_v._Mnuchin"},{"link_name":"Federal Housing Finance Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Housing_Finance_Agency"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"certiorari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"severable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severability"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"John Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Clarence Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Samuel Alito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito"},{"link_name":"Neil Gorsuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch"},{"link_name":"Brett Kavanaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh"},{"link_name":"United States Office of Special Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Special_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Social Security Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Administration"},{"link_name":"Federal Housing Finance Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Housing_Finance_Agency"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Office of the Comptroller of the Currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc_decision-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc_decision-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc_decision-71"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reason_decision-90"},{"link_name":"Elena Kagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan"},{"link_name":"Ruth Bader Ginsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg"},{"link_name":"Stephen Breyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer"},{"link_name":"Sonia Sotomayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc_decision-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc_decision-71"}],"sub_title":"2019 dispute over CFPB leadership","text":"See also: Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection BureauSeila Law LLC (Seila Law), a law firm that provided debt relief services, was under investigation by the CFPB. As part of its investigation, the CFPB issued a civil investigative demand (CID) to Seila Law, which required Seila Law to produce certain documents. Seila Law declined to comply with the CID and challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB. The CFPB brought a motion to enforce the CID to the United States District Court for the Central District of California, where District Judge Josephine Staton granted the motion after finding the CFPB was constitutionally structured.[84]Seila Law's appeal to the Ninth Circuit was dismissed. The 9th Circuit panel affirmed the District Court's ruling, and agreed that the Supreme Court's prior decisions upholding for-cause removal in Humphrey's Executor and Morrison were \"controlling\".[85] It also referred approvingly to the en banc decision of the DC Circuit in PHH Corp. v. CFPB (2018), in which the Circuit found that the structure of the CFPB was constitutional.[86]There was arguably a circuit split on the question presented in Seila Law. While the Ninth Circuit and DC Circuit had held that the CFPB's structure is constitutional, the Fifth Circuit in Collins v. Mnuchin (2018) held that the structure of the Federal Housing Finance Agency—another agency whose director can be removed only for cause—violated the separation of powers.[87]The Supreme Court granted certiorari in Seila Law on October 18, 2019, and heard oral argument on March 3, 2020.[88]The Court issued its decision on June 29, 2020. The 5–4 decision ruled that the CFPB structure, with a sole director that could only be terminated for cause, was unconstitutional as it violated the separation of powers, vacating the lower court judgement and remanding the case for review. The Court recognized that the statutes around the director of the CFPB was severable from the rest of the statute establishing the agency, and thus \"The agency may therefore continue to operate, but its Director, in light of our decision, must be removable by the President at will.\"[89]Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the majority opinion joined by Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh. Roberts wrote that the CFPB structure with a single point of leadership that could only be removed for cause \"has no foothold in history or tradition\", and has only been used in four other instances: three current uses for the United States Office of Special Counsel, the Social Security Administration, and the Federal Housing Finance Agency, and temporarily for one year during the American Civil War for the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.[71] Roberts wrote that the three current uses \"are modern and contested. And they do not involve regulatory or enforcement authority comparable to that exercised by the CFPB.\"[71] Roberts also wrote that the CFPB structure \"is also incompatible with the structure of the Constitution, which—with the sole exception of the Presidency—scrupulously avoids concentrating power in the hands of any single individual.\"[71] Roberts referred back to the precedent established by Humphrey's Executor and Morrison as a basis for the majority's decision.[90]Justice Elena Kagan wrote the dissent joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor. Kagan wrote that \"Today's decision wipes out a feature of that agency its creators thought fundamental to its mission—a measure of independence from political pressure.\"[71] Kagan challenged the separation of powers argument presented by the majority: \"Nowhere does the text [of the Constitution] say anything about the President's power to remove subordinate officials at will.\"[71] The dissenting Justices did concur on the matter of severability of the remaining structure of the CFPB outside of the director.","title":"Legal challenges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Community Financial Services Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Financial_Services_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Fifth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Clarence Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"2022 dispute over funding structure","text":"In 2018, the Community Financial Services Association of America sued the CFPB over its 2017 rule that blocked lenders to attempt to collect funds from borrowers' accounts after two consecutive failed attempts, unless the borrower had consented. Part of its argument in the case was that the CFPB's budgetary structure was unconstitutional, as it did not receive funding through Congressional appropriations but requested its funding through the Federal Reserve. While the district court ruled against the association, the Fifth Circuit ruled in favor of the association in October 2022, deeming that its funding structure was unconstitutional.[91]That opinion was appealed to the US Supreme Court, which reversed the 5th Circuit and upheld the CFPB's funding mechanism.[92] May 2024, the Court ruled for the CFPB in a 7-2 decision written by Justice Clarence Thomas.[93]","title":"Legal challenges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eleventh Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"2023 sanctioned over conduct","text":"The Eleventh Circuit affirmed sanctions levied by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia against the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau due to its conduct during discovery.[94]","title":"Legal challenges"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"StatusSpecial AdvisorActing Director","title":"List of directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holding the CFPB Accountable: Review Of The First Semi-Annual Report: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, January 31, 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo34088"},{"link_name":"The Semi-Annual Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Hearing before the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, September 20, 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo36546"},{"link_name":"The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Semi-annual Report to Congress: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 23, 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo38806"},{"link_name":"Democracy Declined: The Failed Politics of Consumer Financial Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo51204873.html"}],"text":"Holding the CFPB Accountable: Review Of The First Semi-Annual Report: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, January 31, 2012\nThe Semi-Annual Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Hearing before the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, September 20, 2012\nThe Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Semi-annual Report to Congress: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 23, 2013\nSorelle, Mallory. 2020. Democracy Declined: The Failed Politics of Consumer Financial Protection. University of Chicago Press.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"President Barack Obama announces the nomination of Richard Cordray as the first director of the CFPB on July 18, 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nomination_of_Richard_Cordray.jpg/220px-Nomination_of_Richard_Cordray.jpg"}] | [{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg"},{"title":"Business and economics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics"},{"title":"Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_responses_to_the_subprime_crisis"},{"title":"Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis_solutions_debate"},{"title":"Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_12_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations"},{"title":"Volcker Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcker_Rule"},{"title":"Wall Street reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_reform"},{"title":"List of financial regulatory authorities by jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_financial_regulatory_authorities_by_jurisdiction"}] | [{"reference":"\"Financial report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Fiscal year 2021\" (PDF). Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Retrieved November 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_financial-report_fy2021.pdf","url_text":"\"Financial report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Fiscal year 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Van Loo, Rory (July 1, 2018). \"Technology Regulation by Default: Platforms, Privacy, and the CFPB\". Georgetown Law Technology Review. 2 (2): 531.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/355","url_text":"\"Technology Regulation by Default: Platforms, Privacy, and the CFPB\""}]},{"reference":"Eaglesham, Jean (February 9, 2011). \"Warning Shot On Financial Protection\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703507804576130370862263258?mod=googlenews_wsj","url_text":"\"Warning Shot On Financial Protection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer Financial Protection Bureau\". Federal Register. Retrieved February 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/consumer-financial-protection-bureau","url_text":"\"Consumer Financial Protection Bureau\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Supreme Court Rules CFPB's Leadership Structure is Unconstitutional but Leaves CFPB Intact | White & Case LLP\". Whitecase.com. July 8, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitecase.com/publications/alert/us-supreme-court-rules-cfpbs-leadership-structure-unconstitutional-leaves-cfpb","url_text":"\"US Supreme Court Rules CFPB's Leadership Structure is Unconstitutional but Leaves CFPB Intact | White & Case LLP\""}]},{"reference":"Warren, Elizabeth (September 14, 2010). \"FACTBOX-New US consumer financial bureau has wide powers\". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100919154911/http://blogs.reuters.com/financial-regulatory-forum/2010/09/14/factbox-new-us-consumer-financial-bureau-has-wide-powers/","url_text":"\"FACTBOX-New US consumer financial bureau has wide powers\""},{"url":"http://blogs.reuters.com/financial-regulatory-forum/2010/09/14/factbox-new-us-consumer-financial-bureau-has-wide-powers/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van Loo, Rory (August 1, 2018). \"Regulatory Monitors: Policing Firms in the Compliance Era\". Faculty Scholarship. 119 (2): 369.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/265","url_text":"\"Regulatory Monitors: Policing Firms in the Compliance Era\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Website Launched and Open for Suggestions\". mybanktracker.com. February 7, 2011. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110210123912/http://www.mybanktracker.com/bank-news/2011/02/07/consumer-financial-protection-bureau-website-launched-open-suggestions/","url_text":"\"Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Website Launched and Open for Suggestions\""},{"url":"http://www.mybanktracker.com/bank-news/2011/02/07/consumer-financial-protection-bureau-website-launched-open-suggestions/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Learn About the Bureau\". United States Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Retrieved February 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.consumerfinance.gov/the-bureau/","url_text":"\"Learn About the Bureau\""}]},{"reference":"Kevin Freking (April 23, 2017). \"Public window on financial complaints could be closing soon\". Associated Press. Washington. 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Mnuchin\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotusblog.com/2019/10/justices-to-review-constitutionality-of-cfpb-structure/","external_links_name":"\"Justices to review constitutionality of CFPB structure\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/03/us/supreme-court-consumer-bureau.html","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court Divided on Trump's Power to Fire Head of Consumer Bureau\""},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/505000-supreme-court-rules-consumer-bureau-director-can-be-fired-at-will/","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court rules consumer bureau director can be fired at will\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/29/supreme-court-leaves-consumer-regulator-standing-but-backs-presidents-ability-to-fire-director.html","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court leaves consumer regulator standing but backs president's ability to fire director\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000015f-efff-d90d-a37f-ffff72670000","external_links_name":"\"Note to staff from Director Cordray\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/us/politics/consumer-financial-protection-bureau-cordray-leader-trump-mulvaney.html","external_links_name":"Dueling Appointments Lead to Clash at Consumer Protection Bureau"},{"Link":"https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/leandra-english-named-deputy-director-consumer-financial-protection-bureau/","external_links_name":"\"Leandra English Named Deputy Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-otc-cfpb/cfpbs-controversial-structure-looms-over-leadership-showdown-idUSKBN1DR2MZ","external_links_name":"CFPB's controversial structure looms over leadership showdown"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opinions/attachments/2017/11/25/cfpb_acting_director_olc_op_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Memorandum for Donald F. McGahn II, Counsel to the President\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2017/11/26/who-is-leandra-english-the-woman-at-the-center-of-a-white-house-battle-for-control-of-the-cfpb/","external_links_name":"\"Leandra English, the woman at the center of a White House battle for control of the CFPB, files lawsuit against Trump pick to lead watchdog agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/11/26/consumer-bureau-trump-english-cordray-260062","external_links_name":"\"Consumer bureau's top lawyer sides with Trump in leadership clash\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/26/business/trump-cfpb-consumer-agency.html","external_links_name":"\"Battle for Control of Consumer Agency Heads to Court\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2017/11/27/at-the-cfpb-two-acting-directors-show-up-to-take-command-one-brings-doughnuts-the-other-well-wishes/","external_links_name":"\"At the CFPB, two acting directors show up to take command; one brings doughnuts, the other well-wishes\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/27/us/politics/cfpb-leandra-english-mulvaney.html","external_links_name":"Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Has 2 Bosses Claiming Control"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-cfpb-memo/directors-duel-over-control-of-u-s-consumer-protection-agency-idUSKBN1DR1UD","external_links_name":"Directors duel over control of U.S. consumer protection agency"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/us/politics/mick-mulvaney-leandra-english-consumer-bureau.html","external_links_name":"\"President Wins Round in the Battle for the Consumer Bureau\""},{"Link":"http://www.lenderlawwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2019/05/Seila-District-Court-opinion.pdf","external_links_name":"___ F__ ___"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3534329657244473955","external_links_name":"923 F.3d 680"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3534329657244473955","external_links_name":"881 F.3d 75"},{"Link":"https://reason.com/2019/10/18/is-the-cfpb-unconstitutional-well-soon-find-out/","external_links_name":"\"Is the CFPB Unconstitutional? We'll Soon Find Out\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200621091406/https://reason.com/2019/10/18/is-the-cfpb-unconstitutional-well-soon-find-out/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/seila-law-llc-v-consumer-financial-protection-bureau/","external_links_name":"\"Case File: Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200616212949/https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/seila-law-llc-v-consumer-financial-protection-bureau/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/29/supreme-court-leaves-consumer-regulator-standing-but-backs-presidents-ability-to-fire-director.html","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court leaves consumer regulator standing but backs president's ability to fire director\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629150200/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/29/supreme-court-leaves-consumer-regulator-standing-but-backs-presidents-ability-to-fire-director.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://reason.com/2020/06/29/with-chief-in-charge-scotus-strikes-down-louisiana-abortion-law-and-eliminates-cfpb-independence/","external_links_name":"\"With Chief in Charge, SCOTUS Strikes Down Louisiana Abortion Law and Eliminates CFPB Independence\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629232919/https://reason.com/2020/06/29/with-chief-in-charge-scotus-strikes-down-louisiana-abortion-law-and-eliminates-cfpb-independence/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/us-consumer-protection-watchdogs-funding-unconstitutional-court-rules-2022-10-20/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. consumer protection watchdog's funding unconstitutional, court rules\""},{"Link":"https://www.commondreams.org/news/cfpb-supreme-court","external_links_name":"\"Existential Threat to CFPB Spotlights Massive Stakes of New Supreme Court Term\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/16/supreme-court-rules-consumer-financial-protection-bureau-funding-structure-is-legal.html","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court Rules Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Funding Structure is Legal\""},{"Link":"https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/evasive-deposition-tactics-by-the-cfpb-4375456/","external_links_name":"\"Evasive Deposition Tactics by the CFPB Supported Dismissal as a Sanction, Affirmed by Eleventh Circuit\""},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/24/news/cfpb-richard-cordray-resignation/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Richard Cordray resigns as head of Consumer Financial Protection Bureau\""},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/policy/finance/535053-consumer-bureau-director-resigns-after-bidens-inauguration/","external_links_name":"\"Consumer bureau director resigns after Biden's inauguration\""},{"Link":"https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo34088","external_links_name":"Holding the CFPB Accountable: Review Of The First Semi-Annual Report: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, January 31, 2012"},{"Link":"https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo36546","external_links_name":"The Semi-Annual Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Hearing before the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, September 20, 2012"},{"Link":"https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo38806","external_links_name":"The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Semi-annual Report to Congress: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 23, 2013"},{"Link":"https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo51204873.html","external_links_name":"Democracy Declined: The Failed Politics of Consumer Financial Protection"},{"Link":"https://www.consumerfinance.gov/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/consumer-financial-protection-bureau","external_links_name":"Consumer Financial Protection Bureau"},{"Link":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-12/chapter-X","external_links_name":"12 CFR Chapter X"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000405892271","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/317284735","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1153577224","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2015015976","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Diana_(Rome) | Temple of Diana (Rome) | ["1 History","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 41°52′58.18″N 12°28′59.50″E / 41.8828278°N 12.4831944°E / 41.8828278; 12.4831944Temple in ancient Rome
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Temple of Diana" Rome – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010)
O: Diana with bow and quiver over the shoulder and bucranium above. Bucranium, skull of sacrificed bull, was displayed in the temple of Diana.
R: Sacrificing scene on the stone platform. Togate figure holding sprinkler is about to sacrifice bull, altar between them.
A·POST·A·F S·N·(AL)BIN
Silver serrate denarius struck by A. Postumius A.f. S.n. Albinus in Rome 81 BC.
ref.: SRCV I 296, Crawford 372/1, Sydenham 745, RSC I Postumia 7
The Temple of Diana was an edifice in ancient Rome which, according to the early semi-legendary history of Rome, was built in the 6th century BC during the reign of the king Servius Tullius.
History
According to Livy, word had come to Rome of the new and glorious temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and it was told that the temple had been constructed through the combined effort of the cities of Asia Minor. The king of Rome, Servius Tullius, extolled the virtues of such an act of concord to the cities of the Latins, and convinced them to work with the Roman people to build a temple to Diana in Rome. The temple was built upon the Aventine Hill.
Soon after the construction of the temple, a cow of remarkable beauty and size was born to the head of a Sabine family. It was foretold by the augurs that sovereignty would come to the city whose citizen sacrificed the cow to Diana. Accordingly, the Sabine man took the cow to the temple of Diana in Rome, and led her to the altar. However, before he could sacrifice her, the Roman priest of the temple confronted him, and asked whether he would make the sacrifice with impure hands, imploring the man to go and cleanse his hands in the Tiber. Once the Sabine had left the temple to go to the Tiber, the priest immediately sacrificed the cow, to the great satisfaction of Rome and its king.
Later temple dedications often took as their model the ritual formulas and cult regulations devised for the Temple of Diana on the Aventine.
If still in use by the 4th-century, it would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.
Legacy
A short street named the Via del Tempio di Diana commemorates the site of the temple today and part of its wall is located within one of the halls of the Apuleius Restaurant.
See also
List of Ancient Roman temples
References
^ a b Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1.45
^ John Scheid (2003) . An Introduction to Roman Religion . Translated by Janet Lloyd. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 66.
41°52′58.18″N 12°28′59.50″E / 41.8828278°N 12.4831944°E / 41.8828278; 12.4831944 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_temple"},{"link_name":"ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"semi-legendary history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Servius Tullius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servius_Tullius"}],"text":"Temple in ancient RomeThe Temple of Diana was an edifice in ancient Rome which, according to the early semi-legendary history of Rome, was built in the 6th century BC during the reign of the king Servius Tullius.","title":"Temple of Diana (Rome)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"temple of Artemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis"},{"link_name":"Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Latins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_League"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Aventine Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livy-1"},{"link_name":"Sabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine"},{"link_name":"augurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augurs"},{"link_name":"Tiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiber"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livy-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire"}],"text":"According to Livy, word had come to Rome of the new and glorious temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and it was told that the temple had been constructed through the combined effort of the cities of Asia Minor. The king of Rome, Servius Tullius, extolled the virtues of such an act of concord to the cities of the Latins, and convinced them to work with the Roman people to build a temple to Diana in Rome. The temple was built upon the Aventine Hill.[1]Soon after the construction of the temple, a cow of remarkable beauty and size was born to the head of a Sabine family. It was foretold by the augurs that sovereignty would come to the city whose citizen sacrificed the cow to Diana. Accordingly, the Sabine man took the cow to the temple of Diana in Rome, and led her to the altar. However, before he could sacrifice her, the Roman priest of the temple confronted him, and asked whether he would make the sacrifice with impure hands, imploring the man to go and cleanse his hands in the Tiber. Once the Sabine had left the temple to go to the Tiber, the priest immediately sacrificed the cow, to the great satisfaction of Rome and its king.[1]Later temple dedications often took as their model the ritual formulas and cult regulations devised for the Temple of Diana on the Aventine.[2]If still in use by the 4th-century, it would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apuleius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.apuleius.it/html/eng/diana.asp"}],"text":"A short street named the Via del Tempio di Diana commemorates the site of the temple today and part of its wall is located within one of the halls of the Apuleius Restaurant.","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Ancient Roman temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Roman_temples"}] | [{"reference":"John Scheid (2003) [1998]. An Introduction to Roman Religion [La Religion des Romains]. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland | List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland | ["1 The Holocaust","2 List of Jewish ghettos in occupied Poland","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 Notes and references"] | Unpaved street in the Frysztak Ghetto
Ghettos were established by Nazi Germany in hundreds of locations across occupied Poland after the German invasion of Poland. Most ghettos were established between October 1939 and July 1942 in order to confine and segregate Poland's Jewish population of about 3.5 million for the purpose of persecution, terror, and exploitation. In smaller towns, ghettos often served as staging points for Jewish slave-labor and mass deportation actions, while in the urban centers they resembled walled-off prison-islands described by some historians as little more than instruments of "slow, passive murder", with dead bodies littering the streets.
In most cases, the larger ghettos did not correspond to traditional Jewish neighborhoods, and non-Jewish Poles and members of other ethnic groups were ordered to take up residence elsewhere. Smaller Jewish communities with populations under 500 were terminated through expulsion soon after the invasion.
The Holocaust
A child lies on the street in the Warsaw Ghetto, May 1941. Photo by the Wehrmacht Propaganda Company 689, now in German Federal Archives
The liquidation of the Jewish ghettos across occupied Poland was closely connected with the construction of secretive death camps—industrial-scale mass-extermination facilities—built in early 1942 for the sole purpose of murder. The Nazi extermination program depended on rail transport, which enabled the SS to run and, at the same time, openly lie to their victims about the "resettlement program". Jews were transported to their deaths in Holocaust trains from liquidated ghettos of all occupied cities, including Łódź Ghetto, the last in Poland to be liquidated in August 1944. In some larger ghettos there were armed resistance attempts, such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising, the Będzin and the Łachwa Ghetto uprisings, but in every case they failed against the overwhelming German military force, and the resisting Jews were either executed locally or deported with the rest of prisoners to the extermination camps. By the time Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe was liberated by the Red Army, not a single Jewish ghetto in Poland was left standing. Only about 50,000–120,000 Polish Jews survived the war on native soil, a fraction of their prewar population of 3,500,000.
Partial liquidation of the Białystok Ghetto, 15–20 August 1943. Jewish men with their hands up, surrounded by military units
In total, according to archives of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "The Germans established at least 1000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone." The list of locations of the Jewish ghettos within the borders of pre-war and post-war Poland is compiled with the understanding that their inhabitants were either of Polish nationality from before the invasion, or had strong historical ties with Poland. Also, not all ghettos are listed here due to their transient nature. Permanent ghettos were created only in settlements with rail connections, because the food aid (paid by the Jews themselves) was completely dependent on the Germans, making even the potato-peels a hot commodity. Throughout 1940 and 1941, most ghettos were sealed off from the outside, walled off or enclosed with barbed wire, and any Jews found outside them could be shot on sight. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 3.4 square kilometres (1.3 sq mi), or 7.2 persons per room. The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000 inmates. In documents and signage, the Nazis usually referred to the ghettos they created as Jüdischer Wohnbezirk or Wohngebiet der Juden, meaning "Jewish Quarter". By the end of 1941, most Polish Jews were already ghettoized, even though the Germans knew that the system was unsustainable; most inmates had no chance of earning their own keep, and no savings left to pay the SS for further deliveries. The quagmire was resolved at the Wannsee conference of 20 January 1942 near Berlin, where the "Final Solution" (die Endlösung der Judenfrage) was set in place.
List of Jewish ghettos in occupied Poland
The settlements listed in the Polish language, including major cities, had all been renamed after the 1939 joint invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. Renaming everything in their own image had been one way in which the invaders sought to redraw Europe's political map. All Polish territories were assigned as either Nazi zones of occupation (i.e. Bezirk Bialystok, Provinz Ostpreußen, etc.), or annexed by the Soviet Union, soon to be overrun again in Operation Barbarossa. The Soviet Ukraine and Byelorussia witnessed the "Polish Operation" of the NKVD, resulting in the virtual absence of ethnic Poles in the USSR along the pre-war border with Poland since the Great Purge.
Ghetto location in prewarand postwar Poland
Population
Date ofcreation
Date ofliquidation
Finaldestination
(in alphabetical order)
(year, month)
(year, month)
1939–1940The first ghetto (Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto) was set up on 8 October 1939, 38 days after the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. Within months, the most populous Jewish ghettos in World War II, the Warsaw Ghetto and the Łódź Ghetto, had been established.
Aleksandrów Lódzki
3,500
1939
Dec 1939
to Głowno ghetto
Bełżyce
4,500
Jun 1940
May 1943
to Budzyń ghetto → Sobibor and Majdanek
Będzin Ghetto
7,000–28,000
Jul 1940
Aug 1943
to Auschwitz (7,000).
Błonie
2,100
Dec 1940
Feb 1941
to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,100)
Bodzentyn
700
1940
Sep 1942
to Suchedniów ghetto → Treblinka.
Brześć Kujawski
630
1940
Apr 1942
to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno death camp
Brzesko
4,000-6,000
fall 1941
Sept 1942
to Auschwitz and Belzec
Brzeziny
6,000–6,800
Feb 1940
May 1942
to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno
Brzozów
1,000
1940
Aug 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Bychawa
2,700
1940
Apr 1941
to Belzyce
Chęciny
4,000
1940 – Jun 1941
Sep 1942
to Treblinka
Ciechanów
5,000
1940
Nov 1942
to labour camps (1,500), Mława Ghetto → Auschwitz, many killed locally.
Dąbrowa Górnicza
4,000–10,000
1940
Jun 1943
to Auschwitz
Dęblin–Irena Ghetto
3,300–5,800
Apr 1940
Oct 1942
to Sobibor and Treblinka
Działoszyce
15,000?
Apr 1940
Oct 1942
to Płaszów and Bełżec extermination camp
Gąbin
2,000–2,300
1940
Apr 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Głowno
5,600
May 1940
Mar 1941
to Łowicz ghetto and Warsaw Ghetto (5,600)
Gorlice (labor camp 1st)
?
1940
1942
to Buchenwald, Muszyna, Mielec, see Gorlice Ghetto (1941)
Góra Kalwaria
3,300
Jan 1940
Feb 1941
to Warsaw Ghetto (3,000), 300 killed locally
Grodzisk Mazowiecki
6,000
1940 – Jan 1941
Oct 1942
to Warsaw Ghetto (all 6,000)
Grójec
5,200–6,000
Jul 1940
Sep 1942
to Warsaw Ghetto (all 6,000) → Treblinka
Izbica Kujawska
1,000
1940
Jan 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Jeżów
1,600
1940
Feb 1941
to Warsaw Ghetto (all 1,600)
Jędrzejów
6,000
Mar 1940
Sep 1942
to Treblinka
Kazimierz Dolny
2,000–3,500
1940 – Apr 1941
Mar 1942
to Sobibor, and Treblinka
Kobyłka
1,500
Sep 1940
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Koło
2,000–5,000
Dec 1940
Dec 1941
to Treblinka (2,000) and Chełmno
Koniecpol
1,100–1,600
1940
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Konin
1,500?
Dec 1939
1940 – Mar 1941
to Zagórów & other ghettos → killed locally
Kozienice
13,000
Jan 1940
Sep 1942
to Treblinka
Koźminek
2,500
1940
Jul 1942
to Chełmno
Krasnystaw
2,000
Aug 1940
Oct 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Krośniewice
1,500
May 1940
Mar 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Kutno
7,000
Jun 1940
Mar 1942
to Chełmno
Legionowo
3,000
1940
1942
to Treblinka
Łańcut
2,700
Dec 1939
Aug 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Łask
4,000
Dec 1940
Aug 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Łowicz
8,000–8,200
1940
Mar 1941
to Warsaw Ghetto (all; with labor camp)
Łódź Ghetto
200,000
8 Feb 1940
Aug 1944
to Auschwitz and Chełmno extermination camp, labour camps (1,000)
Marki
?
1940 – Mar 1941
1942
to Warsaw Ghetto
Mielec
4,000–4,500
1940
Mar 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto
5,000–7,000
Oct 1940
Aug 1942
to Treblinka, 1,300 killed locally
Mława
6,000–6,500
Dec 1940
Nov 1942
to Treblinka and Auschwitz
Mogielnica
1,500
1940
28 Feb 1942
to Warsaw Ghetto (all) → Treblinka.
Mordy
4,500
Nov 1940
Aug 1942
to Treblinka
Myślenice
1,200
1940
Aug 1942
to Skawina Ghetto (all) → Bełżec
Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki
2,000–4,000
1940 – Jan 1941
Dec 1942
to Pomiechówek ghetto → Auschwitz
Nowy Korczyn
4,000
1940
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Opoczno
3,000–4,000
Nov 1940
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Otwock
12,000–15,000
Dec 1939
Aug 1942
to Treblinka, and Auschwitz
Pabianice
8,500–9,000
Feb 1940
May 1942
to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno death camp
Piaseczno
2,500
1940
Jan 1941
to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,500)
Piaski (transit)
10,000
1940
Nov 1943
to Bełżec extermination camp, Sobibor, Trawniki concentration camp
Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto
25,000
8 Oct 1939
14 / 21 Oct 1942
to Majdanek and Treblinka (22,000), killed locally also
Płock
7,000–10,000
1939–1940
Feb 1941
to Działdowo ghetto
Płońsk
12,000
Sep 1940
Nov 1942
to Treblinka, Auschwitz
Poddębice
1,500
Nov 1940
Apr 1942
to Treblinka(?)
Pruszków
1,400
1940
1941
to Warsaw Ghetto (all 1,400)
Przedbórz
4,000–5,000
Mar 1940
Oct 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp and Treblinka
Puławy
5,000
Nov – Dec 1939
1940
to Opole Lubelskie → Sobibor
Radomsko
18,000–20,000
1939 – Jan 1940
21 Jul 1943
to Treblinka extermination camp (18,000)
Radzymin
2,500
Sep 1940
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Serock
2,000
Feb 1940
Dec 1940
to other ghettos
Sieradz
2,500–5,000
Mar 1940
Aug 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Sierpc
500–3,000
1940
Feb 1942
to Warsaw Ghetto → Treblinka
Skaryszew
1,800
1940
Apr 1942
to Szydlowiec
Skierniewice
4,300–7,000
Dec 1940
Apr 1941
to Warsaw Ghetto (all 7,000)
Sochaczew
3,000–4,000
Jan 1940
Feb 1941
to Warsaw Ghetto (all 3,000)
Stalowa Wola
2,500
1940
Jul 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Stryj
12,000
1940–1941
Jun 1943
to Bełżec extermination camp
Szadek
500
1940
1940
to other ghettos
Szczebrzeszyn
4,000
1940 – Apr 1941
Oct 1942
to Bełżec death camp, killed locally also
Tomaszów Mazowiecki
16,000–20,000
Dec 1940
Nov 1942
to Treblinka (16,000), with 4,000 killed locally
Tuliszków
230
Dec 1939
Jan 1940
to Kowale Pańskie → Chełmno
Turek
5,000
1940
Oct 1941
to Kowale Pańskie ghetto (all 5,000)
Tyszowce
1,500–2,000
1940
Sep 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Uchanie
2,000
1940
Nov 1942
to Sobibor
Ulanów
500
1940
Oct 1942
to other ghettos
Uniejów
500
1940
Oct 1941
to Kowale Pańskie ghetto (all 500)
Warka
2,800
1940
Feb 1941
to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,800)
Warta
1,000–2,400
Feb 1940
Aug 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Warsaw Ghetto, see Muranów neighbourhood of Warsaw (whole)
445,000
Oct – 15 Nov 1940
Sep 1942
to Treblinka extermination camp (300,000), and Majdanek, Trawniki, Poniatowa
Włocławek
4,000–13,500
Oct 1940
Apr 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Włodawa
10,500
(sealed) 1941
Apr – May 1943
to Sobibor, also shot locally
Włoszczowa
4,000–6,000
Jul 1940
Sep 1942
to Treblinka
Wodzisław
4,000
Jun 1940
Nov 1942
to Treblinka
Wołomin
3,000–5,500
1940–1942
Apr 1943
to Treblinka
Wyszogród
2,700–3,000
Dec 1940
Nov 1942
to Treblinka
Zagórów
2,000–2,500
Jul 1940
Oct 1941
all killed locally
Zamość
12,000–14,000
1940
May 1943
to Izbica Ghetto → Bełżec, Majdanek
Zduńska Wola
8,300–10,000
1940
Aug 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Żychlin
2,800–4,000
Jul 1940
Mar 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Żyrardów
3,000–5,000
Dec 1940
Feb 1941
to Warsaw Ghetto (all 5,000)
1941Under the codename Operation Barbarossa, Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, followed by the creation of new ghettos and mass murder of Jews by mobile killing squads.
Augustów
4,000
Oct 1941
Jun 1942
to Treblinka and Auschwitz, shot locally
Bełchatów
5,500–6,000
Mar 1941
Aug 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Biała Podlaska
7,000–8,400
Jul 1941
Sep 1942
to Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka
Biała Rawska
4,000
Sep 1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Białystok Ghetto
40,000–50,000
26 Jul 1941
Nov 1943
to Majdanek, Treblinka
Bielsk Podlaski
11,000–15,100
Aug 1941
Nov 1942
to Treblinka, many killed locally
Biłgoraj
2,500–3,000
1941–1942
Nov 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Bobowa
658?
Oct 1941
Aug 1942
to Gorlice and Biecz ghettos
Bochnia
14,000–15,000
Mar 1941
Sep 1943
to Szebnie → Bełżec and Auschwitz
Brześć Litewski Ghetto
18,000
16 Dec 1941
Oct 1942
5,000 shot locally before the ghetto was set up → Bronna Góra ravine
Busko Zdrój
2,000
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Chełm
8,000–12,000
Jun 1941
Nov 1942
to Sobibor
Chmielnik
10,000–14,000
Apr 1941
Nov 1942
to Treblinka
Chodel
1,400
Jun 1941
1942
to other ghettos
Chrzanów
8,000
Nov 1941
Feb 1943
to Auschwitz
Ciechanowiec
4,000
1941
Nov 1941
to Treblinka
Ciepielów
600
Dec 1941
15 / 29 Oct 1942
to Treblinka → Polish rescuers killed locally 6 Dec 1942.
Czeladź
800
Nov 1941
Feb 1943
to Auschwitz
Częstochowa Ghetto
48,000
9 Apr 1941
22 Sep – 9 Oct 1942
to Treblinka extermination camp
Ćmielów
1,500–2,000?
1941
Oct (end) 1942
to Treblinka (900), rest murdered locally
Dąbie
900
1941
Dec 1941
to Chełmno extermination camp
Dobre
500–1,000
1941
Sep 1942
to Treblinka
Drohiczyn
700
Jun 1941
Nov 1942
to Bransk and Bielsk ghettos
Drzewica
2,000
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Dubienka
2,500–3,000
Jun 1941
Oct 1942
to other ghettos
Głogów Małopolski
(120)?
1941
1942
to Rzeszów ghetto → 5,000 shot locally
Gniewoszów (open type)
6,580
Dec 1941
Nov 1942
to Zwoleń (5,000); 1,000 → Treblinka
Goniądz
1,000–1,300
Jun 1941
Nov 1942
to Bogusze ghetto
Gorlice
4,500
Oct 1941
Aug 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Gostynin
3,500
1941
Aug 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Grajewo
3,000
Jun 1941
Nov 1942
to Bogusze ghetto
Hrubieszów (open type)
6,800–10,000
Jun 1941 – May 1942
May – Nov 1943
to Sobibor and Budzyn labour camp, many shot locally, 2,000 fled.
Iłża
1,900–2,000
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Inowłódz
500–600
1941
Aug 1942
to Tomaszow Mazowiecki ghetto
Iwacewicze
600
1941
14 Mar 1942
to Słonim Ghetto, all killed locally
Izbica Ghetto (transit)
12,000–22,700
1941
2 Nov 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp and Sobibor, 4,500 killed locally
Jasło
2,000–3,000
1941
Aug 1942
to other ghettos
Jedwabne
100–130
Jul 1941
Nov 1941
to Łomża Ghetto → Treblinka, 340 killed locally.
Kalisz
400
1941
1942
to other ghettos
Kałusz
6,000
Jun 1941
Nov 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp, several hundreds executed locally
Karczew
700
Mar 1941
Oct 1941
to Warsaw Ghetto
Kielce Ghetto
27,000
Mar 1941
Aug 1942
to Treblinka, with 6,000 killed locally
Kłobuck
2,000
1941
Jun 1942
to Auschwitz
Knyszyn
2,000
Jun 1941
Nov 1942
to Bialystok Ghetto
Kobryn
8,000
Jun 1941
Oct 1942
all killed locally
Kock
2,500–3,000
Jun 1941
Dec 1942
to Treblinka
Kodeń
?
Jun 1941
Sep 1942
to Miedzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto
Kolbuszowa
2,500
1941
Sep 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Koluszki
2,000
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Końskie
10,000
1941
Jan 1943
to Treblinka
Korczyn
2,000
1941
Aug 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Kraków Ghetto
20,000 (pop. 68,500)
Mar 1941
Mar 1943
to Bełżec extermination camp and Płaszów; 48,000 expelled in 1940.
Kraśnik
5,000–6,000
1940–1941
Nov 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Krynki
5,000–6,000
Jun – Nov 1941
Nov 1942
to Kiełbasin transit camp → Treblinka
Książ Wielki
200?
1941
Nov 1942
to Miechów ghetto
Kunów
500
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Limanowa
2,000
1941
Aug 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Lipsk
3,000
Dec 1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Lubartów Ghetto
3,269–4,500
Jun 1941
Oct 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Lublin Ghetto
30,000–40,000
24 Mar 1941
Nov 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp (30,000) and Majdanek (4,000)
Lwów Ghetto
115,000–160,000
Jun – Nov 1941
Jun 1943
to Bełżec extermination camp and Janowska concentration camp
Łapy
600
Jun – Jul 1941
Nov 1942
to Białystok Ghetto
Łaskarzew
1,300
1941
Sep 1942
to Treblinka
Łęczyca
3,000–4,300
1941
Jun 1942
to Chełmno, many killed locally
Łomża Ghetto
9,000–11,000
Jun 1941
Nov 1942
to Auschwitz, many killed locally
Łosice
5,500–6,000
1941
Aug 1942
to Treblinka
Łuków
10,000
1941
Oct – Nov 1942
to Treblinka (Oct: 7,000; Nov: 3,000)
Łuck Ghetto
25,000
Dec 1941
19 / 24 Aug 1942
all killed locally (most at Polanka)
Maków Mazowiecki
3,500–5,000
1941
Dec 1942
to Treblinka
Michałowo
1,500
1941
Nov 1942
to Bialystok Ghetto
Miechów
4,000
1941
1942
to Bełżec (1,000 killed locally)
Nowe Miasto
3,700
1941
22 Oct 1942
to Treblinka (3,000), rest killed locally
Nowogródek
6,000?
Jun 1941
Oct 1942
all killed locally
Nowy Sącz Ghetto
20,000
Aug 1941
Aug 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Nowy Targ
2,500
1941
Aug 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Nowy Żmigród
1,300
1941
Jul 1942
all killed locally
Olkusz
3,000–4,000
1941
Jun 1942
to Auschwitz
Opatów Ghetto
10,000
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Opole Lubelskie
8,000–10,000
1941
Oct 1942
to Sobibor and Poniatowa ghetto
Osiek
500
1941
Jun 1942
to Ożarów ghetto → Treblinka
Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski
16,000
Apr 1941
10 Jan 1943
to Treblinka
Ozorków
3,000–5,000
1941
Aug 1942
to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno
Pajęczno
3,000
1941
1942
to Łódź Ghetto
Parczew
7,000
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Piątek
?
1941
Jul 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Pilzno
788?
1941
Jun 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Pińczów
3,000–3,500
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Pionki (labor camp)
682
1941
Aug 1942
to Zwoleń ghetto → Treblinka
Połaniec
2,000
1941
1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Praszka
?
1941
Aug 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Rabka
300
1941
Aug 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Radom Ghetto
30,000–32,000
Mar 1941
Aug 1942
to Treblinka extermination camp
Radomyśl Wielki
1,300?
1941
1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Radoszyce
3,200?
1941
Nov 1942
to Treblinka
Radzyn Podlaski
2,000–3,000
1941
Dec 1942
to Treblinka
Rajgród
1,200
1941
Nov 1942
to Bogusze
Rawa Mazowiecka
4,000
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Rejowiec
3,000
1941
1943
to Auschwitz, Sobibor and Majdanek
Ropczyce
800
1941
Jul 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Ryki
1,800–3,500
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka and Sobibor
Rymanów
1,600?
1941
Aug 1942
to Kraków Ghetto, Bełżec extermination camp, killed locally
Sędziszów Małopolski
2,000
1941
Jan 1942
to Bełżec
Siedlce Ghetto
12,000–18,000
Jun – Aug 1941
Nov 1942
to Treblinka
Siemiatycze
7,000
1941
Nov 1942
to Sobibor
Sieniawa
3,000
1941
1942
all killed locally
Siennica
700?
1941
15 Sep 1942
to Treblinka (700)
Skarżysko-Kamienna
3,000
1941
1942
to Treblinka (2,500), the rest killed locally
Skrzynno
?
1941
Oct 1942
to Opoczno ghetto
Słonim Ghetto
22,000
Jul 1941
15 Jul 1942
all killed locally (Jul-41: 1,200; Nov: 9,000; Jul-42: 10,000)
Słuck
3,000–8,500
Jun 1941
Nov 1942
all killed locally
Sokołów Małopolski
3,000
1941
Jul 1942
to Bełżec
Sokołów Podlaski
4,000–7,000
Jun 1941
Sep 1942
to Treblinka
Sokółka
8,000–9,000
Jun 1941
Nov 1942
to Kiełbasin → Treblinka
Solec
800
1941
Dec 1942
to Tarlow ghetto
Stanisławów Ghetto
20,000
Dec 1941
Feb 1943
killed locally → to Bełżec
Starachowice
6,000
Apr 1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Stary Sącz
1,000
1941
Aug 1942
to Bełżec
Staszów
7,000
1941
Dec 1942
to Treblinka
Stopnica
5,000
1941
Nov 1942
to Treblinka, many killed locally
Strzemieszyce Wielkie
1,800
1940–1941
May – 15 Jun 1942
to Będzin Ghetto (500), Auschwitz (1,400)
Strzyżów
1,300
1941
26 / 28 Jun 1942
to Rzeszów ghetto, killed locally → Bełżec
Suchedniów
5,000
1941
Aug 1942
to Treblinka
Sulejów
1,500
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Szczuczyn
2,000
1941
Jul – Nov 1942
to Bogusze transit camp, killed locally
Śniadowo
650
1941
Nov 1942
to Zambrow ghetto
Tarczyn
1,600
1941
Feb 1942
to Treblinka
Tarnobrzeg (ghetto & camp)
500
Jun 1941
Jul 1942
to Dębica ghetto → Bełżec
Tarnogród
2,600–5,000
1941
Nov 1942
to Bełżec from ghetto & camp, many killed locally
Tarnopol Ghetto
20,000
Jul – Aug 1941
Jun 1943
to Bełżec, many killed locally
Tarnów
40,000
Mar 1941
Sep 1943
10,000 killed locally, Bełżec (10,000), Auschwitz
Tomaszów Lubelski
1,400–1,500
1941
Oct 1942
to Bełżec
Tyczyn
?
1941
Jul 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Wadowice
1,400
1941
Aug 1943
to Auschwitz
Wąwolnica
2,500
1941
May 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Węgrów
6,000–8,300
1941
Sep 1942
to Treblinka
Wieliczka
7,000
1941
Aug 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Wielun
4,200–7,000
1941
Aug 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp, killed locally
Wieruszów
1,400
1941
Aug 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Wilno Ghetto
30,000–80,000
Sep 1941
Sep 1943
killed locally (21,000 before ghetto was set up)
Wiślica
2,000
1941
Oct 1942
to Jędrzejów ghetto
Wolbrom
3,000–5,000
1941
Sep 1942
to Bełżec, many killed locally
Wysokie Mazowieckie
5,000
1941
Nov 1942
to Zambrow ghetto
Zabłudów
1,800
Jul 1941
2 Nov 1942
10th Calvary camp near Białystok → Treblinka (1,400)
Zambrów
3,200–4,000
1941
Jan 1943
to Auschwitz, mass killings locally
Zawiercie
5,000–7,000
1941
Oct 1943
to Auschwitz (5,000)
Zelów
?
1941
Sep 1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Zwoleń (open type)
6,500–10,000
1941
29 Sep 1942
to Treblinka extermination camp (8,000)
Żarki
3,200
1941
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Żelechów
5,500–13,000
1941
Sep 1942
to Treblinka
1942On January 20, 1942, at the Wannsee conference near Berlin, Reinhard Heydrich informed senior Nazi officials that "the final solution of the Jewish question" was deportation from the ghettos and subsequent mass extermination of the Jews. Implementation plan developed. Six death factories were built by German firms in occupied Poland within two-to-six months.
Andrychów
700
Sep 1942
Nov 1943
to Auschwitz concentration camp
Annopol
?
Jun 1942
Oct 1942
to Kraśnik ghetto
Baranów Sandomierski
2,000
Jun 1942
Jul 1942
to Dębica ghetto, (all)
Biecz
700–800
Apr 1942
Aug 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Czortków
4,000
Apr 1942
Sep 1943
to Bełżec extermination camp
Dąbrowa Tarnowska
2,400–3,000
Oct 1942
Sep 1943
to Bełżec extermination camp and Auschwitz
Dębica
1,500–4,000
1942
Mar 1943
to Bełżec extermination camp
Drohobycz Ghetto
10,000
Mar 1942
Jun 1943
to Bełżec extermination camp
Dubno
9,000?
Apr 1942
Oct 1942
all killed locally
Frysztak Ghetto
1,600
1942
18 Aug 1942
to Jasło ghetto → killed in Warzyce forest
Hrubieszów (labor camp)
200
May 1942
May 1943
to Budzyn, killed locally, see Hrubieszów # 122 above (6,800)
Jasienica Rosielna
1,500
1942
Aug 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Kołomyja (ghetto & camp)
18,000
1942
Feb 1943
to Bełżec extermination camp, many killed locally
Koprzywnica
1,800
1940
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Kowale Pańskie
3,000–5,000
1939–1942
1942
to Chełmno extermination camp
Kowel
17,000
May 1942
Oct 1942
all killed locally
Kraśnik (ghetto & camp)
5,000
1940–1942
Nov 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Krosno
600–2,500
Aug 1942
Dec 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Lesko
2,000
1942
Sep 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Lubaczów
4,200–7,000
Oct 1942
Jan 1943
to Sobibor, many killed locally
Łachwa Ghetto
2,350
4 Apr 1942
Sep 1942
killed locally, 1,500 in an uprising.
Łęczna
3,000
Jun 1942
Nov 1942
to Sobibor, many killed locally
Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto
20,000
28 Aug 1942
18 Jul 1943
to Treblinka (17,000), hundreds killed locally.
Ożarów
4,500
Jan 1942
Oct 1942
to Treblinka
Pińsk Ghetto
26,200
Apr 1942
Oct 1942
to Bronna Góra (3,500), the rest killed locally
Przemyśl
22,000–24,000
Jul 1942
Sep 1943
to Bełżec extermination camp, Auschwitz, Janowska
Przeworsk
1,400?
Jul 1942
Oct 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Przysucha
2,500–5,000
Jul – 15 Aug 1942
27 / 31 Oct 1942
to Treblinka (5,000)
Sambor Ghetto
8,000–9,000
Mar 1942
Jul 1943
to Bełżec extermination camp, many killed locally
Sosnowiec Ghetto
12,000
Oct 1942
Aug 1943
to Auschwitz
Starachowice (labor camp)
13,000
1942
1942
to Treblinka, see also Starachowice ghetto
Stryj
4,000–12,000
1942
Jun 1943
all killed locally
Sucha Beskidzka
400
1942
1943
to Auschwitz
Szydłów
1,000
Jan 1942
Oct 1942
to Chmielnik ghetto
Tarnogród (labor camp)
1,000
1942
1942
see Tarnogród ghetto → Bełżec extermination camp
Tomaszów M. (labor camp)
1,000
1942
May 1943
to Starachowice, see also Tomaszów Mazowiecki Ghetto (1940)
Tuchów
3,000
Jun 1942
Sep 1942
to Bełżec extermination camp
Zdzięcioł Ghetto
4,500
22 Feb 1942
30 Apr – 6 Aug 1942
killed locally during Zdzięcioł massacres
Aftermath
Jewish women and children rounded up for deportation to a death camp during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The ghetto inhabitants – most of whom were murdered during Operation Reinhard – possessed Polish citizenship before the Nazi–Soviet invasion of Poland, which in turn enabled over 150,000 Holocaust survivors registered at CKŻP to take advantage of the later repatriation agreements between the governments of Poland and the Soviet Union, and legally emigrate to the West to help form the nascent State of Israel. Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II. By contrast, Stalin forcibly brought Soviet Jews back to USSR along with all Soviet citizens, as agreed to in the Yalta Conference.
Some Jewish populations remained in the ghettos after their destruction. Many Jewish people were not able to leave the ghettos, either because they were too destitute or because they were still surrounded by Germans. This resulted in many of the ghettos' inhabitants dying from harsh conditions such as exposure, lack of food, and diseases. Those who left faced the challenge of seeking a place where they as displaced people could be resettled.
See also
Nazi ghettos
Jewish ghettos in Europe
Chronicles of Terror
German camps in occupied Poland during World War II
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp
Warsaw Ghetto Hunger Study
Notes and references
^ Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987.
^ Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1960. (in Polish)
^ a b c d e f g The statistical data compiled on the basis of "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" Archived 2016-02-08 at the Wayback Machine by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews (in English), as well as "Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon, Archived November 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (in Polish) and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at ARC 2005 (in English). Some figures might require further confirmation due to their comparative range.
^ a b Berenbaum, Michael (2006). The World Must Know. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 114. ISBN 978-0801883583.
^ "The War Against The Jews". The Holocaust Chronicle, 2009. Chicago, Illinois. Accessed June 21, 2011.
^ Wojciech Roszkowski, Historia Polski 1914–1997 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Warsaw 1998. PDF file, 46.0 MB (available with purchase). Chomikuj.pl, 2013.
^ a b Dwork, Deborah and Robert Jan Van Pelt,The Construction of Crematoria at Auschwitz, W.W. Norton & Co., 1996.
^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Online Exhibition: Give Me Your Children: Voices from the Lodz Ghetto Archived 2013-09-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ University of Minnesota, Majdanek Death Camp
^ Edward Victor, "Ghettos and Other Jewish Communities." Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine Judaica Philatelic. Accessed June 20, 2011.
^ Richard C. Lukas, Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust, University Press of Kentucky 1989, 201 pages. p. 13; also in Richard C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944, University Press of Kentucky, 1986, Google Print, p.13.
^ Gunnar S. Paulsson, "The Rescue of Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland," Journal of Holocaust Education, Vol. 7, Nos. 1&2, 1998, pp. 19–44. Published by Frank Cass, London.
^ "Types of Ghettos". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.
^ a b Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen, "The Ghettos of Poland". Archived 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 2002.
^ Warsaw Ghetto, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Washington, D.C.
^ Ghettos, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
^ François Furet, Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews. Schocken Books (1989), p. 182; ISBN 0-8052-4051-9
^ "A letter from Timothy Snyder of Bloodlands: Two genocidaires, taking turns in Poland". The Book Haven. Stanford University. December 15, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
^ Tomasz Sommer (2010). Execute the Poles: The Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union, 1937–1938. Documents from Headquarters. Warsaw: 3S Media. p. 277. ISBN 978-83-7673-020-2. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
^ Location names in other languages are available through the active links.
^ a b Yad Vashem. "Piotrkow Trybunalski" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center. The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.
^ Maciej i Ewa Szaniawscy, "Zagłada Żydów w Będzinie w świetle relacji" (Extermination of Jews in the light of testimony) Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine. (in Polish) According to 1946 research by Wojewódzka Żydowska Komisja Historyczna in Katowice, wrote Maciej i Ewa Szaniawscy, there were around 30,000 Jews in Będzin following the invasion, including those who came in from neighbouring settlements. Between October 1940 and May 1942, the first 4,000 Jews were deported. In May 1942 additional 2,000 and in August, 5,000 more. Deportations between August 1942 and mid June 1943 amounted to additional 5,000. On 22 June 1943 the next transport of 5,000 Jews departed to Auschwitz, and finally, between 1–3 August 1943, the remaining 8,000 were sent away. The dispersed Jews who stayed, amounting to 1,000 persons, were deported between early October 1943 and July 1944. In total, about 28,000 Jews are believed to have been deported from the Będzin Ghetto. This information however, is not confirmed by the two main sources of the remaining data nor the Jewish Historical Institute, listing only 7,000 victims.
^ Będzin in the Jewish Historical Institute community database. Archived February 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Warsaw.
^ Iwona Pogorzelska, Bodzentyn od 1869 roku do niepodległości. Polska.pl. Accessed June 16, 2011.
^ a b Martyna Sypniewska. "Historia Żydów w Ciechanowie" . Jewish Historical Institute (ŻIH), Dział Dokumentacji Zabytków; J. Szczepański, D. Piotrowicz (in Polish). Virtual Shtetl (Wirtualny Sztetl). Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-03-25. Czerwony Bór massacres.
^ Patrycja Bukalska (20 January 2010). "Róża Robota postanowiła walczyć do końca" . Pamięć Auschwitz (4/2010). Tygodnik Powszechny.
^ "Getto w Łowiczu," at Miejsca martyrologii, Wirtualny Sztetl. Instytut Adama Mickiewicza. (in Polish)
^ "Cmentarz żydowski w Mogielnicy Jewish cemetery in Mogielnica". cmentarze-zydowskie.pl.
^ a b Piotrków Trybunalski – Getto w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim. Archived 2011-10-07 at the Wayback Machine Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of the Polish Jews. Accessed July 1, 2011.
^ "Angelika Lasiewicz-Sych, "Traces of the past", Kultura Współczesna nr 4 (38), 2003". Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-06-24.
^ Virtual Shtetl. "Jewish history of Włodawa" (in Polish). POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Olszewski E., Szczygieł R. (1991), Dzieje Włodawy, Lublin – Włodawa. Deportations to Sobibór took place in waves: 1,300 Jews in May 1942, 5,400 in October, 2,800 in November 1942, and 2,000 in April 1943. Resource Guides. "Remember Jewish Wlodawa". With maps and family photographs. Genealogy Group.
^ Browning, Christopher R. (2012). "Białystok Region (Distrikt Bialystok)". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, Volume II. Indiana University Press. pp. 855–988. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050wk1.19. ISBN 9780253355997. JSTOR j.ctt2050wk1.19.
^ "The Bielsk Podlaski Ghetto - Eyewitness Holocaust testimony of life and death in the Bielsk Podlaski ghetto". JewishGen KehilaLinks.
^ a b c d e f Holocaust: "The Jews in the County of Cracau (sic)." The JewishGen ShtetLinks. Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine Accessed June 28, 2011.
^ "Brześć – History". Virtual Shtetl, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. p. 12. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
^ a b Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. "Appendix A." p. 395.
^ "Życie za Życie" (Righteous of Ciepielów who paid the ultimate price)." Archived 2011-08-23 at the Wayback Machine Urząd Gminy w Ciepielowie. (in Polish). Accessed July 6, 2011.
^ "Ćmielów – Historia," Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich Wirtualny Sztetl (Museum of the History of the Polish Jews). Accessed July 6, 2011.
^ Geoffrey P. Megargee; Christopher Browning; Martin Dean (2012). "Gniewoszów". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 224–225. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.
^ a b The Hrubieszow Genealogy Group. ShtetLinks Project. Accessed June 30, 2011.
^ "Getto w Iwacewiczach". Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
^ "Getta tranzytowe w dystrykcie lubelskim". Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2015.. Pamięć Miejsca. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
^ "Izbica. History". Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. pp. 3 of 6. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
^ The 90th session of the Senate of the Republic of Poland. Stenograph, part 2.2. Archived 2008-04-23 at the Wayback Machine A Report by Leon Kieres, president of the Institute of National Remembrance, for the period from July 1, 2,000 to June 30, 2001. Donald Tusk presiding. See statement by Senator Jadwiga Stokarska. (in Polish)
^ Kraków – History. Page 3. Virtual Shtetl, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Accessed July 12, 2011.
^ Niemiecki obóz tranzytowy Kiełbasin w Grodnie (wul. Sołamawaj) (Kiełbasin transit camp), Virtual Shtetl, POLIN Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich 2015. Accessed November 15, 2015.
^ a b Jack Kugelmass, Jonathan Boyarin, Zachary M. Baker, From a ruined garden: the memorial books of Polish Jewry, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed June 27, 2011.
^ Jack Fischel (1998). The Holocaust. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-313-29879-0.
^ a b c "Treblinka Death Camp Day-by-Day," Archived May 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine at Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team (www.HolocaustResearchProject.org). Accessed June 30, 2011.
^ YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Lutsk. "Following the Soviet liberation of Łuck in February 1944, only about 150 Jews returned. By 1959, just 600 Jews were living in Lutsk. The fortified synagogue was turned into a movie theater and later into a sports hall. A residential area was constructed on the site of the Rabbinite and Karaite cemeteries."
^ "Osiek. History of Jewish community". Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Geoffrey P. Megargee; Christopher Browning; Martin Dean (2009). "Pionki by Jolanta Kraemer". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 278–279. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
^ Piotr Berghof, "Radoszyce, wspomnienie o żydowskich mieszkańcach miasteczka." (in Polish). Accessed June 27, 2011.
^ Słonim – History. Jewish community. Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. (in Polish) Accessed July 7, 2011. The prewar Polish city of Słonim was overrun by the Red Army in September 1939 and confiscated as part of Western Belarus. The influx of refugees from Nazi-occupied Poland increased its Jewish population to 27,000. Over 1,000 were deported to Siberia by the NKVD. Following German invasion of USSR, the ghetto was set up in August 1941, but mass executions began already on 17 July (1,200 men shot just outside the city). A second shooting action took place on 14 November 1941 with 9,000 killed. The ghetto was burned to the ground with all its inhabitants between 29 June and 15 July 1942 following a revolt. Only about 500 managed to escape.
^ a b Shmuel Spector; Geoffrey Wigoder (2001). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust. NYU Press. p. 1255. ISBN 978-0-8147-9356-5.
^ "Tarnobrzeg. Warto zobaczyć" (Tarnobrzeg worth seeing), Wydawnictwo Bezdroża. Accessed June 27, 2011.
^ Wadowice – Historia. Wirtualny Sztetl. (in Polish). Accessed June 27, 2011.
^ "Chronology of Vilna Ghetto," Archived 2017-10-23 at the Wayback Machine at Vilnaghetto.com without additional confirmation of quantitative data. Accessed June 24, 2011.
^ "The Deportation of the Zabludow Jews to Treblinka Death Camp." Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine 2003 Tilford Bartman, Jerusalem, Israel.
^ Geoffrey P. Megargee; Christopher Browning; Martin Dean (2009). "Radom Region by Jolanta Kraemer". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 355–356. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.
^ Daniel Blatman (Summer 2003). "Zwolen". Pinkas HaKehillot, Polen, Volume VII (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1999), Pages 187–189. Translated by Judy Montel. Kielce-Radom SIG Journal Volume 7, Number 3: 8–9.
^ "Lachwa, Polesie province, Poland.", The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
^ "The History of Miedzyrzec Podlaski." Association of Immigrants of Mezritch Depodalsia Area in Israel. Accessed July 5, 2011.
^ "Mezritch (Międzyrzec) Podlaski in the Jewish sources." Association of Immigrants of Mezritch Depodalsia. Accessed June 16, 2011.
^ Przysucha, województwo Mazowieckie, Polska. Haapalah Index and Source Database. Accessed July 5, 2011.
^ Przysucha – History. Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Accessed July 5, 2011.
^ Gmina Sucha Beskidzka, powiat suski. Targeo. (in Polish). Accessed June 27, 2011.
^ Stefan Krakowski, Tomaszow Mazowiecki, Jewish Virtual Library. Accessed June 24, 2001.
^ Philipp Ther; Ana Siljak (2001). Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-7425-1094-4. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Devorah Hakohen, Immigrants in turmoil: mass immigration to Israel and its repercussions... Syracuse University Press, 2003 – 325 pages. Page 70. ISBN 0-8156-2969-9
^ Arieh J. Kochavi, Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948. Page 15. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2620-0 Accessed June 20, 2011.
^ "After the Uprising: Life Among the Ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto | Holocaust Survivors Describe the Last Months in the Warsaw Ghetto – Voices from the Inferno | Yad Vashem".
^ "Holocaust Timeline: Aftermath". fcit.usf.edu.
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Garden of the Righteous | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unpaved_steet_in_the_Frysztak_Ghetto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frysztak Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frysztak_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"German invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arad-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GKBZH-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statistics-3"},{"link_name":"Poland's Jewish population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"slave-labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berenbaum-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holocaustchronicle-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Unpaved street in the Frysztak GhettoGhettos were established by Nazi Germany in hundreds of locations across occupied Poland after the German invasion of Poland.[1][2][3] Most ghettos were established between October 1939 and July 1942 in order to confine and segregate Poland's Jewish population of about 3.5 million for the purpose of persecution, terror, and exploitation. In smaller towns, ghettos often served as staging points for Jewish slave-labor and mass deportation actions, while in the urban centers they resembled walled-off prison-islands described by some historians as little more than instruments of \"slow, passive murder\", with dead bodies littering the streets.[4]In most cases, the larger ghettos did not correspond to traditional Jewish neighborhoods, and non-Jewish Poles and members of other ethnic groups were ordered to take up residence elsewhere. Smaller Jewish communities with populations under 500 were terminated through expulsion soon after the invasion.[5][6]","title":"List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-134-0771A-39,_Polen,_Ghetto_Warschau,_Kind_in_Lumpen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht Propaganda Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht_Propaganda_Troops"},{"link_name":"liquidation of the Jewish ghettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Poland"},{"link_name":"death camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_camps"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwork/Pelt-7"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"resettlement program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resettlement_to_the_East"},{"link_name":"Holocaust trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_train"},{"link_name":"Łódź Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwork/Pelt-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USHM-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UM-9"},{"link_name":"armed resistance attempts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_uprising"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Białystok Ghetto Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Będzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto#Uprising"},{"link_name":"Łachwa Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto#Development_of_resistance"},{"link_name":"extermination camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berenbaum-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwardvictor-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukas-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP-JHEd-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bialystok_Ghetto_15-20_August_1943_(liquidation).jpg"},{"link_name":"Białystok Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ushmm-7445-13"},{"link_name":"pre-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"strong historical ties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holocaust-education.dk-14"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ushmm-5069-15"},{"link_name":"Łódź Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ushmm.org1-16"},{"link_name":"Jewish Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(diaspora)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holocaust-education.dk-14"},{"link_name":"Wannsee conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannsee_conference"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Final Solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furet-17"}],"text":"A child lies on the street in the Warsaw Ghetto, May 1941. Photo by the Wehrmacht Propaganda Company 689, now in German Federal ArchivesThe liquidation of the Jewish ghettos across occupied Poland was closely connected with the construction of secretive death camps—industrial-scale mass-extermination facilities—built in early 1942 for the sole purpose of murder.[7] The Nazi extermination program depended on rail transport, which enabled the SS to run and, at the same time, openly lie to their victims about the \"resettlement program\". Jews were transported to their deaths in Holocaust trains from liquidated ghettos of all occupied cities, including Łódź Ghetto, the last in Poland to be liquidated in August 1944.[7][8][9] In some larger ghettos there were armed resistance attempts, such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising, the Będzin and the Łachwa Ghetto uprisings, but in every case they failed against the overwhelming German military force, and the resisting Jews were either executed locally or deported with the rest of prisoners to the extermination camps.[4] By the time Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe was liberated by the Red Army, not a single Jewish ghetto in Poland was left standing.[10] Only about 50,000–120,000 Polish Jews survived the war on native soil, a fraction of their prewar population of 3,500,000.[11][12]Partial liquidation of the Białystok Ghetto, 15–20 August 1943. Jewish men with their hands up, surrounded by military unitsIn total, according to archives of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, \"The Germans established at least 1000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone.\"[13] The list of locations of the Jewish ghettos within the borders of pre-war and post-war Poland is compiled with the understanding that their inhabitants were either of Polish nationality from before the invasion, or had strong historical ties with Poland. Also, not all ghettos are listed here due to their transient nature. Permanent ghettos were created only in settlements with rail connections, because the food aid (paid by the Jews themselves) was completely dependent on the Germans, making even the potato-peels a hot commodity.[14] Throughout 1940 and 1941, most ghettos were sealed off from the outside, walled off or enclosed with barbed wire, and any Jews found outside them could be shot on sight. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 3.4 square kilometres (1.3 sq mi), or 7.2 persons per room.[15] The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000 inmates.[16] In documents and signage, the Nazis usually referred to the ghettos they created as Jüdischer Wohnbezirk or Wohngebiet der Juden, meaning \"Jewish Quarter\". By the end of 1941, most Polish Jews were already ghettoized, even though the Germans knew that the system was unsustainable; most inmates had no chance of earning their own keep, and no savings left to pay the SS for further deliveries.[14] The quagmire was resolved at the Wannsee conference of 20 January 1942 near Berlin, where the \"Final Solution\" (die Endlösung der Judenfrage) was set in place.[17]","title":"The Holocaust"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statistics-3"},{"link_name":"redraw Europe's political map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo%E2%80%93NKVD_Conferences"},{"link_name":"Polish territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Bezirk Bialystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk_Bialystok"},{"link_name":"Provinz Ostpreußen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinz_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen"},{"link_name":"annexed by the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statistics-3"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Byelorussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"\"Polish Operation\" of the NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD"},{"link_name":"Great Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookhaven-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thepolishreview-19"}],"text":"The settlements listed in the Polish language,[3] including major cities, had all been renamed after the 1939 joint invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. Renaming everything in their own image had been one way in which the invaders sought to redraw Europe's political map. All Polish territories were assigned as either Nazi zones of occupation (i.e. Bezirk Bialystok, Provinz Ostpreußen, etc.), or annexed by the Soviet Union, soon to be overrun again in Operation Barbarossa.[3] The Soviet Ukraine and Byelorussia witnessed the \"Polish Operation\" of the NKVD, resulting in the virtual absence of ethnic Poles in the USSR along the pre-war border with Poland since the Great Purge.[18][19]","title":"List of Jewish ghettos in occupied Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Jewish_boy_surrenders_in_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"death camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_camp"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Operation Reinhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Reinhard"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"CKŻP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_Polish_Jews"},{"link_name":"State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ther-Siljak-69"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"aliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-H-70"},{"link_name":"Yalta Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochavi-15-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"Jewish women and children rounded up for deportation to a death camp during the Warsaw Ghetto UprisingThe ghetto inhabitants – most of whom were murdered during Operation Reinhard – possessed Polish citizenship before the Nazi–Soviet invasion of Poland, which in turn enabled over 150,000 Holocaust survivors registered at CKŻP to take advantage of the later repatriation agreements between the governments of Poland and the Soviet Union, and legally emigrate to the West to help form the nascent State of Israel.[69] Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II.[70] By contrast, Stalin forcibly brought Soviet Jews back to USSR along with all Soviet citizens, as agreed to in the Yalta Conference.[71]Some Jewish populations remained in the ghettos after their destruction. Many Jewish people were not able to leave the ghettos, either because they were too destitute or because they were still surrounded by Germans.[72] This resulted in many of the ghettos' inhabitants dying from harsh conditions such as exposure, lack of food, and diseases. Those who left faced the challenge of seeking a place where they as displaced people could be resettled.[73]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arad_1-0"},{"link_name":"Yitzhak Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad"},{"link_name":"Indiana University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GKBZH_2-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statistics_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statistics_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statistics_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statistics_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statistics_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statistics_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statistics_3-6"},{"link_name":"\"Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sztetl.org.pl/en/selectcity/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160208215116/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/selectcity/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Virtual Shtetl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Shtetl"},{"link_name":"Museum of the History of the Polish Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_the_Polish_Jews"},{"link_name":"\"Getta Żydowskie,\" by Gedeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.izrael.badacz.org/historia/szoa_getto.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121122064635/http://www.izrael.badacz.org/historia/szoa_getto.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ARC 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Berenbaum_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Berenbaum_4-1"},{"link_name":"Berenbaum, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum"},{"link_name":"The World Must Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iqMWAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0801883583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801883583"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-holocaustchronicle_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"The War Against The Jews\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/176.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Roszkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Roszkowski"},{"link_name":"Historia Polski 1914–1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chomikuj.pl/marek5425/e-Book*27s/Popularnonaukowe/Historia/Wojciech+Roszkowski+-+Historia+Polski+1914-2004"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304075216/http://chomikuj.pl/marek5425/e-Book*27s/Popularnonaukowe/Historia/Wojciech+Roszkowski+-+Historia+Polski+1914-2004"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dwork/Pelt_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dwork/Pelt_7-1"},{"link_name":"The Construction of Crematoria at Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/auconstruct.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USHM_8-0"},{"link_name":"Online Exhibition: Give Me Your Children: Voices from the Lodz Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/lodz/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130912124330/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/lodz/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UM_9-0"},{"link_name":"Majdanek Death Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chgs.umn.edu/museum/memorials/Majdanek/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-edwardvictor_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Ghettos and Other Jewish Communities.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/ghetto_home_main.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110608060416/http://www.edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/ghetto_home_main.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback 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Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas"},{"link_name":"Google Print, p.13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lz9obsxmuW4C&pg=PA13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSP-JHEd_12-0"},{"link_name":"Gunnar S. Paulsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_S._Paulsson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ushmm-7445_13-0"},{"link_name":"\"Types of Ghettos\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ushmm.org/wlc/sp/article.php?ModuleId=10007445"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-holocaust-education.dk_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-holocaust-education.dk_14-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Ghettos of Poland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/ghettoer.asp"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131022181155/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/ghettoer.asp"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ushmm-5069_15-0"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069"},{"link_name":"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ushmm.org1_16-0"},{"link_name":"Ghettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005059"},{"link_name":"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Furet_17-0"},{"link_name":"François Furet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet"},{"link_name":"Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=02PpAAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8052-4051-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-4051-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bookhaven_18-0"},{"link_name":"\"A letter from Timothy Snyder of Bloodlands: Two genocidaires, taking turns in Poland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bookhaven.stanford.edu/tag/timothy-snyder/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-thepolishreview_19-0"},{"link_name":"Execute the Poles: The Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union, 1937–1938. Documents from Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thepolishreview.org/backissues.html"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-7673-020-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7673-020-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chronology_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chronology_21-1"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"\"Piotrkow Trybunalski\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205700.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-szaniawscy_22-0"},{"link_name":"\"Zagłada Żydów w Będzinie w świetle relacji\" (Extermination of Jews in the light of 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Page 15.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/postholocaustpol00koch/page/15"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8078-2620-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2620-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"\"After the Uprising: Life Among the Ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto | Holocaust Survivors Describe the Last Months in the Warsaw Ghetto – Voices from the Inferno | Yad Vashem\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/warsaw_ghetto_testimonies/ruins.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"\"Holocaust Timeline: Aftermath\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/after.htm"}],"text":"^ Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987.\n\n^ Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1960. (in Polish)\n\n^ a b c d e f g The statistical data compiled on the basis of \"Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland\" Archived 2016-02-08 at the Wayback Machine by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews (in English), as well as \"Getta Żydowskie,\" by Gedeon, Archived November 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (in Polish) and \"Ghetto List\" by Michael Peters at ARC 2005 (in English). Some figures might require further confirmation due to their comparative range.\n\n^ a b Berenbaum, Michael (2006). The World Must Know. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 114. ISBN 978-0801883583.\n\n^ \"The War Against The Jews\". The Holocaust Chronicle, 2009. Chicago, Illinois. Accessed June 21, 2011.\n\n^ Wojciech Roszkowski, Historia Polski 1914–1997 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Warsaw 1998. PDF file, 46.0 MB (available with purchase). Chomikuj.pl, 2013.\n\n^ a b Dwork, Deborah and Robert Jan Van Pelt,The Construction of Crematoria at Auschwitz, W.W. Norton & Co., 1996.\n\n^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Online Exhibition: Give Me Your Children: Voices from the Lodz Ghetto Archived 2013-09-12 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ University of Minnesota, Majdanek Death Camp\n\n^ Edward Victor, \"Ghettos and Other Jewish Communities.\" Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine Judaica Philatelic. Accessed June 20, 2011.\n\n^ Richard C. Lukas, Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust, University Press of Kentucky 1989, 201 pages. p. 13; also in Richard C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944, University Press of Kentucky, 1986, Google Print, p.13.\n\n^ Gunnar S. Paulsson, \"The Rescue of Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland,\" Journal of Holocaust Education, Vol. 7, Nos. 1&2, 1998, pp. 19–44. Published by Frank Cass, London.\n\n^ \"Types of Ghettos\". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.\n\n^ a b Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen, \"The Ghettos of Poland\". Archived 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 2002.\n\n^ Warsaw Ghetto, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Washington, D.C.\n\n^ Ghettos, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\n\n^ François Furet, Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews. Schocken Books (1989), p. 182; ISBN 0-8052-4051-9\n\n^ \"A letter from Timothy Snyder of Bloodlands: Two genocidaires, taking turns in Poland\". The Book Haven. Stanford University. December 15, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2011.\n\n^ Tomasz Sommer (2010). Execute the Poles: The Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union, 1937–1938. Documents from Headquarters. Warsaw: 3S Media. p. 277. ISBN 978-83-7673-020-2. Retrieved April 25, 2011.\n\n^ Location names in other languages are available through the active links.\n\n^ a b Yad Vashem. \"Piotrkow Trybunalski\" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center. The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.\n\n^ Maciej i Ewa Szaniawscy, \"Zagłada Żydów w Będzinie w świetle relacji\" (Extermination of Jews in the light of testimony) Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine. (in Polish) According to 1946 research by Wojewódzka Żydowska Komisja Historyczna in Katowice, wrote Maciej i Ewa Szaniawscy, there were around 30,000 Jews in Będzin following the invasion, including those who came in from neighbouring settlements. Between October 1940 and May 1942, the first 4,000 Jews were deported. In May 1942 additional 2,000 and in August, 5,000 more. Deportations between August 1942 and mid June 1943 amounted to additional 5,000. On 22 June 1943 the next transport of 5,000 Jews departed to Auschwitz, and finally, between 1–3 August 1943, the remaining 8,000 were sent away. The dispersed Jews who stayed, amounting to 1,000 persons, were deported between early October 1943 and July 1944. In total, about 28,000 Jews are believed to have been deported from the Będzin Ghetto. This information however, is not confirmed by the two main sources of the remaining data nor the Jewish Historical Institute, listing only 7,000 victims.\n\n^ Będzin in the Jewish Historical Institute community database. Archived February 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Warsaw.\n\n^ Iwona Pogorzelska, Bodzentyn od 1869 roku do niepodległości. Polska.pl. Accessed June 16, 2011.\n\n^ a b Martyna Sypniewska. \"Historia Żydów w Ciechanowie\" [History of the Jews in Ciechanów]. Jewish Historical Institute (ŻIH), Dział Dokumentacji Zabytków; J. Szczepański, D. Piotrowicz (in Polish). Virtual Shtetl (Wirtualny Sztetl). Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-03-25. Czerwony Bór massacres.\n\n^ Patrycja Bukalska (20 January 2010). \"Róża Robota postanowiła walczyć do końca\" [Róża Robota chose to fight till the end]. Pamięć Auschwitz (4/2010). Tygodnik Powszechny.\n\n^ \"Getto w Łowiczu,\" at Miejsca martyrologii, Wirtualny Sztetl. Instytut Adama Mickiewicza. (in Polish)\n\n^ \"Cmentarz żydowski w Mogielnicy Jewish cemetery in Mogielnica\". cmentarze-zydowskie.pl.\n\n^ a b Piotrków Trybunalski – Getto w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim. Archived 2011-10-07 at the Wayback Machine Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of the Polish Jews. Accessed July 1, 2011.\n\n^ \"Angelika Lasiewicz-Sych, \"Traces of the past\", Kultura Współczesna nr 4 (38), 2003\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-06-24.\n\n^ Virtual Shtetl. \"Jewish history of Włodawa\" (in Polish). POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Olszewski E., Szczygieł R. (1991), Dzieje Włodawy, Lublin – Włodawa. Deportations to Sobibór took place in waves: 1,300 Jews in May 1942, 5,400 in October, 2,800 in November 1942, and 2,000 in April 1943. Resource Guides. \"Remember Jewish Wlodawa\". With maps and family photographs. Genealogy Group.\n\n^ Browning, Christopher R. (2012). \"Białystok Region (Distrikt Bialystok)\". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, Volume II. Indiana University Press. pp. 855–988. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050wk1.19. ISBN 9780253355997. JSTOR j.ctt2050wk1.19.\n\n^ \"The Bielsk Podlaski Ghetto - Eyewitness Holocaust testimony of life and death in the Bielsk Podlaski ghetto\". JewishGen KehilaLinks.\n\n^ a b c d e f Holocaust: \"The Jews in the County of Cracau (sic).\" The JewishGen ShtetLinks. Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine Accessed June 28, 2011.\n\n^ \"Brześć – History\". Virtual Shtetl, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. p. 12. Retrieved July 15, 2011.\n\n^ a b Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. \"Appendix A.\" p. 395.\n\n^ \"Życie za Życie\" (Righteous of Ciepielów who paid the ultimate price).\" Archived 2011-08-23 at the Wayback Machine Urząd Gminy w Ciepielowie. (in Polish). Accessed July 6, 2011.\n\n^ \"Ćmielów – Historia,\" Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich Wirtualny Sztetl (Museum of the History of the Polish Jews). Accessed July 6, 2011.\n\n^ Geoffrey P. Megargee; Christopher Browning; Martin Dean (2012). \"Gniewoszów\". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 224–225. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.\n\n^ a b The Hrubieszow Genealogy Group. ShtetLinks Project. Accessed June 30, 2011.\n\n^ \"Getto w Iwacewiczach\". Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2012.\n\n^ \"Getta tranzytowe w dystrykcie lubelskim\". Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2015.. Pamięć Miejsca. Retrieved April 12, 2012.\n\n^ \"Izbica. History\". Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. pp. 3 of 6. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2012.\n\n^ The 90th session of the Senate of the Republic of Poland. Stenograph, part 2.2. Archived 2008-04-23 at the Wayback Machine A Report by Leon Kieres, president of the Institute of National Remembrance, for the period from July 1, 2,000 to June 30, 2001. Donald Tusk presiding. See statement by Senator Jadwiga Stokarska. (in Polish)\n\n^ Kraków – History. Page 3. Virtual Shtetl, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Accessed July 12, 2011.\n\n^ Niemiecki obóz tranzytowy Kiełbasin w Grodnie (wul. Sołamawaj) (Kiełbasin transit camp), Virtual Shtetl, POLIN Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich 2015. Accessed November 15, 2015.\n\n^ a b Jack Kugelmass, Jonathan Boyarin, Zachary M. Baker, From a ruined garden: the memorial books of Polish Jewry, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed June 27, 2011.\n\n^ Jack Fischel (1998). The Holocaust. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-313-29879-0.\n\n^ a b c \"Treblinka Death Camp Day-by-Day,\" Archived May 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine at Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team (www.HolocaustResearchProject.org). Accessed June 30, 2011.\n\n^ YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Lutsk. \"Following the Soviet liberation of Łuck in February 1944, only about 150 Jews returned. By 1959, just 600 Jews were living in Lutsk. The fortified synagogue was turned into a movie theater and later into a sports hall. A residential area was constructed on the site of the Rabbinite and Karaite cemeteries.\"\n\n^ \"Osiek. History of Jewish community\". Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved April 8, 2012.\n\n^ Geoffrey P. Megargee; Christopher Browning; Martin Dean (2009). \"Pionki by Jolanta Kraemer\". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 278–279. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7. Retrieved April 10, 2012.\n\n^ Piotr Berghof, \"Radoszyce, wspomnienie o żydowskich mieszkańcach miasteczka.\" (in Polish). Accessed June 27, 2011.\n\n^ Słonim – History. Jewish community. Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. (in Polish) Accessed July 7, 2011. The prewar Polish city of Słonim was overrun by the Red Army in September 1939 and confiscated as part of Western Belarus. The influx of refugees from Nazi-occupied Poland increased its Jewish population to 27,000. Over 1,000 were deported to Siberia by the NKVD. Following German invasion of USSR, the ghetto was set up in August 1941, but mass executions began already on 17 July (1,200 men shot just outside the city). A second shooting action took place on 14 November 1941 with 9,000 killed. The ghetto was burned to the ground with all its inhabitants between 29 June and 15 July 1942 following a revolt. Only about 500 managed to escape.\n\n^ a b Shmuel Spector; Geoffrey Wigoder (2001). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust. NYU Press. p. 1255. ISBN 978-0-8147-9356-5.\n\n^ \"Tarnobrzeg. Warto zobaczyć\" (Tarnobrzeg worth seeing), Wydawnictwo Bezdroża. Accessed June 27, 2011.\n\n^ Wadowice – Historia. Wirtualny Sztetl. (in Polish). Accessed June 27, 2011.\n\n^ \"Chronology of Vilna Ghetto,\" Archived 2017-10-23 at the Wayback Machine at Vilnaghetto.com without additional confirmation of quantitative data. Accessed June 24, 2011.\n\n^ \"The Deportation of the Zabludow Jews to Treblinka Death Camp.\" Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine 2003 Tilford Bartman, Jerusalem, Israel.\n\n^ Geoffrey P. Megargee; Christopher Browning; Martin Dean (2009). \"Radom Region by Jolanta Kraemer\". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 355–356. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.\n\n^ Daniel Blatman (Summer 2003). \"Zwolen\". Pinkas HaKehillot, Polen, Volume VII (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1999), Pages 187–189. Translated by Judy Montel. Kielce-Radom SIG Journal Volume 7, Number 3: 8–9.\n\n^ \"Lachwa, Polesie province, Poland.\", The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945\n\n^ \"The History of Miedzyrzec Podlaski.\" Association of Immigrants of Mezritch Depodalsia Area in Israel. Accessed July 5, 2011.\n\n^ \"Mezritch (Międzyrzec) Podlaski in the Jewish sources.\" Association of Immigrants of Mezritch Depodalsia. Accessed June 16, 2011.\n\n^ Przysucha, województwo Mazowieckie, Polska. Haapalah Index and Source Database. Accessed July 5, 2011.\n\n^ Przysucha – History. Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Accessed July 5, 2011.\n\n^ Gmina Sucha Beskidzka, powiat suski. Targeo. (in Polish). Accessed June 27, 2011.\n\n^ Stefan Krakowski, Tomaszow Mazowiecki, Jewish Virtual Library. Accessed June 24, 2001.\n\n^ Philipp Ther; Ana Siljak (2001). Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-7425-1094-4. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Devorah Hakohen, Immigrants in turmoil: mass immigration to Israel and its repercussions... Syracuse University Press, 2003 – 325 pages. Page 70. ISBN 0-8156-2969-9\n\n^ Arieh J. Kochavi, Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948. Page 15. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2620-0 Accessed June 20, 2011.\n\n^ \"After the Uprising: Life Among the Ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto | Holocaust Survivors Describe the Last Months in the Warsaw Ghetto – Voices from the Inferno | Yad Vashem\".\n\n^ \"Holocaust Timeline: Aftermath\". fcit.usf.edu.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [{"image_text":"Unpaved street in the Frysztak Ghetto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Unpaved_steet_in_the_Frysztak_Ghetto.jpg/290px-Unpaved_steet_in_the_Frysztak_Ghetto.jpg"},{"image_text":"A child lies on the street in the Warsaw Ghetto, May 1941. Photo by the Wehrmacht Propaganda Company 689, now in German Federal Archives","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-134-0771A-39%2C_Polen%2C_Ghetto_Warschau%2C_Kind_in_Lumpen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-134-0771A-39%2C_Polen%2C_Ghetto_Warschau%2C_Kind_in_Lumpen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Partial liquidation of the Białystok Ghetto, 15–20 August 1943. Jewish men with their hands up, surrounded by military units","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bialystok_Ghetto_15-20_August_1943_%28liquidation%29.jpg/220px-Bialystok_Ghetto_15-20_August_1943_%28liquidation%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jewish women and children rounded up for deportation to a death camp during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_BW.jpg/220px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_BW.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Nazi ghettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_ghettos"},{"title":"Jewish ghettos in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe"},{"title":"Chronicles of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicles_of_Terror"},{"title":"German camps in occupied Poland during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_camps_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II"},{"title":"Nazi crimes against the Polish nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation"},{"title":"Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Treblinka_extermination_camp"},{"title":"Warsaw Ghetto Hunger Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Hunger_Study"}] | [{"reference":"Berenbaum, Michael (2006). The World Must Know. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 114. ISBN 978-0801883583.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum","url_text":"Berenbaum, Michael"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iqMWAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The World Must Know"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum","url_text":"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801883583","url_text":"978-0801883583"}]},{"reference":"\"A letter from Timothy Snyder of Bloodlands: Two genocidaires, taking turns in Poland\". The Book Haven. Stanford University. December 15, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookhaven.stanford.edu/tag/timothy-snyder/","url_text":"\"A letter from Timothy Snyder of Bloodlands: Two genocidaires, taking turns in Poland\""}]},{"reference":"Tomasz Sommer (2010). Execute the Poles: The Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union, 1937–1938. Documents from Headquarters. Warsaw: 3S Media. p. 277. ISBN 978-83-7673-020-2. Retrieved April 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepolishreview.org/backissues.html","url_text":"Execute the Poles: The Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union, 1937–1938. Documents from Headquarters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw","url_text":"Warsaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7673-020-2","url_text":"978-83-7673-020-2"}]},{"reference":"Yad Vashem. \"Piotrkow Trybunalski\" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center. The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem","url_text":"Yad Vashem"},{"url":"http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205700.pdf","url_text":"\"Piotrkow Trybunalski\""}]},{"reference":"Martyna Sypniewska. \"Historia Żydów w Ciechanowie\" [History of the Jews in Ciechanów]. Jewish Historical Institute (ŻIH), Dział Dokumentacji Zabytków; J. Szczepański, D. Piotrowicz (in Polish). Virtual Shtetl (Wirtualny Sztetl). Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-03-25. 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Page 15."},{"Link":"https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/warsaw_ghetto_testimonies/ruins.asp","external_links_name":"\"After the Uprising: Life Among the Ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto | Holocaust Survivors Describe the Last Months in the Warsaw Ghetto – Voices from the Inferno | Yad Vashem\""},{"Link":"https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/after.htm","external_links_name":"\"Holocaust Timeline: Aftermath\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ulm_(1326) | Treaty of Ulm (1326) | ["1 References"] | 1326 treaty between Frederick the Fair and Louis IV
The Treaty of Ulm established the joint rule of Frederick the Fair and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor in the Holy Roman Empire. It was agreed on January 7, 1326.
Under its terms, Frederick would administer the Holy Roman Empire as King of the Romans, and Louis would be crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.
References
^ de Coeckelberghe, C.D. (1845). Histoire De L'Empire D'Autriche Depuis Les Temps Les Plus Recules Jusqu'Au Regne De Ferdinand I. Empereur D'Autriche. Histoire De L'Empire D'Autriche Depuis Les Temps Les Plus Recules Jusqu'Au Regne De Ferdinand I. Empereur D'Autriche (in French). Charles Gerold. p. 204. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
^ Prutz, H.; Wright, J.H. (2018). The Age of the Renaissance. Charles River Editors. pp. 16–28. ISBN 978-1-5312-4075-2. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
This article related to a treaty is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick the Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair"},{"link_name":"Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_Coeckelberghe_1845_p._204-1"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"King of the Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prutz_Wright_2018_p._16-2"}],"text":"The Treaty of Ulm established the joint rule of Frederick the Fair and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor in the Holy Roman Empire. It was agreed on January 7, 1326.[1]Under its terms, Frederick would administer the Holy Roman Empire as King of the Romans, and Louis would be crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.[2]","title":"Treaty of Ulm (1326)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"de Coeckelberghe, C.D. (1845). Histoire De L'Empire D'Autriche Depuis Les Temps Les Plus Recules Jusqu'Au Regne De Ferdinand I. Empereur D'Autriche. Histoire De L'Empire D'Autriche Depuis Les Temps Les Plus Recules Jusqu'Au Regne De Ferdinand I. Empereur D'Autriche (in French). Charles Gerold. p. 204. Retrieved 30 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IwFTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA204","url_text":"Histoire De L'Empire D'Autriche Depuis Les Temps Les Plus Recules Jusqu'Au Regne De Ferdinand I. Empereur D'Autriche"}]},{"reference":"Prutz, H.; Wright, J.H. (2018). The Age of the Renaissance. Charles River Editors. pp. 16–28. ISBN 978-1-5312-4075-2. Retrieved 30 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DGpgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16","url_text":"The Age of the Renaissance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5312-4075-2","url_text":"978-1-5312-4075-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IwFTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA204","external_links_name":"Histoire De L'Empire D'Autriche Depuis Les Temps Les Plus Recules Jusqu'Au Regne De Ferdinand I. Empereur D'Autriche"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DGpgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16","external_links_name":"The Age of the Renaissance"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Ulm_(1326)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_inspection | Ultrasonic testing | ["1 History","2 How it works","3 Examples[5][6][7]","4 Features","4.1 Advantages","4.2 Disadvantages","5 Standards","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"] | Non-destructive material testing using ultrasonic waves
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An example of Ultrasonic Testing (UT) on blade roots of a V2500 IAE aircraft engine. Step 1: The UT probe is placed on the root of the blades to be inspected with the help of a special borescope tool (video probe). Step 2: Instrument settings are input. Step 3: The probe is scanned over the blade root. In this case, an indication (peak in the data) through the red line (or gate) indicates a good blade; an indication to the left of that range indicates a crack.
Principle of ultrasonic testing. LEFT: A probe sends a sound wave into a test material. There are two indications, one from the initial pulse of the probe, and the second due to the back wall echo. RIGHT: A defect creates the third indication and simultaneously reduces the amplitude of the back wall indication. The depth of the defect is determined by the ratio D/Ep
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse waves with centre frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion and erosion. Ultrasonic testing is extensively used to detect flaws in welds.
Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
History
The first efforts to use ultrasonic testing to detect flaws in solid material occurred in the 1930s. On May 27, 1940, U.S. researcher Dr. Floyd Firestone of the University of Michigan applies for a U.S. invention patent for the first practical ultrasonic testing method. The patent is granted on April 21, 1942 as U.S. Patent No. 2,280,226, titled "Flaw Detecting Device and Measuring Instrument". Extracts from the first two paragraphs of the patent for this entirely new nondestructive testing method succinctly describe the basics of such ultrasonic testing. "My invention pertains to a device for detecting the presence of inhomogeneities of density or elasticity in materials. For instance, if a casting has a hole or a crack within it, my device allows the presence of the flaw to be detected and its position located, even though the flaw lies entirely within the casting and no portion of it extends out to the surface. ... The general principle of my device consists of sending high frequency vibrations into the part to be inspected and the determination of the time intervals of the arrival of the direct and reflected vibrations at one or more stations on the surface of the part."
James F. McNulty (U.S. radio engineer) of Automation Industries, Inc., then, in El Segundo, California, an early improver of the many foibles and limits of this and other nondestructive testing methods, teaches in further detail on ultrasonic testing in his U.S. Patent 3,260,105 (application filed December 21, 1962, granted July 12, 1966, titled “Ultrasonic Testing Apparatus and Method”) that “Basically ultrasonic testing is performed by applying to a piezoelectric crystal transducer periodic electrical pulses of ultrasonic frequency. The crystal vibrates at the ultrasonic frequency and is mechanically coupled to the surface of the specimen to be tested. This coupling may be effected by immersion of both the transducer and the specimen in a body of liquid or by actual contact through a thin film of liquid such as oil. The ultrasonic vibrations pass through the specimen and are reflected by any discontinuities which may be encountered. The echo pulses that are reflected are received by the same or by a different transducer and are converted into electrical signals which indicate the presence of the defect.” To characterize microstructural features in the early stages of fatigue or creep damage, more advanced nonlinear ultrasonic tests should be employed. These nonlinear methods are based on the fact that an intensive ultrasonic wave is getting distorted as it faces micro damages in the material. The intensity of distortion is correlated with the level of damage. This intensity can be quantified by the acoustic nonlinearity parameter (β). β is related to first and second harmonic amplitudes. These amplitudes can be measured by harmonic decomposition of the ultrasonic signal through fast Fourier transformation or wavelet transformation.
How it works
At a construction site, a technician tests a pipeline weld for defects using an ultrasonic phased array instrument. The scanner, which consists of a frame with magnetic wheels, holds the probe in contact with the pipe by a spring. The wet area is the ultrasonic couplant that allows the sound to pass into the pipe wall.
Non-destructive testing of a swing shaft showing spline cracking
In ultrasonic testing, an ultrasound transducer connected to a diagnostic machine is passed over the object being inspected. The transducer is typically separated from the test object by a couplant such as a gel, oil or water, as in immersion testing. However, when ultrasonic testing is conducted with an Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) the use of couplant is not required.
There are two methods of receiving the ultrasound waveform: reflection and attenuation. In reflection (or pulse-echo) mode, the transducer performs both the sending and the receiving of the pulsed waves as the "sound" is reflected back to the device. Reflected ultrasound comes from an interface, such as the back wall of the object or from an imperfection within the object. The diagnostic machine displays these results in the form of a signal with an amplitude representing the intensity of the reflection and the distance, representing the arrival time of the reflection. In attenuation (or through-transmission) mode, a transmitter sends ultrasound through one surface, and a separate receiver detects the amount that has reached it on another surface after travelling through the medium. Imperfections or other conditions in the space between the transmitter and receiver reduce the amount of sound transmitted, thus revealing their presence. Using the couplant increases the efficiency of the process
by reducing the losses in the ultrasonic wave energy due to separation between the surfaces.
Examples
One of the example that utilize ultrasound for proving material property is the measurement of grain size of specific material. Unlike destructive measurement, ultrasound offers methods to measure grain size in non-destructive way with even higher detection efficiency. Measurement of grain size using ultrasound can be accomplished through evaluating ultrasonic velocities, attenunations, and backscatter feature. Theoretical foundation for scattering attenunation model was developed by Stanke, Kino, and Weaver.
With constant frequency, the scattering attenuation coefficient depends mainly on the grain size; Zeng et al, figured out that in pure Niobium, attenuation is linearly correlated with grain size through grain boundary scattering. This concepts of ultrasonic proving can be used to inversely resolve the grain size in the time domain when the scattering attenuation coefficient is measured from testing data, providing the non-destructive way to predict material's property with rather simple instruments.
Features
Advantages
High penetrating power allows the detection of flaws deep in the part.
High sensitivity, permitting the detection of extremely small flaws.
Greater accuracy than other non-destructive methods in determining the depth of internal flaws and the thickness of parts with parallel surfaces.
Some capability of estimating the size, orientation, shape and nature of defects.
Some capability of estimating the structure of alloys of components with different acoustic properties.
Non-hazardous to operations or to nearby personnel and has no effect on equipment and materials in the vicinity.
Capable of portable, highly automated or remote operation.
Results are immediate, allowing on-the-spot decisions to be made.
It needs to access only one surface of the product that is being inspected.
Disadvantages
Manual operation requires careful attention by experienced technicians. The transducers alert to both normal structure of some materials, tolerable anomalies of other specimens (both termed “noise”) and to faults therein severe enough to compromise specimen integrity. These signals must be distinguished by a skilled technician, possibly requiring follow up with other nondestructive testing methods.
Extensive technical knowledge is required for the development of inspection procedures.
Rough surface finish, irregular geometry, small parts, thin thicknesses, or un-homogeneous material composition can make testing difficult.
Surface must be prepared by cleaning and removing loose scale, paint, etc., although paint that is properly bonded to a surface, may not need to be removed.
Couplants are needed to effectively transfer ultrasonic wave energy between transducers and parts being inspected unless a non-contact technique is used. Non-contact techniques include Laser and Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT).
Equipment can be expensive.
Requires reference standards and calibration.
Standards
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO 2400: Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Specification for calibration block No. 1 (2012)
ISO 7963: Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Specification for calibration block No. 2 (2006)
ISO 10863: Non-destructive testing of welds -- Ultrasonic testing -- Use of time-of-flight diffraction technique (TOFD) (2011)
ISO 11666: Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Acceptance levels (2010)
ISO 16809: Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic thickness measurement (2012)
ISO 16831: Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- Characterization and verification of ultrasonic thickness measuring equipment (2012)
ISO 17640: Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Techniques, testing levels, and assessment (2010)
ISO 22825, Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Testing of welds in austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys (2012)
ISO 5577: Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic inspection -- Vocabulary (2000)
European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
EN 583, Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic examination
EN 1330-4, Non destructive testing - Terminology - Part 4: Terms used in ultrasonic testing
EN 12668-1, Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment - Part 1: Instruments
EN 12668-2, Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment - Part 2: Probes
EN 12668-3, Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment - Part 3: Combined equipment
EN 12680, Founding - Ultrasonic examination
EN 14127, Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic thickness measurement
(Note: Part of CEN standards in Germany accepted as DIN EN, in Czech Republic as CSN EN.)
See also
Non-Contact Ultrasound
Phased array ultrasonics
Time-of-flight diffraction ultrasonics (TOFD)
Time-of-flight ultrasonic determination of 3D elastic constants (TOF)
Internal rotary inspection system (IRIS) ultrasonics for tubes
EMAT Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer
ART (Acoustic Resonance Technology)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j Nondestructive Flaw Detection in Metallic Components Quality magazine August 2015 issue Pages 31-32 by Dan DeVries
^ Matlack, K. H.; Kim, J.-Y.; Jacobs, L. J.; Qu, J. (2015-03-01). "Review of Second Harmonic Generation Measurement Techniques for Material State Determination in Metals" (PDF). Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation. 34 (1): 273. doi:10.1007/s10921-014-0273-5. hdl:20.500.11850/103909. ISSN 0195-9298. S2CID 39932362.
^ Mostavi, Amir; Kamali, Negar; Tehrani, Niloofar; Chi, Sheng-Wei; Ozevin, Didem; Indacochea, J. Ernesto (2017). "Wavelet Based Harmonics Decomposition of Ultrasonic Signal in Assessment of Plastic Strain in Aluminum". Measurement. 106: 66–78. Bibcode:2017Meas..106...66M. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2017.04.013.
^ https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/EquipmentTrans/Couplant.htm Couplant Iowa State University - Center for Non-Destructive Evaluation retrieved 8//1/2021
^ Liu, Yu; Tian, Qiang; Guan, Xuefei (September 2021). "Grain Size Estimation using phased array ultrasound attenuation". NDT & E International. 122: 102479. doi:10.1016/j.ndteint.2021.102479. ISSN 0963-8695.
^ a b Zeng, Fei; Agnew, Sean R.; Raeisinia, Babak; Myneni, Ganapati R. (2010-03-31). "Ultrasonic Attenuation Due to Grain Boundary Scattering in Pure Niobium". Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation. 29 (2): 93–103. doi:10.1007/s10921-010-0068-2. ISSN 0195-9298.
^ Stanke, Fred E.; Kino, G. S. (1984-03-01). "A unified theory for elastic wave propagation in polycrystalline materials". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 75 (3): 665–681. doi:10.1121/1.390577. ISSN 0001-4966.
^ U.S. Patent 3,260,105 for Ultrasonic Testing Apparatus and Method to James F. McNulty at lines 37-48 and 60-72 of Column 1 and lines 1-4 of Column 2.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ultrasonic flaw detection.
Albert S. Birks, Robert E. Green, Jr., technical editors ; Paul McIntire, editor. Ultrasonic testing, 2nd ed. Columbus, OH : American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1991. ISBN 0-931403-04-9.
Josef Krautkrämer, Herbert Krautkrämer. Ultrasonic testing of materials, 4th fully rev. ed. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990. ISBN 3-540-51231-4.
J.C. Drury. Ultrasonic Flaw Detection for Technicians, 3rd ed., UK: Silverwing Ltd. 2004. (See Chapter 1 Archived 2006-10-17 at the Wayback Machine online (PDF, 61 kB)).
Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Third ed.: Volume 7, Ultrasonic Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing.
Detection and location of defects in electronic devices by means of scanning ultrasonic microscopy and the wavelet transform measurement, Volume 31, Issue 2, March 2002, Pages 77–91, L. Angrisani, L. Bechou, D. Dallet, P. Daponte, Y. Ousten
Charles Hellier (2003). "Chapter 7 - Ultrasonic Testing". Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-028121-9.
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
Germany
United States
Japan
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Step 1: The UT probe is placed on the root of the blades to be inspected with the help of a special borescope tool (video probe). Step 2: Instrument settings are input. Step 3: The probe is scanned over the blade root. In this case, an indication (peak in the data) through the red line (or gate) indicates a good blade; an indication to the left of that range indicates a crack.Principle of ultrasonic testing. LEFT: A probe sends a sound wave into a test material. There are two indications, one from the initial pulse of the probe, and the second due to the back wall echo. RIGHT: A defect creates the third indication and simultaneously reduces the amplitude of the back wall indication. The depth of the defect is determined by the ratio D/EpUltrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse waves with centre frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion and erosion. Ultrasonic testing is extensively used to detect flaws in welds.Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.","title":"Ultrasonic testing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality15-1"},{"link_name":"Floyd Firestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Firestone"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"James F. McNulty (U.S. radio engineer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._McNulty_(U.S._radio_engineer)"},{"link_name":"transducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The first efforts to use ultrasonic testing to detect flaws in solid material occurred in the 1930s.[1] On May 27, 1940, U.S. researcher Dr. Floyd Firestone of the University of Michigan applies for a U.S. invention patent for the first practical ultrasonic testing method. The patent is granted on April 21, 1942 as U.S. Patent No. 2,280,226, titled \"Flaw Detecting Device and Measuring Instrument\". Extracts from the first two paragraphs of the patent for this entirely new nondestructive testing method succinctly describe the basics of such ultrasonic testing. \"My invention pertains to a device for detecting the presence of inhomogeneities of density or elasticity in materials. For instance, if a casting has a hole or a crack within it, my device allows the presence of the flaw to be detected and its position located, even though the flaw lies entirely within the casting and no portion of it extends out to the surface. ... The general principle of my device consists of sending high frequency vibrations into the part to be inspected and the determination of the time intervals of the arrival of the direct and reflected vibrations at one or more stations on the surface of the part.\"James F. McNulty (U.S. radio engineer) of Automation Industries, Inc., then, in El Segundo, California, an early improver of the many foibles and limits of this and other nondestructive testing methods, teaches in further detail on ultrasonic testing in his U.S. Patent 3,260,105 (application filed December 21, 1962, granted July 12, 1966, titled “Ultrasonic Testing Apparatus and Method”) that “Basically ultrasonic testing is performed by applying to a piezoelectric crystal transducer periodic electrical pulses of ultrasonic frequency. The crystal vibrates at the ultrasonic frequency and is mechanically coupled to the surface of the specimen to be tested. This coupling may be effected by immersion of both the transducer and the specimen in a body of liquid or by actual contact through a thin film of liquid such as oil. The ultrasonic vibrations pass through the specimen and are reflected by any discontinuities which may be encountered. The echo pulses that are reflected are received by the same or by a different transducer and are converted into electrical signals which indicate the presence of the defect.” To characterize microstructural features in the early stages of fatigue or creep damage, more advanced nonlinear ultrasonic tests should be employed. These nonlinear methods are based on the fact that an intensive ultrasonic wave is getting distorted as it faces micro damages in the material.[2] The intensity of distortion is correlated with the level of damage. This intensity can be quantified by the acoustic nonlinearity parameter (β). β is related to first and second harmonic amplitudes. These amplitudes can be measured by harmonic decomposition of the ultrasonic signal through fast Fourier transformation or wavelet transformation.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ultrasonic_pipeline_test.jpg"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport"},{"link_name":"weld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding"},{"link_name":"phased array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array_ultrasonics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swing_shaft_spline_cracking.png"},{"link_name":"spline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spline_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"transducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_sensors"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iowastate-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality15-1"},{"link_name":"Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_acoustic_transducer"},{"link_name":"attenuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation"},{"link_name":"amplitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude"},{"link_name":"arrival time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrival_time"}],"text":"At a construction site, a technician tests a pipeline weld for defects using an ultrasonic phased array instrument. The scanner, which consists of a frame with magnetic wheels, holds the probe in contact with the pipe by a spring. The wet area is the ultrasonic couplant that allows the sound to pass into the pipe wall.Non-destructive testing of a swing shaft showing spline crackingIn ultrasonic testing, an ultrasound transducer connected to a diagnostic machine is passed over the object being inspected. The transducer is typically separated from the test object by a couplant [4] such as a gel, oil or water,[1] as in immersion testing. However, when ultrasonic testing is conducted with an Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) the use of couplant is not required.There are two methods of receiving the ultrasound waveform: reflection and attenuation. In reflection (or pulse-echo) mode, the transducer performs both the sending and the receiving of the pulsed waves as the \"sound\" is reflected back to the device. Reflected ultrasound comes from an interface, such as the back wall of the object or from an imperfection within the object. The diagnostic machine displays these results in the form of a signal with an amplitude representing the intensity of the reflection and the distance, representing the arrival time of the reflection. In attenuation (or through-transmission) mode, a transmitter sends ultrasound through one surface, and a separate receiver detects the amount that has reached it on another surface after travelling through the medium. Imperfections or other conditions in the space between the transmitter and receiver reduce the amount of sound transmitted, thus revealing their presence. Using the couplant increases the efficiency of the process\nby reducing the losses in the ultrasonic wave energy due to separation between the surfaces.","title":"How it works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"text":"One of the example that utilize ultrasound for proving material property is the measurement of grain size of specific material. Unlike destructive measurement, ultrasound offers methods to measure grain size in non-destructive way with even higher detection efficiency. Measurement of grain size using ultrasound can be accomplished through evaluating ultrasonic velocities, attenunations, and backscatter feature. Theoretical foundation for scattering attenunation model was developed by Stanke, Kino, and Weaver.With constant frequency, the scattering attenuation coefficient depends mainly on the grain size; Zeng et al, figured out that in pure Niobium, attenuation is linearly correlated with grain size through grain boundary scattering.[6] This concepts of ultrasonic proving can be used to inversely resolve the grain size in the time domain when the scattering attenuation coefficient is measured from testing data, providing the non-destructive way to predict material's property with rather simple instruments.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality15-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality15-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality15-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality15-1"}],"sub_title":"Advantages","text":"High penetrating power allows the detection of flaws deep in the part.[1]\nHigh sensitivity, permitting the detection of extremely small flaws.[1]\nGreater accuracy than other non-destructive methods in determining the depth of internal flaws and the thickness of parts with parallel surfaces.\nSome capability of estimating the size, orientation, shape and nature of defects.\nSome capability of estimating the structure of alloys of components with different acoustic properties.\nNon-hazardous to operations or to nearby personnel and has no effect on equipment and materials in the vicinity.\nCapable of portable, highly automated or remote operation.\nResults are immediate, allowing on-the-spot decisions to be made.[1]\nIt needs to access only one surface of the product that is being inspected.[1]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality15-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality15-1"},{"link_name":"EMAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMAT"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality15-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality15-1"}],"sub_title":"Disadvantages","text":"Manual operation requires careful attention by experienced technicians. The transducers alert to both normal structure of some materials, tolerable anomalies of other specimens (both termed “noise”) and to faults therein severe enough to compromise specimen integrity. These signals must be distinguished by a skilled technician, possibly requiring follow up with other nondestructive testing methods.[8]\nExtensive technical knowledge is required for the development of inspection procedures.[1]\nRough surface finish, irregular geometry, small parts, thin thicknesses, or un-homogeneous material composition can make testing difficult.\nSurface must be prepared by cleaning and removing loose scale, paint, etc., although paint that is properly bonded to a surface, may not need to be removed.\nCouplants are needed to effectively transfer ultrasonic wave energy between transducers and parts being inspected[1] unless a non-contact technique is used. Non-contact techniques include Laser and Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT).\nEquipment can be expensive.[1]\nRequires reference standards and calibration.[1]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"European Committee for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization"}],"text":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO)ISO 2400: Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Specification for calibration block No. 1 (2012)\nISO 7963: Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Specification for calibration block No. 2 (2006)\nISO 10863: Non-destructive testing of welds -- Ultrasonic testing -- Use of time-of-flight diffraction technique (TOFD) (2011)\nISO 11666: Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Acceptance levels (2010)\nISO 16809: Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic thickness measurement (2012)\nISO 16831: Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic testing -- Characterization and verification of ultrasonic thickness measuring equipment (2012)\nISO 17640: Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Techniques, testing levels, and assessment (2010)\nISO 22825, Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Testing of welds in austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys (2012)\nISO 5577: Non-destructive testing -- Ultrasonic inspection -- Vocabulary (2000)European Committee for Standardization (CEN)EN 583, Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic examination\nEN 1330-4, Non destructive testing - Terminology - Part 4: Terms used in ultrasonic testing\nEN 12668-1, Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment - Part 1: Instruments\nEN 12668-2, Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment - Part 2: Probes\nEN 12668-3, Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment - Part 3: Combined equipment\nEN 12680, Founding - Ultrasonic examination\nEN 14127, Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic thickness measurement(Note: Part of CEN standards in Germany accepted as DIN EN, in Czech Republic as CSN EN.)","title":"Standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultrasonic flaw detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ultrasonic_flaw_detection"},{"link_name":"American Society for Nondestructive Testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Nondestructive_Testing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-931403-04-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931403-04-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-540-51231-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-51231-4"},{"link_name":"Chapter 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.silverwinguk.com/en/technical%20pdfs/ultrasonics_pdf/article_1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061017084444/http://www.silverwinguk.com/en/technical%20pdfs/ultrasonics_pdf/article_1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-07-028121-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-028121-9"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779355#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1432116/"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4061563-7"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85139485"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573662"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph139197&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ultrasonic flaw detection.Albert S. Birks, Robert E. Green, Jr., technical editors ; Paul McIntire, editor. Ultrasonic testing, 2nd ed. Columbus, OH : American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1991. ISBN 0-931403-04-9.\nJosef Krautkrämer, Herbert Krautkrämer. Ultrasonic testing of materials, 4th fully rev. ed. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990. ISBN 3-540-51231-4.\nJ.C. Drury. Ultrasonic Flaw Detection for Technicians, 3rd ed., UK: Silverwing Ltd. 2004. (See Chapter 1 Archived 2006-10-17 at the Wayback Machine online (PDF, 61 kB)).\nNondestructive Testing Handbook, Third ed.: Volume 7, Ultrasonic Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing.\nDetection and location of defects in electronic devices by means of scanning ultrasonic microscopy and the wavelet transform measurement, Volume 31, Issue 2, March 2002, Pages 77–91, L. Angrisani, L. Bechou, D. Dallet, P. Daponte, Y. Ousten\nCharles Hellier (2003). \"Chapter 7 - Ultrasonic Testing\". Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-028121-9.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nJapan\nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"An example of Ultrasonic Testing (UT) on blade roots of a V2500 IAE aircraft engine. Step 1: The UT probe is placed on the root of the blades to be inspected with the help of a special borescope tool (video probe). Step 2: Instrument settings are input. Step 3: The probe is scanned over the blade root. In this case, an indication (peak in the data) through the red line (or gate) indicates a good blade; an indication to the left of that range indicates a crack.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NDT_test_of_an_V2500_engine_blade_route.jpg/400px-NDT_test_of_an_V2500_engine_blade_route.jpg"},{"image_text":"Principle of ultrasonic testing. LEFT: A probe sends a sound wave into a test material. There are two indications, one from the initial pulse of the probe, and the second due to the back wall echo. RIGHT: A defect creates the third indication and simultaneously reduces the amplitude of the back wall indication. The depth of the defect is determined by the ratio D/Ep","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/UT_principe.svg/330px-UT_principe.svg.png"},{"image_text":"At a construction site, a technician tests a pipeline weld for defects using an ultrasonic phased array instrument. The scanner, which consists of a frame with magnetic wheels, holds the probe in contact with the pipe by a spring. The wet area is the ultrasonic couplant that allows the sound to pass into the pipe wall.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ultrasonic_pipeline_test.jpg/220px-Ultrasonic_pipeline_test.jpg"},{"image_text":"Non-destructive testing of a swing shaft showing spline cracking","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Swing_shaft_spline_cracking.png/220px-Swing_shaft_spline_cracking.png"}] | [{"title":"Non-Contact Ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Contact_Ultrasound"},{"title":"Phased array ultrasonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array_ultrasonics"},{"title":"Time-of-flight diffraction ultrasonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-flight_diffraction_ultrasonics"},{"title":"Time-of-flight ultrasonic determination of 3D elastic constants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-flight_ultrasonic_determination_of_3D_elastic_constants"},{"title":"Internal rotary inspection system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_rotary_inspection_system"},{"title":"EMAT Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_acoustic_transducer"},{"title":"ART (Acoustic Resonance Technology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ART_(Acoustic_Resonance_Technology)"}] | [{"reference":"Matlack, K. H.; Kim, J.-Y.; Jacobs, L. J.; Qu, J. (2015-03-01). \"Review of Second Harmonic Generation Measurement Techniques for Material State Determination in Metals\" (PDF). Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation. 34 (1): 273. doi:10.1007/s10921-014-0273-5. hdl:20.500.11850/103909. ISSN 0195-9298. S2CID 39932362.","urls":[{"url":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/331715/files/10921_2014_Article_273.pdf","url_text":"\"Review of Second Harmonic Generation Measurement Techniques for Material State Determination in Metals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10921-014-0273-5","url_text":"10.1007/s10921-014-0273-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F103909","url_text":"20.500.11850/103909"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9298","url_text":"0195-9298"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39932362","url_text":"39932362"}]},{"reference":"Mostavi, Amir; Kamali, Negar; Tehrani, Niloofar; Chi, Sheng-Wei; Ozevin, Didem; Indacochea, J. Ernesto (2017). \"Wavelet Based Harmonics Decomposition of Ultrasonic Signal in Assessment of Plastic Strain in Aluminum\". Measurement. 106: 66–78. Bibcode:2017Meas..106...66M. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2017.04.013.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.measurement.2017.04.013","url_text":"\"Wavelet Based Harmonics Decomposition of Ultrasonic Signal in Assessment of Plastic Strain in Aluminum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Meas..106...66M","url_text":"2017Meas..106...66M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.measurement.2017.04.013","url_text":"10.1016/j.measurement.2017.04.013"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Yu; Tian, Qiang; Guan, Xuefei (September 2021). \"Grain Size Estimation using phased array ultrasound attenuation\". NDT & E International. 122: 102479. doi:10.1016/j.ndteint.2021.102479. ISSN 0963-8695.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2021.102479","url_text":"\"Grain Size Estimation using phased array ultrasound attenuation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ndteint.2021.102479","url_text":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2021.102479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0963-8695","url_text":"0963-8695"}]},{"reference":"Zeng, Fei; Agnew, Sean R.; Raeisinia, Babak; Myneni, Ganapati R. (2010-03-31). \"Ultrasonic Attenuation Due to Grain Boundary Scattering in Pure Niobium\". Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation. 29 (2): 93–103. doi:10.1007/s10921-010-0068-2. ISSN 0195-9298.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10921-010-0068-2","url_text":"\"Ultrasonic Attenuation Due to Grain Boundary Scattering in Pure Niobium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10921-010-0068-2","url_text":"10.1007/s10921-010-0068-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9298","url_text":"0195-9298"}]},{"reference":"Stanke, Fred E.; Kino, G. S. (1984-03-01). \"A unified theory for elastic wave propagation in polycrystalline materials\". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 75 (3): 665–681. doi:10.1121/1.390577. ISSN 0001-4966.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.390577","url_text":"\"A unified theory for elastic wave propagation in polycrystalline materials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.390577","url_text":"10.1121/1.390577"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4966","url_text":"0001-4966"}]},{"reference":"Charles Hellier (2003). \"Chapter 7 - Ultrasonic Testing\". Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_women%27s_national_volleyball_team | Azerbaijan women's national volleyball team | ["1 Competitive record","1.1 World Championship","1.2 European Championship","1.3 European Games","1.4 European League","2 Team","2.1 Current squad","3 Records","3.1 Rankings","3.2 Managers","3.3 Captains","3.4 Notable former players","4 References","5 External links"] | Women's national volleyball team representing Azerbaijan
AzerbaijanAssociationAVFConfederationCEVHead coachAtaman GüneyligilFIVB ranking33 (as of 30 May 2024)Uniforms
Home
Away
Third
World ChampionshipAppearances4 (First in 1994)Best result9th (1994)European ChampionshipAppearances9 (First in 2005)Best result4th (2005, 2017)Federation Website
Honours
European League
2016 Nitra / Baku
Team
Islamic Solidarity Games
2017 Baku
Team
2021 Konya
Team
The Azerbaijan women's national volleyball team (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan qadın milli voleybol komandası) is formed by the Azerbaijan Volleyball Federation (AVF) and represents Azerbaijan in international CEV and FIVB tournaments.
Azerbaijan women's national volleyball team squad in 2011 European Championship
Competitive record
World Championship
Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place
World Championship record
Year
Round
Position
Pld
W
L
SW
SL
Squad
1952–1990
Part of Soviet Union
1994
Group stage
9th
3
1
2
4
6
Squad
1998
Did not qualify
2002
2006
Second round
13th
9
4
5
14
18
Squad
2010
Did not qualify
2014
Second round
15th
9
4
5
14
19
Squad
2018
Second round
15th
9
2
7
8
22
Squad
/ 2022
Did not qualify
Total
0 titles
4/19
30
11
19
40
65
—
European Championship
Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place
European Championship record
Year
Round
Position
Pld
W
L
SW
SL
Squad
1949–1991
Part of Soviet Union
1993
Did Not Participate
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Did not qualify
2005
Semifinals
4th
7
4
3
12
11
Squad
/ 2007
Second round
12th
8
1
7
4
21
Squad
2009
Playoff round
12th
8
1
7
8
23
Squad
/ 2011
Playoff round
9th
4
1
3
6
10
Squad
/ 2013
Preliminary round
15th
3
0
3
1
9
Squad
/ 2015
Preliminary round
14th
3
0
3
1
9
Squad
/ 2017
Semifinals
4th
6
4
2
15
7
Squad
/// 2019
Round of 16
10th
6
4
2
12
10
Squad
/// 2021
First round
24th
5
0
5
1
15
Squad
/// 2023
Preliminary round
17th
5
2
3
8
11
Squad
Total
0 titles
10/33
55
17
38
68
126
—
European Games
Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place
European Games record
Year
Round
Position
Pld
W
L
SW
SL
Squad
2015
Semifinals
4th
8
5
3
19
13
Squad
Total
0 titles
1/1
8
5
3
19
13
—
European League
Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place
European League record
Year
Round
Position
Pld
W
L
SW
SL
Squad
2009
Did Not Participate
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
League round
4th
12
5
7
21
25
Squad
/ 2015
Did Not Participate
/ 2016
Final
1st
10
10
0
30
5
Squad
/ 2017
Did Not Participate
2018
Golden league
5th
6
5
1
16
7
Squad
2019
Golden league
10th
6
0
6
6
18
Squad
2021
Golden league
11th
6
0
6
2
18
Squad
2022
Withdrew
/ 2023
Did Not Participate
2024
Golden league
8th
6
2
4
9
12
Squad
Total
1 titles
6/15
46
22
24
74
85
—
Team
Current squad
The following is the Azerbaijani roster for the 2023 Women's European Volleyball Championship.
Head coach: Ataman Güneyligil
No.
Name
Date of birth
Height
Weight
Spike
Block
2022–23 club
Debut Year
2
Yana Doroshenko
5 July 1994
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
65 kg (143 lb)
290 cm (110 in)
285 cm (112 in)
Maccabi Tel Aviv
2018
3
Yelyzaveta Ruban
3 March 1995
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
72 kg (159 lb)
305 cm (120 in)
290 cm (110 in)
CSM Lugoj
2015
5
Odina Aliyeva
22 May 1990
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
83 kg (183 lb)
317 cm (125 in)
305 cm (120 in)
VW Jakarta Elektrik PLN
2011
6
Ayshan Abdulazimova (c)
11 April 1993
1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)
68 kg (150 lb)
265 cm (104 in)
260 cm (100 in)
Vasas SC
2011
7
Olena Kharchenko
25 November 1995
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
72 kg (159 lb)
305 cm (120 in)
285 cm (112 in)
Çukurova Belediyespor
2014
9
Nikalina Bashnakova
29 March 1998
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
70 kg (150 lb)
298 cm (117 in)
285 cm (112 in)
Szent Benedek
2020
10
Anastasiya Mertsalova
17 July 2001
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
78 kg (172 lb)
303 cm (119 in)
286 cm (113 in)
Severyanka Cherepovets
2021
11
Aynur Imanova
7 December 1988
1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)
66 kg (146 lb)
290 cm (110 in)
280 cm (110 in)
Azerrail Baku
2007
14
Kristina Besman
13 February 1996
1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)
69 kg (152 lb)
300 cm (120 in)
295 cm (116 in)
VC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk
2015
16
Yuliya Karimova
7 February 1988
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
68 kg (150 lb)
280 cm (110 in)
270 cm (110 in)
Azerrail Baku
2018
17
Polina Rahimova
5 June 1990
1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
73 kg (161 lb)
307 cm (121 in)
290 cm (110 in)
Kuzeyboru
2007
19
Bayaz Aliyeva
9 June 1990
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
65 kg (143 lb)
290 cm (110 in)
285 cm (112 in)
Azerrail Baku
2019
20
Margarita Stepanenko
25 April 1993
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
70 kg (150 lb)
315 cm (124 in)
300 cm (120 in)
Radomka Radom
2015
22
Maria Kirilyuk
16 February 1995
1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)
83 kg (183 lb)
305 cm (120 in)
290 cm (110 in)
Severyanka Cherepovets
2019
Records
Rankings
Azerbaijan achieved its highest position in the FIVB Senior World Rankings in 2019 when it was ranked as #22 in the world. National team had its lowest ranking as #44 in the world with 94 points on 8 August 2022.
Managers
Azerbaijan Team Managers
From
To
Faig Garayev
1992
2013
Aleksandr Chervyakov
2013
2015
Bülent Karslioglu
2015
2015
Faig Garayev
2016
2018
Giovanni Caprara
2019
2019
Vasif Talibov
2020
2020
Vugar Aliyev
2021
2022
Eldar Yusubov
2022
2022
Ataman Güneyligil
2023
Present
Captains
Azerbaijan Team Captains
From
To
Alla Hasanova
1992
2005
Oksana Kurt
2006
2010
Natalya Mammadova
2010
2011
Oksana Kurt
2011
2015
Odina Bayramova
2016
2019
Ayshan Abdulazimova
2020
present
Notable former players
Alla Hasanova (1992-2005)
Yelena Shabovta (1994-2006)
Oksana Kurt (1998-2015)
Valeriya Mammadova (2002-2017)
Yelena Parkhomenko (2003-2016)
Inessa Korkmaz (2004-2009)
Oksana Mammadyarova (2004-2011)
Kseniya Koçyiğit (2004-2017)
Natalya Mammadova (2004-2018)
Aynur Imanova (2006-2018, 2022-present)
Polina Rahimova (2007-2020)
Odina Bayramova (2014-2019, 2022-present)
References
^ Azerbaijani women’s volleyball team makes it to CEV championship quarterfinals (PHOTO) trend news agency, 25 September 2017. Accessed 3 August 2020.
^ "Azerbaijan Team". Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ Voleybol üzrə yığmamız FİVB-nin reytinq siyahısında mövqeyini qoruyub
^ FIVB Senior World Ranking - Women
^ Güneyligil to lead Azerbaijan at EuroVolley 2023
External links
Official website
Archived website
FIVB profile
Azerbaijan national team Volleybox
vte National sports teams of Azerbaijan
Badminton
Basketball
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M U-18
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W U-16
Beach soccer
Field hockey
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Football
M
M U-23
M U-21
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W
W U-17
Futsal
Handball
M
W
Kabaddi
Rugby union
M
W
Tennis
M
W
Volleyball
M
W
Olympics
Paralympics
Youth Olympics
European Games
Universiade
vteWomen's national volleyball teams of Europe (CEV)BVA (Sv)
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Greece
Kosovo
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
North Macedonia
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Serbia
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EEVZA (Pl)
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
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Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Ukraine
MEVZA (Sv)
Austria
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NEVZA (Sv)
Denmark
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WEVZA (Sv)
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vteWomen's European Volleyball League winners
2009: Serbia
2010: Serbia
2011: Serbia
2012: Czech Republic
2013: Germany
2014: Turkey
2015: Hungary
2016: Azerbaijan
2017: Ukraine
2018: Bulgaria
2019: Czech Republic
2021: Bulgaria
2022: France
2023: Ukraine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Volleyball Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Volleyball_Federation"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"CEV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Volleyball_Confederation"},{"link_name":"FIVB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ItaAze7.jpg"},{"link_name":"2011 European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"}],"text":"The Azerbaijan women's national volleyball team (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan qadın milli voleybol komandası) is formed by the Azerbaijan Volleyball Federation (AVF) and represents Azerbaijan in international CEV and FIVB tournaments.[1]Azerbaijan women's national volleyball team squad in 2011 European Championship","title":"Azerbaijan women's national volleyball team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Championship","text":"Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"European Championship","text":"Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"European Games","text":"Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"European League","text":"Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Women's European Volleyball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ataman Güneyligil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataman_G%C3%BCneyligil"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"The following is the Azerbaijani roster for the 2023 Women's European Volleyball Championship.[2]Head coach: Ataman Güneyligil","title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIVB Senior World Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Senior_World_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Rankings","text":"Azerbaijan achieved its highest position in the FIVB Senior World Rankings in 2019 when it was ranked as #22 in the world.[3] National team had its lowest ranking as #44 in the world with 94 points on 8 August 2022.[4]","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Managers","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Captains","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alla Hasanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla_Hasanova"},{"link_name":"Oksana Kurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Kurt"},{"link_name":"Valeriya Mammadova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriya_Mammadova"},{"link_name":"Yelena Parkhomenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Parkhomenko"},{"link_name":"Inessa Korkmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessa_Korkmaz"},{"link_name":"Kseniya Koçyiğit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kseniya_Ko%C3%A7yi%C4%9Fit"},{"link_name":"Natalya Mammadova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya_Mammadova"},{"link_name":"Aynur Imanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynur_Imanova"},{"link_name":"Polina Rahimova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polina_Rahimova"},{"link_name":"Odina Bayramova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odina_Bayramova"}],"sub_title":"Notable former players","text":"Alla Hasanova (1992-2005)\nYelena Shabovta (1994-2006)\nOksana Kurt (1998-2015)\nValeriya Mammadova (2002-2017)\nYelena Parkhomenko (2003-2016)\nInessa Korkmaz (2004-2009)\nOksana Mammadyarova (2004-2011)\nKseniya Koçyiğit (2004-2017)\nNatalya Mammadova (2004-2018)\nAynur Imanova (2006-2018, 2022-present)\nPolina Rahimova (2007-2020)\nOdina Bayramova (2014-2019, 2022-present)","title":"Records"}] | [{"image_text":"Azerbaijan women's national volleyball team squad in 2011 European Championship","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ItaAze7.jpg/300px-ItaAze7.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Azerbaijan Team\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Teen_Titans_enemies | List of Teen Titans enemies | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Teen Titans enemies" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This is a list of fictional characters from DC Comics who are or have been enemies of the Teen Titans. In chronological order (with issue and date of first appearance).
Villain
First appearance in DC Comics
Description
Puppeteer
Green Lantern #1 (July–August 1960)
A Green Lantern villain that was contracted by H.I.V.E. and would begin to face the Teen Titans.
Doctor Light
Justice League of America #12 (June 1962)
Originally an enemy of the Justice League of America, Dr. Light would rape Sue Dibny and consequently be magically lobotomized by Zatanna. In this diminished capacity, Light would begin to menace the League's group of young partners in the Teen Titans.
Two-Face
Detective Comics #66 (August 1942)
A long-time Batman foe, Two-Face appears in a two-issue story arc involving the Joker's Daughter (Duela Dent) seeking membership in the Teen Titans. She claimed to be the estranged daughter of Two-Face. In the meantime, Two-Face is the mastermind behind parallel crimes taking place in Gotham City and New York City, crimes committed by three sets of identical twins with opposite powers: Flamesplasher Twins (one has wrist-mounted flamethrowers, the other wrist-mounted water cannons); Darklight Twins (one emits blinding bursts of light, the other clouds of inky blackness that impair vision, breathing and - apparently - cognition); and Size-a-Matic Twins (one can increase his size and mass to gigantic proportions, the other can shrink to the size of an action figure and perhaps even smaller). The Size-a-matic Twins are the only villains to appear again (sort of). A teaser at the end of Secret Society of Super-Villains #15 featured the Size-a-Matic Twins as part of a group of villains assembled by the Silver Ghost, a foe of the Freedom Fighters. The title was canceled with that issue, however, and the three-issue story arc was never published by DC Comics. The "lost" SSOSV issues #16 and #17 did see publication in the privately printed Canceled Comics Cavalcade #2.
Brotherhood of Evil
Doom Patrol #86 (March 1964)
Led by the Brain, the Brotherhood of Evil has generally troubled the Doom Patrol until Titan Beast Boy rallied his teammates to save his former allies Robotman and Mento. Since then, the villainous group has challenged the Titans.
Mister Twister
Brave and the Bold #54 (June–July 1964)
Using a shaman's medicine staff, Bromwell Stikk could control the forces of nature taking to a life of crime as Mister Twister and coming into conflict with the Titans where he was the reason the Titans first came together. Stikk would be transformed later into the Gargoyle by Antithesis, becoming his agent.
Mento
Doom Patrol #91 (November 1964)
Formerly an associate of the Doom Patrol, Steve Dayton married team member Elasti-Girl and adopted the orphaned Beast Boy. His wife would die saving her teammates and when Dayton sought her killers, they captured and tortured him until his mind snapped. After, Dayton would blame Beast Boy for the loss of his wife and formed the group Hybrid to destroy the Titans. It would later appear he recovered only to discover he adopted the identity of the Crime lord and employed nuclear bombs scattered across the United States.
Arsenal
Doom Patrol #100 (December 1965)
Designated the legal guardian of Beast Boy after the death of his parents, Nicholas Galtry donned a suit of armor as Arsenal trying to kill the hero to obtain his inheritance.
Ding Dong Daddy
Teen Titans #3 (May–June 1966)
Ding Dong Daddy Dowd operated a stolen car and motor bike ring employing high school dropouts until the Titans went undercover to reveal his operation.
Mister ESPer/Captain Calamity
Detective Comics #352 (June 1966)
Originally an enemy of the Batman, Mr. ESPer tapped into Lilith's powers to create a dual identity in Captain Calamity to appear on both coasts of the United States (leading to the creation of Titans West).
Fatal Five
Adventure Comics #352 (January 1967)
Arguably the nemesis of the Legion of Super-Heroes, the Fatal Five would face their foes and a time-displaced team of Titans prompting the Persuader to use his atomic axe to bring forth Fatal Fives of other dimensions creating the Fatal 500.
Mad Mod
Teen Titans #7 (January–February 1967)
Neil Richards used his fashion design business as the Mad Mod, a smuggler using his clothes for transportation.
André LeBlanc
Teen Titans #18 (November–December 1968)
An internationally renowned jewel thief that the Teen Titans were requested to help bring to justice.
Calculator
Detective Comics #463 (September 1976)
Noah Kuttler was originally a costumed criminal that challenged several members of the Justice League of America, but, learning of the computer hacker Oracle, was inspired to become an information broker for hire and agent for mercenaries. When his son Marvin was killed and daughter Wendy paralyzed while they served with the Titans, Calculator swore revenge on the heroes. Part of this plot was to reassemble the Fearsome Five and resulted in the deaths of Kid Devil and Kid Eternity.
Antithesis
Teen Titans #53 (February 1978)
An energy creature that feeds on negative emotion captured by the Justice League that escaped later to dominate their minds. The group's teen sidekicks were forced to battle their mentors, exile Antithesis to Limbo, and afterward officially formed the Teen Titans.
Dark Raven
DC Comics Presents #26 (October 1980)
The daughter of the powerful demon Trigon, Raven learned her father would soon come to enslave Earth. When she sought help from the Justice League, she was turned away when Zatanna sensed her parentage. Raven would reform the Titans in preparation for her father's invasion. However, it was only a matter of time before her father's evil would corrupt her and she emerged as Dark Raven.
H.I.V.E.
Action Comics #513 (November 1980)
An organization of scientists that sought to take over the Earth. Originally coming into conflict with Superman, the group would eventually hire the mercenary Deathstroke to eliminate the Titans, beginning an ongoing struggle between the three factions.
Deathstroke
New Teen Titans #2 (December 1980)
Slade Wilson is one of the premier mercenaries on Earth as Deathstroke the Terminator. When his son Grant adopted the identity of the Ravager and tried to surpass his father by killing the Titans, he would eventually die from the process he underwent from H.I.V.E. to gain his father's abilities. Slade would take on Grant's contract and has frequently battled the heroic group ever since (however, he has also, at times, been an ally).
Fearsome Five
New Teen Titans #3 (January 1981)
Organized by Dr. Light via an ad in the Underworld Star, he sought to defeat the Teen Titans. His group would be subverted, however, when Psimon took over under orders from his master Trigon.
Trigon
New Teen Titans #5 (March 1981)
Raven's father, Trigon is the demonic lord of his native dimension. Seeking to conquer other worlds, Trigon gained worshippers on Earth in the Church of Blood and impregnated one of their number to conceive Raven, an anchor to the planet he sought. Raven would reform the Titans to battle Trigon and the demon has been a frequent opponent since.
The Titans of Myth
New Teen Titans #11 (September 1981)
Hyperion is freed of his imprisonment by his fellow Titan Thia. Bewitching Donna Troy, Hyperion and the Amazon release the remaining Titans to make war with the gods of Olympus. Though the Titans would inevitably concede this battle, they would return numerous times, drawing the Teen Titans against them.
Disruptor
New Teen Titans #20 (June 1982)
Michael Beldon, son of the criminal “Brains” Beldon, wears a suit designed by his father that disrupts nature in an attempt to destroy the Teen Titans on behalf of H.I.V.E.
Brother Blood
New Teen Titans #21 (July 1982)
The highest position of power in the Church of Blood, there have been numerous individuals to maintain this rank. Founded in Zandia and worshiping the demon Trigon, the eight Blood wanted to extend his cult's reach outside its native country and would inevitable run afoul of the Titans in America. There have been several Bloods since this initial encounter to battle the Titans.
Blackfire
New Teen Titans #22 (August 1982)
The sister of Starfire and Darkfire and ruler of Tamaran, Komand'r was born the day the Citadel invaded her homeworld. Though repelled, the people always observed Komand'r with this day in mind. Combined with her inability to absorb ultraviolet light like the rest of her people, she was shunned and eventually, despite being the elder sibling, it was decided the younger Starfire would succeed the throne. Enraged, Blackfire betrayed her people to the Citadel and enslaved her sister, allowing her to be tortured and raped.
Terra
New Teen Titans #26 (December 1982)
Posing as a superhero to infiltrate the Titans, Tara Markov was a mercenary hired by Deathstroke in his plot to eliminate the team. She would die in a battle against the group when she buried herself in the ground in a fit of madness.
Cheshire
New Teen Titans Annual #2 (1983)
One of the Earth's authorities in toxins and a renowned assassin, Jade Nguyen would come into conflict with the Titans, but also had a brief romance with Roy Harper which produced a daughter, Lian.
Trident
New Teen Titans #33 (July 1983)
A trio of H.I.V.E. operatives who went independent as thieves. When they crossed the Titans, they manipulated the group with their similar costumes and builds, fooling them into believing there was only a single Trident.
Jericho
Tales of the Teen Titans #43 (June 1984)
Deathstroke's son teamed with the Titans to take down his father and joined the team only to have his soul corrupted by the influence of Trigon. Taking control of the Wildebeest Society, the Titans would learn of his betrayal and face him. Jericho developed enough clarity to ask his father to kill him and Deathstroke, begrudgingly, did so. Jericho would later be resurrected, but a side effect of his ability to take over the body of others is a portion of their being travels with him. Having possessed so many evil beings, he was again corrupted by evil. He has battled his inner demons ever since.
Superboy-Prime
DC Comics Presents #87 (November 1985)
The Clark Kent of Earth Prime, Superboy would be trapped in another dimension following the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths. Disappointed by the behavior of the heroes that emerged in the new Earth from Crisis and manipulated by Alexander Luthor Jr., Superboy broke free of his dimension and attacked his “replacement” Conner Kent. In a conflict with an army of past and present Teen Titans, Superboy-Prime murdered superheroes in a fit of rage and succumbed to madness. He would return since to battle the Titans, recently by reforming the Legion of Doom.
Hybrid
New Teen Titans #24 (October 1986)
A group of people mentally and physically manipulated by Mento into a force to battle the Titans, their superpowers derived from each being infused with Promethium. Hybrid members included Behemoth, Gorgon, Harpi, Prometheus, Pteradon, Sirocco, and Touch-and-Go.
The Wildebeest Society
New Teen Titans #36 (October 1987)
A criminal organization employing exact replicas of the Wildebeest exosuit that committed crimes one at a time to fool outsiders into believing there only existed a single villain. The group would eventually cross swords with the Titans and tried to eliminate the group of heroes. Jericho would eventually take over the Wildebeests and used them to attack the Titans. A second group of Wildebeests emerged under the villain Goth.
The Children of the Sun
New Teen Titans #45 (July 1988)
A cult formed by Raymond Dark as part of his bid for planetary domination. Dark also dedicated his life to revenge against Silas Stone and, learning Cyborg was his son, shifted his priorities against the Titans.
Deathwing
New Titans Annual #7 (1991)
Claimed as an alternate version of Dick Grayson from the Team Titans timeline, Deathwing is transformed into a psychotic killer corrupted by the influence of Raven.
Lord Chaos
New Titans Annual #7 (1991)
Robert Long, the son of Donna Troy and Terry Long, is born as a god, aging himself to adulthood, slays his parents, and conquers Earth in an alternate timeline. When the Team Titans go back in time to kill Donna before she gives birth to her son, Chaos follows to stop them. The Team Titans fail and Donna gives birth, but the Titans of Myth strip the child of its power and take Lord Chaos along with them.
Holocaust
Blood Syndicate #1 (April 1993)
A founding member of the Blood Syndicate, Leonard Smalls would be released from the team for being too violent and go on to become a leading figure in the Dakota underworld as Holocaust. When Static returns to Dakota, he is captured by Holocaust to weaponize his abilities and the Teen Titans are drawn in to save the young hero.
H'San Natall
Teen Titans (vol. 2) #1 (October 1996)
An alien race that conquers intelligent worlds using bio-engineered soldiers. To this end, they kidnapped several women from Earth, impregnated them with metahuman children whose abilities would unlock as they turned sixteen years of age. Returning on that day, the hoped to kidnap these children and condition them for their own ends. However, this would fail and several of the teens would go on to form a new Teen Titans. The aliens would remain in attempts to reclaim the teens, but eventually would abandon their designs for Earth.
The Veil
Teen Titans (vol. 2) #3 (December 1996)
A group secretly founded by the H'San Natall dedicated to removing all extraterrestrial influence from Earth, which the aliens hoped to use to reclaim their hybrid metahumans on Earth. Led by N'Takki, who posed as a man named Pylon, most of the Veil was eliminated using poisonous gas when the organization outlived its usefulness.
Dark Nemesis
Teen Titans #7 (April 1997)
A group of superpowered mercenaries hired by the Veil to battle the Titans. They would return later to face the group on several occasions. Members include Axis, Blizzard, Carom, Scorcher, and Vault.
Haze
Teen Titans #12 (September 1997)
Jarrod Jupiter, the son of Loren Jupiter and brother of former Titan Lilith Clay, became the villain Haze when he learned his father began to fund the Teen Titans while being absent in his life and sought revenge. The Titans managed to best him. Haze would return years later again seeking revenge, but left in a catatonic state in its wake.
Goth
Titans #3 (May 1999)
A demon that seeks to subvert youth towards violence and anti-social behavior, at times aligning with Contessa Erica Alexandra del Portenza of the Agenda. He would die at the hands of Gog.
Tartarus
Secret Origins of Super-Villains 80-Page Giant #1 (December 1999)
A group organized by Vandal Savage with help from former Titan Omen to be an anti-Titans team as part of an operation he knew would bring him into conflict with the heroes. Its members included Gorilla Grodd, the Siren, the Red Panzer, Cheshire, and Lady Vic.
Hangmen
Titans: Secret Files & Origins #2 (October 2000)
A group of assassins hired by the nation of Qurac to kill Cheshire after she nearly destroyed the country. They would target Cheshire's daughter Lian and, also being the child of Roy Harper, would bring them against the Titans. Its members were Breathtaker, Killshot, Provoke, Shock Trauma, and Stranglehold.
Hallucinatra
Titans #42 (August 2002)
The ruler of the planet Chemical World that used drugs to enslave his people. One of the planet's residents escaped to Earth to recruit help to free the world's people and the Titans would follow.
Indigo
Titans/Young Justice: Graduation Day #1 (July 2003)
Brainiac 8 was sent back in time to kill Donna Troy because in the future she turns the tide in a war with Colu. Employing programming from her ancestor Brainiac, she accomplished her mission and yet was able to endear herself into the hero community as part of the Outsiders. She would later reveal the truth as part of the Insiders, but was believed to have been destroyed by her lover Shift until she reappeared in the Legion of Doom.
Zookeeper
Teen Titans #13 (September 2004)
Dr. Samuel Register worked with Beast Boy's parents and became afflicted with similar conditions as the hero, developing similar powers while sporting purple skin.
Titans Tomorrow
Teen Titans/Legion Special #1 (November 2004)
A possible future where the Titans became some variation of the Justice League but by dealing out vicious justice. When the time-displaced Teen Titans arrived in this time period, their adult selves take several measures against the group to ensure their future. The main group is composed of Superman (Conner Kent), Batman (Tim Drake), Wonder Woman (Cassie Sandsmark), Flash (Bart Allen), Aquawoman (Lorena Marquez), Animal Man (Gar Logan), and Dark Raven.
Insiders
Teen Titans #24 (July 2005)
A group that nearly destroyed the Teen Titans and Outsiders from within when Lex Luthor activated a sleeper program in Superboy, making him subservient, and Brainiac switched off Indigo's program that made her an ally of her heroic group.
Titans East
Teen Titans #43 (March 2007)
Organized by Deathstroke, Titans East is a group of teenage combatants intended to eliminate the Titans. The group included Match, Batgirl, Inertia, Duela Dent, Bombshell, Enigma, Risk, Sun Girl, and Kid Crusader.
Terror Titans
Teen Titans #56 (April 2008)
Clock King organizes a group of teenage combatants to capture the Titans for the Dark Side Club. Its members were Dreadbolt, the Copperhead, the Persuader and the Disruptor.
Clock King
Teen Titans #57 (May 2008)
Temple Fugate is a relative unknown that was contracted by Boss Dark Side for the Dark Side Club before taking it over and forming a Martyr Militia out of young brainwashed metahumans. Sending his army to attack Los Angeles, he would be defeated by the Titans.
Sons of Trigon
Titans #1 (June 2008)
The children of Trigon based upon the seven deadly sins that were supposed to garner power for their father on Earth, but instead turned on him and robbed him of his own.
King Lycus
Teen Titans #62 (October 2008)
The son of Ares, Lycus sought to usurp Wonder Girl's role as Ares' champion by killing her. His hellhound would kill Marvin Kuttler and paralyze his sister Wendy.
Cinderblock
Titans #17 (November 2009)
A hulking creature of unknown origin that nearly defeated the Teen Titans before Beast Boy arrived to lead the youths to defeat it.
Headcase
Teen Titans #88 (December 2010)
Barney Venton was a social outcast experimented on by the unscrupulous Dr. Caligan, becoming psionic. Caligan tries to foster Venton's powers, bringing him into conflict with the Titans. Retreating to the high school Caligan used to experiment on teens, Headcase leads the battle against the teen heroes with fellow experiments Jock, Doll Face, and the Feral Boys. While defeated, he accidentally brings Superboy-Prime back to New Earth.
The Legion of Doom
Teen Titans #98 (September 2011)
Angered over being taken off his Earth, Superboy-Prime forms a group of the Teen Titans' enemies to destroy the heroic team. His group includes Headcase, Brainiac 8, the Persuader, the Zookeeper, Sun Girl, Inertia (actually Tim Drake), and three Superboy clones made from the genetic material of Match.
Harvest
Teen Titans vol. 4 #7 (May 2012)
N.O.W.H.E.R.E.'s leader is a cold, calculating and ruthless man out of time. His ultimate goal is humanitarian, at least in his own mind - to reshape the future through sheer force of will. He plans to control the next generation of metahumans, even if it means killing off the current one. His army is made up of past and present Ravagers, the winners of The Culling.
See also
List of Teen Titans (TV series) enemies
List of Justice League enemies
List of Batman enemies
List of Superman enemies
List of Wonder Woman enemies
List of Flash enemies
List of Aquaman enemies
List of Martian Manhunter enemies
List of Green Arrow enemies
References
^ Teen Titans Annual (vol. 4) #1
External links
TitansTower.com
vteTeen Titans
Bob Haney
Bruno Premiani
Founding members
Aqualad/Garth
Kid Flash/Wally West
Robin/Dick Grayson
Speedy/Roy Harper
Wonder Girl/Donna Troy
Current membersTeen Titans
Bunker
Crush
Jakeem Thunder
Kid Flash
Ace West
Red Arrow
Emiko Queen
Titans
Beast Boy
Cyborg
Flash
Nightwing
Raven
Starfire
Troia
Tempest
Swamp Thing
Past membersTeen Titans
Aqualad
Jackson Hyde
Arsenal
Atom
Ray Palmer
Baby Wildebeest
Blue Beetle (Jaime Reyes)
Bumblebee
Bushido
Cyborg
Danny Chase
Mal Duncan
Flash/Kid Flash/Wally West
Gnarrk
Green Lantern (Kyle Rayner)
Hawk and Dove
Impulse/Kid Flash (Bart Allen)
Jericho
Kid Flash
Ace West
Kole
Miss Martian
Nightwing
Omen
Pantha
Raven
Ravager (Rose Wilson)
Red Arrow
Emiko Queen
Red Hood
Red Star
Robin
Tim Drake
Damian Wayne
Shazam
Starfire
Static
Steel (Natasha Irons)
Superboy
Kon-El
Jon Kent
Supergirl
Kara Zor-El
Tempest
Terra
Troia
Wonder Girl (Cassie Sandsmark)
Supporting characters
Doom Patrol
Dubbilex
Justice League
Sarah Simms
Sarge Steel
Silas Stone
Thunder and Lightning
Wendy, Marvin and Wonder Dog
Young Justice
EnemiesAntagonists
Blackfire
Brain
Brother Blood
Cheshire
Cinderblock
Clock King
Copperhead
Deathstroke the Terminator
Ding Dong Daddy
Doctor Light
Duela Dent
Dreadbolt
Gemini
General Immortus
Gizmo
Gorilla Grodd
H'San Natall
Jericho
Jinx
Lady Vic
Lord Chaos
Mad Mod
Madame Rouge
Mammoth
Mister Twister
Mongul
Monsieur Mallah
Persuader
Phobia
Plasmus
Psimon
Ravager
The Reach
Shimmer
Siren
Superboy-Prime
Terra
Trident
Trigon
Vandal Savage
Warp
Wintergreen
Zookeeper
Organizations
Brotherhood of Evil
Dark Nemesis
Fearsome Five
H.I.V.E.
Legion of Doom
Terror Titans
Titans of Myth
Wildebeest Society
Locations
Titans Tower
S.T.A.R. Labs
Publicationsand storylines
Team Titans
Teen Titans: Earth One
Teen Titans Go!
Teen Titans: The Lost Annual
Tiny Titans
"Titans Tomorrow"
Titans/Young Justice: Graduation Day
The Uncanny X-Men and The New Teen Titans
"The Lazarus Contract"
"Super Sons of Tomorrow"
"The Terminus Agenda"
"Titans: Beast World"
Affiliated teams
Doom Patrol
Legion of Super-Heroes
Titans East
Young Justice
In other mediaFilmsTeen Titans
Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006)
Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans (2019)
DCAMU
Justice League vs. Teen Titans (2016)
Teen Titans: The Judas Contract (2017)
Teen Titans Go!
Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018)
Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans (2019)
Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse (2022)
TelevisionTeen Titans
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
Characters
Cinderblock
Red X
Teen Titans Go!
Episodes
Characters
"The Night Begins to Shine"
Titans
Season 1
2
3
4
Characters
Dick Grayson
Video games
Teen Titans (2005)
Teen Titans (2006)
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Teen Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Titans"}],"text":"This is a list of fictional characters from DC Comics who are or have been enemies of the Teen Titans. In chronological order (with issue and date of first appearance).","title":"List of Teen Titans enemies"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Teen Titans (TV series) enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_on_Teen_Titans_(TV_series)#Enemies"},{"title":"List of Justice League enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Justice_League_enemies"},{"title":"List of Batman enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Batman_enemies"},{"title":"List of Superman enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Superman_enemies"},{"title":"List of Wonder Woman enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wonder_Woman_enemies"},{"title":"List of Flash enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flash_enemies"},{"title":"List of Aquaman enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aquaman_enemies"},{"title":"List of Martian Manhunter enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Manhunter#Rogues_gallery"},{"title":"List of Green Arrow enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Green_Arrow_enemies"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Teen+Titans+enemies%22","external_links_name":"\"List of Teen Titans enemies\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Teen+Titans+enemies%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Teen+Titans+enemies%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Teen+Titans+enemies%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Teen+Titans+enemies%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Teen+Titans+enemies%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170120075119/http://www.titanstower.com/","external_links_name":"TitansTower.com"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toromona_people | Toromona | ["1 Language","2 History","3 Notes","4 External links"] | Indigenous people of Bolivia
For the language, see Toromono language.
Ethnic group
ToromonaTotal population200 (2000)Regions with significant populations BoliviaLanguagesToromonaReligiontraditional tribal religion
The Toromona are an indigenous people of Bolivia. They are uncontacted people living near the upper Madidi and Heath Rivers in northwestern Bolivia. Bolivia's Administrative Resolution 48/2006, issued on 15 August 2006, created an "exclusive, reserved, and inviolable" portion of the Madidi National Park to protect the Toromona.
Language
The Toromona language is a Tacanan language.
History
No non-natives have contacted this tribe. During the Spanish colonization, settlers found it difficult to adapt to the area of the Amazon Basin. Besides surviving, their main goal was to find a secret place called Paititi, an alleged hiding place of the Incas' most valuable treasures which had been sequestered away from the Spaniards. There are some historical records confirming that the Incas, in fact, sealed storage tunnels in ritual ceremonies. Father Miguel Cabello de Balboa wrote about a city of gold, describing Paititi as a place supposedly protected by warrior women; he also mentioned the Toromona tribe, alleging that they possessed no qualms or reservations with regards to the executing of outsiders.
Norwegian biologist Lars Hafskjold had searched exhaustively for the Toromona, and became quite famous due to his disappearance, somewhere in the region of the Madidi park in 1997.
The Toromona have occasionally been seen by other indigenous peoples in the region. In the 21st century, anthropologist Michael Brohan was informed by members of the Araona people that they had contacted a group in voluntary isolation on the eastern bank of the Manuripi River, who were speakers of either Toromona or a nearly unintelligible dialect of Araona.
Notes
^ a b c "Toromona." Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
^ Quote from Stolton, Sue; Nigel Dudley (31 May 2010). Arguments for protected areas: Multiple benefits for conservation and use. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-881-3.
^ "han sido avistado por Araonas y otras indígenas." Nassar, Carlos Camacho (2007). "Consolidar los territorios de los pueblos aislados". Pueblos indígenas en aislamiento voluntario y contacto inicial en la Amazonia y el Gran Chaco. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 289. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
^ Fischermann, Bernard (2007). "Huida o entrega – vivir en aislamientoEl ejemplo de los Ayorei Totobiegosode". Pueblos indígenas en aislamiento voluntario y contacto inicial en la Amazonia y el Gran Chaco. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 248. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
External links
Bolivia: Indigenous Toromona in voluntary isolation in serious danger of disappearing, World Rainforest Movement | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toromono language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toromono_language"},{"link_name":"indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"uncontacted people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontacted_people"},{"link_name":"Madidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madidi_River"},{"link_name":"Heath Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethno-1"},{"link_name":"Madidi National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madidi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the language, see Toromono language.Ethnic groupThe Toromona are an indigenous people of Bolivia. They are uncontacted people living near the upper Madidi and Heath Rivers in northwestern Bolivia.[1] Bolivia's Administrative Resolution 48/2006, issued on 15 August 2006, created an \"exclusive, reserved, and inviolable\" portion of the Madidi National Park to protect the Toromona.[2]","title":"Toromona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toromona language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toromona_language"},{"link_name":"Tacanan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacanan_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethno-1"}],"text":"The Toromona language is a Tacanan language.[1]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazon Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basin"},{"link_name":"Paititi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paititi"},{"link_name":"Miguel Cabello de Balboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Cabello_de_Balboa"},{"link_name":"Paititi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paititi"},{"link_name":"Madidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madidi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Araona people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araona_people"},{"link_name":"Manuripi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuripi_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"No non-natives have contacted this tribe. During the Spanish colonization, settlers found it difficult to adapt to the area of the Amazon Basin. Besides surviving, their main goal was to find a secret place called Paititi, an alleged hiding place of the Incas' most valuable treasures which had been sequestered away from the Spaniards. There are some historical records confirming that the Incas, in fact, sealed storage tunnels in ritual ceremonies. Father Miguel Cabello de Balboa wrote about a city of gold, describing Paititi as a place supposedly protected by warrior women; he also mentioned the Toromona tribe, alleging that they possessed no qualms or reservations with regards to the executing of outsiders.Norwegian biologist Lars Hafskjold had searched exhaustively for the Toromona, and became quite famous due to his disappearance, somewhere in the region of the Madidi park in 1997.The Toromona have occasionally been seen by other indigenous peoples in the region.[3] In the 21st century, anthropologist Michael Brohan was informed by members of the Araona people that they had contacted a group in voluntary isolation on the eastern bank of the Manuripi River, who were speakers of either Toromona or a nearly unintelligible dialect of Araona.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ethno_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ethno_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ethno_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Toromona.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tn"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84407-881-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-881-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Consolidar los territorios de los pueblos aislados\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scribd.com/doc/56604436/5/BOLIVIA-BOLIVIA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Huida o entrega – vivir en aislamientoEl ejemplo de los Ayorei Totobiegosode\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scribd.com/doc/56604436/5/BOLIVIA-BOLIVIA"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Toromona.\" Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2012.\n\n^ Quote from Stolton, Sue; Nigel Dudley (31 May 2010). Arguments for protected areas: Multiple benefits for conservation and use. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-881-3.\n\n^ \"han sido avistado por Araonas y otras indígenas.\" Nassar, Carlos Camacho (2007). \"Consolidar los territorios de los pueblos aislados\". Pueblos indígenas en aislamiento voluntario y contacto inicial en la Amazonia y el Gran Chaco. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 289. Retrieved 26 February 2012.\n\n^ Fischermann, Bernard (2007). \"Huida o entrega – vivir en aislamientoEl ejemplo de los Ayorei Totobiegosode\". Pueblos indígenas en aislamiento voluntario y contacto inicial en la Amazonia y el Gran Chaco. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 248. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Stolton, Sue; Nigel Dudley (31 May 2010). Arguments for protected areas: Multiple benefits for conservation and use. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-881-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-881-3","url_text":"978-1-84407-881-3"}]},{"reference":"Nassar, Carlos Camacho (2007). \"Consolidar los territorios de los pueblos aislados\". Pueblos indígenas en aislamiento voluntario y contacto inicial en la Amazonia y el Gran Chaco. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 289. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/56604436/5/BOLIVIA-BOLIVIA","url_text":"\"Consolidar los territorios de los pueblos aislados\""}]},{"reference":"Fischermann, Bernard (2007). \"Huida o entrega – vivir en aislamientoEl ejemplo de los Ayorei Totobiegosode\". Pueblos indígenas en aislamiento voluntario y contacto inicial en la Amazonia y el Gran Chaco. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 248. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/56604436/5/BOLIVIA-BOLIVIA","url_text":"\"Huida o entrega – vivir en aislamientoEl ejemplo de los Ayorei Totobiegosode\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tn","external_links_name":"\"Toromona.\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/56604436/5/BOLIVIA-BOLIVIA","external_links_name":"\"Consolidar los territorios de los pueblos aislados\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/56604436/5/BOLIVIA-BOLIVIA","external_links_name":"\"Huida o entrega – vivir en aislamientoEl ejemplo de los Ayorei Totobiegosode\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110119174447/http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/105/Bolivia.html","external_links_name":"Bolivia: Indigenous Toromona in voluntary isolation in serious danger of disappearing"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR46 | WDR46 | ["1 References","2 Further reading"] | Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
WDR46IdentifiersAliasesWDR46, BING4, C6orf11, FP221, UTP7, WD repeat domain 46External IDsOMIM: 611440; MGI: 1931871; HomoloGene: 3981; GeneCards: WDR46; OMA:WDR46 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 6 (human)Band6p21.32Start33,279,108 bpEnd33,289,247 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 17 (mouse)Band17|17 B1Start34,159,634 bpEnd34,168,671 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed ingranulocytestromal cell of endometriumanterior pituitarymucosa of transverse colonspleenappendixleft testisskin of legapex of heartright lobe of thyroid glandTop expressed inGonadal ridgeepiblastsubmandibular glandgastrulaabdominal wallhair folliclemandibular prominencePaneth cellprimitive streakmaxillary prominenceMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
RNA binding
Cellular component
small-subunit processome
nucleolus
90S preribosome
nucleus
nucleoplasm
cellular component
Biological process
maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
positive regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion
rRNA processing
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez927757315EnsemblENSG00000206284ENSG00000236222ENSG00000204221ENSG00000226916ENSG00000227057n/aENSMUSG00000024312UniProtO15213Q9Z0H1RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001164267NM_005452NM_020603RefSeq (protein)NP_001157739NP_005443NP_065628Location (UCSC)Chr 6: 33.28 – 33.29 MbChr 17: 34.16 – 34.17 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
WD repeat-containing protein 46 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR46 gene.
References
^ a b c ENSG00000236222, ENSG00000204221, ENSG00000226916, ENSG00000227057 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000206284, ENSG00000236222, ENSG00000204221, ENSG00000226916, ENSG00000227057 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024312 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Herberg JA, Beck S, Trowsdale J (May 1998). "TAPASIN, DAXX, RGL2, HKE2 and four new genes (BING 1, 3 to 5) form a dense cluster at the centromeric end of the MHC". J Mol Biol. 277 (4): 839–57. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.1637. PMID 9545376.
^ Herberg JA, Sgouros J, Jones T, Copeman J, Humphray SJ, Sheer D, Cresswell P, Beck S, Trowsdale J (Mar 1998). "Genomic analysis of the Tapasin gene, located close to the TAP loci in the MHC". Eur J Immunol. 28 (2): 459–67. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199802)28:02<459::AID-IMMU459>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 9521053. S2CID 35772444.
^ "Entrez Gene: WDR46 WD repeat domain 46".
Further reading
Andersen JS, Lyon CE, Fox AH, et al. (2002). "Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus". Curr. Biol. 12 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2002CBio...12....1A. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00650-9. PMID 11790298. S2CID 14132033.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. (2003). "The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6". Nature. 425 (6960): 805–11. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..805M. doi:10.1038/nature02055. PMID 14574404.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
Wan D, Gong Y, Qin W, et al. (2004). "Large-scale cDNA transfection screening for genes related to cancer development and progression". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (44): 15724–9. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10115724W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404089101. PMC 524842. PMID 15498874.
Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, et al. (2005). "Nucleolar proteome dynamics". Nature. 433 (7021): 77–83. Bibcode:2005Natur.433...77A. doi:10.1038/nature03207. PMID 15635413. S2CID 4344740.
Nousiainen M, Silljé HH, Sauer G, et al. (2006). "Phosphoproteome analysis of the human mitotic spindle". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (14): 5391–6. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5391N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507066103. PMC 1459365. PMID 16565220.
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(2002). \"Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus\". Curr. Biol. 12 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2002CBio...12....1A. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00650-9. PMID 11790298. S2CID 14132033.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nMungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. (2003). \"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6\". Nature. 425 (6960): 805–11. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..805M. doi:10.1038/nature02055. PMID 14574404.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nWan D, Gong Y, Qin W, et al. (2004). \"Large-scale cDNA transfection screening for genes related to cancer development and progression\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (44): 15724–9. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10115724W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404089101. PMC 524842. PMID 15498874.\nAndersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, et al. (2005). \"Nucleolar proteome dynamics\". Nature. 433 (7021): 77–83. Bibcode:2005Natur.433...77A. doi:10.1038/nature03207. PMID 15635413. S2CID 4344740.\nNousiainen M, Silljé HH, Sauer G, et al. (2006). \"Phosphoproteome analysis of the human mitotic spindle\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (14): 5391–6. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5391N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507066103. PMC 1459365. PMID 16565220.This protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=9277","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=57315","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Herberg JA, Beck S, Trowsdale J (May 1998). \"TAPASIN, DAXX, RGL2, HKE2 and four new genes (BING 1, 3 to 5) form a dense cluster at the centromeric end of the MHC\". J Mol Biol. 277 (4): 839–57. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.1637. PMID 9545376.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.1998.1637","url_text":"10.1006/jmbi.1998.1637"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9545376","url_text":"9545376"}]},{"reference":"Herberg JA, Sgouros J, Jones T, Copeman J, Humphray SJ, Sheer D, Cresswell P, Beck S, Trowsdale J (Mar 1998). \"Genomic analysis of the Tapasin gene, located close to the TAP loci in the MHC\". Eur J Immunol. 28 (2): 459–67. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199802)28:02<459::AID-IMMU459>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 9521053. S2CID 35772444.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-4141%28199802%2928%3A02%3C459%3A%3AAID-IMMU459%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Z","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199802)28:02<459::AID-IMMU459>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9521053","url_text":"9521053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35772444","url_text":"35772444"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: WDR46 WD repeat domain 46\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9277","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: WDR46 WD repeat domain 46\""}]},{"reference":"Andersen JS, Lyon CE, Fox AH, et al. (2002). \"Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus\". Curr. Biol. 12 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2002CBio...12....1A. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00650-9. PMID 11790298. S2CID 14132033.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2801%2900650-9","url_text":"\"Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002CBio...12....1A","url_text":"2002CBio...12....1A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2801%2900650-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00650-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11790298","url_text":"11790298"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14132033","url_text":"14132033"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. (2003). \"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6\". Nature. 425 (6960): 805–11. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..805M. doi:10.1038/nature02055. PMID 14574404.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02055","url_text":"\"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.425..805M","url_text":"2003Natur.425..805M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02055","url_text":"10.1038/nature02055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14574404","url_text":"14574404"}]},{"reference":"Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]},{"reference":"Wan D, Gong Y, Qin W, et al. (2004). \"Large-scale cDNA transfection screening for genes related to cancer development and progression\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (44): 15724–9. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10115724W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404089101. PMC 524842. PMID 15498874.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524842","url_text":"\"Large-scale cDNA transfection screening for genes related to cancer development and progression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10115724W","url_text":"2004PNAS..10115724W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0404089101","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0404089101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524842","url_text":"524842"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15498874","url_text":"15498874"}]},{"reference":"Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, et al. (2005). \"Nucleolar proteome dynamics\". Nature. 433 (7021): 77–83. Bibcode:2005Natur.433...77A. doi:10.1038/nature03207. PMID 15635413. S2CID 4344740.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.433...77A","url_text":"2005Natur.433...77A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03207","url_text":"10.1038/nature03207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15635413","url_text":"15635413"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4344740","url_text":"4344740"}]},{"reference":"Nousiainen M, Silljé HH, Sauer G, et al. (2006). \"Phosphoproteome analysis of the human mitotic spindle\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (14): 5391–6. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5391N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507066103. PMC 1459365. PMID 16565220.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459365","url_text":"\"Phosphoproteome analysis of the human mitotic spindle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103.5391N","url_text":"2006PNAS..103.5391N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0507066103","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0507066103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459365","url_text":"1459365"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16565220","url_text":"16565220"}]}] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gibson_(American_football) | David Gibson (American football) | ["1 High school career","2 College career","3 Professional career","4 References","5 External links"] | American football player (born 1977)
American football player
David GibsonNo. 26, 34, 46Position:SafetyPersonal informationBorn: (1977-11-05) November 5, 1977 (age 46)Santa Ana, California, U.S.Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight:211 lb (96 kg)Career informationHigh school:Santa Ana (CA) Mater DeiCollege:USCNFL draft:2000 / Round: 6 / Pick: 193Career history
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2000–2002)
Indianapolis Colts (2002)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2003)
Career highlights and awards
First-team All-Pac-10 (1999)
Career NFL statisticsTackles:95Interceptions:1Sacks:1Player stats at PFR
David Allan Gibson (born November 5, 1977) is a former American football safety in the National Football League (NFL).
High school career
Gibson prepped at Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana.
College career
Gibson played college football at the University of Southern California.
Professional career
Gibson played in the NFL for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Indianapolis Colts between 2000 and 2003. He was a sixth round selection (193rd overall pick) in the 2000 NFL Draft.
References
^ "2000 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
External links
NFL.com player page
TSN player profile
vteTampa Bay Buccaneers 2000 NFL draft selections
Cosey Coleman
Nate Webster
James Whalen
David Gibson
Joe Hamilton
This biographical article relating to an American football defensive back born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(American_football_position)"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"}],"text":"American football playerDavid Allan Gibson (born November 5, 1977) is a former American football safety in the National Football League (NFL).","title":"David Gibson (American football)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mater Dei High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_Dei_High_School_(Santa_Ana,_California)"}],"text":"Gibson prepped at Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana.","title":"High school career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"}],"text":"Gibson played college football at the University of Southern California.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"2000 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Gibson played in the NFL for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Indianapolis Colts between 2000 and 2003. He was a sixth round selection (193rd overall pick) in the 2000 NFL Draft.[1]","title":"Professional career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2000 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2000/draft.htm","url_text":"\"2000 NFL Draft Listing\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GibsDa20.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2000/draft.htm","external_links_name":"\"2000 NFL Draft Listing\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/players/davidgibson/profile?id=GIB548464","external_links_name":"NFL.com player page"},{"Link":"https://www.tsn.ca/nfl/teams/players/bio/?id=4152&hubname=nfl","external_links_name":"TSN player profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Gibson_(American_football)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamorta_Union | Bamorta Union | ["1 Villages","2 References"] | Union in Khulna, BangladeshBamorta Union
বেমরতা ইউনিয়নUnionBamorta UnionCountryBangladeshDivisionKhulnaDistrictBagerhatUpazilaBagerhat SadarEstablished1961Area • Total99.87 km2 (38.56 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total32,620 • Density330/km2 (850/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+6 (BST)Websitebamortaup.bagerhat.gov.bd
Bamorta Union (Bengali: বেমরতা ইউনিয়ন) is a Union Parishad in Bagerhat Sadar Upazila of Bagerhat District in the division of Khulna, Bangladesh. It has an area of 99.87 km2 (38.56 sq mi) and a population of 32,620.
Villages
Condola
Sultanpur
Bemorta
Rajapur
Ramachandrapur
Bijaypur
Joygasi
Raghunathpur
Khalkulia
Ramnagar Satagachia
Chargram
Bhadrapara
Baitpur
Chitli
Fatepur
Kalabaria
Arjunbahar
Dhanagati
Anardanga
Kapalibandor
Moujardanga
Kharasambol
Bergajalia
Dattakathi
Bishnupur
References
^ "Bamorta Union". Unions of Bagerhat Sadar Upazila. bamortaup.bagerhat.gov.bd. 2020.
^ "Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)". Retrieved 2020-02-16.
vteUnion councils of Bagerhat DistrictSadar: Bagerhat Sadar UpazilaBagerhat Sadar Upazila
Karapara Union
Bamorta Union
Gotapara Union
Bishnapur Union
Baruipara Union
Jatrapur Union
Satgambuj Union
Khanpur Union
Rakhalgachi Union
Dema Union
Fakirhat Upazila
Betaga Union
Lakhpur Union
Piljang Union
Fakirhat Union
Bahirdia Mansa Union
Naldha Mauvhog Union
Mulghar Union
Suvhadia Union
Mollahat Upazila
Udoypur Union
Chunkhola Union
Gangni Union
Kulia Union
Gaola Union
Kodalia Union
Atjuri Union
Kachua Upazila
Gojalia Union
Dhopakhali Union
Moghia Union
Kachua Union
Gopalpur Union
Raripara Union
Badhal Union
Chitalmari Upazila
Barobaria Union
Kalatala Union
Hizla Union
Shibpur Union
Chitalmari Union
Charbaniari Union
Shantoshpur Union
Morrelganj Upazila
Teligati Union
Panchakaran Union
Putikhali Union
Daibagnyahati Union
Ramchandrapur Union
Chingrakhali Union
Hoglapasha Union
Banagram Union
Balaibunia Union
Hoglabunia Union
Baharbunia Union
Jiudhara Union
Nishanbaria Union
Baraikhali Union
Morrelganj Union
Khaulia Union
Rampal Upazila
Gouramva Union
Uzalkur Union
Baintala Union
Rampal Union
Rajnagar Union
Hurka Union
Perikhali Union
Vojpatia Union
Mollikerber Union
Banshtoli Union
Mongla Upazila
Burirdanga Union
Mithakhali Union
Sonailtala Union
Chandpai Union
Chila Union
Sundarban Union
Sarankhola Upazila
Dhansagor Union
Khontakata Union
Rayenda Union
Southkhali Union | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Union Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Parishad"},{"link_name":"Bagerhat Sadar Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagerhat_Sadar_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Bagerhat District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagerhat_District"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-2"}],"text":"Bamorta Union (Bengali: বেমরতা ইউনিয়ন) is a Union Parishad in Bagerhat Sadar Upazila of Bagerhat District in the division of Khulna, Bangladesh.[1] It has an area of 99.87 km2 (38.56 sq mi) and a population of 32,620.[2]","title":"Bamorta Union"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Condola\nSultanpur\nBemorta\nRajapur\nRamachandrapur\nBijaypur\nJoygasi\nRaghunathpur\nKhalkulia\n\nRamnagar Satagachia\nChargram\nBhadrapara\nBaitpur\nChitli\nFatepur\nKalabaria\nArjunbahar\nDhanagati\nAnardanga\nKapalibandor\nMoujardanga\n\nKharasambol\nBergajalia\nDattakathi\nBishnupur","title":"Villages"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bamorta Union\". Unions of Bagerhat Sadar Upazila. bamortaup.bagerhat.gov.bd. 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://bamortaup.bagerhat.gov.bd/","url_text":"\"Bamorta Union\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)\". Retrieved 2020-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbs.gov.bd/","url_text":"\"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://bamortaup.bagerhat.gov.bd/","external_links_name":"bamortaup.bagerhat.gov.bd"},{"Link":"http://bamortaup.bagerhat.gov.bd/","external_links_name":"\"Bamorta Union\""},{"Link":"http://www.bbs.gov.bd/","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisha_Newton | Alisha Newton | ["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"] | Canadian actress (born 2001)
Alisha NewtonNewton in 2015Born (2001-07-22) 22 July 2001 (age 22)Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaOccupationActressYears active2010–present
Alisha Newton (born 22 July 2001) is a Canadian actress. She is notable for her main roles as Georgie Fleming Morris on the Canadian television drama series Heartland, and as Helen Mathis in the cult thriller series Devil in Ohio in 2022.
She is now also known for her role as Erin in the teen drama series My Life with the Walter Boys, which has been on Netflix since 7 December 2023.
Life and career
Born in Vancouver, Alisha Newton's screen debut at a young age, appearing in a 'Little Mommy' commercial, before her debut acting role in television movie The Wyoming Story in 2010.
Newton played Young Annabeth Chase in the post-2013 release, Twentieth Century Fox's Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters.
Since 2012, Newton has been a series regular on the CBC drama series Heartland. She portrays Georgie Fleming Morris, a child who finds a nurturing home at Heartland Ranch, owned by Jack Bartlett (Shaun Johnston), who runs the ranch with his granddaughters Amy (Amber Marshall), and her sister Lou (Michelle Morgan). During the early years of filming of Heartland, Newton received on-set schooling.
In 2014, Newton played the minor role of Sofia Dunlap in the 2014 film The Tree That Saved Christmas.
In 2022, she played a main role as Helen, eldest daughter of the Mathis family who takes in the protagonist Mae, in the Netflix cult thriller series Devil in Ohio.
Filmography
Television and film roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2010
The Wyoming Story
Bird Thorpe
Television film
2010
Supernatural
Little Girl
Episode: "Clap Your Hands If You Believe"
2011
Jake and Jasper: A Ferret Tale
Kid at School
Short film
2011
Joanna Makes a Friend
Susie
Short film
2012
No Place Like Home
Dorothy
Short film
2012–present
Heartland
Georgina 'Georgie' Fleming Morris
Main role (seasons 6–13), Recurring role (seasons 14 and 16), 140 episodes
2012
Shadowplay
Piper
Short film
2012
Mind Your Manner
Alice
Short film
2013
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters
Young Annabeth
Film
2013
Heart of Dance
"Jenna"
Film
2014
The Tree That Saved Christmas
Sofia Dunlap
Television film
2014
The Dating Journal
Claire
Short film
2015
The Hollow
Emma
Television film
2015
When Calls the Heart
Nellie
Episode: "Heart of the Family"
2016
Lucky
Kailey
Short film
2017
Roam
Lily (also producer)
Short film
2018
Scorched Earth
Beatrice
Film
2018
Til Ex Do Us Part
Emma
Television film
2019
Hudson
Georgie
4 episodes
2021
Debris
Isla vandeburg
Pilot episode
2021
We're All in This Together
Paris Parker
film
2022
Devil in Ohio
Helen Mathis
Main role - 8 episodes
2023
My Life with the Walter Boys
Erin
Main role
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Refs
2013
Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a Short Film – Young Actress Ten and Under
No Place Like Home
Nominated
Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actress
Heartland
Won
2014
Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actress
Nominated
The Joey Awards
Best Young Actress age 14 or younger in a TV Series Drama Supporting/Recurring
Won
2015
Best Actress in a TV Drama Leading Role
Won
2016
Young Actress in a Drama TV Series Leading Role 14–18 Years
Nominated
References
^ a b "Devil in Ohio star Alisha Newton: Everything about the Helen actress". netflixlife.com. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ Konjicanin, Anja (13 September 2012). "5 Minutes With Heartland's Alisha Newton". Vancouver Observer. Observer Media Group. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
^ a b Vancouver Courier (1 January 2013). "Young actress takes reins on CBC's Heartland". Vancouver is Awesome.
^ Wendy Wilkinson (12 February 2021). "Alisha Newton Heartland TV's Sweetheart". Cowgirl Magazine.
^ "Alisha Newton Young Hollywood Star". newyorkgirlstyle.com/. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ "Heartland's Alisha Newton". The Vancouver Observer. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
^ Volmers, Eric. "Heartland, Caution: May Contain Nuts lead Alberta Film and Television Award nominations". calgaryherald.com. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
^ "Heartland's Alisha Newton". horse-canada.com. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
^ "Devil in Ohio star Alisha Newton: Everything about the Helen actress". tvguide.com. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ a b "34th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards". youngartistawards.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
^ "35th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards". youngartistawards.org. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
^ "Joey Awards 2014". joeyawards.com. 2014. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016.
^ "Joey Awards". joeyawards.com. 2015. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016.
^ "Joey Awards 2016". joeyawards.com. 2016. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016.
External links
Alisha Newton at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This article about a Canadian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohio-1"},{"link_name":"Heartland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Devil in Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"My Life with the Walter Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Life_with_the_Walter_Boys"}],"text":"Alisha Newton (born 22 July 2001)[1] is a Canadian actress. She is notable for her main roles as Georgie Fleming Morris on the Canadian television drama series Heartland,[2] and as Helen Mathis in the cult thriller series Devil in Ohio in 2022.She is now also known for her role as Erin in the teen drama series My Life with the Walter Boys, which has been on Netflix since 7 December 2023.","title":"Alisha Newton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mommy-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowgirl-4"},{"link_name":"Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Jackson:_Sea_of_Monsters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-girl-5"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Heartland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CH-7"},{"link_name":"Shaun Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Johnston"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Heartland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mommy-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv-9"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Devil in Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohio-1"}],"text":"Born in Vancouver, Alisha Newton's screen debut at a young age, appearing in a 'Little Mommy' commercial,[3] before her debut acting role in television movie The Wyoming Story in 2010.[4]Newton played Young Annabeth Chase in the post-2013 release, Twentieth Century Fox's Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters.[5]Since 2012, Newton has been a series regular on the CBC drama series Heartland.[6][7] She portrays Georgie Fleming Morris, a child who finds a nurturing home at Heartland Ranch, owned by Jack Bartlett (Shaun Johnston), who runs the ranch with his granddaughters Amy (Amber Marshall), and her sister Lou (Michelle Morgan).[8] During the early years of filming of Heartland, Newton received on-set schooling.[3]In 2014, Newton played the minor role of Sofia Dunlap in the 2014 film The Tree That Saved Christmas.[9]In 2022, she played a main role as Helen, eldest daughter of the Mathis family who takes in the protagonist Mae, in the Netflix cult thriller series Devil in Ohio.[1]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Devil in Ohio star Alisha Newton: Everything about the Helen actress\". netflixlife.com. Retrieved 15 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://netflixlife.com/2022/09/02/devil-in-ohio-star-alisha-newton-age-height-instagram-roles/","url_text":"\"Devil in Ohio star Alisha Newton: Everything about the Helen actress\""}]},{"reference":"Konjicanin, Anja (13 September 2012). \"5 Minutes With Heartland's Alisha Newton\". Vancouver Observer. Observer Media Group. Retrieved 13 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vancouverobserver.com/5-minutes-with/heartlands-alisha-newton","url_text":"\"5 Minutes With Heartland's Alisha Newton\""}]},{"reference":"Vancouver Courier (1 January 2013). \"Young actress takes reins on CBC's Heartland\". Vancouver is Awesome.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/courier-archive/general-archive/young-actress-takes-reins-on-cbcs-heartland-2971810","url_text":"\"Young actress takes reins on CBC's Heartland\""}]},{"reference":"Wendy Wilkinson (12 February 2021). \"Alisha Newton Heartland TV's Sweetheart\". Cowgirl Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://cowgirlmagazine.com/alisha-newton/","url_text":"\"Alisha Newton Heartland TV's Sweetheart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alisha Newton Young Hollywood Star\". newyorkgirlstyle.com/. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150217011549/http://www.newyorkgirlstyle.com/2013/08/28/alisha-newton-young-hollywood-star/","url_text":"\"Alisha Newton Young Hollywood Star\""},{"url":"http://www.newyorkgirlstyle.com/2013/08/28/alisha-newton-young-hollywood-star/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heartland's Alisha Newton\". The Vancouver Observer. Retrieved 4 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vancouverobserver.com/5-minutes-with/heartlands-alisha-newton","url_text":"\"Heartland's Alisha Newton\""}]},{"reference":"Volmers, Eric. \"Heartland, Caution: May Contain Nuts lead Alberta Film and Television Award nominations\". calgaryherald.com. Retrieved 24 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/local-arts/heartland-caution-may-contain-nuts-lead-alberta-film-and-television-award-nominations","url_text":"\"Heartland, Caution: May Contain Nuts lead Alberta Film and Television Award nominations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heartland's Alisha Newton\". horse-canada.com. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horse-canada.com/star-crossed-horses/heartlands-alisha-newton/","url_text":"\"Heartland's Alisha Newton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Devil in Ohio star Alisha Newton: Everything about the Helen actress\". tvguide.com. Retrieved 15 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/alisha-newton/credits/3030253367/","url_text":"\"Devil in Ohio star Alisha Newton: Everything about the Helen actress\""}]},{"reference":"\"34th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\". youngartistawards.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021074340/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms34.html","url_text":"\"34th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\""},{"url":"http://youngartistawards.org/noms34.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"35th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\". youngartistawards.org. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160504160304/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms35.html","url_text":"\"35th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\""},{"url":"http://youngartistawards.org/noms35.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joey Awards 2014\". joeyawards.com. 2014. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002627/http://www.joeyawards.com/2014winners.html","url_text":"\"Joey Awards 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.joeyawards.com/2014winners.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joey Awards\". joeyawards.com. 2015. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002822/http://www.joeyawards.com/2015winners.html","url_text":"\"Joey Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.joeyawards.com/2015winners.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joey Awards 2016\". joeyawards.com. 2016. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160910161859/http://www.joeyawards.com/2016nominations.html","url_text":"\"Joey Awards 2016\""},{"url":"http://www.joeyawards.com/2016nominations.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://netflixlife.com/2022/09/02/devil-in-ohio-star-alisha-newton-age-height-instagram-roles/","external_links_name":"\"Devil in Ohio star Alisha Newton: Everything about the Helen actress\""},{"Link":"http://www.vancouverobserver.com/5-minutes-with/heartlands-alisha-newton","external_links_name":"\"5 Minutes With Heartland's Alisha Newton\""},{"Link":"https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/courier-archive/general-archive/young-actress-takes-reins-on-cbcs-heartland-2971810","external_links_name":"\"Young actress takes reins on CBC's Heartland\""},{"Link":"https://cowgirlmagazine.com/alisha-newton/","external_links_name":"\"Alisha Newton Heartland TV's Sweetheart\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150217011549/http://www.newyorkgirlstyle.com/2013/08/28/alisha-newton-young-hollywood-star/","external_links_name":"\"Alisha Newton Young Hollywood Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.newyorkgirlstyle.com/2013/08/28/alisha-newton-young-hollywood-star/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vancouverobserver.com/5-minutes-with/heartlands-alisha-newton","external_links_name":"\"Heartland's Alisha Newton\""},{"Link":"https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/local-arts/heartland-caution-may-contain-nuts-lead-alberta-film-and-television-award-nominations","external_links_name":"\"Heartland, Caution: May Contain Nuts lead Alberta Film and Television Award nominations\""},{"Link":"http://www.horse-canada.com/star-crossed-horses/heartlands-alisha-newton/","external_links_name":"\"Heartland's Alisha Newton\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/alisha-newton/credits/3030253367/","external_links_name":"\"Devil in Ohio star Alisha Newton: Everything about the Helen actress\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021074340/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms34.html","external_links_name":"\"34th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\""},{"Link":"http://youngartistawards.org/noms34.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160504160304/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms35.html","external_links_name":"\"35th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\""},{"Link":"http://youngartistawards.org/noms35.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002627/http://www.joeyawards.com/2014winners.html","external_links_name":"\"Joey Awards 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.joeyawards.com/2014winners.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002822/http://www.joeyawards.com/2015winners.html","external_links_name":"\"Joey Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.joeyawards.com/2015winners.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160910161859/http://www.joeyawards.com/2016nominations.html","external_links_name":"\"Joey Awards 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.joeyawards.com/2016nominations.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3851019/","external_links_name":"Alisha Newton"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4123154622398344710004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTp7ktJYKbRDW643dqQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018172655","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alisha_Newton&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1730 | United Nations Security Council Resolution 1730 | ["1 Resolution","1.1 Observations","1.2 Acts","2 De-listing procedure","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | United Nations resolution adopted in 2006
UN Security CouncilResolution 1730United Nations emblemDate19 December 2006Meeting no.5,599CodeS/RES/1730 (Document)SubjectGeneral issues relating to sanctionsVoting summary15 voted forNone voted againstNone abstainedResultAdoptedSecurity Council compositionPermanent members China France Russia United Kingdom United StatesNon-permanent members Argentina Rep. of the Congo Denmark Ghana Greece Japan Peru Qatar Slovakia Tanzania
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1730, adopted unanimously on December 19, 2006, after emphasising the role of sanctions, the Council requested the Secretary-General to establish a focal point within the Secretariat to ensure "fair and clear" procedures for placing individuals and entities on sanctions lists and for removing them.
Resolution
Observations
Reaffirming the importance of sanctions in maintaining international peace and security, the Council urged all Member States to implement obligations placed upon them. It wanted to ensure that sanctions were targeted in support of clear objectives and implemented fairly, as well as having humanitarian exceptions.
Acts
The Security Council adopted a de-listing procedure provided in the annex of the resolution. Sanctions committees established in resolutions 751 (1992), 918 (1994), 1132 (1997), 1267 (1999), 1518 (2003), 1533 (2004), 1572 (2004), 1591 (2005), 1636 (2005) and 1718 (2006) were asked to revise their guidelines accordingly.
De-listing procedure
The Secretary-General was asked to establish a focal point within the Secretariat to receive requests for de-listing. The focal point was to receive petitions for de-listing which would then be forwarded on to the governments of the individual's residence. It de-listing is approved, rejected or no action is taken by the relevant governments, the Committee would be informed in all instances and if necessary, approve or reject the application. The petitioner would then be informed of the decision.
See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1701 to 1800 (2006–2008)
References
^ "Security Council adopts measures to ensure 'fair and clear' procedures exist for de-listing from sanctions committees". United Nations. December 19, 2006.
^ Andreopoulos, George; Barberet, Rosemary; Levine, James P. (2010). International Criminal Justice: Theoretical and Legal Perspectives. New York: Springer. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4419-1101-8.
^ Farrall, Jeremy Matam (2007). United Nations sanctions and the rule of law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-521-87802-9.
External links
Works related to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1730 at Wikisource
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
Focal point established by Resolution 1730 at the Wayback Machine (archived September 5, 2015)
vteUnited Nations Security Council resolutions adopted in 2006
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1738 → | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Security Council Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution"},{"link_name":"sanctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1730, adopted unanimously on December 19, 2006, after emphasising the role of sanctions, the Council requested the Secretary-General to establish a focal point within the Secretariat to ensure \"fair and clear\" procedures for placing individuals and entities on sanctions lists and for removing them.[1]","title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1730"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Resolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Member States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"humanitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian"}],"sub_title":"Observations","text":"Reaffirming the importance of sanctions in maintaining international peace and security, the Council urged all Member States to implement obligations placed upon them. It wanted to ensure that sanctions were targeted in support of clear objectives and implemented fairly, as well as having humanitarian exceptions.","title":"Resolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"751","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_751"},{"link_name":"918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_918"},{"link_name":"1132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1132"},{"link_name":"1267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1267"},{"link_name":"1518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1518"},{"link_name":"1533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1533"},{"link_name":"1572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1572"},{"link_name":"1591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1591"},{"link_name":"1636","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1636"},{"link_name":"1718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1718"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Acts","text":"The Security Council adopted a de-listing procedure provided in the annex of the resolution. Sanctions committees established in resolutions 751 (1992), 918 (1994), 1132 (1997), 1267 (1999), 1518 (2003), 1533 (2004), 1572 (2004), 1591 (2005), 1636 (2005) and 1718 (2006) were asked to revise their guidelines accordingly.[2]","title":"Resolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Secretary-General was asked to establish a focal point within the Secretariat to receive requests for de-listing. The focal point was to receive petitions for de-listing which would then be forwarded on to the governments of the individual's residence. It de-listing is approved, rejected or no action is taken by the relevant governments, the Committee would be informed in all instances and if necessary, approve or reject the application. The petitioner would then be informed of the decision.[3]","title":"De-listing procedure"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1701 to 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1701_to_1800"}] | [{"reference":"\"Security Council adopts measures to ensure 'fair and clear' procedures exist for de-listing from sanctions committees\". United Nations. December 19, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8913.doc.htm","url_text":"\"Security Council adopts measures to ensure 'fair and clear' procedures exist for de-listing from sanctions committees\""}]},{"reference":"Andreopoulos, George; Barberet, Rosemary; Levine, James P. (2010). International Criminal Justice: Theoretical and Legal Perspectives. New York: Springer. p. 164. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish-Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718) | Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718) | ["1 Background","2 Ottoman reconquest of the Morea","3 The Siege of Corfu","4 Austrian intervention and conclusion of the war","5 Aftermath","6 References","7 Sources"] | Part of the Ottoman–Venetian wars
Seventh Ottoman–Venetian WarPart of the Ottoman–Venetian wars and the Ottoman–Portuguese confrontationsDante’s Gate in Spinalonga fort, the last remaining Venetian outpost on CreteDate9 December 1714 – 21 July 1718LocationPeloponnese, Aegean Sea, Ionian Islands, DalmatiaResult
Ottoman victory; Treaty of PassarowitzTerritorialchanges
Morea ceded back to Ottoman EmpireBelligerents
Republic of Venice Austria (from 1716) Kingdom of Portugal (1716–1717) Order of Malta Papal States Spain HimariotesHajduks
Ottoman EmpireCommanders and leaders
Daniele Dolfin Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg Andrea Pisani Eugene of Savoy
Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha Kara Mustafa PashaCasualties and losses
40,000 killed and wounded 20,000 killed and wounded
80,000+ killed and wounded
vteSeventh Ottoman–Venetian War
Morea
Nauplia
Corfu
Corfu Channel
Imbros
Matapan
vteOttoman–Venetian wars
Gallipoli
Thessalonica
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Fourth (War of Cyprus)
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Seventh
vteOttoman–Portuguese conflicts
Siege of Jeddah (1517)
Battle of Ash-Shihr (1531)
Siege of Diu (1531)
Conquest of Tunis (1535)
Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)
Siege of Malacca (1568)
Battle of Alcácer Quibir
Capture of Muscat (1581)
Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)
Sack of Madeira (1617)
Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)
Battle at the Portuguese coast (1726)
The Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War (also called the Second Morean War, the Small War or, in Croatia, the War of Sinj) was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718. It was the last conflict between the two powers, and ended with an Ottoman victory and the loss of Venice's major possession in the Greek peninsula, the Peloponnese (Morea). Venice was saved from a greater defeat by the intervention of Austria in 1716. The Austrian victories led to the signing of the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, which ended the war.
Background
Further information: Morean War
Following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the Second Siege of Vienna in 1683, the Holy League of Linz gathered most European states (except for France, England and the Netherlands) in a common front against the Ottomans. In the resulting Great Turkish War (1683–1699) the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of defeats such as the battles of Mohács and Zenta, and in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), was forced to cede the bulk of Hungary to the Habsburg monarchy, Podolia to Poland-Lithuania, while Azov was taken by the Russian Empire.
Further south, the Republic of Venice had launched its own attack on the Ottoman Empire, seeking revenge for successive conquests of its overseas empire by the Turks, most recently (1669) the loss of Crete. Venetian troops, under the command of the able general Francesco Morosini (who became Doge of Venice in 1688), were able early in the conflict to seize the island of Lefkada (Santa Maura) in 1684, the Peloponnese (Morea) peninsula (1685–1687) and parts of Continental Greece, although attempts to conquer Chalkis (Negroponte), recover Crete and hold on to Chios failed. In the Treaty of Karlowitz, Venice gained recognition of its control over Cephalonia and the Morea, and restored the situation in the Aegean to its pre-war status quo, leaving only the island of Tinos in Venetian hands.
The Ottomans were from the outset determined to reverse these losses, especially the Morea, whose loss had been keenly felt in the Ottoman court: a large part of the income of the Valide sultan (the Ottoman queen-mothers) had come from there. Already in 1702, there were tensions between the two powers and rumours of war because of the Venetian confiscation of an Ottoman merchant vessel; troops and supplies were moved to the Ottoman provinces adjoining the Venetian "Kingdom of the Morea". The Venetian position there was weak, with only a few thousand troops in the whole peninsula, plagued by supply, disciplinary and morale problems. Nevertheless, peace was maintained between the two powers for twelve more years. In the meantime, the Ottomans began a reform of their navy, while Venice found itself increasingly isolated diplomatically from the other European powers: the Holy League had fractured after its victory, and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) and the Great Northern War (1700–1721) preoccupied the attention of most European states. The Ottomans took advantage of the favourable international situation to settle their scores with Russia, inflicting on them a heavy defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1711. This victory encouraged the Ottoman leadership and after the Russo-Turkish Treaty of Adrianople in June 1713, the way was open for an attack on Venice.
A pretext was easy to find: the seizure of an Ottoman ship carrying the treasures of the former Grand Vizier, Damad Hasan Pasha, as well as the Venetians' granting of sanctuary to Danilo I, the Prince-Bishop of Montenegro, after he had launched an abortive revolt against the Turks. As a result, on 9 December 1714, the Ottoman Empire declared war on Venice.
Ottoman reconquest of the Morea
During the early months of 1715, they assembled an army of c. 70,000 men in Macedonia under the Grand Vizier Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha. On 22 May, Grand Vizier marched south from Thessalonica, arriving at Thebes on 9 June, where he held a review of the troops. Although the accuracy of his figures is open to doubt, the journal of the French interpreter Benjamin Brue, reports 14,994 cavalry and 59,200 infantry as present at Thebes on 9 June, with the total number of men involved in the campaign against the Morea placed at 110,364 (22,844 cavalry and 87,520 infantry).
After a war council on 13 June, 15,000 Janissaries under Kara Mustafa Pasha were sent to capture Lepanto, while the main body of the army under Yusuf Pasha and the Agha of the Janissaries moved onto the Isthmus of Corinth and the two fortresses of Acrocorinth and Nauplia, the main Venetian strongholds in the Morea. In the meantime, the Ottoman Fleet, numbering 80 warships under Canum Hoca, had captured the last Venetian possessions in the Aegean, the islands of Tinos and Aigina.
The Venetians, who did not have any standing army and relied mainly on mercenaries, could only muster 8,000 men and 42 mostly small ships, under the command of the Captain-General Daniel Delfin. This force was not only insufficient to meet the Ottoman army in the field, but also inadequate to man the many fortifications that the Venetians had built or enhanced during the past decades. In addition, the local Greek population disliked Venetian rule, something Damad Ali exploited, by ensuring that his troops respected their safety and property. Thus he was able to count on the good will of the Greeks, who provided his troops with ample provisions, while the Venetians, who hoped to recruit a militia amongst the native population, were left isolated in their forts.
On 25 June, the Ottoman army crossed the Isthmus of Corinth and entered the Morea. The citadel of Acrocorinth, which controlled the passage to the peninsula, surrendered after a brief siege, on terms of safe passage for the garrison and the civilians. However, some Janissaries, eager for plunder, disobeyed Damat Ali's orders and entered the citadel. A large part of the garrison, including the provveditore Giacomo Minoto, and most of the civilians were massacred or sold to slavery. Only 180 Venetians were saved and transported to Corfu. These tragic events later inspired Lord Byron's poem The Siege of Corinth.
After Corinth, the Ottomans advanced against Nauplia (Napoli di Romagna), the main base of Venetian power in the Morea. Nafplion was well-protected by several strong forts and had a garrison of 2,000 men. However, on 20 July, after only nine days of siege, the Ottomans exploded a mine under the bastions of Palamidi and successfully stormed the fort. The Venetian defenders panicked and retreated, leading to a general collapse of the defence.
The Ottomans then advanced to the southwest, where the forts of Navarino and Koroni were abandoned by the Venetians, who gathered their remaining forces at Methoni (Modon). However, being denied effective support from the sea by Delfin's reluctance to endanger his fleet by engaging the Ottoman navy, the fort capitulated. The remaining Venetian strongholds, including the last remaining outposts on Crete (Spinalonga and Souda), likewise capitulated in exchange for safe departure. Within a hundred days, the entire Peloponnese had been re-taken by the Ottomans.
According to the Ottomanist Virginia Aksan, the campaign had been "basically a walkover for the Ottomans". Despite the presence of sufficient materiel, the Venetian garrisons were weak, and the Venetian government unable to finance the war, while the Ottomans not only enjoyed a considerable numerical superiority, but also were more willing "to tolerate large losses and considerable desertion": according to Brue, no less than 8,000 Ottoman soldiers were killed and another 6,000 wounded in the just nine days of the siege of Nauplia. Furthermore, unlike the Venetians, the Ottomans this time enjoyed the effective support of their fleet, which among other activities ferried a number of large siege cannons to support the siege of Nauplia.
On 13 September, the Grand Vizier began his return journey, and on the 22nd, near Nauplia, received the congratulations of the Sultan. A week of parades and celebrations followed. On 10 October, the Standard of the Prophet was ceremonially placed in its casket, a sign that the campaign was over. The troops received six months' worth of pay on 17 October near Larissa, and the Grand Vizier returned to the capital, for a triumphal entrance, on 2 December.
The Siege of Corfu
Main article: Siege of Corfu (1716)
City plan of Corfu in 1688, depicting its fortifications
After their success in the Morea, the Ottomans moved against the Venetian-held Ionian Islands. They occupied the island of Lefkada (Santa Maura), which the Venetians had taken in 1684, and the fort of Butrinto opposite the city of Corfu. On 8 July 1716, an Ottoman army of 33,000 men landed on Corfu, the most important of the Ionian Islands. Despite an indecisive naval battle on the same day, the Ottoman land army continued its disembarkment and advanced towards the city of Corfu. On 19 July, after capturing the outlying forts of Mantouki, Garitsa, Avrami and of the Saviour, the siege began.The miracle of Corfu; Byzantine icon in Santa Maria Assunta Church of Villa Badessa, Italy
The defence was led by Count Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg, who had roughly 8,000 men at his command. The extensive fortifications and the determination of the defenders withstood several assaults. After a great storm on 9 August—which the defenders attributed to the intervention of Corfu's patron saint, Saint Spyridon—caused significant casualties among the besiegers, the siege was broken off on 11 August and the last Ottoman forces withdrew on 20 August.
Austrian intervention and conclusion of the war
Main articles: Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) and Holy League (1717)
Venetian grenadiers of the Müller Regiment attacking an Ottoman fort in Dalmatia, 1717
In the summer of 1715, the pasha of Bosnia marched against the Venetian possessions in Dalmatia, with an army that reputedly numbered 40,000 men. The Ottomans were defeated in a siege of Sinj, but the Ottoman threat to Dalmatia played a role in Austria's decision to intervene.
With Pope Clement XI providing financial support and France guaranteeing Austrian possessions in Italy, Austria felt ready to intervene. On 13 April 1716, Emperor Charles VI renewed his alliance with Venice, whereupon the Ottomans declared war on Austria. The Austrian threat forced the Ottomans to direct their forces away from the remaining Venetian possessions, but the Serenissima was too weak to mount any large-scale counter-offensive. Only its navy resumed a more aggressive stance, with naval actions between the Venetian and Ottoman fleets taking place in the Aegean Sea, such as the Battle of Imbros and the Battle of Matapan a month later, but these were generally indecisive and did not affect the outcome of the war. The only permanent Venetian success was the capture of the fortresses of Preveza and Arta in 1717. With the Austrian victories at the Battle of Petrovaradin and the Siege of Belgrade, however, the Ottomans were forced to sign the Treaty of Passarowitz. Although the Ottomans lost significant territories to Austria, they maintained their conquests against Venice in the Peloponnese and Crete, with the exception of Preveza (fell in 1717 to Venetians) and a few forts in Herzegovina (Imotski was taken in 1717).
Aftermath
Following the end of the war, the Republic of Venice was reduced to a de facto Habsburg vassal, rather than an independent actor in international politics, until its abolition in 1797.
References
^ Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León, Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 118
^ Clodfelter, M. (2008). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (3rd ed.). McFarland. p. 96.
^ Clodfelter, p. 96.
^ a b Lane (1973), p. 411
^ Matica hrvatska Josip Ante Soldo: Sinjska krajina u 17. i 18. stoljeću (knjiga prva), Matica hrvatska ogranak Sinj, Sinj, 1995, ISBN 953-96429-0-6
^ Chasiotis 1975, pp. 14–19.
^ Chasiotis 1975, pp. 19–35.
^ Lane 1973, pp. 410–411.
^ Vakalopoulos 1973, pp. 15–42.
^ Setton 1991, pp. 412–418.
^ Chasiotis 1975, pp. 38, 41.
^ Chasiotis 1975, pp. 38–39.
^ Setton 1991, p. 426.
^ Chasiotis 1975, p. 39.
^ Setton 1991, pp. 426–427.
^ a b c d Aksan 2013, p. 99.
^ Aksan 2013, pp. 99, 124 (note 55).
^ Finlay 1856, p. 264.
^ Finlay 1856, p. 265.
^ a b L.S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453, p. 181
^ Finlay 1856, pp. 266–268.
^ Finlay 1856, pp. 270–271.
^ Finlay 1856, pp. 272–274.
^ Aksan 2013, pp. 99–100.
^ Aksan 2013, p. 100.
^ J. Norwich, A History of Venice, 579
^ a b The history of Corfu Archived 2009-04-11 at the Wayback Machine at corfuweb.gr
^ Naklada Naprijed, The Croatian Adriatic Tourist Guide, p. 308, Zagreb (1999), ISBN 953-178-097-8
Sources
Aksan, Virginia H. (2013). Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-30807-7.
Anderson, R. C. (1952). Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 1015099422.
Chasiotis, Ioannis (1975). "Η κάμψη της Οθωμανικής δυνάμεως" . In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.). Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΑ΄: Ο Ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία (περίοδος 1669 - 1821), Τουρκοκρατία - Λατινοκρατία (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 8–51. ISBN 978-960-213-100-8.
Finlay, George (1856). The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination. London: William Blackwood and Sons. OCLC 1903753.
Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1557535948.
Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973). Venice, a Maritime Republic. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1460-0.
Nani Mocenigo, Mario (1935). Storia della marina veneziana: da Lepanto alla caduta della Repubblica (in Italian). Rome: Tipo lit. Ministero della Marina – Uff. Gabinetto.
Prelli, Alberto; Mugnai, Bruno (2016). L'ultima vittoria della Serenissima: 1716 – L'assedio di Corfù (in Italian). Bassano del Grappa: itinera progetti. ISBN 978-88-88542-74-4.
Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. Philadelphia, Massachusetts: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-192-2.
Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–234. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7.
Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1973). Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Δ′: Τουρκοκρατία 1669–1812 – Η οικονομική άνοδος και ο φωτισμός του γένους (Έκδοση Β′) (in Greek) (2nd ed.). Thessaloniki: Emm. Sfakianakis & Sons. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)"},{"link_name":"Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_reconquest_of_the_Morea"},{"link_name":"Nauplia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Nauplia_(1715)"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1716)"},{"link_name":"Corfu 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(1726)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_at_the_Portuguese_coast_(1726)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane411-4"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Passarowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz"}],"text":"vteSeventh Ottoman–Venetian War\nMorea\nNauplia\nCorfu\nCorfu Channel\nImbros\nMatapanvteOttoman–Venetian wars\nGallipoli\nThessalonica\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nFourth (War of Cyprus)\nFifth (War of Candia)\nSixth (Morean War)\nSeventhvteOttoman–Portuguese conflicts\nSiege of Jeddah (1517)\nBattle of Ash-Shihr (1531)\nSiege of Diu (1531)\nConquest of Tunis (1535)\nOttoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)\nSiege of Malacca (1568)\nBattle of Alcácer Quibir\nCapture of Muscat (1581)\nOttoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)\nSack of Madeira (1617)\nOttoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)\nBattle at the Portuguese coast (1726)The Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War (also called the Second Morean War,[4] the Small War or, in Croatia, the War of Sinj)[5] was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718. It was the last conflict between the two powers, and ended with an Ottoman victory and the loss of Venice's major possession in the Greek peninsula, the Peloponnese (Morea). Venice was saved from a greater defeat by the intervention of Austria in 1716. The Austrian victories led to the signing of the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, which ended the war.","title":"Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morean_War"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second Siege of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1683)"},{"link_name":"Holy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"Great Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"Mohács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs_(1687)"},{"link_name":"Zenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Karlowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Podolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolia"},{"link_name":"Poland-Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azov"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChasiotis197514%E2%80%9319-6"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"overseas empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_da_Mar"},{"link_name":"loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Francesco Morosini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Morosini"},{"link_name":"Doge of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doge_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Lefkada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefkada"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea"},{"link_name":"Continental Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)"},{"link_name":"Chalkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkis"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"status quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo"},{"link_name":"Tinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinos"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChasiotis197519%E2%80%9335-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane1973410%E2%80%93411-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos197315%E2%80%9342-9"},{"link_name":"Valide sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valide_sultan"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Morea"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1991412%E2%80%93418-10"},{"link_name":"navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Navy"},{"link_name":"War of the Spanish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"},{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChasiotis197538,_41-11"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1710%E2%80%931711"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1713)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChasiotis197538%E2%80%9339-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1991426-13"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizier"},{"link_name":"Damad Hasan Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damad_Hasan_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Danilo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Danilo_I_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishop"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChasiotis197539-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1991426%E2%80%93427-15"}],"text":"Further information: Morean WarFollowing the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the Second Siege of Vienna in 1683, the Holy League of Linz gathered most European states (except for France, England and the Netherlands) in a common front against the Ottomans. In the resulting Great Turkish War (1683–1699) the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of defeats such as the battles of Mohács and Zenta, and in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), was forced to cede the bulk of Hungary to the Habsburg monarchy, Podolia to Poland-Lithuania, while Azov was taken by the Russian Empire.[6]Further south, the Republic of Venice had launched its own attack on the Ottoman Empire, seeking revenge for successive conquests of its overseas empire by the Turks, most recently (1669) the loss of Crete. Venetian troops, under the command of the able general Francesco Morosini (who became Doge of Venice in 1688), were able early in the conflict to seize the island of Lefkada (Santa Maura) in 1684, the Peloponnese (Morea) peninsula (1685–1687) and parts of Continental Greece, although attempts to conquer Chalkis (Negroponte), recover Crete and hold on to Chios failed. In the Treaty of Karlowitz, Venice gained recognition of its control over Cephalonia and the Morea, and restored the situation in the Aegean to its pre-war status quo, leaving only the island of Tinos in Venetian hands.[7][8][9]The Ottomans were from the outset determined to reverse these losses, especially the Morea, whose loss had been keenly felt in the Ottoman court: a large part of the income of the Valide sultan (the Ottoman queen-mothers) had come from there. Already in 1702, there were tensions between the two powers and rumours of war because of the Venetian confiscation of an Ottoman merchant vessel; troops and supplies were moved to the Ottoman provinces adjoining the Venetian \"Kingdom of the Morea\". The Venetian position there was weak, with only a few thousand troops in the whole peninsula, plagued by supply, disciplinary and morale problems. Nevertheless, peace was maintained between the two powers for twelve more years.[10] In the meantime, the Ottomans began a reform of their navy, while Venice found itself increasingly isolated diplomatically from the other European powers: the Holy League had fractured after its victory, and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) and the Great Northern War (1700–1721) preoccupied the attention of most European states.[11] The Ottomans took advantage of the favourable international situation to settle their scores with Russia, inflicting on them a heavy defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1711. This victory encouraged the Ottoman leadership and after the Russo-Turkish Treaty of Adrianople in June 1713, the way was open for an attack on Venice.[12][13]A pretext was easy to find: the seizure of an Ottoman ship carrying the treasures of the former Grand Vizier, Damad Hasan Pasha, as well as the Venetians' granting of sanctuary to Danilo I, the Prince-Bishop of Montenegro, after he had launched an abortive revolt against the Turks. As a result, on 9 December 1714, the Ottoman Empire declared war on Venice.[14][15]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizier"},{"link_name":"Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silahdar_Damat_Ali_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Greece"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAksan201399-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAksan201399,_124_(note_55)-17"},{"link_name":"Janissaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissaries"},{"link_name":"Kara Mustafa Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Mustafa_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafpaktos"},{"link_name":"Agha of the Janissaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_of_the_Janissaries"},{"link_name":"Isthmus of Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth"},{"link_name":"Acrocorinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocorinth"},{"link_name":"Nauplia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauplia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAksan201399-16"},{"link_name":"Canum Hoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C4%B1m_Hoca_Mehmed_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Tinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinos"},{"link_name":"Aigina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigina"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay1856264-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay1856265-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stavrianos-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"provveditore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provveditore"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay1856266%E2%80%93268-21"},{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"},{"link_name":"The Siege of Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siege_of_Corinth_(poem)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"nine days of siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Nauplia_(1715)"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_(military)"},{"link_name":"Palamidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamidi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay1856270%E2%80%93271-22"},{"link_name":"Navarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylos"},{"link_name":"Koroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koroni"},{"link_name":"Methoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay1856272%E2%80%93274-23"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Spinalonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinalonga"},{"link_name":"Souda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souda_Island"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stavrianos-20"},{"link_name":"Virginia Aksan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Aksan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAksan201399%E2%80%93100-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAksan2013100-25"},{"link_name":"Standard of the Prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_the_Prophet"},{"link_name":"Larissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAksan201399-16"}],"text":"During the early months of 1715, they assembled an army of c. 70,000 men in Macedonia under the Grand Vizier Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha. On 22 May, Grand Vizier marched south from Thessalonica, arriving at Thebes on 9 June, where he held a review of the troops.[16] Although the accuracy of his figures is open to doubt, the journal of the French interpreter Benjamin Brue, reports 14,994 cavalry and 59,200 infantry as present at Thebes on 9 June, with the total number of men involved in the campaign against the Morea placed at 110,364 (22,844 cavalry and 87,520 infantry).[17]After a war council on 13 June, 15,000 Janissaries under Kara Mustafa Pasha were sent to capture Lepanto, while the main body of the army under Yusuf Pasha and the Agha of the Janissaries moved onto the Isthmus of Corinth and the two fortresses of Acrocorinth and Nauplia, the main Venetian strongholds in the Morea.[16] In the meantime, the Ottoman Fleet, numbering 80 warships under Canum Hoca, had captured the last Venetian possessions in the Aegean, the islands of Tinos and Aigina.[18]The Venetians, who did not have any standing army and relied mainly on mercenaries, could only muster 8,000 men and 42 mostly small ships, under the command of the Captain-General Daniel Delfin.[19] This force was not only insufficient to meet the Ottoman army in the field, but also inadequate to man the many fortifications that the Venetians had built or enhanced during the past decades. In addition, the local Greek population disliked Venetian rule, something Damad Ali exploited, by ensuring that his troops respected their safety and property. Thus he was able to count on the good will of the Greeks, who provided his troops with ample provisions,[20] while the Venetians, who hoped to recruit a militia amongst the native population, were left isolated in their forts.[citation needed]On 25 June, the Ottoman army crossed the Isthmus of Corinth and entered the Morea. The citadel of Acrocorinth, which controlled the passage to the peninsula, surrendered after a brief siege, on terms of safe passage for the garrison and the civilians. However, some Janissaries, eager for plunder, disobeyed Damat Ali's orders and entered the citadel. A large part of the garrison, including the provveditore Giacomo Minoto, and most of the civilians were massacred or sold to slavery. Only 180 Venetians were saved and transported to Corfu.[21] These tragic events later inspired Lord Byron's poem The Siege of Corinth.[citation needed]After Corinth, the Ottomans advanced against Nauplia (Napoli di Romagna), the main base of Venetian power in the Morea. Nafplion was well-protected by several strong forts and had a garrison of 2,000 men. However, on 20 July, after only nine days of siege, the Ottomans exploded a mine under the bastions of Palamidi and successfully stormed the fort. The Venetian defenders panicked and retreated, leading to a general collapse of the defence.[22]The Ottomans then advanced to the southwest, where the forts of Navarino and Koroni were abandoned by the Venetians, who gathered their remaining forces at Methoni (Modon). However, being denied effective support from the sea by Delfin's reluctance to endanger his fleet by engaging the Ottoman navy, the fort capitulated.[23] The remaining Venetian strongholds, including the last remaining outposts on Crete (Spinalonga and Souda), likewise capitulated in exchange for safe departure. Within a hundred days, the entire Peloponnese had been re-taken by the Ottomans.[20]According to the Ottomanist Virginia Aksan, the campaign had been \"basically a walkover for the Ottomans\". Despite the presence of sufficient materiel, the Venetian garrisons were weak, and the Venetian government unable to finance the war, while the Ottomans not only enjoyed a considerable numerical superiority, but also were more willing \"to tolerate large losses and considerable desertion\": according to Brue, no less than 8,000 Ottoman soldiers were killed and another 6,000 wounded in the just nine days of the siege of Nauplia.[24] Furthermore, unlike the Venetians, the Ottomans this time enjoyed the effective support of their fleet, which among other activities ferried a number of large siege cannons to support the siege of Nauplia.[25]On 13 September, the Grand Vizier began his return journey, and on the 22nd, near Nauplia, received the congratulations of the Sultan. A week of parades and celebrations followed. On 10 October, the Standard of the Prophet was ceremonially placed in its casket, a sign that the campaign was over. The troops received six months' worth of pay on 17 October near Larissa, and the Grand Vizier returned to the capital, for a triumphal entrance, on 2 December.[16]","title":"Ottoman reconquest of the Morea"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_Corfou_1688.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ionian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Lefkada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefkada"},{"link_name":"Butrinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthrotum"},{"link_name":"city of Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu_(city)"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AD_1716-26"},{"link_name":"naval battle on the same day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_July_8,_1716"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corfu1-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chiesa_Santa_Maria_Assunta_-_Villa_Badessa_(icons)01.png"},{"link_name":"Villa Badessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_Badessa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Matthias_von_der_Schulenburg"},{"link_name":"Saint Spyridon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Spyridon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corfu1-27"}],"text":"City plan of Corfu in 1688, depicting its fortificationsAfter their success in the Morea, the Ottomans moved against the Venetian-held Ionian Islands. They occupied the island of Lefkada (Santa Maura), which the Venetians had taken in 1684, and the fort of Butrinto opposite the city of Corfu. On 8 July 1716, an Ottoman army of 33,000 men landed on Corfu, the most important of the Ionian Islands.[26] Despite an indecisive naval battle on the same day, the Ottoman land army continued its disembarkment and advanced towards the city of Corfu. On 19 July, after capturing the outlying forts of Mantouki, Garitsa, Avrami and of the Saviour, the siege began.[27]The miracle of Corfu; Byzantine icon in Santa Maria Assunta Church of Villa Badessa, ItalyThe defence was led by Count Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg, who had roughly 8,000 men at his command. The extensive fortifications and the determination of the defenders withstood several assaults. After a great storm on 9 August—which the defenders attributed to the intervention of Corfu's patron saint, Saint Spyridon—caused significant casualties among the besiegers, the siege was broken off on 11 August and the last Ottoman forces withdrew on 20 August.[27]","title":"The Siege of Corfu"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venetian_grenadiers_attack_an_Ottoman_fort,_1717.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Sinj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinj"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Battle of Imbros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Imbros_(1717)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Matapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Matapan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane411-4"},{"link_name":"Preveza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preveza"},{"link_name":"Arta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Battle of Petrovaradin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Petrovaradin"},{"link_name":"Siege of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1717)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Passarowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz"},{"link_name":"Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Imotski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imotski"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Venetian grenadiers of the Müller Regiment attacking an Ottoman fort in Dalmatia, 1717In the summer of 1715, the pasha of Bosnia marched against the Venetian possessions in Dalmatia, with an army that reputedly numbered 40,000 men. The Ottomans were defeated in a siege of Sinj, but the Ottoman threat to Dalmatia played a role in Austria's decision to intervene.[citation needed]With Pope Clement XI providing financial support and France guaranteeing Austrian possessions in Italy, Austria felt ready to intervene. On 13 April 1716, Emperor Charles VI renewed his alliance with Venice, whereupon the Ottomans declared war on Austria. The Austrian threat forced the Ottomans to direct their forces away from the remaining Venetian possessions, but the Serenissima was too weak to mount any large-scale counter-offensive. Only its navy resumed a more aggressive stance, with naval actions between the Venetian and Ottoman fleets taking place in the Aegean Sea, such as the Battle of Imbros and the Battle of Matapan a month later, but these were generally indecisive and did not affect the outcome of the war.[4] The only permanent Venetian success was the capture of the fortresses of Preveza and Arta in 1717. With the Austrian victories at the Battle of Petrovaradin and the Siege of Belgrade, however, the Ottomans were forced to sign the Treaty of Passarowitz. Although the Ottomans lost significant territories to Austria, they maintained their conquests against Venice in the Peloponnese and Crete, with the exception of Preveza (fell in 1717 to Venetians) and a few forts in Herzegovina (Imotski was taken in 1717).[28]","title":"Austrian intervention and conclusion of the war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"its abolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAksan201399-16"}],"text":"Following the end of the war, the Republic of Venice was reduced to a de facto Habsburg vassal, rather than an independent actor in international politics, until its abolition in 1797.[16]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-582-30807-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7"},{"link_name":"Anderson, R. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005292860"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1015099422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1015099422"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-960-213-100-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-213-100-8"},{"link_name":"Finlay, George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Finlay"},{"link_name":"The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historygreeceun01finlgoog"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1903753","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1903753"},{"link_name":"The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=T3Sg_1wR4poC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1557535948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557535948"},{"link_name":"Venice, a Maritime Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PQpU2JGJCMwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8018-1460-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1460-0"},{"link_name":"Storia della marina veneziana: da Lepanto alla caduta della Repubblica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//asa.archiviostudiadriatici.it/islandora/object/libria%3A1245"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-88542-74-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-88542-74-4"},{"link_name":"Setton, Kenneth Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Setton"},{"link_name":"Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_XN51y209fR8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87169-192-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-192-2"},{"link_name":"History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan"},{"link_name":"231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan/page/231"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-29163-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7"}],"text":"Aksan, Virginia H. (2013). Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-30807-7.\nAnderson, R. C. (1952). Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 1015099422.\nChasiotis, Ioannis (1975). \"Η κάμψη της Οθωμανικής δυνάμεως\" [The decline of Ottoman power]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.). Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΑ΄: Ο Ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία (περίοδος 1669 - 1821), Τουρκοκρατία - Λατινοκρατία [History of the Greek Nation, Volume XI: Hellenism under Foreign Rule (Period 1669 - 1821), Turkocracy – Latinocracy] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 8–51. ISBN 978-960-213-100-8.\nFinlay, George (1856). The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination. London: William Blackwood and Sons. OCLC 1903753.\nIngrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1557535948.\nLane, Frederic Chapin (1973). Venice, a Maritime Republic. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1460-0.\nNani Mocenigo, Mario (1935). Storia della marina veneziana: da Lepanto alla caduta della Repubblica [History of the Venetian navy: from Lepanto to the fall of the Republic] (in Italian). Rome: Tipo lit. Ministero della Marina – Uff. Gabinetto.\nPrelli, Alberto; Mugnai, Bruno (2016). L'ultima vittoria della Serenissima: 1716 – L'assedio di Corfù (in Italian). Bassano del Grappa: itinera progetti. ISBN 978-88-88542-74-4.\nSetton, Kenneth Meyer (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. Philadelphia, Massachusetts: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-192-2.\nShaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–234. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7.\nVakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1973). Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Δ′: Τουρκοκρατία 1669–1812 – Η οικονομική άνοδος και ο φωτισμός του γένους (Έκδοση Β′) [History of modern Hellenism, Volume IV: Turkish rule 1669–1812 – Economic upturn and enlightenment of the nation] (in Greek) (2nd ed.). Thessaloniki: Emm. Sfakianakis & Sons.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"City plan of Corfu in 1688, depicting its fortifications","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plan_Corfou_1688.jpg/200px-Plan_Corfou_1688.jpg"},{"image_text":"The miracle of Corfu; Byzantine icon in Santa Maria Assunta Church of Villa Badessa, Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chiesa_Santa_Maria_Assunta_-_Villa_Badessa_%28icons%2901.png/220px-Chiesa_Santa_Maria_Assunta_-_Villa_Badessa_%28icons%2901.png"},{"image_text":"Venetian grenadiers of the Müller Regiment attacking an Ottoman fort in Dalmatia, 1717","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Venetian_grenadiers_attack_an_Ottoman_fort%2C_1717.jpg/220px-Venetian_grenadiers_attack_an_Ottoman_fort%2C_1717.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Aksan, Virginia H. (2013). Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-30807-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7","url_text":"978-0-582-30807-7"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, R. C. (1952). Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 1015099422.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Anderson","url_text":"Anderson, R. C."},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005292860","url_text":"Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1015099422","url_text":"1015099422"}]},{"reference":"Chasiotis, Ioannis (1975). \"Η κάμψη της Οθωμανικής δυνάμεως\" [The decline of Ottoman power]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.). Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΑ΄: Ο Ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία (περίοδος 1669 - 1821), Τουρκοκρατία - Λατινοκρατία [History of the Greek Nation, Volume XI: Hellenism under Foreign Rule (Period 1669 - 1821), Turkocracy – Latinocracy] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 8–51. ISBN 978-960-213-100-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-213-100-8","url_text":"978-960-213-100-8"}]},{"reference":"Finlay, George (1856). The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination. London: William Blackwood and Sons. OCLC 1903753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Finlay","url_text":"Finlay, George"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historygreeceun01finlgoog","url_text":"The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1903753","url_text":"1903753"}]},{"reference":"Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1557535948.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T3Sg_1wR4poC","url_text":"The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557535948","url_text":"978-1557535948"}]},{"reference":"Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973). Venice, a Maritime Republic. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1460-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PQpU2JGJCMwC","url_text":"Venice, a Maritime Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1460-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-1460-0"}]},{"reference":"Nani Mocenigo, Mario (1935). Storia della marina veneziana: da Lepanto alla caduta della Repubblica [History of the Venetian navy: from Lepanto to the fall of the Republic] (in Italian). Rome: Tipo lit. Ministero della Marina – Uff. Gabinetto.","urls":[{"url":"http://asa.archiviostudiadriatici.it/islandora/object/libria%3A1245","url_text":"Storia della marina veneziana: da Lepanto alla caduta della Repubblica"}]},{"reference":"Prelli, Alberto; Mugnai, Bruno (2016). L'ultima vittoria della Serenissima: 1716 – L'assedio di Corfù (in Italian). Bassano del Grappa: itinera progetti. ISBN 978-88-88542-74-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-88542-74-4","url_text":"978-88-88542-74-4"}]},{"reference":"Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. Philadelphia, Massachusetts: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-192-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Setton","url_text":"Setton, Kenneth Meyer"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XN51y209fR8C","url_text":"Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-192-2","url_text":"0-87169-192-2"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–234. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan","url_text":"History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan/page/231","url_text":"231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7","url_text":"978-0-521-29163-7"}]},{"reference":"Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1973). Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Δ′: Τουρκοκρατία 1669–1812 – Η οικονομική άνοδος και ο φωτισμός του γένους (Έκδοση Β′) [History of modern Hellenism, Volume IV: Turkish rule 1669–1812 – Economic upturn and enlightenment of the nation] (in Greek) (2nd ed.). Thessaloniki: Emm. Sfakianakis & Sons.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.matica.hr/www/wwwizd2.nsf/AllWebDocs/soldosinjskakrajinau17i18stoljecu1","external_links_name":"Matica hrvatska"},{"Link":"http://www.corfuweb.gr/gb-history6.htm","external_links_name":"The history of Corfu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090411090942/http://www.corfuweb.gr/gb-history6.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005292860","external_links_name":"Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1015099422","external_links_name":"1015099422"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historygreeceun01finlgoog","external_links_name":"The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1903753","external_links_name":"1903753"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T3Sg_1wR4poC","external_links_name":"The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PQpU2JGJCMwC","external_links_name":"Venice, a Maritime Republic"},{"Link":"http://asa.archiviostudiadriatici.it/islandora/object/libria%3A1245","external_links_name":"Storia della marina veneziana: da Lepanto alla caduta della Repubblica"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XN51y209fR8C","external_links_name":"Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan","external_links_name":"History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan/page/231","external_links_name":"231"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._P._Ramanunni | K. P. Ramanunni | ["1 Life","2 Works","2.1 Novels","2.2 Short story collections","2.3 Collection of Essays","2.4 Screenplay","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"] | Indian novelist
K. P. RamanunniBorn1955Ponnani, Malabar District, Madras State, IndiaOccupation(s)WriterAdministrator, Thunjan Memorial Trust, Tirur
K. P. Ramanunni (Malayalam:കെ.പി.രാമനുണ്ണി) is a novelist and short-story writer from Kerala, India. His first novel Sufi Paranja Katha (What the Sufi Said) won the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 1995 and the novel Daivathinte Pusthakam (God's Own Book) won the Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award in 2017. Jeevithathinte Pusthakam (Book of Life) won the 2011 Vayalar Award.
Life
It took nearly fifty years for Ramanunni to produce his next novel, Charama Varshikam (Death Anniversary).Oxford University Press has brought out his second novel Charamavarshikam in English as Death Anniversary. And five years more to write his next novel Jeevithathinte Pusthakam (Book of life). The theme of the novel is woven around the life of a bank officer in the grip of amnesia. It was urban hypocrisy and the rural benevolence that he tried to portray in it. Experiences from his own life had added colour to the story, he says. Critics have hailed Jeevithathinte Pusthakam as a significant contribution to Malayalam literature. ‘DaivathintePusthakam’ won the National literary award of India in 2017. (Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award.) The novel had also received Sadbhavana Award, Basheer Award Abudhabi Sakthi Award and Asghar Ali Engineer National Award.
Ramanunni’s short stories which appeared in various leading Malayalam journals have been published in fifteen collections. His very first short story Shavasamskaram won the Prize for the best Short story from Samastha Kerala SahityaParishad. Another Short Story Mukalakshanam was awarded the V.P. Sivakumar Smaraka Keli Award. The Shrot Story JatiChodikkuka won the Padmarajan Puraskaram and Katha award, New Delhi. The Short Story Manushyan Mrugam Eninganne was awarded Bahrain Keraleya Samajam Prize. His collection of short stories PurushaVilapam won AbudabiSakthi Award and the Short Story collection Jadhi Chodikukka won Kalakkad Award. His selected Short Story collection won the C.V. Sreeraman Award of 2009 & T.V. Kochubava Award of 2009.
Ramanunni has participated in many National and International Literary Seminars. As a senior fiction writer in Malayalam he has represented the language in the international Katha Seminar in New Delhi. He has visited America three times on invitation from Federation of Kerala Associations in North America. He has also visited England, Europe, U.A.E, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Bangkok, Iraq, Jordhan, Egypt and Singapore on invitation from different Malayalee organizations. K.P. Ramanunni was the member of writers’ delegation sent to China by Kendra Sahitya Akademi in 2007. K.P. Ramanunni was the Malayalam advisory board member of Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi. He was also the member of Kerala Sahitya Akademi and curriculum committee. Now he is the governing body member of Malayalam Mission.
Ramanunni is an activist working in the field of communal harmony and Mother tongue movement in Kerala. He led so many campaigns against the communal division of the society. He has addressed the communal problems from the standpoint of a real believer. His initiative in this field has been duly acknowledged throughout India.
Works
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Novels
Sufi Paranja Katha (What the Sufi Said)
Charama Varshikam (Death Anniversary)
Jeevithathinte Pusthakam (Book Of Life)
Daivathinte Pusthakam (God's Own Book)
Short story collections
Vidhathavinte Chiri
Vendapettavante Kurish
Purusha Vilapam
Jathi Chodikkuka
Selected Short Stories of K.P. Ramanunni
achyuthammama
Entrance Ezhuthunnakutty (Balasahityam)
Priyappetta Kathakal
Fokso
Grama Kathakal
Prakasamparathunna Aankutti
Aval Mozhiyukayanu
Tanthappratheyyam
Pranayaparvam
Kurks
Collection of Essays
1. Kriminal Kuttamakunna Rathi
2. Shirshasanam
3. Anubhavam, Orma, Yathra
4. Jeevitham Oru Arthikarante Kayyil
5. Oruviswasiyude Mathethara Chinthakal
6. Manas Malayalam
Screenplay
Sufi Paranja Katha
Awards
K. P. Ramanunni has won several awards and recognitions for his contributions towards Malayalam literature:
Kendra Sahitya Academy Award (2017 for Daivathinte Pusthakam)
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel (1995 for Sufi Paranja Katha)
Vayalar Award (2011 for Jeevithathinte Pusthakam)
Edasseri Award (1989 for Sufi Paranja Katha)
Padmarajan Award (1999 for Jaathi Chodikkuka),* Vayalar Award (2011 for Jeevithathinte Pusthakam),
Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award (Story) (for Purushavilapam)
Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award (Novel) (2015 for Daivathinte Pusthakam)
V.P. Sivakumar Smaraka Keli Award
Bharathiya bhasa parishad National Award
Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award
Malayatoor Award
Basheer Award
Katha Award
Bahrain Keraleeya Samajam Award
A. P. Kalakkadu Award
C. V. Sreeraman Award
Indian Islamic Centre Abu Dhabi Literary Award 2023
T.V. Kochubava Award
References
^ "OlivePublications.com". www.olivepublications.com.
^ "Vayalar award for K.P. Ramanunni". The Hindu. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ "manorama online-english". Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ "Death Anniversary". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ R. Ramabhadran Pillai (October 13, 2008). "A master story-teller". The Hindu. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
^ R. Madhavan Nair (February 27, 2007). "A perception of life". The Hindu. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
^ Admin (18 January 2020). "K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award". Centre for Study of Society and Secularism. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "Renowned Malayali writer KP Ramanunni threatened by fundamentalists bags Akademi award". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "K. P. Ramanunni - Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2020| Keralaliteraturefestival.com". keralaliteraturefestival.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ Rajeev, Lekshmy (25 February 2010). "Voice for religious unity". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "INDULEKHA» editor's choice: K P Ramanunni". Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ "കെ.പി. രാമനുണ്ണിക്ക് കേന്ദ്ര സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരം". Malayala Manorama.
^ "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards". Kerala Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ "Vayalar award for K.P. Ramanunni". The Hindu. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
^ "Page not found News". Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018 – via www.thehindu.com. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
^ "വയലാര് അവാര്ഡ് കെ.പി.രാമനുണ്ണിക്ക്"
^ "അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്ഡ് സമര്പ്പണം ആഗസ്റ്റ് 28ന്". DC Books. 18 August 2016. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2023. Alt URL
^ Admin (18 January 2020). "K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award". Centre for Study of Society and Secularism. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ Admin (18 January 2020). "K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award". Centre for Study of Society and Secularism. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ Admin (18 January 2020). "K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award". Centre for Study of Society and Secularism. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ Admin (18 January 2020). "K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award". Centre for Study of Society and Secularism. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
External links
A Perception of Life
vteSahitya Akademi Award for Malayalam1955–1975
R. Narayana Panickar (1955)
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (1957)
K. P. Kesava Menon (1958)
Uroob (1960)
G. Sankara Kurup (1963)
P. Kesavadev (1964)
Balamani Amma (1965)
Kuttikrishna Marar (1966)
P. Kunhiraman Nair (1967)
Edasseri Govindan Nair (1969)
M. T. Vasudevan Nair (1970)
Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon (1971)
S. K. Pottekkatt (1972)
Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri (1973)
Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup (1974)
O. N. V. Kurup (1975)
1976–2000
Cherukad (1976)
Lalithambika Antharjanam (1977)
Sugathakumari (1978)
N. V. Krishna Warrier (1979)
Punathil Kunjabdulla (1980)
Vilasini (1981)
V. K. N. (1982)
S. Guptan Nair (1983)
Ayyappa Paniker (1984)
Sukumar Azhikode (1985)
M. Leelavathy (1986)
N. Krishna Pillai (1987)
C. Radhakrishnan (1988)
Olappamanna (1989)
O. V. Vijayan (1990)
M. P. Sankunni Nair (1991)
M. Mukundan (1992)
N. P. Mohammed (1993)
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri (1994)
Thikkodiyan (1995)
T. Padmanabhan (1996)
Anand (1997)
Kovilan (1998)
C. V. Sreeraman (1999)
R. Ramachandran (2000)
2001–present
Attoor Ravi Varma (2001)
K. G. Sankara Pillai (2002)
Sara Joseph (2003)
Zacharia (2004)
Kakkanadan (2005)
M. Sukumaran (2006)
Sethu (2007)
K. P. Appan (2008)
U. A. Khader (2009)
M. P. Veerendra Kumar (2010)
M. K. Sanu (2011)
K. Satchidanandan (2012)
M. N. Paloor (2013)
Subhash Chandran (2014)
K. R. Meera (2015)
Prabha Varma (2016)
K. P. Ramanunni (2017)
S. Ramesan Nair (2018)
V. Madhusoodanan Nair (2019)
Omchery N. N. Pillai (2020)
George Onakkoor (2021)
M. Thomas Mathew (2022)
E. V. Ramakrishnan (2023)
vteVayalar Award1970s
Lalithambika Antharjanam - Agnisakshi (1977)
P. K. Balakrishnan - Ini Njan Urangatte (1978)
Malayattoor Ramakrishnan - Yanthram (1979)
1980s
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai - Kayar (1980)
Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon - Makarakoythu (1981)
O. N. V. Kurup - Uppu (1982)
Vilasini (M. K. Menon) - Avakasikal (1983)
Sugathakumari - Ambalamani (1984)
M. T. Vasudevan Nair - Randamoozham (1985)
N. N. Kakkadu - Saphalameeyathra (1986)
N. Krishna Pillai - Prathipathram Bhashanabhedam (1987)
Thirunalloor Karunakaran - Thirunalloor Karunakarante Kavithakal (1988)
Sukumar Azhikode - Thathwamasi (1989)
1990s
C. Radhakrishnan - Munpe Parakkunna Pakshikal (1990)
O. V. Vijayan - Gurusagaram (1991)
M. K. Sanu - Changambuzha: Nakshathrangalude Snehabhajanam (1992)
Anand - Marubhoomikal Undakunnathu (1993)
K. Surendran - Guru (1994)
Thikkodiyan - Arangu Kanatha Nadan (1995)
Perumbadavam Sreedharan - Oru Sankeerthanam Pole (1996)
Madhavikutty (Kamala Surayya) - Neermathalam Pootha Kalam (1997)
S. Guptan Nair - Srishtiyum Srishtavum (1998)
Kovilan - Thattakam (1999)
2000s
T. Padmanabhan - Puzha Kadannu Marangalude Idayilekku (2000)
M. V. Devan - Devaspandanam (2001)
K. Ayyappapanicker - Ayyappapanickerude Krithikal (2002)
M. Mukundan - Kesavante Vilapangal (2003)
Sarah Joseph - Alahayude Penmakkal (2004)
K. Satchidanandan - Sakshyangal (2005)
Sethu - Adayalangal (2006)
M. Leelavathy - Appuvinte Anweshanam (2007)
M. P. Veerendra Kumar - Haimavathabhuvil (2008)
M. Thomas Mathew - Marar: Lavanyanubhavathinte Yuktishilpam (2009)
2010s
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri - Charulatha (2010)
K. P. Ramanunni - Jeevithathinte Pusthakam (2011)
Akkitham - Anthimahakalam (2012)
Prabha Varma - Shyama Madhavam (2013)
K. R. Meera - Aarachaar (2014)
Subhash Chandran - Manushyanu Oru Aamukham (2015)
U. K. Kumaran - Thakshankunnu Swaroopam (2016)
T. D. Ramakrishnan - Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki (2017)
K. V. Mohan Kumar - Ushnarashi (2018)
V. J. James - Nireeshwaran (2019)
2020s
Ezhacherry Ramachandran - Oru Virginian Veyilkaalam (2020)
Benyamin - Manthalirile 20 Communist Varshangal (2021)
S. Hareesh - Meesa (2022)
Sreekumaran Thampi - Jeevitham Oru Pendulum (2023)
vteMalayalam literatureOrganisations
Kerala Sahitya Akademi
Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad
Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham
Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society
Literary awards
Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award
Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram
Cherukad Award
Edasseri Award
Ezhuthachan Puraskaram
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Mathrubhumi Literary Award
Muttathu Varkey Award
O. N. V. Literary Award
O. V. Vijayan Literary Award
Odakkuzhal Award
Padmarajan Award
P. Kesavadev Literary Award
Ulloor Award
Vallathol Award
Vayalar Award
Fiction writers
Ajijesh Pachat
Akbar Kakkattil
Anand
Anita Nair
Anoop Sasikumar
Appu Nedungadi
Ashitha
Ashtamoorthi K. V.
Aymanam John
Babu Bharadwaj
B. M. Suhara
B. Sandhya
C. Radhakrishnan
C. V. Balakrishnan
C. V. Raman Pillai
C. V. Sreeraman
Chandramathi
Cherukad
E. Harikumar
E. Vasu
G. R. Indugopan
George Onakkoor
Gracy
I. K. K. Menon
Jayasree Kalathil
John Abraham
Jose Panachippuram
Joy J. Kaimaparamban
K. J. Baby
Arch Deacon Koshy
K. L. Mohana Varma
K. N. Ezhuthachan
K. P. Nirmal Kumar
K. P. Ramanunni
K. R. Meera
K. Rekha
K. Surendran
K. P. Joseph Kalarickal
K. Thayat
Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai
Kakkanadan
Kamala Surayya
Kanam EJ
Karunakaran
Karur Neelakanta Pillai
Khadija Mumtaz
Kottayam Pushpanath
Kovilan
K. V. Anoop
Lajo Jose
Lalithambika Antharjanam
M. Govindan
M. Mukundan
M. Sukumaran
M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Madampu Kunjukuttan
Madhupal
Malayath Appunni
Malayattoor Ramakrishnan
Mallika Yunis
Muttathu Varkey
N. Mohanan
N. N. Pisharody
N. P. Chellappan Nair
N. P. Mohammed
N. S. Madhavan
Nandanar
Narayan
O. V. Vijayan
Omchery N. N. Pillai
Oyyarathu Chandu Menon
P. Ayyaneth
P. Surendran
P. F. Mathews
P. K. Balakrishnan
P. Kesavadev
P. R. Nathan
P. R. Shyamala
P. Surendran
P. Valsala
Padmarajan
Pamman
Parappurath
Pattathuvila Karunakaran
Paul Chirakkarode
Paul Zacharia
Perumbadavam Sreedharan
Ponjikkara Rafi
Ponkunnam Varkey
Punathil Kunjabdulla
Raghunath Paleri
S. Hareesh
S. K. Pottekkatt
Santhosh Echikkanam
Sarah Joseph
Sarah Thomas
Savithri Rajeevan
Socrates K. Valath
Sudhakar Mangalodayam
Sethu
Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu
Sohanlal
Sreekrishnapuram Krishnankutty
Subhash Chandran
T. P. Rajeevan
T. Padmanabhan
T. V. Kochubava
T. V. Varkey
Tatapuram Sukumaran
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Thikkodiyan
Thomas Joseph
U. A. Khader
U. K. Kumaran
Unnikrishnan Puthur
Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode
Uroob
V. K. N.
V. P. Sivakumar
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer
Vallachira Madhavan
Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar
Vilasini
Vinoy Thomas
Poets
A. Ayyappan
A. C. Sreehari
A. R. Raja Raja Varma
Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri
Arnos Pathiri
Attoor Ravi Varma
Balachandran Chullikkadu
Balamani Amma
Bodheswaran
Chandiroor Divakaran
Changampuzha Krishna Pillai
Cherukad
Cherusseri Namboothiri
D. Vinayachandran
Edappalli Raghavan Pillai
Edasseri Govindan Nair
G. Shankara Kurup
Irayimman Thampi
K. Ayyappa Paniker
K. C. Kesava Pillai
K. V. Ramakrishnan
Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan
Kadathanat Madhavi Amma
Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan
Kamala Surayya
Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai
Kavitha Balakrishnan
Kumaran Asan
Kunchan Nambiar
Kureepuzha Sreekumar
Lalitha Lenin
M. Govindan
M. P. Appan
M. S. Banesh
Manoj Kuroor
Mary John Thottam
Mohanakrishnan Kaladi
Moyinkutty Vaidyar
N. N. Kakkad
N. V. Krishna Warrier
Nalapat Narayana Menon
Nellikkal Muraleedharan
Niranam poets
O. N. V. Kurup
Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad
P. Kunhiraman Nair
P. P. Ramachandran
Pala Narayanan Nair
Poonthanam Namboothiri
Pulikkottil Hyder
Punaloor Balan
Puthussery Ramachandran
S. Joseph
Satchidanandan
Satyan Madakkara
Savithri Rajeevan
Sugathakumari
Thirunalloor Karunakaran
Tholan
Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan
Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer
Unnayi Variyar
V. Madhusoodanan Nair
V. C. Balakrishna Panicker
V. M. Girija
Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja
Vallathol Narayana Menon
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sufi Paranja Katha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_Paranja_Katha"},{"link_name":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Vayalar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayalar_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"K. P. Ramanunni (Malayalam:കെ.പി.രാമനുണ്ണി) is a novelist and short-story writer from Kerala, India.[1] His first novel Sufi Paranja Katha (What the Sufi Said) won the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 1995 and the novel Daivathinte Pusthakam (God's Own Book) won the Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award in 2017. Jeevithathinte Pusthakam (Book of Life) won the 2011 Vayalar Award.[2][3]","title":"K. P. Ramanunni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"It took nearly fifty years for Ramanunni to produce his next novel, Charama Varshikam (Death Anniversary).Oxford University Press has brought out his second novel Charamavarshikam in English as Death Anniversary.[4] And five years more to write his next novel Jeevithathinte Pusthakam (Book of life). The theme of the novel is woven around the life of a bank officer in the grip of amnesia. It was urban hypocrisy and the rural benevolence that he tried to portray in it. Experiences from his own life had added colour to the story, he says.[5] Critics have hailed Jeevithathinte Pusthakam as a significant contribution to Malayalam literature.[6] ‘DaivathintePusthakam’ won the National literary award of India in 2017. (Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award.) The novel had also received Sadbhavana Award, Basheer Award Abudhabi Sakthi Award and Asghar Ali Engineer National Award.[7]Ramanunni’s short stories which appeared in various leading Malayalam journals have been published in fifteen collections.[citation needed] His very first short story Shavasamskaram won the Prize for the best Short story from Samastha Kerala SahityaParishad.[citation needed] Another Short Story Mukalakshanam was awarded the V.P. Sivakumar Smaraka Keli Award. The Shrot Story JatiChodikkuka won the Padmarajan Puraskaram and Katha award, New Delhi.[citation needed] The Short Story Manushyan Mrugam Eninganne was awarded Bahrain Keraleya Samajam Prize.[citation needed] His collection of short stories PurushaVilapam won AbudabiSakthi Award and the Short Story collection Jadhi Chodikukka won Kalakkad Award.[citation needed] His selected Short Story collection won the C.V. Sreeraman Award of 2009 & T.V. Kochubava Award of 2009.[8]Ramanunni has participated in many National and International Literary Seminars.[9] As a senior fiction writer in Malayalam he has represented the language in the international Katha Seminar in New Delhi. He has visited America three times on invitation from Federation of Kerala Associations in North America. He has also visited England, Europe, U.A.E, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Bangkok, Iraq, Jordhan, Egypt and Singapore on invitation from different Malayalee organizations. K.P. Ramanunni was the member of writers’ delegation sent to China by Kendra Sahitya Akademi in 2007. K.P. Ramanunni was the Malayalam advisory board member of Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi. He was also the member of Kerala Sahitya Akademi and curriculum committee. Now he is the governing body member of Malayalam Mission.[citation needed]Ramanunni is an activist working in the field of communal harmony and Mother tongue movement in Kerala. He led so many campaigns against the communal division of the society. He has addressed the communal problems from the standpoint of a real believer. His initiative in this field has been duly acknowledged throughout India.[10]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sufi Paranja Katha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_Paranja_Katha"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Sufi Paranja Katha (What the Sufi Said)\nCharama Varshikam (Death Anniversary)\nJeevithathinte Pusthakam (Book Of Life)\nDaivathinte Pusthakam (God's Own Book)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Short story collections","text":"Vidhathavinte Chiri\nVendapettavante Kurish\nPurusha Vilapam[11]\nJathi Chodikkuka\nSelected Short Stories of K.P. Ramanunni\nachyuthammama\nEntrance Ezhuthunnakutty (Balasahityam)\nPriyappetta Kathakal\nFokso\nGrama Kathakal\nPrakasamparathunna Aankutti\nAval Mozhiyukayanu\nTanthappratheyyam\nPranayaparvam\nKurks","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Collection of Essays","text":"1. Kriminal Kuttamakunna Rathi\n2. Shirshasanam\n3. Anubhavam, Orma, Yathra\n4. Jeevitham Oru Arthikarante Kayyil\n5. Oruviswasiyude Mathethara Chinthakal\n6. Manas Malayalam","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sufi Paranja Katha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_Paranja_Katha_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Screenplay","text":"Sufi Paranja Katha","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kendra Sahitya Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Novel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Vayalar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayalar_Award"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Edasseri Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edasseri_Award"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Padmarajan Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmarajan_Award"},{"link_name":"Vayalar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayalar_Award"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Sakthi_Award"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Sakthi_Award"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"K. P. Ramanunni has won several awards and recognitions for his contributions towards Malayalam literature:Kendra Sahitya Academy Award (2017 for Daivathinte Pusthakam)[12]\nKerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel (1995 for Sufi Paranja Katha)[13]\nVayalar Award (2011 for Jeevithathinte Pusthakam)[14]\nEdasseri Award (1989 for Sufi Paranja Katha)[citation needed]\nPadmarajan Award (1999 for Jaathi Chodikkuka),* Vayalar Award (2011 for Jeevithathinte Pusthakam),[15]\nAbu Dhabi Sakthi Award (Story) (for Purushavilapam)[16]\nAbu Dhabi Sakthi Award (Novel) (2015 for Daivathinte Pusthakam)[17]\nV.P. Sivakumar Smaraka Keli Award[citation needed]\nBharathiya bhasa parishad National Award[18]\nDr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award[19]\nMalayatoor Award [20]\nBasheer Award[citation needed]\nKatha Award[citation needed]\nBahrain Keraleeya Samajam Award[citation needed]\nA. P. Kalakkadu Award[citation needed]\nC. V. Sreeraman Award[citation needed]\nIndian Islamic Centre Abu Dhabi Literary Award 2023\nT.V. Kochubava Award[21]","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"OlivePublications.com\". www.olivepublications.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olivepublications.com/books.html","url_text":"\"OlivePublications.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vayalar award for K.P. Ramanunni\". The Hindu. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2520983.ece","url_text":"\"Vayalar award for K.P. Ramanunni\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"manorama online-english\". Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120403030848/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=10204035&tabId=1&programId=1080132912&channelId=-1073865030&BV_ID=@@@","url_text":"\"manorama online-english\""},{"url":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=10204035&tabId=1&programId=1080132912&channelId=-1073865030&BV_ID=@@@","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Death Anniversary\". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/33027140-death-anniversary","url_text":"\"Death Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Admin (18 January 2020). \"K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award\". Centre for Study of Society and Secularism. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://csss-isla.com/memorial-awards/k-p-ramanunni-wins-the-dr-asghar-ali-engineer-memorial-award/","url_text":"\"K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renowned Malayali writer KP Ramanunni threatened by fundamentalists bags Akademi award\". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/dec/22/renowned-malayali-writer-kp-ramanunni-threatened-by-fundamentalists-bags-akademi-award-1734334.html","url_text":"\"Renowned Malayali writer KP Ramanunni threatened by fundamentalists bags Akademi award\""}]},{"reference":"\"K. P. Ramanunni - Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2020| Keralaliteraturefestival.com\". keralaliteraturefestival.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200925184851/http://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=MTc2OQ==","url_text":"\"K. P. Ramanunni - Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2020| Keralaliteraturefestival.com\""},{"url":"http://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=MTc2OQ==","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rajeev, Lekshmy (25 February 2010). \"Voice for religious unity\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/arts/Voice-for-religious-unity/article16816909.ece","url_text":"\"Voice for religious unity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"INDULEKHA» editor's choice: K P Ramanunni\". Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111028171354/http://indulekha.com/choice/2007/05/k-p-ramanunni.html","url_text":"\"INDULEKHA» editor's choice: K P Ramanunni\""},{"url":"http://indulekha.com/choice/2007/05/k-p-ramanunni.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"കെ.പി. രാമനുണ്ണിക്ക് കേന്ദ്ര സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരം\". Malayala Manorama.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2017/12/21/01-cpy-ramanunni-award.html","url_text":"\"കെ.പി. രാമനുണ്ണിക്ക് കേന്ദ്ര സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരം\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards\". Kerala Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045103/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw3.htm","url_text":"\"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi","url_text":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi"},{"url":"http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw3.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vayalar award for K.P. Ramanunni\". The Hindu. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2520983.ece","url_text":"\"Vayalar award for K.P. Ramanunni\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"Page not found News\". Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180103165110/http://www.thehindu.com/errorpage/","url_text":"\"Page not found News\""},{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/errorpage/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്ഡ് സമര്പ്പണം ആഗസ്റ്റ് 28ന്\". DC Books. 18 August 2016. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819184518/http://www.dcbooks.com/adudabi-sakthi-award-samarppanam.html","url_text":"\"അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്ഡ് സമര്പ്പണം ആഗസ്റ്റ് 28ന്\""},{"url":"http://www.dcbooks.com/adudabi-sakthi-award-samarppanam.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Admin (18 January 2020). \"K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award\". Centre for Study of Society and Secularism. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://csss-isla.com/memorial-awards/k-p-ramanunni-wins-the-dr-asghar-ali-engineer-memorial-award/","url_text":"\"K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award\""}]},{"reference":"Admin (18 January 2020). \"K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award\". Centre for Study of Society and Secularism. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://csss-isla.com/memorial-awards/k-p-ramanunni-wins-the-dr-asghar-ali-engineer-memorial-award/","url_text":"\"K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award\""}]},{"reference":"Admin (18 January 2020). \"K. P. Ramanunni wins the Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award\". Centre for Study of Society and Secularism. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egeno_II_of_Konradsburg | Egeno II of Konradsburg | ["1 External links"] | Free knight of Konradsburg
Egeno II of Konradsburg (also Conradsburg) was a free knight of Konradsburg, in the northeast of the Harz region in Central Germany, near Ermsleben.
Egeno II may have been the son or grandson of Egeno I of Konradsburg. Around 1080 (after 1076, before 1083) Egeno II killed Count Adalbert II of Ballenstedt from the House of Ascania at Westdorf near Aschersleben. Adalbert was the advocate of Nienburg and Hagenrode and had been imprisoned from 1075 to 1077. The reasons for the murder are not particularly clear. There may have been political motives or Egeno may have acquired Ascanian estates during Adalbert's time in captivity and the two parties ended up feuding. Egeno was made to give up his family seat of Konradsburg to atone for the murder and the castle was turned into a Benedictine or Augustinian monastery. According to legend, the stone cross of Westdorf recalls the crime.
From 1115, the lords of Konradsburg destroyed the Old Falkenstein Castle and built the new Falkenstein Castle, where the Saxon Law or Sachsenspiegel was probably written a hundred years later on behalf of Count Hoyer of Falkenstein (de). In 1142, the lords of Konradsburg are referred to for the last time as "von Konradsburg", thereafter they were "von Falkenstein".
External links
Genealogy of Egeno the Younger | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konradsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konradsburg"},{"link_name":"Harz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz"},{"link_name":"Ermsleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermsleben"},{"link_name":"Egeno I of Konradsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egeno_I_of_Konradsburg"},{"link_name":"Adalbert II of Ballenstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert_II_of_Ballenstedt"},{"link_name":"House of Ascania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ascania"},{"link_name":"Westdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westdorf"},{"link_name":"Aschersleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschersleben"},{"link_name":"advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogt"},{"link_name":"Nienburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nienburg_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"Hagenrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexisbad"},{"link_name":"Konradsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konradsburg"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Augustinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"Old Falkenstein Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Falkenstein_Castle"},{"link_name":"Falkenstein Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkenstein_Castle_(Harz)"},{"link_name":"Sachsenspiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenspiegel"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkenstein_(Harzgrafen)"}],"text":"Egeno II of Konradsburg (also Conradsburg) was a free knight of Konradsburg, in the northeast of the Harz region in Central Germany, near Ermsleben.Egeno II may have been the son or grandson of Egeno I of Konradsburg. Around 1080 (after 1076, before 1083) Egeno II killed Count Adalbert II of Ballenstedt from the House of Ascania at Westdorf near Aschersleben. Adalbert was the advocate of Nienburg and Hagenrode and had been imprisoned from 1075 to 1077. The reasons for the murder are not particularly clear. There may have been political motives or Egeno may have acquired Ascanian estates during Adalbert's time in captivity and the two parties ended up feuding. Egeno was made to give up his family seat of Konradsburg to atone for the murder and the castle was turned into a Benedictine or Augustinian monastery. According to legend, the stone cross of Westdorf recalls the crime.From 1115, the lords of Konradsburg destroyed the Old Falkenstein Castle and built the new Falkenstein Castle, where the Saxon Law or Sachsenspiegel was probably written a hundred years later on behalf of Count Hoyer of Falkenstein (de). In 1142, the lords of Konradsburg are referred to for the last time as \"von Konradsburg\", thereafter they were \"von Falkenstein\".","title":"Egeno II of Konradsburg"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629131208/http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/konradsburg_herren_von/egeno_der_juengere_edelfreier_von_konradsburg.html","external_links_name":"Genealogy of Egeno the Younger"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Stricker | Steve Stricker | ["1 Early life","2 Professional career","3 Personal","4 Professional wins (40)","4.1 PGA Tour wins (12)","4.2 Canadian Tour wins (2)","4.3 Other wins (9)","4.4 PGA Tour Champions wins (17)","5 Results in major championships","5.1 Summary","6 Results in The Players Championship","7 World Golf Championships","7.1 Wins (1)","7.2 Results timeline","8 Senior major championships","8.1 Wins (7)","8.2 Results timeline","9 PGA Tour career summary","10 PGA Tour Champions career summary","11 U.S. national team appearances","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"] | American professional golfer
Steve StrickerStricker in 2011Personal informationFull nameSteven Charles StrickerNicknameMr. September, StrickBorn (1967-02-23) February 23, 1967 (age 57)Edgerton, Wisconsin, U.S.Height6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight190 lb (86 kg; 14 st)Sporting nationality United StatesResidenceMadison, Wisconsin, U.S.Spouse
Nicki Tiziani (m. 1993)Children2CareerCollegeUniversity of IllinoisTurned professional1990Current tour(s)PGA TourPGA Tour ChampionsFormer tour(s)Canadian TourProfessional wins40Highest ranking2 (September 6, 2009)Number of wins by tourPGA Tour12European Tour1PGA Tour Champions17European Senior Tour2Other11Best results in major championshipsMasters TournamentT6: 2009PGA Championship2nd: 1998U.S. Open5th/T5: 1998, 1999The Open Championship4th: 2016Achievements and awardsPGA TourComeback Player of the Year2006, 2007Payne Stewart Award2012Byron Nelson Award2013PGA Tour ChampionsCharles Schwab Cup winner2023PGA Tour Championsmoney list winner2023PGA Tour ChampionsPlayer of the Year2023PGA Tour ChampionsByron Nelson Award2023
Steven Charles Stricker (born February 23, 1967) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour and the PGA Tour Champions. He has twelve victories on the PGA Tour, including the WGC-Match Play title in 2001 and two FedEx Cup playoff events. His most successful season on tour came at age 42 in 2009, with three victories and a runner-up finish on the money list. Stricker spent over 250 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking, reaching a career-high world ranking of No. 2 in September 2009. Stricker served as U.S. Ryder Cup captain for the 2021 matches, winning at Whistling Straits in his home state of Wisconsin.
Early life
Born in Edgerton, Wisconsin, Stricker grew up playing golf at Lake Ripley Country Club in nearby Cambridge and Edgerton Towne Country Club in Edgerton. A 1990 graduate of the University of Illinois, Stricker earned All-American honors as a member of the Illini golf team in 1988 and 1989.
Professional career
Stricker turned professional in 1990 and began his career on the Canadian Professional Golf Tour, where he won two tournaments. He joined the PGA Tour in 1994, and his first success at the top level came in 1996 when Stricker notched two victories (Kemper Open, Motorola Western Open) and seven top-ten finishes to finish fourth on the 1996 PGA Tour money list.
In 1998, Stricker played himself into contention in the final round of the PGA Championship at Sahalee Country Club near Seattle. PGA Tour veteran Vijay Singh bested Stricker down the stretch thanks to a back-nine surge and claimed a two-stroke victory. This runner-up finish remains Stricker's best result in a major championship to date. Stricker has finished inside the top-20 six times at the U.S. Open, with his best finish a fifth-place in 1999 at Pinehurst No. 2. He won his third and most prestigious PGA Tour title at the WGC Match Play Championship in 2001, where he defeated Pierre Fulke 2 and 1 in Australia to earn the $1,000,000 prize. This remains as the only time that the WGC Match Play Championship was played outside of the United States.
Stricker lost his tour card in 2004. At age 39 in 2006, relying on sponsor exemptions, he managed seven top-ten finishes and was voted the tour's Comeback Player of the Year. In 2007 he won his fourth PGA Tour title at The Barclays on August 26, ending an 11-year victory drought on American soil, although he had previously triumphed down in Australia in 2001. This run of success earned him a spot on the Presidents Cup team in 2007.
After his victory at The Barclays, which was the first of the four FedEx Cup playoff events, Stricker reached No. 4 in the Official World Golf Ranking, his highest career ranking at that point. Stricker finished runner-up in the 2007 FedEx Cup Playoffs behind Tiger Woods, and was again selected as Comeback Player of the Year. He was also inducted into the Wisconsin State Golf Association Hall of Fame in 2007.
At the Mercedes Benz Championship, the opening event of the 2008 season, Stricker lost out in a play-off to Daniel Chopra. This result took Stricker to No. 3 in the Official World Golf Ranking, again at the time his highest ranking to date.
At the Bob Hope Classic in January 2009, Stricker shot third and fourth round scores of 61 and 62 at the PGA West Palmer and Nicklaus courses to set the 36-hole scoring record on the PGA Tour at 123, beating a record that Pat Perez had held for only two days. (This record fell in October when Troy Matteson shot 61-61=122 at the Frys.com Open.) His four-round total of 33-under-par in the five-round event also set the PGA Tour record for lowest score relative to par for 72 holes, exceeding Ernie Els' total of 31 under par in the 2003 Mercedes-Benz Championship at Kapalua. The third-round 61 was Stricker's best score on tour to that point, but a 77 in the final round dropped him into a tie for third.
Stricker won his fifth PGA Tour title at Colonial in Texas at the end of May 2009, with a playoff win over Tim Clark and Steve Marino. The win was aided by a 60-foot (18 m) chip-in on the 71st hole. He won again in July at the John Deere Classic in Silvis, Illinois. After the second round was rained-out on Friday, the field was forced to play 36 holes on Sunday. Stricker shot an afternoon round of 64, which included a hole-out wedge shot for eagle on the 6th hole, and by three strokes over runners-up Zach Johnson, Brandt Snedeker, and Brett Quigley. He also matched his career low round on tour with a second round of 61 (−10).
Stricker's third win of 2009, and seventh overall, came in September at the Deutsche Bank Championship, the second of four playoff events. He began the final round tied with Retief Goosen and Sean O'Hair, and birdied the final hole to win by one stroke over Jason Dufner and Scott Verplank. It was Stricker's second FedEx Cup playoff win, a win that also vaulted him ahead of Tiger Woods to the top of the FedEx Cup standings and vaulted him to No. 2 in the Official World Golf Ranking, his highest ranking achieved during his career. Stricker has been called "Mr. September" due to his success in the FedEx Cup playoffs, where he has never finished outside the top-25 in his first ten career starts.
In February 2010, Stricker won his eighth tour title at the Northern Trust Open with a 16-under-par 268 winning total. With this win at Riviera, he passed Phil Mickelson and regained his ranking as World No. 2.
In July, Stricker shot a career-low 60 (−11) in the first round of the John Deere Classic. However, a 59 shot by Paul Goydos incredibly put him one stroke back of the lead. He followed with rounds of 66 and 62, for a total of 188, to set a tour 54-hole scoring record. He then shot 70 on Sunday to win his ninth PGA Tour, two strokes ahead of Goydos.
In June 2011, Stricker won at the Memorial Tournament in Ohio, his tenth tour title. He opened with 68 and bettered this with 67 in the second round. However, this was made special by the hole-in-one he recorded at the par three 8th hole to hold a three stroke advantage at the halfway stage. Remarkably, he then opened round three with two eagles in the first five holes to open up a six-shot lead midway through round three, but some uncharacteristic mistakes on the back nine saw him fall back towards the rest of the field. He held on to the 36-hole lead to eventually win by one stroke over runners-up Matt Kuchar and Brandt Jobe. With this victory, Stricker became the highest-ranked American in the Official World Golf Ranking, at fourth in the world. For the first time in his career, 44-year-old Stricker was ranked higher than all other American golfers, including Tiger Woods and Phil Mickelson. Stricker played the tournament at −20 for the front nine, a record by 6 shots, versus +4 for the back nine.
In July, Stricker gained his eleventh tour win at the John Deere Classic, sinking a 30-foot (9 m) birdie putt at the 72nd hole, one stroke ahead of runner-up Kyle Stanley. Stricker bogeyed the 15th and 16th to fall two strokes behind Stanley in a commanding position throughout most of Sunday's round. He then bounced back with a birdie on the par five 17th while Stanley made bogeyed the 18th. Stricker, tied for the lead at this point, drove into a fairway bunker off the tee and then played his second shot just over the back of the green, but holed the putt from the fringe for the victory. This was Stricker's third straight victory at the John Deere Classic becoming just the 10th golfer since World War II to win a tournament three straight times.
Stricker tied a major championship record with a 63 in the first round at the PGA Championship in 2011 and led by two shots. His next three days were 74-69-73, and he tied for twelfth. Stricker's career earnings are over $44 million through the end of the 2018–19 season, among the highest of those without a major title.
Stricker started the 2012 season with a win in the season-opening Tournament of Champions at Kapalua on Maui. He shot a ten-under 63 on day two and held the lead until the end, three strokes ahead of runner-up Martin Laird. It was his twelfth PGA Tour title. He missed the cut in May at The Players Championship, his first since the 2009 PGA Championship. It ended a streak of 49 consecutive cuts, which was the longest on tour.
At the start of the 2013 season, Stricker announced he would cut his schedule "in half," hoping to play just "10 or 12" tournaments. As the defending champion, he finished runner-up at the Hyundai Tournament of Champions despite suffering from a herniated disc. He then reached the quarterfinals at the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship, his best performance since his victory in 2001.
In 2017, Stricker joined the PGA Tour Champions. In his first event, the Tucson Conquistadores Classic, he finished one stroke behind Tom Lehman. Stricker asked the USGA for a special exemption to play in the 2017 U.S. Open held in his home state, but his request was denied. He eventually earned entry through a qualifying tournament in Memphis. Stricker was the captain of the victorious U.S. team in the 2017 Presidents Cup.
Stricker (right) playing a practice round with Tiger Woods at the 2018 U.S. Open.
In March 2018, Stricker won his first event on the PGA Tour Champions, the Cologuard Classic, by two strokes. He then won his second straight start at the Rapiscan Systems Classic in Saucier, Mississippi. In September 2018, he won the Sanford International tournament on the PGA Tour Champions.
In 2018, U.S. captain Jim Furyk named Stricker a non-playing vice-captain for the 2018 Ryder Cup team. The U.S. lost 17 1/2 to 10 1/2 to the European team.
In 2019, Stricker won his first senior major championship at the Regions Tradition, claiming a six-stroke win over the field. Then in June of the same year, Stricker won his second senior major at the U.S. Senior Open, again by six strokes over Jerry Kelly and David Toms.
In April 2021, Stricker won the Chubb Classic for his sixth win on the PGA Tour Champions.
In May 2021, Stricker came close to defending his title at the senior major, the Regions Tradition. Stricker birdied the last hole in regulation to force a playoff with Alex Čejka. Čejka won the playoff with a birdie on the first playoff hole.
In June 2021, Stricker won his third senior major at the Senior Players Championship at Firestone Country Club in Akron, Ohio. Stricker led by eight strokes going into the final round. He shot an even-par 70 in the final round and won by six strokes over Jerry Kelly.
In May 2022, Stricker won his fourth senior major title at the Regions Tradition in Birmingham, Alabama. Stricker shot a 4-under 68 in the final round for a 6-stroke victory. It was his first victory since he had to take a leave of absence for health reasons after the 2021 Ryder Cup.
In August 2022, Stricker won The Ally Challenge and in September 2022, he won the Sanford International in South Dakota in a playoff over Robert Karlsson. This brought him to 10 career PGA Tour Champions victories.
In October 2022, Stricker won the Constellation Furyk & Friends by two shots.
In January 2023, Stricker won the Mitsubishi Electric Championship at Hualalai on the Big Island of Hawaii by six strokes. In May 2023, Stricker won the Regions Tradition, his 13th PGA Champions Tour win, third Regions win, and fifth senior major. Two weeks later, Stricker won the KitchenAid Senior PGA Championship in a playoff over Pádraig Harrington. This marked his 14th PGA Champions Tour win and sixth senior major. In June 2023, Stricker won the American Family Insurance Championship in his home state of Wisconsin and he followed it in July with a third 2023 major victory at the Senior Players Championship. In September 2023, Stricker won the Sanford International in South Dakota for the third time. This marked his sixth title of the year on the Champions Tour and set a new record for most money earned in a single season at just shy of $4 million.
Stricker clinched the 2023 season-long Charles Schwab Cup with two weeks left in the season. His lead of more than two million points over Steven Alker meant that Alker could not catch him even if he won the last two tournaments of the year. This title comes with a $1 million annuity from Charles Schwab.
Personal
Stricker married into a golfing family. His father-in-law, Dennis Tiziani, and his brother-in-law, Mario Tiziani, played on the PGA Tour. He and his wife, Nicki, have two children. Nicki is often her husband's caddie.
At the opening ceremony of the 2021 Ryder Cup, while captaining the United States team, Stricker revealed that he was a supporter of the Chicago Bears despite being from Wisconsin, much to the chagrin of the present crowd, many of whom support the home-state Green Bay Packers; the two teams have one of the largest rivalries within the NFL. At the victory ceremony concluding the event, Dustin Johnson quipped to Stricker, "Next time, let's not tell all the Green Bay fans that you're a Bears fan."
Professional wins (40)
PGA Tour wins (12)
Legend
World Golf Championships (1)
FedEx Cup playoff events (2)
Other PGA Tour (9)
No.
Date
Tournament
Winning score
To par
Margin ofvictory
Runner(s)-up
1
May 26, 1996
Kemper Open
69-68-65-68=270
−14
3 strokes
Brad Faxon, Scott Hoch, Mark O'Meara, Grant Waite
2
Jul 7, 1996
Motorola Western Open
65-69-67-69=270
−18
8 strokes
Billy Andrade, Jay Don Blake
3
Jan 7, 2001
WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship
2 and 1
Pierre Fulke
4
Aug 26, 2007
The Barclays
67-67-65-69=268
−16
2 strokes
K. J. Choi
5
May 31, 2009
Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial
63-63-69-68=263
−17
Playoff
Tim Clark, Steve Marino
6
Jul 12, 2009
John Deere Classic
71-61-67-64=264
−20
3 strokes
Zach Johnson, Brett Quigley, Brandt Snedeker
7
Sep 7, 2009
Deutsche Bank Championship
63-72-65-67=267
−17
1 stroke
Jason Dufner, Scott Verplank
8
Feb 7, 2010
Northern Trust Open
67-65-66-70=268
−16
2 strokes
Luke Donald
9
Jul 11, 2010
John Deere Classic (2)
60-66-62-70=258
−26
2 strokes
Paul Goydos
10
Jun 5, 2011
Memorial Tournament
68-67-69-68=272
−16
1 stroke
Brandt Jobe, Matt Kuchar
11
Jul 10, 2011
John Deere Classic (3)
66-64-63-69=262
−22
1 stroke
Kyle Stanley
12
Jan 9, 2012
Hyundai Tournament of Champions
68-63-69-69=269
−23
3 strokes
Martin Laird
PGA Tour playoff record (1–1)
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent(s)
Result
1
2008
Mercedes-Benz Championship
Daniel Chopra
Lost to birdie on fourth extra hole
2
2009
Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial
Tim Clark, Steve Marino
Won with birdie on second extra hole
Canadian Tour wins (2)
No.
Date
Tournament
Winning score
To par
Margin ofvictory
Runner-up
1
Jun 3, 1990
Payless-Pepsi Victoria Open
66-68-70-72=276
−8
Playoff
Todd Hamilton
2
Aug 29, 1993
CPGA Championship
67-71-68-68=274
−10
5 strokes
John Restino
Other wins (9)
1987 Wisconsin State Open (as an amateur)
1990 Wisconsin State Open
1991 Wisconsin State Open
1998 Wisconsin State Open
2000 Wisconsin State Open
2009 The Shark Shootout (with Jerry Kelly)
2013 CVS Caremark Charity Classic (with Bo Van Pelt)
2014 CVS Caremark Charity Classic (with Bo Van Pelt)
2017 QBE Shootout (with Sean O'Hair)
PGA Tour Champions wins (17)
Legend
PGA Tour Champions major championships (7)
Other PGA Tour Champions (10)
No.
Date
Tournament
Winning score
To par
Margin ofvictory
Runner(s)-up
1
Mar 4, 2018
Cologuard Classic
66-70-69=205
−14
2 strokes
Scott Dunlap, Jerry Kelly, Gene Sauers
2
Mar 25, 2018
Rapiscan Systems Classic
68-69-68=205
−11
3 strokes
Billy Andrade
3
Sep 23, 2018
Sanford International
63-67-67=197
−13
4 strokes
Tim Petrovic, Jerry Smith
4
May 13, 2019
Regions Tradition
68-64-70-68=270
−18
6 strokes
Billy Andrade, Paul Goydos, David Toms
5
Jun 30, 2019
U.S. Senior Open
62-64-66-69=261
−19
6 strokes
Jerry Kelly, David Toms
6
Apr 19, 2021
Chubb Classic
66-67-67=200
−16
1 stroke
Alex Čejka, Robert Karlsson
7
Jun 27, 2021
Bridgestone Senior Players Championship
63-68-72-70=273
−7
6 strokes
Jerry Kelly
8
May 15, 2022
Regions Tradition (2)
65-68-66-68=267
−21
6 strokes
Pádraig Harrington
9
Aug 28, 2022
The Ally Challenge
70-64-67=201
−15
1 stroke
Brett Quigley
10
Sep 18, 2022
Sanford International (2)
68-64-64=196
−14
Playoff
Robert Karlsson
11
Oct 9, 2022
Constellation Furyk and Friends
69-64-69=202
−14
1 stroke
Harrison Frazar
12
Jan 21, 2023
Mitsubishi Electric Championship at Hualalai
68-60-65=193
−23
6 strokes
Steven Alker, Darren Clarke, Ken Tanigawa, Mike Weir
13
May 14, 2023
Regions Tradition (3)
68-68-64-65=265
−23
6 strokes
Ernie Els, Robert Karlsson
14
May 28, 2023
KitchenAid Senior PGA Championship
70-67-64-69=270
−18
Playoff
Pádraig Harrington
15
Jun 11, 2023
American Family Insurance Championship
65-64-69=198
−18
5 strokes
Steven Alker, Paul Broadhurst
16
Jul 16, 2023
Kaulig Companies Championship (2)
65-73-65-66=269
−11
3 strokes
David Toms
17
Sep 17, 2023
Sanford International (3)
62-66-66=194
−16
1 stroke
K. J. Choi
PGA Tour Champions playoff record (2–3)
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent(s)
Result
1
2019
American Family Insurance Championship
Retief Goosen, Jerry Kelly
Kelly won with birdie on third extra hole
2
2021
Regions Tradition
Alex Čejka
Lost to birdie on first extra hole
3
2022
Sanford International
Robert Karlsson
Won with birdie on first extra hole
4
2023
KitchenAid Senior PGA Championship
Pádraig Harrington
Won with par on first extra hole
5
2024
American Family Insurance Championship
Ernie Els
Lost to par on first extra hole
Results in major championships
Results not in chronological order in 2020.
Tournament
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Masters Tournament
CUT
CUT
T38
U.S. Open
83
T13
T60
T36
T5
5
The Open Championship
T22
T62
T52
CUT
PGA Championship
T23
T26
CUT
2
CUT
Tournament
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Masters Tournament
T19
T10
CUT
CUT
CUT
T6
U.S. Open
T27
CUT
T16
CUT
T6
T13
T29
T23
The Open Championship
CUT
T42
T59
T8
T7
T52
PGA Championship
CUT
T66
CUT
T7
T23
T39
CUT
Tournament
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Masters Tournament
T30
T11
T47
T20
T31
T28
T16
U.S. Open
T58
T19
T15
T8
T21
T16
T20
The Open Championship
T55
T12
T23
4
T37
PGA Championship
T18
T12
T7
T12
T7
T30
T42
T54
Tournament
2019
2020
2021
Masters Tournament
PGA Championship
CUT
CUT
T44
U.S. Open
CUT
The Open Championship
NT
Top 10
Did not play
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic
Summary
Tournament
Wins
2nd
3rd
Top-5
Top-10
Top-25
Events
Cuts made
Masters Tournament
0
0
0
0
2
6
16
11
PGA Championship
0
1
0
1
4
9
23
16
U.S. Open
0
0
0
2
4
13
22
19
The Open Championship
0
0
0
1
3
6
15
13
Totals
0
1
0
4
13
34
76
59
Most consecutive cuts made – 27 (2010 Masters – 2018 US Open)
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (2006 U.S. Open – 2006 PGA)
Results in The Players Championship
Tournament
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
The Players Championship
T23
T11
CUT
CUT
T51
T6
Tournament
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
The Players Championship
CUT
CUT
T19
CUT
CUT
T52
CUT
T22
Tournament
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
The Players Championship
T12
CUT
T37
T13
T38
T41
T23
Tournament
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
The Players Championship
C
CUT
CUT
Top 10
Did not play
CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic
World Golf Championships
Wins (1)
Year
Championship
54 holes
Winning score
Margin
Runner-up
2001
WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship
n/a
2 and 1
Pierre Fulke
Results timeline
Tournament
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Match Play
R64
R32
1
R64
R64
R16
R32
R64
R64
R16
QF
R64
Championship
NT1
T35
T6
T13
T16
T18
T8
2
57
Invitational
T41
T43
T6
T9
14
T2
13
T63
Champions
1Cancelled due to 9/11
Win
Top 10
Did not play
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
NT = No tournament
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.
Senior major championships
Wins (7)
Year
Championship
54 holes
Winning score
Margin
Runner(s)-up
2019
Regions Tradition
4 shot lead
−18 (68-64-70-68=270)
6 strokes
Billy Andrade, Paul Goydos, David Toms
2019
U.S. Senior Open
6 shot lead
−19 (62-64-66-69=261)
6 strokes
Jerry Kelly, David Toms
2021
Bridgestone Senior Players Championship
3 shot lead
−7 (63-68-72-70=273)
6 strokes
Jerry Kelly
2022
Regions Tradition (2)
3 shot lead
−21 (65-68-66-68=267)
6 strokes
Pádraig Harrington
2023
Regions Tradition (3)
Tied
−23 (68-68-64-65=265)
6 strokes
Ernie Els, Robert Karlsson
2023
KitchenAid Senior PGA Championship
1 shot deficit
−18 (70-67-64-69=270)
Playoff
Pádraig Harrington
2023
Kaulig Companies Championship
Tied
−11 (65-73-65-66=269
3 strokes
David Toms
Results timeline
Tournament
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
The Tradition
T13
T2
1
NT
2
1
1
T3
Senior PGA Championship
T41
NT
T11
1
8
U.S. Senior Open
1
NT
2
2
Senior Players Championship
6
T23
1
2
1
The Senior Open Championship
NT
Win
Top 10
Did not play
"T" indicates a tie for a place
NT = no tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic
PGA Tour career summary
Season
Wins
Earnings ($)
Rank
1990
0
3,974
255
1991
0
0
n/a
1992
0
5,550
261
1993
0
46,171
186
1994
0
334,409
50
1995
0
438,931
40
1996
2
1,383,739
4
1997
0
167,652
130
1998
0
1,313,948
13
1999
0
662,461
64
2000
0
418,780
113
2001
1
1,676,229
30
2002
0
789,713
88
2003
0
150,590
188
2004
0
440,906
151
2005
0
397,640
162
2006
0
1,811,811
34
2007
1
4,663,077
4
2008
0
2,438,304
22
2009
3
6,332,636
2
2010
2
4,190,235
5
2011
2
3,992,785
8
2012
1
3,420,021
18
2013
0
4,440,532
7
2014
0
1,154,747
89
2015
0
269,701
180
2016
0
1,418,647
74
2017
0
1,002,036
102
2018
0
582,566
147
2019
0
135,670
215
2020
0
212,582
187
2021
0
640,311
157
Career*
12
44,936,354
17
* As of the 2021 season.
PGA Tour Champions career summary
Season
Starts
Cutsmade
Wins(majors)
2nd
3rd
Top-10
Top-25
Bestfinish
Earnings($)
Moneylist rank
2017
6
6
0
1
3
5
6
2
569,250
37
2018
7
7
3
2
1
7
7
1
1,196,235
13
2019
9
9
2 (2)
1
0
6
7
1
1,534,327
8
2020–21**
13
13
2 (1)
1
2
11
13
1
1,747,438
13
2022
12
12
4 (1)
3
1
10
12
1
2,473,725
3
Career*
47
47
11 (4)
8
7
39
45
1
7,520,975
59
* As of end of 2022 season
** 2020 and 2021 seasons were combined due to the COVID-19 pandemic
U.S. national team appearances
Professional
Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners)
Presidents Cup: 1996 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2017 (non-playing captain, winners)
Ryder Cup: 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2021 (non-playing captain, winners)
See also
1993 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
List of golfers with most PGA Tour Champions wins
References
^ "Week 36 2009 Ending 6 Sep 2009" (pdf). OWGR. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
^ "Official World Golf Ranking Advanced Statistics". Golfrankingstats.com. July 14, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
^ "Steve Stricker born in Edgerton, Wis". Wisconsin.Golf. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ a b "Steve Stricker". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ a b c "Steve Stricker – Profile". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
^ a b c d "Steve Stricker – Season Results". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
^ "Austin Country Club to host 2016 Dell Match Play". PGA Tour. April 30, 2015. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015.
^ "Steve Stricker – Ranking Graph". Official World Golf Ranking. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
^ "Stricker wins Texas sudden death". BBC Sport. May 31, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
^ "Stricker captures John Deere Classic for second win of season". USA Today. Associated Press. July 12, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
^ "Week 36 – Steve Stricker is the New World Number Two after Victory at the Deutsche Bank Championship". Official World Golf Ranking. September 7, 2009. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ "Stricker becoming 'Mr. September' in FedEx Cup". Golf.com. Associated Press.
^ "Steve Stricker beats Luke Donald for Northern Trust win". BBC Sport. February 8, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
^ Milne, Doug (July 8, 2010). "Notebook, Round 1: John Deere Classic". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ "Stricker sets 54-hole PGA Tour record". ESPN. Associated Press. July 11, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ "Stricker wins the PGA Memorial Tournament". BBC Sport. June 5, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
^ a b "Stricker wins third consecutive John Deere Classic title". PGA Tour. July 10, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ "Steve Stricker wins from Martin Laird". BBC Sport. January 9, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
^ "Stricker's cut streak comes to end". PGA Tour. May 11, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ "Stricker to cut back on schedule". PGA Tour. January 4, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ Strege, John (June 30, 2019). "Steve Stricker wins the U.S. Senior Open by six strokes, his second senior major of the year". Golf World. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
^ Shedloski, Dave (April 18, 2021). "Steve Stricker takes Chubb Classic title, won't let being U.S. Ryder Cup captain distract his playing career". Golf Digest. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
^ Zenor, John (May 9, 2021). "Alex Cejka wins Regions Tradition playoff over Stricker". Toronto Star. Associated Press. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ "Steve Stricker wins Bridgestone Seniors Players Championship, his third major title". Golf Channel. Associated Press. June 27, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
^ "Emotional Steve Stricker records wire-to-wire victory in Regions Tradition, and 'it means a lot'". ESPN. Associated Press. May 15, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
^ Strege, John (September 18, 2022). "Steve Stricker continues to make up for lost time from a debilitating illness with a third PGA Tour Champions victory in 11 starts". Golf Digest. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ "Steve Stricker wins Constellation Furyk & Friends by 2 shots". ESPN. Associated Press. October 9, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
^ Strege, John (January 21, 2023). "Steve Stricker wins by 6 shots in Hawaii and the rest of the Champions Tour should be very afraid". Golf Digest. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
^ Strege, John (May 14, 2023). "Steve Stricker delivers another knockout in the Regions Tradition, again winning by six". Golf Digest.
^ "Steve Stricker wins Sr. PGA in playoff over Padraig Harrington; 2-for-2 in '23 majors". Golf Channel. Associated Press. May 28, 2023.
^ McClellan, Bob (June 11, 2023). "Hometown favorite Steve Stricker wins American Family Insurance Championship". PGA Tour. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
^ "Stricker posts 4-under 66, wins PGA Tour Champions major". ESPN. Associated Press. July 16, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
^ "Steve Stricker wins 6th title, sets Champions earnings mark". ESPN. Associated Press. September 17, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
^ Milko, Jack (October 26, 2023). "Steve Stricker wins Charles Schwab Cup; banks over $4 million with incredible 2023 season". SBnation.com. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
^ Smits, Gary (January 20, 2015). "PGA Tour, Charles Schwab, sign record 20-year sponsorship extension". Florida Times-Union. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
^ Hernandez, Rob. "Steve Stricker knew he messed up after confessing his allegiance to the Chicago Bears at the Ryder Cup opening ceremony". Wisconsin.Golf. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
^ Romine, Brentley. "The U.S. won the Ryder Cup, and Dustin Johnson won everything after". Golf Channel. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
^ "Official Money". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
^ "Career Money Leaders". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
^ "2017 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders". PGA Tour. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
^ "2018 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders". PGA Tour. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
^ "2019 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders". PGA Tour. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
^ "2021 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
^ "2022 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
^ "PGA Champions Tour Career Money Leaders". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
External links
Official website
Steve Stricker at the PGA Tour official site
Steve Stricker at the Official World Golf Ranking official site
vteWorld Golf Championships championsWGC-Championship
1999 Tiger Woods†
2000 Mike Weir
2001 Cancelled
2002 Tiger Woods
2003 Tiger Woods
2004 Ernie Els
2005 Tiger Woods†
2006 Tiger Woods
2007 Tiger Woods
2008 Geoff Ogilvy
2009 Phil Mickelson
2010 Ernie Els
2011 Nick Watney
2012 Justin Rose
2013 Tiger Woods
2014 Patrick Reed
2015 Dustin Johnson
2016 Adam Scott
2017 Dustin Johnson
2018 Phil Mickelson
2019 Dustin Johnson
2020 Patrick Reed
2021 Collin Morikawa
WGC-Match Play
1999 Jeff Maggert
2000 Darren Clarke
2001 Steve Stricker
2002 Kevin Sutherland
2003 Tiger Woods
2004 Tiger Woods
2005 David Toms
2006 Geoff Ogilvy
2007 Henrik Stenson
2008 Tiger Woods
2009 Geoff Ogilvy
2010 Ian Poulter
2011 Luke Donald
2012 Hunter Mahan
2013 Matt Kuchar
2014 Jason Day
2015 Rory McIlroy
2016 Jason Day
2017 Dustin Johnson
2018 Bubba Watson
2019 Kevin Kisner
2020 Cancelled
2021 Billy Horschel
2022 Scottie Scheffler
2023 Sam Burns
WGC-Invitational
1999 Tiger Woods
2000 Tiger Woods
2001 Tiger Woods†
2002 Craig Parry
2003 Darren Clarke
2004 Stewart Cink
2005 Tiger Woods
2006 Tiger Woods†
2007 Tiger Woods
2008 Vijay Singh
2009 Tiger Woods
2010 Hunter Mahan
2011 Adam Scott
2012 Keegan Bradley
2013 Tiger Woods
2014 Rory McIlroy
2015 Shane Lowry
2016 Dustin Johnson
2017 Hideki Matsuyama
2018 Justin Thomas
2019 Brooks Koepka
2020 Justin Thomas
2021 Abraham Ancer
WGC-Champions
2009 Phil Mickelson
2010 Francesco Molinari
2011 Martin Kaymer
2012 Ian Poulter
2013 Dustin Johnson
2014 Bubba Watson
2015 Russell Knox
2016 Hideki Matsuyama
2017 Justin Rose
2018 Xander Schauffele
2019 Rory McIlroy
2020 Cancelled
2021 Cancelled
2022 Cancelled
WGC-World Cup
2000 David Duval and Tiger Woods
2001 Ernie Els and Retief Goosen
2002 Toshimitsu Izawa and Shigeki Maruyama
2003 Trevor Immelman and Rory Sabbatini
2004 Paul Casey and Luke Donald
2005 Stephen Dodd and Bradley Dredge
2006 Bernhard Langer and Marcel Siem
† indicates the event was won in a playoff
Steve Stricker in the Ryder Cup
vteAmerican Ryder Cup captains
1927 Walter Hagen
1929 Walter Hagen
1931 Walter Hagen
1933 Walter Hagen
1935 Walter Hagen
1937 Walter Hagen
1947 Ben Hogan
1949 Ben Hogan
1951 Sam Snead
1953 Lloyd Mangrum
1955 Chick Harbert
1957 Jack Burke Jr.
1959 Sam Snead
1961 Jerry Barber
1963 Arnold Palmer
1965 Byron Nelson
1967 Ben Hogan
1969 Sam Snead
1971 Jay Hebert
1973 Jack Burke Jr.
1975 Arnold Palmer
1977 Dow Finsterwald
1979 Billy Casper
1981 Dave Marr
1983 Jack Nicklaus
1985 Lee Trevino
1987 Jack Nicklaus
1989 Raymond Floyd
1991 Dave Stockton
1993 Tom Watson
1995 Lanny Wadkins
1997 Tom Kite
1999 Ben Crenshaw
2002 Curtis Strange
2004 Hal Sutton
2006 Tom Lehman
2008 Paul Azinger
2010 Corey Pavin
2012 Davis Love III
2014 Tom Watson
2016 Davis Love III
2018 Jim Furyk
2021 Steve Stricker
vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 2008
Chad Campbell
Stewart Cink
Ben Curtis
Jim Furyk
J. B. Holmes
Anthony Kim
Justin Leonard
Hunter Mahan
Phil Mickelson
Kenny Perry
Steve Stricker
Boo Weekley
Paul Azinger (non-playing captain)
Won: 16.5 – 11.5
vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 2010
Stewart Cink
Rickie Fowler
Jim Furyk
Dustin Johnson
Zach Johnson
Matt Kuchar
Hunter Mahan
Phil Mickelson
Jeff Overton
Steve Stricker
Bubba Watson
Tiger Woods
Corey Pavin (non-playing captain)
Lost: 13.5 – 14.5
vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 2012
Keegan Bradley
Jason Dufner
Jim Furyk
Dustin Johnson
Zach Johnson
Matt Kuchar
Phil Mickelson
Webb Simpson
Brandt Snedeker
Steve Stricker
Bubba Watson
Tiger Woods
Davis Love III (non-playing captain)
Lost: 13.5 – 14.5
vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 2021
Daniel Berger
Patrick Cantlay
Bryson DeChambeau
Harris English
Tony Finau
Dustin Johnson
Brooks Koepka
Collin Morikawa
Xander Schauffele
Scottie Scheffler
Jordan Spieth
Justin Thomas
Steve Stricker (non-playing captain)
Won: 19–9
Steve Stricker in the Presidents Cup
vteUnited States Presidents Cup team – 1996
Mark Brooks
Fred Couples
David Duval
Scott Hoch
Tom Lehman
Justin Leonard
Davis Love III
Mark O'Meara
Phil Mickelson
Corey Pavin
Kenny Perry
Steve Stricker
Arnold Palmer (non-playing captain)
Won: 16.5 – 15.5
vteUnited States Presidents Cup team – 2007
Woody Austin
Stewart Cink
Jim Furyk
Lucas Glover
Charles Howell III
Zach Johnson
Hunter Mahan
Phil Mickelson
Steve Stricker
David Toms
Scott Verplank
Tiger Woods
Jack Nicklaus (non-playing captain)
Won: 19.5 – 14.5
vteUnited States Presidents Cup team – 2009
Stewart Cink
Jim Furyk
Lucas Glover
Zach Johnson
Anthony Kim
Justin Leonard
Hunter Mahan
Phil Mickelson
Sean O'Hair
Kenny Perry
Steve Stricker
Tiger Woods
Fred Couples (non-playing captain)
Won: 19.5 – 14.5
vteUnited States Presidents Cup team – 2011
Jim Furyk
Bill Haas
Dustin Johnson
Matt Kuchar
Hunter Mahan
Phil Mickelson
Webb Simpson
Steve Stricker
David Toms
Nick Watney
Bubba Watson
Tiger Woods
Fred Couples (non-playing captain)
Won: 19 – 15
vteUnited States Presidents Cup team – 2017
Daniel Berger
Kevin Chappell
Rickie Fowler
Charley Hoffman
Dustin Johnson
Kevin Kisner
Brooks Koepka
Matt Kuchar
Phil Mickelson
Patrick Reed
Jordan Spieth
Justin Thomas
Steve Stricker (non-playing captain)
Won: 19 – 11
Steve Stricker in the senior major championships
vteThe Tradition champions
1989 Don Bies
1990 Jack Nicklaus
1991 Jack Nicklaus
1992 Lee Trevino
1993 Tom Shaw
1994 Raymond Floyd†
1995 Jack Nicklaus†
1996 Jack Nicklaus
1997 Gil Morgan
1998 Gil Morgan
1999 Graham Marsh
2000 Tom Kite†
2001 Doug Tewell
2002 Jim Thorpe†
2003 Tom Watson
2004 Craig Stadler
2005 Loren Roberts†
2006 Eduardo Romero†
2007 Mark McNulty
2008 Fred Funk
2009 Mike Reid†
2010 Fred Funk
2011 Tom Lehman†
2012 Tom Lehman
2013 David Frost
2014 Kenny Perry
2015 Jeff Maggert†
2016 Bernhard Langer
2017 Bernhard Langer
2018 Miguel Ángel Jiménez
2019 Steve Stricker
2020 Not held
2021 Alex Čejka†
2022 Steve Stricker
2023 Steve Stricker
2024 Doug Barron
† indicates the event was won in a playoff
vteU.S. Senior Open champions
1980 Roberto De Vicenzo
1981 Arnold Palmer†
1982 Miller Barber
1983 Billy Casper†
1984 Miller Barber
1985 Miller Barber
1986 Dale Douglass
1987 Gary Player
1988 Gary Player†
1989 Orville Moody
1990 Lee Trevino
1991 Jack Nicklaus†
1992 Larry Laoretti
1993 Jack Nicklaus
1994 Simon Hobday
1995 Tom Weiskopf
1996 Dave Stockton
1997 Graham Marsh
1998 Hale Irwin
1999 Dave Eichelberger
2000 Hale Irwin
2001 Bruce Fleisher
2002 Don Pooley†
2003 Bruce Lietzke
2004 Peter Jacobsen
2005 Allen Doyle
2006 Allen Doyle
2007 Brad Bryant
2008 Eduardo Romero
2009 Fred Funk
2010 Bernhard Langer
2011 Olin Browne
2012 Roger Chapman
2013 Kenny Perry
2014 Colin Montgomerie†
2015 Jeff Maggert
2016 Gene Sauers
2017 Kenny Perry
2018 David Toms
2019 Steve Stricker
2020 Not held
2021 Jim Furyk
2022 Pádraig Harrington
2023 Bernhard Langer
† indicates the event was won in a playoff
vteSenior Players Championship champions
1983 Miller Barber
1984 Arnold Palmer
1985 Arnold Palmer
1986 Chi-Chi Rodríguez
1987 Gary Player
1988 Billy Casper
1989 Orville Moody
1990 Jack Nicklaus
1991 Jim Albus
1992 Dave Stockton
1993 Jim Colbert
1994 Dave Stockton
1995 J. C. Snead†
1996 Raymond Floyd
1997 Larry Gilbert
1998 Gil Morgan
1999 Hale Irwin
2000 Raymond Floyd
2001 Allen Doyle†
2002 Stewart Ginn
2003 Craig Stadler
2004 Mark James
2005 Peter Jacobsen
2006 Bobby Wadkins
2007 Loren Roberts
2008 D. A. Weibring
2009 Jay Haas
2010 Mark O'Meara†
2011 Fred Couples†
2012 Joe Daley
2013 Kenny Perry
2014 Bernhard Langer
2015 Bernhard Langer
2016 Bernhard Langer
2017 Scott McCarron
2018 Vijay Singh
2019 Retief Goosen
2020 Jerry Kelly
2021 Steve Stricker
2022 Jerry Kelly
† indicates the event was won in a playoff
vteSenior PGA Championship champions
1980 Arnold Palmer†
1981 Miller Barber
1982 Don January
1983 Not held
1984 (Jan) Arnold Palmer
1984 (Dec) Peter Thomson
1985 Not held
1986 Gary Player
1987 Chi-Chi Rodríguez
1988 Gary Player
1989 Larry Mowry
1990 Gary Player
1991 Jack Nicklaus
1992 Lee Trevino
1993 Tom Wargo†
1994 Lee Trevino
1995 Raymond Floyd
1996 Hale Irwin
1997 Hale Irwin
1998 Hale Irwin
1999 Allen Doyle
2000 Doug Tewell
2001 Tom Watson
2002 Fuzzy Zoeller
2003 John Jacobs
2004 Hale Irwin
2005 Mike Reid†
2006 Jay Haas†
2007 Denis Watson
2008 Jay Haas
2009 Michael Allen
2010 Tom Lehman†
2011 Tom Watson†
2012 Roger Chapman
2013 Kōki Idoki
2014 Colin Montgomerie
2015 Colin Montgomerie
2016 Rocco Mediate
2017 Bernhard Langer
2018 Paul Broadhurst
2019 Ken Tanigawa
2020 Not held
2021 Alex Čejka
2022 Steven Alker
2023 Steve Stricker†
2024 Richard Bland
† indicates the event was won in a playoff | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golfer"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour_Champions"},{"link_name":"WGC-Match Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGC-Match_Play"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_WGC-Accenture_Match_Play_Championship"},{"link_name":"FedEx Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_golfers_who_have_been_in_the_world_top_10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021 matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"Whistling Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistling_Straits"}],"text":"Steven Charles Stricker (born February 23, 1967) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour and the PGA Tour Champions. He has twelve victories on the PGA Tour, including the WGC-Match Play title in 2001 and two FedEx Cup playoff events. His most successful season on tour came at age 42 in 2009, with three victories and a runner-up finish on the money list. Stricker spent over 250 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking,[2] reaching a career-high world ranking of No. 2 in September 2009. Stricker served as U.S. Ryder Cup captain for the 2021 matches, winning at Whistling Straits in his home state of Wisconsin.","title":"Steve Stricker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgerton, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgerton,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign"},{"link_name":"Illini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGApro-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-5"}],"text":"Born in Edgerton, Wisconsin, Stricker grew up playing golf at Lake Ripley Country Club in nearby Cambridge and Edgerton Towne Country Club in Edgerton.[3] A 1990 graduate of the University of Illinois, Stricker earned All-American honors as a member of the Illini golf team in 1988 and 1989.[4][5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Professional Golf Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Professional_Golf_Tour"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGApro-4"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Kemper Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemper_Open"},{"link_name":"Motorola Western Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Western_Open"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season-6"},{"link_name":"PGA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_PGA_Championship"},{"link_name":"Sahalee Country Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahalee_Country_Club"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"major championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Pinehurst No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehurst_No._2"},{"link_name":"WGC Match Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGC_Match_Play"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_WGC-Accenture_Match_Play_Championship"},{"link_name":"Pierre Fulke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fulke"},{"link_name":"2 and 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_play"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Barclays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Northern_Trust"},{"link_name":"Presidents Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Presidents_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-5"},{"link_name":"Official World Golf Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_World_Golf_Ranking"},{"link_name":"2007 FedEx Cup Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_FedEx_Cup_Playoffs"},{"link_name":"Tiger Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Woods"},{"link_name":"Mercedes Benz Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament_of_Champions_(golf)"},{"link_name":"2008 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Daniel Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chopra"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bob Hope Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CareerBuilder_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Pat Perez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Perez"},{"link_name":"Troy Matteson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Matteson"},{"link_name":"Frys.com Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriners_Hospitals_for_Children_Open"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season-6"},{"link_name":"Colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_%26_DeLuca_Invitational"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Tim Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Clark_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Steve Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Marino"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"John Deere Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere_Classic"},{"link_name":"Silvis, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvis,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Zach Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Brandt Snedeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandt_Snedeker"},{"link_name":"Brett Quigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Quigley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Technologies_Championship"},{"link_name":"Retief Goosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retief_Goosen"},{"link_name":"Sean O'Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_O%27Hair"},{"link_name":"Jason Dufner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Dufner"},{"link_name":"Scott Verplank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Verplank"},{"link_name":"Tiger Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Woods"},{"link_name":"FedEx Cup standings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_FedEx_Cup_Playoffs"},{"link_name":"Official World Golf Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_World_Golf_Ranking"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWGR2-11"},{"link_name":"FedEx Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Northern Trust Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Open"},{"link_name":"Riviera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riviera_Country_Club"},{"link_name":"Phil Mickelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Mickelson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Paul Goydos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Goydos"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Memorial Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Matt Kuchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Kuchar"},{"link_name":"Brandt Jobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandt_Jobe"},{"link_name":"Official World Golf Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_World_Golf_Ranking"},{"link_name":"Tiger Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Woods"},{"link_name":"Phil Mickelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Mickelson"},{"link_name":"Kyle Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Stanley"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deere-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deere-17"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_PGA_Championship"},{"link_name":"2012 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Martin Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Laird"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Players Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Players_Championship"},{"link_name":"2009 PGA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_PGA_Championship"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2013 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_WGC-Accenture_Match_Play_Championship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season-6"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour_Champions"},{"link_name":"Tucson Conquistadores Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson_Conquistadores_Classic"},{"link_name":"Tom Lehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lehman"},{"link_name":"2017 U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"2017 Presidents Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Presidents_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_Woods_2018_US_Open_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tiger Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Woods"},{"link_name":"2018 U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Cologuard Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologuard_Classic"},{"link_name":"Rapiscan Systems Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapiscan_Systems_Classic"},{"link_name":"Saucier, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saucier,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Sanford International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_International"},{"link_name":"Jim Furyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Furyk"},{"link_name":"2018 Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"Regions Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_Tradition"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senior Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senior_Open"},{"link_name":"Jerry Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Kelly"},{"link_name":"David Toms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Toms"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Chubb Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubb_Classic"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour_Champions"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Regions Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_Tradition"},{"link_name":"Alex Čejka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_%C4%8Cejka"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Senior Players Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Players_Championship"},{"link_name":"Firestone Country Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone_Country_Club"},{"link_name":"Jerry Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Regions Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_Tradition"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"2021 Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Ally Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ally_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Sanford International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_International"},{"link_name":"Robert Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Karlsson"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Constellation Furyk & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constellation_Furyk_%26_Friends&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Electric Championship at Hualalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric_Championship_at_Hualalai"},{"link_name":"Big Island of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Island_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Regions Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_Tradition"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"KitchenAid Senior PGA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KitchenAid_Senior_PGA_Championship"},{"link_name":"Pádraig Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"American Family Insurance Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Insurance_Championship"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Senior Players Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Players_Championship"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Sanford International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_International"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Charles Schwab Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour_Champions_awards#Charles_Schwab_Cup"},{"link_name":"Steven Alker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Alker"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Stricker turned professional in 1990 and began his career on the Canadian Professional Golf Tour,[4] where he won two tournaments. He joined the PGA Tour in 1994, and his first success at the top level came in 1996 when Stricker notched two victories (Kemper Open, Motorola Western Open) and seven top-ten finishes to finish fourth on the 1996 PGA Tour money list.[6]In 1998, Stricker played himself into contention in the final round of the PGA Championship at Sahalee Country Club near Seattle. PGA Tour veteran Vijay Singh bested Stricker down the stretch thanks to a back-nine surge and claimed a two-stroke victory. This runner-up finish remains Stricker's best result in a major championship to date. Stricker has finished inside the top-20 six times at the U.S. Open, with his best finish a fifth-place in 1999 at Pinehurst No. 2. He won his third and most prestigious PGA Tour title at the WGC Match Play Championship in 2001, where he defeated Pierre Fulke 2 and 1 in Australia to earn the $1,000,000 prize. This remains as the only time that the WGC Match Play Championship was played outside of the United States.[7]Stricker lost his tour card in 2004. At age 39 in 2006, relying on sponsor exemptions, he managed seven top-ten finishes and was voted the tour's Comeback Player of the Year. In 2007 he won his fourth PGA Tour title at The Barclays on August 26, ending an 11-year victory drought on American soil, although he had previously triumphed down in Australia in 2001. This run of success earned him a spot on the Presidents Cup team in 2007.[5]After his victory at The Barclays, which was the first of the four FedEx Cup playoff events, Stricker reached No. 4 in the Official World Golf Ranking, his highest career ranking at that point. Stricker finished runner-up in the 2007 FedEx Cup Playoffs behind Tiger Woods, and was again selected as Comeback Player of the Year. He was also inducted into the Wisconsin State Golf Association Hall of Fame in 2007.At the Mercedes Benz Championship, the opening event of the 2008 season, Stricker lost out in a play-off to Daniel Chopra. This result took Stricker to No. 3 in the Official World Golf Ranking, again at the time his highest ranking to date.[8]At the Bob Hope Classic in January 2009, Stricker shot third and fourth round scores of 61 and 62 at the PGA West Palmer and Nicklaus courses to set the 36-hole scoring record on the PGA Tour at 123, beating a record that Pat Perez had held for only two days. (This record fell in October when Troy Matteson shot 61-61=122 at the Frys.com Open.) His four-round total of 33-under-par in the five-round event also set the PGA Tour record for lowest score relative to par for 72 holes, exceeding Ernie Els' total of 31 under par in the 2003 Mercedes-Benz Championship at Kapalua. The third-round 61 was Stricker's best score on tour to that point, but a 77 in the final round dropped him into a tie for third.[6]Stricker won his fifth PGA Tour title at Colonial in Texas at the end of May 2009, with a playoff win over Tim Clark and Steve Marino. The win was aided by a 60-foot (18 m) chip-in on the 71st hole.[9] He won again in July at the John Deere Classic in Silvis, Illinois. After the second round was rained-out on Friday, the field was forced to play 36 holes on Sunday. Stricker shot an afternoon round of 64, which included a hole-out wedge shot for eagle on the 6th hole, and by three strokes over runners-up Zach Johnson, Brandt Snedeker, and Brett Quigley. He also matched his career low round on tour with a second round of 61 (−10).[10]Stricker's third win of 2009, and seventh overall, came in September at the Deutsche Bank Championship, the second of four playoff events. He began the final round tied with Retief Goosen and Sean O'Hair, and birdied the final hole to win by one stroke over Jason Dufner and Scott Verplank. It was Stricker's second FedEx Cup playoff win, a win that also vaulted him ahead of Tiger Woods to the top of the FedEx Cup standings and vaulted him to No. 2 in the Official World Golf Ranking, his highest ranking achieved during his career.[11] Stricker has been called \"Mr. September\" due to his success in the FedEx Cup playoffs, where he has never finished outside the top-25 in his first ten career starts.[6][12]In February 2010, Stricker won his eighth tour title at the Northern Trust Open with a 16-under-par 268 winning total. With this win at Riviera, he passed Phil Mickelson and regained his ranking as World No. 2.[13]In July, Stricker shot a career-low 60 (−11) in the first round of the John Deere Classic.[14] However, a 59 shot by Paul Goydos incredibly put him one stroke back of the lead. He followed with rounds of 66 and 62, for a total of 188, to set a tour 54-hole scoring record.[15] He then shot 70 on Sunday to win his ninth PGA Tour, two strokes ahead of Goydos.In June 2011, Stricker won at the Memorial Tournament in Ohio, his tenth tour title.[16] He opened with 68 and bettered this with 67 in the second round. However, this was made special by the hole-in-one he recorded at the par three 8th hole to hold a three stroke advantage at the halfway stage. Remarkably, he then opened round three with two eagles in the first five holes to open up a six-shot lead midway through round three, but some uncharacteristic mistakes on the back nine saw him fall back towards the rest of the field. He held on to the 36-hole lead to eventually win by one stroke over runners-up Matt Kuchar and Brandt Jobe. With this victory, Stricker became the highest-ranked American in the Official World Golf Ranking, at fourth in the world. For the first time in his career, 44-year-old Stricker was ranked higher than all other American golfers, including Tiger Woods and Phil Mickelson. Stricker played the tournament at −20 for the front nine, a record by 6 shots, versus +4 for the back nine.In July, Stricker gained his eleventh tour win at the John Deere Classic, sinking a 30-foot (9 m) birdie putt at the 72nd hole, one stroke ahead of runner-up Kyle Stanley. Stricker bogeyed the 15th and 16th to fall two strokes behind Stanley in a commanding position throughout most of Sunday's round. He then bounced back with a birdie on the par five 17th while Stanley made bogeyed the 18th. Stricker, tied for the lead at this point, drove into a fairway bunker off the tee and then played his second shot just over the back of the green, but holed the putt from the fringe for the victory.[17] This was Stricker's third straight victory at the John Deere Classic becoming just the 10th golfer since World War II to win a tournament three straight times.[17]Stricker tied a major championship record with a 63 in the first round at the PGA Championship in 2011 and led by two shots. His next three days were 74-69-73, and he tied for twelfth. Stricker's career earnings are over $44 million through the end of the 2018–19 season, among the highest of those without a major title.Stricker started the 2012 season with a win in the season-opening Tournament of Champions at Kapalua on Maui. He shot a ten-under 63 on day two and held the lead until the end, three strokes ahead of runner-up Martin Laird. It was his twelfth PGA Tour title.[18] He missed the cut in May at The Players Championship, his first since the 2009 PGA Championship. It ended a streak of 49 consecutive cuts, which was the longest on tour.[19]At the start of the 2013 season, Stricker announced he would cut his schedule \"in half,\" hoping to play just \"10 or 12\" tournaments.[20] As the defending champion, he finished runner-up at the Hyundai Tournament of Champions despite suffering from a herniated disc. He then reached the quarterfinals at the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship, his best performance since his victory in 2001.[6]In 2017, Stricker joined the PGA Tour Champions. In his first event, the Tucson Conquistadores Classic, he finished one stroke behind Tom Lehman. Stricker asked the USGA for a special exemption to play in the 2017 U.S. Open held in his home state, but his request was denied. He eventually earned entry through a qualifying tournament in Memphis. Stricker was the captain of the victorious U.S. team in the 2017 Presidents Cup.Stricker (right) playing a practice round with Tiger Woods at the 2018 U.S. Open.In March 2018, Stricker won his first event on the PGA Tour Champions, the Cologuard Classic, by two strokes. He then won his second straight start at the Rapiscan Systems Classic in Saucier, Mississippi. In September 2018, he won the Sanford International tournament on the PGA Tour Champions.In 2018, U.S. captain Jim Furyk named Stricker a non-playing vice-captain for the 2018 Ryder Cup team. The U.S. lost 17 1/2 to 10 1/2 to the European team.In 2019, Stricker won his first senior major championship at the Regions Tradition, claiming a six-stroke win over the field. Then in June of the same year, Stricker won his second senior major at the U.S. Senior Open, again by six strokes over Jerry Kelly and David Toms.[21]In April 2021, Stricker won the Chubb Classic for his sixth win on the PGA Tour Champions.[22]In May 2021, Stricker came close to defending his title at the senior major, the Regions Tradition. Stricker birdied the last hole in regulation to force a playoff with Alex Čejka. Čejka won the playoff with a birdie on the first playoff hole.[23]In June 2021, Stricker won his third senior major at the Senior Players Championship at Firestone Country Club in Akron, Ohio. Stricker led by eight strokes going into the final round. He shot an even-par 70 in the final round and won by six strokes over Jerry Kelly.[24]In May 2022, Stricker won his fourth senior major title at the Regions Tradition in Birmingham, Alabama. Stricker shot a 4-under 68 in the final round for a 6-stroke victory. It was his first victory since he had to take a leave of absence for health reasons after the 2021 Ryder Cup.[25]In August 2022, Stricker won The Ally Challenge and in September 2022, he won the Sanford International in South Dakota in a playoff over Robert Karlsson. This brought him to 10 career PGA Tour Champions victories.[26]In October 2022, Stricker won the Constellation Furyk & Friends by two shots.[27]In January 2023, Stricker won the Mitsubishi Electric Championship at Hualalai on the Big Island of Hawaii by six strokes.[28] In May 2023, Stricker won the Regions Tradition, his 13th PGA Champions Tour win, third Regions win, and fifth senior major.[29] Two weeks later, Stricker won the KitchenAid Senior PGA Championship in a playoff over Pádraig Harrington. This marked his 14th PGA Champions Tour win and sixth senior major.[30] In June 2023, Stricker won the American Family Insurance Championship in his home state of Wisconsin and he followed it in July with a third 2023 major victory at the Senior Players Championship.[31][32] In September 2023, Stricker won the Sanford International in South Dakota for the third time. This marked his sixth title of the year on the Champions Tour and set a new record for most money earned in a single season at just shy of $4 million.[33]Stricker clinched the 2023 season-long Charles Schwab Cup with two weeks left in the season. His lead of more than two million points over Steven Alker meant that Alker could not catch him even if he won the last two tournaments of the year.[34] This title comes with a $1 million annuity from Charles Schwab.[35]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dennis Tiziani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Tiziani"},{"link_name":"Mario Tiziani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Tiziani"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-5"},{"link_name":"2021 Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"largest rivalries within the NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bears%E2%80%93Packers_rivalry"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Dustin Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Stricker married into a golfing family. His father-in-law, Dennis Tiziani, and his brother-in-law, Mario Tiziani, played on the PGA Tour. He and his wife, Nicki, have two children. Nicki is often her husband's caddie.[5]At the opening ceremony of the 2021 Ryder Cup, while captaining the United States team, Stricker revealed that he was a supporter of the Chicago Bears despite being from Wisconsin, much to the chagrin of the present crowd, many of whom support the home-state Green Bay Packers; the two teams have one of the largest rivalries within the NFL.[36] At the victory ceremony concluding the event, Dustin Johnson quipped to Stricker, \"Next time, let's not tell all the Green Bay fans that you're a Bears fan.\"[37]","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional wins (40)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"PGA Tour wins (12)","text":"PGA Tour playoff record (1–1)","title":"Professional wins (40)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canadian Tour wins (2)","title":"Professional wins (40)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Open"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Open"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Open"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Open"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Open"},{"link_name":"The Shark Shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shark_Shootout"},{"link_name":"Jerry Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Kelly"},{"link_name":"CVS Caremark Charity Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVS_Caremark_Charity_Classic"},{"link_name":"Bo Van Pelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Van_Pelt"},{"link_name":"CVS Caremark Charity Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVS_Caremark_Charity_Classic"},{"link_name":"Bo Van Pelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Van_Pelt"},{"link_name":"QBE Shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBE_Shootout"},{"link_name":"Sean O'Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_O%27Hair"}],"sub_title":"Other wins (9)","text":"1987 Wisconsin State Open (as an amateur)\n1990 Wisconsin State Open\n1991 Wisconsin State Open\n1998 Wisconsin State Open\n2000 Wisconsin State Open\n2009 The Shark Shootout (with Jerry Kelly)\n2013 CVS Caremark Charity Classic (with Bo Van Pelt)\n2014 CVS Caremark Charity Classic (with Bo Van Pelt)\n2017 QBE Shootout (with Sean O'Hair)","title":"Professional wins (40)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"PGA Tour Champions wins (17)","text":"PGA Tour Champions playoff record (2–3)","title":"Professional wins (40)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"Results not in chronological order in 2020.Top 10Did not playCUT = missed the half-way cut\n\"T\" = tied\nNT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic","title":"Results in major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"Most consecutive cuts made – 27 (2010 Masters – 2018 US Open)\nLongest streak of top-10s – 2 (2006 U.S. Open – 2006 PGA)","title":"Results in major championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"Top 10Did not playCUT = missed the halfway cut\n\"T\" indicates a tie for a place\nC = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic","title":"Results in The Players Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Golf Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wins (1)","title":"World Golf Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks"}],"sub_title":"Results timeline","text":"1Cancelled due to 9/11WinTop 10Did not playQF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play\n\"T\" = tied\nNT = No tournament\nNote that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.","title":"World Golf Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Senior major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wins (7)","title":"Senior major championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"sub_title":"Results timeline","text":"WinTop 10Did not play\"T\" indicates a tie for a place\nNT = no tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic","title":"Senior major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"* As of the 2021 season.","title":"PGA Tour career summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"* As of end of 2022 season\n** 2020 and 2021 seasons were combined due to the COVID-19 pandemic","title":"PGA Tour Champions career summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunhill Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhill_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Dunhill_Cup"},{"link_name":"Presidents Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Presidents_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Presidents_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Presidents_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Presidents_Cup"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Presidents_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Presidents_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ryder_Cup"}],"text":"ProfessionalDunhill Cup: 1996 (winners)\nPresidents Cup: 1996 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2017 (non-playing captain, winners)\nRyder Cup: 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2021 (non-playing captain, winners)","title":"U.S. national team appearances"}] | [{"image_text":"Stricker (right) playing a practice round with Tiger Woods at the 2018 U.S. Open.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tiger_Woods_2018_US_Open_02.jpg/220px-Tiger_Woods_2018_US_Open_02.jpg"}] | [{"title":"1993 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates"},{"title":"List of golfers with most PGA Tour Champions wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_golfers_with_most_PGA_Tour_Champions_wins"}] | [{"reference":"\"Week 36 2009 Ending 6 Sep 2009\" (pdf). OWGR. Retrieved December 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.owgr.com/archive/PastRankings/2009/owgr36f2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Week 36 2009 Ending 6 Sep 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWGR","url_text":"OWGR"}]},{"reference":"\"Official World Golf Ranking Advanced Statistics\". Golfrankingstats.com. July 14, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfrankingstats.com/player/Steve-Stricker","url_text":"\"Official World Golf Ranking Advanced Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Stricker born in Edgerton, Wis\". Wisconsin.Golf. Retrieved October 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisconsin.golf/steve-stricker-born-in-edgerton-wis/article_f57c0b5e-1f42-11e9-a3f3-6789032b3331.html","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker born in Edgerton, Wis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Stricker\". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.06527.html","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Stricker – Profile\". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.06527.steve-stricker.html/profile","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker – Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Stricker – Season Results\". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.06527.steve-stricker.html/season","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker – Season Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austin Country Club to host 2016 Dell Match Play\". PGA Tour. April 30, 2015. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151004160836/http://www.worldgolfchampionships.com/dell-match-play/news/2015/04/30/austin-country-club.html","url_text":"\"Austin Country Club to host 2016 Dell Match Play\""},{"url":"http://www.worldgolfchampionships.com/dell-match-play/news/2015/04/30/austin-country-club.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Stricker – Ranking Graph\". Official World Golf Ranking. Retrieved July 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.owgr.com/en/Ranking/PlayerProfile.aspx?playerID=4818","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker – Ranking Graph\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stricker wins Texas sudden death\". BBC Sport. May 31, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/8076400.stm","url_text":"\"Stricker wins Texas sudden death\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stricker captures John Deere Classic for second win of season\". USA Today. Associated Press. July 12, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/pga/2009-07-12-john-deere-classic_N.htm","url_text":"\"Stricker captures John Deere Classic for second win of season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Week 36 – Steve Stricker is the New World Number Two after Victory at the Deutsche Bank Championship\". Official World Golf Ranking. September 7, 2009. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120911235107/http://www.owgr.com/NEWS/fullstory.sps?iNewsid=6639189&itype=421","url_text":"\"Week 36 – Steve Stricker is the New World Number Two after Victory at the Deutsche Bank Championship\""},{"url":"http://www.owgr.com/NEWS/fullstory.sps?iNewsid=6639189&itype=421","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stricker becoming 'Mr. September' in FedEx Cup\". Golf.com. Associated Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.golf.com/ap-news/stricker-becoming-mr-september-fedex-cup","url_text":"\"Stricker becoming 'Mr. September' in FedEx Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Stricker beats Luke Donald for Northern Trust win\". BBC Sport. February 8, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/8503656.stm","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker beats Luke Donald for Northern Trust win\""}]},{"reference":"Milne, Doug (July 8, 2010). \"Notebook, Round 1: John Deere Classic\". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/news/2010/07/08/rd1-notebook.html","url_text":"\"Notebook, Round 1: John Deere Classic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stricker sets 54-hole PGA Tour record\". ESPN. Associated Press. July 11, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/golf/news/story?id=5370022","url_text":"\"Stricker sets 54-hole PGA Tour record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stricker wins the PGA Memorial Tournament\". BBC Sport. June 5, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/golf/13664133.stm","url_text":"\"Stricker wins the PGA Memorial Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stricker wins third consecutive John Deere Classic title\". PGA Tour. July 10, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/news/2011/07/10/rd4-wrap-up.html","url_text":"\"Stricker wins third consecutive John Deere Classic title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Stricker wins from Martin Laird\". BBC Sport. January 9, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/golf/16482067.stm","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker wins from Martin Laird\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stricker's cut streak comes to end\". PGA Tour. May 11, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/tourreport/2012/05/strickers-cut-streak-comes-to-end.html","url_text":"\"Stricker's cut streak comes to end\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stricker to cut back on schedule\". PGA Tour. January 4, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/tourreport/2013/01/04/stricker-to-cut-back-on-schedule.html","url_text":"\"Stricker to cut back on schedule\""}]},{"reference":"Strege, John (June 30, 2019). \"Steve Stricker wins the U.S. Senior Open by six strokes, his second senior major of the year\". Golf World. Retrieved July 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/steve-stricker-wins-the-us-senior-open-by-six-strokes-his-second-major-of-the-year","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker wins the U.S. Senior Open by six strokes, his second senior major of the year\""}]},{"reference":"Shedloski, Dave (April 18, 2021). \"Steve Stricker takes Chubb Classic title, won't let being U.S. Ryder Cup captain distract his playing career\". Golf Digest. Retrieved April 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/pga-tour-champions-chubb-classic-steve-stricker-victory","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker takes Chubb Classic title, won't let being U.S. Ryder Cup captain distract his playing career\""}]},{"reference":"Zenor, John (May 9, 2021). \"Alex Cejka wins Regions Tradition playoff over Stricker\". Toronto Star. Associated Press. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/sports/golf/2021/05/09/alex-cejka-wins-regions-tradition-playoff-over-stricker.html","url_text":"\"Alex Cejka wins Regions Tradition playoff over Stricker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Stricker wins Bridgestone Seniors Players Championship, his third major title\". Golf Channel. Associated Press. June 27, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/steve-stricker-wins-bridgestone-seniors-players-championship-his-third-major-title","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker wins Bridgestone Seniors Players Championship, his third major title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emotional Steve Stricker records wire-to-wire victory in Regions Tradition, and 'it means a lot'\". ESPN. Associated Press. May 15, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/golf/story/_/id/33923952/emotional-steve-stricker-records-wire-wire-victory-regions-tradition-means-lot","url_text":"\"Emotional Steve Stricker records wire-to-wire victory in Regions Tradition, and 'it means a lot'\""}]},{"reference":"Strege, John (September 18, 2022). \"Steve Stricker continues to make up for lost time from a debilitating illness with a third PGA Tour Champions victory in 11 starts\". Golf Digest. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/steve-stricker-continues-to-make-up-for-lost-time-from-a-debilit","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker continues to make up for lost time from a debilitating illness with a third PGA Tour Champions victory in 11 starts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Stricker wins Constellation Furyk & Friends by 2 shots\". ESPN. Associated Press. October 9, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/golf/story/_/id/34763733/steve-stricker-wins-constellation-furyk-friends-2-shots","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker wins Constellation Furyk & Friends by 2 shots\""}]},{"reference":"Strege, John (January 21, 2023). \"Steve Stricker wins by 6 shots in Hawaii and the rest of the Champions Tour should be very afraid\". Golf Digest. Retrieved September 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/steve-stricker-wins-pga-tour-champions-hawaii","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker wins by 6 shots in Hawaii and the rest of the Champions Tour should be very afraid\""}]},{"reference":"Strege, John (May 14, 2023). \"Steve Stricker delivers another knockout in the Regions Tradition, again winning by six\". Golf Digest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/steve-stricker-delivers-another-knockout-in-the-regions-traditio","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker delivers another knockout in the Regions Tradition, again winning by six\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Stricker wins Sr. PGA in playoff over Padraig Harrington; 2-for-2 in '23 majors\". Golf Channel. Associated Press. May 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/steve-stricker-wins-senior-pga-playoff-over-padraig-harrington-2-2-23-majors","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker wins Sr. PGA in playoff over Padraig Harrington; 2-for-2 in '23 majors\""}]},{"reference":"McClellan, Bob (June 11, 2023). \"Hometown favorite Steve Stricker wins American Family Insurance Championship\". PGA Tour. Retrieved September 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/pgatour-champions/article/news/daily-wrapup/2023/06/11/hometown-favorite-steve-stricker-wins-american-family-insurance-championship","url_text":"\"Hometown favorite Steve Stricker wins American Family Insurance Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stricker posts 4-under 66, wins PGA Tour Champions major\". ESPN. Associated Press. July 16, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/golf/story/_/id/38021383/stricker-posts-4-66-wins-pga-tour-champions-major","url_text":"\"Stricker posts 4-under 66, wins PGA Tour Champions major\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Stricker wins 6th title, sets Champions earnings mark\". ESPN. Associated Press. September 17, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/golf/story/_/id/38426074/steve-stricker-wins-6th-title-sets-champions-earnings-mark","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker wins 6th title, sets Champions earnings mark\""}]},{"reference":"Milko, Jack (October 26, 2023). \"Steve Stricker wins Charles Schwab Cup; banks over $4 million with incredible 2023 season\". SBnation.com. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbnation.com/golf/2023/10/26/23933192/pga-tour-champions-steve-stricker-charles-schwab-cup-2023","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker wins Charles Schwab Cup; banks over $4 million with incredible 2023 season\""}]},{"reference":"Smits, Gary (January 20, 2015). \"PGA Tour, Charles Schwab, sign record 20-year sponsorship extension\". Florida Times-Union. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/education/2015/01/20/pga-tour-charles-schwab-sign-record-20-year-sponsorship-extension/15647782007/","url_text":"\"PGA Tour, Charles Schwab, sign record 20-year sponsorship extension\""}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Rob. \"Steve Stricker knew he messed up after confessing his allegiance to the Chicago Bears at the Ryder Cup opening ceremony\". Wisconsin.Golf. Retrieved September 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisconsin.golf/men/mens_professional/2020_ryder_cup/steve-stricker-knew-he-messed-up-after-confessing-his-allegiance-to-the-chicago-bears-at/article_057eb76c-1ce9-11ec-8db4-6ffb65a6ca06.html","url_text":"\"Steve Stricker knew he messed up after confessing his allegiance to the Chicago Bears at the Ryder Cup opening ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"Romine, Brentley. \"The U.S. won the Ryder Cup, and Dustin Johnson won everything after\". Golf Channel. Retrieved September 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/us-won-ryder-cup-and-dustin-johnson-won-everything-after","url_text":"\"The U.S. won the Ryder Cup, and Dustin Johnson won everything after\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Money\". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/stats/stat.109.html","url_text":"\"Official Money\""}]},{"reference":"\"Career Money Leaders\". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/stats/stat.110.html","url_text":"\"Career Money Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders\". PGA Tour. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/champions/stats/stat.109.2017.html","url_text":"\"2017 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders\". PGA Tour. Retrieved July 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/players/player.06527.steve-stricker.html","url_text":"\"2018 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders\". PGA Tour. Retrieved July 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/champions/stats/stat.109.2018.html","url_text":"\"2019 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders\". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/champions/stats/stat.109.2021.html","url_text":"\"2021 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders\". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/champions/stats/stat.109.2022.html","url_text":"\"2022 PGA Champions Tour Money Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"PGA Champions Tour Career Money Leaders\". PGA Tour. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Dennis | Mount Dennis | ["1 History","2 Economic Challenges","3 Culture","4 Demographic","5 Access to prosperity","6 Education","7 Transit","8 Crime","9 References","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°41′31.14″N 79°30′22.37″W / 43.6919833°N 79.5062139°W / 43.6919833; -79.5062139For other uses, see Mount Dennis (disambiguation).
Neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, CanadaMount DennisNeighbourhoodWeston Road south of Eglinton Ave. W.Location within TorontoCoordinates: 43°41′31.14″N 79°30′22.37″W / 43.6919833°N 79.5062139°W / 43.6919833; -79.5062139Country CanadaProvince OntarioCityTorontoEstablished1850 (York Township)Urbanized1950sGovernment • MPAhmed Hussen (York South—Weston) • MPPMichael Ford (York South—Weston) • CouncillorFrances Nunziata (Ward 11 York South-Weston)Population (2016) • Total62,620
Mount Dennis is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was initially an urban area within the former township of York. Primarily located along Eglinton Avenue between the Humber River and the Kitchener commuter rail line, the neighbourhood was best known for Kodak Heights, once a major film manufacturing facility owned and operated by the Eastman Kodak Company. According to the 2016 Toronto Ward 11 Census, 62,620 residents are in the area, with a median age of 39.3 as of 2016, and a population growth of over 0.4% as of 2016. 24, 895 households are in Ward 11, and 230 net new households were built in 2016. A total of 31,125 of 62,620 are immigrant populations as of 2016. Unemployment rate is 9.5% in Ward 11 as of 2016, with an average household income of $66,447 and is much lower than Toronto's average of $102,721 as of 2016. Average rent price is $940/month as of 2016's census as well.
History
Aerial view of the Kodak campus in Mount Dennis in 1917, which is now a TTC Black Creek Servicing Yard and LRT station in 2022 called Mount Dennis Station. The homes at the bottom left are now the site of a No Frills Supermarket, which were ex-propriated due to the CN rail-line expansion through the area
The area gets its name from the Dennis family (led by John Dennis (1758–1832)), Loyalist shipbuilders who owned the property, as well as a boatyard on the Humber, at the turn of the 19th century. It remained largely rural, with orchards, gravel and clay pits and a few market gardens. Kodak Canada moved its factory to a site at Eglinton Avenue and Weston Road, along the rail line running next to Weston Road, in 1913. This factory complex, known as "Kodak Heights", was a major employer for Mount Dennis' residents until it was shut down in 2005.
The area became what urban geographer Richard Harris described as an "unplanned suburb" in his book, Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy 1900 to 1950. Workers at Kodak and the nearby stockyards once located at Weston Road and St. Clair Avenue, as well as CCM, Willys Overland and other factories north and south of Mount Dennis built their own homes before municipal services were in place, and small developers built "infill" homes, gradually filling the streets with the current housing stock of former cottages and small, fully detached homes, among the most affordable housing stock in Toronto for recent immigrants and first-time homeowners.
Building 1, now torn down, of the Kodak Buildings, was a coal fired power-plant that was built in 1914 and ceased operating in 2006, which burned 500 tonnes of coal per day. This closing of building 1 improved air quality in the area immensely.
Economic Challenges
After the Kodak Plant ceased operating in 2006, over 800 employees were laid off. This presented a major economic impact on the area, similar to the loss of the Mimico Goodyear plant in Etobicoke's area of New Toronto.
"The loss of Kodak was a blow to the community and is one of the reasons it is the poorest of the 13 priority neighbourhoods in Toronto," says Cutty Duncan, project director at the Action for Neighbourhood Change (ANC) project in Mount Dennis in a CBC Article.
Working out of a single unit in a nameless strip mall on Weston Road, just like many others on that stretch, Duncan’s tiny office has turned into a community hub of sorts.
It is from there that he leads the West End Local Economic Development (WELED) project, which is working with local residents helping them to start small businesses in the community with the help of micro grants.
“The urgent need is to create employment capacity in the community. And with Kodak gone, people lost ownership and pride in their neighbourhood leading to a downward spiral,” says Duncan of ANC.
“At WELED, we are trying to rebrand the neighbourhood from one of need and want to one that can offer something special to those from outside the community. For example, we have so many hair salons and barbershops in the area. Instead of saying there are too many, let us brand Weston-Mount Dennis as a go-to place for black people to do their hair.”
Located in the riding of York South-Weston, Weston-Mount Dennis is the landing spot for hundreds of immigrants, making it a microcosm of Toronto's diversity, with dozens of ethnic groups represented - the largest being from the Caribbean and West Africa.
"With this diversity comes incredible challenges," says Lekan Olawoye, project director at the For Youth Initiative, a charitable organization that aims to boost civic engagement.
"Language barriers, parental disconnect, lowering the bar for kids in priority neighbourhoods have led to Weston-Mount Dennis having the dubious distinction of having the third-highest high school dropout rate in Toronto," says Olawoye, who also grew up in a similar priority neighborhood in Rexdale.
And with almost 30 per cent of the population under 24 years of age, the neighbourhood faces challenges on more than one front.
Culture
Storefronts along Weston Road in Mount Dennis at Weston Road and Eglinton Ave West, looking North.
In 2014 a public art installation titled Nyctophilia opened at Weston Road and Dennis Avenue. Designed by Toronto artists Daniel Young and Christian Giroux, the piece is part of a series of revitalization projects targeted at supporting the neighbourhood and its residents as it evolves beyond its industrial past.
Weston–Mount Dennis was once a centre of manufacturing, and later a centre of small immigrant shops. Eventually one type of business, hair salons and barbershops serving the Black community, came to predominate. In 2012, a community organizer proposed proclaiming it an official hair district.
Demographic
The area is a classic example of Toronto's diversity, with dozens of ethnic groups represented, however the largest ethnic group by far are from the Caribbean and West Africa with the vast majority of visible minorities of Jamaican descent. With respect to religion, there are many black store front churches representing the many faiths of the African and Caribbean communities as well as Western-European, Middle Eastern and Asian faiths such as Christian, Roman Catholicism, Pentecostalism, Seventh Day Adventist), Muslim, and Buddhist as seen along the Weston Road Corridor. Among the languages spoken are Spanish, Somali, Vietnamese, Patois and Portuguese from the 2016 Ward 11 census.
In Mount Dennis’s census tract 5350156.01, the median income for residents in the community in 2006 as $17,771. This information was collected by the mandatory long-form census conducted in 2006. In 2011, the average household income was $20,637. It had grown by $2,866. This information was collected by the voluntary National Household Survey in 2011. This demonstrates in general, income levels are rising in Mount Dennis. Data in 2011 was affected by Mount Dennis’ GNR (global non-response rate) of 38.5%. An average household income as of 2016 is $66,447 and is much lower than Toronto's average of $102,721 as of 2016. This further demonstrating this trend of rising household incomes.
In census tract 5350156.01 in 2006, 600 residents owned their homes while 1590 residents rented their homes. This information was gathered by the mandatory long-form census conducted in 2006. By 2011, 625 residents owned their homes while 1646 residents rented. This information was collected by the voluntary National Household Survey in 2011. This shows residents in Mount Dennis are much more likely to rent than own their homes. Data in 2011 was affected by Mount Dennis’ GNR (global non-response rate) of 38.5%.
Access to prosperity
According to a CBC article on Mount Dennis, "Aggressive community policing is intimidating, and black males in particular feel racially profiled rather than supported," says Shadya Yasin, a Somali-Canadian who works and lives in the neighbourhood. "This translates into huge numbers in an area where 23 per cent of the population is black."
Yasin, who heads the York Youth Coalition (YYC), is leading the charge to obtain a receipt component to police carding. YYC attended the Toronto Police Services Board meeting where police carding will be on the agenda. Olawoye, meanwhile, wants to hold all stakeholders to account - parents, teachers and the government. "We need to get our kids back in school for them to be better employed and for that we need to integrate their parents into the work force as well," he said.
"We must give all our citizens equal access to prosperity, which I feel is not happening in this neighbourhood."
Education
Dennis Community School is a secular public elementary school at 17 Dennis Avenue, near Weston Road and Eglinton Avenue West, operated by the Toronto District School Board. The first Mount Dennis school opened in 1891 according to the TDSB's web-site for Dennis Avenue Community School (GR. JK-06). For Catholic Primary Education, Our Lady of Victory at 70 Guestville Ave is also available for education, and was founded in 1944, and is operated by the TCDSB. St Nicholas of Bari, Santa Maria, St John Bosco, Pope Paul, St Rita, St Cecilia, St Bernard, St Francis Xavier, St Andre elementary schools are all operated by the TCDSB, and are all elementary schools that border Mount Dennis as well, giving testament to the neighbourhood's strong catholic base since the post World War II era.
Mount Dennis Library is a branch of the Toronto Public Library located in the neighbourhood.
The neighbourhood's 60-year-old library, a branch of the Toronto Public Library system, reopened in 2013 after extensive renovations. Located at Weston Rd. and Eglinton Avenue West. The new facility was designed to be a community hub and is seen by some to reflect the evolving nature of the neighbourhood.
In addition to the Toronto District School Board, three other public school boards also operate in the City of Toronto. The Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), is a public English separate school board; Conseil scolaire Viamonde is a secular French public school board; and the Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud is a French separate public school board.
Transit
The TTC operates several bus lines in the neighbourhood. The Church of St. Mary and St. Martha is visible on the right. Facing East on Eglinton Ave West at Weston Road
Mount Dennis station will be the westernmost terminus of Line 5 Eglinton and a stop on the GO Transit Kitchener line when it opens in 2022. It will also feature a 15-bay bus terminal for local bus routes. The maintenance facility for the vehicles on Line 5 will be on the site of the old Kodak plant in Mount Dennis.
When he was a candidate for Mayor of Toronto John Tory's platform included a transit plan he called SmartTrack. The centrepiece of the plan was what he called a 53 kilometres (33 mi) "surface-subway", which would run through Mount Dennis. SmartTrack was to share the rights-of-way of existing rail lines—except for a turn-off at Mount Dennis, where he imagined the route could run parallel to Eglinton, using the right-of-way that had been set aside decades ago for the Richview Expressway. Tory promised that, by the use of existing rights-of-way, this new transit route could be built for a modest $8 billion CAD. Unfortunately Rob Ford, the former mayor, had sold off the Richview right-of-way. This would require multiple tunneled sections along Eglinton, eroding the cost-savings Tory promised. Further, Tory's plan overlooked that the turning radius for large heavy rail vehicles would require extensive tunneling under Mount Dennis itself.
In late 2015 Metrolinx made public its plans to include a gas-fired electrical generator on its Mount Dennis campus.
Crime
According to Division 12 TPS crime statistics], 18 shootings and 4 murders took place in 2020 year-to-date, and hundreds of assault and dozens of break-and-enter charges as well, underlying the area's youth crime problem.
The area is frequented by gangs like the Eglinton West Crips, Five Point Generalz, Dixon Bloods, Jamaican posse, Shower Posse, Organized crime in Nigeria like the Black Axe Crime Ring, Trethewey Gangstas, Scarlett Blocc and Baghdad Crew.
References
^ "2016 Ward 11 Census" (PDF). Toronto Clerks Office. 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
^ a b
John Lorinc (2012-11-23). "Down (but not out) Mount Dennis area pins hopes on Metrolinx". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-03-28. Local politicians are quick to agree that such projects should, in theory, create local jobs, especially in hardscrabble areas such as Weston-Mount Dennis.
^
"Canadian Enterprise Gallery: Kodak Canada Inc". Canadian Heritage. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11.
^
"Employment study proceeding for Kodak lands". North York Mirror. 2008-02-14. Archived from the original on 2014-07-09. Kodak Canada was the largest employer in the area before it left the premises, employing about 800 employees in 2005. Total employment within the study area was 3,409 in 2006 - a decrease of 2,816 jobs over the past 11 years.
^
"Weston-Mount Dennis residents want Metrolinx to preserve last Kodak building". Metro. 2013-05-06. Retrieved 2013-05-22. Mount Dennis is a sort of company town originally with Kodak as the major employer. A lot of people have a strong emotional attachment to it," said Simon Chamberlain, a community activist. "With Kodak gone, this is the one bit of legacy that is left. And it's one of the few significant historical buildings in the community.
^
Richard Harris (1999). "Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950". Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801862823. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
^ Bayliss, Graeme (July 31, 2014). "Spotted: The Colourful Lights of Mt. Dennis". torontoist.com. Torontoist. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
^ Mitanis, Marcus (July 31, 2014). "New Public Art 'Nyctophilia' Adorns Mount Dennis Neighbourhood". urbantoronto.ca. Urban Toronto. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
^ "Cease Fire | CBC Toronto".
^ https://www.toronto.ca/ext/sdfa/Neighbourhood%20Profiles/pdf/2016/pdf1/cpa115.pdf
^ Hume, Christoper (March 29, 2013). "New Mount Dennis Public Library a neighbourhood beacon: Hume". www.thestar.com. Toronto Star. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
^
Oliver Moorei (2015-11-17). "Western spur estimates raise doubt over feasibility of Tory's SmartTrack". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. The figure raises new questions about the viability of doing the entire project for the $8-billion Mr. Tory promised during the mayoral campaign. And it is likely to re-energize debate about whether the area would be better served by a previously proposed light-rail line costing billions of dollars less.
^
Rahul Gupta (2012-12-12). "Meeting to provide details on LRT station in Mount Dennis". York Guardian. Archived from the original on 2012-12-22. The Mount Dennis underground stop at Weston Road would serve as the line's western terminus point, said Metrolinx spokesperson Jamie Robinson on Friday, Dec. 7.
^
Rachel Mendleson (2013-10-02). "Crosstown LRT project reveals — and respects — Eglinton's history". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2013-10-03. But it wasn't until late last year, when Chamberlain learned the bank would be razed to make way for the Eglinton Crosstown LRT, that he dug a little deeper. As he discovered, the building at the heart of Mount Dennis is in fact deeply embedded in the DNA of the working-class community, with roots tracing back to 1913, when Kodak first set up shop there.
^
Roy Murray (2012-07-09). "Feedback on maintenance yard needed". Weston Web. Archived from the original on 2013-01-27.
^
Rahul Gupta (2012-12-18). "Metrolinx shoots for transit station at Kodak building". York Guardian. Archived from the original on 2014-07-09. A consultant for Metrolinx is confident a historic building on the former Kodak lands will become the main site for a planned light rail transit station for Mount Dennis.
^
Steve Munro (2010-02-17). "Eglinton LRT: Trouble Brewing in Mt. Dennis (Update 2)". Archived from the original on 2013-06-14. Some speakers addressed the use of the Kodak lands for the proposed carhouse, and asked that alternative schemes be considered. Part of this relates to a proposed "big box" development on the land. However, Council approved the acquisition of this property, by expropriation if necessary, in December.
^
Marco Chown Oved (2014-10-27). "The challenges facing John Tory's SmartTrack proposals". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2016-01-09. "Tory acts as if SmartTrack is above and beyond what the province is doing, but it's not," said transit expert Steve Munro.
^ a b
Tess Kalinowski (2016-01-09). "Crosstown gas-fired power plant has Mount Dennis residents fired up: The electrical substation would be a backup facility, but the community wants Metrolinx to use greener technology". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2016-01-09. It would have the capacity to run the entire Crosstown system to avoid peak demand times on the provincial power grid and save about 40 per cent on the price of electricity. It would also generate enough power to run the entire Crosstown system in a power outage, said a spokesman for the agency.
^
Tess Kalinowski (2014-08-26). "Is John Tory's SmartTrack on track for seven-year delivery?". Toronto Star. It gets snarled in development at the Weston end of the tract, but Tory's campaign says that's not an issue. A tunnel or elevated section of the line would solve the problem — possibly just a trench such as the one the Yonge subway runs in north of Bloor St.
^
Rob Salerno (2014-09-09). "Is John Tory's SmartTrack able to leap tall buildings?". Now. Retrieved 2016-01-10. A 10-kilometre stretch set aside for his surface rail plan along Eglinton West has already been blocked by condo and townhouse development
External links
City of Toronto - Mount Dennis Neighbourhood Profile
Places adjacent to Mount Dennis
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Niagara
North Toronto
Norway
Old Town
Palmerston
Parkdale
Playter Estates
Port Lands
Quayside
Queen Street West
Railway Lands
Regent Park
Riverdale
Roncesvalles
Rosedale
Runnymede
St. James Town
St. Lawrence
Seaton Village
South Hill
South Core
Summerhill
Swansea
Toronto Islands
Trefann Court
Trinity-Bellwoods
Upper Beaches
Uptown Toronto
Wallace Emerson
The Ward
West Don Lands (Canary District)
Wychwood Park
Yonge–Eglinton
Yorkville
North York
Amesbury
Armour Heights
Bathurst Manor
Bayview Village
Bayview Woods-Steeles
Bermondsey
Bridle Path
Clanton Park
Don Mills
Don Valley Village
Downsview
Flemingdon Park
Glen Park
Graydon Hall
Henry Farm
Hillcrest Village
Hoggs Hollow
Humber Summit
Humbermede
Jane and Finch
Lansing
Lawrence Heights
Lawrence Manor
Maple Leaf
Newtonbrook
North York City Centre
Parkway Forest
Parkwoods
Pelmo Park-Humberlea
Pleasant View
Rustic
Teddington Park
Victoria Village
Westminster-Branson
Willowdale
York Mills
York University Heights
Scarborough
Agincourt
Armadale
Bendale
Birch Cliff
Brown's Corners
Clairlea
Cliffcrest
Cliffside
Dorset Park
Eglinton East
Golden Mile
Guildwood
Highland Creek
Ionview
L'Amoreaux
Malvern
Maryvale
Milliken
Morningside
Morningside Heights
Oakridge
Port Union
Rouge
Scarborough City Centre
Scarborough Junction
Scarborough Village
Steeles
Tam O'Shanter-Sullivan
West Hill
West Rouge
Wexford
Woburn
Etobicoke
Alderwood
Clairville
Eatonville
The Elms
Eringate-Centennial-West Deane
Humber Heights-Westmount
Humber Valley Village
Humberwood
Islington-City Centre West
Kingsview Village
The Kingsway
Long Branch
Markland Wood
Mimico
New Toronto
Princess Gardens
Rexdale
Richview
The Queensway-Humber Bay
Smithfield
Thistletown
Thorncrest Village
York
Baby Point
Fairbank
Humewood–Cedarvale
Lambton
Little Jamaica
Mount Dennis
Oakwood Village
Old Mill
Rockcliffe–Smythe
Silverthorn
Tichester
Weston
East York
Bermondsey
Crescent Town
Governor's Bridge
Leaside
O'Connor–Parkview
Old East York
Pape Village
Thorncliffe Park
Italics indicate neighbourhoods now defunct. For information on the evolution of each neighbourhood in general, see History of neighbourhoods in Toronto. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Dennis (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Dennis_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Eglinton Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Humber River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_River_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Kitchener commuter rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener_line"},{"link_name":"Kodak Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak_Heights"},{"link_name":"Eastman Kodak Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeAndMail2012-11-23-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Mount Dennis (disambiguation).Neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, CanadaMount Dennis is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was initially an urban area within the former township of York. Primarily located along Eglinton Avenue between the Humber River and the Kitchener commuter rail line, the neighbourhood was best known for Kodak Heights, once a major film manufacturing facility owned and operated by the Eastman Kodak Company.[2] According to the 2016 Toronto Ward 11 Census, 62,620 residents are in the area, with a median age of 39.3 as of 2016, and a population growth of over 0.4% as of 2016. 24, 895 households are in Ward 11, and 230 net new households were built in 2016. A total of 31,125 of 62,620 are immigrant populations as of 2016. Unemployment rate is 9.5% in Ward 11 as of 2016, with an average household income of $66,447 and is much lower than Toronto's average of $102,721 as of 2016. Average rent price is $940/month as of 2016's census as well.","title":"Mount Dennis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_Kodak_campus_in_Mount_Dennis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Dennis Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Dennis_Station"},{"link_name":"Loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"market gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_garden"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kodak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CanadianHeritageKodak-3"},{"link_name":"Kodak Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak_Heights"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InsideToronto2008-02-14-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metro2013-05-06-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnplannedSuburbs-6"},{"link_name":"St. Clair Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_Avenue"},{"link_name":"CCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_(hockey)"},{"link_name":"Willys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys"}],"text":"Aerial view of the Kodak campus in Mount Dennis in 1917, which is now a TTC Black Creek Servicing Yard and LRT station in 2022 called Mount Dennis Station. The homes at the bottom left are now the site of a No Frills Supermarket, which were ex-propriated due to the CN rail-line expansion through the areaThe area gets its name from the Dennis family (led by John Dennis (1758–1832)), Loyalist shipbuilders who owned the property, as well as a boatyard on the Humber, at the turn of the 19th century.[citation needed] It remained largely rural, with orchards, gravel and clay pits and a few market gardens.[citation needed] Kodak Canada moved its factory to a site at Eglinton Avenue and Weston Road, along the rail line running next to Weston Road, in 1913.[3] This factory complex, known as \"Kodak Heights\", was a major employer for Mount Dennis' residents until it was shut down in 2005.[4][5]The area became what urban geographer Richard Harris described as an \"unplanned suburb\" in his book, Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy 1900 to 1950.[6] Workers at Kodak and the nearby stockyards once located at Weston Road and St. Clair Avenue, as well as CCM, Willys Overland and other factories north and south of Mount Dennis built their own homes before municipal services were in place, and small developers built \"infill\" homes, gradually filling the streets with the current housing stock of former cottages and small, fully detached homes, among the most affordable housing stock in Toronto for recent immigrants and first-time homeowners.Building 1, now torn down, of the Kodak Buildings, was a coal fired power-plant that was built in 1914 and ceased operating in 2006, which burned 500 tonnes of coal per day. This closing of building 1 improved air quality in the area immensely.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mimico Goodyear plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mimico_Goodyear_plant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Etobicoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etobicoke"},{"link_name":"New Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Toronto"}],"text":"After the Kodak Plant ceased operating in 2006, over 800 employees were laid off. This presented a major economic impact on the area, similar to the loss of the Mimico Goodyear plant in Etobicoke's area of New Toronto.\"The loss of Kodak was a blow to the community and is one of the reasons it is the poorest of the 13 priority neighbourhoods in Toronto,\" says Cutty Duncan, project director at the Action for Neighbourhood Change (ANC) project in Mount Dennis in a CBC Article.Working out of a single unit in a nameless strip mall on Weston Road, just like many others on that stretch, Duncan’s tiny office has turned into a community hub of sorts.It is from there that he leads the West End Local Economic Development (WELED) project, which is working with local residents helping them to start small businesses in the community with the help of micro grants.“The urgent need is to create employment capacity in the community. And with Kodak gone, people lost ownership and pride in their neighbourhood leading to a downward spiral,” says Duncan of ANC.“At WELED, we are trying to rebrand the neighbourhood from one of need and want to one that can offer something special to those from outside the community. For example, we have so many hair salons and barbershops in the area. Instead of saying there are too many, let us brand Weston-Mount Dennis as a go-to place for black people to do their hair.”Located in the riding of York South-Weston, Weston-Mount Dennis is the landing spot for hundreds of immigrants, making it a microcosm of Toronto's diversity, with dozens of ethnic groups represented - the largest being from the Caribbean and West Africa.\"With this diversity comes incredible challenges,\" says Lekan Olawoye, project director at the For Youth Initiative, a charitable organization that aims to boost civic engagement.\"Language barriers, parental disconnect, lowering the bar for kids in priority neighbourhoods have led to Weston-Mount Dennis having the dubious distinction of having the third-highest high school dropout rate in Toronto,\" says Olawoye, who also grew up in a similar priority neighborhood in Rexdale.And with almost 30 per cent of the population under 24 years of age, the neighbourhood faces challenges on more than one front.","title":"Economic Challenges"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Dennis_Weston_and_Oxford.jpg"},{"link_name":"Weston Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Road"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bayliss-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitanis-8"},{"link_name":"hair salons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_salon"},{"link_name":"barbershops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Canadians"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Storefronts along Weston Road in Mount Dennis at Weston Road and Eglinton Ave West, looking North.In 2014 a public art installation titled Nyctophilia opened at Weston Road and Dennis Avenue.[7] Designed by Toronto artists Daniel Young and Christian Giroux, the piece is part of a series of revitalization projects targeted at supporting the neighbourhood and its residents as it evolves beyond its industrial past.[8]Weston–Mount Dennis was once a centre of manufacturing, and later a centre of small immigrant shops. Eventually one type of business, hair salons and barbershops serving the Black community, came to predominate. In 2012, a community organizer proposed proclaiming it an official hair district.[9]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Pentecostalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism"},{"link_name":"Seventh Day Adventist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Patois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patois_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"}],"text":"The area is a classic example of Toronto's diversity, with dozens of ethnic groups represented, however the largest ethnic group by far are from the Caribbean and West Africa with the vast majority of visible minorities of Jamaican descent.[10] With respect to religion, there are many black store front churches representing the many faiths of the African and Caribbean communities as well as Western-European, Middle Eastern and Asian faiths such as Christian, Roman Catholicism, Pentecostalism, Seventh Day Adventist), Muslim, and Buddhist as seen along the Weston Road Corridor. Among the languages spoken are Spanish, Somali, Vietnamese, Patois and Portuguese from the 2016 Ward 11 census.In Mount Dennis’s census tract 5350156.01, the median income for residents in the community in 2006 as $17,771. This information was collected by the mandatory long-form census conducted in 2006. In 2011, the average household income was $20,637. It had grown by $2,866. This information was collected by the voluntary National Household Survey in 2011. This demonstrates in general, income levels are rising in Mount Dennis. Data in 2011 was affected by Mount Dennis’ GNR (global non-response rate) of 38.5%. An average household income as of 2016 is $66,447 and is much lower than Toronto's average of $102,721 as of 2016. This further demonstrating this trend of rising household incomes.In census tract 5350156.01 in 2006, 600 residents owned their homes while 1590 residents rented their homes. This information was gathered by the mandatory long-form census conducted in 2006. By 2011, 625 residents owned their homes while 1646 residents rented. This information was collected by the voluntary National Household Survey in 2011. This shows residents in Mount Dennis are much more likely to rent than own their homes. Data in 2011 was affected by Mount Dennis’ GNR (global non-response rate) of 38.5%.","title":"Demographic"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"According to a CBC article on Mount Dennis, \"Aggressive community policing [part of the Toronto police's anti-violence intervention strategy initiative] is intimidating, and black males in particular feel racially profiled rather than supported,\" says Shadya Yasin, a Somali-Canadian who works and lives in the neighbourhood. \"This translates into huge numbers in an area where 23 per cent of the population is black.\"Yasin, who heads the York Youth Coalition (YYC), is leading the charge to obtain a receipt component to police carding. YYC attended the Toronto Police Services Board meeting where police carding will be on the agenda. Olawoye, meanwhile, wants to hold all stakeholders to account - parents, teachers and the government. \"We need to get our kids back in school for them to be better employed and for that we need to integrate their parents into the work force as well,\" he said.\"We must give all our citizens equal access to prosperity, which I feel is not happening in this neighbourhood.\"","title":"Access to prosperity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_education"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_education"},{"link_name":"elementary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"Weston Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Road"},{"link_name":"Eglinton Avenue West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton_Avenue_West"},{"link_name":"Toronto District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"TCDSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCDSB"},{"link_name":"TCDSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCDSB"},{"link_name":"catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TPL_Mount_Denis.JPG"},{"link_name":"Toronto Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Toronto Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Weston Rd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weston_Rd.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eglinton Avenue West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton_Avenue_West"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hume-11"},{"link_name":"Toronto Catholic District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Catholic_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"separate school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_school"},{"link_name":"Conseil scolaire Viamonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_Viamonde"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_de_district_catholique_Centre-Sud"}],"text":"Dennis Community School is a secular public elementary school at 17 Dennis Avenue, near Weston Road and Eglinton Avenue West, operated by the Toronto District School Board. The first Mount Dennis school opened in 1891 according to the TDSB's web-site for Dennis Avenue Community School (GR. JK-06). For Catholic Primary Education, Our Lady of Victory at 70 Guestville Ave is also available for education, and was founded in 1944, and is operated by the TCDSB. St Nicholas of Bari, Santa Maria, St John Bosco, Pope Paul, St Rita, St Cecilia, St Bernard, St Francis Xavier, St Andre elementary schools are all operated by the TCDSB, and are all elementary schools that border Mount Dennis as well, giving testament to the neighbourhood's strong catholic base since the post World War II era.Mount Dennis Library is a branch of the Toronto Public Library located in the neighbourhood.The neighbourhood's 60-year-old library, a branch of the Toronto Public Library system, reopened in 2013 after extensive renovations. Located at Weston Rd. and Eglinton Avenue West. The new facility was designed to be a community hub and is seen by some to reflect the evolving nature of the neighbourhood.[11]In addition to the Toronto District School Board, three other public school boards also operate in the City of Toronto. The Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), is a public English separate school board; Conseil scolaire Viamonde is a secular French public school board; and the Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud is a French separate public school board.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viewing_Weston_and_Eglinton_from_the_SW_corner,_2013_04_09_-c.jpg"},{"link_name":"TTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission"},{"link_name":"bus lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission_bus_system"},{"link_name":"Mount Dennis station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Dennis_station"},{"link_name":"Line 5 Eglinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_5_Eglinton"},{"link_name":"GO Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GO_Transit"},{"link_name":"Kitchener line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener_line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeAndMail2012-11-23-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeAndMail2015-11-17-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YorkGuardian2012-12-12-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorStar2013-10-02-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestonWeb2012-07-09-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YorkGuardian2012-12-18-16"},{"link_name":"maintenance facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Creek_Carhouse"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SteveMunro2010-02-17-17"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"John Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tory"},{"link_name":"SmartTrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartTrack"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorStar2014-10-27-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorStar2016-01-09-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorStar2014-08-26-20"},{"link_name":"Richview Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richview_Expressway"},{"link_name":"CAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"Rob Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Ford"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Now2014-09-09-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorStar2016-01-09-19"}],"text":"The TTC operates several bus lines in the neighbourhood. The Church of St. Mary and St. Martha is visible on the right. Facing East on Eglinton Ave West at Weston RoadMount Dennis station will be the westernmost terminus of Line 5 Eglinton and a stop on the GO Transit Kitchener line when it opens in 2022.[2][12][13][14] It will also feature a 15-bay bus terminal for local bus routes.[15][16] The maintenance facility for the vehicles on Line 5 will be on the site of the old Kodak plant in Mount Dennis.[17]When he was a candidate for Mayor of Toronto John Tory's platform included a transit plan he called SmartTrack.[18][19] The centrepiece of the plan was what he called a 53 kilometres (33 mi) \"surface-subway\", which would run through Mount Dennis.[20] SmartTrack was to share the rights-of-way of existing rail lines—except for a turn-off at Mount Dennis, where he imagined the route could run parallel to Eglinton, using the right-of-way that had been set aside decades ago for the Richview Expressway. Tory promised that, by the use of existing rights-of-way, this new transit route could be built for a modest $8 billion CAD. Unfortunately Rob Ford, the former mayor, had sold off the Richview right-of-way.[21] This would require multiple tunneled sections along Eglinton, eroding the cost-savings Tory promised. Further, Tory's plan overlooked that the turning radius for large heavy rail vehicles would require extensive tunneling under Mount Dennis itself.In late 2015 Metrolinx made public its plans to include a gas-fired electrical generator on its Mount Dennis campus.[19]","title":"Transit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootings"},{"link_name":"murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murders"},{"link_name":"assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault"},{"link_name":"break-and-enter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break-and-enter"},{"link_name":"youth crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_crime"},{"link_name":"Eglinton West Crips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eglinton_West_Crips&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Five Point Generalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Point_Generalz"},{"link_name":"Dixon Bloods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_Bloods"},{"link_name":"Jamaican posse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_posse"},{"link_name":"Shower Posse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower_Posse"},{"link_name":"Organized crime in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Trethewey Gangstas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trethewey_Gangstas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scarlett Blocc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarlett_Blocc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baghdad Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baghdad_Crew&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"According to Division 12 TPS crime statistics], 18 shootings and 4 murders took place in 2020 year-to-date, and hundreds of assault and dozens of break-and-enter charges as well, underlying the area's youth crime problem.The area is frequented by gangs like the Eglinton West Crips, Five Point Generalz, Dixon Bloods, Jamaican posse, Shower Posse, Organized crime in Nigeria like the Black Axe Crime Ring, Trethewey Gangstas, Scarlett Blocc and Baghdad Crew.","title":"Crime"}] | [{"image_text":"Aerial view of the Kodak campus in Mount Dennis in 1917, which is now a TTC Black Creek Servicing Yard and LRT station in 2022 called Mount Dennis Station. The homes at the bottom left are now the site of a No Frills Supermarket, which were ex-propriated due to the CN rail-line expansion through the area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Aerial_view_of_the_Kodak_campus_in_Mount_Dennis.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_the_Kodak_campus_in_Mount_Dennis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Storefronts along Weston Road in Mount Dennis at Weston Road and Eglinton Ave West, looking North.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mount_Dennis_Weston_and_Oxford.jpg/220px-Mount_Dennis_Weston_and_Oxford.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mount Dennis Library is a branch of the Toronto Public Library located in the neighbourhood.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/TPL_Mount_Denis.JPG/220px-TPL_Mount_Denis.JPG"},{"image_text":"The TTC operates several bus lines in the neighbourhood. The Church of St. Mary and St. Martha is visible on the right. Facing East on Eglinton Ave West at Weston Road","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Viewing_Weston_and_Eglinton_from_the_SW_corner%2C_2013_04_09_-c.jpg/220px-Viewing_Weston_and_Eglinton_from_the_SW_corner%2C_2013_04_09_-c.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2016 Ward 11 Census\" (PDF). Toronto Clerks Office. 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/8790-City_Planning_2016_Census_Profile_2014_Wards_Ward11.pdf","url_text":"\"2016 Ward 11 Census\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toronto_Clerks_Office&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Toronto Clerks Office"}]},{"reference":"John Lorinc (2012-11-23). \"Down (but not out) Mount Dennis area pins hopes on Metrolinx\". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-03-28. Local politicians are quick to agree that such projects should, in theory, create local jobs, especially in hardscrabble areas such as Weston-Mount Dennis.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lorinc","url_text":"John Lorinc"},{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/down-but-not-out-mount-dennis-area-pins-hopes-on-metrolinx/article5614315/","url_text":"\"Down (but not out) Mount Dennis area pins hopes on Metrolinx\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113854/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/down-but-not-out-mount-dennis-area-pins-hopes-on-metrolinx/article5614315/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Enterprise Gallery: Kodak Canada Inc\". Canadian Heritage. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130111110748/http://www.canadianheritage.org/enterprises/kodak/index.htm","url_text":"\"Canadian Enterprise Gallery: Kodak Canada Inc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Heritage","url_text":"Canadian Heritage"},{"url":"http://www.canadianheritage.org/enterprises/kodak/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Employment study proceeding for Kodak lands\". North York Mirror. 2008-02-14. Archived from the original on 2014-07-09. Kodak Canada was the largest employer in the area before it left the premises, employing about 800 employees in 2005. Total employment within the study area was 3,409 in 2006 - a decrease of 2,816 jobs over the past 11 years.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140709025553/http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/18134-employment-study-proceeding-for-kodak-lands/","url_text":"\"Employment study proceeding for Kodak lands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Mirror","url_text":"North York Mirror"},{"url":"http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/18134-employment-study-proceeding-for-kodak-lands/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Weston-Mount Dennis residents want Metrolinx to preserve last Kodak building\". Metro. 2013-05-06. Retrieved 2013-05-22. Mount Dennis is a sort of company town originally with Kodak as the major employer. A lot of people have a strong emotional attachment to it,\" said Simon Chamberlain, a community activist. \"With Kodak gone, this is the one bit of legacy that is left. And it's one of the few significant historical buildings in the community.","urls":[{"url":"http://metronews.ca/news/toronto/661359/weston-mount-dennis-residents-want-metrolinx-to-preserve-last-kodak-building/","url_text":"\"Weston-Mount Dennis residents want Metrolinx to preserve last Kodak building\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_International","url_text":"Metro"}]},{"reference":"Richard Harris (1999). \"Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950\". Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801862823. Retrieved 2013-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EF2uN3v0i9gC&q=Dennis","url_text":"\"Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press","url_text":"Johns Hopkins University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801862823","url_text":"9780801862823"}]},{"reference":"Bayliss, Graeme (July 31, 2014). \"Spotted: The Colourful Lights of Mt. Dennis\". torontoist.com. Torontoist. Retrieved May 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://torontoist.com/2014/07/spotted-the-colourful-lights-of-mt-dennis/","url_text":"\"Spotted: The Colourful Lights of Mt. Dennis\""}]},{"reference":"Mitanis, Marcus (July 31, 2014). \"New Public Art 'Nyctophilia' Adorns Mount Dennis Neighbourhood\". urbantoronto.ca. Urban Toronto. Retrieved May 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://urbantoronto.ca/news/2014/07/new-public-art-nyctophilia-adorns-mount-dennis-neighbourhood","url_text":"\"New Public Art 'Nyctophilia' Adorns Mount Dennis Neighbourhood\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cease Fire | CBC Toronto\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/toronto/features/ceasefire/weston-mount-dennis.html","url_text":"\"Cease Fire | CBC Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"Hume, Christoper (March 29, 2013). \"New Mount Dennis Public Library a neighbourhood beacon: Hume\". www.thestar.com. Toronto Star. Retrieved May 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/03/29/new_mount_dennis_public_library_a_neighbourhood_beacon_hume.html","url_text":"\"New Mount Dennis Public Library a neighbourhood beacon: Hume\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"Oliver Moorei (2015-11-17). \"Western spur estimates raise doubt over feasibility of Tory's SmartTrack\". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. The figure raises new questions about the viability of doing the entire project for the $8-billion Mr. Tory promised during the mayoral campaign. And it is likely to re-energize debate about whether the area would be better served by a previously proposed light-rail line costing billions of dollars less.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180617171036/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/western-spur-estimates-raise-debate-over-feasibility-of-torys-smarttrack/article27312641/","url_text":"\"Western spur estimates raise doubt over feasibility of Tory's SmartTrack\""},{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/western-spur-estimates-raise-debate-over-feasibility-of-torys-smarttrack/article27312641/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rahul Gupta (2012-12-12). \"Meeting to provide details on LRT station in Mount Dennis\". York Guardian. Archived from the original on 2012-12-22. The Mount Dennis underground stop at Weston Road would serve as the line's western terminus point, said Metrolinx spokesperson Jamie Robinson on Friday, Dec. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121222020156/http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/1487450-meeting-to-provide-details-on-lrt-station-in-mount-dennis","url_text":"\"Meeting to provide details on LRT station in Mount Dennis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Guardian","url_text":"York Guardian"},{"url":"http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/1487450-meeting-to-provide-details-on-lrt-station-in-mount-dennis/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rachel Mendleson (2013-10-02). \"Crosstown LRT project reveals — and respects — Eglinton's history\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2013-10-03. But it wasn't until late last year, when Chamberlain learned the bank would be razed to make way for the Eglinton Crosstown LRT, that he dug a little deeper. As he discovered, the building at the heart of Mount Dennis is in fact deeply embedded in the DNA of the working-class community, with roots tracing back to 1913, when Kodak first set up shop there.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/10/02/crosstown_lrt_project_reveals_and_respects_eglintons_history.html","url_text":"\"Crosstown LRT project reveals — and respects — Eglinton's history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"Roy Murray (2012-07-09). \"Feedback on maintenance yard needed\". Weston Web. Archived from the original on 2013-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127101111/http://www.westonweb.ca/tag/eglinton-crosstown-lrt/","url_text":"\"Feedback on maintenance yard needed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weston_Web&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Weston Web"},{"url":"http://www.westonweb.ca/tag/eglinton-crosstown-lrt/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rahul Gupta (2012-12-18). \"Metrolinx shoots for transit station at Kodak building\". York Guardian. Archived from the original on 2014-07-09. A consultant for Metrolinx is confident a historic building on the former Kodak lands will become the main site for a planned light rail transit station for Mount Dennis.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140709040706/http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/1488341-metrolinx-shoots-for-transit-station-at-kodak-building/","url_text":"\"Metrolinx shoots for transit station at Kodak building\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Guardian","url_text":"York Guardian"},{"url":"http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/1488341-metrolinx-shoots-for-transit-station-at-kodak-building/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steve Munro (2010-02-17). \"Eglinton LRT: Trouble Brewing in Mt. Dennis (Update 2)\". Archived from the original on 2013-06-14. Some speakers addressed the use of the Kodak lands for the proposed carhouse, and asked that alternative schemes be considered. Part of this relates to a proposed \"big box\" development on the land. However, Council approved the acquisition of this property, by expropriation if necessary, in December.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Munro","url_text":"Steve Munro"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130614064520/http://stevemunro.ca/?p=3321","url_text":"\"Eglinton LRT: Trouble Brewing in Mt. Dennis (Update 2)\""},{"url":"http://stevemunro.ca/?p=3321","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marco Chown Oved (2014-10-27). \"The challenges facing John Tory's SmartTrack proposals\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2016-01-09. \"Tory acts as if SmartTrack is above and beyond what the province is doing, but it's not,\" said transit expert Steve Munro.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/toronto2014election/2014/10/27/the_challenges_facing_john_torys_smarttrack_proposals.html","url_text":"\"The challenges facing John Tory's SmartTrack proposals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"Tess Kalinowski (2016-01-09). \"Crosstown gas-fired power plant has Mount Dennis residents fired up: The electrical substation would be a backup facility, but the community wants Metrolinx to use greener technology\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2016-01-09. It would have the capacity to run the entire Crosstown system to avoid peak demand times on the provincial power grid and save about 40 per cent on the price of electricity. It would also generate enough power to run the entire Crosstown system in a power outage, said a spokesman for the agency.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2016/01/09/crosstown-gas-fired-power-plant-has-mount-dennis-residents-fired-up.html","url_text":"\"Crosstown gas-fired power plant has Mount Dennis residents fired up: The electrical substation would be a backup facility, but the community wants Metrolinx to use greener technology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"Tess Kalinowski (2014-08-26). \"Is John Tory's SmartTrack on track for seven-year delivery?\". Toronto Star. It gets snarled in development at the Weston end of the tract, but Tory's campaign says that's not an issue. A tunnel or elevated section of the line would solve the problem — possibly just a trench such as the one the Yonge subway runs in north of Bloor St.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/08/26/is_john_torys_smarttrack_on_track_for_sevenyear_delivery.html","url_text":"\"Is John Tory's SmartTrack on track for seven-year delivery?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"Rob Salerno (2014-09-09). \"Is John Tory's SmartTrack able to leap tall buildings?\". Now. Retrieved 2016-01-10. A 10-kilometre stretch set aside for his surface rail plan along Eglinton West has already been blocked by condo and townhouse development","urls":[{"url":"https://nowtoronto.com/news/is-john-torys-smarttrack-able-to-leap-tall-buildings/","url_text":"\"Is John Tory's SmartTrack able to leap tall buildings?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_(newspaper)","url_text":"Now"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Dennis¶ms=43_41_31.14_N_79_30_22.37_W_region:CA-ON_type:city(62620)","external_links_name":"43°41′31.14″N 79°30′22.37″W / 43.6919833°N 79.5062139°W / 43.6919833; -79.5062139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Dennis¶ms=43_41_31.14_N_79_30_22.37_W_region:CA-ON_type:city(62620)","external_links_name":"43°41′31.14″N 79°30′22.37″W / 43.6919833°N 79.5062139°W / 43.6919833; -79.5062139"},{"Link":"https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/8790-City_Planning_2016_Census_Profile_2014_Wards_Ward11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2016 Ward 11 Census\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/down-but-not-out-mount-dennis-area-pins-hopes-on-metrolinx/article5614315/","external_links_name":"\"Down (but not out) Mount Dennis area pins hopes on Metrolinx\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113854/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/down-but-not-out-mount-dennis-area-pins-hopes-on-metrolinx/article5614315/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130111110748/http://www.canadianheritage.org/enterprises/kodak/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Enterprise Gallery: Kodak Canada Inc\""},{"Link":"http://www.canadianheritage.org/enterprises/kodak/index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140709025553/http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/18134-employment-study-proceeding-for-kodak-lands/","external_links_name":"\"Employment study proceeding for Kodak lands\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/18134-employment-study-proceeding-for-kodak-lands/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://metronews.ca/news/toronto/661359/weston-mount-dennis-residents-want-metrolinx-to-preserve-last-kodak-building/","external_links_name":"\"Weston-Mount Dennis residents want Metrolinx to preserve last Kodak building\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EF2uN3v0i9gC&q=Dennis","external_links_name":"\"Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950\""},{"Link":"http://torontoist.com/2014/07/spotted-the-colourful-lights-of-mt-dennis/","external_links_name":"\"Spotted: The Colourful Lights of Mt. Dennis\""},{"Link":"http://urbantoronto.ca/news/2014/07/new-public-art-nyctophilia-adorns-mount-dennis-neighbourhood","external_links_name":"\"New Public Art 'Nyctophilia' Adorns Mount Dennis Neighbourhood\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/toronto/features/ceasefire/weston-mount-dennis.html","external_links_name":"\"Cease Fire | CBC Toronto\""},{"Link":"https://www.toronto.ca/ext/sdfa/Neighbourhood%20Profiles/pdf/2016/pdf1/cpa115.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.toronto.ca/ext/sdfa/Neighbourhood%20Profiles/pdf/2016/pdf1/cpa115.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/03/29/new_mount_dennis_public_library_a_neighbourhood_beacon_hume.html","external_links_name":"\"New Mount Dennis Public Library a neighbourhood beacon: Hume\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180617171036/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/western-spur-estimates-raise-debate-over-feasibility-of-torys-smarttrack/article27312641/","external_links_name":"\"Western spur estimates raise doubt over feasibility of Tory's SmartTrack\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/western-spur-estimates-raise-debate-over-feasibility-of-torys-smarttrack/article27312641/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121222020156/http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/1487450-meeting-to-provide-details-on-lrt-station-in-mount-dennis","external_links_name":"\"Meeting to provide details on LRT station in Mount Dennis\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/1487450-meeting-to-provide-details-on-lrt-station-in-mount-dennis/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/10/02/crosstown_lrt_project_reveals_and_respects_eglintons_history.html","external_links_name":"\"Crosstown LRT project reveals — and respects — Eglinton's history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127101111/http://www.westonweb.ca/tag/eglinton-crosstown-lrt/","external_links_name":"\"Feedback on maintenance yard needed\""},{"Link":"http://www.westonweb.ca/tag/eglinton-crosstown-lrt/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140709040706/http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/1488341-metrolinx-shoots-for-transit-station-at-kodak-building/","external_links_name":"\"Metrolinx shoots for transit station at Kodak building\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/1488341-metrolinx-shoots-for-transit-station-at-kodak-building/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130614064520/http://stevemunro.ca/?p=3321","external_links_name":"\"Eglinton LRT: Trouble Brewing in Mt. Dennis (Update 2)\""},{"Link":"http://stevemunro.ca/?p=3321","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/toronto2014election/2014/10/27/the_challenges_facing_john_torys_smarttrack_proposals.html","external_links_name":"\"The challenges facing John Tory's SmartTrack proposals\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2016/01/09/crosstown-gas-fired-power-plant-has-mount-dennis-residents-fired-up.html","external_links_name":"\"Crosstown gas-fired power plant has Mount Dennis residents fired up: The electrical substation would be a backup facility, but the community wants Metrolinx to use greener technology\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/08/26/is_john_torys_smarttrack_on_track_for_sevenyear_delivery.html","external_links_name":"\"Is John Tory's SmartTrack on track for seven-year delivery?\""},{"Link":"https://nowtoronto.com/news/is-john-torys-smarttrack-able-to-leap-tall-buildings/","external_links_name":"\"Is John Tory's SmartTrack able to leap tall buildings?\""},{"Link":"http://www.toronto.ca/demographics/cns_profiles/cns115.htm","external_links_name":"City of Toronto - Mount Dennis Neighbourhood Profile"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Simons | Mel Simons | ["1 External links"] | American baseball player (1900-1974)
Baseball player
Mel SimonsOutfielderBorn: (1900-07-01)July 1, 1900Carlyle, IllinoisDied: November 10, 1974(1974-11-10) (aged 74)Paducah, KentuckyBatted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutApril 14, 1931, for the Chicago White SoxLast MLB appearanceApril 20, 1932, for the Chicago White SoxMLB statisticsBatting average.268Home runs0Runs batted in12
Teams
Chicago White Sox (1931–1932)
Melburn Ellis Simons (July 1, 1900 – November 10, 1974), nicknamed "Butch", was a professional baseball player. He was an outfielder over parts of two seasons (1931–32) with the Chicago White Sox. For his career, he compiled a .268 batting average in 194 at-bats, with twelve runs batted in.
He was born in Carlyle, Illinois and died in Paducah, Kentucky at the age of 74.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference
This biographical article relating to an American baseball outfielder born in the 1900s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_player"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"at-bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-bat"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"Carlyle, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlyle,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Paducah, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky"}],"text":"Baseball playerMelburn Ellis Simons (July 1, 1900 – November 10, 1974), nicknamed \"Butch\", was a professional baseball player. He was an outfielder over parts of two seasons (1931–32) with the Chicago White Sox. For his career, he compiled a .268 batting average in 194 at-bats, with twelve runs batted in.He was born in Carlyle, Illinois and died in Paducah, Kentucky at the age of 74.","title":"Mel Simons"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/simonme01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mel_Simons&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hill_(journalist) | Peter Hill (journalist) | ["1 Early life and career","2 Editor of the Daily Express","3 In public and professional role","4 References"] | British journalist
Peter HillBorn (1945-04-06) 6 April 1945 (age 79)Oldham, Lancashire, EnglandNationalityBritishEducationHulme Grammar SchoolAlma materUniversity of ManchesterOccupationJournalistEmployer(s)Daily StarDaily Express
Peter Hill (born 6 April 1945) is a British journalist and a former editor of the Daily Express.
Early life and career
Hill was born on 6 April 1945 in Oldham, Lancashire. Raised in Saddleworth, he left Hulme Grammar School at 15 and worked in a woollen mill before gaining employment in local papers in Yorkshire and the North West. He was a sub-editor on The Daily Telegraph by 1969, but entered higher education in 1976 when he began a degree at Manchester University in American Studies and political philosophy, but left after an attempt to drop the former subject was rejected. While doing his course he had continued to work in the newspaper industry at weekends, and returned to full-time employment by joining the newly launched Daily Star newspaper as a sub-editor.
Rising in status over the next two decades, he was appointed editor of the Daily Star in October 1998 by Lord Hollick, the former owner of Express newspapers, Hill increased the Star's circulation from 540,000 to 928,000, launched Daily Star Sunday, and became a What the Papers Say editor of the year award winner in January 2003. Developing a positive professional relationship with Richard Desmond, after he had taken over Express Newspapers, led to a television advertising campaign, new sections, and the poaching of a football writer Brian Woolnough from The Sun whose salary at £200,000 was greater than Hills.
Editor of the Daily Express
Hill became editor of the Daily Express in December 2003, taking over from Chris Williams. Reportedly Hill alone, with Desmond's consent, chose to return the publication to being supportive of the Conservatives after its period of support for New Labour while owned by Lord Hollick and during the early Desmond years. During his time as editor, Hill continued his newspaper's preoccupation with the death of the Princess of Wales and immigration, both editorial policies he thinks justifiable. Referring to the attitudes of his readers he was clear in a February 2011 Press Gazette interview: “I know they absolutely detest everything to do with the European Union. I know they’re deeply concerned about the enormous levels of immigration which have gone unchecked. I know they detest the idea of multiculturalism which is ghettoising the country.” On the Diana stories he was quoted by The Independent newspaper in 2006 as saying: "I can tell you that people want to read about the Diana conspiracy because the figures tell me that they do ...the more we write , the more they are turning out to be true."
One story the newspaper covered during Hill's tenure landed the publication with a successful claim for damages, the paper's insistence that the parents of Madeleine McCann were responsible for their daughter's disappearance and other defamatory articles finally numbering about a hundred. This story was reportedly Hill's "obsession" in this period. According to Nick Fagge, a former Express journalist who gave evidence at the Leveson Inquiry, Hill was unconcerned with the accuracy of McCann related stories, so long as they managed to "sell papers". Hill asserted in February 2011: "I did too much on the story. I accept that."
His last day as Express editor was on 18 February 2011.
In public and professional role
Peter Hill was a member of the Press Complaints Commission from September 2003 until May 2008, a few months after the case brought by the McCanns; his role had been under review. Appearing before the House of Commons culture, media and sport select committee in April 2009 he referred to the legal constraints imposed on newspapers: "We do not have a free press in this country by any means; we have a very, very shackled press in this country. Really you should be looking at means of removing those shackles not imposing more of them..."
References
^ a b c Roy Greenslade "Peter Hill's 50 years as a journalist after starting out in a woollen mill", The Guardian, 21 February 2011
^ a b Roy Greenslade "Peter Hill: 'I did too much on the Madeleine McCann story'", The Guardian, 21 February 2011
^ Jean Morgan "'Some redtop editors have lost the plot': Hill" Archived 8 September 2012 at archive.today, Press Gazette, 10 January 2003
^ David Lister "Desmond gets his chequebook out for the lads", The Independent, 16 January 2001
^ Lisa O'Carroll and Ciar Byrne "Desmond 0 Dacre 1", The Guardian, 12 December 2003
^ a b Raymond Snoddy "Peter Hill: An appetite for battle", The Independent, 29 February 2006
^ Ciar Byrne "Peter Hill: 'Express is world's greatest newspaper'" Archived 23 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Press Gazette, 8 February 2011
^ Owen Gibson and Esther Addley "Newspapers apologise to McCanns", The Guardian, 20 March 2008
^ Lisa O'Carroll and Jason Deans "Daily Express editor was 'obsessed' with Madeleine McCann story, inquiry hears", The Guardian, 21 December 2011
^ a b Marta Cooper "Daily Express editor was 'obsessed' with Madeleine McCann story, inquiry hears" Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Index on Censorship Free Speech blog, 21 December 2011
^ Dominic Ponsford "Express editor Peter Hill on his amazing 50-year-career and his regret over Madeleine McCann" Archived 21 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Press Gazette, 18 February 2011
^ Dominic Ponsford "Star editor Peter Hill joins the PCC" Archived 12 September 2012 at archive.today, Press Gazette, 19 September 2003
^ Stephen Brook "Express editor leaves press watchdog", The Guardian, 15 May 2008
^ Stephen Brook "Express editor may lose PCC post", The Guardian, 20 March 2008
^ Examination of Witness (Peter Hill) Q740, "Press standards, privacy and libel – Culture, Media and Sport Committee", parliament.uk , 28 April 2009
Media offices
Preceded byPhil Walker
Editor of the Daily Star 1998–2003
Succeeded byDawn Neesom
Preceded byChris Williams
Editor of the Daily Express 2003–2011
Succeeded byHugh Whittow
vteEditors of the Daily Star and the Daily Star SundayDaily Star
1978: Derek Jameson
1980: Lloyd Turner
1987: Mike Gabbert
1987: Brian Hitchen
1994: Phil Walker
1998: Peter Hill
2003: Dawn Neesom
2018: Jon Clarke
Daily Star Sunday
2002: Hugh Whittow
2003: Gareth Morgan
2013: Peter Carbery
2015: Stuart James
2018: Denis Main
vteExpress newspapersDaily Expresseditors
1900: Arthur Pearson
1901: Fletcher Robinson
1909: R. D. Blumenfeld
1929: Beverley Baxter
1933: Arthur Christiansen
1957: Edward Pickering
1961: Bob Edwards
1962: Roger Wood
1963: Bob Edwards
1965: Derek Marks
1971: Ian McColl
1974: Alastair Burnet
1976: Roy Wright
1977: Derek Jameson
1980: Arthur Firth
1981: Christopher Ward
1983: Larry Lamb
1986: Nicholas Lloyd
1995: Richard Addis
1998: Rosie Boycott
2001: Chris Williams
2003: Peter Hill
2011: Hugh Whittow
2018: Gary Jones
Sunday Expresseditors
1920: James Douglas
1928: James Douglas and John Gordon
1931: John Gordon
1952: Harold Keeble
1954: John Junor
1986: Robin Esser
1989: Robin Morgan
1991: Eve Pollard
1994: Brian Hitchen
1995: Sue Douglas
1996: Richard Addis
1998: Amanda Platell
1999: Michael Pilgrim
2001: Martin Townsend
2018: Michael Booker
Other topics
Daily Express Building, London
Daily Express Building, Manchester
James Bond comic strip
Northern & Shell
Richard Desmond
Rupert Bear
Sunday Express Dunblane controversy
The Sunday Express Book of the Year | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express"}],"text":"Peter Hill (born 6 April 1945) is a British journalist and a former editor of the Daily Express.","title":"Peter Hill (journalist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenslade2-1"},{"link_name":"Saddleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddleworth"},{"link_name":"Hulme Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulme_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenslade2-1"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenslade1-2"},{"link_name":"Manchester University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenslade2-1"},{"link_name":"Daily Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Star_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lord Hollick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Hollick,_Baron_Hollick"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Richard Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Desmond"},{"link_name":"Brian Woolnough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Woolnough"},{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hill was born on 6 April 1945 in Oldham, Lancashire.[1] Raised in Saddleworth, he left Hulme Grammar School at 15 and worked in a woollen mill[1] before gaining employment in local papers in Yorkshire and the North West. He was a sub-editor on The Daily Telegraph by 1969,[2] but entered higher education in 1976 when he began a degree at Manchester University in American Studies and political philosophy, but left after an attempt to drop the former subject was rejected.[1] While doing his course he had continued to work in the newspaper industry at weekends, and returned to full-time employment by joining the newly launched Daily Star newspaper as a sub-editor.Rising in status over the next two decades, he was appointed editor of the Daily Star in October 1998 by Lord Hollick, the former owner of Express newspapers, Hill increased the Star's circulation from 540,000 to 928,000, launched Daily Star Sunday, and became a What the Papers Say editor of the year award winner in January 2003.[3] Developing a positive professional relationship with Richard Desmond, after he had taken over Express Newspapers, led to a television advertising campaign, new sections, and the poaching of a football writer Brian Woolnough from The Sun whose salary at £200,000 was greater than Hills.[4]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Williams_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"New Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snoddy-6"},{"link_name":"Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snoddy-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Madeleine McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Madeleine_McCann"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Carroll-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-10"},{"link_name":"Leveson Inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveson_Inquiry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenslade1-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Hill became editor of the Daily Express in December 2003, taking over from Chris Williams.[5] Reportedly Hill alone, with Desmond's consent, chose to return the publication to being supportive of the Conservatives after its period of support for New Labour while owned by Lord Hollick and during the early Desmond years.[6] During his time as editor, Hill continued his newspaper's preoccupation with the death of the Princess of Wales and immigration, both editorial policies he thinks justifiable. Referring to the attitudes of his readers he was clear in a February 2011 Press Gazette interview: “I know they absolutely detest everything to do with the European Union. I know they’re deeply concerned about the enormous levels of immigration which have gone unchecked. I know they detest the idea of multiculturalism which is ghettoising the country.”[7] On the Diana stories he was quoted by The Independent newspaper in 2006 as saying: \"I can tell you that people want to read about the Diana conspiracy because the figures tell me that they do ...the more we write [the articles], the more they are turning out to be true.\"[6]One story the newspaper covered during Hill's tenure landed the publication with a successful claim for damages,[8] the paper's insistence that the parents of Madeleine McCann were responsible for their daughter's disappearance and other defamatory articles finally numbering about a hundred. This story was reportedly Hill's \"obsession\" in this period.[9][10] According to Nick Fagge, a former Express journalist who gave evidence at the Leveson Inquiry, Hill was unconcerned with the accuracy of McCann related stories, so long as they managed to \"sell papers\".[10] Hill asserted in February 2011: \"I did too much on the story. I accept that.\"[2]His last day as Express editor was on 18 February 2011.[11]","title":"Editor of the Daily Express"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Press Complaints Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Complaints_Commission"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Peter Hill was a member of the Press Complaints Commission from September 2003[12] until May 2008, a few months after the case brought by the McCanns;[13] his role had been under review.[14] Appearing before the House of Commons culture, media and sport select committee in April 2009 he referred to the legal constraints imposed on newspapers: \"We do not have a free press in this country by any means; we have a very, very shackled press in this country. Really you should be looking at means of removing those shackles not imposing more of them...\"[15]","title":"In public and professional role"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2011/feb/21/peter-hill-dailystar","external_links_name":"\"Peter Hill's 50 years as a journalist after starting out in a woollen mill\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/feb/21/peter-hill-daily-express-madeleine-mccann","external_links_name":"\"Peter Hill: 'I did too much on the Madeleine McCann story'\""},{"Link":"http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=21795","external_links_name":"\"'Some redtop editors have lost the plot': Hill\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120908103004/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=21795","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/desmond-gets-his-chequebook-out-for-the-lads-702635.html","external_links_name":"\"Desmond gets his chequebook out for the lads\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/dec/12/dailymail.pressandpublishing","external_links_name":"\"Desmond 0 Dacre 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080416073750/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/peter-hill-an-appetite-for-battle-467118.html","external_links_name":"\"Peter Hill: An appetite for battle\""},{"Link":"http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=46655","external_links_name":"\"Peter Hill: 'Express is world's greatest newspaper'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110223134605/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=46655","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/mar/20/dailyexpress.dailystar?intcmp=239","external_links_name":"\"Newspapers apologise to McCanns\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/dec/21/daily-express-obsessed-madeleine-mccann","external_links_name":"\"Daily Express editor was 'obsessed' with Madeleine McCann story, inquiry hears\""},{"Link":"http://blog.indexoncensorship.org/2011/12/21/mccann-coverage-obsession-leveson-inquiry/","external_links_name":"\"Daily Express editor was 'obsessed' with Madeleine McCann story, inquiry hears\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120216040619/http://blog.indexoncensorship.org/2011/12/21/mccann-coverage-obsession-leveson-inquiry/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=46709&c=1","external_links_name":"\"Express editor Peter Hill on his amazing 50-year-career and his regret over Madeleine McCann\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110221184619/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=46709&c=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=23967","external_links_name":"\"Star editor Peter Hill joins the PCC\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120912015953/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=23967","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/may/15/dailyexpress.pressandpublishing","external_links_name":"\"Express editor leaves press watchdog\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/mar/20/dailyexpress.pressandpublishing1","external_links_name":"\"Express editor may lose PCC post\""},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/9042810.htm","external_links_name":"Examination of Witness (Peter Hill) Q740"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbaa_Plain | Phanaroea | ["1 See also","2 Notes"] | Coordinates: 40°43′N 36°33′E / 40.71°N 36.55°E / 40.71; 36.55Plain in northern Turkey
It was largely in the valleys of the Lycus and the Iris that the economic life of interior Pontus was concentrated. The plains through which these rivers flow, rising "like terraces one above another," enjoy the advantages of a mild climate and a fertile soil and so produced rich harvests of grain and fruit; and through them led the highways that connected this remote portion of Asia Minor with the East and West. The most fertile of all was Phanaroea.... This "Garden of Pontus" was rich in olives and vines and "possessed all other good qualities."
—David Magie
The Phanaroea plain (Φανάροια), the modern Erbaa Plain (Erbaa Ovası), is a plain lying mostly in the Erbaa district of Tokat Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It runs east-west for about 60 kilometres (37 mi), along the Kelkit River (ancient Lykos) in a valley created by the North Anatolian Fault. It has a maximum width of 8 kilometres (5.0 mi). The Yeşilırmak (ancient Iris) runs along its western edge and is joined by the Kelkit in the northwest corner of the plain. Its altitude ranges from about 200–260 m. The Niksar plain to the east, at 260–300 m altitude, continues the Erbaa plain, and is generally considered part of the Phanaroea.
In the 20th century, it produced grain, fruit, vegetables, tobacco, rice, and opium poppy.
The ancient city of Eupatoria lay near the confluence of the two rivers. The ancient city of Cabira was probably located in the Niksar plain.
Strabo describes Phanaroea as rich in olives and vines and having the best soil in the Pontus.
See also
1942 Niksar–Erbaa earthquake
Notes
^ David Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor: To the End of the Third Century After Christ, 1950, reprinted 2015, ISBN 1400849799,1:178
^ B. C. McGing, The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus (Mnemosyne Ser.: Suppl. 89), 1997. ISBN 90-04-07591-7. p. 6f.
Authority control databases: Geographic
Pleiades
40°43′N 36°33′E / 40.71°N 36.55°E / 40.71; 36.55 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Erbaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbaa"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%A7e"},{"link_name":"Tokat Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokat_Province"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Region,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kelkit River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelkit_River"},{"link_name":"North Anatolian Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault"},{"link_name":"Yeşilırmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil%C4%B1rmak_(river)"},{"link_name":"Niksar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niksar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Eupatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)"},{"link_name":"Cabira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabira"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Pontus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_(region)"}],"text":"Plain in northern TurkeyIt was largely in the valleys of the Lycus and the Iris that the economic life of interior Pontus was concentrated. The plains through which these rivers flow, rising \"like terraces one above another,\" enjoy the advantages of a mild climate and a fertile soil and so produced rich harvests of grain and fruit; and through them led the highways that connected this remote portion of Asia Minor with the East and West. The most fertile of all was Phanaroea.... This \"Garden of Pontus\" was rich in olives and vines and \"possessed all other good qualities.\"\n\n\n—David Magie[1]The Phanaroea plain (Φανάροια), the modern Erbaa Plain (Erbaa Ovası), is a plain lying mostly in the Erbaa district of Tokat Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It runs east-west for about 60 kilometres (37 mi), along the Kelkit River (ancient Lykos) in a valley created by the North Anatolian Fault. It has a maximum width of 8 kilometres (5.0 mi). The Yeşilırmak (ancient Iris) runs along its western edge and is joined by the Kelkit in the northwest corner of the plain. Its altitude ranges from about 200–260 m. The Niksar plain to the east, at 260–300 m altitude, continues the Erbaa plain, and is generally considered part of the Phanaroea.In the 20th century, it produced grain, fruit, vegetables, tobacco, rice, and opium poppy.[2]The ancient city of Eupatoria lay near the confluence of the two rivers. The ancient city of Cabira was probably located in the Niksar plain.Strabo describes Phanaroea as rich in olives and vines and having the best soil in the Pontus.","title":"Phanaroea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1400849799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400849799"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-07591-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07591-7"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104841350#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pleiades.stoa.org/places/857270"},{"link_name":"40°43′N 36°33′E / 40.71°N 36.55°E / 40.71; 36.55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phanaroea¶ms=40.71_N_36.55_E_"}],"text":"^ David Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor: To the End of the Third Century After Christ, 1950, reprinted 2015, ISBN 1400849799,1:178\n\n^ B. C. McGing, The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus (Mnemosyne Ser.: Suppl. 89), 1997. ISBN 90-04-07591-7. p. 6f.Authority control databases: Geographic \nPleiades40°43′N 36°33′E / 40.71°N 36.55°E / 40.71; 36.55","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"1942 Niksar–Erbaa earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Niksar%E2%80%93Erbaa_earthquake"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phanaroea¶ms=40.71_N_36.55_E_","external_links_name":"40°43′N 36°33′E / 40.71°N 36.55°E / 40.71; 36.55"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/857270","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phanaroea¶ms=40.71_N_36.55_E_","external_links_name":"40°43′N 36°33′E / 40.71°N 36.55°E / 40.71; 36.55"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralithaioi | Paralithaioi | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 39°40′N 21°44′E / 39.667°N 21.733°E / 39.667; 21.733Municipal unit in GreeceParalithaioi
ΠαραληθαίοιMunicipal unitParalithaioiLocation within the regional unit Coordinates: 39°40′N 21°44′E / 39.667°N 21.733°E / 39.667; 21.733CountryGreeceAdministrative regionThessalyRegional unitTrikalaMunicipalityTrikalaArea • Municipal unit98.1 km2 (37.9 sq mi)Population (2021) • Municipal unit2,202 • Municipal unit density22/km2 (58/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Vehicle registrationΤΚ
Paralithaioi (Greek: Παραληθαίοι) is a former municipality in the Trikala regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Trikala, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 98.052 km2. Population 2,202 (2021). The seat of the municipality was in Rizoma. The name of the municipality comes fron its geographical position, para, παρά + Lithaeos river (meaning "the people around the Lithaeos river).
References
^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece.
vteSubdivisions of the municipality of TrikalaMunicipal unit of Estiaiotida
Chrysavgi
Longos
Megalochori
Patoulia
Municipal unit of Faloreia
Dialekto
Dipotamos
Kefalovryso
Mega Kefalovryso
Megarchi
Municipal unit of Kallidendro
Dendrochori
Fotada
Kato Elati
Valtino
Municipal unit of Koziakas
Genesi
Gorgogyri
Prinos
Prodromos
Xyloparoiko
Municipal unit of Megala Kalyvia
Agia Kyriaki
Glinos
Megala Kalyvia
Municipal unit of Paliokastro
Agrelia
Ardani
Koumaria
Krinitsa
Liopraso
Palaiopyrgos
Zilefti
Municipal unit of Paralithaioi
Ellinokastro
Platanos
Raxa
Rizoma
Spathades
Municipal unit of Trikala
Trikala
This Thessaly location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Trikala regional unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Trikala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikala"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kallikratis-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stat01-3"},{"link_name":"Rizoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizoma"}],"text":"Municipal unit in GreeceParalithaioi (Greek: Παραληθαίοι) is a former municipality in the Trikala regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Trikala, of which it is a municipal unit.[2] The municipal unit has an area of 98.052 km2.[3] Population 2,202 (2021). The seat of the municipality was in Rizoma. The name of the municipality comes fron its geographical position, para, παρά + Lithaeos river (meaning \"the people around the Lithaeos river).","title":"Paralithaioi"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DE_Paralitheon.svg/250px-DE_Paralitheon.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","url_text":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""}]},{"reference":"\"ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities\" (in Greek). Government Gazette.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.","url_text":"\"ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)","url_text":"Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","url_text":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Paralithaioi¶ms=39_40_N_21_44_E_type:city_region:GR-E","external_links_name":"39°40′N 21°44′E / 39.667°N 21.733°E / 39.667; 21.733"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Paralithaioi¶ms=39_40_N_21_44_E_type:city_region:GR-E","external_links_name":"39°40′N 21°44′E / 39.667°N 21.733°E / 39.667; 21.733"},{"Link":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""},{"Link":"http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.","external_links_name":"\"ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities\""},{"Link":"http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paralithaioi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_uncinata | Pinus mugo | ["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution","4 Ecology","5 Cultivation","5.1 Cultivars","6 Uses","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 References","10 Sources","11 External links"] | Species of plant
For other uses, see Mountain pine (disambiguation).
Pinus mugo
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Gymnospermae
Division:
Pinophyta
Class:
Pinopsida
Order:
Pinales
Family:
Pinaceae
Genus:
Pinus
Subgenus:
P. subg. Pinus
Section:
P. sect. Pinus
Subsection:
P. subsect. Pinus
Species:
P. mugo
Binomial name
Pinus mugoTurra
Subspecies, cultivars, and forms
List
P. mugo subsp. mugo Turra - Dwarf mountain pine
P. mugo subsp. rotundata Janch. & H. Neumayer
P. mugo subsp. uncinata (Ramond) Domin - Mountain pine
P. mugo nothosubsp. rotundata Janch. & H. Neumayer
P. mugo f. mughoides (Willk.) K.I.Chr.
P. mugo Compacta
P. mugo Frisia
P. mugo Gnom
P. mugo Hesse
P. mugo Kobold
P. mugo Kokarde
P. mugo Mops
P. mugo Pumilio
P. mugo Slavinii
P. mugo Variegata
P. mugo Virgata
Distribution map:
Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata (syn. Pinus uncinata).
Pinus mugo subsp. mugo and Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata.
Synonyms
List
Pinus × obliqua var. centrapedunculata Woerl.
Pinus applanata (Booth ex Loudon) Willk.
Pinus digenea Wettst. nom. illeg.
Pinus echinata Carrière nom. inval.
Pinus fischeri Booth ex P.Laws. nom. illeg.
Pinus magellensis Schouw
Pinus montana Mill.
Pinus mugho Laichard.
Pinus mughus Scop.
Pinus obliqua var. centrapedunculata Woerl.
Pinus pumilio (Haenke in Jirazek et al) Franco
Pinus pumilio Haenke
Pinus rostrata K.Koch nom. inval.
Pinus rubriflora Loudon ex Gordon nom. inval.
Pinus sanguinea Lapeyr.
Pinus squamosa Bosc ex Loudon
Pinus sylvestris var. montana (Mill.) Aiton
Pinus sylvestris var. montana (Mill.) Dum. Cours.
Pinus sylvestris var. montana (Mill.) Wahlenb.
Pinus sylvestris var. palustris Hagenb.
Pinus sylvestris var. pumilio (Haenke) Gaudin
Pinus wettsteinii Fritsch
Pinus mugo, known as dwarf mountain pine, mountain pine, scrub mountain pine, Swiss mountain pine, bog pine, creeping pine, or mugo pine, is a species of conifer, native to high elevation habitats from southwestern to Central Europe and Southeast Europe.
Description
The tree has dark green leaves ("needles") in pairs, 3–7 centimetres (1+1⁄4–2+3⁄4 inches) long.
The cones are nut-brown, 2.5–5.5 cm (1–2+1⁄8 in) long.
Pinus mugo subsp. mugo, Romania
Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata
Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata, Swiss National Park
On Jakupica mountain, Republic of North Macedonia
Taxonomy
There are three subspecies:
Pinus mugo subsp. mugo — in the east and south of the range (southern & eastern Alps, Balkan Peninsula), a low, shrubby, often multi-stemmed plant to 3–6 metres (10–20 feet) tall with matt-textured symmetrical cones, which are thin-scaled.
Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata — in the west and north of the range (from the Pyrenees northeast to Poland), a larger, usually single-stemmed tree to 20 m (66 ft) tall with glossy-textured asymmetrical cones, the scales of which are much thicker on the upper side.Some botanists treat the western subspecies as a separate species, Pinus uncinata, others as only a variety, P. mugo var. rostrata. This subspecies in the Pyrenees marks the alpine tree line or timberline, the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing.
Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata — hybrid subspecies, of the two subspecies above that intergrade extensively in the western Alps and northern Carpathians.
An old name for the species, Pinus montana, is still occasionally seen, and a typographical error "mugho" (first made in a prominent 18th-century encyclopedia) is still often repeated.
Distribution
Pinus mugo is native to the subalpine zones of the Pyrenees, Alps, Ore Mountains, Carpathians, northern and central Apennines, and higher Balkan Peninsula mountains – Rila, Pirin, Korab, Accursed Mountains, etc. It is usually found from 1,000–2,200 m (3,281–7,218 ft), occasionally as low as 200 m (656 ft) in the north of the range in Germany and Poland, and as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft) in the south of the range in Bulgaria and the Pyrenees. Also in Kosovo it is found in Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park.
In Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltic region, P. mugo was introduced in the late 1700s and the 1800s, when it was planted in coastal regions for sand dune stabilization, and later as ornamental plants around residences. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the species has naturalised and become invasive, displacing fragile dune and dune heath habitats. In Estonia and Lithuania P. mugo only occasionally naturalises outside plantations, sometimes establishing in raised bogs.
Ecology
Pinus mugo is classed as a wilding conifer, and spreads as an invasive species in the high country of New Zealand, coastal Denmark, and other areas of Scandinavia.
Cultivation
Pinus mugo is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use as a small tree or shrub, planted in gardens and in larger pots and planters. It is also used in Japanese garden style landscapes, and for larger bonsai specimens. In Kosovo, its trunk is used as construction material for the vernacular architecture in the mountains called "Bosonica".
Cultivars
Numerous cultivars have been selected. The following have been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
'Humpy'
'Kissen'
'Mops'
'Ophir'
Cultivars with seasonal changes in foliage color include Pinus mugo 'Wintergold' and Pinus mugo 'Ophir'.
Uses
The mugo pine is used in cooking. The cones can be made into a syrup called "pinecone syrup", "pine cone syrup", or mugolio. Buds and young cones are harvested from the wild in the spring and left to dry in the sun over the summer and into autumn. The cones and buds gradually drip syrup, which is then boiled down to a concentrate and combined with sugar.
Alternatively, the pinecones can be macerated in sugar, fermented, and strained.
Gallery
Pinus mugo (subsp. mugo) habitat. Rila National Park in Bulgaria.
Female cones and young shoots
Male pollen producing strobili
Young cones
See also
Pinus × rhaetica
References
^ Farjon, A. (2017). "Pinus mugo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42385A95729675. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42385A95729675.en. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
^ "Pinus mugo (Mountain Pine)". BioLib. 1999–2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
^ "Pinus mugo". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ Andersson, F. (2005). Coniferous Forests. Elsevier. ISBN 9780444816276.
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pinus mugo". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ Christensen, K.I. (1987). Taxonomic revision of the Pinus mugo complex and P. × rhaetica (P. mugo × sylvestris) (Pinaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany. 7: 383–408.
^ Henrik Jørgensen (25 October 2010). "NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Pinus mugo" (PDF). NOBANIS - Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ "RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Humpy'". Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ "Pinus mugo 'Kissen'". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^ "RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Mops'". Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ "RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Ophir'". Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ "Piccolo Restaurant - Minneapolis: Menu". Retrieved 15 July 2010.
^ Colicchio, Tom (3 March 2009). "Tom Tuesday Dinner March 3, 2009". Tom Tuesday Dinner. Archived from the original (PNG) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
^ "Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup". Zingerman's Mail Order. Zingerman's Mail Order LLC. 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
^ "Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup". Cube Marketplace. Divine Pasta Company. 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
^ Bergo, Alan (2020-10-23). "Mugolio: Pine Cone Syrup". Forager | Chef. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
Sources
Christensen, K.I. (1987). Taxonomic revision of the Pinus mugo complex and P. × rhaetica (P. mugo × sylvestris) (Pinaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 7: 383–408.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinus mugo.
Wikispecies has information related to Pinus mugo.
Gymnosperm Database - Pinus mugo
Arboretum de Villadebelle - photos of cones (scroll down page)
Pinus mugo and Pinus uncinata - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
"Pinus mugo". Plants for a Future.
Taxon identifiersPinus mugo
Wikidata: Q147475
Wikispecies: Pinus mugo
APNI: 126046
BioLib: 2322
CoL: 4J2CJ
Ecocrop: 8642
EoL: 1061737
EPPO: PIUMU
EUNIS: 150587
FoAO2: Pinus mugo
GBIF: 5285385
GRIN: 28493
iNaturalist: 135727
IPNI: 677083-1
IRMNG: 10194223
ITIS: 183358
IUCN: 42385
MoBotPF: 284978
NatureServe: 2.130629
NBN: NBNSYS0000014081
NCBI: 28528
NSWFlora: Pinus~mugo
NZOR: df942976-026f-4c08-b5ff-a1f4391b1e4d
NZPCN: 3077
Observation.org: 7194
Open Tree of Life: 1069751
PalDat: Pinus_mugo
PFI: 157
PPE: pinus-mugo
Plant List: kew-2562441
PLANTS: PIMU80
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677083-1
RHS: 13101
Tropicos: 24900112
VASCAN: 7188
WFO: wfo-0000481789
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mountain pine (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pine_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSBI07-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRIN-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"conifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_plant"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"Southeast Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe"}],"text":"For other uses, see Mountain pine (disambiguation).Pinus mugo, known as dwarf mountain pine,[4] mountain pine, scrub mountain pine, Swiss mountain pine,[5] bog pine, creeping pine,[6] or mugo pine,[7] is a species of conifer, native to high elevation habitats from southwestern to Central Europe and Southeast Europe.","title":"Pinus mugo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Custura_Bucurei.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_mugo_uncinata_trees.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swiss_National_Park_007.JPG"},{"link_name":"Swiss National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jakupica mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakupica"}],"text":"The tree has dark green leaves (\"needles\") in pairs, 3–7 centimetres (1+1⁄4–2+3⁄4 inches) long.The cones are nut-brown, 2.5–5.5 cm (1–2+1⁄8 in) long.Pinus mugo subsp. mugo, Romania\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPinus mugo subsp. uncinata\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPinus mugo subsp. rotundata, Swiss National Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOn Jakupica mountain, Republic of North Macedonia","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Balkan Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"cones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"botanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"tree line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"There are three subspecies:[8]Pinus mugo subsp. mugo — in the east and south of the range (southern & eastern Alps, Balkan Peninsula), a low, shrubby, often multi-stemmed plant to 3–6 metres (10–20 feet) tall with matt-textured symmetrical cones, which are thin-scaled.\nPinus mugo subsp. uncinata — in the west and north of the range (from the Pyrenees northeast to Poland), a larger, usually single-stemmed tree to 20 m (66 ft) tall with glossy-textured asymmetrical cones, the scales of which are much thicker on the upper side.Some botanists treat the western subspecies as a separate species, Pinus uncinata, others as only a variety, P. mugo var. rostrata. This subspecies in the Pyrenees marks the alpine tree line or timberline, the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing.\nPinus mugo subsp. rotundata — hybrid subspecies, of the two subspecies above that intergrade extensively in the western Alps and northern Carpathians.An old name for the species, Pinus montana, is still occasionally seen, and a typographical error \"mugho\" (first made in a prominent 18th-century encyclopedia) is still often repeated.[citation needed]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"Ore Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathians"},{"link_name":"Apennines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennines"},{"link_name":"Balkan Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Rila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rila"},{"link_name":"Pirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirin"},{"link_name":"Korab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korab"},{"link_name":"Accursed Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accursed_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Bjeshkët e Nemuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjeshk%C3%ABt_e_Nemuna"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sand dune stabilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_dune_stabilization"},{"link_name":"invasive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Pinus mugo is native to the subalpine zones of the Pyrenees, Alps, Ore Mountains, Carpathians, northern and central Apennines, and higher Balkan Peninsula mountains – Rila, Pirin, Korab, Accursed Mountains, etc. It is usually found from 1,000–2,200 m (3,281–7,218 ft), occasionally as low as 200 m (656 ft) in the north of the range in Germany and Poland, and as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft) in the south of the range in Bulgaria and the Pyrenees. Also in Kosovo it is found in Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park.[citation needed]In Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltic region, P. mugo was introduced in the late 1700s and the 1800s, when it was planted in coastal regions for sand dune stabilization, and later as ornamental plants around residences. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the species has naturalised and become invasive, displacing fragile dune and dune heath habitats. In Estonia and Lithuania P. mugo only occasionally naturalises outside plantations, sometimes establishing in raised bogs.[9]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wilding conifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilding_conifer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"}],"text":"Pinus mugo is classed as a wilding conifer, and spreads as an invasive species in the high country of New Zealand,[citation needed] coastal Denmark, and other areas of Scandinavia.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ornamental plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"Japanese garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_garden"},{"link_name":"bonsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonsai"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Pinus mugo is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use as a small tree or shrub, planted in gardens and in larger pots and planters. It is also used in Japanese garden style landscapes, and for larger bonsai specimens. In Kosovo, its trunk is used as construction material for the vernacular architecture in the mountains called \"Bosonica\".[citation needed]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivars"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Cultivars","text":"Numerous cultivars have been selected. The following have been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[10]'Humpy'[11]\n'Kissen'[12]\n'Mops'[13]\n'Ophir'[14]Cultivars with seasonal changes in foliage color include Pinus mugo 'Wintergold' and Pinus mugo 'Ophir'.","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piccolo-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colicchio-16"},{"link_name":"Buds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zing-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"macerated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maceration_(food)"},{"link_name":"fermented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The mugo pine is used in cooking. The cones can be made into a syrup called \"pinecone syrup\",[15] \"pine cone syrup\",[16] or mugolio. Buds and young cones are harvested from the wild in the spring and left to dry in the sun over the summer and into autumn. The cones and buds gradually drip syrup, which is then boiled down to a concentrate and combined with sugar.[17][18]\nAlternatively, the pinecones can be macerated in sugar, fermented, and strained.[19]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_mugo_Rila_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rila National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rila_National_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_mugo_Bl%C3%BCten.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zwiesel_2014_-_5_044.JPG"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"strobili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobili"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junge_Zapfen.jpg"}],"text":"Pinus mugo (subsp. mugo) habitat. Rila National Park in Bulgaria.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFemale cones and young shoots\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMale pollen producing strobili\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYoung cones","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taxonomic revision of the Pinus mugo complex and P. × rhaetica (P. mugo × sylvestris) (Pinaceae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110717175221/http://www.botanic-garden.ku.dk/kic/NJB07_383-408_Pin-mugo.pdf"}],"text":"Christensen, K.I. (1987). Taxonomic revision of the Pinus mugo complex and P. × rhaetica (P. mugo × sylvestris) (Pinaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 7: 383–408.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Pinus × rhaetica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_%C3%97_rhaetica"}] | [{"reference":"Farjon, A. (2017). \"Pinus mugo\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42385A95729675. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42385A95729675.en. Retrieved 13 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42385/95729675","url_text":"\"Pinus mugo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42385A95729675.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42385A95729675.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Pinus mugo (Mountain Pine)\". BioLib. 1999–2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2322/","url_text":"\"Pinus mugo (Mountain Pine)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=pinus+mugo","url_text":"\"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species\""}]},{"reference":"BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls","url_text":"BSBI List 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://bsbi.org/download/3542/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pinus mugo\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28493","url_text":"\"Pinus mugo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"Andersson, F. (2005). Coniferous Forests. Elsevier. ISBN 9780444816276.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_YoO8xKYSJAC&q=%22creeping+pine%22+pinus+mugo&pg=PA613","url_text":"Coniferous Forests"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444816276","url_text":"9780444816276"}]},{"reference":"USDA, NRCS (n.d.). \"Pinus mugo\". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service","url_text":"USDA, NRCS"},{"url":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PIMU80","url_text":"\"Pinus mugo\""}]},{"reference":"Henrik Jørgensen (25 October 2010). \"NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Pinus mugo\" (PDF). NOBANIS - Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species. Retrieved 4 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/p/pinus-mugo/pinus_mugo.pdf","url_text":"\"NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Pinus mugo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NOBANIS&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"NOBANIS"}]},{"reference":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78. Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf","url_text":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Humpy'\". Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/69227/i-Pinus-mugo-i-Humpy/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Humpy'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pinus mugo 'Kissen'\". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/48246/Pinus-mugo-Kissen/Details","url_text":"\"Pinus mugo 'Kissen'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Mops'\". Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89481/i-Pinus-mugo-i-Mops/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Mops'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Ophir'\". Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/94086/i-Pinus-mugo-i-Ophir/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Ophir'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piccolo Restaurant - Minneapolis: Menu\". Retrieved 15 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.piccolompls.com/menu.html","url_text":"\"Piccolo Restaurant - Minneapolis: Menu\""}]},{"reference":"Colicchio, Tom (3 March 2009). \"Tom Tuesday Dinner March 3, 2009\". Tom Tuesday Dinner. Archived from the original (PNG) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Colicchio","url_text":"Colicchio, Tom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071648/http://www.tomtuesdaydinner.com/img/menu-03-03-2009.png","url_text":"\"Tom Tuesday Dinner March 3, 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.tomtuesdaydinner.com/img/menu-03-03-2009.png","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup\". Zingerman's Mail Order. Zingerman's Mail Order LLC. 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zingermans.com/Product.aspx?ProductID=P-WMP","url_text":"\"Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup\". Cube Marketplace. Divine Pasta Company. 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091029035224/http://www.cubemarketplace.com/p-923-wild-mugolio-pine-syrup.aspx","url_text":"\"Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup\""},{"url":"http://www.cubemarketplace.com/p-923-wild-mugolio-pine-syrup.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bergo, Alan (2020-10-23). \"Mugolio: Pine Cone Syrup\". Forager | Chef. Retrieved 2024-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://foragerchef.com/mugolio-pine-cone-syrup/","url_text":"\"Mugolio: Pine Cone Syrup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pinus mugo\". Plants for a Future.","urls":[{"url":"https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+mugo","url_text":"\"Pinus mugo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future","url_text":"Plants for a Future"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42385/95729675","external_links_name":"\"Pinus mugo\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42385A95729675.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42385A95729675.en"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2322/","external_links_name":"\"Pinus mugo (Mountain Pine)\""},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=pinus+mugo","external_links_name":"\"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls","external_links_name":"BSBI List 2007"},{"Link":"https://bsbi.org/download/3542/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28493","external_links_name":"\"Pinus mugo\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_YoO8xKYSJAC&q=%22creeping+pine%22+pinus+mugo&pg=PA613","external_links_name":"Coniferous Forests"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PIMU80","external_links_name":"\"Pinus mugo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175221/http://www.botanic-garden.ku.dk/kic/NJB07_383-408_Pin-mugo.pdf","external_links_name":"Taxonomic revision of the Pinus mugo complex and P. × rhaetica (P. mugo × sylvestris) (Pinaceae)"},{"Link":"https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/p/pinus-mugo/pinus_mugo.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Pinus mugo\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AGM Plants - 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Pinus mugo"},{"Link":"http://www.pinetum.org/cones/PNPinus.htm","external_links_name":"Arboretum de Villadebelle - photos of cones (scroll down page)"},{"Link":"http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-mugo/","external_links_name":"Pinus mugo"},{"Link":"http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-uncinata/","external_links_name":"Pinus uncinata"},{"Link":"https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+mugo","external_links_name":"\"Pinus mugo\""},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/126046","external_links_name":"126046"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2322","external_links_name":"2322"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4J2CJ","external_links_name":"4J2CJ"},{"Link":"https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=8642","external_links_name":"8642"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1061737","external_links_name":"1061737"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PIUMU","external_links_name":"PIUMU"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/150587","external_links_name":"150587"},{"Link":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Pinus%20mugo","external_links_name":"Pinus mugo"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5285385","external_links_name":"5285385"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28493","external_links_name":"28493"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/135727","external_links_name":"135727"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/677083-1","external_links_name":"677083-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10194223","external_links_name":"10194223"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183358","external_links_name":"183358"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/42385","external_links_name":"42385"},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=284978","external_links_name":"284978"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.130629/","external_links_name":"2.130629"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000014081","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000014081"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=28528","external_links_name":"28528"},{"Link":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Pinus~mugo","external_links_name":"Pinus~mugo"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/df942976-026f-4c08-b5ff-a1f4391b1e4d","external_links_name":"df942976-026f-4c08-b5ff-a1f4391b1e4d"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3077","external_links_name":"3077"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/7194/","external_links_name":"7194"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1069751","external_links_name":"1069751"},{"Link":"https://www.paldat.org/pub/Pinus_mugo","external_links_name":"Pinus_mugo"},{"Link":"http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=157","external_links_name":"157"},{"Link":"https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/gymnosperma/coniferales/pinaceae/pinus/pinus-mugo/","external_links_name":"pinus-mugo"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2562441","external_links_name":"kew-2562441"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PIMU80","external_links_name":"PIMU80"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A677083-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677083-1"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/13101/wd/Details","external_links_name":"13101"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/24900112","external_links_name":"24900112"},{"Link":"https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/7188","external_links_name":"7188"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000481789","external_links_name":"wfo-0000481789"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4291118-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550851505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85088277","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph546082&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeppe_Tverskov | Jeppe Tverskov | ["1 Career","1.1 B 1903","1.2 Lyngby","1.3 Randers","1.4 OB","1.5 Nordsjælland","1.6 San Diego FC","2 Career statistics","3 References"] | Danish footballer (born 1993)
Jeppe Tverskov
Tverskov with Nordsjælland in 2023.Personal informationFull name
Jeppe Theis TverskovDate of birth
(1993-03-12) 12 March 1993 (age 31)Place of birth
Copenhagen, DenmarkHeight
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s)
Centre-backTeam informationCurrent team
NordsjællandNumber
6Youth career1996–2011
B 19032011–2012
LyngbySenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2010–2011
B 1903
24
(7)2012–2014
Lyngby
36
(1)2014–2016
Randers
38
(3)2016–2023
OB
210
(8)2023–
Nordsjælland
32
(4)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 May 2024
Jeppe Theis Tverskov (Danish pronunciation: ; born 12 March 1993) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Danish Superliga club Nordsjælland. On 1 January 2025, he will join Major League Soccer club San Diego FC ahead of their inaugural season.
Career
B 1903
Born in Copenhagen, Tverskov started playing football at the age of three at Boldklubben 1903 (B 1903). As a 17-year-old, he was promoted to the first senior team competing in the fourth-tier Denmark Series by the then manager Bent Christensen. In his first season, he made 24 appearances and seven goals, and was voted Player of the Year at the club.
Lyngby
In June 2011, Tverskov moved to Lyngby Boldklub on the recommendation of his manager, Bent Christensen. At that club, he played alongside fellow youngsters such as Yussuf Poulsen, Christian Nørgaard and Uffe Bech. In June 2012, he was promoted to the first-team by head coach Niels Frederiksen. Tverskov made his first professional appearance on 4 November 2012 against Hobro IK in the second-tier Danish 1st Division. He came on as a 90th-minute substitute for David Boysen, as his team won 2–1. He scored his first professional goal on 25 April 2014, during a 3–0 league victory for his team over Hvidovre IF.
Randers
On 30 June 2014, Tverskov joined Randers, where he signed a two-year contract. He played his first match for the club on 23 September in a Danish Cup match against Kolding Boldklub. He started the match as a defensive midfielder and stood out by also scoring his first goal for Randers, thereby participating in his team's 7–1 win. The club finished fourth in the Danish Superliga at the end of the 2014–15 season and managed to qualify for the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Europa League. Tverskov played his first European match in this competition, on 2 July 2015 against Andorran club UE Sant Julià. He appeared as a starter, but was however sent off after receiving a second yellow card, as Randers won 1–0.
OB
As his contract expired with Randers, Tverskov signed with Odense Boldklub (OB) in the summer of 2016, the transfer being announced on 20 April of the same year. He made his first appearance for the club on the first matchday of the 2016–17 Superligaen season, against SIlkeborg. That day, he started the match, which ended in a 0–0 draw.
Nordsjælland
On 21 June 2023, Tverskov signed for Nordsjælland, signing a contract until June 2025.
San Diego FC
On 19 March 2024, MLS expansion team San Diego FC announced that Tverskov would join the club ahead of their 2025 inaugural season, signing a two-year contract through 2026, set to be activated on 1 January 2025.
Career statistics
As of match played 20 May 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
Danish Cup
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Lyngby
2012–13
1.Division
5
0
—
—
5
0
2013–14
1.Division
30
2
4
0
—
34
2
Total
35
2
4
0
—
39
2
Randers
2014–15
Danish Superliga
16
1
3
2
—
19
3
2015–16
Danish Superliga
22
2
2
0
3
0
27
2
Total
38
3
5
2
3
0
46
5
Odense BK
2016–17
Danish Superliga
34
0
2
0
—
36
0
2017–18
Danish Superliga
26
1
2
0
—
28
1
2018–19
Danish Superliga
35
1
5
0
—
40
1
2019–20
Danish Superliga
30
1
2
0
—
32
1
2020–21
Danish Superliga
29
3
3
0
—
32
3
2021–22
Danish Superliga
26
0
7
0
—
33
0
2022–23
Danish Superliga
30
2
1
0
—
31
2
Total
210
8
22
0
—
232
8
Nordsjælland
2023–24
Danish Superliga
32
4
4
0
10
1
46
5
Career total
315
17
35
2
14
1
363
20
^ Appearances in UEFA Europa League
^ Appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League
References
^ "Stillinger og resultater". DBU.
^ a b Jeppe Tverskov at Soccerway. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
^ Davidsen, Martin (5 August 2019). "Interview: Jeppe Tverskov om fremtiden". OBStemmer.dk (in Danish). Stemmer fra Ådalen. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^ "danskfodbold.com - DBU's Officielle Statistikere". www.danskfodbold.com.
^ a b Harder, Mads (24 February 2018). "Fra B1903 til Parken". b1903.dk (in Danish).
^ Hansen, Kenneth (23 October 2018). "Viceanføreren, der blev professionel ved et tilfælde". KH Sportsmedia (in Danish).
^ Lindahl, Stefan (2 February 2021). "Hvad nu hvis - Lyngby ikke havde solgt". Indkast (in Danish).
^ Hagelskjær, Mads (29 January 2013). "Lyngby forlænger med midtbanetalent". bold.dk (in Danish).
^ "Lyngby vs. Hobro - 4 November 2012". Soccerway. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
^ Thrane, Kasper Aleksander (25 April 2014). "Lyngby sejrede sikkert i Hvidovre". bold.dk (in Danish).
^ Hoffskov, Ole (30 June 2014). "Randers henter forsvarsspiller i Lyngby". Tipsbladet.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 14 March 2021.
^ "Et stort tab for Randers FC". Din Avis (in Danish). 26 April 2016. Jeppe Tverskov, der med scoring og 7-1-sejr fik debut for Randers FC i en pokalkamp mod Kolding B i september 2014, har været glad for tiden i Randers FC.
^ "Randers er videre i Europa League - TV 2". sport.tv2.dk (in Danish). 9 July 2015.
^ "Randers vinder i Andorra trods to udvisninger". DR (in Danish). 2 July 2015.
^ Jensen, Michael Hjorth (20 April 2016). "Officielt: Jeppe Tverskov forlader Randers FC". amtsavisen.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 14 March 2021.
^ "Todd om Tverskov-farvel: Stort tab for klubben". bold.dk.
^ Tornby, Gustav (15 July 2016). "OB og Silkeborg delte i porten efter brændt straffespark". Tipsbladet.dk (in Danish).
^ Nielsen, Af Carl Emil (21 June 2023). "FC Nordsjælland henter Jeppe Tverskov". ekstrabladet.dk.
^ Sigal, Jonathan (19 March 2024). "San Diego FC sign first internationals: Ingvartsen, Tverskov acquired from FC Nordsjaelland". MLSSoccer.com. Major League Soccer. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
^ Zeigler, Mark (19 March 2024). "San Diego FC signs two foreign players ahead of 2025 MLS debut". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
vteFC Nordsjælland – current squad
4 K. Hansen
5 Frese
6 Tverskov
7 Ingvartsen
8 Schjelderup
9 Nygren
11 M. Hansen
13 A. Hansen
14 Osman
15 Marxen
17 Rasmussen
19 Hey
20 Mohammed
21 Sertdemir
22 Antman
23 Villadsen
24 Høgsberg
25 Eriksson
27 Svensson
29 Dorgeles
31 Gülstorff
32 Iloski
36 Ascone
39 Nagalo
40 Harder
43 Egeli
47 Munck
Manager: Thorup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈtsʰveɐ̯ˌskʌwˀ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"centre back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"Danish Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Superliga"},{"link_name":"Nordsjælland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nordsj%C3%A6lland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"San Diego FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_FC"}],"text":"Jeppe Theis Tverskov (Danish pronunciation: [ˈtsʰveɐ̯ˌskʌwˀ];[3] born 12 March 1993) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Danish Superliga club Nordsjælland.[4] On 1 January 2025, he will join Major League Soccer club San Diego FC ahead of their inaugural season.","title":"Jeppe Tverskov"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Boldklubben 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boldklubben_1903"},{"link_name":"Denmark Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_Series"},{"link_name":"Bent Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Christensen_(footballer,_born_1963)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b1903-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"B 1903","text":"Born in Copenhagen, Tverskov started playing football at the age of three at Boldklubben 1903 (B 1903). As a 17-year-old, he was promoted to the first senior team competing in the fourth-tier Denmark Series by the then manager Bent Christensen. In his first season, he made 24 appearances and seven goals, and was voted Player of the Year at the club.[5][6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyngby Boldklub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngby_Boldklub"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b1903-5"},{"link_name":"Yussuf Poulsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yussuf_Poulsen"},{"link_name":"Christian Nørgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_N%C3%B8rgaard"},{"link_name":"Uffe Bech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffe_Bech"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Niels Frederiksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Frederiksen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hobro IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobro_IK"},{"link_name":"Danish 1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_1st_Division"},{"link_name":"David Boysen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boysen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hvidovre IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvidovre_IF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Lyngby","text":"In June 2011, Tverskov moved to Lyngby Boldklub on the recommendation of his manager, Bent Christensen.[5] At that club, he played alongside fellow youngsters such as Yussuf Poulsen, Christian Nørgaard and Uffe Bech.[7] In June 2012, he was promoted to the first-team by head coach Niels Frederiksen.[8] Tverskov made his first professional appearance on 4 November 2012 against Hobro IK in the second-tier Danish 1st Division. He came on as a 90th-minute substitute for David Boysen, as his team won 2–1.[9] He scored his first professional goal on 25 April 2014, during a 3–0 league victory for his team over Hvidovre IF.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randers_FC"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Danish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Kolding Boldklub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolding_Boldklub"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Danish Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Superliga"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"UE Sant Julià","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UE_Sant_Juli%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Randers","text":"On 30 June 2014, Tverskov joined Randers, where he signed a two-year contract.[11] He played his first match for the club on 23 September in a Danish Cup match against Kolding Boldklub. He started the match as a defensive midfielder and stood out by also scoring his first goal for Randers, thereby participating in his team's 7–1 win.[12] The club finished fourth in the Danish Superliga at the end of the 2014–15 season and managed to qualify for the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Europa League.[13] Tverskov played his first European match in this competition, on 2 July 2015 against Andorran club UE Sant Julià. He appeared as a starter, but was however sent off after receiving a second yellow card, as Randers won 1–0.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odense Boldklub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense_Boldklub"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"SIlkeborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkeborg_IF"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"OB","text":"As his contract expired with Randers, Tverskov signed with Odense Boldklub (OB) in the summer of 2016, the transfer being announced on 20 April of the same year.[15][16] He made his first appearance for the club on the first matchday of the 2016–17 Superligaen season, against SIlkeborg. That day, he started the match, which ended in a 0–0 draw.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nordsjælland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nordsj%C3%A6lland"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Nordsjælland","text":"On 21 June 2023, Tverskov signed for Nordsjælland, signing a contract until June 2025.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"expansion team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_team"},{"link_name":"San Diego FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_FC"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"San Diego FC","text":"On 19 March 2024, MLS expansion team San Diego FC announced that Tverskov would join the club ahead of their 2025 inaugural season, signing a two-year contract through 2026, set to be activated on 1 January 2025.[19][20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_21-0"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UECL_22-0"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"}],"text":"As of match played 20 May 2024[2]^ Appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League","title":"Career statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stillinger og resultater\". DBU.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dbu.dk/resultater/hold/1399_297988/karantaenepoint","url_text":"\"Stillinger og resultater\""}]},{"reference":"Davidsen, Martin (5 August 2019). \"Interview: Jeppe Tverskov om fremtiden\". OBStemmer.dk (in Danish). Stemmer fra Ådalen. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://obstemmer.dk/interview-jeppe-tverskov-om-fremtiden/","url_text":"\"Interview: Jeppe Tverskov om fremtiden\""}]},{"reference":"\"danskfodbold.com - DBU's Officielle Statistikere\". www.danskfodbold.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.danskfodbold.com/spiller.php?ligaid=2001&spillerid=15945","url_text":"\"danskfodbold.com - DBU's Officielle Statistikere\""}]},{"reference":"Harder, Mads (24 February 2018). \"Fra B1903 til Parken\". b1903.dk (in Danish).","urls":[{"url":"https://b1903.dk/klubinfo/nyheder/klubnyheder/fra-b1903-til-parken/","url_text":"\"Fra B1903 til Parken\""}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Kenneth (23 October 2018). \"Viceanføreren, der blev professionel ved et tilfælde\". KH Sportsmedia (in Danish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kh-sportsmedia.dk/2018/10/23/viceanfoereren-der-blev-professionel-ved-et-tilfaelde/","url_text":"\"Viceanføreren, der blev professionel ved et tilfælde\""}]},{"reference":"Lindahl, Stefan (2 February 2021). \"Hvad nu hvis - Lyngby ikke havde solgt\". Indkast (in Danish).","urls":[{"url":"https://indkast.dk/nyhed/186464/hvad-hvis-lyngby-ikke-havde-solgt","url_text":"\"Hvad nu hvis - Lyngby ikke havde solgt\""}]},{"reference":"Hagelskjær, Mads (29 January 2013). \"Lyngby forlænger med midtbanetalent\". bold.dk (in Danish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/Lyngby-forlaenger-med-midtbanetalent_2/","url_text":"\"Lyngby forlænger med midtbanetalent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lyngby vs. Hobro - 4 November 2012\". Soccerway. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/04/denmark/1st-division/lyngby-boldklub/hobro-ik/1307298/","url_text":"\"Lyngby vs. Hobro - 4 November 2012\""}]},{"reference":"Thrane, Kasper Aleksander (25 April 2014). \"Lyngby sejrede sikkert i Hvidovre\". bold.dk (in Danish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/Lyngby-sejrede-sikkert-i-Hvidovre/","url_text":"\"Lyngby sejrede sikkert i Hvidovre\""}]},{"reference":"Hoffskov, Ole (30 June 2014). \"Randers henter forsvarsspiller i Lyngby\". Tipsbladet.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tipsbladet.dk%2Fnyhed%2Fsuperliga%2Franders-henter-forsvarsspiller-i-lyngby","url_text":"\"Randers henter forsvarsspiller i Lyngby\""},{"url":"https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/randers-henter-forsvarsspiller-i-lyngby","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Et stort tab for Randers FC\". Din Avis (in Danish). 26 April 2016. Jeppe Tverskov, der med scoring og 7-1-sejr fik debut for Randers FC i en pokalkamp mod Kolding B i september 2014, har været glad for tiden i Randers FC.","urls":[{"url":"https://dinavis.dk/nyheder/2016/04/26/et-stort-tab-for-randers-fc/","url_text":"\"Et stort tab for Randers FC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Randers er videre i Europa League - TV 2\". sport.tv2.dk (in Danish). 9 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.tv2.dk/fodbold/2015-07-09-randers-er-videre-i-europa-league","url_text":"\"Randers er videre i Europa League - TV 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Randers vinder i Andorra trods to udvisninger\". DR (in Danish). 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/europaleague/randers-vinder-i-andorra-trods-udvisninger","url_text":"\"Randers vinder i Andorra trods to udvisninger\""}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Michael Hjorth (20 April 2016). \"Officielt: Jeppe Tverskov forlader Randers FC\". amtsavisen.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Famtsavisen.dk%2Fartikel%2Fofficielt-jeppe-tverskov-forlader-randers-fc","url_text":"\"Officielt: Jeppe Tverskov forlader Randers FC\""},{"url":"https://amtsavisen.dk/artikel/officielt-jeppe-tverskov-forlader-randers-fc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Todd om Tverskov-farvel: Stort tab for klubben\". bold.dk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/todd-om-tverskov-farvel-stort-tab-for-klubben/","url_text":"\"Todd om Tverskov-farvel: Stort tab for klubben\""}]},{"reference":"Tornby, Gustav (15 July 2016). \"OB og Silkeborg delte i porten efter brændt straffespark\". Tipsbladet.dk (in Danish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/ob-og-silkeborg-delte-i-porten-efter-braendt-straffespark","url_text":"\"OB og Silkeborg delte i porten efter brændt straffespark\""}]},{"reference":"Nielsen, Af Carl Emil (21 June 2023). \"FC Nordsjælland henter Jeppe Tverskov\". ekstrabladet.dk.","urls":[{"url":"https://ekstrabladet.dk/sport/fodbold/dansk_fodbold/superligaen/fc_nordsjaelland/fc-nordsjaelland-henter-jeppe-tverskov/9826294","url_text":"\"FC Nordsjælland henter Jeppe Tverskov\""}]},{"reference":"Sigal, Jonathan (19 March 2024). \"San Diego FC sign first internationals: Ingvartsen, Tverskov acquired from FC Nordsjaelland\". MLSSoccer.com. Major League Soccer. Retrieved 6 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/san-diego-fc-sign-first-internationals-ingvartsen-tverskov-acquired-from-fc-nord","url_text":"\"San Diego FC sign first internationals: Ingvartsen, Tverskov acquired from FC Nordsjaelland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer","url_text":"Major League Soccer"}]},{"reference":"Zeigler, Mark (19 March 2024). \"San Diego FC signs two foreign players ahead of 2025 MLS debut\". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 6 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/soccer/story/2024-03-19/soccer-san-diego-football-club-signs-danish-players-marcus-ingvartsen-jeppe-tverskov-fc-nordsjaelland-denmark","url_text":"\"San Diego FC signs two foreign players ahead of 2025 MLS debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Union-Tribune","url_text":"San Diego Union-Tribune"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.dbu.dk/resultater/hold/1399_297988/karantaenepoint","external_links_name":"\"Stillinger og resultater\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/jeppe-tverskov/273603/","external_links_name":"Jeppe Tverskov"},{"Link":"http://obstemmer.dk/interview-jeppe-tverskov-om-fremtiden/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Jeppe Tverskov om fremtiden\""},{"Link":"https://www.danskfodbold.com/spiller.php?ligaid=2001&spillerid=15945","external_links_name":"\"danskfodbold.com - DBU's Officielle Statistikere\""},{"Link":"https://b1903.dk/klubinfo/nyheder/klubnyheder/fra-b1903-til-parken/","external_links_name":"\"Fra B1903 til Parken\""},{"Link":"https://www.kh-sportsmedia.dk/2018/10/23/viceanfoereren-der-blev-professionel-ved-et-tilfaelde/","external_links_name":"\"Viceanføreren, der blev professionel ved et tilfælde\""},{"Link":"https://indkast.dk/nyhed/186464/hvad-hvis-lyngby-ikke-havde-solgt","external_links_name":"\"Hvad nu hvis - Lyngby ikke havde solgt\""},{"Link":"https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/Lyngby-forlaenger-med-midtbanetalent_2/","external_links_name":"\"Lyngby forlænger med midtbanetalent\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/04/denmark/1st-division/lyngby-boldklub/hobro-ik/1307298/","external_links_name":"\"Lyngby vs. Hobro - 4 November 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/Lyngby-sejrede-sikkert-i-Hvidovre/","external_links_name":"\"Lyngby sejrede sikkert i Hvidovre\""},{"Link":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tipsbladet.dk%2Fnyhed%2Fsuperliga%2Franders-henter-forsvarsspiller-i-lyngby","external_links_name":"\"Randers henter forsvarsspiller i Lyngby\""},{"Link":"https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/randers-henter-forsvarsspiller-i-lyngby","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dinavis.dk/nyheder/2016/04/26/et-stort-tab-for-randers-fc/","external_links_name":"\"Et stort tab for Randers FC\""},{"Link":"https://sport.tv2.dk/fodbold/2015-07-09-randers-er-videre-i-europa-league","external_links_name":"\"Randers er videre i Europa League - TV 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/europaleague/randers-vinder-i-andorra-trods-udvisninger","external_links_name":"\"Randers vinder i Andorra trods to udvisninger\""},{"Link":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Famtsavisen.dk%2Fartikel%2Fofficielt-jeppe-tverskov-forlader-randers-fc","external_links_name":"\"Officielt: Jeppe Tverskov forlader Randers FC\""},{"Link":"https://amtsavisen.dk/artikel/officielt-jeppe-tverskov-forlader-randers-fc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/todd-om-tverskov-farvel-stort-tab-for-klubben/","external_links_name":"\"Todd om Tverskov-farvel: Stort tab for klubben\""},{"Link":"https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/ob-og-silkeborg-delte-i-porten-efter-braendt-straffespark","external_links_name":"\"OB og Silkeborg delte i porten efter brændt straffespark\""},{"Link":"https://ekstrabladet.dk/sport/fodbold/dansk_fodbold/superligaen/fc_nordsjaelland/fc-nordsjaelland-henter-jeppe-tverskov/9826294","external_links_name":"\"FC Nordsjælland henter Jeppe Tverskov\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/san-diego-fc-sign-first-internationals-ingvartsen-tverskov-acquired-from-fc-nord","external_links_name":"\"San Diego FC sign first internationals: Ingvartsen, Tverskov acquired from FC Nordsjaelland\""},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/soccer/story/2024-03-19/soccer-san-diego-football-club-signs-danish-players-marcus-ingvartsen-jeppe-tverskov-fc-nordsjaelland-denmark","external_links_name":"\"San Diego FC signs two foreign players ahead of 2025 MLS debut\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_nitrate | Gadolinium(III) nitrate | ["1 Use","2 References"] | Gadolinium(III) nitrate
Identifiers
CAS Number
10168-81-7
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
140078 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.030.385
PubChem CID
159266
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID80890648
InChI
InChI=1S/Gd.3NO3/c;3*2-1(3)4/q+3;3*-1 YKey: MWFSXYMZCVAQCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/Gd.3NO3/c;3*2-1(3)4/q+3;3*-1Key: MWFSXYMZCVAQCC-UHFFFAOYAX
SMILES
.O=().()=O.()=O
Properties
Chemical formula
Gd(NO3)3
Molar mass
343.26 g/mol
Appearance
White crystalline solid
Density
2.3 g/cm3
Melting point
91 °C (196 °F; 364 K)
Solubility in water
Soluble
Hazards
Safety data sheet (SDS)
External MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Gadolinium(III) nitrate is an inorganic compound of gadolinium. This salt is used as a water-soluble neutron poison in nuclear reactors. Gadolinium nitrate, like all nitrate salts, is an oxidizing agent.
The most common form of this substance is hexahydrate Gd(NO3)3•6H2O with molecular weight 451.36 g/mol and CAS Number: 19598-90-4.
Use
Gadolinium nitrate was used at the Savannah River Site heavy water nuclear reactors and had to be separated from the heavy water for storage or reuse.
The Canadian CANDU reactor, a pressurized heavy water reactor, also uses gadolinium nitrate as a water-soluble neutron poison in heavy water.
Gadolinium nitrate is also used as a raw material in the production of other gadolinium compounds, for production of specialty glasses and ceramics and as a phosphor.
References
^ DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. January 1993. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
^ E. Wilde; C. Berry. "Novel Method for Removing Gadolinium from Used Heavy Water Reactor Moderator".
^ E.W. Wilde; M.B. Goli; C.J. Berry; J.W. Santo Domingo; H.L. Martin. "Novel Method for Removing Gadolinium from Used Heavy Water Reactor Moderator" (PDF).
vteSalts and covalent derivatives of the nitrate ion
HNO3
He
LiNO3
Be(NO3)2
B(NO3)−4
RONO2+CO3+C2O4
NO3-NH4NO3
HOONO2
FNO3+F
Ne
NaNO3
Mg(NO3)2
Al(NO3)3Al(NO3)−4
Si
P
+SO4
ClONO2+Cl
Ar
KNO3
Ca(NO3)2
Sc(NO3)3
Ti(NO3)4
VO(NO3)3
Cr(NO3)3
Mn(NO3)2
Fe(NO3)2Fe(NO3)3
Co(NO3)2Co(NO3)3
Ni(NO3)2
CuNO3Cu(NO3)2
Zn(NO3)2
Ga(NO3)3
Ge
As
+SeO3
BrNO3+Br
Kr
RbNO3
Sr(NO3)2
Y(NO3)3
Zr(NO3)4
NbO(NO3)3
MoO2(NO3)2
Tc
Ru
Rh(NO3)3
Pd(NO3)2Pd(NO3)4
AgNO3Ag(NO3)2
Cd(NO3)2
In(NO3)3
Sn(NO3)4
Sb4O4(OH)2(NO3)2
Te
INO3+IO3
Xe(NO3)2
CsNO3
Ba(NO3)2
*
Lu(NO3)3
Hf(NO3)4
TaO(NO3)3
WO2(NO3)2
ReO3NO3
Os
Ir3O(NO3)10
Pt(NO3)2
Au(NO3)3
Hg2(NO3)2Hg(NO3)2
TlNO3Tl(NO3)3
Pb(NO3)2
Bi(NO3)3BiO(NO3)
Po(NO3)4
At
Rn
FrNO3
Ra(NO3)2
**
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
*
La(NO3)3
Ce(NO3)3Ce(NO3)4
Pr(NO3)3
Nd(NO3)3
Pm(NO3)3
Sm(NO3)3
Eu(NO3)3
Gd(NO3)3
Tb(NO3)3
Dy(NO3)3
Ho(NO3)3
Er(NO3)3
Tm(NO3)3
Yb(NO3)3
**
Ac(NO3)3
Th(NO3)4
PaO(NO3)3
UO2(NO3)2
Np(NO3)4
Pu(NO3)4
Am(NO3)3
Cm(NO3)3
Bk(NO3)3
Cf(NO3)3
Es
Fm
Md
No
vteGadolinium compoundsGadolinium(III)
GdF3
GdCl3
GdBr3
GdI2
GdI3
GdN
Gd2O3
Gd2O2S
Gd(OH)3
GdP
Gd(IO3)3
Gd2(SO4)3
Gd(NO3)3
Gd2(C2O4)3
Gd(ReO4)3
Gd3Ga5O12
Gd(CH3COO)3
Gd2SiO5Organogadolinium(III)
Gd(C5H7O2)3 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gadolinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium"},{"link_name":"neutron poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_poison"},{"link_name":"nuclear reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"oxidizing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sigmaaldrich.com/UA/en/substance/gadoliniumiiinitratehexahydrate4513619598904"}],"text":"Chemical compoundGadolinium(III) nitrate is an inorganic compound of gadolinium. This salt is used as a water-soluble neutron poison in nuclear reactors.[1] Gadolinium nitrate, like all nitrate salts, is an oxidizing agent.The most common form of this substance is hexahydrate Gd(NO3)3•6H2O with molecular weight 451.36 g/mol and CAS Number: 19598-90-4.[1]","title":"Gadolinium(III) nitrate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savannah River Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_River_Site"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"CANDU reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANDU_reactor"},{"link_name":"heavy water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_water"},{"link_name":"phosphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor"}],"text":"Gadolinium nitrate was used at the Savannah River Site heavy water nuclear reactors and had to be separated from the heavy water for storage or reuse.[2][3]\nThe Canadian CANDU reactor, a pressurized heavy water reactor, also uses gadolinium nitrate as a water-soluble neutron poison in heavy water.Gadolinium nitrate is also used as a raw material in the production of other gadolinium compounds, for production of specialty glasses and ceramics and as a phosphor.","title":"Use"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. January 1993. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2007-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423194722/http://www.hss.energy.gov/NuclearSafety/techstds/standard/hdbk1019/h1019v2.pdf","url_text":"DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy","url_text":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"url":"http://www.hss.energy.gov/NuclearSafety/techstds/standard/hdbk1019/h1019v2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"E. Wilde; C. Berry. \"Novel Method for Removing Gadolinium from Used Heavy Water Reactor Moderator\".","urls":[{"url":"http://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/ms2002146/ms2002146.html","url_text":"\"Novel Method for Removing Gadolinium from Used Heavy Water Reactor Moderator\""}]},{"reference":"E.W. Wilde; M.B. Goli; C.J. Berry; J.W. Santo Domingo; H.L. Martin. \"Novel Method for Removing Gadolinium from Used Heavy Water Reactor Moderator\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/tr9900096/tr9900096.pdf","url_text":"\"Novel Method for Removing Gadolinium from Used Heavy Water Reactor Moderator\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=10168-81-7","external_links_name":"10168-81-7"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BGd%2B3%5D.O%3D%5BN%2B%5D%28%5BO-%5D%29%5BO-%5D.%5BO-%5D%5BN%2B%5D%28%5BO-%5D%29%3DO.%5BO-%5D%5BN%2B%5D%28%5BO-%5D%29%3DO","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.140078.html","external_links_name":"140078"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.030.385","external_links_name":"100.030.385"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/159266","external_links_name":"159266"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID80890648","external_links_name":"DTXSID80890648"},{"Link":"http://www.espimetals.com/index.php/msds/565-Gadolinium%20Nitrate","external_links_name":"External MSDS"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=400097496&page2=Gadolinium%28III%29+nitrate","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/UA/en/substance/gadoliniumiiinitratehexahydrate4513619598904","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423194722/http://www.hss.energy.gov/NuclearSafety/techstds/standard/hdbk1019/h1019v2.pdf","external_links_name":"DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory"},{"Link":"http://www.hss.energy.gov/NuclearSafety/techstds/standard/hdbk1019/h1019v2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/ms2002146/ms2002146.html","external_links_name":"\"Novel Method for Removing Gadolinium from Used Heavy Water Reactor Moderator\""},{"Link":"http://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/tr9900096/tr9900096.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Novel Method for Removing Gadolinium from Used Heavy Water Reactor Moderator\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytica_Chimica_Acta | Analytica Chimica Acta | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Academic journalAnalytica Chimica ActaDisciplineAnalytical chemistryLanguageEnglishPublication detailsHistory1947–presentPublisherElsevier (Netherlands)FrequencyWeeklyImpact factor6.911 (2021)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Anal. Chim. ActaIndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusCODENACACAMISSN0003-2670 (print)1873-4324 (web)OCLC no.01716731Links
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Analytica Chimica Acta is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1947 that covers original research and reviews of fundamental and applied aspects of analytical chemistry. The editors-in-chief are Prof. Lutgarde Buydens and Prof. James Landers.
See also
List of scientific journals in chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Chemistry
References
^ "Analytica Chimica Acta - Journal - Elsevier".
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This article about a chemistry journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"scientific journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"analytical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lutgarde Buydens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutgarde_Buydens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Landers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Landers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1947 that covers original research and reviews of fundamental and applied aspects of analytical chemistry.[1] The editors-in-chief are Prof. Lutgarde Buydens and Prof. James Landers.","title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of scientific journals in chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals_in_chemistry"},{"title":"Analytical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry"},{"title":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"}] | [{"reference":"\"Analytica Chimica Acta - Journal - Elsevier\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.elsevier.com/analytica-chimica-acta/","url_text":"\"Analytica Chimica Acta - Journal - Elsevier\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://marcinwrochna.github.io/abbrevIso/?search=Analytica_Chimica_Acta","external_links_name":"ISO 4"},{"Link":"http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://lib.law.washington.edu/cilp/abbrev.html","external_links_name":"alt1"},{"Link":"http://personal.psu.edu/dhk3/research/Bluebook/T-13.htm","external_links_name":"alt2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0003-2670%5BISSN%5D","external_links_name":"NLM"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Analytica+Chimica+Acta%5BJournal%5D","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/search/journals.html?journalName=0003-2670&Submit=Search","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=0003-2670","external_links_name":"CODEN"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=1873-4324","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=titles&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=Analytica+Chimica+Acta","external_links_name":"alt2"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/journals/00032670","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=0003-2670&argType1=all&searchCode1=KNUM&searchType=2","external_links_name":"LCCN"},{"Link":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Analytica+Chimica+Acta&argType1=all&searchCode1=KTIL&searchType=2","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"http://miar.ub.edu/issn/0003-2670","external_links_name":"MIAR"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0003-2670%5BISSN%5D","external_links_name":"NLM"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Analytica+Chimica+Acta%5BJournal%5D","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/sources?sortField=citescore&sortDirection=desc&isHiddenField=false&field=issn&issn=0003-2670","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=codens&exactMatch=y&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=ACACAM","external_links_name":"ACACAM"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0003-2670","external_links_name":"0003-2670"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1873-4324","external_links_name":"1873-4324"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/01716731","external_links_name":"01716731"},{"Link":"https://www.journals.elsevier.com/analytica-chimica-acta/","external_links_name":"Journal homepage"},{"Link":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00032670","external_links_name":"Online access"},{"Link":"https://www.journals.elsevier.com/analytica-chimica-acta/","external_links_name":"\"Analytica Chimica Acta - Journal - Elsevier\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analytica_Chimica_Acta&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trott_curve | Bitangents of a quartic | ["1 Example","2 Connections to other structures","3 Notes","4 References"] | 28 lines which touch a general quartic plane curve in two places
The Trott curve and seven of its bitangents. The others are symmetric with respect to 90° rotations through the origin.The Trott curve with all 28 bitangents.
In the theory of algebraic plane curves, a general quartic plane curve has 28 bitangent lines, lines that are tangent to the curve in two places. These lines exist in the complex projective plane, but it is possible to define quartic curves for which all 28 of these lines have real numbers as their coordinates and therefore belong to the Euclidean plane.
An explicit quartic with twenty-eight real bitangents was first given by Plücker (1839) As Plücker showed, the number of real bitangents of any quartic must be 28, 16, or a number less than 9. Another quartic with 28 real bitangents can be formed by the locus of centers of ellipses with fixed axis lengths, tangent to two non-parallel lines.
Shioda (1995) gave a different construction of a quartic with twenty-eight bitangents, formed by projecting a cubic surface; twenty-seven of the bitangents to Shioda's curve are real while the twenty-eighth is the line at infinity in the projective plane.
Example
The Trott curve, another curve with 28 real bitangents, is the set of points (x,y) satisfying the degree four polynomial equation
144
(
x
4
+
y
4
)
−
225
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
+
350
x
2
y
2
+
81
=
0.
{\displaystyle \displaystyle 144(x^{4}+y^{4})-225(x^{2}+y^{2})+350x^{2}y^{2}+81=0.}
These points form a nonsingular quartic curve that has genus three and that has twenty-eight real bitangents.
Like the examples of Plücker and of Blum and Guinand, the Trott curve has four separated ovals, the maximum number for a curve of degree four, and hence is an M-curve. The four ovals can be grouped into six different pairs of ovals; for each pair of ovals there are four bitangents touching both ovals in the pair, two that separate the two ovals, and two that do not. Additionally, each oval bounds a nonconvex region of the plane and has one bitangent spanning the nonconvex portion of its boundary.
Connections to other structures
The dual curve to a quartic curve has 28 real ordinary double points, dual to the 28 bitangents of the primal curve.
The 28 bitangents of a quartic may also be placed in correspondence with symbols of the form
[
a
b
c
d
e
f
]
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b&c\\d&e&f\\\end{bmatrix}}}
where a, b, c, d, e, f are all zero or one and where
a
d
+
b
e
+
c
f
=
1
(
mod
2
)
.
{\displaystyle ad+be+cf=1\ (\operatorname {mod} \ 2).}
There are 64 choices for a, b, c, d, e, f, but only 28 of these choices produce an odd sum. One may also interpret a, b, c as the homogeneous coordinates of a point of the Fano plane and d, e, f as the coordinates of a line in the same finite projective plane; the condition that the sum is odd is equivalent to requiring that the point and the line do not touch each other, and there are 28 different pairs of a point and a line that do not touch.
The points and lines of the Fano plane that are disjoint from a non-incident point-line pair form a triangle, and the bitangents of a quartic have been considered as being in correspondence with the 28 triangles of the Fano plane. The Levi graph of the Fano plane is the Heawood graph, in which the triangles of the Fano plane are represented by 6-cycles. The 28 6-cycles of the Heawood graph in turn correspond to the 28 vertices of the Coxeter graph.
The 28 bitangents of a quartic also correspond to pairs of the 56 lines on a degree-2 del Pezzo surface, and to the 28 odd theta characteristics.
The 27 lines on the cubic and the 28 bitangents on a quartic, together with the 120 tritangent planes of a canonic sextic curve of genus 4, form a "trinity" in the sense of Vladimir Arnold, specifically a form of McKay correspondence, and can be related to many further objects, including E7 and E8, as discussed at trinities.
Notes
^ See e.g. Gray (1982).
^ Blum & Guinand (1964).
^ Trott (1997).
^ Riemann (1876); Cayley (1879).
^ a b Manivel (2006).
^ Dejter, Italo J. (2011), "From the Coxeter graph to the Klein graph", Journal of Graph Theory, 70: 1–9, arXiv:1002.1960, doi:10.1002/jgt.20597, S2CID 754481.
^ le Bruyn, Lieven (17 June 2008), Arnold's trinities, archived from the original on 2011-04-11
^ Arnold 1997, p. 13 – Arnold, Vladimir, 1997, Toronto Lectures, Lecture 2: Symplectization, Complexification and Mathematical Trinities, June 1997 (last updated August, 1998). TeX, PostScript, PDF
^ (McKay & Sebbar 2007, p. 11)
References
Blum, R.; Guinand, A. P. (1964). "A quartic with 28 real bitangents". Canadian Mathematical Bulletin. 7 (3): 399–404. doi:10.4153/cmb-1964-038-6.
Cayley, Arthur (1879), "On the bitangents of a quartic", Salmon's Higher Plane Curves, pp. 387–389. In The collected mathematical papers of Arthur Cayley, Andrew Russell Forsyth, ed., The University Press, 1896, vol. 11, pp. 221–223.
Gray, Jeremy (1982), "From the history of a simple group", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 4 (2): 59–67, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.163.2944, doi:10.1007/BF03023483, MR 0672918, S2CID 14602496. Reprinted in Levy, Silvio, ed. (1999), The Eightfold Way, MSRI Publications, vol. 35, Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–131, ISBN 0-521-66066-1, MR 1722415.
Manivel, L. (2006), "Configurations of lines and models of Lie algebras", Journal of Algebra, 304 (1): 457–486, arXiv:math/0507118, doi:10.1016/j.jalgebra.2006.04.029, S2CID 17374533.
McKay, John; Sebbar, Abdellah (2007). "Replicable Functions: An Introduction". Frontiers in Number Theory, Physics, and Geometry II. pp. 373–386. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30308-4_10. ISBN 978-3-540-30307-7.
Plücker, J. (1839), Theorie der algebraischen Curven: gegrundet auf eine neue Behandlungsweise der analytischen Geometrie, Berlin: Adolph Marcus.
Riemann, G. F. B. (1876), "Zur Theorie der Abel'schen Funktionen für den Fall p = 3", Ges. Werke, Leipzig, pp. 456–472{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). As cited by Cayley.
Shioda, Tetsuji (1995), "Weierstrass transformations and cubic surfaces" (PDF), Commentarii Mathematici Universitatis Sancti Pauli, 44 (1): 109–128, MR 1336422
Trott, Michael (1997), "Applying GroebnerBasis to Three Problems in Geometry", Mathematica in Education and Research, 6 (1): 15–28. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TrottCurveBiTangents7.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TrottCurveBiTangents28.svg"},{"link_name":"plane curves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_curve"},{"link_name":"quartic plane curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic_plane_curve"},{"link_name":"bitangent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitangent"},{"link_name":"complex projective plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_projective_plane"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"Euclidean plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_plane"},{"link_name":"Plücker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker"},{"link_name":"1839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPl%C3%BCcker1839"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"locus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ellipses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shioda (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShioda1995"},{"link_name":"cubic surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_surface"},{"link_name":"line at infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_at_infinity"}],"text":"The Trott curve and seven of its bitangents. The others are symmetric with respect to 90° rotations through the origin.The Trott curve with all 28 bitangents.In the theory of algebraic plane curves, a general quartic plane curve has 28 bitangent lines, lines that are tangent to the curve in two places. These lines exist in the complex projective plane, but it is possible to define quartic curves for which all 28 of these lines have real numbers as their coordinates and therefore belong to the Euclidean plane.An explicit quartic with twenty-eight real bitangents was first given by Plücker (1839)[1] As Plücker showed, the number of real bitangents of any quartic must be 28, 16, or a number less than 9. Another quartic with 28 real bitangents can be formed by the locus of centers of ellipses with fixed axis lengths, tangent to two non-parallel lines.[2]\nShioda (1995) gave a different construction of a quartic with twenty-eight bitangents, formed by projecting a cubic surface; twenty-seven of the bitangents to Shioda's curve are real while the twenty-eighth is the line at infinity in the projective plane.","title":"Bitangents of a quartic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial"},{"link_name":"polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_genus"},{"link_name":"bitangents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitangent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"M-curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnack%27s_curve_theorem"}],"text":"The Trott curve, another curve with 28 real bitangents, is the set of points (x,y) satisfying the degree four polynomial equation144\n (\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 4\n \n \n )\n −\n 225\n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n +\n 350\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 81\n =\n 0.\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle 144(x^{4}+y^{4})-225(x^{2}+y^{2})+350x^{2}y^{2}+81=0.}These points form a nonsingular quartic curve that has genus three and that has twenty-eight real bitangents.[3]Like the examples of Plücker and of Blum and Guinand, the Trott curve has four separated ovals, the maximum number for a curve of degree four, and hence is an M-curve. The four ovals can be grouped into six different pairs of ovals; for each pair of ovals there are four bitangents touching both ovals in the pair, two that separate the two ovals, and two that do not. Additionally, each oval bounds a nonconvex region of the plane and has one bitangent spanning the nonconvex portion of its boundary.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dual curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_curve"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"homogeneous coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_coordinates"},{"link_name":"Fano plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano_plane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M06-5"},{"link_name":"Levi graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_graph"},{"link_name":"Heawood graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heawood_graph"},{"link_name":"Coxeter graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_graph"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"del Pezzo surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Pezzo_surface"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M06-5"},{"link_name":"theta characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_characteristic"},{"link_name":"sextic curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextic_equation"},{"link_name":"trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADE_classification#Trinities"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold"},{"link_name":"McKay correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKay_correspondence"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arntrin-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"trinities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADE_classification#Trinities"}],"text":"The dual curve to a quartic curve has 28 real ordinary double points, dual to the 28 bitangents of the primal curve.The 28 bitangents of a quartic may also be placed in correspondence with symbols of the form[\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n b\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n \n e\n \n \n f\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}a&b&c\\\\d&e&f\\\\\\end{bmatrix}}}where a, b, c, d, e, f are all zero or one and wherea\n d\n +\n b\n e\n +\n c\n f\n =\n 1\n \n (\n mod\n \n \n 2\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ad+be+cf=1\\ (\\operatorname {mod} \\ 2).}\n \n[4]There are 64 choices for a, b, c, d, e, f, but only 28 of these choices produce an odd sum. One may also interpret a, b, c as the homogeneous coordinates of a point of the Fano plane and d, e, f as the coordinates of a line in the same finite projective plane; the condition that the sum is odd is equivalent to requiring that the point and the line do not touch each other, and there are 28 different pairs of a point and a line that do not touch.The points and lines of the Fano plane that are disjoint from a non-incident point-line pair form a triangle, and the bitangents of a quartic have been considered as being in correspondence with the 28 triangles of the Fano plane.[5] The Levi graph of the Fano plane is the Heawood graph, in which the triangles of the Fano plane are represented by 6-cycles. The 28 6-cycles of the Heawood graph in turn correspond to the 28 vertices of the Coxeter graph.[6]The 28 bitangents of a quartic also correspond to pairs of the 56 lines on a degree-2 del Pezzo surface,[5] and to the 28 odd theta characteristics.The 27 lines on the cubic and the 28 bitangents on a quartic, together with the 120 tritangent planes of a canonic sextic curve of genus 4, form a \"trinity\" in the sense of Vladimir Arnold, specifically a form of McKay correspondence,[7][8][9] and can be related to many further objects, including E7 and E8, as discussed at trinities.","title":"Connections to other structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Gray (1982)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGray1982"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Blum & Guinand (1964)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlumGuinand1964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Trott (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTrott1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Riemann (1876)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiemann1876"},{"link_name":"Cayley (1879)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCayley1879"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-M06_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-M06_5-1"},{"link_name":"Manivel (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFManivel2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1002.1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1002.1960"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/jgt.20597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgt.20597"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"754481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:754481"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-arntrin_7-0"},{"link_name":"Arnold's trinities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110411132940/http://www.neverendingbooks.org/index.php/arnolds-trinities.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.neverendingbooks.org/index.php/arnolds-trinities.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Lecture 2: Symplectization, Complexification and Mathematical Trinities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pdmi.ras.ru/~arnsem/Arnold/arn-papers.html"},{"link_name":"TeX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pdmi.ras.ru/~arnsem/Arnold/a2src.zip"},{"link_name":"PostScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pdmi.ras.ru/~arnsem/Arnold/arnlect2.ps.gz"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.neverendingbooks.org/DATA/ArnoldTrinities.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"McKay & Sebbar 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcKaySebbar2007"}],"text":"^ See e.g. Gray (1982).\n\n^ Blum & Guinand (1964).\n\n^ Trott (1997).\n\n^ Riemann (1876); Cayley (1879).\n\n^ a b Manivel (2006).\n\n^ Dejter, Italo J. (2011), \"From the Coxeter graph to the Klein graph\", Journal of Graph Theory, 70: 1–9, arXiv:1002.1960, doi:10.1002/jgt.20597, S2CID 754481.\n\n^ le Bruyn, Lieven (17 June 2008), Arnold's trinities, archived from the original on 2011-04-11\n\n^ Arnold 1997, p. 13 – Arnold, Vladimir, 1997, Toronto Lectures, Lecture 2: Symplectization, Complexification and Mathematical Trinities, June 1997 (last updated August, 1998). TeX, PostScript, PDF\n\n^ (McKay & Sebbar 2007, p. 11)","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The Trott curve and seven of its bitangents. The others are symmetric with respect to 90° rotations through the origin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/TrottCurveBiTangents7.svg/220px-TrottCurveBiTangents7.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Trott curve with all 28 bitangents.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/TrottCurveBiTangents28.svg/220px-TrottCurveBiTangents28.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Dejter, Italo J. (2011), \"From the Coxeter graph to the Klein graph\", Journal of Graph Theory, 70: 1–9, arXiv:1002.1960, doi:10.1002/jgt.20597, S2CID 754481","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1002.1960","url_text":"1002.1960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgt.20597","url_text":"10.1002/jgt.20597"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:754481","url_text":"754481"}]},{"reference":"le Bruyn, Lieven (17 June 2008), Arnold's trinities, archived from the original on 2011-04-11","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110411132940/http://www.neverendingbooks.org/index.php/arnolds-trinities.html","url_text":"Arnold's trinities"},{"url":"http://www.neverendingbooks.org/index.php/arnolds-trinities.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blum, R.; Guinand, A. P. (1964). \"A quartic with 28 real bitangents\". Canadian Mathematical Bulletin. 7 (3): 399–404. doi:10.4153/cmb-1964-038-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Mathematical_Bulletin","url_text":"Canadian Mathematical Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4153%2Fcmb-1964-038-6","url_text":"10.4153/cmb-1964-038-6"}]},{"reference":"Cayley, Arthur (1879), \"On the bitangents of a quartic\", Salmon's Higher Plane Curves, pp. 387–389","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cayley","url_text":"Cayley, Arthur"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Jeremy (1982), \"From the history of a simple group\", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 4 (2): 59–67, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.163.2944, doi:10.1007/BF03023483, MR 0672918, S2CID 14602496","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Gray","url_text":"Gray, Jeremy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mathematical_Intelligencer","url_text":"The Mathematical Intelligencer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.163.2944","url_text":"10.1.1.163.2944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03023483","url_text":"10.1007/BF03023483"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0672918","url_text":"0672918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14602496","url_text":"14602496"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Silvio, ed. (1999), The Eightfold Way, MSRI Publications, vol. 35, Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–131, ISBN 0-521-66066-1, MR 1722415","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66066-1","url_text":"0-521-66066-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1722415","url_text":"1722415"}]},{"reference":"Manivel, L. (2006), \"Configurations of lines and models of Lie algebras\", Journal of Algebra, 304 (1): 457–486, arXiv:math/0507118, doi:10.1016/j.jalgebra.2006.04.029, S2CID 17374533","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0507118","url_text":"math/0507118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jalgebra.2006.04.029","url_text":"10.1016/j.jalgebra.2006.04.029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17374533","url_text":"17374533"}]},{"reference":"McKay, John; Sebbar, Abdellah (2007). \"Replicable Functions: An Introduction\". Frontiers in Number Theory, Physics, and Geometry II. pp. 373–386. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30308-4_10. ISBN 978-3-540-30307-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-30308-4_10","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-540-30308-4_10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30307-7","url_text":"978-3-540-30307-7"}]},{"reference":"Plücker, J. (1839), Theorie der algebraischen Curven: gegrundet auf eine neue Behandlungsweise der analytischen Geometrie, Berlin: Adolph Marcus","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker","url_text":"Plücker, J."}]},{"reference":"Riemann, G. F. B. (1876), \"Zur Theorie der Abel'schen Funktionen für den Fall p = 3\", Ges. Werke, Leipzig, pp. 456–472","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann","url_text":"Riemann, G. F. B."}]},{"reference":"Shioda, Tetsuji (1995), \"Weierstrass transformations and cubic surfaces\" (PDF), Commentarii Mathematici Universitatis Sancti Pauli, 44 (1): 109–128, MR 1336422","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/293149021.pdf","url_text":"\"Weierstrass transformations and cubic surfaces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1336422","url_text":"1336422"}]},{"reference":"Trott, Michael (1997), \"Applying GroebnerBasis to Three Problems in Geometry\", Mathematica in Education and Research, 6 (1): 15–28","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1002.1960","external_links_name":"1002.1960"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgt.20597","external_links_name":"10.1002/jgt.20597"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:754481","external_links_name":"754481"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110411132940/http://www.neverendingbooks.org/index.php/arnolds-trinities.html","external_links_name":"Arnold's trinities"},{"Link":"http://www.neverendingbooks.org/index.php/arnolds-trinities.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pdmi.ras.ru/~arnsem/Arnold/arn-papers.html","external_links_name":"Lecture 2: Symplectization, Complexification and Mathematical Trinities"},{"Link":"http://www.pdmi.ras.ru/~arnsem/Arnold/a2src.zip","external_links_name":"TeX"},{"Link":"http://www.pdmi.ras.ru/~arnsem/Arnold/arnlect2.ps.gz","external_links_name":"PostScript"},{"Link":"http://www.neverendingbooks.org/DATA/ArnoldTrinities.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4153%2Fcmb-1964-038-6","external_links_name":"10.4153/cmb-1964-038-6"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.163.2944","external_links_name":"10.1.1.163.2944"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03023483","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF03023483"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0672918","external_links_name":"0672918"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14602496","external_links_name":"14602496"},{"Link":"http://www.msri.org/communications/books/Book35/files/gray.pdf","external_links_name":"Reprinted"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1722415","external_links_name":"1722415"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0507118","external_links_name":"math/0507118"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jalgebra.2006.04.029","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jalgebra.2006.04.029"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17374533","external_links_name":"17374533"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-30308-4_10","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-540-30308-4_10"},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/293149021.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Weierstrass transformations and cubic surfaces\""},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1336422","external_links_name":"1336422"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Bornhoff | Anna Bornhoff | ["1 Career","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | German football striker
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Anna Bornhoff" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Anna BornhoffPersonal informationFull name
Anna BornhoffDate of birth
(1981-11-17) November 17, 1981 (age 42)Place of birth
Hamm, GermanyPosition(s)
StrikerTeam informationCurrent team
1. FFC Turbine PotsdamYouth career–1991
SG Sendenhorst1991–1997
SC Germania StrombergSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1997–2000
SC Germania Stromberg
2000–2002
SpVgg Bayreuth
2002–2005
FC Eintracht Münchberg
2005–2007
TSV Crailsheim
2007–
1.FFC Turbine Potsdam
*Club domestic league appearances and goals‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 14 november 2007
Anna Bornhoff (born 17 November 1981 in Hamm) is a German football striker. She currently plays for 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam.
Career
Bornhoff began her career at the SG Sendenhorst. She then moved to the girls' team of SC Germania Stromberg. In 2000, she moved to the university in Bayreuth. She then played for SpVgg Bayreuth and FC Eintracht Münchberg. Bornhoff went to the second division side TSV Crailsheim in 2005. She became the team’s top scorer and won promotion to the Bundesliga. In 2007, she went to Berlin for a new job. She rejected offers from Tennis Borussia Berlin and newly promoted 1. FC Union Berlin and signed with 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam but cut her contract in late 2007 due to much work.
See also
Football in Germany
List of football clubs in Germany
References
External links
Official homepage of 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam
Portals: Biography Germany Women's association football Sports
This biographical article related to women's association football in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"football striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_striker"},{"link_name":"1. FFC Turbine Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FFC_Turbine_Potsdam"}],"text":"Anna Bornhoff (born 17 November 1981 in Hamm) is a German football striker. She currently plays for 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam.","title":"Anna Bornhoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth"},{"link_name":"SpVgg Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVgg_Bayreuth"},{"link_name":"TSV Crailsheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSV_Crailsheim"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundesliga_(women)"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Tennis Borussia Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Borussia_Berlin"},{"link_name":"1. FC Union Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Union_Berlin"}],"text":"Bornhoff began her career at the SG Sendenhorst. She then moved to the girls' team of SC Germania Stromberg. In 2000, she moved to the university in Bayreuth. She then played for SpVgg Bayreuth and FC Eintracht Münchberg. Bornhoff went to the second division side TSV Crailsheim in 2005. She became the team’s top scorer and won promotion to the Bundesliga. In 2007, she went to Berlin for a new job. She rejected offers from Tennis Borussia Berlin and newly promoted 1. FC Union Berlin and signed with 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam but cut her contract in late 2007 due to much work.","title":"Career"}] | [] | [{"title":"Football in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Germany"},{"title":"List of football clubs in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Germany"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anna+Bornhoff%22","external_links_name":"\"Anna Bornhoff\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anna+Bornhoff%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anna+Bornhoff%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anna+Bornhoff%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anna+Bornhoff%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anna+Bornhoff%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.ffc-turbine.de/","external_links_name":"Official homepage of 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Bornhoff&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferreras_de_Abajo | Ferreras de Abajo | ["1 Town hall","2 References"] | Coordinates: 41°54′N 6°05′W / 41.900°N 6.083°W / 41.900; -6.083This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ferreras de Abajo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Place in Castile and León, SpainFerreras de Abajo, Spain
SealCountry SpainAutonomous community Castile and LeónProvince ZamoraMunicipalityFerreras de AbajoArea • Total88 km2 (34 sq mi)Population (2018) • Total519 • Density5.9/km2 (15/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Websitewww.aytoferrerasabajo.es
Ferreras de Abajo is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2009 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 601 inhabitants.
Town hall
Ferreras de Abajo is home to the town hall of 2 towns:
Ferreras de Abajo (377 inhabitants, INE 2020).
Litos (102 inhabitants, INE 2020).
References
^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
41°54′N 6°05′W / 41.900°N 6.083°W / 41.900; -6.083
vteMunicipalities in the province of Zamora
Abezames
Alcañices (Alcañices, Alcorcillo, Vivinera, Santa Ana)
Alcubilla de Nogales
Alfaraz de Sayago
Algodre
Almaraz de Duero
Almeida de Sayago
Andavías
Arcenillas
Arcos de la Polvorosa
Argañín
Argujillo
Arquillinos
Arrabalde
Aspariegos
Asturianos
Ayoó de Vidriales
Barcial del Barco
Belver de los Montes
Benavente
Benegiles
Bermillo de Sayago
Bretocino
Bretó
Brime de Sog
Brime de Urz
Burganes de Valverde
Bustillo del Oro
Cabañas de Sayago
Calzadilla de Tera
Camarzana de Tera
Carbajales de Alba
Carbellino
Casaseca de Campeán
Casaseca de las Chanas
Castrillo de la Guareña
Castrogonzalo
Castronuevo
Castroverde de Campos
Cazurra
Cañizal
Cañizo
Cerecinos de Campos
Cerecinos del Carrizal
Cernadilla
Chanos
Cobreros
Coomonte
Coreses
Corrales del Vino
Cotanes del Monte
Cubillos
Cubo de Benavente
Cuelgamures
El Cubo de Tierra del Vino
El Maderal
El Pego
El Perdigón
El Piñero
Entrala
Espadañedo
Faramontanos de Tábara
Fariza
Fermoselle
Ferreras de Abajo
Ferreras de Arriba
Ferreruela
Figueruela de Arriba
Fonfría
Fresno de Sayago
Fresno de la Polvorosa
Fresno de la Ribera
Friera de Valverde
Fuente Encalada
Fuentelapeña
Fuentes de Ropel
Fuentesaúco
Fuentesecas
Fuentespreadas
Galende
Gallegos del Pan
Gallegos del Río
Gamones
Gema
Granja de Moreruela
Granucillo
Guarrate
Hermisende
Jambrina
Justel
La Bóveda de Toro
La Hiniesta
La Torre del Valle
Losacino
Losacio
Lubián
Luelmo
Madridanos
Mahide
Maire de Castroponce
Malva
Manganeses de la Lampreana
Manganeses de la Polvorosa
Manzanal de Arriba
Manzanal de los Infantes
Manzanal del Barco
Matilla de Arzón
Matilla la Seca
Mayalde
Melgar de Tera
Micereces de Tera
Milles de la Polvorosa
Molacillos
Molezuelas de la Carballeda
Mombuey
Monfarracinos
Montamarta
Moral de Sayago
Moraleja de Sayago
Moraleja del Vino
Morales de Rey
Morales de Toro
Morales de Valverde
Morales del Vino
Moralina
Moreruela de Tábara
Moreruela de los Infanzones
Muelas de los Caballeros
Muelas del Pan
Muga de Sayago
Navianos de Valverde
Olmillos de Castro (San Martín de Tábara, Olmillos de Castro, Marquiz de Alba, Navianos de Alba)
Otero de Bodas
Pajares de la Lampreana
Palacios de Sanabria (Palacios de Sanabria, Vime de Sanabria, Otero de Sanabria, Remesal de Sanabria)
Palacios del Pan
Pedralba de la Pradería
Peleagonzalo
Peleas de Abajo
Peque
Pereruela
Perilla de Castro
Peñausende
Piedrahita de Castro
Pinilla de Toro
Pino del Oro
Pobladura de Valderaduey
Pobladura del Valle
Porto de Sanabria
Pozoantiguo
Pozuelo de Tábara
Prado
Puebla de Sanabria
Pueblica de Valverde
Pías
Quintanilla de Urz
Quintanilla del Monte
Quintanilla del Olmo
Quiruelas de Vidriales
Rabanales
Requejo
Revellinos
Riofrío de Aliste
Rionegro del Puente
Roales
Robleda-Cervantes
Roelos de Sayago
Rosinos de la Requejada
Rábano de Aliste
Salce
Samir de los Caños
San Agustín del Pozo
San Cebrián de Castro
San Cristóbal de Entreviñas
San Esteban del Molar
San Justo
San Martín de Valderaduey
San Miguel de la Ribera
San Miguel del Valle
San Pedro de Ceque
San Pedro de la Nave-Almendra
San Vicente de la Cabeza
San Vitero
Santa Clara de Avedillo
Santa Colomba de las Monjas
Santa Cristina de la Polvorosa
Santa Croya de Tera
Santa Eufemia del Barco
Santa María de Valverde
Santa María de la Vega
Santibáñez de Tera
Santibáñez de Vidriales
Santovenia
Sanzoles
Tapioles
Toro
Torregamones
Torres del Carrizal
Trabazos
Trefacio
Tábara
Uña de Quintana
Vadillo de la Guareña
Valcabado
Valdefinjas
Valdescorriel
Vallesa de la Guareña
Vega de Tera
Vega de Villalobos
Vegalatrave
Venialbo
Vezdemarbán
Vidayanes
Videmala
Villabrázaro
Villabuena del Puente
Villadepera
Villaescusa
Villaferrueña
Villafáfila
Villageriz
Villalazán
Villalba de la Lampreana
Villalcampo
Villalobos
Villalonso
Villalpando
Villalube
Villamayor de Campos
Villamor de los Escuderos
Villanueva de Azoague
Villanueva de Campeán
Villanueva de las Peras
Villanueva del Campo
Villanázar
Villar de Fallaves
Villar del Buey
Villaralbo
Villardeciervos
Villardiegua de la Ribera
Villardondiego
Villarrín de Campos
Villaseco del Pan
Villavendimio
Villaveza de Valverde
Villaveza del Agua
Villárdiga
Viñas
Zamora
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article about a location in the province of Zamora, Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"province of Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora_(province)"},{"link_name":"Castile and León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"INE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)"}],"text":"Place in Castile and León, SpainFerreras de Abajo is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2009 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 601 inhabitants.","title":"Ferreras de Abajo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_hall"},{"link_name":"INE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Litos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Litos_(Zamora)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"INE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)"}],"text":"Ferreras de Abajo is home to the town hall of 2 towns:Ferreras de Abajo (377 inhabitants, INE 2020).\nLitos (102 inhabitants, INE 2020).","title":"Town hall"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ferreras_de_Abajo¶ms=41_54_N_6_05_W_region:ES_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"41°54′N 6°05′W / 41.900°N 6.083°W / 41.900; -6.083"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ferreras+de+Abajo%22","external_links_name":"\"Ferreras de Abajo\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ferreras+de+Abajo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ferreras+de+Abajo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ferreras+de+Abajo%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ferreras+de+Abajo%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ferreras+de+Abajo%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.aytoferrerasabajo.es/","external_links_name":"www.aytoferrerasabajo.es"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ferreras_de_Abajo¶ms=41_54_N_6_05_W_region:ES_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"41°54′N 6°05′W / 41.900°N 6.083°W / 41.900; -6.083"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316736110","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferreras_de_Abajo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Science_Center | Michigan Science Center | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°21′30″N 83°03′44″W / 42.35844°N 83.062130°W / 42.35844; -83.062130Science museum in Detroit, Michigan
Michigan Science Center
The Michigan Science Center (MiSci) is a Smithsonian-affiliate science museum in Detroit, Michigan. The mission of the Michigan Science Center is to inspire curious minds of all ages to discover, explore and appreciate science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) in a creative, dynamic learning environment. As a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, MiSci relies on the generous support of donors, sponsors, community partners and members.
Boasting over 220+ interactive activities, live stage shows, pop-up pocket demonstrations and distance-learning programs, the Michigan Science Center is a community STEM hub serving the entire state through virtual and traveling science programs.
The Michigan Science Center features an IMAX Dome Theatre; the Dassault Systèmes Planetarium; the Toyota Engineering 4D Theater; the DTE Energy Sparks Theater; the Chrysler Science Stage; a 8,700-square-foot (810 m2) Science Hall for traveling exhibits; exhibit galleries focusing on space, life and physical science; the United States Steel Fun Factory; an exhibit gallery just for pint-size scientists; and more.
History
Dexter Ferry is credited for the vision and dedication that led to the creation of the Detroit Science Center; the Detroit-area businessman and philanthropist founded the center in 1970. In 1978, the DSC moved to its Midtown, Detroit, facility designed by Master Architect William Henry Kessler of Detroit-based William Kessler Associates in the midtown cultural center adjacent to the Detroit Institute of Arts and Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History.
The center was closed briefly in the early 1990s after losing funding from the State of Michigan, but re-opened in 1991. The Detroit Science Center operated until 1999 when it closed for construction on a $30 million renovation and expansion - tripling the available exhibit space and adding new theater and performance areas. Neumann/Smith Architecture completed the
67,600 sq ft (6,280 m2). addition and 51,000 sq ft (4,700 m2). renovation. The Detroit Science Center had a grand re-opening celebration in July 2001 and continued to expand, adding a new Digital Dome Planetarium in December 2001 and a 4D Toyota Engineering Theater in 2008.
In partnership with the Thompson Educational Foundation, the Detroit Science Center embarked in April 2008 on another expansion of 80,000 sq ft (7,400 m2). to create a new college-prep charter school named University Prep Science & Math Middle School on its downtown campus. The school facility has classrooms, a gymnasium with locker rooms, food service, and offices, and shares conference space and lobby with the Detroit Science Center. Two Detroit companies completed the new addition, GunnLevine Architects (Architect of Record) and DeMaria Building Company.
On September 26, 2011, the Detroit Science Center closed due to monetary issues. Several planned events, programs, and trips were either postponed or rescheduled to take place at the Detroit Children's Museum. (Ironically, the Detroit Children's Museum itself was closed in December 2011 due to financial difficulties, but reopened in February 2012 solely to Detroit Public School students and lacking Detroit Science Center affiliation.)
On September 7, 2012, local Detroit news reports indicated that a new organization, the Michigan Science Center, would open and operate the facility. A spokesperson stated funding over the past year had been "significant" but did not disclose numbers. A board of directors for the Michigan Science Center first met on September 10, 2012. The Michigan Science Center began operations on December 26, 2012.
See also
List of science centers
References
^ "Detroit Science Center". Encyclopedia of Detroit. Detroit Historical Museum. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
External links
Michigan Science Center
University Prep Science & Math
Thompson Educational Foundation
vteMidtown DetroitAreas
Brush Park
Cass Farm Multiple Property Submission
Cass Corridor
Cass-Davenport Historic District
Cass Park Historic District
Cultural Center Historic District
East Ferry Avenue Historic District
Education
Wayne State University (More information)
Detroit Public Library Main Library
Detroit Public Schools
Cass Tech
UPA Middle and UPSM Middle
Jefferson Intermediate School
Detroit Institute of Technology (closed) Former K–12 school buildings
Clay School
Saints Peter and Paul Academy
Hospitals
Detroit Medical Center
Children's Hospital of Michigan
Detroit Receiving Hospital
Harper University Hospital
Hutzel Women's Hospital
Museums
Detroit Historical Museum
Detroit Institute of Arts
Michigan Science Center
Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History
Clubs
Detroit Masonic Temple
Scarab Club
ResidencesSingle family houses
William C. Boydell House
Charles Lang Freer House
Bernard Ginsburg House
Robert M. and Matilda (Kitch) Grindley House
Col. Frank J. Hecker House
Hudson-Evans House
Mulford T. Hunter House
Inn at 97 Winder
Albert Kahn House
George W. Loomer House
Perry McAdow House
Samuel L. Smith House
Thomas S. Sprague House
Herman Strasburg House
Elisha Taylor House
David Whitney House
Multifamily houses
2643 Park Avenue
Belcrest Apartments
Chatsworth Apartments
Coronado Apartments
Eddystone
Garfield Lofts
Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments
League of Catholic Women Building
Milner Arms Apartments
Helen Newberry Nurses Home
The Park Shelton
Santa Fe Apartments
Stuberstone Lofts
Thompson Home
Verona Apartments
Religion
Cass Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church
Cathedral Church of St. Paul
Chapel of St. Theresa-the Little Flower
First Congregational Church
First Presbyterian Church
First Unitarian Church of Detroit
Saint Andrew's Memorial Episcopal Church
Temple Beth-El
Utility buildings
Willis Avenue Station
Commercial buildings
Architects Building
Cass Motor Sales
Detroit-Columbia Central Office Building
Graybar Electric Company Building
Russell Industrial Center
Public facilities
Dunbar Hospital
Majestic Theater
Garden Bowl
Orchestra Hall
Little Caesars Arena
This list is incomplete.
vte City of Detroit
Architecture
Culture
Detroit River
Economy
Fire & rescue
Freeways
Government
History
timeline
Historic places
International Riverfront
Media
Music
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Police and crime
Performing arts
Skyscrapers
Sports
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Transportation
Water works
Metro Detroit
Michigan
United States
vteArchitecture of metropolitan DetroitSkyscrapers10 tallest
Renaissance Center
One Detroit Center
Penobscot
RenCen Towers 100-400
Guardian
Book Tower
150 West Jefferson
20 tallest
Fisher
Cadillac Tower
Stott
One Woodward Avenue
McNamara Federal
DTE Energy
Broderick
211 West Fort
Buhl
Westin Book Cadillac Hotel
Hollywood Casino
30 tallest
First National
Cadillac Centre
RenCen Towers 500-600
1001 Woodward
Millender Center
AT&T
Chrysler House
Jeffersonian
Blue Cross Blue Shield
Coleman A. Young Municipal Center
40 tallest
Penobscot Annex
Lafayette East
Riverfront Tower 300
Riverfront Tower 200
Whitney
Washington Square
Riverfront Tower 100
Water Board
Washington Boulevard
50 tallest
Riverside Hotel
Fort Shelby Hotel
Industrial-Stevens
Ford
Leland
Fyfe
Grand Park Centre
Compuware
United Artists Theatre
Michigan Central Station
Cadillac Place
60 tallest
MGM Grand Detroit
MotorCity Casino Hotel
The Qube
Maccabees
Fort Washington Plaza
One Kennedy Square
Detroit Free Press
Metropolitan
Wardell
70–195 tallest
Kales
Masonic Temple
Town Apartments
Michigan Building
Park Avenue House
Penobscot Building (1905)
1212 Griswold
Belcrest
Griswold Building
Harvard Square
Professional Plaza Tower
Vinton
Detroit Building
Fox Theatre
Lawyers Building
Levin United States Courthouse
Marquette
New Center
Fisher
Cadillac Place
Argonaut Building
Henry Ford Hospital
New Center Building
East side
Lafayette Park
Jeffersonian
Detroit Towers
The Kean
The Whittier
Harbortown Apartments
Suburban
Southfield Town Center
American Center
Top of Troy
Tower Plaza
Adoba Hotel
Parklane Towers
Chrysler Headquarters
Low riseunder 10 storiesselectedDowntown
411
Bankers Trust
Cass Building
Detroit Athletic Club
Detroit Club
Detroit Cornice and Slate
Fillmore
Harmonie Centre
Harmonie Club
L. B. King
Opera House
Music Hall
Merchants
One Griswold Street
Wayne County Building
Wright-Kay
Savoyard Centre
Midtown
Orchestra Hall
Metropolitan Center
Phoenix Group
Old Main
Rackham Building
McGregor Memorial Conference Center
Verona
Wayne State University Buildings
Clay Office
North
University of Detroit Mercy
Detroit Golf Club
East side
Alden Park Towers
Brewery Park
Coronado
El Tovar
Garden Court
Milner Arms
Riverwalk Hotel
Pasadena
Suburban
Country Club of Detroit
The Dearborn Inn
GM Technical Center
Royal Park Hotel
Inn at St. John's
Townsend Hotel
Parks and gardens
Belle Isle
Cranbrook
Campus Martius
Grand Circus
Metroparks
Matthaei Botanical Gardens
Riverfront parks
Detroit Zoo
Museums and libraries
Cranbrook Educational Community
Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History
Detroit Historical Museum
Detroit Institute of Arts
Detroit Public Library
Detroit Science Center
Edsel and Eleanor Ford House
Fair Lane
Ford Piquette Avenue Plant
The Henry Ford
Meadowbrook Hall
Pewabic Pottery
Southfield Public Library
University of Michigan Museum of Art
Religious landmarks
Religious landmarks
Performance centers
Theatres and performing arts venues
NeighborhoodHistoric DistrictsResidential
Arden Park-East Boston
Atkinson Avenue
Beverly Road
Boston-Edison
Brush Park
Canton Township MPS
Corktown
East Ferry
East Grand Boulevard
East Jefferson Avenue
Grosse Pointe
Highland Heights-Stevens' Sub.
Indian Village
Layafette Park
Northville
Palmer Park Apartments
Palmer Park Blvd.
Palmer Woods
Park Avenue
Rosedale Gardens
Rosedale Park
Sherwood Forest
Virginia Park
Warren-Prentis
West Canfield
West Village
Willis-Selden
Woodbridge
Woodward East
(See also: Historic homes)
Mixed-use
Adams Street
Broadway Avenue
Capitol Park
Cass Park
Cass-Davenport
Congress Street
Cultural Center
Eastern Market
Eastside Cemetery
Financial District
Grand Boulevard
Grand Circus
Grand River Avenue
Gratiot Avenue
Griswold Street
Greektown
West Jefferson Avenue
Jefferson Chalmers
Larned Street
Michigan Avenue
Monroe Avenue
New Amsterdam
New Center
Piquette Avenue
Randolph Street
Shelby Street
State Street
Sugar Hill
University–Cultural Center
Washington Boulevard
Wayne State University
West Vernor-Junction
West Vernor-Lawndale
West Vernor-Springwells
Lower Woodward
Midtown Woodward
Woodward Avenue
See also: List of tallest buildings in Detroit
42°21′30″N 83°03′44″W / 42.35844°N 83.062130°W / 42.35844; -83.062130 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michigan_Science_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"}],"text":"Science museum in Detroit, MichiganMichigan Science CenterThe Michigan Science Center (MiSci) is a Smithsonian-affiliate science museum in Detroit, Michigan. The mission of the Michigan Science Center is to inspire curious minds of all ages to discover, explore and appreciate science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) in a creative, dynamic learning environment. 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The Detroit Science Center operated until 1999 when it closed for construction on a $30 million renovation and expansion - tripling the available exhibit space and adding new theater and performance areas. Neumann/Smith Architecture completed the \n67,600 sq ft (6,280 m2). addition and 51,000 sq ft (4,700 m2). renovation. The Detroit Science Center had a grand re-opening celebration in July 2001 and continued to expand, adding a new Digital Dome Planetarium in December 2001 and a 4D Toyota Engineering Theater in 2008.In partnership with the Thompson Educational Foundation, the Detroit Science Center embarked in April 2008 on another expansion of 80,000 sq ft (7,400 m2). to create a new college-prep charter school named University Prep Science & Math Middle School on its downtown campus. The school facility has classrooms, a gymnasium with locker rooms, food service, and offices, and shares conference space and lobby with the Detroit Science Center. 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The Michigan Science Center began operations on December 26, 2012.[1]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Michigan Science Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Michigan_Science_Center.jpg/220px-Michigan_Science_Center.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of science centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_centers"}] | [{"reference":"\"Detroit Science Center\". Encyclopedia of Detroit. Detroit Historical Museum. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Koyabu | Osamu Koyabu | ["1 Career","2 Notes","3 External links"] | Rugby playerOsamu KoyabuDate of birth (1947-10-24) October 24, 1947 (age 76)Place of birthKyoto, JapanHeight5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Weight211 lb (96 kg)SchoolYodogawa High SchoolUniversityDoshisha UniversityRugby union careerPosition(s)
Fly-halfAmateur team(s)Years
Team
Apps
(Points)
Yodogawa High School
()
Doshisha University
()Senior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1970-1977
Nippon Steel Kamaishi
()International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1974
Japan
1
(4)Coaching careerYears
Team1976-1981
Nippon Steel Kamaishi(player-coach)1992-1995
Japan
Osamu Koyabu (小藪修, Koyabu Osamu), (born 24 October 1947 in Osaka) is a Japanese former rugby union player and coach. He played as a fly-half.
Career
Hailing from Osaka Prefecture, Koyabu was educated at Doshisha University, where he was the driving force of the West League consecutive wins as the team captain. In 1970 after graduation, he worked for Mitsubishi Motors Kyoto, but he joined Nippon Steel Kamaishi, with which he would win several times the Kansai League A and the 1977 All Japan Championship, as player-coach. In that year, Koyabu retired as player and he led Nippon Steel Kamaishi between 1976 and 1981, during the club's seven consecutive titles in the All-Japan Championship.
In 1974, Koyabu was called up by the then-coach of the Japanese national team Ryo Saito to play for Japan, with which Koyabu only played a test match against Sri Lanka, in Colombo, scoring a try in the match, winning the 4th edition of the Asia Rugby Championship.
In 1992, Koyabu returned to the Japan national rugby union team, being appointed as head coach, replacing Hiroaki Shukuzawa.
He also led Japan in the 1995 Rugby World Cup campaign, however, after the defeat against the All Blacks at Bloemfontein, known in the Japanese press as The Nightmare of Bloemfontein (ブルームフォンテンの悪夢, Burūmufonten no akumu), he resigned from his post. Currently, Koyabu works in a company affiliated to Nippon Steel.
Notes
^ "Une grande équipe historique japonaise: Kamaishi Sea Waves". Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
External links
Osamu Koyabu at ESPNscrum
Sporting positions
Preceded by Hiroaki Shukuzawa
Japan National Rugby Union Coach 1992-1995
Succeeded by Iwao Yamamoto
vteJapan squad – 1995 Rugby World CupForwards
Ota
Takahashi
Takura
Kunda (c)
Hirotsu
Hamabe
Sakuraba
Ferguson
Akatsuka
Kajihara
Sinali Latu
Izawa
Sione Latu
Haneda
Backs
Matsuda
Imazumi
Kutsuki
Masuho
A. Yoshida
Oto
Hirao
Y. Yoshida
Horikoshi
Motoki
Matsuo
Hirose
Murata
Coach: Koyabu
This Japanese rugby union biography is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"}],"text":"Rugby playerOsamu Koyabu (小藪修, Koyabu Osamu), (born 24 October 1947 in Osaka) is a Japanese former rugby union player and coach. He played as a fly-half.","title":"Osamu Koyabu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doshisha University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doshisha_University"},{"link_name":"Nippon Steel Kamaishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaishi_Seawaves"},{"link_name":"Japanese national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Ryo Saito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryo_Saito_(rugby)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Asia Rugby Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"Japan national rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Hiroaki Shukuzawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroaki_Shukuzawa"},{"link_name":"1995 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"All Blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Blacks"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nippon Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Steel"}],"text":"Hailing from Osaka Prefecture, Koyabu was educated at Doshisha University, where he was the driving force of the West League consecutive wins as the team captain. In 1970 after graduation, he worked for Mitsubishi Motors Kyoto, but he joined Nippon Steel Kamaishi, with which he would win several times the Kansai League A and the 1977 All Japan Championship, as player-coach. In that year, Koyabu retired as player and he led Nippon Steel Kamaishi between 1976 and 1981, during the club's seven consecutive titles in the All-Japan Championship. \nIn 1974, Koyabu was called up by the then-coach of the Japanese national team Ryo Saito to play for Japan, with which Koyabu only played a test match against Sri Lanka, in Colombo, scoring a try in the match, winning the 4th edition of the Asia Rugby Championship. \nIn 1992, Koyabu returned to the Japan national rugby union team, being appointed as head coach, replacing Hiroaki Shukuzawa. \nHe also led Japan in the 1995 Rugby World Cup campaign, however, after the defeat against the All Blacks at Bloemfontein, known in the Japanese press as The Nightmare of Bloemfontein (ブルームフォンテンの悪夢, Burūmufonten no akumu), he resigned from his post.[1] Currently, Koyabu works in a company affiliated to Nippon Steel.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Une grande équipe historique japonaise: Kamaishi Sea Waves\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170909052518/http://www.japonrugby.net/une-grande-equipe-historique-japonaise-kamaishi-sea-waves.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.japonrugby.net/une-grande-equipe-historique-japonaise-kamaishi-sea-waves.php"}],"text":"^ \"Une grande équipe historique japonaise: Kamaishi Sea Waves\". Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Une grande équipe historique japonaise: Kamaishi Sea Waves\". Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170909052518/http://www.japonrugby.net/une-grande-equipe-historique-japonaise-kamaishi-sea-waves.php","url_text":"\"Une grande équipe historique japonaise: Kamaishi Sea Waves\""},{"url":"http://www.japonrugby.net/une-grande-equipe-historique-japonaise-kamaishi-sea-waves.php","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170909052518/http://www.japonrugby.net/une-grande-equipe-historique-japonaise-kamaishi-sea-waves.php","external_links_name":"\"Une grande équipe historique japonaise: Kamaishi Sea Waves\""},{"Link":"http://www.japonrugby.net/une-grande-equipe-historique-japonaise-kamaishi-sea-waves.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://en.espn.co.uk/scrum/rugby/player/8327.html","external_links_name":"Osamu Koyabu"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osamu_Koyabu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard-Joseph_Chaussegros_de_L%C3%A9ry_(military_engineer) | Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (1682–1756) | ["1 Early life","2 Chief Engineer","3 Family","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | For his son, see Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (1721–1797).
Gaspard Chaussegros de LéryChief Engineer of New FranceIn office1719–1756Preceded byJosué Boisberthelot de BeaucoursSucceeded byNicolas Sarrebouce de Pontleroy
Personal detailsBorn(1682-10-03)October 3, 1682Toulon, FranceDiedMarch 23, 1756(1756-03-23) (aged 73)Québec City, New FranceSpouseMarie-Renée Legardeur de Beauvais
Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (October 3, 1682 – March 23, 1756), was Louis XV's Chief Engineer of New France. He is recognised as the father of the first truly Canadian architecture. In 2006, the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada designated him a person of national historic importance. It highlighted his contribution to the development of New France through the quality, variety, importance and scope of his work in the fields of military engineering, civil and religious architecture, and urban planning.
Early life
The Governor's Pavilion at the Château Saint-Louis, Quebec City, as designed by Léry, 1725
Château Vaudreuil, as drawn on its completion by de Léry, 1727
Plan of Montreal laid out by de Léry, 1731.
Baptised at Toulon Cathedral in 1682, he was the son of Gaspard d'Estienne de Chaussegros (d.1690), King's engineer and the architect of Toulon in Provence, by his first wife, Anne Vidal de Léry. His family were ennobled in 1325 and long settled in Provence, where their principal residence was the Château de Mimet, near Aix-en-Provence. Mimet was given away as a dowry in 1700 on the marriage of his aunt, Lucrèce d'Estienne de Chaussegros, to Charles II (1675-1741) de Grimaldi, Marquis de Régusse; President of the Parlement of Aix-en-Provence; grandson of Charles de Grimaldi-Régusse.
From his family papers kept at the National Archives of Canada, Chaussegros de Léry enjoyed the patronage of various high-ranking relatives of King Louis XV. Throughout his life he kept up a friendly personal correspondence with Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse, and the Duc de Penthièvre, who all expressed their affection for him and his family and assured of him of their support. He was probably trained as a military engineer by his father, afterwards serving in an engineering capacity in the French Royal Army. He fought at the Battle of Turin as aide-de-camp to the Marquis de Vibraye. In 1708, he took part in the abortive attempt to land James, the Old Pretender, at Scotland. He was afterwards a captain in the Régiment de Sault.
In 1714, he completed a long manuscript, never published, entitled Traité de fortification divisé en huit livres. By 1716, he was employed within the Ministre de la Marine and sent to New France to prepare plans of the existing Fortifications at Quebec and to recommend those required to protect the city from attack. This mission led to a permanent appointment as King Louis XV's Chief Engineer there, a post he held from 1719 until his death.
Chief Engineer
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Chaussegros' achievements were subject to the will of Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas, at Versailles. The public works for which Chaussegros was responsible included the Fortifications of Quebec and Montreal; Fort Niagara, Fort Chambly, Fort Saint-Frédéric and Fort Sault-Saint-Louis; Château Vaudreuil at Montreal; The Governor's Pavilion of the Château Saint-Louis at Quebec; design of the façade of Notre-Dame Church at Montreal; repairs to the Bishop's Palace at Quebec; designs for a Palais de Justice at Trois-Rivières; following the Siege of Quebec, the Notre-Dame Basilica-Cathedral at Quebec was rebuilt from plans draughted by him in 1743; studies of a canal from Lachine to Montreal; consultation with respect to the Saint-Maurice Ironworks and the mines in the region of Baie-Saint-Paul; and plans for shipyards and drydocks on the Rivière Saint-Charles at Quebec.
Family
In 1717, at Quebec, he married Marie-Renée, daughter of Captain René Le Gardeur de Beauvais (1660-1742), holder of the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Louis, and his first wife Marie-Barbe, daughter of Chevalier Pierre de Saint-Ours de L'Échaillon (1640-1724), Captain in the Carignan-Salières Regiment. Her family were originally from Thury-Harcourt and ennobled in 1510. In 1636, her ancestor Pierre Le Gardeur de Repentigny (1605-1648) established the family in New France, obtaining the seigneuries of Repentigny (named for the seigneury in Normandy of his maternal grandfather, Pierre de Corday de Repentigny) and Bécancour in 1647. Gaspard and Marie-Renée were the parents of nine children:
Marie-Gertrude Chaussegros de Léry (1720-1721), died young
Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (1721-1797). He was the father of François-Joseph, Vicomte de Léry who married a daughter of Général François Christophe de Kellermann, 1st Duc de Valmy and Marshal of France; The Hon. Louis-René Chaussegros de Léry; The Hon. Charles-Étienne Chaussegros de Léry; and Catherine, the wife of Jacques-Philippe Saveuse de Beaujeu and mother of Georges-René Saveuse de Beaujeu.
René-Antoine Chaussegros de Léry (1722-1722), died young.
Marie-Madeleine-Régis Chaussegros de Léry (1723-1784), married her cousin Colonel Louis Le Gardeur de Repentigny (1721-1786), Governor of Senegal.
Marie-Jeanne-Geneviève Chaussegros de Léry (1725-1730), died young
Louise-Madeleine Chaussegros de Léry (1726-1809), married Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière. They were the parents of Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbinière, de jure 2nd Marquis de Lotbinière.
Charles Chaussegros de Léry (b.1728), lieutenant in the Infantry, was killed at Kourou in French Guiana sometime after 1767.
Josèphe-Antoinette Chaussegros de Léry (b.1729)
Marie-Gilles Chaussegros de Léry (1732-1803). At France in 1761, she married Jean-Marie Landrièves des Bordes (1712-1778), of Château d'Artanes; Chief King's Scrivener and Commissary of the Marine. Her dowry was 12,000 livres while his fortune was reported to be 900,000 livres
See also
Château Vaudreuil
Canadian peers and baronets
References
^ Biography of Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry in the Canadian Encyclopedia
^ "Government of Canada". Archived from the original on November 19, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
^ La Famille Vidal de Léry
^ a b c Thorpe, F. J. (1974). "Chaussegros de Léry, Gaspard-Joseph". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
^ Bond, C. C. J. (1979) . "Saint-Ours, Pierre de". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
^ Un Canadien Gouverneur du Senegal
^ Family of Pierre LeGardeur de Repentigny
External links
Study of Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry at Stony Brook University
Biography of Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry in the Canadian Encyclopedia
Biography of Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry in Vieux Montreal
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
ULAN
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (1721–1797)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard-Joseph_Chaussegros_de_L%C3%A9ry_(1721%E2%80%931797)"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"Canadian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_Board_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For his son, see Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (1721–1797).Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (October 3, 1682 – March 23, 1756), was Louis XV's Chief Engineer of New France. He is recognised as the father of the first truly Canadian architecture.[1] In 2006, the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada designated him a person of national historic importance. 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Throughout his life he kept up a friendly personal correspondence with Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse, and the Duc de Penthièvre, who all expressed their affection for him and his family and assured of him of their support.[4] He was probably trained as a military engineer by his father, afterwards serving in an engineering capacity in the French Royal Army. He fought at the Battle of Turin as aide-de-camp to the Marquis de Vibraye.[4] In 1708, he took part in the abortive attempt to land James, the Old Pretender, at Scotland. He was afterwards a captain in the Régiment de Sault.In 1714, he completed a long manuscript, never published, entitled Traité de fortification divisé en huit livres. By 1716, he was employed within the Ministre de la Marine and sent to New France to prepare plans of the existing Fortifications at Quebec and to recommend those required to protect the city from attack. This mission led to a permanent appointment as King Louis XV's Chief Engineer there, a post he held from 1719 until his death.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Fortifications of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramparts_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Fort Niagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Niagara"},{"link_name":"Fort Chambly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Chambly"},{"link_name":"Fort Saint-Frédéric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Saint-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric"},{"link_name":"Château Vaudreuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Vaudreuil"},{"link_name":"Château Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_Church_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"Trois-Rivières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Siege of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Quebec_(1759)"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame Basilica-Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_Basilica-Cathedral_(Quebec_City)"},{"link_name":"canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"Lachine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachine,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Baie-Saint-Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie-Saint-Paul"},{"link_name":"Rivière Saint-Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_Saint-Charles"}],"text":"Chaussegros' achievements were subject to the will of Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas, at Versailles. 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Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Scrivener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrivener"},{"link_name":"Commissary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissary"},{"link_name":"Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Marine_(France)"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"}],"text":"In 1717, at Quebec, he married Marie-Renée, daughter of Captain René Le Gardeur de Beauvais (1660-1742), holder of the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Louis, and his first wife Marie-Barbe, daughter of Chevalier Pierre de Saint-Ours de L'Échaillon (1640-1724), Captain in the Carignan-Salières Regiment.[5] Her family were originally from Thury-Harcourt and ennobled in 1510.[6] In 1636, her ancestor Pierre Le Gardeur de Repentigny (1605-1648) established the family in New France, obtaining the seigneuries of Repentigny (named for the seigneury in Normandy of his maternal grandfather, Pierre de Corday de Repentigny) and Bécancour in 1647.[7] Gaspard and Marie-Renée were the parents of nine children:[citation needed]Marie-Gertrude Chaussegros de Léry (1720-1721), died young\nGaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (1721-1797). He was the father of François-Joseph, Vicomte de Léry who married a daughter of Général François Christophe de Kellermann, 1st Duc de Valmy and Marshal of France; The Hon. Louis-René Chaussegros de Léry; The Hon. Charles-Étienne Chaussegros de Léry; and Catherine, the wife of Jacques-Philippe Saveuse de Beaujeu and mother of Georges-René Saveuse de Beaujeu.\nRené-Antoine Chaussegros de Léry (1722-1722), died young.\nMarie-Madeleine-Régis Chaussegros de Léry (1723-1784), married her cousin Colonel Louis Le Gardeur de Repentigny (1721-1786), Governor of Senegal.\nMarie-Jeanne-Geneviève Chaussegros de Léry (1725-1730), died young\nLouise-Madeleine Chaussegros de Léry (1726-1809), married Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière. They were the parents of Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbinière, de jure 2nd Marquis de Lotbinière.\nCharles Chaussegros de Léry (b.1728), lieutenant in the Infantry, was killed at Kourou in French Guiana sometime after 1767.\nJosèphe-Antoinette Chaussegros de Léry (b.1729)\nMarie-Gilles Chaussegros de Léry (1732-1803). At France in 1761, she married Jean-Marie Landrièves des Bordes (1712-1778), of Château d'Artanes; Chief King's Scrivener and Commissary of the Marine. Her dowry was 12,000 livres while his fortune was reported to be 900,000 livres","title":"Family"}] | [{"image_text":"The Governor's Pavilion at the Château Saint-Louis, Quebec City, as designed by Léry, 1725","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Plans_et_elevations_du_chateau_Saint-Louis_par_Chaussegros_de_Lery.jpg/220px-Plans_et_elevations_du_chateau_Saint-Louis_par_Chaussegros_de_Lery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Château Vaudreuil, as drawn on its completion by de Léry, 1727","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chateau_de_Vaudreuil_-_Montreal_1727.jpg/220px-Chateau_de_Vaudreuil_-_Montreal_1727.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plan of Montreal laid out by de Léry, 1731.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Montr%C3%A9al_1731.jpg/220px-Montr%C3%A9al_1731.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Château Vaudreuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Vaudreuil"},{"title":"Canadian peers and baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_peers_and_baronets"}] | [{"reference":"\"Government of Canada\". Archived from the original on November 19, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131119235156/http://www.quebec400.gc.ca/histoires-stories/gaspard-joseph-eng.cfm","url_text":"\"Government of Canada\""},{"url":"http://www.quebec400.gc.ca/histoires-stories/gaspard-joseph-eng.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thorpe, F. J. (1974). \"Chaussegros de Léry, Gaspard-Joseph\". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/chaussegros_de_lery_gaspard_joseph_1682_1756_3E.html","url_text":"\"Chaussegros de Léry, Gaspard-Joseph\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"}]},{"reference":"Bond, C. C. J. (1979) [1969]. \"Saint-Ours, Pierre de\". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/saint_ours_pierre_de_2E.html","url_text":"\"Saint-Ours, Pierre de\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903063826/http://www.etoilesaintmichel.cef.fr/mimet-013.htm","external_links_name":"Mimet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120413194905/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/gaspardjoseph-chaussegros-de-lery","external_links_name":"Biography of Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry in the Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131119235156/http://www.quebec400.gc.ca/histoires-stories/gaspard-joseph-eng.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Government of Canada\""},{"Link":"http://www.quebec400.gc.ca/histoires-stories/gaspard-joseph-eng.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.surlesentierdupasse.fr/vidal.htm","external_links_name":"La Famille Vidal de Léry"},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/chaussegros_de_lery_gaspard_joseph_1682_1756_3E.html","external_links_name":"\"Chaussegros de Léry, Gaspard-Joseph\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/saint_ours_pierre_de_2E.html","external_links_name":"\"Saint-Ours, Pierre de\""},{"Link":"http://www.erudit.org/revue/haf/1961/v15/n1/302096ar.pdf","external_links_name":"Un Canadien Gouverneur du Senegal"},{"Link":"http://derepentigny.org/html/genealogie_1_qc_dr.html","external_links_name":"Family of Pierre LeGardeur de Repentigny"},{"Link":"http://www.erudit.org/culture/cd1035538/cd1045177/504ac.pdf","external_links_name":"Study of Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry at Stony Brook University"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120413194905/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/gaspardjoseph-chaussegros-de-lery","external_links_name":"Biography of Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry in the Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/inventaire/fiches/fiche_pers.php?id=86","external_links_name":"Biography of Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry in Vieux Montreal"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/374333/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000079932521","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/44196478","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk6QjmKXQfqjXdFYbrv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr96017012","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500024652","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xp8rgh","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team | 1975 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team | ["1 Schedule","2 Roster","2.1 Depth chart","3 Coaching staff","4 Game summaries","4.1 LSU","4.2 Indiana","4.3 TCU","4.4 Miami","4.5 Kansas","4.6 Oklahoma State","4.7 Colorado","4.8 Missouri","4.9 Kansas State","4.10 Iowa State","4.11 Oklahoma","4.12 Arizona State","5 Rankings","6 Awards","6.1 NFL and Pro Players","7 References"] | American college football season
1975 Nebraska Cornhuskers footballBig Eight co-championFiesta Bowl, L 14–17 vs. Arizona StateConferenceBig Eight ConferenceRankingCoachesNo. 9APNo. 9Record10–2 (6–1 Big 8)Head coachTom Osborne (3rd season)Offensive schemeI formationDefensive coordinatorMonte Kiffin (7th season)Base defense5–2Home stadiumMemorial StadiumSeasons← 19741976 →
1975 Big Eight Conference football standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
T
W
L
T
No. 1 Oklahoma +
6
–
1
–
0
11
–
1
–
0
No. 9 Nebraska +
6
–
1
–
0
10
–
2
–
0
No. 16 Colorado
5
–
2
–
0
9
–
3
–
0
Kansas
4
–
3
–
0
7
–
5
–
0
Missouri
3
–
4
–
0
6
–
5
–
0
Oklahoma State
3
–
4
–
0
7
–
4
–
0
Iowa State
1
–
6
–
0
4
–
7
–
0
Kansas State
0
–
7
–
0
3
–
8
–
0
+ – Conference co-championsRankings from AP Poll
The 1975 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represented the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in the 1975 NCAA Division I football season. The team was coached by Tom Osborne and played their home games in Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska.
Schedule
DateTimeOpponentRankSiteTVResultAttendanceSourceSeptember 131:30 pmLSU*No. 6Memorial StadiumLincoln, NEW 10–776,259
September 201:30 pmIndiana*No. 6Memorial StadiumLincoln, NEW 45–076,022
September 271:30 pmTCU*No. 4Memorial StadiumLincoln, NEW 56–1475,931
October 41:30 pmMiami (FL)*No. 4Memorial StadiumLincoln, NE (rivalry)W 31–1676,231
October 111:30 pmKansasNo. 4Memorial StadiumLincoln, NE (rivalry)W 16–076,285
October 181:30 pmat Oklahoma StateNo. 4Lewis FieldStillwater, OKW 28–2048,500
October 251:30 pmNo. 10 ColoradoNo. 4Memorial StadiumLincoln, NE (rivalry)W 63–2176,509
November 112:00 pmat No. 12 MissouriNo. 3Faurot FieldColumbia, MO (rivalry)ABCW 30–768,195
November 81:30 pmat Kansas StateNo. 3KSU StadiumManhattan, KS (rivalry)W 12–041,300
November 151:30 pmIowa StateNo. 2Memorial StadiumLincoln, NEW 52–076,131
November 221:30 pmat No. 7 OklahomaNo. 2Oklahoma Memorial StadiumNorman, OK (rivalry)L 10–3571,952
December 262:00 pmat No. 7 Arizona State*No. 6Sun Devil StadiumTempe, AZ (Fiesta Bowl)CBSL 14–1751,396
*Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Central time
Roster
Andrews, George #96 (So.) DE
Anthony, Monte #49 (So.) IB
Avery, Scott #57 (Jr.) DT
Belka, Jim #47 (Jr.) LB
Block, King #55 (So.) LB
Bonness, Bob (So.) DE
Bonness, Rik #54 (Sr.) C
Borg, Tim #19 (So.) DB
Brock, Dan #94 (Jr.) DT
Brown, Kenny (So.) WB
Burns, Ed #17 (Jr.) QB
Burrow, Jim #2 (Sr.) DB
Butterfield, Dave #34 (Jr.) DB
Cabell, Jake #24 (Jr.) DB
Carpenter, Jeff #37 (So.) LB
Clark, Kelvin #73 (So.) OT
Clark, Mike (So.) OT
Coccia, Tom #90 (Sr.) DE
Cooley, Lawrence (So.) OG
Costanzo, Rich #77 (Sr.) OT
Coyle, Mike #42 (Sr.) PK
Craig, Curtis #33 (So.) WB
Davis, Tom #52 (So.) C
Davis, Tony #25 (Sr.) FB
Dervin, Joe (So.) LB
Donnell, Dodie #45 (So.) FB
Eichelberger, Percy #44 (Jr.) LB
Eveland, Al #43 (Jr.) PK
Everett, Earl #9 (Jr.) WB
Ferragamo, Vince #15 (Jr.) QB
Fischer, Tim #10 (So.) DB
Folsom, Bob (Jr.) FB
Fultz, Mike #72 (Jr.) DT
Gade, Steve #56 (So.) C
Galano, Bobby #59 (So.) OG
Garcia, Randy #18 (So.) QB
Gast, Reg #82 (So.) DE
Gillespie, Dave #28 (Jr.) IB
Gissler, Dean #97 (Sr.) DT
Glenn, Steve #71 (So.) OT
Hansen, Jeff #48 (So.) LB
Harvey, Ted #31 (So.) DB
Hayes, Bob #76 (So.) OT
Heiser, Tom #27 (Sr.) WB
Higgs, Gary (Jr.) FB
Hunter, Ken #78 (Jr.) OT
Jenkins, Brad #92 (Sr.) TE
Jones, Chuck #35 (Sr.) DB
Jorgensen, Greg #63 (So.) OG
Justice, Jason #38 (So.) FB
Kane, John (Unk) LB
Kraft, Bill #83 (So.) SE
Kroneberger, Jon #64 (So.) OT
Lee, John #69 (Sr.) MG
Lehigh, Pat #6 (So.) DB
Lessman, Randy #39 (Jr.) P
Lindquist, Steve #68 (So.) OG
Lingenfelter, Bob #70 (Jr.) OT
Loken, Rocke #16 (So.) SE
Luck, Terry #11 (Sr.) QB
Malito, Chuck #89 (Jr.) SE
Markley, Paul (So.) DB
Markus, Steve (So.) LB
Martin, Bob #87 (Sr.) DE
Miller, Dan #58 (So.) OG
Mills, George #75 (Sr.) DT
Monds, Wonder #26 (Sr.) DB
Mushinskie, Larry #88 (Sr.) TE
Nitzel, Ron #85 (Jr.) SE
Ohrt, Tom #74 (So.) OT
O'Leary, John #14 (Sr.) IB
Panneton, Rick #95 (Sr.) TE
Payne, Dennis #13 (So.) DB
Phillips, Ray #80 (Jr.) DE
Pillen, Clete #61 (Jr.) LB
Pittman, Randy #1 (So.) WB
Plucknett, John #50 (Jr.) MG
Poeschl, Randy (So.) DT
Porter, G.M. (Budge) (So.) DB
Pruitt, Ron #91 (Sr.) DT
Pullen, Jeff #36 (Jr.) MG
Redding, Dave #84 (Sr.) DE
Rick, Randy #22 (Jr.) DE
Ridder, Tom (So.) DE
Samuel, Tony #98 (So.) DE
Schmidt, Dan #51 (Jr.) OG
Schroeder, John (So.) OG
Shamblin, Dave #81 (Jr.) SE
Smith, Kent #23 (So.) DB
Sorley, Tom #12 (So.) QB
Spaeth, Ken #86 (So.) TE
Stacey, Kurt #3 (So.) DB
Stewart, Byron #30 (So.) IB
Stovall, Rod #5 (So.) DB
Talley, Chester #32 (Jr.) DE
Thomas, Bobby #8 (Jr.) SE
Thomas, Tom #53 (Sr.) C
Thompson, Mike (So.) SE
Thornton, Willie #65 (Sr.) MG
Valasek, Larry #4 (So.) DB
Vanous, Russ (So.) P
Varner, Rich #67 (Jr.) OG
Vernon, Kirby (So.) DB
Waldemore, Stan #62 (So.) OG
Walton, Darrell #7 (So.) WB
Webb, Mitchell #99 (So.) MG
Wied, Jerry #93 (Sr.) DT
Wightman, Jim #46 (So.) LB
Wilkins, Roger (So.) OT
Williquette, Jim #41 (So.) DB
Young, Larry #40 (So.) LB
Zabrocki, Dale #21 (So.) IB
Zanetich, Nick #66 (Jr.) OG
Depth chart
Defense
FS
Jim Burrow
Larry Valasek
Dennis Payne
INSDIE
INSDIE
Cletus Pillen
Jim Whightman
Precy Eichelberger
Jeff Hansen
Jeff Carpenter
Randy Lessman
MONSTER BACK
Wonder Monds
Kent Smith
Tim Borg
CB
Chuck Jones
Kurt Stacey
Rod Stovall
DE
DT
NT
DT
DE
Ray Phillips
Jerry Wied
John Lee
Mike Fultz
Bob Martin
Dave Redding
Dean Gissler
Jeff Pullen
George Mills
Tony Samuel
Georgie Andrews
Randy Poeschl
Willie Thornton
Dan Brock
Tom Coccia
CB
Dave Butterfield
Ted Harvey
Jake Cabell
Offense
WR
Bobby Thomas
Chuck Malito
Dave Shamblin
LT
LG
C
RG
RT
Bob Lingenfelter
Dan Schmidt
Rik Bonness
Rich Costanzo
Steve Hoins
Bob Hayes
Greg Jorgensen
Tom Davis
Stan Waldemore
Tom Ohrt
Steve Glenn
Rich Varner
Tom Thomas
Steve Lindquist
Bob Hayes
TE
Brad Jenkins
Larry Mushinskie
Ken Spaeth Rick Panneton
WR
Curtis Craig
Tom Heiser
Kenny Brown
QB
Vince Ferragamo
Terry Luck
Randy Garcia
RB
Monte Anthony
John O'Leary
Dave Gillespie
FB
Tony Davis
Dodie Donnell
Gary Higgs
Special teams
Coaching staff
Name
Title
First yearin this position
Years at Nebraska
Alma mater
Tom Osborne
Head CoachOffensive Coordinator
1973
1964–1997
Hastings College
Monte Kiffin
Defensive Coordinator
1973
1967–1976
Nebraska
Cletus Fischer
Offensive Line
1960–1985
Nebraska
Jim Ross
1962–1976
John Melton
Tight EndsWingbacks
1973
1962–1988
Wyoming
Mike Corgan
Running Backs
1962
1962–1982
Notre Dame
Warren Powers
Defensive Backs
1969–1976
Nebraska
Boyd Epley
Head Strength Coach
1969
1969–2003
Nebraska
Bill Myles
Offensive Line
1972
1972–1976
Jerry Moore
Wide Receivers
1973
1973–1978
Baylor
George Darlington
1973–2002
Rutgers
Milt Tenopir
Offensive Line
1974
1974–2002
Sterling
Game summaries
LSU
LSU at #6 Nebraska
1
234Total
LSU
0
070
7
• #6 Nebraska
0
730
10
Date: 1975-09-13Location: Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, NebraskaGame attendance: 76,259
For the first time ever, the Cornhuskers were not able to suit up all players due to a new NCAA rule limiting the number of suited players to 60. Also, four players were ruled ineligible by the NCAA, further limiting the resources available to Nebraska. Still, the Tigers were unable to score until after the half, and their only touchdown was not sufficient to overcome the 10 Cornhusker points already on the board, and Nebraska started the season with a win.
Indiana
Indiana at #6 Nebraska
1
234Total
Indiana
0
000
0
• #6 Nebraska
10
14147
45
Date: 1975-09-20Location: Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, NebraskaGame attendance: 76,022
Nebraska intercepted an Indiana pass on the first play to set the tone as the Cornhuskers rolled with ease over the Hoosiers in Lincoln. A total of twelve Nebraska runners added ground yards to their career totals in this game as the team collected 300 yards rushing, while the Blackshirts obtained a shutout.
TCU
TCU at #4 Nebraska
1
234Total
TCU
0
707
14
• #4 Nebraska
14
141414
56
Date: 1975-09-27Location: Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, NebraskaGame attendance: 75,931
After Nebraska punched in two 1st-quarter touchdowns, TCU never got closer to the lead again, scoring only 14 of their own the entire game while the Cornhuskers put 14 more in each quarter. Another dominating performance was turned in by the Blackshirts, who allowed only one touchdown and held the Horned Frogs to just 16 yards on the ground.
Miami
Miami at #4 Nebraska
1
234Total
Miami
6
307
16
• #4 Nebraska
0
71014
31
Date: 1975-10-04Location: Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, NebraskaGame attendance: 76,231
Someone forget to tell Miami to give up before the game started, and the Hurricanes came out intending to make it a game as they jump started the scoring with two field goals to lead 6-0 and another to lead 9–7 at the half, and Nebraska first 7 points were set up by a turnover instead of any serious offensive production. Halftime adjustments and superior conditioning took over for the rest of the game, however, as Nebraska ran off 24 unanswered points, making Miami's final touchdown with just over two minutes remaining too little, too late.
Kansas
Kansas at #4 Nebraska
1
234Total
Kansas
0
000
0
• #4 Nebraska
3
337
16
Date: 1975-10-11Location: Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, NebraskaGame attendance: 76,285
Nebraska prevented a 1st half Kansas field goal on their way to posting a second shutout, closing their long five-game opening home stand with a 5–0 record. Although the Cornhuskers did not score big nor often, it made no difference as the scoreless Jayhawks watched the game slip farther from their reach as time ticked away. Kansas completed only 2 of 10 passes, and obtained only 7 first downs, while the Cornhuskers had double the Jayhawks yards by both ground and air.
Oklahoma State
#4 Nebraska at Oklahoma State
1
234Total
• #4 Nebraska
14
770
28
Oklahoma State
0
7130
20
Date: 1975-10-18Location: Lewis Field, Stillwater, OklahomaGame attendance: 48,500
Nebraska's first road game of 1975 was not an easy win, despite the strong 14–0 start. Oklahoma State pulled within 14 by the end of the half and within 7 in the 3rd quarter. After another set of touchdowns, the Cowboys were still down by just 8 in the 4th when they capitalized on a bad Cornhusker punt snap and took over inside the Nebraska 25. The Blackshirts made a stand when Oklahoma State got inside the Nebraska 5, and forced the Cowboys to go 3-and-out on three scoring attempts to preserve the win.
Colorado
Colorado at #4 Nebraska
1
234Total
Colorado
7
0140
21
• #4 Nebraska
21
21210
63
Date: 1975-10-25Location: Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, NebraskaGame attendance: 76,509
Source:
Scoring summary1COLDave Williams 74-yard run (Mackenzie kick)COL 7-0
1NEBThomas 42-yard pass from Vince Ferragamo (Coyle kick)Tied 7-7
1NEBJohn O'Leary 10-yard run (Coyle kick)NEB 14-7
1NEBAnthony 2-yard run (Coyle kick)NEB 21-7
2NEBDavis 1-yard run (Coyle kick)NEB 28-7
2NEBJohn O'Leary 1-yard run (Coyle kick)NEB 35-7
2NEBJenkins 5-yard pass from Vince Ferragamo (Coyle kick)NEB 42-7
3NEBAnthony 1-yard run (Coyle kick)NEB 49-7
3NEBHiggs 2-yard run (Coyle kick)NEB 56-7
3NEBGillespie 14-yard run (Coyle kick)NEB 63-7
3COLDave Williams 6-yard run (Mackenzie kick)NEB 63-14
3COLKelleher 3-yard run (Mackenzie kick)NEB 63-21
Statistically, the game was close save for Nebraska's 350-268 rushing edge and 2-0 interception margin, but the scoreboard told another story. Even though Colorado scored first at the start of the game, the Cornhuskers unleashed a scoring onslaught that put the Buffaloes behind 42–7 at the half, putting the game far out of reach long before Nebraska backups entered the game in the 4th quarter.
Missouri
#3 Nebraska at #12 Missouri
1
234Total
• #3 Nebraska
10
677
30
#12 Missouri
0
700
7
Date: 1975-11-01Location: Faurot Field, Columbia, MissouriGame attendance: 68,195
Nebraska Head Coach Tom Osborne notched his first career win against 12th-ranked Missouri, in Columbia, with style and a little help from well-executed trickery. The 'Bummeroosky" play worked flawlessly, even fooling the TV cameras, as Nebraska lined up in punt formation and snapped to FB Tony Davis, who immediately passed the ball back through the legs of IB John O'Leary and then faked a pass to a bait receiver. As the entire Cornhusker unit moved to simulate the punt fake play, the Tigers chomped on the bait and took off to the right in pursuit while O'Leary remained motionless with the ball hidden until no one remained before jaunting 40 yards untouched for the touchdown.
Kansas State
#3 Nebraska at Kansas State
1
234Total
• #3 Nebraska
9
030
12
Kansas State
0
000
0
Date: 1975-11-08Location: KSU Stadium, Manhattan, KansasGame attendance: 41,300
It was a battle of the defenses as the Blackshirts rang up their 3rd shutout on the season, while Kansas State managed to hold Nebraska to just 12 points.
Iowa State
Iowa State at #2 Nebraska
1
234Total
Iowa State
0
000
0
• #2 Nebraska
14
17714
52
Date: 1975-11-15Location: Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, NebraskaGame attendance: 76,131
Iowa State probably knew they were going to have a bad day when they fumbled the opening kickoff, allowing Nebraska to convert that turnover into 7 points. Iowa State never saw the scoreboard as Nebraska put up yet another shutout for the season, their 4th, on the way to dismantling Iowa State 52–0.
Oklahoma
#2 Nebraska at #7 Oklahoma
1
234Total
#2 Nebraska
3
070
10
• #7 Oklahoma
0
7721
35
Date: 1975-11-22Location: Oklahoma Memorial Stadium, Norman, OklahomaGame attendance: 70,286
Nebraska scored first on a field goal, but scoring production fizzled as Oklahoma led 7–3 at the half. The Cornhuskers took advantage of a Sooner fumble in the 3rd quarter to go up 10–7, but Nebraska soon committed its own turnover to help Oklahoma get back up front, and it didn't stop there. Two more subsequent, painful Cornhusker turnovers sealed the game as Oklahoma converted each for points and handed Nebraska their first loss of the year and forced them to share the Big 8 title.
Arizona State
#6 Nebraska at #7 Arizona State
1
234Total
#6 Nebraska
0
770
14
• #7 Arizona State
3
3011
17
Date: 1975-12-26Location: Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, ArizonaGame attendance: 51,396
Nebraska led the Sun Devils through the entire game until the 4th quarter, when a fierce Arizona State Rally brought the score to a 14–14 tie and then 17–14 on a Sun Devil field goal with 4:50 remaining in the game. The Cornhuskers were driving again and progressed to the Arizona State 21 with 2 minutes to go when the Cornhuskers lost an ill-timed fumble to end their hopes for the win. As it turned out, Nebraska's only two losses for the season ended up being to the teams ranked #1 and #2 in the season's final polls.
Rankings
See also: 1975 NCAA Division I football rankings
Ranking movementsLegend: ██ Increase in ranking ██ Decrease in rankingWeekPollPre12345678910111213FinalAP766444443322769Coaches9
Awards
Award
Name(s)
All-America 1st team
Rik Bonness, Bob Martin, Wonder Monds
Big 8 Offensive Newcomer of the Year
Vince Ferragamo
All-Big 8 1st team
Rik Bonness, Dave Butterfield, Mike Fultz, Bob Martin, Wonder Monds
All-Big 8 2nd team
Jimmy Burrow, Mike Coyle, Tony Davis, Steve Hoins, John Lee, Bob Lingenfelter, Clete Pillen, Dan Schmidt, Bobby Thomas
NFL and Pro Players
The following Nebraska players who participated in the 1975 season later moved on to the next level and joined a professional or semi-pro team as draftees or free agents.
Name
Team
George Andrews
Los Angeles Rams
Monte Anthony
Baltimore Colts
Rik Bonness
Oakland Raiders
Ed Burns
New Orleans Saints
Jim Burrow
Green Bay Packers
Kelvin Clark
Denver Broncos
Tom Davis
Toronto Argonauts
Tony Davis
Cincinnati Bengals
Vince Ferragamo
Los Angeles Rams
Mike Fultz
New Orleans Saints
John Lee
San Diego Chargers
Bob Lingenfelter
Cleveland Browns
Terry Luck
Cleveland Browns
Bob Martin
New York Jets
Wonder Monds
Ottawa Rough Riders
John O'Leary
Montreal Alouettes
Ray Phillips
Cincinnati Bengals
Stan Waldemore
New York Jets
References
^ "Cornhuskers edge LSU". The Wichita Eagle & Beacon. September 14, 1975. Retrieved October 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Nebraska 1975 Roster
^ "Nebraska 1975 Commitments". Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
^ Eugene Register-Guard. 1975 Oct 26.
^ 1975 Husker Honors
^ "All Time NFL Huskers". Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
vteNebraska Cornhuskers footballVenues
Lincoln Park (1890–1895)
"M" Street Park (1894–1996)
Antelope Field (1897–1908)
Nebraska Field (1909–1922)
Memorial Stadium (1923–present)
Bowls and rivalries
Bowl games
Colorado
Iowa
Kansas
Kansas State
Miami (FL)
Minnesota
Missouri
Oklahoma
Wisconsin
Culture and lore
History
Herbie Husker
Lil' Red
"Dear Old Nebraska U"
"Hail Varsity"
Cornhusker Marching Band
Blackshirts
Origin of "Cornhuskers" nickname
1939 Kansas State game
Game of the Century (1971 Oklahoma game)
Fumblerooski
1982 Penn State game
Flea Kicker
Black 41 Flash Reverse Pass
2009 Big 12 Championship Game
Yes Man
People
Head coaches
All-Americans
NFL draftees
Statistical leaders
Seasons
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
National championship seasons in bold
vteBig Eight Conference football championsMVIAA
Iowa & Nebraska (1907)
Kansas (1908)
Missouri (1909)
Nebraska (1910)
Iowa State & Nebraska (1911)
Iowa State & Nebraska (1912)
Missouri & Nebraska (1913)
Nebraska (1914)
Nebraska (1915)
Nebraska (1916)
Nebraska (1917)
Missouri (1919)
Oklahoma (1920)
Nebraska (1921)
Drake & Nebraska (1922)
Kansas & Nebraska (1923)
Missouri (1924)
Missouri (1925)
Oklahoma A&M (1926)
Missouri (1927)
Big Six
Nebraska (1928)
Nebraska (1929)
Kansas (1930)
Nebraska (1931)
Nebraska (1932)
Nebraska (1933)
Kansas State (1934)
Nebraska (1935)
Nebraska (1936)
Nebraska (1937)
Oklahoma (1938)
Missouri (1939)
Nebraska (1940)
Missouri (1941)
Missouri (1942)
Oklahoma (1943)
Oklahoma (1944)
Missouri (1945)
Kansas & Oklahoma (1946)
Kansas & Oklahoma (1947)
Big Seven
Oklahoma (1948)
Oklahoma (1949)
Oklahoma (1950)
Oklahoma (1951)
Oklahoma (1952)
Oklahoma (1953)
Oklahoma (1954)
Oklahoma (1955)
Oklahoma (1956)
Oklahoma (1957)
Oklahoma (1958)
Oklahoma (1959)
Big Eight
Missouri (1960)
Colorado (1961)
Oklahoma (1962)
Nebraska (1963)
Nebraska (1964)
Nebraska (1965)
Nebraska (1966)
Oklahoma (1967)
Kansas & Oklahoma (1968)
Missouri & Nebraska (1969)
Nebraska (1970)
Nebraska (1971)
Nebraska (1972)
Oklahoma (1973)
Oklahoma (1974)
Nebraska & Oklahoma (1975)
Colorado, Oklahoma, & Oklahoma State (1976)
Oklahoma (1977)
Nebraska & Oklahoma (1978)
Oklahoma (1979)
Oklahoma (1980)
Nebraska (1981)
Nebraska (1982)
Nebraska (1983)
Nebraska & Oklahoma (1984)
Oklahoma (1985)
Oklahoma (1986)
Oklahoma (1987)
Nebraska (1988)
Colorado (1989)
Colorado (1990)
Colorado & Nebraska (1991)
Nebraska (1992)
Nebraska (1993)
Nebraska (1994)
Nebraska (1995)
National championships in bold | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Nebraska–Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln"},{"link_name":"1975 NCAA Division I football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_NCAA_Division_I_football_season"},{"link_name":"Tom Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Stadium_(Lincoln)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"}],"text":"The 1975 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represented the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in the 1975 NCAA Division I football season. The team was coached by Tom Osborne and played their home games in Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska.","title":"1975 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"[2][3]","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_safety"},{"link_name":"INSDIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker#Weakside_linebacker"},{"link_name":"INSDIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker#Strongside_linebacker"},{"link_name":"MONSTER BACK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_safety"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerback"},{"link_name":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"NT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose_tackle"},{"link_name":"DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerback"},{"link_name":"WR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"LT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_tackle"},{"link_name":"LG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"RG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"RT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_tackle"},{"link_name":"TE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_end"},{"link_name":"WR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"QB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"RB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"FB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Special teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football_positions#Special_teams"}],"sub_title":"Depth chart","text":"Defense\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nFS\n\n\nJim Burrow\n\n\nLarry Valasek\n\n\nDennis Payne\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nINSDIE\n\nINSDIE\n\n\nCletus Pillen\n\nJim Whightman\n\n\nPrecy Eichelberger\n\nJeff Hansen\n\n\nJeff Carpenter\n\nRandy Lessman\n\n\n\n\n\nMONSTER BACK\n\n\nWonder Monds\n\n\nKent Smith\n\n\nTim Borg\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCB\n\n\nChuck Jones\n\n\nKurt Stacey\n\n\nRod Stovall\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nDE\n\nDT\n\nNT\n\nDT\n\nDE\n\n\nRay Phillips\n\nJerry Wied\n\nJohn Lee\n\nMike Fultz\n\nBob Martin\n\n\nDave Redding\n\nDean Gissler\n\nJeff Pullen\n\nGeorge Mills\n\nTony Samuel\n\n\nGeorgie Andrews\n\nRandy Poeschl\n\nWillie Thornton\n\nDan Brock\n\nTom Coccia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCB\n\n\nDave Butterfield\n\n\nTed Harvey\n\n\nJake Cabell\n\n\n\nOffense\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWR\n\n\nBobby Thomas\n\n\nChuck Malito\n\n\nDave Shamblin\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLT\n\nLG\n\nC\n\nRG\n\nRT\n\n\nBob Lingenfelter\n\nDan Schmidt\n\nRik Bonness\n\nRich Costanzo\n\nSteve Hoins\n\n\nBob Hayes\n\nGreg Jorgensen\n\nTom Davis\n\nStan Waldemore\n\nTom Ohrt\n\n\nSteve Glenn\n\nRich Varner\n\nTom Thomas\n\nSteve Lindquist\n\nBob Hayes\n\n\n\n\n\nTE\n\n\nBrad Jenkins\n\n\nLarry Mushinskie\n\n\nKen Spaeth Rick Panneton\n\n\n\n\n\nWR\n\n\nCurtis Craig\n\n\nTom Heiser\n\n\nKenny Brown\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQB\n\n\nVince Ferragamo\n\n\nTerry Luck\n\n\nRandy Garcia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRB\n\n\nMonte Anthony\n\n\nJohn O'Leary\n\n\nDave Gillespie\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFB\n\n\nTony Davis\n\n\nDodie Donnell\n\n\nGary Higgs\n\n\n\n\n\nSpecial teams","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"LSU","text":"For the first time ever, the Cornhuskers were not able to suit up all players due to a new NCAA rule limiting the number of suited players to 60. Also, four players were ruled ineligible by the NCAA, further limiting the resources available to Nebraska. Still, the Tigers were unable to score until after the half, and their only touchdown was not sufficient to overcome the 10 Cornhusker points already on the board, and Nebraska started the season with a win.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackshirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts_(football)"}],"sub_title":"Indiana","text":"Nebraska intercepted an Indiana pass on the first play to set the tone as the Cornhuskers rolled with ease over the Hoosiers in Lincoln. A total of twelve Nebraska runners added ground yards to their career totals in this game as the team collected 300 yards rushing, while the Blackshirts obtained a shutout.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackshirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts_(football)"}],"sub_title":"TCU","text":"After Nebraska punched in two 1st-quarter touchdowns, TCU never got closer to the lead again, scoring only 14 of their own the entire game while the Cornhuskers put 14 more in each quarter. Another dominating performance was turned in by the Blackshirts, who allowed only one touchdown and held the Horned Frogs to just 16 yards on the ground.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Miami","text":"Someone forget to tell Miami to give up before the game started, and the Hurricanes came out intending to make it a game as they jump started the scoring with two field goals to lead 6-0 and another to lead 9–7 at the half, and Nebraska first 7 points were set up by a turnover instead of any serious offensive production. Halftime adjustments and superior conditioning took over for the rest of the game, however, as Nebraska ran off 24 unanswered points, making Miami's final touchdown with just over two minutes remaining too little, too late.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kansas","text":"Nebraska prevented a 1st half Kansas field goal on their way to posting a second shutout, closing their long five-game opening home stand with a 5–0 record. Although the Cornhuskers did not score big nor often, it made no difference as the scoreless Jayhawks watched the game slip farther from their reach as time ticked away. Kansas completed only 2 of 10 passes, and obtained only 7 first downs, while the Cornhuskers had double the Jayhawks yards by both ground and air.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackshirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts_(football)"}],"sub_title":"Oklahoma State","text":"Nebraska's first road game of 1975 was not an easy win, despite the strong 14–0 start. Oklahoma State pulled within 14 by the end of the half and within 7 in the 3rd quarter. After another set of touchdowns, the Cowboys were still down by just 8 in the 4th when they capitalized on a bad Cornhusker punt snap and took over inside the Nebraska 25. The Blackshirts made a stand when Oklahoma State got inside the Nebraska 5, and forced the Cowboys to go 3-and-out on three scoring attempts to preserve the win.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Colorado","text":"Statistically, the game was close save for Nebraska's 350-268 rushing edge and 2-0 interception margin, but the scoreboard told another story. Even though Colorado scored first at the start of the game, the Cornhuskers unleashed a scoring onslaught that put the Buffaloes behind 42–7 at the half, putting the game far out of reach long before Nebraska backups entered the game in the 4th quarter.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Tony Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Davis_(running_back)"},{"link_name":"John O'Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Leary_(Canadian_football)"}],"sub_title":"Missouri","text":"Nebraska Head Coach Tom Osborne notched his first career win against 12th-ranked Missouri, in Columbia, with style and a little help from well-executed trickery. The 'Bummeroosky\" play worked flawlessly, even fooling the TV cameras, as Nebraska lined up in punt formation and snapped to FB Tony Davis, who immediately passed the ball back through the legs of IB John O'Leary and then faked a pass to a bait receiver. As the entire Cornhusker unit moved to simulate the punt fake play, the Tigers chomped on the bait and took off to the right in pursuit while O'Leary remained motionless with the ball hidden until no one remained before jaunting 40 yards untouched for the touchdown.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackshirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts_(football)"}],"sub_title":"Kansas State","text":"It was a battle of the defenses as the Blackshirts rang up their 3rd shutout on the season, while Kansas State managed to hold Nebraska to just 12 points.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Iowa State","text":"Iowa State probably knew they were going to have a bad day when they fumbled the opening kickoff, allowing Nebraska to convert that turnover into 7 points. Iowa State never saw the scoreboard as Nebraska put up yet another shutout for the season, their 4th, on the way to dismantling Iowa State 52–0.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Oklahoma","text":"Nebraska scored first on a field goal, but scoring production fizzled as Oklahoma led 7–3 at the half. The Cornhuskers took advantage of a Sooner fumble in the 3rd quarter to go up 10–7, but Nebraska soon committed its own turnover to help Oklahoma get back up front, and it didn't stop there. Two more subsequent, painful Cornhusker turnovers sealed the game as Oklahoma converted each for points and handed Nebraska their first loss of the year and forced them to share the Big 8 title.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Arizona State","text":"Nebraska led the Sun Devils through the entire game until the 4th quarter, when a fierce Arizona State Rally brought the score to a 14–14 tie and then 17–14 on a Sun Devil field goal with 4:50 remaining in the game. The Cornhuskers were driving again and progressed to the Arizona State 21 with 2 minutes to go when the Cornhuskers lost an ill-timed fumble to end their hopes for the win. As it turned out, Nebraska's only two losses for the season ended up being to the teams ranked #1 and #2 in the season's final polls.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1975 NCAA Division I football rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_NCAA_Division_I_football_rankings"}],"text":"See also: 1975 NCAA Division I football rankings","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"[5]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"NFL and Pro Players","text":"The following Nebraska players who participated in the 1975 season later moved on to the next level and joined a professional or semi-pro team as draftees or free agents.[6]","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cornhuskers edge LSU\". The Wichita Eagle & Beacon. September 14, 1975. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Osorio | Mariano Osorio | ["1 Early career","1.1 Chile","2 References"] | Spanish general (1777–1819)
His ExcellencyMariano OsorioRoyal Governor of ChileIn officeJanuary 4, 1818 – April 5, 1818MonarchFerdinand VIIPreceded byJosé OrdóñezSucceeded byPosition AbolishedIn officeOctober 10, 1814 – December 26, 1815MonarchFerdinand VIIPreceded byGabino Gaínza y Fernández de Medrano (As Captain General)Succeeded byFrancisco Marcó del Pont
Personal detailsBorn1777Seville, SpainDied1819Havana, CubaSpouseJoaquina de la PezuelaProfessionBrigadier GeneralMilitary serviceAllegiance SpainBattles/warsPeninsular War
Chilean War of Independence
Battle of Rancagua
Second Battle of Cancha Rayada
Battle of Maipú
Mariano de Osorio (Latin American Spanish: ; 1777–1819) was a Spanish general and Governor of Chile, from 1814 to 1815.
Early career
Osorio was born in Seville, Spain. He joined the Spanish army and as many of his contemporaries, his military career began during the Spanish Peninsular War in 1808 as an artillery general, as well as the professor for mathematics in the military school. In 1810, was appointed head of the military factory of Catalonia. In 1812, was destined to the Royal Army in Peru.
In 1812 he resettled in Peru, where he married Joaquina de la Pezuela, daughter of Peruvian Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela. In the Disaster of Rancagua (1814) he was able to defeat the forces of Bernardo O'Higgins and Jose Miguel Carrera. In the same year he became the Governor of Chile.
Chile
With Osorio's victory at Rancagua, the period known as "reconquest" (Reconquista) of Chile had begun. Osorio sought to reinstate order and justice and with military measures he prevented the onslaught of the insurgents.
In 1816 he returned to Lima and Francisco Marcó del Pont was made new Governor of Chile. When the Spaniards lost the Battle of Chacabuco, he returned to Chile. There he succeeded in securing victory in the Second Battle of Cancha Rayada on March 18, 1818. At this battle O'Higgins's arm was injured.
The Battle of Maipu, however, was a major defeat for the Spaniards, and it signified the end of the Spanish authority in almost all of Chile, with the exception of the island of Chiloé and the city of Valdivia.
Osorio proceeded to Cuba, where he died in 1819 of malaria.
References
^ Chisholm, Hugh (1910). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. At the University Press. p. 154.
^ Cruz, Juan Luis Ossa Santa (2014-12-31). Armies, Politics and Revolution: Chile, 1808–1826. Liverpool University Press. pp. 46–86. ISBN 978-1-78138-744-3.
Government offices
Preceded byMateo de Toro Zambrano
Royal Governor of Chile 1814–1815
Succeeded byFrancisco Marcó del Pont
Military offices
Preceded byGabino Gaínza
Captain General of Chile 1814–1815
Succeeded byFrancisco Marcó del Pont (As Royal Governor)
Preceded byJosé Ordóñez
Captain General of Chile 1818
Succeeded byPosition Abolished
vteRoyal Governors of Chile
Valdivia
F. Villagra
Hurtado de Mendoza
F. Villagra
P. Villagra
Quiroga
Bravo de Saravia
Quiroga
Ruiz de Gamboa
Sotomayor
Viscarra
Óñez de Loyola
Viscarra
Quiñones
García de Ramón
Ribera
García de Ramón
Merlo de la Fuente
Jaraquemada
Ribera
Talaverano
Ulloa y Lemos
De la Cerda
Osores
Álava
Fernández de Córdoba
Laso de la Vega
López de Zúñiga
Mujica
Figueroa
Acuña Cabrera
Porter
González Montero
Peredo
Meneses
Dávila
González Montero
Henríquez de Villalobos
Garro
Marín de Poveda
Ibáñez
Ustariz
Santiago Concha
Cano de Aponte
Sánchez de la Barreda
Salamanca
Manso de Velasco
Ovando
Ortíz de Rosas
Amat
Berroeta
Guill y Gonzaga
Balmaseda
Morales
Jáuregui
Álvarez de Acevedo
Benavides
Álvarez de Acevedo
O'Higgins
Rezabal
Avilés
Del Pino
Santiago Concha
Diez de Medina
Muñoz de Guzmán
Rodríguez Ballesteros
García Carrasco
Toro Zambrano
Osorio
Marcó del Pont
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[maˈɾjano ðe oˈsoɾjo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Governor of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Governor_of_Chile"}],"text":"Mariano de Osorio (Latin American Spanish: [maˈɾjano ðe oˈsoɾjo]; 1777–1819) was a Spanish general and Governor of Chile, from 1814 to 1815.","title":"Mariano Osorio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Joaquín de la Pezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela"},{"link_name":"Disaster of Rancagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_of_Rancagua"},{"link_name":"Bernardo O'Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins"},{"link_name":"Jose Miguel Carrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Miguel_Carrera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Governor of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Governor_of_Chile"}],"text":"Osorio was born in Seville, Spain. He joined the Spanish army and as many of his contemporaries, his military career began during the Spanish Peninsular War in 1808 as an artillery general, as well as the professor for mathematics in the military school. In 1810, was appointed head of the military factory of Catalonia. In 1812, was destined to the Royal Army in Peru.In 1812 he resettled in Peru, where he married Joaquina de la Pezuela, daughter of Peruvian Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela. In the Disaster of Rancagua (1814) he was able to defeat the forces of Bernardo O'Higgins and Jose Miguel Carrera.[1] In the same year he became the Governor of Chile.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima,_Peru"},{"link_name":"Francisco Marcó del Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Marc%C3%B3_del_Pont"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chacabuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Cancha Rayada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cancha_Rayada"},{"link_name":"Battle of Maipu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maipu"},{"link_name":"Chiloé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Island"},{"link_name":"Valdivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivia,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"}],"sub_title":"Chile","text":"With Osorio's victory at Rancagua, the period known as \"reconquest\" (Reconquista) of Chile had begun. Osorio sought to reinstate order and justice and with military measures he prevented the onslaught of the insurgents.[2]In 1816 he returned to Lima and Francisco Marcó del Pont was made new Governor of Chile. When the Spaniards lost the Battle of Chacabuco, he returned to Chile. There he succeeded in securing victory in the Second Battle of Cancha Rayada on March 18, 1818. At this battle O'Higgins's arm was injured.The Battle of Maipu, however, was a major defeat for the Spaniards, and it signified the end of the Spanish authority in almost all of Chile, with the exception of the island of Chiloé and the city of Valdivia.Osorio proceeded to Cuba, where he died in 1819 of malaria.","title":"Early career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh (1910). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. At the University Press. p. 154.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6jcEAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information"}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Juan Luis Ossa Santa (2014-12-31). Armies, Politics and Revolution: Chile, 1808–1826. Liverpool University Press. pp. 46–86. ISBN 978-1-78138-744-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jHRvEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Armies, Politics and Revolution: Chile, 1808–1826"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-744-3","url_text":"978-1-78138-744-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6jcEAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jHRvEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Armies, Politics and Revolution: Chile, 1808–1826"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1580635/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000052707199","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24544011","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJghpcYmBDB9rDdYX3PvpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1053185960","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2003017363","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p00xzr","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/136425348","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inkspots | The Ink Spots | ["1 1930s","1.1 Early background of founding members","1.2 Bill Kenny joins","1.3 \"If I Didn't Care\" and the late 1930s","2 1940s","2.1 Recordings","2.2 Films","2.3 Line-up changes","3 1950s","3.1 Final years","4 Members","4.1 Additional members","4.2 Timeline","5 Non-original Ink Spots groups","5.1 Charlie Fuqua's Ink Spots","5.2 Deek Watson's Ink Spots","6 Legitimate members of the Ink Spots","7 Legacy and honors","8 The Ink Spots in popular culture","8.1 Television appearances","8.2 Music videos and live footage","8.3 Ink Spots music used in television and film","8.4 The Ink Spots in video games","8.5 Miscellaneous","9 Hit singles","9.1 Notes","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"] | American pop vocal band (1934–1954)
The Ink SpotsThe Ink Spots in 1944Background informationOriginIndianapolis, Indiana, United StatesGenresPopeasy listeningswingYears active1934–1954LabelsVictorDeccaWebsiteInkspots.comMusical artist
The Ink Spots were an American vocal pop group who gained international fame in the 1930s and 1940s. Their unique musical style predated the rhythm and blues and rock and roll musical genres, and the subgenre doo-wop. The Ink Spots were widely accepted in both the white and black communities, largely due to the ballad style introduced to the group by lead singer Bill Kenny.
In 1989, the Ink Spots (Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, Jerry Daniels, and Orville Jones) were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in 1999 they were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. Since the Ink Spots disbanded in 1954, there have been well over a hundred vocal groups calling themselves "The Ink Spots", with and without any original members of the group. It has often been the case that these groups claimed to be "second generation" or "third generation" Ink Spots.
1930s
Early background of founding members
Daniels and Fuqua formed a vocal duo called "Jerry and Charlie", and performed in the Indianapolis area around 1931. About the same time, Jones and Watson were part of a quartet, "The Four Riff Brothers", who appeared regularly on radio station WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1933, that group disbanded, and Watson, Daniels and Fuqua got together to form a new vocal, instrumental and comedy group, initially called "King, Jack, and Jester". They continued to appear regularly on radio in Ohio, and became a quartet when Jones joined the following year.
In July 1934, they accepted a booking at the Apollo Theater, New York, supporting jazz bandleader Tiny Bradshaw. At this point they had changed their name to "The 4 Ink Spots". Later that year, the Ink Spots achieved international success touring the UK with Jack Hylton's Orchestra, one review in the Melody Maker stating:
The sensation of the programme is the coloured quartette, the Four Ink Spots. They sing in a style something between the Mills Brothers and the Three Keys, and accompany themselves on three tenor guitars and a cello — which is not bowed, but picked and slapped like a double bass. Their natural instinct for hot rhythm is exemplified in their terrific single-string solo work and their beautifully balanced and exquisitely phrased vocalisms. They exploit all kinds of rhythmic vocalisms — straight solos, concerted, scat, and instrumental imitations. They even throw in a bit of dancing to conclude their act, and the leading guitarist simultaneously plays and juggles with his instrument.
They first recorded for Victor Records in 1935. Their early recordings included such songs as "Swingin' On The Strings", "Your Feet's Too Big", "Don't 'Low No Swingin' In Here" and "Swing, Gate, Swing". Despite their rising popularity as performers, their early records were not commercially successful.
Bill Kenny joins
In 1936, Daniels was replaced by a 21-year-old singer from Baltimore, Bill Kenny, who signed on with the Ink Spots after winning first place in an amateur contest at Harlem's Savoy Ballroom. Three years later, Kenny was credited for bringing the group to global success with his unusual high tenor ballad singing.
In 1938, after being in the group for two years, Kenny started to introduce the group to a new format that he called "Top & Bottom". This format was used primarily for ballads rather than the uptempo "jive" songs the group was used to performing. This format called for the tenor (Kenny or Watson) to sing the lead for one chorus followed by a chorus performed by bass singer Jones reciting the lyrics rather than singing them. After a chorus of the "talking bass" the lead tenor sang the rest of the song until the end. The earliest example of their "Top & Bottom" format is from a radio broadcast from 1938. The song, titled "Tune In on My Heart", features Kenny taking the lead and Jones performing the talking bass.
Also in 1938, Kenny took his first feature solo in Decca studios. His feature was on a song titled "I Wish You the Best of Everything". Although not in the "Top & Bottom" format, it was a ballad and used the signature Ink Spots guitar intro. Even though it got a good response, it was not very successful in terms of record sales and did not reach the pop chart.
"If I Didn't Care" and the late 1930s
Main article: If I Didn't Care
On January 12, 1939, the Ink Spots entered Decca studios to record a ballad written by a young songwriter named Jack Lawrence. This ballad, "If I Didn't Care", was to be one of their biggest hits, selling over 19 million copies and becoming the 8th-best-selling single of all time. This is the first studio recorded example of the Ink Spots "Top & Bottom" format with Kenny singing lead and Jones performing the "talking bass". For this recording, each member was paid $37.50; after the record sold 200,000 copies, however, Decca destroyed the original contract and the group was paid an additional $3,750. This was the recording that brought the group to global fame and established the "Top & Bottom" format as the Ink Spots "trademark". From 1939 until the group's disbanding in 1954, many of their songs employed this format.
The year 1939 also saw the Ink Spots enjoy commercial success with five other recordings that featured Kenny in the "Top & Bottom" format. Their most successful hit of 1939 was the Lombardo, Marks & Hill ballad, "Address Unknown". Other successful hits from 1939 and early 1940 included "My Prayer", "Bless You", "Memories of You", and "I'm Gettin' Sentimental Over You".
1940s
Recordings
Between the years 1940 and 1949 the Ink Spots landed well over 30 hits on the US Pop Charts with 18 of them on the top 10. The group’s first Billboard #1 hit came in 1944, when they teamed up with Ella Fitzgerald to record "I'm Making Believe". This recording featured Bill Kenny. In 1946, the Ink Spots earned another #1 spot on the US Pop Charts with "To Each His Own". The Billy Reid composition "The Gypsy" was the Ink Spots' biggest chart success, staying at the #1 position on the Billboard Best Sellers chart for 10 straight weeks in 1946.
Other hits for the Ink Spots in the 1940s included "When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano", "Maybe", "We Three", "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire", "Don't Get Around Much Anymore", "A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening", "Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall", and "I'm Beginning to See the Light".
Films
In 1941, the Ink Spots were featured in The Great American Broadcast starring John Payne and Alice Faye. In the film, the Ink Spots play Pullman porters who sing during their breaks and ultimately "make it big time" and sing live on the radio during a national broadcast. The group sings a short segment of "If I Didn't Care", "Alabamy Bound", and "I've Got a Bone to Pick with You". They also provide background vocals to Faye and Payne on a ballad entitled "Where You Are".
The following year, the Ink Spots were featured in an Abbott and Costello film, Pardon My Sarong. In this film, the Ink Spots play singing waiters in a nightclub. They sing the ballad "Do I Worry?" and the swing song "Shout Brother Shout".
Line-up changes
A poster for the group promoting an appearance with the NBC Symphony Orchestra circa 1946
In 1943, Ink Spots baritone singer and guitarist Fuqua was drafted into the US Army. He chose his friend Bernie Mackey to be his temporary replacement until he returned to the group. After being with the group for two years, Mackey was replaced by Huey Long in March 1945. Long completed the role as a "fill in" until Fuqua finally returned in October 1945.
Jones died in October 1944, after collapsing on stage at the Cafe Zanzibar in New York City, near the height of the Ink Spots' popularity. He had been having cerebral hemorrhages for a year, and had fallen ill from the condition in June 1944. Jones was temporarily replaced by Cliff Givens, who filled in from October 1944 to March 1945, before a permanent replacement was found in Bill Kenny's brother (and fraternal twin) Herb Kenny. Herb Kenny sang with the group from 1945 to 1951, when he began a career as a solo artist. The last bass singer in the Ink Spots was Adriel McDonald, who was with the group from 1951 to 1954. McDonald was previously the Ink Spots' personal valet, a job given to him by Herb Kenny, with whom he had sung in a group called "The Cabineers" in the early 1940s.
Due to personality clashes between Bill Kenny and Watson after Jones' death, Kenny decided he would rather carry on as the leader of the group and bought Watson's share of the group for $10,000, which gave him the power to kick Watson out of the group. Watson went on to form a group similar in style to the Ink Spots called the Brown Dots (which later became the Four Tunes), and his place was filled by Billy "Butterball" Bowen, who sang with the Ink Spots from 1944 to 1952.
1950s
Final years
In 1952, Fuqua left the group to form his own vocal group using the name "Ink Spots". At this time, Kenny and Fuqua each owned 50% of the Ink Spots, and it was decided by court ruling that Kenny's group was to continue on as the original "Ink Spots", while Fuqua's group was to use the name "Charlie Fuqua's New Ink Spots". Defying the court ruling, Fuqua instead called his group the "Original" Ink Spots.
Fuqua was replaced in the Ink Spots by popular jazz and R&B guitarist Everett Barksdale, so the group now consisted of Bill Kenny (lead tenor), Teddy Williams (second tenor), who had replaced Bowen, Everett Barksdale (baritone and guitar), and McDonald (bass). After being with the group for only a few months, Williams was replaced by Ernie Brown. Barksdale stayed with the group for about a year before being replaced by baritone vocalist and guitar player named Jimmy Cannady. This line-up of Kenny (lead tenor), Brown (second tenor), Cannady (baritone and guitar), and McDonald (bass) lasted until 1954, when the final change of lineup was made.
In April 1954, Brown was replaced by Henry Braswell, who sang with the Ink Spots for their final three months. Kenny officially disbanded the Ink Spots in July 1954, after an appearance at the Bolero Bar in Wildwood, New Jersey.
Members
inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Hoppy Jones (born as Orville Jones, February 17, 1905, Chicago, Illinois – d. October 18, 1944, New York City) sang bass. He played cello in the manner of a stand up bass.
Deek Watson (born as Ivory Jones, July 18, 1909 (some sources say 1913), Mounds, Illinois – d. November 4, 1969, Washington, D.C.) sang tenor and played tenor guitar.
Jerry Daniels (b. December 14, 1915 – d. November 7, 1995, Indianapolis, Indiana) sang tenor and played guitar and ukulele.
Charlie Fuqua (b. October 20, 1910 – d. c. 1970, New Haven, Connecticut) had a baritone voice and played guitar and tenor guitar.
Billy Kenny (b. June 12, 1914, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. – d. March 23, 1978, New Westminster, Canada) sang lead tenor.
Additional members
William Bowen (1912–1982), member from 1944 to 1947
George Bledsoe (1920–1982), bass player
Timeline
Classic line-up in bold
Name
"Jerry and Charlie"/"The Four Riff Brothers"
"King, Jack, and Jester"
"King, Jack, and Jester" (1934), then "The 4 Ink Spots" (1934), "The Ink Spots" (1934-onward)
"The Ink Spots" (instrumentation unknown from here onward)
"The Ink Spots" (Considered the end of the true "The Ink Spots" by a judge in 1955)
"The Ink Spots"
"The Ink Spots"
"The Ink Spots"
"The Ink Spots"
"The Ink Spots"
"The Ink Spots"
"The Ink Spots"
"The Ink Spots"
"The Ink Spots"
"The Ink Spots" or something very similar
1931–1933
1933–1934
1934–1936
1936–1943
1943 – Oct 1944
Oct-late 1944
late 1944 – Mar 1945
Mar–Oct 1945
Oct 1945–1951
1951–1952
1952-1952 or 1953
1952 or 1953-1953 or 1954
1953 or 1954 – April 1954
April 1954 – July 1954
1952–present
Jerry Daniels
Part of "Jerry and Charlie"
Part of "King, Jack, and Jester"
sang tenor, played guitar and ukulele
Bill Kenny
sang lead tenor
sang lead tenor
sang lead tenor
sang lead tenor
sang lead tenor
sang lead tenor
sang lead tenor
sang lead tenor
sang lead tenor
sang lead tenor
sang lead tenor
Charlie Fuqua
Part of "Jerry and Charlie"
Part of "King, Jack, and Jester"
sang baritone, played guitar and tenor guitar
sang baritone
sang baritone
sang baritone
Part of groups called "Charlie Fuqua's Ink Spots" or "The Ink Spots" from 1952 to 1971
Bernie Mackey
sang baritone
sang baritone
sang baritone
Huey Long
sang baritone
Everett Barksdale
sang baritone, played guitar
sang baritone, played guitar
Jimmy Cannady
sang baritone, played guitar
sang baritone, played guitar
Hoppy Jones
Part of "The Four Riff Brothers"
sang bass, played cello
sang bass
sang bass
deceased
deceased
deceased
deceased
deceased
deceased
deceased
deceased
deceased
deceased
Cliff Givens
sang bass
sang bass
Herb Kenny
sang bass
sang bass
Adriel McDonald
sang bass
sang bass
sang bass
sang bass
sang bass
Part of an Ink Spots group
Deek Watson
Part of "The Four Riff Brothers"
Part of "King, Jack, and Jester"
sang second tenor, played tenor guitar
sang second tenor
sang second tenor
sang second tenor
Part of "Charlie Fuqua's Ink Spots" from 1952 to 1953, Part of his own "The Ink Spots" from 1954 to 1969
Billy "Butterball" Bowen
sang second tenor
sang second tenor
sang second tenor
sang second tenor
Part of an Ink Spots group
Teddy Williams
sang second tenor
Ernie Brown
sang second tenor
sang second tenor
Henry Braswell
sang second tenor
Non-original Ink Spots groups
Disputes over the rights to use the Ink Spots name began in the late 1940s, resulting in many court cases. Starting in 1954, groups calling themselves "The Ink Spots" sprang up all around the United States. Some groups contained original members Fuqua, McDonald, Bowen, or Watson, but most had no ties to the original group whatsoever. Many groups claimed to have the rights to the name, but no one did. Still, lawsuits were filed between various groups and there was great confusion as to who owned the naming rights. Some groups avoided lawsuits by naming themselves "The Fabulous Ink Spots", "The Famous Ink Spots", "The Amazing Ink Spots", "The Sensational Ink Spots", "The Dynamic Ink Spots", and more.
According to writer Marv Goldberg: "The original group was a partnership, not a corporation, and that influenced to say, in 1955, that when Hoppy Jones died in 1944, it effectively served to terminate the partnership and that no one could truthfully use the name after that." From 1954 to the present, more than 100 groups have used the name "The Ink Spots". In 1967 US federal judge Emmet C. Choate ruled that since so many groups had been using the name "Ink Spots" it had become "public domain" and was free for anyone to use.
Charlie Fuqua's Ink Spots
In 1952, Fuqua left the original Ink Spots led by Kenny to form his own Ink Spots group. Fuqua recorded dozens of singles with his group for King Records as well as releasing two LP (long play) albums for Verve Records. In 1963 Fuqua's group also recorded one 45 RPM record for Ford Records. Fuqua led and was a member of various vocal groups calling themselves "The Ink Spots" until his death in 1971.
Deek Watson's Ink Spots
Watson, who had been forced out of the original Ink Spots in 1944 and briefly sang with Charlie Fuqua's Ink Spots in 1952–1953, started his own vocal group using the name "The Ink Spots" in 1954. Watson made numerous recordings with his "Ink Spots" groups in the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the recordings Watson made with his groups were released and re-released on various low budget labels. Watson led various groups until his death in 1969.
Legitimate members of the Ink Spots
Legitimate members of the Ink Spots included Bill Kenny, Jerry Daniels, Deek Watson, Charlie Fuqua, Hoppy Jones, Bernie Mackey, Huey Long, Cliff Givens, Billy Bowen, Herb Kenny, Adriel McDonald, Jimmy Cannady, Ernie Brown, Henry Braswell, Teddy Williams and Everett Barksdale. Pianists and arrangers included Bob Benson, Asa "Ace" Harris, Ken Bryan, Mort Howard (arranger), Bill Doggett, Ray Tunia, Harold Francis and Fletcher Smith. Some singers have tenuous ties to Deek Watson's or Charlie Fuqua's offshoot groups; many, with no credentials whatsoever, claim to be original members.
Legacy and honors
1946 Cashbox award for making "The Gypsy" the biggest money making song of the year.
1948 awarded a plaque from the Negro Actors Guild for their efforts in "breaking down the walls of racial prejudice".
1989, the Ink Spots were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as "early influences" by Bobby McFerrin; the members were listed as Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, Jerry Daniels, and Orville Jones.
1989, the Ink Spots' 1939 recording of "If I Didn't Care" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame
1999, the Ink Spots were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame.
The Ink Spots in popular culture
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Television appearances
In 1936, the Ink Spots were the first African Americans to appear on television. They continued to be television pioneers when, in 1948, they were the first black performers to appear on The Ed Sullivan Show. The Ink Spots made guest appearances on Milton Berle's Texaco Star Theater on three separate occasions in 1949, on The Ed Sullivan Show three times (1948, 1950, and 1952), on Steve Allen's Songs For Sale twice in 1952, and on Star of the Family once in 1952.
Music videos and live footage
In 1946, a short documentary about nightlife in New York City called "March of Time" featured a clip of the Ink Spots singing "I'd Climb The Highest Mountain" live at the Cafe Zanzibar; the clip and outtakes can be found for viewing on various websites. In 1947, cameras captured segments of the Ink Spots in live performance at the Daily Express Film Ball in London England; this footage can be obtained by British Pathe.
In 1951, Snader Telescriptions produced five "soundies" (also known as music videos) of the Ink Spots. These clips feature the group lip-syncing to the songs "If I Didn't Care", "You May Be the Sweetheart of Somebody Else", "The Gypsy", "I'm Heading Back to Paradise", and "It Is No Secret". Bill Kenny's wife Audrey portrays "the gypsy" in the video for "The Gypsy" and can also be seen serving food to the Ink Spots in "You May Be the Sweetheart of Somebody Else". Billy Bowen's wife Ruth Bowen is seen walking through the set carrying a dog (Bill Kenny's actual pet) and serving drinks in "You May Be the Sweetheart of Somebody Else".
Ink Spots music used in television and film
The Ink Spots' music has been used in the films Get Low, Radio Days, Raging Bull, Revolutionary Road, The Shawshank Redemption, The Aviator, Iris, Sphere, Tree's Lounge, Malcolm X, Maria's Lovers, How to Make an American Quilt, Men Don't Leave, Three D , Joe Versus the Volcano, Spontaneous Combustion, Carmen Miranda: Bananas is My Business, Australia, Mr. Nobody, Hyde Park on Hudson, The Rover, Twenty Bucks, Manchester by the Sea, Logorama, and Forbidden Love: The Unashamed Stories of Lesbian Lives.
The Ink Spots' music has been used in such TV shows as The Walking Dead, The Simpsons, The Visitor, The Tourist, The Singing Detective, Sanford, The Blacklist, Defiance, Arrested Development, Better Call Saul, White Collar, Watchmen, Once Upon a Time, Fallout, and Heroes.
The Ink Spots in video games
Recordings by the Ink Spots have been featured in the popular Fallout video game franchise. Their recording of "Maybe" was used as the opening theme of Fallout (1997), as well as in the epilogue. It was also played on the in-game radio station Galaxy News Radio in Fallout 3 (2008), alongside their recordings of "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire" and "Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall". "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire" also features in both the game's trailer and its opening cinematic. The song "It's a Sin to Tell a Lie" (Bill Kenny's solo, not original recording from 1941) is played on the in-game radio station Radio New Vegas in the 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas. In 2015, the group was once again featured in the Fallout franchise, when their recording of the Russ Morgan and Seger Ellis ballad "It's All Over but the Crying" was used in the trailer for Fallout 4; that song is also played on the in-game radio station Diamond City Radio, alongside "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire", "Maybe", and "Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall". The former two songs appear once more in Fallout 76, alongside "We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)".
BioShock and BioShock 2 have also made use of the group's recordings: "If I Didn't Care" and "The Best Things in Life Are Free" in the former, and "We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)", "I'm Making Believe", and "Memories of You" in the latter. Still others were included in Mafia II and on the in-game radio stations in L.A. Noire.
Miscellaneous
The song "Jukebox Saturday Night", made famous by the Glenn Miller Orchestra, references the Ink Spots, imitating the iconic Ink Spots guitar intro and the group's style of singing during much of the second half of the recording.
The Ink Spots appeared as a guest quartet on the April 4, 1948, episode of The Jack Benny Program, singing a version of "If I Didn't Care" as the advertisement for Lucky Strike cigarettes.
In Tex Avery's 1952 cartoon Magical Maestro, Poochini gets sprayed in the face with black ink and then sings a couple of bars of "Everything I Have Is Yours", imitating Kenny and then Jones.
In 1960, The Quarry Men (composed of Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Stuart Sutcliffe, later to form The Beatles) recorded "You'll Be Mine", an Ink Spots parody.
Ian Fleming mentioned the group twice in his 1962 James Bond novel The Spy Who Loved Me, when the leading female, Vivienne Michel, recalls a love affair from her past. She recalls hearing "Someone's Rocking My Dreamboat", and mistakenly credits the group with singing "Only a Paper Doll to Call My Own" (an apparent reference to The Mills Brothers' song "Paper Doll"). Bond himself overhears the group singing "Java Jive" aboard the US Manta submarine in Thunderball.
The Ink Spots were mentioned in several episodes of the 1970s NBC sitcom Sanford and Son, as one of Fred Sanford's favorite groups, with series star Redd Foxx crooning their song, "If I Didn't Care". Reportedly, Foxx had royalties for singing their music taken out of his salary out of love for the group and because NBC would not pay for the rights.
In the 1980s, a commercial for Chanel No. 5 included a version of "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire" sung solo by Bill Kenny, the former lead tenor of the group, with an unknown studio vocal group for a 1977 CBS Records LP entitled The Ink Spots – If I Didn't Care. The recording was used in the ad without permission from Kenny's executrix and widow Audrey Kenny. In 1982, Mrs. Kenny took legal action and, according to Bill Kenny's former pianist Bev Gore-Langton, was successful. The commercial depicted the Transamerica Pyramid building in San Francisco with the shadow of a plane flying overhead.
In the 1980s, "Java Jive" was used in commercials for Sanka coffee, prominently featuring the likes of Lena Horne and Gregory Hines.
"Someone's Rocking my Dreamboat" was sung by Bugs Bunny in the Looney Tunes short The Big Snooze.
The original 1982 theatrical trailer for the movie Blade Runner prominently featured a short clip of "If I Didn't Care", and the song is used in the early "workprint" version of the film, but it was replaced in the theatrical and all subsequent releases with "One More Kiss, Dear", an original composition in a similar vocal and melodic style.
Heavy metal group Megadeth used "I Don't Want To Set The World On Fire" on their 1988 album So Far, So Good... So What! as an introduction to the song "Set the World Afire".
The Ink Spots were the subject of a 1998 book by Marv Goldberg, More Than Words Can Say: The Ink Spots and Their Music.
Several of the Ink Spots' original recordings are used in the off-Broadway production Sleep No More, which first opened in 2011.
The recording "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire" has been featured in multiple television shows and short films, being played at the end of the 2009 short film Logorama, as well as at the end of a special seasonal episode, "Treehouse of Horror XVII", on The Simpsons.
The Ink Spots' version of "I'm Beginning to See the Light" with Ella Fitzgerald is featured in the 2016 film Manchester by the Sea.
The Ink Spots' song "Address Unknown" plays during the opening of the first episode of Better Call Saul. Additionally, the group's rendition of "We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)" plays over the opening scene of the episode "Smoke".
The Ink Spots songs feature throughout Fallout Season 1; "We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)" closes episode 8.
Hit singles
Year
Single
Chart positions
US
USR&B
1939
"If I Didn't Care"
2
—
"You Bring Me Down"
14
—
"Address Unknown"
1
—
"My Prayer"
3
—
"Bless You"
15
—
1940
"Memories of You"
29
—
"I'm Gettin' Sentimental Over You"
26
—
"When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano"
4
—
"Whispering Grass (Don't Tell the Trees)"
10
—
"Maybe"
2
—
"Stop Pretending"
16
—
"You're Breaking My Heart All Over Again"
17
—
"We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)"
1
—
"My Greatest Mistake"
12
—
"Java Jive"
15
—
1941
"Please Take a Letter, Miss Brown"
25
—
"Do I Worry?"
8
—
"I'm Still Without a Sweetheart ('Cause I'm Still in Love with You)"
19
—
"So Sorry"
24
—
"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"
24
—
"I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire"
4
—
"Someone's Rocking My Dreamboat"
17
—
1942
"Ev'ry Night About This Time"
17
6
"This Is Worth Fighting For"
—
9
"Just as Though You Were Here"
—
10
1943
"Don't Get Around Much Anymore"
2
1
"If I Cared a Little Bit Less"
20
10
"I'll Never Make the Same Mistake Again"
19
—
"I Can't Stand Losing You"
—
1
1944
"Don't Believe Everything You Dream"
14
6
"Cow Cow Boogie (Cuma-Ti-Yi-Yi-Ay)" (with Ella Fitzgerald)
10
1
"A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening"
2
—
"I'll Get By (As Long as I Have You)"
7
4
"Someday I'll Meet You Again"
14
—
"I'm Making Believe" (with Ella Fitzgerald)
1
2
"Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall" (with Ella Fitzgerald)
1
1
1945
"I'm Beginning to See the Light" (with Ella Fitzgerald)
5
—
1946
"The Gypsy"
1
1
"Prisoner of Love"
9
5
"To Each His Own"
1
3
1947
"You Can't See the Sun When You're Crying"
19
—
"Ask Anyone Who Knows"
17
5
1948
"The Best Things in Life Are Free"
—
10
"Say Something Sweet to Your Sweetheart"
22
—
"You Were Only Fooling (While I Was Falling in Love)"
8
15
1949
"You're Breaking My Heart"
9
—
"Who Do You Know in Heaven (That Made You the Angel You Are?)"
21
—
1950
"Echoes"
24
—
"Sometime"
26
—
1951
"If"
23
—
"It Is No Secret" (Bill Kenny solo)
18
—
1952
"(That's Just My Way of) Forgetting You" (Bill Kenny solo)
23
—
Notes
^ Joel Whitburn's methodology for creating pre-1940s chart placings has been criticised, and therefore should not be taken as definitive.
See also
The Bill Kenny Show
References
^ a b "The Ink Spots – Rock & Roll Hall of Fame". Retrieved 2019-11-22.
^ a b c d e Goldberg, Marv (1998). More Than Words Can Say: The Ink Spots And Their Music. Scarecrow Press
^ Howard Perspectives, Dwight Burrill, Herb Kenny, Howard University, 1992
^ "Original Ink Spots Activities By Date – Vol". Inkspots.ca. 1936-11-06. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
^ "The Ink Spots | Rhino". Rhino.com. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
^ Chicago Defender, July 12, 1952
^ Indianapolis Recorder, Indianapolis, Marion County, 7 July 1945, page 13.
^ Gilliland 1994, tape 2, side B.
^ Gilliland, John (1994). Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s (audiobook). ISBN 978-1-55935-147-8. OCLC 31611854. Tape 1, side B.
^ Tyler, Don (2007). Hit Songs, 1900–1955: American Popular Music of the Pre-Rock Era. McFarland. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-7864-2946-2.
^ "The Ink Spots". Rockabilly.nl. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ "Orville "Hoppy" Jones of the Ink Spots". Retrieved 2009-06-02.
^ "Ivory (Deek) Watson, 60, Dead; Tenor Sang With the Ink Spots". The New York Times. 1969-11-10. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
^ "Jerry Franklin Daniels, Ink Spots Member, 79". The New York Times. 1995-11-11. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
^ Warner, Jay (2006). American Singing Groups: A History from 1940s to Today. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-634-09978-6.
^ "William Bowen Is Dead at 70; Sang With Original Ink Spots". The New York Times. 1982-09-30. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
^ "George Bledsoe, Bass Player And Singer for Ink Spots, 62". The New York Times. 1982-05-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
^ Paul J. Macarthur. "The Imposters". Houston Press. Retrieved 2015-07-15.
^ "Family Tree Page". Inkspotsevolution.com. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
^ The Oregonian, September 1, 1967, p. 29
^ "The Ink Spots - I'd Climb The Highest Mountain (Live) - YouTube". YouTube. Austin Casey. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
^ "The Ink Spots". IMDb. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ The Vancouver Sun – December 2, 1982 P.A3.
^ Sammon, Paul (July–August 1982). "The Making of Blade Runner". Cinefantastique.
^ "Behind a White Mask". Tumblr.com.
^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Pop Memories 1890–1954: The History of American Popular Music. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research, Inc. pp. 223–224. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
^ "Joel Whitburn criticism: chart fabrication, misrepresentation of sources, cherry picking", Songbook1.wordpress.com
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ink Spots.
Vocal Group Hall of Fame page on The Ink Spots
Ink Spots recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
vteThe Ink Spots
Bill Kenny
Charlie Fuqua
Deek Watson
Hoppy Jones
Jerry Daniels
Bernie Mackey
Cliff Givens
Billy Bowen
Huey Long
Herb Kenny
Singles
"If I Didn't Care"
"My Prayer"
"Memories of You"
"I'm Gettin' Sentimental Over You"
"When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano"
"Whispering Grass (Don't Tell the Trees)"
"Maybe"
"We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)"
"Java Jive"
"Until the Real Thing Comes Along"
"I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire"
"Don't Get Around Much Anymore"
"I Can't Stand Losing You"
"Cow Cow Boogie (Cuma-Ti-Yi-Yi-Ay)"
"A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening"
"I'll Get By (As Long as I Have You)"
"I'm Making Believe"
"Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall"
"I'm Beginning to See the Light"
"The Gypsy"
"Prisoner of Love"
"To Each His Own"
"The Best Things in Life Are Free"
"You're Breaking My Heart"
"Echoes"
"If"
"It Is No Secret" (Bill Kenny solo)
"Trying"
"Address Unknown"
AlbumsIf I Didn't Care (1979)Related topics
The Great American Broadcast
Pardon My Sarong
The Brown Dots
The Four Tunes
The Bill Kenny Show
vteRock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 1989Performers
Dion
Otis Redding
The Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, Bill Wyman
The Temptations
Dennis Edwards, Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams
Stevie Wonder
Early influences
The Ink Spots
Charlie Fuqua, Jerry Daniels, Orville "Hoppy" Jones, Bill Kenny, Deek Watson
Bessie Smith
The Soul Stirrers
Roy Crain Sr., Jesse Farley, R. H. Harris, E. A. Rundless
Non-performers(Ahmet Ertegun Award)
Phil Spector
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Australia
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Trove | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"musical genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_genres"},{"link_name":"doo-wop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo-wop"},{"link_name":"Bill Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kenny_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halloffame-1"},{"link_name":"Vocal Group Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_Marv_1998-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Musical artistThe Ink Spots were an American vocal pop group who gained international fame in the 1930s and 1940s. Their unique musical style predated the rhythm and blues and rock and roll musical genres, and the subgenre doo-wop. The Ink Spots were widely accepted in both the white and black communities, largely due to the ballad style introduced to the group by lead singer Bill Kenny.In 1989, the Ink Spots (Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, Jerry Daniels, and Orville Jones) were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame,[1] and in 1999 they were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. Since the Ink Spots disbanded in 1954, there have been well over a hundred vocal groups calling themselves \"The Ink Spots\", with and without any original members of the group. It has often been the case that these groups claimed to be \"second generation\" or \"third generation\" Ink Spots.[2][3]","title":"The Ink Spots"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1930s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WLW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLW"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Apollo Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Theater"},{"link_name":"Tiny Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"Jack Hylton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hylton"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"Mills Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Three Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Keys"},{"link_name":"scat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat_singing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Victor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Records"}],"sub_title":"Early background of founding members","text":"Daniels and Fuqua formed a vocal duo called \"Jerry and Charlie\", and performed in the Indianapolis area around 1931. About the same time, Jones and Watson were part of a quartet, \"The Four Riff Brothers\", who appeared regularly on radio station WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1933, that group disbanded, and Watson, Daniels and Fuqua got together to form a new vocal, instrumental and comedy group, initially called \"King, Jack, and Jester\". They continued to appear regularly on radio in Ohio, and became a quartet when Jones joined the following year.In July 1934, they accepted a booking at the Apollo Theater, New York, supporting jazz bandleader Tiny Bradshaw. At this point they had changed their name to \"The 4 Ink Spots\". Later that year, the Ink Spots achieved international success touring the UK with Jack Hylton's Orchestra, one review in the Melody Maker stating:The sensation of the programme is the coloured quartette, the Four Ink Spots. They sing in a style something between the Mills Brothers and the Three Keys, and accompany themselves on three tenor guitars and a cello — which is not bowed, but picked and slapped like a double bass. Their natural instinct for hot rhythm is exemplified in their terrific single-string solo work and their beautifully balanced and exquisitely phrased vocalisms. They exploit all kinds of rhythmic vocalisms — straight solos, concerted, scat, and instrumental imitations. They even throw in a bit of dancing to conclude their act, and the leading guitarist simultaneously plays and juggles with his instrument.[4]They first recorded for Victor Records in 1935. Their early recordings included such songs as \"Swingin' On The Strings\", \"Your Feet's Too Big\", \"Don't 'Low No Swingin' In Here\" and \"Swing, Gate, Swing\". Despite their rising popularity as performers, their early records were not commercially successful.","title":"1930s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kenny_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Bill Kenny joins","text":"In 1936, Daniels was replaced by a 21-year-old singer from Baltimore, Bill Kenny, who signed on with the Ink Spots after winning first place in an amateur contest at Harlem's Savoy Ballroom. Three years later, Kenny was credited for bringing the group to global success with his unusual high tenor ballad singing.[5]In 1938, after being in the group for two years, Kenny started to introduce the group to a new format that he called \"Top & Bottom\". This format was used primarily for ballads rather than the uptempo \"jive\" songs the group was used to performing. This format called for the tenor (Kenny or Watson) to sing the lead for one chorus followed by a chorus performed by bass singer Jones reciting the lyrics rather than singing them. After a chorus of the \"talking bass\" the lead tenor sang the rest of the song until the end. The earliest example of their \"Top & Bottom\" format is from a radio broadcast from 1938. The song, titled \"Tune In on My Heart\", features Kenny taking the lead and Jones performing the talking bass.[6]Also in 1938, Kenny took his first feature solo in Decca studios. His feature was on a song titled \"I Wish You the Best of Everything\". Although not in the \"Top & Bottom\" format, it was a ballad and used the signature Ink Spots guitar intro. Even though it got a good response, it was not very successful in terms of record sales and did not reach the pop chart.[7]","title":"1930s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lawrence_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"best-selling single of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles"},{"link_name":"My Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Prayer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1994tape_2,_side_B-8"},{"link_name":"Memories of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_of_You"},{"link_name":"I'm Gettin' Sentimental Over You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Gettin%27_Sentimental_Over_You"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_Marv_1998-2"}],"sub_title":"\"If I Didn't Care\" and the late 1930s","text":"On January 12, 1939, the Ink Spots entered Decca studios to record a ballad written by a young songwriter named Jack Lawrence. This ballad, \"If I Didn't Care\", was to be one of their biggest hits, selling over 19 million copies and becoming the 8th-best-selling single of all time. This is the first studio recorded example of the Ink Spots \"Top & Bottom\" format with Kenny singing lead and Jones performing the \"talking bass\". For this recording, each member was paid $37.50; after the record sold 200,000 copies, however, Decca destroyed the original contract and the group was paid an additional $3,750. This was the recording that brought the group to global fame and established the \"Top & Bottom\" format as the Ink Spots \"trademark\". From 1939 until the group's disbanding in 1954, many of their songs employed this format.\nThe year 1939 also saw the Ink Spots enjoy commercial success with five other recordings that featured Kenny in the \"Top & Bottom\" format. Their most successful hit of 1939 was the Lombardo, Marks & Hill ballad, \"Address Unknown\". Other successful hits from 1939 and early 1940 included \"My Prayer\",[8] \"Bless You\", \"Memories of You\", and \"I'm Gettin' Sentimental Over You\".[2]","title":"1930s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"I'm Making Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Making_Believe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc1b-9"},{"link_name":"To Each His Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Each_His_Own_(Jay_Livingston_and_Ray_Evans_song)"},{"link_name":"Billy Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Reid_(British_songwriter)"},{"link_name":"The Gypsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gypsy_(song)"},{"link_name":"When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Swallows_Come_Back_to_Capistrano"},{"link_name":"Maybe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybe_(Allan_Flynn_and_Frank_Madden_song)"},{"link_name":"I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Set_the_World_on_Fire"},{"link_name":"Don't Get Around Much Anymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Get_Around_Much_Anymore"},{"link_name":"A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Lovely_Way_to_Spend_an_Evening"},{"link_name":"I'm Beginning to See the Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Beginning_to_See_the_Light"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tyler2007-10"}],"sub_title":"Recordings","text":"Between the years 1940 and 1949 the Ink Spots landed well over 30 hits on the US Pop Charts with 18 of them on the top 10. The group’s first Billboard #1 hit came in 1944, when they teamed up with Ella Fitzgerald to record \"I'm Making Believe\".[9] This recording featured Bill Kenny. In 1946, the Ink Spots earned another #1 spot on the US Pop Charts with \"To Each His Own\". The Billy Reid composition \"The Gypsy\" was the Ink Spots' biggest chart success, staying at the #1 position on the Billboard Best Sellers chart for 10 straight weeks in 1946.Other hits for the Ink Spots in the 1940s included \"When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano\", \"Maybe\", \"We Three\", \"I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire\", \"Don't Get Around Much Anymore\", \"A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening\", \"Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall\", and \"I'm Beginning to See the Light\".[10]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Great American Broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_American_Broadcast"},{"link_name":"John Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Payne_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Alice Faye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Faye"},{"link_name":"Pullman porters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_porters"},{"link_name":"If I Didn't Care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Didn%27t_Care"},{"link_name":"Abbott and Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello"},{"link_name":"Pardon My Sarong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon_My_Sarong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_Marv_1998-2"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"In 1941, the Ink Spots were featured in The Great American Broadcast starring John Payne and Alice Faye. In the film, the Ink Spots play Pullman porters who sing during their breaks and ultimately \"make it big time\" and sing live on the radio during a national broadcast. The group sings a short segment of \"If I Didn't Care\", \"Alabamy Bound\", and \"I've Got a Bone to Pick with You\". They also provide background vocals to Faye and Payne on a ballad entitled \"Where You Are\".The following year, the Ink Spots were featured in an Abbott and Costello film, Pardon My Sarong. In this film, the Ink Spots play singing waiters in a nightclub. They sing the ballad \"Do I Worry?\" and the swing song \"Shout Brother Shout\".[2]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poster_for_The_Four_Inkspots_and_the_N.B.C._Orchestra.jpg"},{"link_name":"NBC Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Huey Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Long_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"the Brown Dots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brown_Dots"},{"link_name":"the Four Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Tunes"}],"sub_title":"Line-up changes","text":"A poster for the group promoting an appearance with the NBC Symphony Orchestra circa 1946In 1943, Ink Spots baritone singer and guitarist Fuqua was drafted into the US Army. He chose his friend Bernie Mackey to be his temporary replacement until he returned to the group. After being with the group for two years, Mackey was replaced by Huey Long in March 1945. Long completed the role as a \"fill in\" until Fuqua finally returned in October 1945.Jones died in October 1944, after collapsing on stage at the Cafe Zanzibar in New York City, near the height of the Ink Spots' popularity. He had been having cerebral hemorrhages for a year, and had fallen ill from the condition in June 1944.[11] Jones was temporarily replaced by Cliff Givens, who filled in from October 1944 to March 1945, before a permanent replacement was found in Bill Kenny's brother (and fraternal twin) Herb Kenny. Herb Kenny sang with the group from 1945 to 1951, when he began a career as a solo artist. The last bass singer in the Ink Spots was Adriel McDonald, who was with the group from 1951 to 1954. McDonald was previously the Ink Spots' personal valet, a job given to him by Herb Kenny, with whom he had sung in a group called \"The Cabineers\" in the early 1940s.Due to personality clashes between Bill Kenny and Watson after Jones' death, Kenny decided he would rather carry on as the leader of the group and bought Watson's share of the group for $10,000, which gave him the power to kick Watson out of the group. Watson went on to form a group similar in style to the Ink Spots called the Brown Dots (which later became the Four Tunes), and his place was filled by Billy \"Butterball\" Bowen, who sang with the Ink Spots from 1944 to 1952.","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everett Barksdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Barksdale"},{"link_name":"Wildwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildwood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_Marv_1998-2"}],"sub_title":"Final years","text":"In 1952, Fuqua left the group to form his own vocal group using the name \"Ink Spots\". At this time, Kenny and Fuqua each owned 50% of the Ink Spots, and it was decided by court ruling that Kenny's group was to continue on as the original \"Ink Spots\", while Fuqua's group was to use the name \"Charlie Fuqua's New Ink Spots\". Defying the court ruling, Fuqua instead called his group the \"Original\" Ink Spots.Fuqua was replaced in the Ink Spots by popular jazz and R&B guitarist Everett Barksdale, so the group now consisted of Bill Kenny (lead tenor), Teddy Williams (second tenor), who had replaced Bowen, Everett Barksdale (baritone and guitar), and McDonald (bass). After being with the group for only a few months, Williams was replaced by Ernie Brown. Barksdale stayed with the group for about a year before being replaced by baritone vocalist and guitar player named Jimmy Cannady. This line-up of Kenny (lead tenor), Brown (second tenor), Cannady (baritone and guitar), and McDonald (bass) lasted until 1954, when the final change of lineup was made.In April 1954, Brown was replaced by Henry Braswell, who sang with the Ink Spots for their final three months. Kenny officially disbanded the Ink Spots in July 1954, after an appearance at the Bolero Bar in Wildwood, New Jersey.[2]","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"stand up bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounds,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"tenor guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_guitar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"},{"link_name":"Billy Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kenny_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"New Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Westminster,_British_Columbia"}],"text":"inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of FameHoppy Jones (born as Orville Jones, February 17, 1905, Chicago, Illinois – d. October 18, 1944, New York City) sang bass. He played cello in the manner of a stand up bass.[12]\nDeek Watson (born as Ivory Jones, July 18, 1909 (some sources say 1913), Mounds, Illinois – d. November 4, 1969, Washington, D.C.) sang tenor and played tenor guitar.[13]\nJerry Daniels (b. December 14, 1915 – d. November 7, 1995, Indianapolis, Indiana) sang tenor and played guitar and ukulele.[14]\nCharlie Fuqua (b. October 20, 1910 – d. c. 1970, New Haven, Connecticut)[15] had a baritone voice and played guitar and tenor guitar.\nBilly Kenny (b. June 12, 1914, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. – d. March 23, 1978, New Westminster, Canada) sang lead tenor.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Additional members","text":"William Bowen (1912–1982),[16] member from 1944 to 1947\nGeorge Bledsoe (1920–1982), bass player[17]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marv Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marv_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macarthur-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Disputes over the rights to use the Ink Spots name began in the late 1940s, resulting in many court cases. Starting in 1954, groups calling themselves \"The Ink Spots\" sprang up all around the United States. Some groups contained original members Fuqua, McDonald, Bowen, or Watson, but most had no ties to the original group whatsoever. Many groups claimed to have the rights to the name, but no one did. Still, lawsuits were filed between various groups and there was great confusion as to who owned the naming rights. Some groups avoided lawsuits by naming themselves \"The Fabulous Ink Spots\", \"The Famous Ink Spots\", \"The Amazing Ink Spots\", \"The Sensational Ink Spots\", \"The Dynamic Ink Spots\", and more.According to writer Marv Goldberg: \"The original group was a partnership, not a corporation, and that influenced [Judge Isidore Wasservogel] to say, in 1955, that when Hoppy Jones died in 1944, it effectively served to terminate the partnership and that no one could truthfully use the name after that.\"[18] From 1954 to the present, more than 100 groups have used the name \"The Ink Spots\".[19] In 1967 US federal judge Emmet C. Choate ruled that since so many groups had been using the name \"Ink Spots\" it had become \"public domain\" and was free for anyone to use.[20]","title":"Non-original Ink Spots groups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charlie Fuqua's Ink Spots","text":"In 1952, Fuqua left the original Ink Spots led by Kenny to form his own Ink Spots group. Fuqua recorded dozens of singles with his group for King Records as well as releasing two LP (long play) albums for Verve Records. In 1963 Fuqua's group also recorded one 45 RPM record for Ford Records. Fuqua led and was a member of various vocal groups calling themselves \"The Ink Spots\" until his death in 1971.","title":"Non-original Ink Spots groups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deek Watson's Ink Spots","text":"Watson, who had been forced out of the original Ink Spots in 1944 and briefly sang with Charlie Fuqua's Ink Spots in 1952–1953, started his own vocal group using the name \"The Ink Spots\" in 1954. Watson made numerous recordings with his \"Ink Spots\" groups in the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the recordings Watson made with his groups were released and re-released on various low budget labels. Watson led various groups until his death in 1969.","title":"Non-original Ink Spots groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asa \"Ace\" Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Harris"},{"link_name":"Bill Doggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Doggett"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_Marv_1998-2"}],"text":"Legitimate members of the Ink Spots included Bill Kenny, Jerry Daniels, Deek Watson, Charlie Fuqua, Hoppy Jones, Bernie Mackey, Huey Long, Cliff Givens, Billy Bowen, Herb Kenny, Adriel McDonald, Jimmy Cannady, Ernie Brown, Henry Braswell, Teddy Williams and Everett Barksdale. Pianists and arrangers included Bob Benson, Asa \"Ace\" Harris, Ken Bryan, Mort Howard (arranger), Bill Doggett, Ray Tunia, Harold Francis and Fletcher Smith. Some singers have tenuous ties to Deek Watson's or Charlie Fuqua's offshoot groups; many, with no credentials whatsoever, claim to be original members.[2]","title":"Legitimate members of the Ink Spots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Bobby McFerrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halloffame-1"},{"link_name":"Grammy Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Vocal Group Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"1946 Cashbox award for making \"The Gypsy\" the biggest money making song of the year.\n1948 awarded a plaque from the Negro Actors Guild for their efforts in \"breaking down the walls of racial prejudice\".\n1989, the Ink Spots were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as \"early influences\" by Bobby McFerrin; the members were listed as Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, Jerry Daniels, and Orville Jones.[1]\n1989, the Ink Spots' 1939 recording of \"If I Didn't Care\" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame\n1999, the Ink Spots were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame.","title":"Legacy and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The Ink Spots in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ed Sullivan Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show"},{"link_name":"Milton Berle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Berle"},{"link_name":"Texaco Star Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco_Star_Theater"},{"link_name":"Steve Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Allen"},{"link_name":"Star of the Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_the_Family_(TV_program)"}],"sub_title":"Television appearances","text":"In 1936, the Ink Spots were the first African Americans to appear on television. They continued to be television pioneers when, in 1948, they were the first black performers to appear on The Ed Sullivan Show. The Ink Spots made guest appearances on Milton Berle's Texaco Star Theater on three separate occasions in 1949, on The Ed Sullivan Show three times (1948, 1950, and 1952), on Steve Allen's Songs For Sale twice in 1952, and on Star of the Family once in 1952.","title":"The Ink Spots in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"British Pathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pathe"},{"link_name":"Ruth Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bowen"}],"sub_title":"Music videos and live footage","text":"In 1946, a short documentary about nightlife in New York City called \"March of Time\" featured a clip of the Ink Spots singing \"I'd Climb The Highest Mountain\" live at the Cafe Zanzibar; the clip and outtakes can be found for viewing on various websites.[21] In 1947, cameras captured segments of the Ink Spots in live performance at the Daily Express Film Ball in London England; this footage can be obtained by British Pathe.In 1951, Snader Telescriptions produced five \"soundies\" (also known as music videos) of the Ink Spots. These clips feature the group lip-syncing to the songs \"If I Didn't Care\", \"You May Be the Sweetheart of Somebody Else\", \"The Gypsy\", \"I'm Heading Back to Paradise\", and \"It Is No Secret\". Bill Kenny's wife Audrey portrays \"the gypsy\" in the video for \"The Gypsy\" and can also be seen serving food to the Ink Spots in \"You May Be the Sweetheart of Somebody Else\". Billy Bowen's wife Ruth Bowen is seen walking through the set carrying a dog (Bill Kenny's actual pet) and serving drinks in \"You May Be the Sweetheart of Somebody Else\".","title":"The Ink Spots in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Get Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Low_(film)"},{"link_name":"Radio Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Days"},{"link_name":"Raging Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raging_Bull"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Road_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Shawshank Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shawshank_Redemption"},{"link_name":"The Aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Tree's Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees_Lounge"},{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Maria's Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%27s_Lovers"},{"link_name":"How to Make an American Quilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Make_an_American_Quilt"},{"link_name":"Men Don't Leave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Don%27t_Leave"},{"link_name":"Three D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_D_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drei_D"},{"link_name":"Joe Versus the Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Versus_the_Volcano"},{"link_name":"Spontaneous Combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_Combustion_(film)"},{"link_name":"Carmen Miranda: Bananas is My Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Miranda:_Bananas_is_My_Business"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Mr. Nobody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Nobody_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park on Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_on_Hudson"},{"link_name":"The Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rover_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Twenty Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_Bucks"},{"link_name":"Manchester by the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_by_the_Sea_(film)"},{"link_name":"Logorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logorama"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Love: The Unashamed Stories of Lesbian Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Love:_The_Unashamed_Stories_of_Lesbian_Lives"},{"link_name":"The Walking Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"The Visitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Visitor_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tourist_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Singing Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singing_Detective"},{"link_name":"Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Blacklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blacklist"},{"link_name":"Defiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Arrested Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrested_Development_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Better Call Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Call_Saul"},{"link_name":"White Collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Collar_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Watchmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fallout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Ink Spots music used in television and film","text":"The Ink Spots' music has been used in the films Get Low, Radio Days, Raging Bull, Revolutionary Road, The Shawshank Redemption, The Aviator, Iris, Sphere, Tree's Lounge, Malcolm X, Maria's Lovers, How to Make an American Quilt, Men Don't Leave, Three D [de], Joe Versus the Volcano, Spontaneous Combustion, Carmen Miranda: Bananas is My Business, Australia, Mr. Nobody, Hyde Park on Hudson, The Rover, Twenty Bucks, Manchester by the Sea, Logorama, and Forbidden Love: The Unashamed Stories of Lesbian Lives.The Ink Spots' music has been used in such TV shows as The Walking Dead, The Simpsons, The Visitor, The Tourist, The Singing Detective, Sanford, The Blacklist, Defiance, Arrested Development, Better Call Saul, White Collar, Watchmen, Once Upon a Time, Fallout, and Heroes.[22]","title":"The Ink Spots in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fallout video game franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Fallout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Fallout 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_3"},{"link_name":"Fallout: New Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout:_New_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Russ Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Seger Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seger_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Fallout 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_4"},{"link_name":"Fallout 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_76"},{"link_name":"BioShock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioShock"},{"link_name":"BioShock 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioShock_2"},{"link_name":"Mafia II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_II"},{"link_name":"L.A. Noire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Noire"}],"sub_title":"The Ink Spots in video games","text":"Recordings by the Ink Spots have been featured in the popular Fallout video game franchise. Their recording of \"Maybe\" was used as the opening theme of Fallout (1997), as well as in the epilogue. It was also played on the in-game radio station Galaxy News Radio in Fallout 3 (2008), alongside their recordings of \"I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire\" and \"Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall\". \"I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire\" also features in both the game's trailer and its opening cinematic. The song \"It's a Sin to Tell a Lie\" (Bill Kenny's solo, not original recording from 1941) is played on the in-game radio station Radio New Vegas in the 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas. In 2015, the group was once again featured in the Fallout franchise, when their recording of the Russ Morgan and Seger Ellis ballad \"It's All Over but the Crying\" was used in the trailer for Fallout 4; that song is also played on the in-game radio station Diamond City Radio, alongside \"I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire\", \"Maybe\", and \"Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall\". The former two songs appear once more in Fallout 76, alongside \"We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)\".BioShock and BioShock 2 have also made use of the group's recordings: \"If I Didn't Care\" and \"The Best Things in Life Are Free\" in the former, and \"We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)\", \"I'm Making Believe\", and \"Memories of You\" in the latter. Still others were included in Mafia II and on the in-game radio stations in L.A. Noire.","title":"The Ink Spots in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jukebox Saturday Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukebox_Saturday_Night"},{"link_name":"Glenn Miller Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"The Jack Benny Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jack_Benny_Program"},{"link_name":"If I Didn't Care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Didn%27t_Care"},{"link_name":"Lucky Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Strike"},{"link_name":"Tex Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Avery"},{"link_name":"Magical Maestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_Maestro"},{"link_name":"The Quarry Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quarry_Men"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Stuart Sutcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Sutcliffe"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"You'll Be Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27ll_Be_Mine_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Ian Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"The Spy Who Loved Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Someone's Rocking My Dreamboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someone%27s_Rocking_My_Dreamboat"},{"link_name":"The Mills Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mills_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Paper Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Doll_(The_Mills_Brothers_song)"},{"link_name":"Java Jive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Jive"},{"link_name":"Thunderball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderball_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Sanford and Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_and_Son"},{"link_name":"Redd Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redd_Foxx"},{"link_name":"Chanel No. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel_No._5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Transamerica Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transamerica_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Sanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanka"},{"link_name":"Lena Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Horne"},{"link_name":"Gregory Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Hines"},{"link_name":"Bugs Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny"},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"The Big Snooze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Snooze"},{"link_name":"Blade Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Megadeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadeth"},{"link_name":"So Far, So Good... So What!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Far,_So_Good..._So_What!"},{"link_name":"Set the World Afire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_the_World_Afire"},{"link_name":"Marv Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marv_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Sleep No More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_No_More_(2011_play)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Logorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logorama"},{"link_name":"Treehouse of Horror XVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_XVII"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"I'm Beginning to See the Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Beginning_to_See_the_Light"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Manchester by the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_by_the_Sea_(film)"},{"link_name":"first episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno_(Better_Call_Saul)"},{"link_name":"Better Call Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Call_Saul"},{"link_name":"We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Three_(My_Echo,_My_Shadow_and_Me)"},{"link_name":"Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_(Better_Call_Saul)"},{"link_name":"Fallout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_(American_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous","text":"The song \"Jukebox Saturday Night\", made famous by the Glenn Miller Orchestra, references the Ink Spots, imitating the iconic Ink Spots guitar intro and the group's style of singing during much of the second half of the recording.\nThe Ink Spots appeared as a guest quartet on the April 4, 1948, episode of The Jack Benny Program, singing a version of \"If I Didn't Care\" as the advertisement for Lucky Strike cigarettes.\nIn Tex Avery's 1952 cartoon Magical Maestro, Poochini gets sprayed in the face with black ink and then sings a couple of bars of \"Everything I Have Is Yours\", imitating Kenny and then Jones.\nIn 1960, The Quarry Men (composed of Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Stuart Sutcliffe, later to form The Beatles) recorded \"You'll Be Mine\", an Ink Spots parody.\nIan Fleming mentioned the group twice in his 1962 James Bond novel The Spy Who Loved Me, when the leading female, Vivienne Michel, recalls a love affair from her past. She recalls hearing \"Someone's Rocking My Dreamboat\", and mistakenly credits the group with singing \"Only a Paper Doll to Call My Own\" (an apparent reference to The Mills Brothers' song \"Paper Doll\"). Bond himself overhears the group singing \"Java Jive\" aboard the US Manta submarine in Thunderball.\nThe Ink Spots were mentioned in several episodes of the 1970s NBC sitcom Sanford and Son, as one of Fred Sanford's favorite groups, with series star Redd Foxx crooning their song, \"If I Didn't Care\". Reportedly, Foxx had royalties for singing their music taken out of his salary out of love for the group and because NBC would not pay for the rights.\nIn the 1980s, a commercial for Chanel No. 5 included a version of \"I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire\" sung solo by Bill Kenny, the former lead tenor of the group, with an unknown studio vocal group for a 1977 CBS Records LP entitled The Ink Spots – If I Didn't Care. The recording was used in the ad without permission from Kenny's executrix and widow Audrey Kenny.[23] In 1982, Mrs. Kenny took legal action and, according to Bill Kenny's former pianist Bev Gore-Langton, was successful. The commercial depicted the Transamerica Pyramid building in San Francisco with the shadow of a plane flying overhead.\nIn the 1980s, \"Java Jive\" was used in commercials for Sanka coffee, prominently featuring the likes of Lena Horne and Gregory Hines.\n\"Someone's Rocking my Dreamboat\" was sung by Bugs Bunny in the Looney Tunes short The Big Snooze.\nThe original 1982 theatrical trailer for the movie Blade Runner prominently featured a short clip of \"If I Didn't Care\", and the song is used in the early \"workprint\" version of the film, but it was replaced in the theatrical and all subsequent releases with \"One More Kiss, Dear\", an original composition in a similar vocal and melodic style.[24]\nHeavy metal group Megadeth used \"I Don't Want To Set The World On Fire\" on their 1988 album So Far, So Good... So What! as an introduction to the song \"Set the World Afire\".\nThe Ink Spots were the subject of a 1998 book by Marv Goldberg, More Than Words Can Say: The Ink Spots and Their Music.\nSeveral of the Ink Spots' original recordings are used in the off-Broadway production Sleep No More, which first opened in 2011.[25]\nThe recording \"I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire\" has been featured in multiple television shows and short films, being played at the end of the 2009 short film Logorama, as well as at the end of a special seasonal episode, \"Treehouse of Horror XVII\", on The Simpsons.\nThe Ink Spots' version of \"I'm Beginning to See the Light\" with Ella Fitzgerald is featured in the 2016 film Manchester by the Sea.\nThe Ink Spots' song \"Address Unknown\" plays during the opening of the first episode of Better Call Saul. Additionally, the group's rendition of \"We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)\" plays over the opening scene of the episode \"Smoke\".\nThe Ink Spots songs feature throughout Fallout Season 1; \"We Three (My Echo, My Shadow and Me)\" closes episode 8.","title":"The Ink Spots in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hit singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Joel Whitburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Joel Whitburn's methodology for creating pre-1940s chart placings has been criticised,[27] and therefore should not be taken as definitive.","title":"Hit singles"}] | [{"image_text":"A poster for the group promoting an appearance with the NBC Symphony Orchestra circa 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Poster_for_The_Four_Inkspots_and_the_N.B.C._Orchestra.jpg/220px-Poster_for_The_Four_Inkspots_and_the_N.B.C._Orchestra.jpg"}] | [{"title":"The Bill Kenny Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill_Kenny_Show"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Ink Spots – Rock & Roll Hall of Fame\". Retrieved 2019-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/ink-spots","url_text":"\"The Ink Spots – Rock & Roll Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Original Ink Spots Activities By Date – Vol\". Inkspots.ca. 1936-11-06. Retrieved 2012-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://inkspots.ca/ACTIVITIES-34-40.htm","url_text":"\"Original Ink Spots Activities By Date – Vol\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ink Spots | Rhino\". Rhino.com. Retrieved 2018-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhino.com/article/the-ink-spots","url_text":"\"The Ink Spots | Rhino\""}]},{"reference":"Gilliland, John (1994). Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s (audiobook). ISBN 978-1-55935-147-8. OCLC 31611854.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland","url_text":"Gilliland, John"},{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633222/m1/#track/3","url_text":"Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55935-147-8","url_text":"978-1-55935-147-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31611854","url_text":"31611854"}]},{"reference":"Tyler, Don (2007). Hit Songs, 1900–1955: American Popular Music of the Pre-Rock Era. McFarland. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-7864-2946-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hSCfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA251","url_text":"Hit Songs, 1900–1955: American Popular Music of the Pre-Rock Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2946-2","url_text":"978-0-7864-2946-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ink Spots\". Rockabilly.nl. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockabilly.nl/references/messages/ink_spots.htm","url_text":"\"The Ink Spots\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orville \"Hoppy\" Jones of the Ink Spots\". Retrieved 2009-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://inkspots.ca/HOPPY-JONES-bio.html","url_text":"\"Orville \"Hoppy\" Jones of the Ink Spots\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ivory (Deek) Watson, 60, Dead; Tenor Sang With the Ink Spots\". The New York Times. 1969-11-10. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1969/11/10/archives/ivory-deek-watson-60-dead-tenor-sang-with-the-ink-spots.html","url_text":"\"Ivory (Deek) Watson, 60, Dead; Tenor Sang With the Ink Spots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Franklin Daniels, Ink Spots Member, 79\". The New York Times. 1995-11-11. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/11/arts/jerry-franklin-daniels-ink-spots-member-79.html","url_text":"\"Jerry Franklin Daniels, Ink Spots Member, 79\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Warner, Jay (2006). American Singing Groups: A History from 1940s to Today. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-634-09978-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mTM_9JTeoMIC&dq=charlie+fuqua+obituary+ink+spots&pg=PA39","url_text":"American Singing Groups: A History from 1940s to Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-634-09978-6","url_text":"978-0-634-09978-6"}]},{"reference":"\"William Bowen Is Dead at 70; Sang With Original Ink Spots\". The New York Times. 1982-09-30. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/30/obituaries/william-bowen-is-dead-at-70-sang-with-original-ink-spots.html","url_text":"\"William Bowen Is Dead at 70; Sang With Original Ink Spots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"George Bledsoe, Bass Player And Singer for Ink Spots, 62\". The New York Times. 1982-05-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/14/obituaries/george-bledsoe-bass-player-and-singer-for-ink-spots-62.html","url_text":"\"George Bledsoe, Bass Player And Singer for Ink Spots, 62\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Paul J. Macarthur. \"The Imposters\". Houston Press. Retrieved 2015-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houstonpress.com/music/the-imposters-6564002","url_text":"\"The Imposters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family Tree Page\". Inkspotsevolution.com. Retrieved 2012-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inkspotsevolution.com/familytree_page.htm","url_text":"\"Family Tree Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ink Spots - I'd Climb The Highest Mountain (Live) - YouTube\". YouTube. Austin Casey. Retrieved 23 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39ql1Iaid_Y","url_text":"\"The Ink Spots - I'd Climb The Highest Mountain (Live) - YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ink Spots\". IMDb. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1311414/","url_text":"\"The Ink Spots\""}]},{"reference":"Sammon, Paul (July–August 1982). \"The Making of Blade Runner\". Cinefantastique.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Behind a White Mask\". Tumblr.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://behindawhitemask.tumblr.com/post/26345228760/kathrynyu-sleep-no-more-soundtrack","url_text":"\"Behind a White Mask\""}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (1986). Pop Memories 1890–1954: The History of American Popular Music. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research, Inc. pp. 223–224. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/joelwpopmemories00whit/page/223","url_text":"Pop Memories 1890–1954: The History of American Popular Music"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/joelwpopmemories00whit/page/223","url_text":"223–224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89820-083-0","url_text":"0-89820-083-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.uncamarvy.com/OriginalInkSpots/Original-Ink-Spots.html","external_links_name":"Inkspots.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/ink-spots","external_links_name":"\"The Ink Spots – Rock & Roll Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"http://inkspots.ca/ACTIVITIES-34-40.htm","external_links_name":"\"Original Ink Spots Activities By Date – Vol\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhino.com/article/the-ink-spots","external_links_name":"\"The Ink Spots | Rhino\""},{"Link":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633222/m1/#track/3","external_links_name":"Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31611854","external_links_name":"31611854"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hSCfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA251","external_links_name":"Hit Songs, 1900–1955: American Popular Music of the Pre-Rock Era"},{"Link":"http://www.rockabilly.nl/references/messages/ink_spots.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Ink Spots\""},{"Link":"http://inkspots.ca/HOPPY-JONES-bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Orville \"Hoppy\" Jones of the Ink Spots\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1969/11/10/archives/ivory-deek-watson-60-dead-tenor-sang-with-the-ink-spots.html","external_links_name":"\"Ivory (Deek) Watson, 60, Dead; Tenor Sang With the Ink Spots\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/11/arts/jerry-franklin-daniels-ink-spots-member-79.html","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Franklin Daniels, Ink Spots Member, 79\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mTM_9JTeoMIC&dq=charlie+fuqua+obituary+ink+spots&pg=PA39","external_links_name":"American Singing Groups: A History from 1940s to Today"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/30/obituaries/william-bowen-is-dead-at-70-sang-with-original-ink-spots.html","external_links_name":"\"William Bowen Is Dead at 70; Sang With Original Ink Spots\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/14/obituaries/george-bledsoe-bass-player-and-singer-for-ink-spots-62.html","external_links_name":"\"George Bledsoe, Bass Player And Singer for Ink Spots, 62\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.houstonpress.com/music/the-imposters-6564002","external_links_name":"\"The Imposters\""},{"Link":"http://www.inkspotsevolution.com/familytree_page.htm","external_links_name":"\"Family Tree Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39ql1Iaid_Y","external_links_name":"\"The Ink Spots - I'd Climb The Highest Mountain (Live) - YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1311414/","external_links_name":"\"The Ink Spots\""},{"Link":"https://behindawhitemask.tumblr.com/post/26345228760/kathrynyu-sleep-no-more-soundtrack","external_links_name":"\"Behind a White Mask\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/joelwpopmemories00whit/page/223","external_links_name":"Pop Memories 1890–1954: The History of American Popular Music"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/joelwpopmemories00whit/page/223","external_links_name":"223–224"},{"Link":"https://songbook1.wordpress.com/fx/joel-whitburn-criticism-chart-fabrication-misrepresentation-of-sources-cherry-picking/","external_links_name":"\"Joel Whitburn criticism: chart fabrication, misrepresentation of sources, cherry picking\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312071221/http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/ink_spots.html","external_links_name":"Vocal Group Hall of Fame page on The Ink Spots"},{"Link":"https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/106451","external_links_name":"Ink Spots recordings"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110106659","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132474717","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13943523q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13943523q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/6511890-X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007519037905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91117004","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00413825","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an41790278","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/75f47650-8a52-494a-8334-c5279bc6db09","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1456270","external_links_name":"Trove"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_and_Queensferry_Railway | Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway | ["1 History","2 First railways authorised","3 Connecting Dunfermline by rail to Edinburgh","4 The Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway","5 Rosyth dockyard","6 After closure","7 Station list","8 Notes","9 References"] | The Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway was a railway company founded to form part of a rail and ferry route between Dunfermline and Edinburgh, in Scotland. It was authorised in 1873 and its promoters had obtained informal promises from the larger North British Railway that the NBR would provide financial help, and also operate the ferry and the necessary railway on the southern side of the Firth of Forth.
In fact the NBR realised that the Forth Bridge would be built before long and that money spent on the Queensferry line would be wasted. They withdrew their support and the little company tried to build its line alone, but it soon ran out of money and had to sell out to the NBR.
The NBR completed the line and opened the south-side connecting line, but the opening of the Forth Bridge in 1890 reduced the Queensferry line to a minor branch line.
History
For centuries there have been a number of places where ferries took passengers and goods across the Forth, and one of these was at the narrow part of the Firth of Forth at Queensferry. When the Scottish railway network began to take shape from 1845, the two main northward routes authorised were to cross the Forth in Stirling, or to cross it directly opposite Edinburgh. The former course was taken by the Scottish Central Railway, which connected Castlecary on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway with Perth via Stirling. The latter course was adopted by the Edinburgh and Northern Railway, which built its line from Burntisland to Perth and Tayport, opposite Broughty, east of Dundee. The SCR route was considered a large detour by way of Falkirk and Larbert, but the E&NR route involved a significant ferry crossing, and a second one to cross the Tay to reach Dundee. The E&NR later introduced roll-on roll-off train ferries for goods and mineral wagons, avoiding transshipment.
First railways authorised
The Edinburgh and Northern railway and the Scottish Central Railway were authorised in the 1845 Parliamentary session. The Edinburgh and Northern proposal had been controversial, and in particular a rival scheme, the Edinburgh and Perth Direct Railway, came a close second. The E&PDR wished to cross the Forth at Queensferry, thence running northwards through Dunfermline. For a time it looked as if the E&PDR scheme would be approved, but in fact it was eventually rejected by Parliament and disappeared from the scene. The railway through Fife to the north would cross at Burntisland.
These railways were substantially complete by 1849, and they were extremely popular and commercially successful. Nonetheless other routes continued to thrive, and the ferry at Queensferry was one such. It was encouraged by the fact that the railway route from Dunfermline to Edinburgh was extremely circuitous. There were two railways serving Dunfermline, a branch of the Edinburgh and Northern Railway (which had by now renamed itself the Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee Railway), and the Stirling and Dunfermline Railway. Reaching Edinburgh with the former involved travel by way of Thornton before turning south, and then enduring the ferry crossing. The latter also involved a large detour, through Stirling and Larbert. The difficulty of these indirect routes rankled with the citizens of Dunfermline, who many times petitioned the EP&DR and its successor, the North British Railway for a direct railway route. Many promises were given but the perception in Dunfermline was that the promises were worthless.
Connecting Dunfermline by rail to Edinburgh
The Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway systemIn 1861 the possibility of a Queensferry route seemed to have been revived, and three Bills went to Parliament to authorised such a line. One was the EP&DR's own line, to run from Dunfermline; an independent line was to run from Dunfermline to join the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway; and the E&GR itself proposed a line from its own main line to Dunfermline. These three lines were essentially similar, and they all involved a ferry crossing at Queensferry. The ferry might involve roll-on roll-off arrangements as at Burntisland, and maybe there might even be a bridge, crossing from Blackness to Charlestown, a little to the west. The North British Railway had absorbed the EP&DR in 1862, and brought considerable additional financial power to the matter, yet seemingly without decisive action. Thus in 1864 the Fife Herald reported that:
As yet, there is no preparation for laying the trunk line between Edinburgh and Dunfermline and northwards to Perth. It appears that the North British Company are contemplating the abandonment of the route by the Queensferry, and the adoption of another higher up the Firth by means of a bridge. The report of the Directors says, "Another cause has dictated caution in the commencement of the expensive works on the southern portion of the Dunfermline Railway. The conviction has gradually become stronger, that a bridge over the Firth of Forth, at no great distance from Queensferry, might be erected without extravagant cost... In the present session, two bills have passed the second reading in the House of Commons, each containing application for power to erect a bridge... with this advantage, that the northern terminus of each of these bridges would abut upon the company's railway at Charleston, and this open immediate communication with Edinburgh and Glasgow from Fife by means of its existing lines from Perth and Dundee via Dunfermline..."
Every one who reads this will easily spell out its real meaning--the abandonment of the Queensferry route--and the consequent abandonment of the whole design of an Edinburgh, Dunfermline and Perth railway, although it has received the sanction of Parliament. A bridge across the Firth at Charleston! Such an undertaking as this would cost a million of money, and would be an act of folly very unlikely to be perpetrated by a covey of sharp-witted railway directors.
The NBR firmly committed itself to the Forth Bridge at Charlestown in 1865, but the project was still on the back burner as the company gave the Tay Bridge priority. Thomas Bouch had designed the crossing, which was to involve two suspension bridge sections. But when the Tay bridge suffered a partial collapse in the Tay Bridge disaster in 1879, Bouch's work was naturally suspended. In 1882 the authorising Bill was passed in Parliament for the Forth Bridge that is in place today.
The Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway
The pressure in Dunfermline for a better route to Edinburgh led to an excess of enthusiasm, encouraged by incautious hints from NBR directors, and it was supposed that a rail and ferry route via North Queensferry and Port Edgar, a pier opposite on the southern shore, was feasible. A Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway was put forward for the northern shore, and the NBR were understood to have promised a railway on the south side, connecting Port Edgar. Even better: a roll-on roll-off ferry, as at Burntisland, might be installed.
The Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway obtained Parliamentary authorisation by Act of 21 July 1873; there was to be an improved pier at North Queensferry for the ferry.
The North British Railway was involved with the company financially and in the Board of the D&QR, but by now it had become obvious within the NBR that the way forward was a Forth Bridge. The expenditure on that scheme would be huge, and any money diverted to connecting the Queensferry route would be wasted. The NBR nominees on the D&QR Board were instructed to do all they could to slow the rate of progress of the planning and construction of the railway. In June 1874 the NBR prevarication came to a head when the D&QR directors re-issued the company's prospectus, and decided to go it alone without the promised NBR financial support, which was obviously not going to be made available.
This was not going to be easy as the available capital was scarce, but the first sod was cut on 3 April 1875. However only a part of the necessary capital was subscribed, and with their railway partly built, the Company had to accept that they had run out of money, and construction was halted. Realistically there was only one way out: a sale at a low price to the North British Railway. The Falkirk Herald reported the shareholders' meeting at which the painful truth was made known:
At an extraordinary meeting of the shareholders of the Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway, held at Dunfermline on Thursday , the directors submitted the terms of amalgamation with the North British Railway. These they spoke of as disappointing, but stated that, under all the circumstances, and keeping in view the unexpected increases in the cost of constructing the railway, they had reluctantly come to the conclusion that they had no alternative but to recommend their acceptance. The amalgamation is to date from 31st July. The North British are to be entitled to all the assets and assume all the liabilities of the company; the fully paid-up share capital to become North British Preference Stock, bearing a fixed dividend of 3 per cent. per annum from 1st February 1878, with a lien on the line; they are to provide the necessary passenger accommodation at Port Edgar, and open the route from Edinburgh to Dunfermline via Queensferry without delay. After a lucid explanation of the state and prospects of the company, the Chairman, the Earl of Elgin, who said he had not the smallest possible trust in the promises of the North British directors, moved the approval and confirmation of the memorandum of amalgamation... ultimately the heads of agreement were, by a majority, approved of.
Elgin's view was hardly balanced: shareholders got 3% preference shares, and the NBR took the whole of the escalated debt of the D&QR.
The NBR now hastened the completion of the D&QR, and it opened on 2 November 1877. At the same time a short branch to Inverkeithing Harbour was built, partly on the trackbed of the Halbeath Railway. There was a station in Dunfermline called Comely Park; it was renamed Dunfermline Lower on 5 March 1890.
By the time the railway opened (by the NBR), local newspapers had decided that the NBR was the villain of the piece:
Opening of the Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway: Unaccompanied with ceremony of any kind, the new railway connecting Dunfermline with Edinburgh, by way of Queensferry, was opened on Thursday . The new line is six miles in extent... The travelling facilities which the new railway will afford--provided the North British Railway Company, who have become possessors of the line, put on a good and convenient service of trains, which as yet has not been done,--will prove of great benefit to the town of Dunfermline, and also to Inverkeithing... The towns named have lost considerably by the undertaking , but they are certain to benefit by the improved accommodation which will be supplied, and will be better equipped for competition in the race of enterprise and industry. The manufacturing interests, and the owners of the extensive coalfields in the west of Fife will now be in a much better position than formerly ...
shamefully neglected in respect of railway accommodation. For the last two decades the railway question has been a burning one in the old town... Over and again schemes were launched, and the North British Railway Company were approached, but the attempts were always futile until three years ago, when Provost Mathieson was urged on by influential representatives of the varied interests of the districts, to take the matter in hand... The beginning was hopeful enough, but the cost exceeded what was expected, and the result of an amalgamation of the local company with the North British, on the condition that the latter completed the unfinished works, was that the shareholders lost considerably by the bargain. The first train conveying passengers left Comely Park Station, Dunfermline, a little after seven o'clock on Thursday morning... The passengers were not numerous, and on the train starting at Comely Park not a single cheer was raised...
For accommodation of every kind the station at Inverkeithing excels that of Dunfermline. At Queensferry the station and pier seem commodious and well finished... The service of trains, as we have indicated, is not nearly so perfect as it should be, neither had the public convenience been considered as it ought to have been. Surely, the North British Railway Company, who have made what is believed to be an excellent bargain, will show the Dunfermline and Inverkeithing people that they are not only disposed to be just but also generous.
Even after the opening of the promised ferry and train connection, things were still wrong for the newspaper:
One of the pleasantest stage-coach routes still in existence is that between Edinburgh and Dunfermline. The journey is made in little more than a couple of hours when the ferry service is reliable, which it has not been for a considerable length of time. And the inconvenience became more intolerable after the opening of the Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway. The coaches from Edinburgh were conveyed across the ferry in the boat which took the railway passengers, who were first landed at the railway pier, while the boat with the coach on board had afterwards to proceed to the old landing-place. This, of course, necessitated a long and vexatious delay, which was the more inconvenient considering that the coach conveys the mails.
On 2 June 1890 the Forth Bridge opened. Main line and local traffic could cross the Firth of Forth by the bridge, and ferry alternatives were immediately closed. The Dunfermline and Queensferry line continued in use, but was now a minor branch line. The approach to the Forth Bridge from Dunfermline used the original Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway route as far as Inverkeithing, and this was now converted to double track.
Rosyth dockyard
A short connection off the Queensferry line to Rosyth Dockyard was opened on 1 January 1918, during World War I. Twenty trains daily ran from Edinburgh to the dockyard, carrying workmen and naval personnel. The dockyard connection remained in use after the end of the war, and although only sporadically used, is still available at the present day. North Queensferry itself closed to goods traffic in October 1954.
After closure
In 2018 the tunnel at the North Queensferry end of the line was found to be degrading. The tunnel lies under the approach roads for the Forth Road Bridge. It was filled with polystyrene blocks and sealed off. The blocks can be removed in the future if the tunnel is ever re-opened.
Station list
North Queensferry Pier; opened 1 November 1877; closed 5 March 1890;
Inverkeithing; opened 1 November 1877; still open;
Rosyth Halt; opened unadvertised 28 March 1917; opened to public 1 December 1917; originally "Halt"; still open;
Charlestown Junction; convergence of line from Charlestown and Kincardine;
Dunfermline, Comely Park.
Rosyth Dockyard; Naval Base opened 1 July 1915; still used; workmen's passenger trains operated and official closure was on 24 November 1989, although it is thought that they ceased running some time before that.
Notes
^ The E&NR used the name Ferryport-on-Craig at first, and then the spelling Tay-Port.
^ The Forth Bridge actually cost £3.2 million.
^ Thomas, volume 1, page 242, says 1 April 1878; Brotchie and Jack say 1 November 1877.
References
^ a b John Thomas, The North British Railway, volume 1, David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1969, ISBN 0 7153 4697 0
^ a b c John Thomas and David Turnock, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Volume 15, North of Scotland, David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1989, ISBN 0 946537 03 8
^ Fife Herald: Thursday 17 March 1864
^ a b c d e David Ross, The North British Railway: A History, Stenlake Publishing Limited, Catrine, 2014, ISBN 978 1 84033 647 4
^ Falkirk Herald: Thursday 22 February 1877
^ E F Carter, An Historical Geography of the Railways of the British Isles, Cassell, London, 1959
^ Brotchie, Alan W; Jack, Harry (2007). Early Railways of West Fife: An Industrial and Social Commentary. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 9781840334098.
^ Falkirk Herald: Thursday 8 November 1877
^ Falkirk Herald: Thursday 6 December 1877
^ a b c Gordon Stansfield, Fife's Lost Railways, Stenlake Publishing, Catrine, 1998, ISBN 1 84033 055 4
^ "Degrading tunnel in Fife filled with polystyrene". BBC Online. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
^ a b M E Quick, Railway Passenger Stations in England Scotland and Wales—A Chronology, The Railway and Canal Historical Society, 2002
vteHistorical Scottish railway companiesPrimary companies
Caledonian Railway
Glasgow and South Western Railway
Great North of Scotland Railway
Highland Railway
North British Railway
CaledonianRailway
Aberdeen Railway
Alloa Railway
Alyth
Arbroath and Forfar
Busby Railway
Cathcart District
Clydesdale Junction
Crieff Junction
Crieff and Comrie
Crieff and Methven Junction
Dumfries, Lochmaben and Lockerbie
Dunblane, Doune and Callander
Dundee and Perth
Dundee and Perth and Aberdeen
Forfar and Brechin
General Terminus and Glasgow Harbour
Garnkirk and Glasgow
Glasgow Central Railway
Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock
Greenock and Wemyss Bay
Hamilton and Strathaven
Lanarkshire and Ayrshire
Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire
Leadhills and Wanlockhead
Lesmahagow Railway
Lochearnhead, St Fillans and Comrie
Paisley and Barrhead District
Perth, Almond Valley and Methven
Polloc and Govan
Rutherglen and Coatbridge
Scottish Central
Scottish Midland Junction
Scottish North Eastern
Solway Junction
Symington, Biggar and Broughton
Talla Railway
Wishaw and Coltness
Lines built by the Caledonian Railway
Balerno line
CR Cleland and Midcalder
CR Main Line
CR Douglas Branch
CR Hamilton Branch
CR Hamiltonhill Branch
CR The Switchback
Independent lines worked by the Caledonian Railway
Callander and Oban
Killin Railway
Glasgow and South Western Railway
Ardrossan Railway
Ardrossan and Johnstone
Ayr and Dalmellington
Ayr and Maybole Junction
Ayr to Mauchline
Ayrshire and Wigtownshire
Barrhead Branch
Bridge of Weir Railway
Cairn Valley
Caledonian and Dumbartonshire Junction
Castle Douglas and Dumfries
Dalry and North Johnstone
Darvel Branch
Girvan and Portpatrick Junction
Glasgow, Dumfries and Carlisle
Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr
Greenock and Ayrshire
Kilmarnock and Troon
Largs Branch
Maidens and Dunure
Maybole and Girvan
Paisley and Renfrew
Paisley Canal Line
Great North of Scotland Railway
Aberdeen and Turriff
Aboyne and Braemar
Alford Valley
Banff, Macduff and Turriff Junction
Banff, Portsoy and Strathisla
Boddam Branch
Deeside
Denburn Valley
Formartine and Buchan
Inverury and Old Meldrum Junction
Keith and Dufftown
Moray Coast
Morayshire
St Combs Light Railway
Strathspey Railway
Highland Railway
Buckie and Portessie Branch
Dingwall and Skye
Duke of Sutherland
Findhorn Railway
Fortrose Branch
Inverness and Aberdeen Junction
Inverness and Aviemore Direct
Inverness and Nairn
Inverness and Perth Junction
Inverness and Ross-shire
Kyle of Lochalsh Extension
Perth and Dunkeld
Sutherland and Caithness
Sutherland Railway
Independent lines worked by the Highland Railway
Dornoch Light Railway
Wick and Lybster Light Railway
North BritishRailway
Aberlady, Gullane and North Berwick
Anstruther and St Andrews Railway
Ballochney
Bathgate and Coatbridge
Blane Valley
Border Counties Railway
Border Union Railway
Campsie Branch
Carlisle and Silloth Bay Railway and Dock Company
Charlestown Railway and Harbour Company
Coatbridge Branch
Devon Valley Railway
Dunfermline and Queensferry
East of Fife Railway
Edinburgh and Bathgate
Edinburgh and Dalkeith
Edinburgh and Glasgow
Edinburgh and Hawick
Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway
Edinburgh, Loanhead and Roslin Railway
Edinburgh and Northern
Edinburgh Suburban and Southside Junction
Esk Valley
Eyemouth Railway
Fife and Kinross Railway
Forth and Clyde Junction
Gifford and Garvald
Glasgow, Bothwell, Hamilton and Coatbridge
Glasgow City and District
Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh
Glasgow and Milngavie Junction
Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank
Kelvin Valley Railway
Kincardine Line
Kinross-shire Railway
Kirkcaldy and District Railway
Leadburn, Linton and Dolphinton
Leven Railway
Leven and East of Fife Railway
Macmerry Branch
Monkland and Kirkintilloch
Monkland Railways
Montrose and Bervie
Mallaig Extension
Newburgh and North Fife Railway (worked by NBR)
Newport Railway
North Berwick Branch
North British, Arbroath and Montrose
Peebles Railway
The St. Andrews Railway
Stirling and Dunfermline
Strathendrick and Aberfoyle
Slamannan
Slamannan and Borrowstounness
Wemyss and Buckhaven Railway
West Highland Railway
West of Fife Mineral Railway
Wilsontown, Morningside and Coltness
Joint lines
Caledonian and Dumbartonshire Junction
City Union
Dundee and Arbroath
Darvel and Strathaven
Glasgow and Paisley Joint
Glasgow and Renfrew District
Glasgow, Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint
Kilsyth and Bonnybridge
Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint
Other lines
Brechin and Edzell District
Campbeltown and Machrihanish Light Railway
Cromarty and Dingwall Light Railway
Dundee and Arbroath
Hagdale Chromate Railway
Invergarry and Fort Augustus
Lealt Valley Diatomite Railway
Lochaber Narrow Gauge
Perth, Almond Valley and Methven
Rothesay and Ettrick Bay Light Railway
Skye Marble Railway
Tranent to Cockenzie Waggonway | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In fact the NBR realised that the Forth Bridge would be built before long and that money spent on the Queensferry line would be wasted. They withdrew their support and the little company tried to build its line alone, but it soon ran out of money and had to sell out to the NBR.The NBR completed the line and opened the south-side connecting line, but the opening of the Forth Bridge in 1890 reduced the Queensferry line to a minor branch line.","title":"Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Central_Railway"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_and_Glasgow_Railway"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh and Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_and_Northern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomas1-2"}],"text":"For centuries there have been a number of places where ferries took passengers and goods across the Forth, and one of these was at the narrow part of the Firth of Forth at Queensferry. When the Scottish railway network began to take shape from 1845, the two main northward routes authorised were to cross the Forth in Stirling, or to cross it directly opposite Edinburgh. The former course was taken by the Scottish Central Railway, which connected Castlecary on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway with Perth via Stirling. The latter course was adopted by the Edinburgh and Northern Railway, which built its line from Burntisland to Perth and Tayport,[note 1] opposite Broughty, east of Dundee. The SCR route was considered a large detour by way of Falkirk and Larbert, but the E&NR route involved a significant ferry crossing, and a second one to cross the Tay to reach Dundee. The E&NR later introduced roll-on roll-off train ferries for goods and mineral wagons, avoiding transshipment.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stirling and Dunfermline Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_and_Dunfermline_Railway"},{"link_name":"North British Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_British_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turnock-3"}],"text":"The Edinburgh and Northern railway and the Scottish Central Railway were authorised in the 1845 Parliamentary session. The Edinburgh and Northern proposal had been controversial, and in particular a rival scheme, the Edinburgh and Perth Direct Railway, came a close second. The E&PDR wished to cross the Forth at Queensferry, thence running northwards through Dunfermline. For a time it looked as if the E&PDR scheme would be approved, but in fact it was eventually rejected by Parliament and disappeared from the scene. The railway through Fife to the north would cross at Burntisland.These railways were substantially complete by 1849, and they were extremely popular and commercially successful. Nonetheless other routes continued to thrive, and the ferry at Queensferry was one such. It was encouraged by the fact that the railway route from Dunfermline to Edinburgh was extremely circuitous. There were two railways serving Dunfermline, a branch of the Edinburgh and Northern Railway (which had by now renamed itself the Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee Railway), and the Stirling and Dunfermline Railway. Reaching Edinburgh with the former involved travel by way of Thornton before turning south, and then enduring the ferry crossing. The latter also involved a large detour, through Stirling and Larbert. The difficulty of these indirect routes rankled with the citizens of Dunfermline, who many times petitioned the EP&DR and its successor, the North British Railway for a direct railway route. Many promises were given but the perception in Dunfermline was that the promises were worthless.[2]","title":"First railways authorised"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%26QR.png"},{"link_name":"North British Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_British_Railway"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifeherald-5"},{"link_name":"Tay Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Rail_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bouch"},{"link_name":"Tay Bridge disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Bridge_disaster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turnock-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ross-6"}],"text":"The Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway systemIn 1861 the possibility of a Queensferry route seemed to have been revived, and three Bills went to Parliament to authorised such a line. One was the EP&DR's own line, to run from Dunfermline; an independent line was to run from Dunfermline to join the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway; and the E&GR itself proposed a line from its own main line to Dunfermline. These three lines were essentially similar, and they all involved a ferry crossing at Queensferry. The ferry might involve roll-on roll-off arrangements as at Burntisland, and maybe there might even be a bridge, crossing from Blackness to Charlestown, a little to the west. The North British Railway had absorbed the EP&DR in 1862, and brought considerable additional financial power to the matter, yet seemingly without decisive action. Thus in 1864 the Fife Herald reported that:As yet, there is no preparation for laying the trunk line between Edinburgh and Dunfermline and northwards to Perth. It appears that the North British Company are contemplating the abandonment of the route by the Queensferry, and the adoption of another higher up the Firth by means of a bridge. The report of the Directors says, \"Another cause has dictated caution in the commencement of the expensive works on the southern portion of the Dunfermline Railway. The conviction has gradually become stronger, that a bridge over the Firth of Forth, at no great distance from Queensferry, might be erected without extravagant cost... In the present [Parliamentary] session, two bills have passed the second reading in the House of Commons, each containing application for power to erect a bridge... with this advantage, that the northern terminus of each of these bridges would abut upon the company's railway at Charleston, [sic] and this [would] open immediate communication with Edinburgh and Glasgow from Fife by means of its existing lines from Perth and Dundee via Dunfermline...\"Every one who reads this will easily spell out its real meaning--the abandonment of the Queensferry route--and the consequent abandonment of the whole design of an Edinburgh, Dunfermline and Perth railway, although it has received the sanction of Parliament. A bridge across the Firth at Charleston! Such an undertaking as this would cost a million of money,[note 2] and would be an act of folly very unlikely to be perpetrated by a covey of sharp-witted railway directors.[3]The NBR firmly committed itself to the Forth Bridge at Charlestown in 1865, but the project was still on the back burner as the company gave the Tay Bridge priority. Thomas Bouch had designed the crossing, which was to involve two suspension bridge sections. But when the Tay bridge suffered a partial collapse in the Tay Bridge disaster in 1879, Bouch's work was naturally suspended. In 1882 the authorising Bill was passed in Parliament for the Forth Bridge that is in place today.[2][4]","title":"Connecting Dunfermline by rail to Edinburgh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turnock-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ross-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falkirkherald-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ross-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carter-8"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomas1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ross-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brotchie-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fkk-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fkkherald-12"},{"link_name":"Forth Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ross-6"}],"text":"The pressure in Dunfermline for a better route to Edinburgh led to an excess of enthusiasm, encouraged by incautious hints from NBR directors, and it was supposed that a rail and ferry route via North Queensferry and Port Edgar, a pier opposite on the southern shore, was feasible. A Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway was put forward for the northern shore, and the NBR were understood to have promised a railway on the south side, connecting Port Edgar. Even better: a roll-on roll-off ferry, as at Burntisland, might be installed.The Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway obtained Parliamentary authorisation by Act of 21 July 1873; there was to be an improved pier at North Queensferry for the ferry.The North British Railway was involved with the company financially and in the Board of the D&QR, but by now it had become obvious within the NBR that the way forward was a Forth Bridge. The expenditure on that scheme would be huge, and any money diverted to connecting the Queensferry route would be wasted. The NBR nominees on the D&QR Board were instructed to do all they could to slow the rate of progress of the planning and construction of the railway. In June 1874 the NBR prevarication came to a head when the D&QR directors re-issued the company's prospectus, and decided to go it alone without the promised NBR financial support, which was obviously not going to be made available.[2][4]This was not going to be easy as the available capital was scarce, but the first sod was cut on 3 April 1875. However only a part of the necessary capital was subscribed, and with their railway partly built, the Company had to accept that they had run out of money, and construction was halted. Realistically there was only one way out: a sale at a low price to the North British Railway. The Falkirk Herald reported the shareholders' meeting at which the painful truth was made known:At an extraordinary meeting of the shareholders of the Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway, held at Dunfermline on Thursday [15 February 1877], the directors submitted the terms of amalgamation with the North British Railway. These they spoke of as disappointing, but stated that, under all the circumstances, and keeping in view the unexpected increases in the cost of constructing the railway, they had reluctantly come to the conclusion that they had no alternative but to recommend their acceptance. The amalgamation is to date from 31st July. The North British are to be entitled to all the assets and assume all the liabilities of the company; the fully paid-up share capital to become North British Preference Stock, bearing a fixed dividend of 3 per cent. per annum from 1st February 1878, with a lien on the line; they are to provide the necessary passenger accommodation at Port Edgar, and open the route from Edinburgh to Dunfermline via Queensferry without delay. After a lucid explanation of the state and prospects of the company, the Chairman, the Earl of Elgin, who said he had not the smallest possible trust in the promises of the North British directors, moved the approval and confirmation of the memorandum of amalgamation... [and] ultimately the heads of agreement were, by a majority, approved of.[5]Elgin's view was hardly balanced: shareholders got 3% preference shares, and the NBR took the whole of the escalated debt of the D&QR.[4][6]The NBR now hastened the completion of the D&QR, and it opened on 2 November 1877.[note 3] At the same time a short branch to Inverkeithing Harbour was built, partly on the trackbed of the Halbeath Railway.[1][4] There was a station in Dunfermline called Comely Park; it was renamed Dunfermline Lower on 5 March 1890.[7]By the time the railway opened (by the NBR), local newspapers had decided that the NBR was the villain of the piece:Opening of the Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway: Unaccompanied with ceremony of any kind, the new railway connecting Dunfermline with Edinburgh, by way of Queensferry, was opened on Thursday [1 November 1877]. The new line is six miles in extent... The travelling facilities which the new railway will afford--provided the North British Railway Company, who have become possessors of the line, put on a good and convenient service of trains, which as yet has not been done,--will prove of great benefit to the town of Dunfermline, and also to Inverkeithing... The towns named have lost considerably by the undertaking [presumably the delay in completion], but they are certain to benefit by the improved accommodation which will be supplied, and will be better equipped for competition in the race of enterprise and industry. The manufacturing interests, and the owners of the extensive coalfields in the west of Fife will now be in a much better position than formerly ...[Dunfermline has been] shamefully neglected in respect of railway accommodation. For the last two decades the railway question has been a burning one in the old town... Over and again schemes were launched, and the North British Railway Company were approached, but the attempts were always futile until three years ago, when Provost Mathieson was urged on by influential representatives of the varied interests of the districts, to take the matter in hand... The beginning [of the D&QR project] was hopeful enough, but the cost exceeded what was expected, and the result of an amalgamation of the local company with the North British, on the condition that the latter completed the unfinished works, was that the shareholders lost considerably by the bargain. The first train conveying passengers left Comely Park Station, Dunfermline, a little after seven o'clock on Thursday morning... The passengers were not numerous, and on the train starting at Comely Park not a single cheer was raised...For accommodation of every kind the station at Inverkeithing excels that of Dunfermline. At Queensferry the station and pier seem commodious and well finished... The service of trains, as we have indicated, is not nearly so perfect as it should be, neither had the public convenience been considered as it ought to have been. Surely, the North British Railway Company, who have made what is believed to be an excellent bargain, will show the Dunfermline and Inverkeithing people that they are not only disposed to be just but also generous.[8]Even after the opening of the promised ferry and train connection, things were still wrong for the newspaper:One of the pleasantest stage-coach routes still in existence is that between Edinburgh and Dunfermline. The journey is made in little more than a couple of hours when the ferry service is reliable, which it has not been for a considerable length of time. And the inconvenience became more intolerable after the opening of the Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway. The coaches from Edinburgh were conveyed across the ferry in the boat which took the railway passengers, who were first landed at the railway pier, while the boat with the coach on board had afterwards to proceed to the old landing-place. This, of course, necessitated a long and vexatious delay, which was the more inconvenient considering that the coach conveys the mails.[9]On 2 June 1890 the Forth Bridge opened. Main line and local traffic could cross the Firth of Forth by the bridge, and ferry alternatives were immediately closed. The Dunfermline and Queensferry line continued in use, but was now a minor branch line. The approach to the Forth Bridge from Dunfermline used the original Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway route as far as Inverkeithing, and this was now converted to double track.[4]","title":"The Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stansfield-fife-13"}],"text":"A short connection off the Queensferry line to Rosyth Dockyard was opened on 1 January 1918, during World War I. Twenty trains daily ran from Edinburgh to the dockyard, carrying workmen and naval personnel. The dockyard connection remained in use after the end of the war, and although only sporadically used, is still available at the present day. North Queensferry itself closed to goods traffic in October 1954.[10]","title":"Rosyth dockyard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forth Road Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridge"},{"link_name":"polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 2018 the tunnel at the North Queensferry end of the line was found to be degrading. The tunnel lies under the approach roads for the Forth Road Bridge. It was filled with polystyrene blocks and sealed off. The blocks can be removed in the future if the tunnel is ever re-opened.[11]","title":"After closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stansfield-fife-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quick-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stansfield-fife-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quick-15"}],"text":"North Queensferry Pier; opened 1 November 1877; closed 5 March 1890;\nInverkeithing; opened 1 November 1877; still open;\nRosyth Halt; opened unadvertised 28 March 1917; opened to public 1 December 1917; originally \"Halt\"; still open;\nCharlestown Junction; convergence of line from Charlestown and Kincardine;\nDunfermline, Comely Park.[10][12]\nRosyth Dockyard; Naval Base opened 1 July 1915; still used; workmen's passenger trains operated and official closure was on 24 November 1989, although it is thought that they ceased running some time before that.[10][12]","title":"Station list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ The E&NR used the name Ferryport-on-Craig at first, and then the spelling Tay-Port.\n\n^ The Forth Bridge actually cost £3.2 million.\n\n^ Thomas, volume 1, page 242, says 1 April 1878; Brotchie and Jack say 1 November 1877.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The Dunfermline and Queensferry Railway system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/D%26QR.png/220px-D%26QR.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Brotchie, Alan W; Jack, Harry (2007). Early Railways of West Fife: An Industrial and Social Commentary. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 9781840334098.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840334098","url_text":"9781840334098"}]},{"reference":"\"Degrading tunnel in Fife filled with polystyrene\". BBC Online. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-43824142","url_text":"\"Degrading tunnel in Fife filled with polystyrene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online","url_text":"BBC Online"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-43824142","external_links_name":"\"Degrading tunnel in Fife filled with polystyrene\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Art_Centre_of_South_Australia | Contemporary Art Centre of South Australia | ["1 History","2 Publications","3 Exhibitions","4 References"] | Coordinates: 34°56′32″S 138°36′35″E / 34.9423°S 138.6096°E / -34.9423; 138.6096
The Contemporary Art Centre of South Australia (CACSA)Former nameContemporary Art Society (CAS)Established1942Dissolved2016Location14 Porter Street, Parkside, South AustraliaCEOLiz Nowell (2017)WebsiteArchived website (January 2017)
The Contemporary Art Centre of South Australia (CACSA), formerly Contemporary Art Society (CAS), was an art museum and art space located in the Adelaide suburb of Parkside, in South Australia. In late 2016 it merged with the Australian Experimental Art Foundation to form ACE Open.
The quarterly art journal Broadsheet was published by the CAS from 1954. This became Broadsheet: A Journal of Contemporary Art when the organisation changed its name and constitution in 1986, and later changed again to Contemporary Visual Arts and Culture: Broadsheet and, from 2007, Contemporary Visual Art + Culture: Broadsheet. ACE Open continued to publish the journal until September 2017.
History
A network of independent organisations across Australia each known as Contemporary Art Society were created following the founding of the Contemporary Art Society of Victoria in July 1938.
CACSA was the third of these, established in 1942 as the Contemporary Art Society as a breakaway from the Royal Society of Arts. It was run by volunteers, with Max Harris as president and secretary, and Ivor Francis as vice-president. Dorrit Black was an active member of the society until her death in 1951.
First known as the Adelaide branch of the Contemporary Art Society, its first exhibition was held in the South Australian Society of Arts gallery in October 1943, though an anti-Fascist exhibition had been held in Adelaide by the older branches (Victoria and New South Wales) in January that year.
In 1964 the Contemporary Art Society moved into a bluestone residence in Porter Street, Parkside, which was used for exhibiting its members' work, which, by the time of its closure in 2016, had become the longest-running contemporary art space in the country.
In 1974, a new organisation named the Australian Experimental Art Foundation (AEAF) was created by members breaking away from CACSA, with the intention of focusing on "more radical, multi-disciplinary and performance work".
In 1986 the organisation became incorporated, was renamed the Contemporary Art Centre of South Australia, and became a publicly-funded organisation which ran nationally and internationally significant exhibitions. It was one of Australia's most prominent contemporary art organisations, with its mission to "promote, develop and support contemporary art practice and critical thinking through South Australian, national and international exhibitions, publications, debate and associated activities".
CACSA became a member of Contemporary Art Organisations of Australia (CAOs), established in 1995 and still in existence as of 2021 with the changed abbreviation (now abbreviated as CAOA). The network of "public, independent, non-collecting contemporary art organisations" from around Australia is an advocacy body for Australian small to medium contemporary visual arts bodies, helping to promote the work of living artists.
From August 2016 CACSA started talks to merge with the Australian Experimental Art Foundation (AEAF) after two rounds of severe funding cuts to the Australia Council in the federal government budgets of 2014/15 and 2015/16. Arts SA provided funding for the two organisations to cover operational costs for 2017, which enabled planning for the merger, which was named ACE Open. Liz Nowell, former CEO of CACSA, became CEO of the new organisation.
Publications
The CAS published the quarterly art journal known as Broadsheet from 1954. This was continued by CACSA from 1986, variously titled Broadsheet: A Journal of Contemporary Art, Broadsheet: Contemporary Visual Arts and Culture; Contemporary Visual Arts and Culture: Broadsheet, and, from 2007, Contemporary Visual Art + Culture Broadsheet (abbreviated to CVA+C Broadsheet).
Exhibitions
CACSA undertook regular large scale survey and multi-sited surveys of contemporary South Australian art as part of the CACSA Contemporary series, including CACSA Contemporary 2010: THE NEW NEW, CACSA CONTEMPORARY 2012: NEW SA ART + IBIDEM: PUBLIC ART PROJECT and CACSA Contemporary 2015. CASCA also provided a space to predominantly emerging and experimental arts practice as part of the Project Space exhibition program.
References
^ a b c "About". The Contemporary Art Centre of South Australia. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
^ a b c Wallace, Ilona (19 April 2017). "An ACE Up Our Sleeves". Broadsheet. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
^ a b "Broadsheet: a journal of contemporary art ". National Library of Australia. Contemporary Art Centre of South Australia. 1986–2017. ISSN 0819-677X. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ "History". Contemporary Art Society of Victoria. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ a b c d "Contemporary Art Centre of South Australia (CACSA)". ACE Open. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ "Contemporary Art". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 17 July 1942. p. 8. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ Teffer, Nicola. "Know My Name: Dorrit Black". National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "200 Pictures in Exhibition". The News. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 21 October 1943. p. 6. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "Anti-Fascist Art Exhibition". The News. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 31 December 1942. p. 6. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ a b "Broadsheet". The Contemporary Art Centre of South Australia. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
^ "Art and AsiaPacific: Issues 33-36". Art and Asiapacific Quarterly Journal. Fine Art Press: 19. 2002. ISSN 1039-3625.
^ "Members". Contemporary Art Organisations of Australia (CAOS). Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ "About". Contemporary Arts Organisations Australia. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "CACSA, AEAF to Merge in Wake of Australia Council Cuts". The Adelaide Review. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ "Broadsheet ". WorldCat. 1954–1986. ISSN 0813-4367. OCLC 173343936. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ "Broadsheet: A Journal of Contemporary Art". WorldCat. 1986–2017. ISSN 0819-677X. OCLC 173338926. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
34°56′32″S 138°36′35″E / 34.9423°S 138.6096°E / -34.9423; 138.6096
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museum"},{"link_name":"art space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_space"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Parkside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkside,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"ACE Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_Open"}],"text":"The Contemporary Art Centre of South Australia (CACSA), formerly Contemporary Art Society (CAS), was an art museum and art space located in the Adelaide suburb of Parkside, in South Australia. In late 2016 it merged with the Australian Experimental Art Foundation to form ACE Open.The quarterly art journal Broadsheet was published by the CAS from 1954. 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Dorrit Black was an active member of the society until her death in 1951.[7]First known as the Adelaide branch of the Contemporary Art Society, its first exhibition was held in the South Australian Society of Arts gallery in October 1943,[8] though an anti-Fascist exhibition had been held in Adelaide by the older branches (Victoria and New South Wales) in January that year.[9]In 1964 the Contemporary Art Society moved into a bluestone residence in Porter Street, Parkside, which was used for exhibiting its members' work, which, by the time of its closure in 2016, had become the longest-running contemporary art space in the country.[5]In 1974, a new organisation named the Australian Experimental Art Foundation (AEAF) was created by members breaking away from CACSA, with the intention of focusing on \"more radical, multi-disciplinary and performance work\".[10]In 1986 the organisation became incorporated, was renamed the Contemporary Art Centre of South Australia, and became a publicly-funded organisation which ran nationally and internationally significant exhibitions.[5] It was one of Australia's most prominent contemporary art organisations,[11] with its mission to \"promote, develop and support contemporary art practice and critical thinking through South Australian, national and international exhibitions, publications, debate and associated activities\".[1]CACSA became a member of Contemporary Art Organisations of Australia (CAOs),[12] established in 1995 and still in existence as of 2021[update] with the changed abbreviation (now abbreviated as CAOA). The network of \"public, independent, non-collecting contemporary art organisations\" from around Australia is an advocacy body for Australian small to medium contemporary visual arts bodies, helping to promote the work of living artists.[13]From August 2016 CACSA started talks to merge with the Australian Experimental Art Foundation (AEAF)[14] after two rounds of severe funding cuts to the Australia Council in the federal government budgets of 2014/15 and 2015/16. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongui_Bogam | Dongui Bogam | ["1 Name","2 Background","3 The book","3.1 Contents","3.2 Editions","4 UNESCO Memory of the World Register and controversy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | 1613 Korean medical book
Dongui BogamTOC of Dongui BogamKorean nameHangul동의보감Hanja東醫寶鑑Revised RomanizationDong(-)ui bogamMcCune–ReischauerTongŭi pogamThe Dongui Bogam (Korean: 동의보감; translated as "Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine") is a Korean book compiled by the royal physician, Heo Jun and was first published in 1613 during the Joseon period of Korea.
The book is regarded as important in traditional Korean medicine, and is one of the classics of Oriental medicine today. As of July 2009, it is on UNESCO’s Memory of the World Programme. The original edition of Dongui Bogam is currently preserved by the Korean National Library. The original was written in Hanja and only part of it was transcribed in Korean for wide reading use, as only officials understood in Hanmun. It was translated to English in 2013.
Name
The title literally translates as "A Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine". The phrase "Precious Mirror" (보감 寶鑑) is a metaphorical idiom meaning 'something which can be modeled after'. Meanwhile, the phrase "Eastern Medicine" (동의 東醫) is not the antonym to 'Western Medicine'; "Dongguk" (동국 東國), meaning "Eastern Country," was one of the names of Korea, which means the country to the east of China. Therefore, the title can be rendered as "An Exemplary Explanation of Korean Medicine" and is listed in UNESCO Memory of the World as "Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine".
Background
Known as one of the classics in the history of Eastern medicine, it was published and used in many countries including China and Japan, and
remains a key reference work for the study of Eastern medicine. Its categorization and ordering of symptoms and remedies under the different
human organs affected, rather than the disease itself, was a revolutionary development at that time. It contains insights that in some cases did not enter the medical knowledge of Europe until the twentieth century.
Work on the Dongui Bogam started in the 29th year of King Seonjo's reign (1596) by the main physicians of Naeuiwon (내의원, "royal clinic"), with the objective to create a thorough compilation of traditional medicine. Main physician Heo Jun led the project but work was interrupted due to the second Japanese invasion of Korea in 1597. King Seonjo did not see the project come to fruition, but Heo Jun steadfastedly stuck to the project and finally completed the work in 1610, the 2nd year of King Gwanghaegun's reign.
It "synthesized 2000 years of traditional medical knowledge" from Korea and China, and included Taoist, Buddhist, and Confucian ideas.
The book
The Dongui Bogam consists of 25 volumes. In contrast to Hyangyak jipseongbang (향약집성방, "Compilation of Native Korean Prescriptions"), written in 1433, Dongui Bogam is more systematic. It not only refers to Korean medicinal texts, but also Chinese medicinal texts, and records illnesses practically with their respective remedies.
Contents
The book is divided into 5 chapters: Naegyeongpyeon (내경편, 内景篇, Internal Medicine), Oehyeongpyeon (외형편, 外形篇, External Medicine), Japbyeongpyeon (잡병편, 難病編, Miscellaneous Diseases), Tangaekpyeon (탕액편, 湯液編, Remedies), and Chimgupyeon (침구편, 鍼灸編, Acupuncture).
Naegyeongpyeon primarily deals with physiologic functions and equivalent disorders of internal organs. The interactions of five organs - liver, lungs, kidneys, heart, and spleen - are thoroughly explained.
Oehyeongpyeon explains the function of visible parts of the human body - skin, muscles, blood vessels, tendons, and bones - and the various related illnesses.
Japbyeongpyeon deals with diagnosis and healing methods of various illnesses and disorders such as anxiety, over-excitement, stroke, cold, nausea, edema, jaundice, carbunculosis, and others. This chapter also has a section for pediatrics and gynecology.
Tangaekpyeon details methods for creating remedies and potions such as the collection of medicinal herbs and plants, creating and handling of medication, correct prescription and administration of medicine. All herbal medicine is categorized with explanations regarding their strength, gathering period and their common names for easy understanding.
Chimgupyeon explains the acupuncture procedures for various ailments and disorders.
Dongui Bogam offered not only medical facts, but also philosophical values of Eastern Asia. Heo Jun conveyed the message that maintaining the body's energies in balance leads to one's good health. The first page of the book is an anatomical map of the human body, linking human body with heaven and earth which embodies the Asian perspective of nature.
Editions
There have been several print editions of Dongui Bogam besides the original Naeuiwon edition, within Korea and abroad. The first Chinese edition was printed in 1763 with additional prints in 1796, and 1890. The Japanese edition was first printed in 1724, and then 1799.
UNESCO Memory of the World Register and controversy
In 2009, UNESCO decided to add Dongui Bogam to the cultural heritage list due to its contribution as a historical relic and it was placed on UNESCO’s Memory of the World Programme, becoming Korea's seventh cultural heritage to be thus included. However, doctors clashed over Dongui Bogam after the official listing. The Korean Medical Association (KMA) downplayed the book's importance saying that "it shouldn’t be taken as anything more than a recognition of the book's value as a historical relic. It should not be taken as an acknowledgement of traditional medicine for its superior effectiveness", saying that the book is full of quackery such as how to bear a son or how to make yourself invisible. The KMA emphasized that Dongui Bogam was merely a cultural artifact and not science. The Association of Korean Oriental Medicine (AKOM) criticized the doctors of KMA for the lack of their appreciation of the influence of Dongui Bogam and history, saying it is necessary "to inherit and advance traditional medicine".
See also
Heo Jun
Traditional Korean medicine
References
^ a b Memory of the World: The Treasures That Record our History from 1700 BC to the Present Day (1st ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 2012. p. 218. ISBN 978-92-3-104237-9.
^ What is the Dongui Bogam? Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS) 2014-04-29
^ a b (in Korean) Dongui Bogam at Doosan Encyclopedia
^ "Korean of Dongui Bogam Unveiled". 7 August 2009.
^ "한국한의학연구원".
^ Fifty Wonders of Korea_2_Science and Tech_KSCPP.pdf
^ "An ancient medical text gains worldwide recognition]". Korean Press. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011.
^ a b c (in Korean) Dongui Bogam at Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
^ , UNESCO
^ (in Korean) Dongui Bogam at Britannica Korea
^ Dongui Bogam, Korea Times, 2009-07-31.
^ Doctors Clash Over ‘Mirror of Eastern Medicine’, Korea Times, 2009-08-04.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dongui Bogam.
Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine at UNESCO website
400 years of Dongui Bogam, Dongui Bogam Organization
Donguibogam, precious book of Korean medicine, article published in the UNESCO Courier | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Heo Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heo_Jun"},{"link_name":"Joseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"traditional Korean medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Memory of the World Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-db_doosan-3"},{"link_name":"Hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"Hanmun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Dongui Bogam (Korean: 동의보감; translated as \"Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine\"[1]) is a Korean book compiled by the royal physician, Heo Jun and was first published in 1613 during the Joseon period of Korea.The book is regarded as important in traditional Korean medicine, and is one of the classics of Oriental medicine today. As of July 2009, it is on UNESCO’s Memory of the World Programme.[2] The original edition of Dongui Bogam is currently preserved by the Korean National Library.[3] The original was written in Hanja and only part of it was transcribed in Korean for wide reading use, as only officials understood in Hanmun.[4] It was translated to English in 2013.[5]","title":"Dongui Bogam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"names of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The title literally translates as \"A Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine\". The phrase \"Precious Mirror\" (보감 寶鑑) is a metaphorical idiom meaning 'something which can be modeled after'. Meanwhile, the phrase \"Eastern Medicine\" (동의 東醫) is not the antonym to 'Western Medicine'; \"Dongguk\" (동국 東國), meaning \"Eastern Country,\" was one of the names of Korea, which means the country to the east of China. Therefore, the title can be rendered as \"An Exemplary Explanation of Korean Medicine\" and is listed in UNESCO Memory of the World as \"Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine\".[citation needed]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"King Seonjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seonjo_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"Heo Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heo_Jun"},{"link_name":"second Japanese invasion of Korea in 1597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592-1598)#Second_invasion_(1597%E2%80%931598)"},{"link_name":"King Gwanghaegun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwanghaegun_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-db_doosan-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-db_kp-7"},{"link_name":"Taoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Known as one of the classics in the history of Eastern medicine, it was published and used in many countries including China and Japan, and\nremains a key reference work for the study of Eastern medicine. Its categorization and ordering of symptoms and remedies under the different\nhuman organs affected, rather than the disease itself, was a revolutionary development at that time. It contains insights that in some cases did not enter the medical knowledge of Europe until the twentieth century.[6]Work on the Dongui Bogam started in the 29th year of King Seonjo's reign (1596) by the main physicians of Naeuiwon (내의원, \"royal clinic\"), with the objective to create a thorough compilation of traditional medicine. Main physician Heo Jun led the project but work was interrupted due to the second Japanese invasion of Korea in 1597. King Seonjo did not see the project come to fruition, but Heo Jun steadfastedly stuck to the project and finally completed the work in 1610, the 2nd year of King Gwanghaegun's reign.[3][7]It \"synthesized 2000 years of traditional medical knowledge\" from Korea and China, and included Taoist, Buddhist, and Confucian ideas.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-db_ekc-8"}],"text":"The Dongui Bogam consists of 25 volumes. In contrast to Hyangyak jipseongbang (향약집성방, \"Compilation of Native Korean Prescriptions\"), written in 1433, Dongui Bogam is more systematic. It not only refers to Korean medicinal texts, but also Chinese medicinal texts, and records illnesses practically with their respective remedies.[8]","title":"The book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acupuncture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-db_ekc-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungs"},{"link_name":"kidneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneys"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"spleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"nausea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea"},{"link_name":"edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"jaundice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice"},{"link_name":"carbunculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuncle"},{"link_name":"pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"gynecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecology"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Contents","text":"The book is divided into 5 chapters: Naegyeongpyeon (내경편, 内景篇, Internal Medicine), Oehyeongpyeon (외형편, 外形篇, External Medicine), Japbyeongpyeon (잡병편, 難病編, Miscellaneous Diseases), Tangaekpyeon (탕액편, 湯液編, Remedies), and Chimgupyeon (침구편, 鍼灸編, Acupuncture).[8][9]Naegyeongpyeon primarily deals with physiologic functions and equivalent disorders of internal organs. The interactions of five organs - liver, lungs, kidneys, heart, and spleen - are thoroughly explained.\nOehyeongpyeon explains the function of visible parts of the human body - skin, muscles, blood vessels, tendons, and bones - and the various related illnesses.\nJapbyeongpyeon deals with diagnosis and healing methods of various illnesses and disorders such as anxiety, over-excitement, stroke, cold, nausea, edema, jaundice, carbunculosis, and others. This chapter also has a section for pediatrics and gynecology.\nTangaekpyeon details methods for creating remedies and potions such as the collection of medicinal herbs and plants, creating and handling of medication, correct prescription and administration of medicine. All herbal medicine is categorized with explanations regarding their strength, gathering period and their common names for easy understanding.\nChimgupyeon explains the acupuncture procedures for various ailments and disorders.Dongui Bogam offered not only medical facts, but also philosophical values of Eastern Asia. Heo Jun conveyed the message that maintaining the body's energies in balance leads to one's good health. The first page of the book is an anatomical map of the human body, linking human body with heaven and earth which embodies the Asian perspective of nature.[10]","title":"The book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-db_ekc-8"}],"sub_title":"Editions","text":"There have been several print editions of Dongui Bogam besides the original Naeuiwon edition, within Korea and abroad. The first Chinese edition was printed in 1763 with additional prints in 1796, and 1890. The Japanese edition was first printed in 1724, and then 1799.[8]","title":"The book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Memory of the World Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"quackery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quackery"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 2009, UNESCO decided to add Dongui Bogam to the cultural heritage list due to its contribution as a historical relic and it was placed on UNESCO’s Memory of the World Programme, becoming Korea's seventh cultural heritage to be thus included.[11] However, doctors clashed over Dongui Bogam after the official listing. The Korean Medical Association (KMA) downplayed the book's importance saying that \"it shouldn’t be taken as anything more than a recognition of the book's value as a historical relic. It should not be taken as an acknowledgement of traditional medicine for its superior effectiveness\", saying that the book is full of quackery such as how to bear a son or how to make yourself invisible. The KMA emphasized that Dongui Bogam was merely a cultural artifact and not science. The Association of Korean Oriental Medicine (AKOM) criticized the doctors of KMA for the lack of their appreciation of the influence of Dongui Bogam and history, saying it is necessary \"to inherit and advance traditional medicine\".[12]","title":"UNESCO Memory of the World Register and controversy"}] | [] | [{"title":"Heo Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heo_Jun"},{"title":"Traditional Korean medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine"}] | [{"reference":"Memory of the World: The Treasures That Record our History from 1700 BC to the Present Day (1st ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 2012. p. 218. ISBN 978-92-3-104237-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Publishing","url_text":"UNESCO Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104237-9","url_text":"978-92-3-104237-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Korean of Dongui Bogam Unveiled\". 7 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2011/04/142_49756.html","url_text":"\"Korean of Dongui Bogam Unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"\"한국한의학연구원\".","urls":[{"url":"https://kiom.re.kr/modedg/contentsView.do?ucont_id=CTX001017&menu_nix=jFB45u4H&srch_mu_lang=ENG","url_text":"\"한국한의학연구원\""}]},{"reference":"\"An ancient medical text gains worldwide recognition]\". Korean Press. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723173113/http://www.koreanpress.net/news/view.asp?idx=3248&msection=9&ssection=54&page=1","url_text":"\"An ancient medical text gains worldwide recognition]\""},{"url":"http://www.koreanpress.net/news/view.asp?idx=3248&msection=9&ssection=54&page=1","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Sci-Tech/view?articleId=119136","external_links_name":"What is the Dongui Bogam?"},{"Link":"http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=50390","external_links_name":"Dongui Bogam"},{"Link":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2011/04/142_49756.html","external_links_name":"\"Korean of Dongui Bogam Unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://kiom.re.kr/modedg/contentsView.do?ucont_id=CTX001017&menu_nix=jFB45u4H&srch_mu_lang=ENG","external_links_name":"\"한국한의학연구원\""},{"Link":"http://www.kscpp.net/chtml/board.php?template=bizdemo49262&com_board_basic=file_download&com_board_id=9&com_board_idx=4&com_board_file_seq=0","external_links_name":"Fifty Wonders of Korea_2_Science and Tech_KSCPP.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723173113/http://www.koreanpress.net/news/view.asp?idx=3248&msection=9&ssection=54&page=1","external_links_name":"\"An ancient medical text gains worldwide recognition]\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreanpress.net/news/view.asp?idx=3248&msection=9&ssection=54&page=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0016731","external_links_name":"Dongui Bogam"},{"Link":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-2/donguibogam-principles-and-practice-of-eastern-medicine/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211001204227/http://premium.britannica.co.kr/bol/topic.asp?article_id=b05d1605a","external_links_name":"Dongui Bogam"},{"Link":"https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/07/148_49413.html","external_links_name":"Dongui Bogam"},{"Link":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2010/01/133_49602.html","external_links_name":"Doctors Clash Over ‘Mirror of Eastern Medicine’"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170522/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-2/donguibogam-principles-and-practice-of-eastern-medicine/","external_links_name":"Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100618143901/http://www.dongui400.or.kr/","external_links_name":"400 years of Dongui Bogam"},{"Link":"https://en.unesco.org/courier/novembre-2009/donguibogam-precious-book-korean-medicine","external_links_name":"Donguibogam, precious book of Korean medicine"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz_(song) | Almaz (song) | ["1 Composition","2 Release and reception","3 Charts","4 References"] | 1986 single by Randy Crawford"Almaz"Single by Randy Crawfordfrom the album Abstract Emotions B-side"Desire" (edit)ReleasedNovember 1986 (1986-11)Recorded1986GenreSoulLength4:07LabelWarner Bros.Songwriter(s)Randy CrawfordProducer(s)Reggie LucasRandy Crawford singles chronology
"Everybody Needs a Little Rain" (1986)
"Almaz" (1986)
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" (1989)
"Almaz" is a single by American female soul singer Randy Crawford, which was recorded in 1986. The song reached number four in the UK Singles Chart.
"Almaz" is one of the few songs Randy Crawford has written by herself, and the first of her own compositions that was released as a single.
Composition
"Almaz" was written about a couple of Eritrean refugees who were neighbors of Crawford's. The man asked Crawford to write a song about his wife, who was named Almaz (which means "diamond" in Tigrinya, Amharic, Arabic and a number of other languages). In the song, the singer reflects on their rare form of love. In Crawford's own words, "I witnessed this perfect love affair between them, although she was considerably younger than him. This beautiful couple with their baby. As refugees they were looking for 'a world where love survives'."
Release and reception
"Almaz" was released as the third single off the Abstract Emotions album, in November 1986. The first two singles had failed to have any major impact. "Almaz" entered the UK chart on 22 November 1986 at number 91, and slowly climbed the chart until peaking at number 4 in February 1987, spending 17 weeks on the chart. It is Crawford's longest run on the UK chart, and was her first top 40 hit in the UK since 1981's "Rainy Night in Georgia". The song was also a top 10 hit in the Irish chart, peaking at number 2. "Almaz" was released in continental Europe but it failed to chart there. It was never released as a single in the US. The song reached #7 on the Billboard Japan chart on June 24, 1991.
Charts
Chart (1986)
Peakposition
UK Singles Chart
4
Irish Singles Chart
2
Billboard Japan
7
References
^ "Almaz : Randy Crawford". Hitparade.ch. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ Almaz - Randy Crawford | Song Info | AllMusic, retrieved June 20, 2021
^ Kyriazis, Stefan (November 10, 2016). "What happened to Randy Crawford? John Lewis Xmas advert covers her One Day I'll Fly Away". Express.co.uk. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ "Randy Crawford | Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
^ Brown, Helen (October 27, 2008). "Randy Crawford's journey from Street Life to sweet life". The Daily Telegraph. London, England. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
^ "Randy Crawford". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 125. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ Billboard (PDF). June 29, 1991. p. 72.
vteRandy CrawfordStudio albums
Everything Must Change
Now We May Begin
Secret Combination
Nightline
Abstract Emotions
Rich and Poor
Through the Eyes of Love
Naked and True
Every Kind of Mood — Randy, Randi, Randee
Permanent/Play Mode
Compilation albums
The Very Best of Randy Crawford
Singles
"One Day I'll Fly Away"
"You Might Need Somebody"
"Rainy Night in Georgia"
"Imagine" (Live)
"Give Peace a Chance" (Live)
"Almaz"
"Knocking on Heaven's Door"
"Who's Crying Now"
"A Lot That You Can Do"
"Forget Me Nots"
"Give Me the Night"
"Wishing on a Star"
Related articles
Discography
Street Life
"Diamante"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randy Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Crawford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1986 single by Randy Crawford\"Almaz\" is a single by American female soul singer Randy Crawford, which was recorded in 1986.[1][2] The song reached number four in the UK Singles Chart.[3]\"Almaz\" is one of the few songs Randy Crawford has written by herself, and the first of her own compositions that was released as a single.[4]","title":"Almaz (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Almaz\" was written about a couple of Eritrean refugees who were neighbors of Crawford's. The man asked Crawford to write a song about his wife, who was named Almaz (which means \"diamond\" in Tigrinya, Amharic, Arabic and a number of other languages). In the song, the singer reflects on their rare form of love. In Crawford's own words, \"I witnessed this perfect love affair between them, although she was considerably younger than him. This beautiful couple with their baby. As refugees they were looking for 'a world where love survives'.\"[5]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abstract Emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Emotions_(Randy_Crawford_album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rainy Night in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainy_Night_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-7"},{"link_name":"Billboard Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan"}],"text":"\"Almaz\" was released as the third single off the Abstract Emotions album, in November 1986.[6] The first two singles had failed to have any major impact. \"Almaz\" entered the UK chart on 22 November 1986 at number 91, and slowly climbed the chart until peaking at number 4 in February 1987, spending 17 weeks on the chart. It is Crawford's longest run on the UK chart, and was her first top 40 hit in the UK since 1981's \"Rainy Night in Georgia\".[7] The song was also a top 10 hit in the Irish chart, peaking at number 2. \"Almaz\" was released in continental Europe but it failed to chart there. It was never released as a single in the US. The song reached #7 on the Billboard Japan chart on June 24, 1991.","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Almaz : Randy Crawford\". Hitparade.ch. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/song/Randy-Crawford/Almaz-14526","url_text":"\"Almaz : Randy Crawford\""}]},{"reference":"Almaz - Randy Crawford | Song Info | AllMusic, retrieved June 20, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/almaz-mt0016926819","url_text":"Almaz - Randy Crawford | Song Info | AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Kyriazis, Stefan (November 10, 2016). \"What happened to Randy Crawford? John Lewis Xmas advert covers her One Day I'll Fly Away\". Express.co.uk. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/music/730622/Randy-Crawford-One-Day-I-ll-Fly-Away-John-Lewis-Christmas-ad-Vaults-band-Almaz-Bounce","url_text":"\"What happened to Randy Crawford? John Lewis Xmas advert covers her One Day I'll Fly Away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Randy Crawford | Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/randy-crawford-mn0000333573/credits","url_text":"\"Randy Crawford | Credits\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Helen (October 27, 2008). \"Randy Crawford's journey from Street Life to sweet life\". The Daily Telegraph. London, England. Retrieved September 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandjazzmusic/3562586/Randy-Crawfords-journey-from-Street-Life-to-sweet-life.html","url_text":"\"Randy Crawford's journey from Street Life to sweet life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Randy Crawford\". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-popular-and-jazz-biographies/randy-crawford","url_text":"\"Randy Crawford\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 125. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"Billboard (PDF). June 29, 1991. p. 72.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1991/1991-06-29-Billboard-Page-0076.pdf","url_text":"Billboard"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://hitparade.ch/song/Randy-Crawford/Almaz-14526","external_links_name":"\"Almaz : Randy Crawford\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/almaz-mt0016926819","external_links_name":"Almaz - Randy Crawford | Song Info | AllMusic"},{"Link":"https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/music/730622/Randy-Crawford-One-Day-I-ll-Fly-Away-John-Lewis-Christmas-ad-Vaults-band-Almaz-Bounce","external_links_name":"\"What happened to Randy Crawford? John Lewis Xmas advert covers her One Day I'll Fly Away\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/randy-crawford-mn0000333573/credits","external_links_name":"\"Randy Crawford | Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandjazzmusic/3562586/Randy-Crawfords-journey-from-Street-Life-to-sweet-life.html","external_links_name":"\"Randy Crawford's journey from Street Life to sweet life\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-popular-and-jazz-biographies/randy-crawford","external_links_name":"\"Randy Crawford\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1991/1991-06-29-Billboard-Page-0076.pdf","external_links_name":"Billboard"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/ed3a0f4c-ee68-3fba-975b-257c53cfe3b9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Melville | Jane Melville | ["1 Career","2 Awards and recognition","3 Selected publications","4 See also","5 References"] | Australian herpetologist
Jane MelvilleAlma materUniversity of TasmaniaScientific careerInstitutionsMuseums VictoriaThesis The evolution of locomotory mode in the lizard genus Niveoscincus : an ecomorphological analysis of ecology, behaviour, morphology and performance ability (1999)
Jane Melville AM is an Australian herpetologist at Museums Victoria. Her research focuses on the taxonomy and genetics of reptiles and amphibians.
Career
Melville completed a BsC (hons) at the University of Tasmania (UTAS), winning the Ralston Trust Prize for Best Honours Thesis. She remained at UTAS to undertake a PhD in zoology, awarded for her thesis "The evolution of locomotory mode in the lizard genus Niveoscincus : an ecomorphological analysis of ecology, behaviour, morphology and performance ability".
Melville joined Museums Victoria in 2002 and served as curator of herpetology from 2004 to 2008. She was promoted to senior curator, terrestrial vertebrates in 2008. She was appointed an honorary herpetologist at the University of Melbourne in 2002 and is an associate professor in the School of Biological Sciences at Monash University.
Awards and recognition
Melville was awarded a Churchill Fellowship in 2016 and a Fulbright Fellowship in 2019. She was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours for "significant service to herpetological research, and to the museums sector".
Selected publications
Scholia has a profile for Jane Melville (Q21395622).
Melville has written of over 75 peer-reviewed journal articles, including:
Jane Melville; Roy Swain (August 2000). "Evolutionary relationships between morphology, performance and habitat openness in the lizard genus Niveoscincus (Scincidae: Lygosominae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 70 (4): 667–683. doi:10.1111/J.1095-8312.2000.TB00222.X. ISSN 0024-4066. Wikidata Q123250684.
Jane Melville; Luke J Harmon; Jonathan B Losos (1 March 2006). "Intercontinental community convergence of ecology and morphology in desert lizards". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 273 (1586): 557–563. doi:10.1098/RSPB.2005.3328. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1560059. PMID 16537126. Wikidata Q51189816.
Margaret Mary Byrne; D K Yeates; L Joseph; et al. (27 August 2008). "Birth of a biome: insights into the assembly and maintenance of the Australian arid zone biota". Molecular Ecology. 17 (20): 4398–4417. doi:10.1111/J.1365-294X.2008.03899.X. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 18761619. Wikidata Q33365405.
Margaret Byrne; Dorothy A. Steane; Leo Joseph; et al. (26 May 2011). "Decline of a biome: evolution, contraction, fragmentation, extinction and invasion of the Australian mesic zone biota". Journal of Biogeography. 38 (9): 1635–1656. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2699.2011.02535.X. ISSN 0305-0270. Wikidata Q56967521.
Katie L Smith; Luke J Harmon; Luke P Shoo; Jane Melville (18 January 2011). "Evidence of constrained phenotypic evolution in a cryptic species complex of agamid lizards". Evolution. 65 (4): 976–992. doi:10.1111/J.1558-5646.2010.01211.X. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 21166790. Wikidata Q33774563.
Sarah Legge; Libby Rumpff; John C. Z. Woinarski; et al. (2 March 2022). "The conservation impacts of ecological disturbance: Time‐bound estimates of population loss and recovery for fauna affected by the 2019–2020 Australian megafires". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 31 (10): 2085–2104. doi:10.1111/GEB.13473. ISSN 1466-8238. Wikidata Q112784494.
See also
Category:Taxa named by Jane Melville
References
^ "Jane Melville". Winston Churchill Trust. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
^ "Dr Jane Melville". University of Melbourne. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
^ Melville, Jane, The evolution of locomotory mode in the lizard genus Niveoscincus : an ecomorphological analysis of ecology, behaviour, morphology and performance ability, retrieved 30 October 2023
^ a b c d e "Dr Jane MELVILLE". Australian Honours Search Facility. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
^ "Dr Jane Melville". Museums Victoria. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Medal_for_Lifesaving"},{"link_name":"herpetologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetology"},{"link_name":"Museums Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museums_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Jane Melville AM is an Australian herpetologist at Museums Victoria. Her research focuses on the taxonomy and genetics of reptiles and amphibians.[1]","title":"Jane Melville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Monash University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Melville completed a BsC (hons) at the University of Tasmania (UTAS), winning the Ralston Trust Prize for Best Honours Thesis.[2] She remained at UTAS to undertake a PhD in zoology, awarded for her thesis \"The evolution of locomotory mode in the lizard genus Niveoscincus : an ecomorphological analysis of ecology, behaviour, morphology and performance ability\".[3]Melville joined Museums Victoria in 2002 and served as curator of herpetology from 2004 to 2008.[4] She was promoted to senior curator, terrestrial vertebrates in 2008.[4] She was appointed an honorary herpetologist at the University of Melbourne in 2002[4] and is an associate professor in the School of Biological Sciences at Monash University.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Churchill Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Memorial_Trusts"},{"link_name":"Fulbright Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"2021 Queen's Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Queen%27s_Birthday_Honours_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Melville was awarded a Churchill Fellowship in 2016 and a Fulbright Fellowship in 2019. She was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours for \"significant service to herpetological research, and to the museums sector\".[4]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia"},{"link_name":"Jane Melville (Q21395622)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q21395622"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Jane Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/J.1095-8312.2000.TB00222.X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1095-8312.2000.TB00222.X"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0024-4066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4066"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q123250684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123250684"},{"link_name":"Jane Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Jonathan B Losos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Losos"},{"link_name":"\"Intercontinental community convergence of ecology and morphology in desert lizards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560059"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1098/RSPB.2005.3328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1098%2FRSPB.2005.3328"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0962-8452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1560059","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560059"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16537126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16537126"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q51189816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51189816"},{"link_name":"Margaret Mary Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Byrne"},{"link_name":"Molecular Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Ecology_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/J.1365-294X.2008.03899.X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1365-294X.2008.03899.X"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0962-1083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-1083"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18761619","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18761619"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q33365405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33365405"},{"link_name":"Margaret Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Byrne"},{"link_name":"Journal of Biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Biogeography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/J.1365-2699.2011.02535.X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1365-2699.2011.02535.X"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0305-0270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-0270"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q56967521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56967521"},{"link_name":"Jane Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/J.1558-5646.2010.01211.X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1558-5646.2010.01211.X"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0014-3820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-3820"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21166790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21166790"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q33774563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33774563"},{"link_name":"John C. Z. Woinarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woinarski"},{"link_name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Ecology_and_Biogeography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/GEB.13473","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2FGEB.13473"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1466-8238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1466-8238"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q112784494","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112784494"}],"text":"Scholia has a profile for Jane Melville (Q21395622).Melville has written of over 75 peer-reviewed journal articles,[4] including:Jane Melville; Roy Swain (August 2000). \"Evolutionary relationships between morphology, performance and habitat openness in the lizard genus Niveoscincus (Scincidae: Lygosominae)\". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 70 (4): 667–683. doi:10.1111/J.1095-8312.2000.TB00222.X. ISSN 0024-4066. Wikidata Q123250684.\nJane Melville; Luke J Harmon; Jonathan B Losos (1 March 2006). \"Intercontinental community convergence of ecology and morphology in desert lizards\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 273 (1586): 557–563. doi:10.1098/RSPB.2005.3328. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1560059. PMID 16537126. Wikidata Q51189816.\nMargaret Mary Byrne; D K Yeates; L Joseph; et al. (27 August 2008). \"Birth of a biome: insights into the assembly and maintenance of the Australian arid zone biota\". Molecular Ecology. 17 (20): 4398–4417. doi:10.1111/J.1365-294X.2008.03899.X. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 18761619. Wikidata Q33365405.\nMargaret Byrne; Dorothy A. Steane; Leo Joseph; et al. (26 May 2011). \"Decline of a biome: evolution, contraction, fragmentation, extinction and invasion of the Australian mesic zone biota\". Journal of Biogeography. 38 (9): 1635–1656. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2699.2011.02535.X. ISSN 0305-0270. Wikidata Q56967521.\nKatie L Smith; Luke J Harmon; Luke P Shoo; Jane Melville (18 January 2011). \"Evidence of constrained phenotypic evolution in a cryptic species complex of agamid lizards\". Evolution. 65 (4): 976–992. doi:10.1111/J.1558-5646.2010.01211.X. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 21166790. Wikidata Q33774563.\nSarah Legge; Libby Rumpff; John C. Z. Woinarski; et al. (2 March 2022). \"The conservation impacts of ecological disturbance: Time‐bound estimates of population loss and recovery for fauna affected by the 2019–2020 Australian megafires\". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 31 (10): 2085–2104. doi:10.1111/GEB.13473. ISSN 1466-8238. Wikidata Q112784494.","title":"Selected publications"}] | [] | [{"title":"Category:Taxa named by Jane Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Jane_Melville"}] | [{"reference":"Jane Melville; Roy Swain (August 2000). \"Evolutionary relationships between morphology, performance and habitat openness in the lizard genus Niveoscincus (Scincidae: Lygosominae)\". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 70 (4): 667–683. doi:10.1111/J.1095-8312.2000.TB00222.X. ISSN 0024-4066. Wikidata Q123250684.","urls":[{"url_text":"Jane Melville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society","url_text":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1095-8312.2000.TB00222.X","url_text":"10.1111/J.1095-8312.2000.TB00222.X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4066","url_text":"0024-4066"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123250684","url_text":"Q123250684"}]},{"reference":"Jane Melville; Luke J Harmon; Jonathan B Losos (1 March 2006). \"Intercontinental community convergence of ecology and morphology in desert lizards\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 273 (1586): 557–563. doi:10.1098/RSPB.2005.3328. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1560059. PMID 16537126. Wikidata Q51189816.","urls":[{"url_text":"Jane Melville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Losos","url_text":"Jonathan B Losos"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560059","url_text":"\"Intercontinental community convergence of ecology and morphology in desert lizards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2FRSPB.2005.3328","url_text":"10.1098/RSPB.2005.3328"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452","url_text":"0962-8452"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560059","url_text":"1560059"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16537126","url_text":"16537126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51189816","url_text":"Q51189816"}]},{"reference":"Margaret Mary Byrne; D K Yeates; L Joseph; et al. (27 August 2008). \"Birth of a biome: insights into the assembly and maintenance of the Australian arid zone biota\". Molecular Ecology. 17 (20): 4398–4417. doi:10.1111/J.1365-294X.2008.03899.X. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 18761619. Wikidata Q33365405.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Byrne","url_text":"Margaret Mary Byrne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Ecology_(journal)","url_text":"Molecular Ecology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1365-294X.2008.03899.X","url_text":"10.1111/J.1365-294X.2008.03899.X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-1083","url_text":"0962-1083"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18761619","url_text":"18761619"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33365405","url_text":"Q33365405"}]},{"reference":"Margaret Byrne; Dorothy A. Steane; Leo Joseph; et al. (26 May 2011). \"Decline of a biome: evolution, contraction, fragmentation, extinction and invasion of the Australian mesic zone biota\". Journal of Biogeography. 38 (9): 1635–1656. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2699.2011.02535.X. ISSN 0305-0270. Wikidata Q56967521.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Byrne","url_text":"Margaret Byrne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Biogeography","url_text":"Journal of Biogeography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1365-2699.2011.02535.X","url_text":"10.1111/J.1365-2699.2011.02535.X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-0270","url_text":"0305-0270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56967521","url_text":"Q56967521"}]},{"reference":"Katie L Smith; Luke J Harmon; Luke P Shoo; Jane Melville (18 January 2011). \"Evidence of constrained phenotypic evolution in a cryptic species complex of agamid lizards\". Evolution. 65 (4): 976–992. doi:10.1111/J.1558-5646.2010.01211.X. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 21166790. Wikidata Q33774563.","urls":[{"url_text":"Jane Melville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(journal)","url_text":"Evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1558-5646.2010.01211.X","url_text":"10.1111/J.1558-5646.2010.01211.X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-3820","url_text":"0014-3820"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21166790","url_text":"21166790"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33774563","url_text":"Q33774563"}]},{"reference":"Sarah Legge; Libby Rumpff; John C. Z. Woinarski; et al. (2 March 2022). \"The conservation impacts of ecological disturbance: Time‐bound estimates of population loss and recovery for fauna affected by the 2019–2020 Australian megafires\". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 31 (10): 2085–2104. doi:10.1111/GEB.13473. ISSN 1466-8238. Wikidata Q112784494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woinarski","url_text":"John C. Z. Woinarski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Ecology_and_Biogeography","url_text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2FGEB.13473","url_text":"10.1111/GEB.13473"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1466-8238","url_text":"1466-8238"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112784494","url_text":"Q112784494"}]},{"reference":"\"Jane Melville\". Winston Churchill Trust. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchilltrust.com.au/fellow/jane-melville-vic-2015","url_text":"\"Jane Melville\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Jane Melville\". University of Melbourne. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/profile/23973-jane-melville","url_text":"\"Dr Jane Melville\""}]},{"reference":"Melville, Jane, The evolution of locomotory mode in the lizard genus Niveoscincus : an ecomorphological analysis of ecology, behaviour, morphology and performance ability, retrieved 30 October 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34467140","url_text":"The evolution of locomotory mode in the lizard genus Niveoscincus : an ecomorphological analysis of ecology, behaviour, morphology and performance ability"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Jane MELVILLE\". Australian Honours Search Facility. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/2009391","url_text":"\"Dr Jane MELVILLE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Jane Melville\". Museums Victoria. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://museumsvictoria.com.au/about-us/staff/dr-jane-melville/","url_text":"\"Dr Jane Melville\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1095-8312.2000.TB00222.X","external_links_name":"10.1111/J.1095-8312.2000.TB00222.X"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4066","external_links_name":"0024-4066"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560059","external_links_name":"\"Intercontinental community convergence of ecology and morphology in desert lizards\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2FRSPB.2005.3328","external_links_name":"10.1098/RSPB.2005.3328"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452","external_links_name":"0962-8452"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560059","external_links_name":"1560059"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16537126","external_links_name":"16537126"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1365-294X.2008.03899.X","external_links_name":"10.1111/J.1365-294X.2008.03899.X"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-1083","external_links_name":"0962-1083"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18761619","external_links_name":"18761619"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1365-2699.2011.02535.X","external_links_name":"10.1111/J.1365-2699.2011.02535.X"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-0270","external_links_name":"0305-0270"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1558-5646.2010.01211.X","external_links_name":"10.1111/J.1558-5646.2010.01211.X"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-3820","external_links_name":"0014-3820"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21166790","external_links_name":"21166790"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2FGEB.13473","external_links_name":"10.1111/GEB.13473"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1466-8238","external_links_name":"1466-8238"},{"Link":"https://www.churchilltrust.com.au/fellow/jane-melville-vic-2015","external_links_name":"\"Jane Melville\""},{"Link":"https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/profile/23973-jane-melville","external_links_name":"\"Dr Jane Melville\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34467140","external_links_name":"The evolution of locomotory mode in the lizard genus Niveoscincus : an ecomorphological analysis of ecology, behaviour, morphology and performance ability"},{"Link":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/2009391","external_links_name":"\"Dr Jane MELVILLE\""},{"Link":"https://museumsvictoria.com.au/about-us/staff/dr-jane-melville/","external_links_name":"\"Dr Jane Melville\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000496554381","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9186148390855710830009","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcc9jF34MrWjwqmMpvJXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2020001794","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jcu20241228858&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an58779491","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=TaGy6Y4AAAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9994-6423","external_links_name":"ORCID"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7006133907","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1860871","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/249631938","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Inca | Puerto Inca | ["1 Climate","2 References"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Puerto Inca" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Town in Huánuco, PeruPuerto IncaTownCountry PeruRegionHuánucoProvincePuerto IncaDistrictPuerto IncaTime zoneUTC-5 (PET)
Puerto Inca is a town in Central Peru, capital of the province Puerto Inca in the region Huánuco.
Climate
Climate data for Puerto Inca, elevation 212 m (696 ft), (1991–2020)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
31.0(87.8)
30.6(87.1)
30.8(87.4)
30.9(87.6)
30.7(87.3)
30.6(87.1)
30.9(87.6)
32.3(90.1)
32.7(90.9)
32.2(90.0)
31.5(88.7)
31.2(88.2)
31.3(88.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
22.2(72.0)
22.2(72.0)
22.0(71.6)
21.8(71.2)
21.3(70.3)
20.5(68.9)
20.0(68.0)
20.3(68.5)
21.1(70.0)
22.0(71.6)
22.3(72.1)
22.3(72.1)
21.5(70.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
302.4(11.91)
294.3(11.59)
256.3(10.09)
158.8(6.25)
124.0(4.88)
79.0(3.11)
77.1(3.04)
60.4(2.38)
108.0(4.25)
176.7(6.96)
246.1(9.69)
283.4(11.16)
2,166.5(85.31)
Source: National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru
References
^ "Normales Climáticas Estándares y Medias 1991-2020". National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
This Peruvian geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Puerto Inca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Inca_Province"},{"link_name":"Huánuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco_Region"}],"text":"Town in Huánuco, PeruPuerto Inca is a town in Central Peru, capital of the province Puerto Inca in the region Huánuco.","title":"Puerto Inca"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SENAMHI-1"}],"text":"Climate data for Puerto Inca, elevation 212 m (696 ft), (1991–2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n30.9(87.6)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n30.9(87.6)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n302.4(11.91)\n\n294.3(11.59)\n\n256.3(10.09)\n\n158.8(6.25)\n\n124.0(4.88)\n\n79.0(3.11)\n\n77.1(3.04)\n\n60.4(2.38)\n\n108.0(4.25)\n\n176.7(6.96)\n\n246.1(9.69)\n\n283.4(11.16)\n\n2,166.5(85.31)\n\n\nSource: National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru[1]","title":"Climate"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Normales Climáticas Estándares y Medias 1991-2020\". National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230821192714/https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=normales-estaciones","url_text":"\"Normales Climáticas Estándares y Medias 1991-2020\""},{"url":"https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=normales-estaciones","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Puerto+Inca%22","external_links_name":"\"Puerto Inca\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Puerto+Inca%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Puerto+Inca%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Puerto+Inca%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Puerto+Inca%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Puerto+Inca%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230821192714/https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=normales-estaciones","external_links_name":"\"Normales Climáticas Estándares y Medias 1991-2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=normales-estaciones","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Inca&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
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The Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace (Justitia et Pax) was a pontifical council of the Roman Curia dedicated to "action-oriented studies" for the international promotion of justice, peace, and human rights from the perspective of the Roman Catholic Church. To this end, it cooperates with various religious institutes and advocacy groups, as well as scholarly, ecumenical, and international organizations.
Effective 1 January 2017, the work of the Council was assumed by the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development and Cardinal Peter Turkson became Prefect of the Dicastery.
Origin
The Second Vatican Council had proposed the creation of a body of the universal Church whose role would be "to stimulate the Catholic Community to foster progress in needy regions and social justice on the international scene". It was in reply to this request that Pope Paul VI established the Pontifical Commission "Justitia et Pax" by a Motu Proprio dated 6 January 1967 (Catholicam Christi Ecclesiam).
When the Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus of 28 June 1988 reorganized the Roman Curia, Pope John Paul II changed its name from Commission to Pontifical Council and reconfirmed the general lines of its work.
Objectives and mandate
Pastor Bonus defined the objectives and mandate of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace in the following terms:The Council will promote justice and peace in the world, in the light of the Gospel and of the social teaching of the Church (art. 142).
§ 1. It will deepen the social doctrine of the Church and attempt to make it widely known and applied, both by individuals and communities, especially as regards relations between workers and employers. These relations must be increasingly marked by the spirit of the Gospel.
§ 2. It will assemble and evaluate various types of information and the results of research on justice and peace, the development of peoples and the violations of human rights. When appropriate, it will inform Episcopal bodies of the conclusions drawn. It will foster relations with international Catholic organizations and with other bodies, be they Catholic or not, that are sincerely committed to the promotion of the values of justice and peace in the world.
§ 3. It will heighten awareness of the need to promote peace, above all on the occasion of the World Day of Peace (art. 143).
It will maintain close relations with the Secretariat of State, especially when it deals publicly with problems of justice and peace in its documents or declarations (art. 144).
Structure
On Saturday, May 16, 2015, Pope Francis named the Reverend Father Timothy Radcliffe, O.P., Director of the Las Casas Institute of Blackfriars in Oxford, England, which does studies on social justice and human rights, as one of the Consultors.
Presidents
Maurice Roy (6 January 1967 - 16 December 1976)
Bernardin Gantin (15 December 1976 - 8 April 1984)
Roger Etchegaray (8 April 1984 - 24 June 1998)
François-Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận (24 June 1998 - 16 September 2002)
Renato Martino (1 October 2002 - 24 October 2009)
Peter Turkson (24 October 2009 - 1 January 2017)
Secretaries
Joseph Gremillion (1966–1974)
Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo (1976 – 5 May 1977)
Roger Joseph Heckel, S.J. (1977 – 27 March 1980)
Jan Pieter Schotte, C.I.C.M. (27 June 1980 – 20 December 1983)
Diarmuid Martin (1994 – 17 January 2001)
Giampaolo Crepaldi (3 March 2001 – 4 July 2009)
Mario Toso, S.D.B. (22 October 2009 - 19 January 2015)
Activities
There was a two-day (June 16 and 17), 2011 "Executive Summit on Ethics for the Business World", which examined Christian views, from the Catholic perspective of Pope Benedict XVI's on financial ethics and possible positive Christian-based alternatives to contemporary status quo secular best practices in the field. The summit was co-hosted by the Pontifical Regina Apostolorum University and the Fidelis International Institute, as well as the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.
According to an online news story on the conference by Carol Glatz of Catholic News Service, on Friday, June 17, 2011, "The Vatican and some Catholic thinkers are urging businesses to not only employ ethical policies within their companies, but to become dedicated to bringing economic justice to the wider world. In fact, people should be wary of superficial ethical practices that "are adopted primarily as a marketing device, without any effect on relationships inside and outside the business itself" and without promoting justice and the common good, said Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, the Vatican's secretary of state. Cardinal Bertone was one of a number of speakers invited to the Executive Summit on Ethics for the Business World, sponsored by the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace and the Legionairies of Christ's Fidelis International Institute, which promotes ethics in business. The June 16–17 conference brought high-profile leaders from the manufacturing, industrial, banking and financial sectors including representatives from General Electric and Goldman Sachs, as well as Catholic experts in Catholic social teaching. "Everyone here has been 'cherry-picked.' It wasn't an open invitation to everybody," said Father Luis Garza Medina, vicar general of the Legionairies of Christ, who helped in the planning of the event. Organizers purposely chose people from different industries, countries and religions in order to hammer out ethical principles held in common, which often reflect the views inherent in Catholic social thought, namely the principles of the centrality of the human person, subsidiarity, solidarity and the pursuit of the common good, he told Catholic News Service June 17. The real challenge, however, is taking those common principles and translating them into concrete action that will have a real impact on local and world economies, and on people's lives, he said. The meeting's goal was to show how "Charity in Truth", Pope Benedict XVI's 2009 encyclical on social justice issues, could inspire leaders to find practical applications of these universal values. In his talk June 16, Cardinal Bertone said the encyclical makes clear that there is no way businesses can remain ethically neutral: They are either serving the common good or they are not,"
See also
Alberto Suárez Inda
Christian finance
References
^ Union of International Associations (1967). Yearbook of International Organizations. 1968/1969-1974: Publication. Union of International Associations. p. 178. ISBN 978-3-598-22214-6.
^ de Laubier, P. (1983). El pensamiento social de la Iglesia: un proyecto histórico de León XIII a Juan Pablo II (in Spanish). CEDIAL. p. 163.
^ "COP21 Pre-Meeting in Bonn Cooks Up Text for Paris; New Schellnhuber Report Demands World Low-Carbon Commitment". LaRouchePAC. 24 October 2015.
^ "Rome: An overview of a visit". Catholic Social Services Victoria. 28 September 2009.
^ McElwee, Joshua J. (31 August 2016). "Francis creates new Vatican office for charity, justice, peace, migration". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
^ "Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern Word-Gaudium et Spes". www.vatican.va.
^ "Pastor Bonus, - John Paul II - Apostolic Constitution (June 28, 1988) | John Paul II". w2.vatican.va.
^ "Rinunce e nomine (Continuazione)". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
^ "Business ethics is focus of upcoming Vatican summit". Catholic News Agency. 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
^ "CNS STORY: Vatican calls on businesses to be ethical, create economic justice". Catholicnews.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-20. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"pontifical council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_council"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice"},{"link_name":"peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"religious institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Promoting_Integral_Human_Development"},{"link_name":"Peter Turkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Turkson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace (Justitia et Pax[1][2][3][4]) was a pontifical council of the Roman Curia dedicated to \"action-oriented studies\" for the international promotion of justice, peace, and human rights from the perspective of the Roman Catholic Church. To this end, it cooperates with various religious institutes and advocacy groups, as well as scholarly, ecumenical, and international organizations.Effective 1 January 2017, the work of the Council was assumed by the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development and Cardinal Peter Turkson became Prefect of the Dicastery.[5]","title":"Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Pastor Bonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor_Bonus"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Second Vatican Council had proposed the creation of a body of the universal Church whose role would be \"to stimulate the Catholic Community to foster progress in needy regions and social justice on the international scene\".[6] It was in reply to this request that Pope Paul VI established the Pontifical Commission \"Justitia et Pax\" by a Motu Proprio dated 6 January 1967 (Catholicam Christi Ecclesiam).When the Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus of 28 June 1988 reorganized the Roman Curia, Pope John Paul II changed its name from Commission to Pontifical Council and reconfirmed the general lines of its work.[citation needed]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontifical Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"World Day of Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Day_of_Peace"},{"link_name":"Secretariat of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Pastor Bonus defined the objectives and mandate of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace in the following terms:The Council will promote justice and peace in the world, in the light of the Gospel and of the social teaching of the Church (art. 142).\n§ 1. It will deepen the social doctrine of the Church and attempt to make it widely known and applied, both by individuals and communities, especially as regards relations between workers and employers. These relations must be increasingly marked by the spirit of the Gospel.\n§ 2. It will assemble and evaluate various types of information and the results of research on justice and peace, the development of peoples and the violations of human rights. When appropriate, it will inform Episcopal bodies of the conclusions drawn. It will foster relations with international Catholic organizations and with other bodies, be they Catholic or not, that are sincerely committed to the promotion of the values of justice and peace in the world.\n§ 3. It will heighten awareness of the need to promote peace, above all on the occasion of the World Day of Peace (art. 143).\nIt will maintain close relations with the Secretariat of State, especially when it deals publicly with problems of justice and peace in its documents or declarations (art. 144).[7]","title":"Objectives and mandate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"Timothy Radcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Radcliffe"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Las Casas Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Casas_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On Saturday, May 16, 2015, Pope Francis named the Reverend Father Timothy Radcliffe, O.P., Director of the Las Casas Institute of Blackfriars in Oxford, England, which does studies on social justice and human rights, as one of the Consultors.[8]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurice Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Roy"},{"link_name":"Bernardin Gantin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardin_Gantin"},{"link_name":"Roger Etchegaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Etchegaray"},{"link_name":"François-Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Thuan"},{"link_name":"Renato Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Martino"},{"link_name":"Peter Turkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Turkson"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"Maurice Roy (6 January 1967 - 16 December 1976)\nBernardin Gantin (15 December 1976 - 8 April 1984)\nRoger Etchegaray (8 April 1984 - 24 June 1998)\nFrançois-Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận (24 June 1998 - 16 September 2002)\nRenato Martino (1 October 2002 - 24 October 2009)\nPeter Turkson (24 October 2009 - 1 January 2017)","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Cordero_Lanza_di_Montezemolo"},{"link_name":"Jan Pieter Schotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pieter_Schotte"},{"link_name":"Diarmuid Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmuid_Martin"},{"link_name":"Giampaolo Crepaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giampaolo_Crepaldi"},{"link_name":"Mario Toso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Toso"},{"link_name":"S.D.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.D.B."}],"sub_title":"Secretaries","text":"Joseph Gremillion (1966–1974)\nAndrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo (1976 – 5 May 1977)\nRoger Joseph Heckel, S.J. (1977 – 27 March 1980)\nJan Pieter Schotte, C.I.C.M. (27 June 1980 – 20 December 1983)\nDiarmuid Martin (1994 – 17 January 2001)\nGiampaolo Crepaldi (3 March 2001 – 4 July 2009)\nMario Toso, S.D.B. (22 October 2009 - 19 January 2015)","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontifical Regina Apostolorum University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontifical_Regina_Apostolorum_University&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fidelis International Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fidelis_International_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Catholic News Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_News_Service"},{"link_name":"ethical policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethical_policies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"economic justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_justice"},{"link_name":"justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice"},{"link_name":"common good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_good"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Tarcisio_Bertone"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Luis Garza Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Garza_Medina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Catholic social thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_thought"},{"link_name":"centrality of the human person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centrality_of_the_human_person&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"subsidiarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiarity"},{"link_name":"solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity"},{"link_name":"common good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_good"},{"link_name":"Catholic News Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_News_Service"},{"link_name":"Charity in Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_in_Truth"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"encyclical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclical"},{"link_name":"universal values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_values"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"There was a two-day (June 16 and 17), 2011 \"Executive Summit on Ethics for the Business World\", which examined Christian views, from the Catholic perspective of Pope Benedict XVI's on financial ethics and possible positive Christian-based alternatives to contemporary status quo secular best practices in the field. The summit was co-hosted by the Pontifical Regina Apostolorum University and the Fidelis International Institute, as well as the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.[9]According to an online news story on the conference by Carol Glatz of Catholic News Service, on Friday, June 17, 2011, \"The Vatican and some Catholic thinkers are urging businesses to not only employ ethical policies within their companies, but to become dedicated to bringing economic justice to the wider world. In fact, people should be wary of superficial ethical practices that \"are adopted primarily as a marketing device, without any effect on relationships inside and outside the business itself\" and without promoting justice and the common good, said Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, the Vatican's secretary of state. Cardinal Bertone was one of a number of speakers invited to the Executive Summit on Ethics for the Business World, sponsored by the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace and the Legionairies of Christ's Fidelis International Institute, which promotes ethics in business. The June 16–17 conference brought high-profile leaders from the manufacturing, industrial, banking and financial sectors including representatives from General Electric and Goldman Sachs, as well as Catholic experts in Catholic social teaching. \"Everyone here has been 'cherry-picked.' It wasn't an open invitation to everybody,\" said Father Luis Garza Medina, vicar general of the Legionairies of Christ, who helped in the planning of the event. Organizers purposely chose people from different industries, countries and religions in order to hammer out ethical principles held in common, which often reflect the views inherent in Catholic social thought, namely the principles of the centrality of the human person, subsidiarity, solidarity and the pursuit of the common good, he told Catholic News Service June 17. The real challenge, however, is taking those common principles and translating them into concrete action that will have a real impact on local and world economies, and on people's lives, he said. The meeting's goal was to show how \"Charity in Truth\", Pope Benedict XVI's 2009 encyclical on social justice issues, could inspire leaders to find practical applications of these universal values. In his talk June 16, Cardinal Bertone said the encyclical makes clear that there is no way businesses can remain ethically neutral: They are either serving the common good or they are not,\"[10]","title":"Activities"}] | [] | [{"title":"Alberto Suárez Inda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Su%C3%A1rez_Inda"},{"title":"Christian finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_finance"}] | [{"reference":"Union of International Associations (1967). Yearbook of International Organizations. 1968/1969-1974: Publication. Union of International Associations. p. 178. ISBN 978-3-598-22214-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/yearbookofintern00unio","url_text":"Yearbook of International Organizations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-22214-6","url_text":"978-3-598-22214-6"}]},{"reference":"de Laubier, P. (1983). El pensamiento social de la Iglesia: un proyecto histórico de León XIII a Juan Pablo II (in Spanish). CEDIAL. p. 163.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9JNaAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"El pensamiento social de la Iglesia: un proyecto histórico de León XIII a Juan Pablo II"}]},{"reference":"\"COP21 Pre-Meeting in Bonn Cooks Up Text for Paris; New Schellnhuber Report Demands World Low-Carbon Commitment\". LaRouchePAC. 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://larouchepac.com/20151024/cop21-pre-meeting-bonn-cooks-text-paris-new-schellnhuber-report-demands-world-low-carbon","url_text":"\"COP21 Pre-Meeting in Bonn Cooks Up Text for Paris; New Schellnhuber Report Demands World Low-Carbon Commitment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rome: An overview of a visit\". Catholic Social Services Victoria. 28 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://cssvic.blogspot.com/2009/09/rome-overview-of-visit.html","url_text":"\"Rome: An overview of a visit\""}]},{"reference":"McElwee, Joshua J. (31 August 2016). \"Francis creates new Vatican office for charity, justice, peace, migration\". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 31 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/francis-creates-new-vatican-office-charity-justice-peace-migration","url_text":"\"Francis creates new Vatican office for charity, justice, peace, migration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern Word-Gaudium et Spes\". www.vatican.va.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html","url_text":"\"Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern Word-Gaudium et Spes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pastor Bonus, - John Paul II - Apostolic Constitution (June 28, 1988) | John Paul II\". w2.vatican.va.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-roman-curia.html","url_text":"\"Pastor Bonus, - John Paul II - Apostolic Constitution (June 28, 1988) | John Paul II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rinunce e nomine (Continuazione)\". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208172304/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2015/05/16/0376/00821.html","url_text":"\"Rinunce e nomine (Continuazione)\""},{"url":"http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2015/05/16/0376/00821.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Business ethics is focus of upcoming Vatican summit\". Catholic News Agency. 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2013-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/business-ethics-is-focus-of-upcoming-vatican-summit/","url_text":"\"Business ethics is focus of upcoming Vatican summit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency","url_text":"Catholic News Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"CNS STORY: Vatican calls on businesses to be ethical, create economic justice\". Catholicnews.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-20. Retrieved 2013-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110620213122/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1102439.htm","url_text":"\"CNS STORY: Vatican calls on businesses to be ethical, create economic justice\""},{"url":"http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1102439.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/yearbookofintern00unio","external_links_name":"Yearbook of International Organizations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9JNaAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"El pensamiento social de la Iglesia: un proyecto histórico de León XIII a Juan Pablo II"},{"Link":"https://larouchepac.com/20151024/cop21-pre-meeting-bonn-cooks-text-paris-new-schellnhuber-report-demands-world-low-carbon","external_links_name":"\"COP21 Pre-Meeting in Bonn Cooks Up Text for Paris; New Schellnhuber Report Demands World Low-Carbon Commitment\""},{"Link":"http://cssvic.blogspot.com/2009/09/rome-overview-of-visit.html","external_links_name":"\"Rome: An overview of a visit\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/francis-creates-new-vatican-office-charity-justice-peace-migration","external_links_name":"\"Francis creates new Vatican office for charity, justice, peace, migration\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html","external_links_name":"\"Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern Word-Gaudium et Spes\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-roman-curia.html","external_links_name":"\"Pastor Bonus, - John Paul II - Apostolic Constitution (June 28, 1988) | John Paul II\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208172304/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2015/05/16/0376/00821.html","external_links_name":"\"Rinunce e nomine (Continuazione)\""},{"Link":"http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2015/05/16/0376/00821.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/business-ethics-is-focus-of-upcoming-vatican-summit/","external_links_name":"\"Business ethics is focus of upcoming Vatican summit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110620213122/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1102439.htm","external_links_name":"\"CNS STORY: Vatican calls on businesses to be ethical, create economic justice\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1102439.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.justpax.it/","external_links_name":"Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122593132","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/261652831","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00020483","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0252627&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche:_An_American_Odyssey | Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Documentary film from 2001
Ralph Bunche: An American OdysseyDirected byWilliam GreavesWritten byBrian UrquhartScreenplay byWilliam Greaves, Leslie LeeProduced byWilliam Greaves,Louise ArchambaultStarringRalph Bunche, Sidney PoitierProductioncompanyWilliam Greaves ProductionsDistributed byCalifornia NewsreelRelease date
January 19, 2001 (2001-01-19)
Running time117 min.CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey was an American 2001 documentary film by William Greaves. It was the first in-depth documentary film that was produced on the life and legacy of Ralph Bunche, an African-American diplomat and the first person of color to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
The film was based on the 1993 biography written by Brian Urquhart, which had the same name. Greaves took ten years to make the film and he researched countless old manuscripts, newspapers, photos, and newsreel footage. A sequel was released Ralph Bunche: The Odyssey Continues... (2003).
References
^ a b c "Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey". MacArthur Foundation. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
^ Watkins, Mel (August 27, 2014). "William Greaves, a Documentarian and Pioneering Journalist, Dies at 87". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
^ Freedman, Richard (September 24, 2019). "September 26 Arts and Entertainment Source: Film at Empress honors Nobel Peace Prize winner". Times-Herald. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
^ Hughes, Mike (March 22, 2002). "Film focus on songwriter, peacemaker". Lansing State Journal. Retrieved April 17, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Lindsay, Craig D. (March 30, 2008). "Full Frame focuses on Greaves". The News and Observer – via via Newspapers.com. – pp. 1D, 6D
^ MacDonald, Scott; Stewart, Jacqueline Najuma (June 1, 2021). William Greaves: Filmmaking as Mission. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55319-3.
External links
Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey at IMDb
Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey film link at Alexander Street
This 2000s documentary film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to an American film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Greaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Greaves"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ralph Bunche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche"},{"link_name":"person of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_color"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAF-1"},{"link_name":"Brian Urquhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Urquhart"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey was an American 2001 documentary film by William Greaves.[2][3] It was the first in-depth documentary film that was produced on the life and legacy of Ralph Bunche, an African-American diplomat and the first person of color to win the Nobel Peace Prize.[4][5][1]The film was based on the 1993 biography written by Brian Urquhart, which had the same name. Greaves took ten years to make the film and he researched countless old manuscripts, newspapers, photos, and newsreel footage.[6] A sequel was released Ralph Bunche: The Odyssey Continues... (2003).","title":"Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey\". MacArthur Foundation. Retrieved April 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macfound.org/documentaryfilm/ralph-bunche-an-american-odyssey","url_text":"\"Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey\""}]},{"reference":"Watkins, Mel (August 27, 2014). \"William Greaves, a Documentarian and Pioneering Journalist, Dies at 87\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/27/arts/william-greaves-a-documentarian-and-pioneering-journalist-dies-at-87.html","url_text":"\"William Greaves, a Documentarian and Pioneering Journalist, Dies at 87\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Freedman, Richard (September 24, 2019). \"September 26 Arts and Entertainment Source: Film at Empress honors Nobel Peace Prize winner\". Times-Herald. Retrieved April 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2019/09/24/september-26-arts-and-entertainment-source-film-at-empress-honors-nobel-peace-prize-winner","url_text":"\"September 26 Arts and Entertainment Source: Film at Empress honors Nobel Peace Prize winner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times-Herald","url_text":"Times-Herald"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Mike (March 22, 2002). \"Film focus on songwriter, peacemaker\". Lansing State Journal. Retrieved April 17, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/lansing-state-journal-film-focus-on-song/123053509/","url_text":"\"Film focus on songwriter, peacemaker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing_State_Journal","url_text":"Lansing State Journal"}]},{"reference":"Lindsay, Craig D. (March 30, 2008). \"Full Frame focuses on Greaves\". The News and Observer – via via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_and_Observer","url_text":"The News and Observer"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Scott; Stewart, Jacqueline Najuma (June 1, 2021). William Greaves: Filmmaking as Mission. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55319-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IOLfDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"William Greaves: Filmmaking as Mission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-55319-3","url_text":"978-0-231-55319-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.macfound.org/documentaryfilm/ralph-bunche-an-american-odyssey","external_links_name":"\"Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/27/arts/william-greaves-a-documentarian-and-pioneering-journalist-dies-at-87.html","external_links_name":"\"William Greaves, a Documentarian and Pioneering Journalist, Dies at 87\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2019/09/24/september-26-arts-and-entertainment-source-film-at-empress-honors-nobel-peace-prize-winner","external_links_name":"\"September 26 Arts and Entertainment Source: Film at Empress honors Nobel Peace Prize winner\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/lansing-state-journal-film-focus-on-song/123053509/","external_links_name":"\"Film focus on songwriter, peacemaker\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer-full-frame-focuses/123053887/","external_links_name":"1D"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer/123053829/","external_links_name":"6D"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IOLfDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"William Greaves: Filmmaking as Mission"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274031/","external_links_name":"Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey"},{"Link":"https://search.alexanderstreet.com/preview/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cvideo_work%7C2725051","external_links_name":"Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche:_An_American_Odyssey&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche:_An_American_Odyssey&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Babicz | Robert Babicz | ["1 Biography","2 Selected discography","3 References","4 External links"] | Robert BabiczBackground informationBirth nameRobert BabiczAlso known asRob Acid, Acid Warrior, Department of Dance, Church Window, Atlon Inc, Sontec, Pumpgun Pro, Colone, Origin, Dicabor, Tannenhof, TwirlBornNiemodlin, PolandOriginBerlin, GermanyGenresHouse, technoOccupation(s)Disc jockey, record producer, mastering engineerLabelsBabiczstyle, Mille Plateaux, Systematic Recordings, Bedrock RecordingsWebsitehttp://www.robertbabicz.deMusical artist
Robert Babicz (born January 5, 1973, in Niemodlin, Poland) is a Polish-born music producer, mastering engineer and live performer living in Malta. With a career spanning nearly three decades covering genres from techno to acid house to minimal, Robert has also been known under the pseudonyms Rob Acid, Acid Warrior, Department of Dance and Sontec amongst many others. He has released a number of well respected records on labels such as Kompakt, Systematic Recordings, Treibstoff, Bedrock, Intec Digital and Steve Bug's Audiomatique, as well his own labels, Junkfood, Babiczstyle and Dirtcut. He is well known as a live performer rather than a DJ, as he uses synths and live equipment and improvises in every set he plays.
Biography
Robert Babicz moved to Germany in 1980 and began making dance music in the early 1990s, when acid house was at its peak of popularity. His first official release was as his Colone persona with the record Acid Science Trax in 1992. In May 1994, he founded his first label, Junkfood Records, with Michael Zosel and released many 12"s over the next decade. In 1999 he released his first ambient album using his real name, Robert Babicz on Mille Plateaux, completing another album for them only a year later.
At the turn of the new millennium, Robert Babicz strived to create new sound and thus began another label, Shortcut. He also began to receive requests to do sound design for hardware and software companies, and he did some sound design for Native Instruments at this time.
Robert Babicz's album A Cheerful Temper was released on Systematic Recordings in 2007. The record incorporates electronica, techno, minimal, house and classic house styles. He followed this album up in 2010 with Immortal Changes again on Systematic, and was described by DJ Magazine as a "marriage of organic grooves and glistening electronic melodies".
Since Immortal Changes, Robert has released a string of singles on various labels such as Bedrock Records, Bang Bang and Treibstoff Recordings. Perhaps the most significant event of the last couple of years has been the founding of Robert Babicz's new label 'Babiczstyle'. In his own words, "I do this to have a platform with the highest possible audio quality and have a place for me and my friends to release our music" and he has thus far released 4 EPs and a compilation album of some of his earlier tracks. In late November 2021 he released his masterclass to help educate and inspire upcoming music producers".
Selected discography
Albums
MoMente - 1999 - Mille Plateaux
Desert - 2000 - Mille Plateaux
Sure Sipr - 2004 - Punkt Music
A Cheerful Temper - 2007 - Systematic Recordings
Immortal Changes - 2010 - Immortal Changes
Robert Babicz Vol 001 - 2011 - Babiczstyle
The Owl and the Butterfly - 2013 - Systematic Recordings
Babiczstyle EPs
Remote Kiss EP - 2010
The Feeling EP - 2010
Nectar EP - 2011
What a Day EP - 2011
Little Fairy EP - 2018
References
^ "Robert Babicz". Discogs.
^ "RA News Story". www.residentadvisor.net. Retrieved Jul 31, 2022.
^ "Junkfood Records". Discogs.
^ "FOEM - Offline". foem.info. Retrieved Jul 31, 2022.
^ "Robert Babicz".
^ "None". www.soundstosample.com. Retrieved Jul 31, 2022.
^ "Future". www.futureentertainment.com.au.
^ "Robert Babicz does it Babiczstyle · News ⟋ RA".
^ "Robert Babicz Track from Scratch / FaderPro".
External links
Media related to Robert Babicz at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
Full Babicz Discography
Robert Babicz on Facebook
Babicz Soundcloud
Robert Babicz on X
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niemodlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemodlin"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno"},{"link_name":"acid house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_house"},{"link_name":"minimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_techno"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kompakt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompakt"},{"link_name":"Treibstoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treibstoff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Steve Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Bug&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Audiomatique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audiomatique&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Musical artistRobert Babicz (born January 5, 1973, in Niemodlin, Poland) is a Polish-born music producer, mastering engineer and live performer living in Malta. With a career spanning nearly three decades covering genres from techno to acid house to minimal, Robert has also been known under the pseudonyms Rob Acid, Acid Warrior, Department of Dance and Sontec amongst many others.[1] He has released a number of well respected records on labels such as Kompakt, Systematic Recordings, Treibstoff, Bedrock,[2] Intec Digital and Steve Bug's Audiomatique, as well his own labels, Junkfood, Babiczstyle and Dirtcut. He is well known as a live performer rather than a DJ, as he uses synths and live equipment and improvises in every set he plays.","title":"Robert Babicz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acid house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_house"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"Mille Plateaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mille_Plateaux"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Native Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"DJ Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bedrock Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Robert Babicz moved to Germany in 1980 and began making dance music in the early 1990s, when acid house was at its peak of popularity. His first official release was as his Colone persona with the record Acid Science Trax in 1992. In May 1994, he founded his first label, Junkfood Records, with Michael Zosel[3] and released many 12\"s over the next decade. In 1999 he released his first ambient album using his real name, Robert Babicz on Mille Plateaux, completing another album for them only a year later.[4]At the turn of the new millennium, Robert Babicz strived to create new sound and thus began another label, Shortcut.[5] He also began to receive requests to do sound design for hardware and software companies, and he did some sound design for Native Instruments at this time.[6]Robert Babicz's album A Cheerful Temper was released on Systematic Recordings in 2007. The record incorporates electronica, techno, minimal, house and classic house styles. He followed this album up in 2010 with Immortal Changes again on Systematic, and was described by DJ Magazine as a \"marriage of organic grooves and glistening electronic melodies\".[7]Since Immortal Changes, Robert has released a string of singles on various labels such as Bedrock Records, Bang Bang and Treibstoff Recordings. Perhaps the most significant event of the last couple of years has been the founding of Robert Babicz's new label 'Babiczstyle'. In his own words, \"I do this to have a platform with the highest possible audio quality and have a place for me and my friends to release our music\"[8] and he has thus far released 4 EPs and a compilation album of some of his earlier tracks. In late November 2021 he released his masterclass to help educate and inspire upcoming music producers\".[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mille Plateaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mille_Plateaux"},{"link_name":"Mille Plateaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mille_Plateaux"},{"link_name":"Punkt Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punkt_Music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Systematic Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systematic_Recordings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Immortal Changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immortal_Changes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Systematic Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systematic_Recordings&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"AlbumsMoMente - 1999 - Mille Plateaux\nDesert - 2000 - Mille Plateaux\nSure Sipr - 2004 - Punkt Music\nA Cheerful Temper - 2007 - Systematic Recordings\nImmortal Changes - 2010 - Immortal Changes\nRobert Babicz Vol 001 - 2011 - Babiczstyle\nThe Owl and the Butterfly - 2013 - Systematic RecordingsBabiczstyle EPsRemote Kiss EP - 2010\nThe Feeling EP - 2010\nNectar EP - 2011\nWhat a Day EP - 2011\nLittle Fairy EP - 2018","title":"Selected discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Robert Babicz\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakasone_Toyomiya | Nakasone Tuimiya | ["1 Early life","2 Oyake Akahachi Rebellion","3 Later life","4 References"] | Tomb of Nakasone Toyomiya in Hirara, Okinawa.
Nakasone Tuimiya, also Nakasone Tuyumya (仲宗根豊見親, also Okinawan: 仲宗根豊見親玄雅, Nakasone Tuyumya Genga')(active c. 1500–1530) was a Ryūkyūan Chieftain and later Anji of the Miyako Islands credited with repelling an invasion from Ishigaki Island, and expanding Miyako political control over some of the Yaeyama Islands. When the Miyako Islands were attacked by the Ryūkyū Kingdom, Nakasone saved the people of Miyako from harm by agreeing to surrender to annexation by the Kingdom.
Early life
Nakasone was the great-great-grandson of Meguro Mori who, in the 14th century, defeated the Yonahabara army under Sata Ubunto to unite the Miyako Islands for the first time.
Toyomiya (or, Tuyumya in Okinawan) was not a name, but rather something akin to a title or honorific. While he passed on the family name Nakasone to his descendants, this lineage, of which he is the founder, is at the same time called the Chūdō family (忠導氏, Chūdō-uji). While the exact year of Nakasone's birth is unknown, the family's records indicate that he was born sometime in the Tianshun Chinese Imperial era, i.e. 1457–1464.
Oyake Akahachi Rebellion
At this time, the Ryūkyū Kingdom, based at Shuri on Okinawa Island, did not yet have direct control over the Yaeyama or Miyako Islands, but merely expected tribute to be paid. In 1500, Oyake Akahachi of Ishigaki Island led the people of Ishigaki and the surrounding islands in revolt against paying tribute and against the Kingdom. Nakasone's family was entrenched in a power struggle with their rival the Kaneshigawa family for control of Miyako, and Oyake planned to invade the island during the division. Upon learning this, Nakasone led a preemptive invasion of the Yaeyama Islands, securing his status as leader of Miyako, and seizing Ishigaki, Yonaguni (where he took the daughter of the chieftain Untura as his prize), and a few other neighboring islands in the process.
Shortly after these successful invasions which expanded the geographical scope of Miyako's political control, the islands came under attack from a force of roughly 3,000 Ryūkyūan soldiers sent by King Shō Shin to suppress the rebellion. Seeing defeat as inevitable, Nakasone surrendered and agreed to have the Miyako Islands, along with the Yaeyamas which Nakasone had just secured, absorbed by the Ryūkyū Kingdom. He is today worshipped and celebrated as a hero for having spared the people of Miyako from the death and destruction that would have resulted from attempts to resist the invasion.
Later life
Nakasone was formally appointed Aji of Miyako by the Sanshikan, which also began a system of sending representatives from Okinawa to help oversee the administration of this corner of the kingdom for three-year-long terms. Most aspects of local administration were left in the hands of Nakasone, however, who was also empowered to deal out rewards and punishments, and to appoint local leaders to lesser aristocratic titles and bureaucratic posts.
Nakasone established a government office called the kuramoto (蔵元) which oversaw the collection of contributions to the tribute payment to be sent to Shuri. To help ensure this process, Nakasone effected road maintenance, as well as the construction of the stone bridge Shimoji-Pasuntsu (下地橋道, J: Shimojibashi-dō).
Nakasone was succeeded as Chieftain of Miyako around 1530, by someone bearing the same name as his great-great-grandfather, Meguro Mori. His grave can be found in Hirara City on Miyako Island.
References
^ "Nakasone Tuyumya." Okinawa konpakuto jiten (沖縄コンパクト事典, "Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia"). Ryukyu Shimpo (琉球新報). 1 March 2003. Accessed 11 July 2009.
^ "施設、史跡等｜観光・イベント情報｜宮古島市".
^ a b c d e "Nakasone Tuyumiya Genga." Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten (沖縄歴史人名事典, "Encyclopedia of People of Okinawan History"). Naha: Okinawa Bunka-sha, 1996. p54.
^ "Nakasone Toyomiya." Kotobank.jp. (Originally from Takara, Kurayoshi. "Nakasone Toyomiya." Asahi Nippon Rekishi Jinbutsu Jiten, Asahi Shimbun Publishers.) Accessed 11 July 2009.
^ a b c d Kerr, George. Okinawa: the History of an Island People. (revised ed.) Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing, 2000. pp118, 121-122.
^ This is the Japanese pronunciation of the word, which may not correspond to the native Miyako pronunciation, but would be a closely related cognate. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Okinawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jiten-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ryūkyūan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyuan_people"},{"link_name":"Anji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anji_(Ryukyu)"},{"link_name":"Miyako Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyako_Islands"},{"link_name":"Ishigaki Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishigaki_Island"},{"link_name":"Yaeyama Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeyama_Islands"},{"link_name":"Ryūkyū Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Kingdom"}],"text":"Nakasone Tuimiya, also Nakasone Tuyumya (仲宗根豊見親, also Okinawan: 仲宗根豊見親玄雅, Nakasone Tuyumya Genga'[1][2])(active c. 1500–1530) was a Ryūkyūan Chieftain and later Anji of the Miyako Islands credited with repelling an invasion from Ishigaki Island, and expanding Miyako political control over some of the Yaeyama Islands. When the Miyako Islands were attacked by the Ryūkyū Kingdom, Nakasone saved the people of Miyako from harm by agreeing to surrender to annexation by the Kingdom.","title":"Nakasone Tuimiya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meguro Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meguro_Mori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yonahabara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yonahabara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sata Ubunto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sata_Ubunto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jinmei-3"},{"link_name":"Chinese Imperial era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_era_name"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Nakasone was the great-great-grandson of Meguro Mori who, in the 14th century, defeated the Yonahabara army under Sata Ubunto to unite the Miyako Islands for the first time.[3]Toyomiya (or, Tuyumya in Okinawan) was not a name, but rather something akin to a title or honorific. While he passed on the family name Nakasone to his descendants, this lineage, of which he is the founder, is at the same time called the Chūdō family (忠導氏, Chūdō-uji). While the exact year of Nakasone's birth is unknown, the family's records indicate that he was born sometime in the Tianshun Chinese Imperial era, i.e. 1457–1464.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuri,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Island"},{"link_name":"tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute"},{"link_name":"Oyake Akahachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyake_Akahachi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jinmei-3"},{"link_name":"Yonaguni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni_Island"},{"link_name":"Untura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Untura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kerr-5"},{"link_name":"Shō Shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Shin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kerr-5"}],"text":"At this time, the Ryūkyū Kingdom, based at Shuri on Okinawa Island, did not yet have direct control over the Yaeyama or Miyako Islands, but merely expected tribute to be paid. 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Seeing defeat as inevitable, Nakasone surrendered and agreed to have the Miyako Islands, along with the Yaeyamas which Nakasone had just secured, absorbed by the Ryūkyū Kingdom. 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Most aspects of local administration were left in the hands of Nakasone, however, who was also empowered to deal out rewards and punishments, and to appoint local leaders to lesser aristocratic titles and bureaucratic posts.[5]Nakasone established a government office called the kuramoto[6] (蔵元) which oversaw the collection of contributions to the tribute payment to be sent to Shuri. To help ensure this process, Nakasone effected road maintenance, as well as the construction of the stone bridge Shimoji-Pasuntsu (下地橋道, J: Shimojibashi-dō).[3]Nakasone was succeeded as Chieftain of Miyako around 1530, by someone bearing the same name as his great-great-grandfather, Meguro Mori.[5] His grave can be found in Hirara City on Miyako Island.[3]","title":"Later life"}] | [{"image_text":"Tomb of Nakasone Toyomiya in Hirara, Okinawa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nakasone_tyumiya_tomb.jpg/300px-Nakasone_tyumiya_tomb.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"施設、史跡等｜観光・イベント情報｜宮古島市\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.miyakojima.lg.jp/kanko/annai/sisetsu.html","url_text":"\"施設、史跡等｜観光・イベント情報｜宮古島市\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/storyid-42371-storytopic-121.html","external_links_name":"Ryukyu Shimpo"},{"Link":"https://www.city.miyakojima.lg.jp/kanko/annai/sisetsu.html","external_links_name":"\"施設、史跡等｜観光・イベント情報｜宮古島市\""},{"Link":"http://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BB%B2%E5%AE%97%E6%A0%B9%E8%B1%8A%E8%A6%8B%E8%A6%AA","external_links_name":"Nakasone Toyomiya"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Won%27t_You_Come_Home_Bill_Bailey | (Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey | ["1 Origin","2 Popular recordings","3 Parodies","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Song performed by Al Hirt
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
For the English musician and comedian, see Bill Bailey.
"(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey"1902 sheet music cover, words and music written by Hughie Cannon published by Howley, Haviland and DresserSong by Al HirtWritten1902PublishedHowley, Haviland and DresserGenreDixieland jazz, jazz standardComposer(s)Hughie Cannon
"(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey", originally titled "Bill Bailey, Won't You Please.... Come Home?" is a popular song published in 1902. It is commonly referred to as simply "Bill Bailey".
Its words and music were written by Hughie Cannon, an American songwriter and pianist, and published by Howley, Haviland and Dresser. It is still a standard with Dixieland and traditional jazz bands. The simple 32-bar chord sequence of its chorus also underpins many other tunes played mainly by jazz bands, such as "Over the Waves", "Washington and Lee Swing", "Bourbon Street Parade", "My Little Girl", and the final themes of "Tiger Rag" and "The Beer Barrel Polka".
Origin
May 1902 Victor Monarch recording of Dan W. Quinn performing "Bill Bailey, Won't You Please Come Home?"
Cannon wrote the song in 1902 when he was working as a bar pianist at Conrad Deidrich's Saloon in Jackson, Michigan. Willard "Bill" Bailey, also a jazz musician, was a regular customer and friend, and one night told Cannon about his marriage to Sarah (née Siegrist). Cannon "was inspired to rattle off a ditty about Bailey's irregular hours. Bailey thought the song was a scream (i.e. very good), and he brought home a dashed-off copy of the song to show Sarah. Sarah couldn’t see the humor... accepted without comment the picture it drew of her as a wife." Cannon sold all rights to the song to a New York publisher, and he died from cirrhosis at age 35. Willard and Sarah Bailey later divorced; He moved to Los Angeles with their daughter Frances, he died in 1954, and Sarah died in 1976, age about 102. (See New York Times archives 1976, unknown date)
Popular recordings
In 1902, the first recording, sung and played by Arthur Collins on piano
In 1953, the song featured in the film Meet Me at the Fair, directed by Douglas Sirk, where it was sung by Jo Ann Greer who dubbed the singing voice of actress Carole Mathews.
In 1960, Bobby Darin recorded the song, where it went to #19 on the Hot 100, #13 in Canada, and #34 on the UK charts.
Parodies
Allan Sherman recorded a parody of this song on his 1963 album My Son, the Celebrity, titled "Won't You Come Home Disraeli?"
In the "Miss Solar System" episode of The Jetsons, first aired February 3, 1963, Jane belts out "Won't You Fly Home Bill Spacely" in Hanna-Barbera's parody of the song. Hanna-Barbera (with Cartoon Network Studios) makes more frequent use of the song throughout its series Johnny Bravo.
In The Simpsons episode "Whacking Day", Grampa Simpson is seen posing as a female cabaret singer in Nazi Germany, singing a version of this song – with "Franz Brauder" replacing "Bill Bailey" – to Adolf Hitler.
The 1980 Smurfs album Smurfing Sing Song includes a version of this song titled "Smurf Baby", in which the chorus is repeated with the name "Bill Bailey" replaced with "Smurf Baby".
Sandler & Young recorded a 20-minute medley where Bill Bailey is adapted to various styles, including the Nashville sound, Italian opera, Bach, and Israeli music (with Jewish jokes).
The Capitol Steps performed a version referring to the 2000 Democratic Presidential Primary titled "Won't You Go Home Bill Bradley".
In P.G. Wodehouse's 1906 novel Love Among the Chickens, the narrator feeling sorry for himself blames his problems on his historical version of womanhood: "Oh woman, woman! At the bottom of everything! History is full of tragedies caused by the lethal sex. Who lost Mark Antony the world? A woman. Who let Samson in so atrociously? Woman again. Why did Bill Bailey leave home? Once more, because of a woman."
In the 1960s, there was an elementary school play titled Go Home Bill Bailey. It was a comedy about a tour guide(?) bringing tourists to the jungle.
See also
List of pre-1920 jazz standards
References
^ "Bill Bailey, Won't You Please Come Home". youtube.com. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
^ Whitburn, Joel (2013). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 14th Edition: 1955-2012. Record Research. p. 216.
^ "CHUM Hit Parade - July 4, 1960".
^ "officialcharts.com". officialcharts.com. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Bill Bailey, Won't You Please Come Home?
http://www.perfessorbill.com/lyrics/lybailey.htm (lyrics)
http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/sheetmusic/n/n09/n0971/ Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine (traditional arrangement from "Historic American Sheet Music")
vteAl HirtStudio albums
Al Hirt in New Orleans
Al Hirt's Jazz Band Ball
Al Hirt and His New Orleans All Stars
Blockbustin' Dixie!
Swingin' Dixie at Dan's Pier 600 in New Orleans, Vol. 1
Swingin' Dixie, Vol. 3
Swingin' Dixie at Dan's Pier 600 in New Orleans, Vol. 2
He's the King and His Band
The Greatest Horn in the World
At the Mardi Gras
Horn A-Plenty
Trumpet and Strings
Honey in the Horn
Our Man in New Orleans
Personalities
Beauty and the Beard
Sugar Lips
Cotton Candy
The Best of Al Hirt
Live at Carnegie Hall
That Honey Horn Sound
They're Playing Our Song
The Happy Trumpet
The Horn Meets The Hornet
Soul in the Horn
Al Hirt Plays Bert Kaempfert
Super Jazz 1
That's a Plenty
Cotton Candy
Jazzin' at the Pops
Al's Place
Raw Sugar, Sweet Sauce
The Sound of Christmas
Have a Merry Little Christmas
Bourbon Street Parade
Al Hirt & His Golden Trumpet
Live on Bourbon Street
Music to Watch Girls By
Singles
"Java"
"Cotton Candy"
"Sugar Lips"
"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)"
"Feelin' Fruggy"
"Fancy Pants"
"Al's Place"
"The Silence (Il Silenzio)"
"Mame"
"Trumpet Pickin'"
"The Arena"
"Green Hornet Theme"
"Ludwig"
"Music to Watch Girls By"
"Puppet on a String"
"Keep the Ball Rollin'"
"We Can Fly/Up-Up and Away"
"If"
B-sides
"I Can't Get Started"
"Walkin'"
"Poupee Brisee (Broken Doll)"
"September Song" (A-Side)
"Louisiana Lullaby"
"Star Dust"
"Mister Sandman"
"Love Theme from The Sandpiper"
"Seven Days To Tahiti"
"Skillet Lickin'"
"Yesterday" (A-Side)
"Strawberry Jam"
"His Girl"
"Big Honey"
"Manhattan Safari"
"Penny Arcade" (A-Side)
Cover songs
"Alley Cat"
"As Time Goes By"
"Autumn Leaves"
"Baby Won't You Please Come Home"
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
"Begin the Beguine"
"The Birth of the Blues"
"Bye Bye Blues"
"Cherry Pink (and Apple Blossom White)"
"Danny Boy"
"Dear Old Southland"
"Deep Purple"
"Do Nothing till You Hear from Me"
"Down by the Riverside"
"East of the Sun (and West of the Moon)"
"Everybody Loves My Baby"
"Fly Me to the Moon"
"Fools Rush In"
"Georgia on My Mind"
"The Gypsy in My Soul"
"Hello, Dolly!"
"How Deep Is the Ocean?"
"I Cried for You"
"I Had the Craziest Dream"
"I Love Paris"
"I'll Be Seeing You"
"I'll Get By"
"I'll Never Smile Again"
"I'm Moving On"
"I've Heard That Song Before"
"It's Been a Long, Long Time"
"Jitterbug Waltz"
"Just Because"
"Last Date"
"Laura"
"Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love"
"Love for Sale"
"Love Makes the World Go 'Round"
"Lover, Come Back to Me"
"Margie"
"Memories of You"
"Muskrat Ramble"
"Mutual Admiration Society"
"My Baby Just Cares for Me"
"New Orleans"
"Ol' Man River"
"One O'Clock Jump"
"Out of Nowhere"
"Panama"
"Personality"
"Poor Butterfly"
"The Song from Moulin Rouge"
"Stella by Starlight"
"Stompin' at the Savoy"
"Stranger in Paradise"
"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot"
"Tenderly"
"Tennessee Waltz"
"That Old Feeling"
"There! I've Said It Again"
"Three Little Words"
"Till There Was You"
"True Love"
"Undecided"
"Walk Right In"
"What's New?"
"When It's Sleepy Time Down South"
"When the Saints Go Marching In"
"Willow Weep for Me"
"Bill Bailey"
"You Took Advantage of Me"
"You'll Never Know"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Hughie Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughie_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Howley, Haviland and Dresser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dresser#Howley,_Haviland_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Dixieland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Over the Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobre_las_Olas"},{"link_name":"Washington and Lee Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_Swing"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Street Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Street_Parade"},{"link_name":"Tiger Rag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Rag"},{"link_name":"The Beer Barrel Polka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beer_Barrel_Polka"}],"text":"For the English musician and comedian, see Bill Bailey.\"(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey\", originally titled \"Bill Bailey, Won't You Please.... Come Home?\" is a popular song published in 1902. It is commonly referred to as simply \"Bill Bailey\".Its words and music were written by Hughie Cannon, an American songwriter and pianist, and published by Howley, Haviland and Dresser. It is still a standard with Dixieland and traditional jazz bands. The simple 32-bar chord sequence of its chorus also underpins many other tunes played mainly by jazz bands, such as \"Over the Waves\", \"Washington and Lee Swing\", \"Bourbon Street Parade\", \"My Little Girl\", and the final themes of \"Tiger Rag\" and \"The Beer Barrel Polka\".","title":"(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Bailey_Victor_Monarch_1902.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dan W. Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_W._Quinn"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan"}],"text":"May 1902 Victor Monarch recording of Dan W. Quinn performing \"Bill Bailey, Won't You Please Come Home?\"Cannon wrote the song in 1902 when he was working as a bar pianist at Conrad Deidrich's Saloon in Jackson, Michigan. Willard \"Bill\" Bailey, also a jazz musician, was a regular customer and friend, and one night told Cannon about his marriage to Sarah (née Siegrist). Cannon \"was inspired to rattle off a ditty about Bailey's irregular hours. Bailey thought the song was a scream (i.e. very good), and he brought home a dashed-off copy of the song to show Sarah. Sarah couldn’t see the humor...[but] accepted without comment the picture it drew of her as a wife.\" Cannon sold all rights to the song to a New York publisher, and he died from cirrhosis at age 35. Willard and Sarah Bailey later divorced; He moved to Los Angeles with their daughter Frances, he died in 1954, and Sarah died in 1976, age about 102. (See New York Times archives 1976, unknown date)","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Collins_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Meet Me at the Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Me_at_the_Fair"},{"link_name":"Douglas Sirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Sirk"},{"link_name":"Jo Ann Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Ann_Greer"},{"link_name":"Carole Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Mathews"},{"link_name":"Bobby Darin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Darin"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_Chart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1902, the first recording, sung and played by Arthur Collins on piano [1]\nIn 1953, the song featured in the film Meet Me at the Fair, directed by Douglas Sirk, where it was sung by Jo Ann Greer who dubbed the singing voice of actress Carole Mathews.\nIn 1960, Bobby Darin recorded the song, where it went to #19 on the Hot 100,[2] #13 in Canada,[3] and #34 on the UK charts.[4]","title":"Popular recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allan Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Sherman"},{"link_name":"My Son, the Celebrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Son,_the_Celebrity"},{"link_name":"Disraeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli"},{"link_name":"The Jetsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jetsons"},{"link_name":"Hanna-Barbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Barbera"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_Studios"},{"link_name":"Johnny Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Bravo"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Whacking Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whacking_Day"},{"link_name":"Grampa Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampa_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Smurfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurfs"},{"link_name":"Sandler & Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandler_%26_Young"},{"link_name":"Nashville sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_sound"},{"link_name":"Italian opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_opera"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach"},{"link_name":"The Capitol Steps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Capitol_Steps"},{"link_name":"2000 Democratic Presidential Primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_2000"},{"link_name":"Bill Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bradley"},{"link_name":"P.G. Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.G._Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"Love Among the Chickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Among_the_Chickens"}],"text":"Allan Sherman recorded a parody of this song on his 1963 album My Son, the Celebrity, titled \"Won't You Come Home Disraeli?\"\nIn the \"Miss Solar System\" episode of The Jetsons, first aired February 3, 1963, Jane belts out \"Won't You Fly Home Bill Spacely\" in Hanna-Barbera's parody of the song. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle_method | Subgradient method | ["1 Classical subgradient rules","1.1 Step size rules","1.2 Convergence results","2 Subgradient-projection and bundle methods","3 Constrained optimization","3.1 Projected subgradient","3.2 General constraints","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Subgradient methods are convex optimization methods which use subderivatives. Originally developed by Naum Z. Shor and others in the 1960s and 1970s, subgradient methods are convergent when applied even to a non-differentiable objective function. When the objective function is differentiable, sub-gradient methods for unconstrained problems use the same search direction as the method of steepest descent.
Subgradient methods are slower than Newton's method when applied to minimize twice continuously differentiable convex functions. However, Newton's method fails to converge on problems that have non-differentiable kinks.
In recent years, some interior-point methods have been suggested for convex minimization problems, but subgradient projection methods and related bundle methods of descent remain competitive. For convex minimization problems with very large number of dimensions, subgradient-projection methods are suitable, because they require little storage.
Subgradient projection methods are often applied to large-scale problems with decomposition techniques. Such decomposition methods often allow a simple distributed method for a problem.
Classical subgradient rules
Let
f
:
R
n
→
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{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }
be a convex function with domain
R
n
.
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}.}
A classical subgradient method iterates
x
(
k
+
1
)
=
x
(
k
)
−
α
k
g
(
k
)
{\displaystyle x^{(k+1)}=x^{(k)}-\alpha _{k}g^{(k)}\ }
where
g
(
k
)
{\displaystyle g^{(k)}}
denotes any subgradient of
f
{\displaystyle f\ }
at
x
(
k
)
,
{\displaystyle x^{(k)},\ }
and
x
(
k
)
{\displaystyle x^{(k)}}
is the
k
t
h
{\displaystyle k^{th}}
iterate of
x
.
{\displaystyle x.}
If
f
{\displaystyle f\ }
is differentiable, then its only subgradient is the gradient vector
∇
f
{\displaystyle \nabla f}
itself.
It may happen that
−
g
(
k
)
{\displaystyle -g^{(k)}}
is not a descent direction for
f
{\displaystyle f\ }
at
x
(
k
)
.
{\displaystyle x^{(k)}.}
We therefore maintain a list
f
b
e
s
t
{\displaystyle f_{\rm {best}}\ }
that keeps track of the lowest objective function value found so far, i.e.
f
b
e
s
t
(
k
)
=
min
{
f
b
e
s
t
(
k
−
1
)
,
f
(
x
(
k
)
)
}
.
{\displaystyle f_{\rm {best}}^{(k)}=\min\{f_{\rm {best}}^{(k-1)},f(x^{(k)})\}.}
Step size rules
Many different types of step-size rules are used by subgradient methods. This article notes five classical step-size rules for which convergence proofs are known:
Constant step size,
α
k
=
α
.
{\displaystyle \alpha _{k}=\alpha .}
Constant step length,
α
k
=
γ
/
‖
g
(
k
)
‖
2
,
{\displaystyle \alpha _{k}=\gamma /\lVert g^{(k)}\rVert _{2},}
which gives
‖
x
(
k
+
1
)
−
x
(
k
)
‖
2
=
γ
.
{\displaystyle \lVert x^{(k+1)}-x^{(k)}\rVert _{2}=\gamma .}
Square summable but not summable step size, i.e. any step sizes satisfying
α
k
≥
0
,
∑
k
=
1
∞
α
k
2
<
∞
,
∑
k
=
1
∞
α
k
=
∞
.
{\displaystyle \alpha _{k}\geq 0,\qquad \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\alpha _{k}^{2}<\infty ,\qquad \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\alpha _{k}=\infty .}
Nonsummable diminishing, i.e. any step sizes satisfying
α
k
≥
0
,
lim
k
→
∞
α
k
=
0
,
∑
k
=
1
∞
α
k
=
∞
.
{\displaystyle \alpha _{k}\geq 0,\qquad \lim _{k\to \infty }\alpha _{k}=0,\qquad \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\alpha _{k}=\infty .}
Nonsummable diminishing step lengths, i.e.
α
k
=
γ
k
/
‖
g
(
k
)
‖
2
,
{\displaystyle \alpha _{k}=\gamma _{k}/\lVert g^{(k)}\rVert _{2},}
where
γ
k
≥
0
,
lim
k
→
∞
γ
k
=
0
,
∑
k
=
1
∞
γ
k
=
∞
.
{\displaystyle \gamma _{k}\geq 0,\qquad \lim _{k\to \infty }\gamma _{k}=0,\qquad \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\gamma _{k}=\infty .}
For all five rules, the step-sizes are determined "off-line", before the method is iterated; the step-sizes do not depend on preceding iterations. This "off-line" property of subgradient methods differs from the "on-line" step-size rules used for descent methods for differentiable functions: Many methods for minimizing differentiable functions satisfy Wolfe's sufficient conditions for convergence, where step-sizes typically depend on the current point and the current search-direction. An extensive discussion of stepsize rules for subgradient methods, including incremental versions, is given in the books by Bertsekas and by Bertsekas, Nedic, and Ozdaglar.
Convergence results
For constant step-length and scaled subgradients having Euclidean norm equal to one, the subgradient method converges to an arbitrarily close approximation to the minimum value, that is
lim
k
→
∞
f
b
e
s
t
(
k
)
−
f
∗
<
ϵ
{\displaystyle \lim _{k\to \infty }f_{\rm {best}}^{(k)}-f^{*}<\epsilon }
by a result of Shor.
These classical subgradient methods have poor performance and are no longer recommended for general use. However, they are still used widely in specialized applications because they are simple and they can be easily adapted to take advantage of the special structure of the problem at hand.
Subgradient-projection and bundle methods
During the 1970s, Claude Lemaréchal and Phil Wolfe proposed "bundle methods" of descent for problems of convex minimization. The meaning of the term "bundle methods" has changed significantly since that time. Modern versions and full convergence analysis were provided by Kiwiel.
Contemporary bundle-methods often use "level control" rules for choosing step-sizes, developing techniques from the "subgradient-projection" method of Boris T. Polyak (1969). However, there are problems on which bundle methods offer little advantage over subgradient-projection methods.
Constrained optimization
Projected subgradient
One extension of the subgradient method is the projected subgradient method, which solves the constrained optimization problem
minimize
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)\ }
subject to
x
∈
C
{\displaystyle x\in {\mathcal {C}}}
where
C
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}
is a convex set.
The projected subgradient method uses the iteration
x
(
k
+
1
)
=
P
(
x
(
k
)
−
α
k
g
(
k
)
)
{\displaystyle x^{(k+1)}=P\left(x^{(k)}-\alpha _{k}g^{(k)}\right)}
where
P
{\displaystyle P}
is projection on
C
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}
and
g
(
k
)
{\displaystyle g^{(k)}}
is any subgradient of
f
{\displaystyle f\ }
at
x
(
k
)
.
{\displaystyle x^{(k)}.}
General constraints
The subgradient method can be extended to solve the inequality constrained problem
minimize
f
0
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f_{0}(x)\ }
subject to
f
i
(
x
)
≤
0
,
i
=
1
,
…
,
m
{\displaystyle f_{i}(x)\leq 0,\quad i=1,\ldots ,m}
where
f
i
{\displaystyle f_{i}}
are convex. The algorithm takes the same form as the unconstrained case
x
(
k
+
1
)
=
x
(
k
)
−
α
k
g
(
k
)
{\displaystyle x^{(k+1)}=x^{(k)}-\alpha _{k}g^{(k)}\ }
where
α
k
>
0
{\displaystyle \alpha _{k}>0}
is a step size, and
g
(
k
)
{\displaystyle g^{(k)}}
is a subgradient of the objective or one of the constraint functions at
x
.
{\displaystyle x.\ }
Take
g
(
k
)
=
{
∂
f
0
(
x
)
if
f
i
(
x
)
≤
0
∀
i
=
1
…
m
∂
f
j
(
x
)
for some
j
such that
f
j
(
x
)
>
0
{\displaystyle g^{(k)}={\begin{cases}\partial f_{0}(x)&{\text{ if }}f_{i}(x)\leq 0\;\forall i=1\dots m\\\partial f_{j}(x)&{\text{ for some }}j{\text{ such that }}f_{j}(x)>0\end{cases}}}
where
∂
f
{\displaystyle \partial f}
denotes the subdifferential of
f
.
{\displaystyle f.\ }
If the current point is feasible, the algorithm uses an objective subgradient; if the current point is infeasible, the algorithm chooses a subgradient of any violated constraint.
See also
Stochastic gradient descent – Optimization algorithm
References
^ Bertsekas, Dimitri P. (2015). Convex Optimization Algorithms (Second ed.). Belmont, MA.: Athena Scientific. ISBN 978-1-886529-28-1.
^ Bertsekas, Dimitri P.; Nedic, Angelia; Ozdaglar, Asuman (2003). Convex Analysis and Optimization (Second ed.). Belmont, MA.: Athena Scientific. ISBN 1-886529-45-0.
^
The approximate convergence of the constant step-size (scaled) subgradient method is stated as Exercise 6.3.14(a) in Bertsekas (page 636): Bertsekas, Dimitri P. (1999). Nonlinear Programming (Second ed.). Cambridge, MA.: Athena Scientific. ISBN 1-886529-00-0. On page 636, Bertsekas attributes this result to Shor: Shor, Naum Z. (1985). Minimization Methods for Non-differentiable Functions. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-12763-1.
^ a b
Lemaréchal, Claude (2001). "Lagrangian relaxation". In Michael Jünger and Denis Naddef (ed.). Computational combinatorial optimization: Papers from the Spring School held in Schloß Dagstuhl, May 15–19, 2000. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2241. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 112–156. doi:10.1007/3-540-45586-8_4. ISBN 3-540-42877-1. MR 1900016. S2CID 9048698.
^ a b
Kiwiel, Krzysztof C.; Larsson, Torbjörn; Lindberg, P. O. (August 2007). "Lagrangian relaxation via ballstep subgradient methods". Mathematics of Operations Research. 32 (3): 669–686. doi:10.1287/moor.1070.0261. MR 2348241.
^
Bertsekas, Dimitri P. (1999). Nonlinear Programming (Second ed.). Cambridge, MA.: Athena Scientific. ISBN 1-886529-00-0.
^
Kiwiel, Krzysztof (1985). Methods of Descent for Nondifferentiable Optimization. Berlin: Springer Verlag. p. 362. ISBN 978-3540156420. MR 0797754.
Further reading
Bertsekas, Dimitri P. (1999). Nonlinear Programming. Belmont, MA.: Athena Scientific. ISBN 1-886529-00-0.
Bertsekas, Dimitri P.; Nedic, Angelia; Ozdaglar, Asuman (2003). Convex Analysis and Optimization (Second ed.). Belmont, MA.: Athena Scientific. ISBN 1-886529-45-0.
Bertsekas, Dimitri P. (2015). Convex Optimization Algorithms. Belmont, MA.: Athena Scientific. ISBN 978-1-886529-28-1.
Shor, Naum Z. (1985). Minimization Methods for Non-differentiable Functions. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-12763-1.
Ruszczyński, Andrzej (2006). Nonlinear Optimization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. xii+454. ISBN 978-0691119151. MR 2199043.
External links
EE364A and EE364B, Stanford's convex optimization course sequence.
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Software | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interior-point methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior-point_methods"}],"text":"Subgradient methods are slower than Newton's method when applied to minimize twice continuously differentiable convex functions. However, Newton's method fails to converge on problems that have non-differentiable kinks.In recent years, some interior-point methods have been suggested for convex minimization problems, but subgradient projection methods and related bundle methods of descent remain competitive. For convex minimization problems with very large number of dimensions, subgradient-projection methods are suitable, because they require little storage.Subgradient projection methods are often applied to large-scale problems with decomposition techniques. Such decomposition methods often allow a simple distributed method for a problem.","title":"Subgradient method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convex function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_function"}],"text":"Let \n \n \n \n f\n :\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n →\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:\\mathbb {R} ^{n}\\to \\mathbb {R} }\n \n be a convex function with domain \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}.}\n \n \nA classical subgradient method iteratesx\n \n (\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n −\n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n \n g\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{(k+1)}=x^{(k)}-\\alpha _{k}g^{(k)}\\ }g\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g^{(k)}}anysubgradientf\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\ }x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{(k)},\\ }x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{(k)}}k\n \n t\n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k^{th}}x\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x.}f\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\ }∇\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla f}−\n \n g\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle -g^{(k)}}f\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\ }x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{(k)}.}f\n \n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{\\rm {best}}\\ }f\n \n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n =\n min\n {\n \n f\n \n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n (\n k\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n f\n (\n \n x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n )\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{\\rm {best}}^{(k)}=\\min\\{f_{\\rm {best}}^{(k-1)},f(x^{(k)})\\}.}","title":"Classical subgradient rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Step size rules","text":"Many different types of step-size rules are used by subgradient methods. This article notes five classical step-size rules for which convergence proofs are known:Constant step size, \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n =\n α\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{k}=\\alpha .}\n \n\nConstant step length, \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n =\n γ\n \n /\n \n ‖\n \n g\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{k}=\\gamma /\\lVert g^{(k)}\\rVert _{2},}\n \n which gives \n \n \n \n ‖\n \n x\n \n (\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n −\n \n x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n γ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lVert x^{(k+1)}-x^{(k)}\\rVert _{2}=\\gamma .}\n \n\nSquare summable but not summable step size, i.e. any step sizes satisfying \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n ,\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n 2\n \n \n <\n ∞\n ,\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n =\n ∞\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{k}\\geq 0,\\qquad \\sum _{k=1}^{\\infty }\\alpha _{k}^{2}<\\infty ,\\qquad \\sum _{k=1}^{\\infty }\\alpha _{k}=\\infty .}\n \n\nNonsummable diminishing, i.e. any step sizes satisfying \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n ,\n \n \n lim\n \n k\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n =\n ∞\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{k}\\geq 0,\\qquad \\lim _{k\\to \\infty }\\alpha _{k}=0,\\qquad \\sum _{k=1}^{\\infty }\\alpha _{k}=\\infty .}\n \n\nNonsummable diminishing step lengths, i.e. \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n γ\n \n k\n \n \n \n /\n \n ‖\n \n g\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{k}=\\gamma _{k}/\\lVert g^{(k)}\\rVert _{2},}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n γ\n \n k\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n ,\n \n \n lim\n \n k\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n γ\n \n k\n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n γ\n \n k\n \n \n =\n ∞\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma _{k}\\geq 0,\\qquad \\lim _{k\\to \\infty }\\gamma _{k}=0,\\qquad \\sum _{k=1}^{\\infty }\\gamma _{k}=\\infty .}For all five rules, the step-sizes are determined \"off-line\", before the method is iterated; the step-sizes do not depend on preceding iterations. This \"off-line\" property of subgradient methods differs from the \"on-line\" step-size rules used for descent methods for differentiable functions: Many methods for minimizing differentiable functions satisfy Wolfe's sufficient conditions for convergence, where step-sizes typically depend on the current point and the current search-direction. An extensive discussion of stepsize rules for subgradient methods, including incremental versions, is given in the books by Bertsekas[1] and by Bertsekas, Nedic, and Ozdaglar.[2]","title":"Classical subgradient rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euclidean norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_norm"},{"link_name":"Shor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naum_Z._Shor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lem-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLL-5"}],"sub_title":"Convergence results","text":"For constant step-length and scaled subgradients having Euclidean norm equal to one, the subgradient method converges to an arbitrarily close approximation to the minimum value, that islim\n \n k\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n f\n \n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n −\n \n f\n \n ∗\n \n \n <\n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{k\\to \\infty }f_{\\rm {best}}^{(k)}-f^{*}<\\epsilon }\n \n by a result of Shor.[3]These classical subgradient methods have poor performance and are no longer recommended for general use.[4][5] However, they are still used widely in specialized applications because they are simple and they can be easily adapted to take advantage of the special structure of the problem at hand.","title":"Classical subgradient rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claude Lemaréchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lemar%C3%A9chal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_set"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lem-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLL-5"}],"text":"During the 1970s, Claude Lemaréchal and Phil Wolfe proposed \"bundle methods\" of descent for problems of convex minimization.[6] The meaning of the term \"bundle methods\" has changed significantly since that time. Modern versions and full convergence analysis were provided by Kiwiel.\n[7] Contemporary bundle-methods often use \"level control\" rules for choosing step-sizes, developing techniques from the \"subgradient-projection\" method of Boris T. Polyak (1969). However, there are problems on which bundle methods offer little advantage over subgradient-projection methods.[4][5]","title":"Subgradient-projection and bundle methods"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Constrained optimization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization"},{"link_name":"convex set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_set"}],"sub_title":"Projected subgradient","text":"One extension of the subgradient method is the projected subgradient method, which solves the constrained optimization problemminimize \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)\\ }\n \n subject to \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n \n \n C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in {\\mathcal {C}}}where \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {C}}}\n \n is a convex set. \nThe projected subgradient method uses the iterationx\n \n (\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n =\n P\n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n −\n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n \n g\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{(k+1)}=P\\left(x^{(k)}-\\alpha _{k}g^{(k)}\\right)}P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {C}}}g\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g^{(k)}}f\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\ }x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{(k)}.}","title":"Constrained optimization"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"General constraints","text":"The subgradient method can be extended to solve the inequality constrained problemminimize \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{0}(x)\\ }\n \n subject to \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n i\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n ≤\n 0\n ,\n \n i\n =\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{i}(x)\\leq 0,\\quad i=1,\\ldots ,m}where \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{i}}\n \n are convex. The algorithm takes the same form as the unconstrained casex\n \n (\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n −\n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n \n g\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{(k+1)}=x^{(k)}-\\alpha _{k}g^{(k)}\\ }α\n \n k\n \n \n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{k}>0}g\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g^{(k)}}x\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x.\\ }g\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n if \n \n \n f\n \n i\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n ≤\n 0\n \n ∀\n i\n =\n 1\n …\n m\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n f\n \n j\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n for some \n \n j\n \n such that \n \n \n f\n \n j\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n >\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g^{(k)}={\\begin{cases}\\partial f_{0}(x)&{\\text{ if }}f_{i}(x)\\leq 0\\;\\forall i=1\\dots m\\\\\\partial f_{j}(x)&{\\text{ for some }}j{\\text{ such that }}f_{j}(x)>0\\end{cases}}}∂\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial f}subdifferentialf\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f.\\ }","title":"Constrained optimization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-886529-00-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886529-00-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-886529-45-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886529-45-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-886529-28-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886529-28-1"},{"link_name":"Springer-Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-387-12763-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-12763-1"},{"link_name":"Ruszczyński, Andrzej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Piotr_Ruszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0691119151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691119151"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2199043","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2199043"}],"text":"Bertsekas, Dimitri P. (1999). Nonlinear Programming. Belmont, MA.: Athena Scientific. ISBN 1-886529-00-0.\nBertsekas, Dimitri P.; Nedic, Angelia; Ozdaglar, Asuman (2003). Convex Analysis and Optimization (Second ed.). Belmont, MA.: Athena Scientific. ISBN 1-886529-45-0.\nBertsekas, Dimitri P. (2015). Convex Optimization Algorithms. Belmont, MA.: Athena Scientific. ISBN 978-1-886529-28-1.\nShor, Naum Z. (1985). Minimization Methods for Non-differentiable Functions. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-12763-1.\nRuszczyński, Andrzej (2006). Nonlinear Optimization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. xii+454. ISBN 978-0691119151. MR 2199043.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Optimization computes maxima and minima.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Max_paraboloid.svg/150px-Max_paraboloid.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Stochastic gradient descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent"}] | [{"reference":"Bertsekas, Dimitri P. (2015). 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Computational combinatorial optimization: Papers from the Spring School held in Schloß Dagstuhl, May 15–19, 2000. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2241. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 112–156. doi:10.1007/3-540-45586-8_4. ISBN 3-540-42877-1. MR 1900016. S2CID 9048698.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lemar%C3%A9chal","url_text":"Lemaréchal, Claude"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-45586-8_4","url_text":"10.1007/3-540-45586-8_4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-42877-1","url_text":"3-540-42877-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1900016","url_text":"1900016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9048698","url_text":"9048698"}]},{"reference":"Kiwiel, Krzysztof C.; Larsson, Torbjörn; Lindberg, P. O. (August 2007). \"Lagrangian relaxation via ballstep subgradient methods\". Mathematics of Operations Research. 32 (3): 669–686. doi:10.1287/moor.1070.0261. MR 2348241.","urls":[{"url":"http://mor.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/3/669","url_text":"\"Lagrangian relaxation via ballstep subgradient methods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_Operations_Research","url_text":"Mathematics of Operations Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1287%2Fmoor.1070.0261","url_text":"10.1287/moor.1070.0261"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2348241","url_text":"2348241"}]},{"reference":"Bertsekas, Dimitri P. (1999). Nonlinear Programming (Second ed.). Cambridge, MA.: Athena Scientific. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship-to-ship | Radiotelephone | ["1 Design","1.1 Mode of emission","1.2 Modes of operation","2 Features","2.1 Privacy and selective calling","3 Uses","3.1 Conventional telephone use","3.2 Marine use","4 Regulations","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Communications system for transmission of speech over radio
Not to be confused with Photophone § Radiophone.
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Comparison of an amateur radio handheld transceiver, cell phone, and matchbox
A radiotelephone (or radiophone), abbreviated RT, is a radio communication system for conducting a conversation; radiotelephony means telephony by radio. It is in contrast to radiotelegraphy, which is radio transmission of telegrams (messages), or television, transmission of moving pictures and sound. The term is related to radio broadcasting, which transmit audio one way to listeners. Radiotelephony refers specifically to two-way radio systems for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication between separated users, such as CB radio or marine radio. In spite of the name, radiotelephony systems are not necessarily connected to or have anything to do with the telephone network, and in some radio services, including GMRS, interconnection is prohibited.
Design
Mode of emission
The word phone has a long precedent beginning with early US wired voice systems. The term means voice as opposed to telegraph or Morse code. This would include systems fitting into the category of two-way radio or one-way voice broadcasts such as coastal maritime weather. The term is still popular in the amateur radio community and in US Federal Communications Commission regulations.
Modes of operation
A standard landline telephone allows both users to talk and listen simultaneously; effectively there are two open communication channels between the two end-to-end users of the system. In a radiotelephone system, this form of working, known as full-duplex, requires a radio system to simultaneously transmit and receive on two separate frequencies, which both wastes bandwidth and presents some technical challenges. It is, however, the most comfortable method of voice communication for users, and it is currently used in cell phones and was used in the former IMTS.
The most common method of working for radiotelephones is half-duplex, operation, which allows one person to talk and the other to listen alternately. If a single frequency is used, both parties take turns to transmit on it, known as simplex. Dual-frequency working or duplex splits the communication into two separate frequencies, but only one is used to transmit at a time with the other frequency dedicated to receiving.
The user presses a special switch on the transmitter when they wish to talk—this is called the "press-to-talk" switch or PTT. It is usually fitted on the side of the microphone or other obvious position. Users may use a procedural code-word such as "over" to signal that they have finished transmitting.
Features
Radiotelephones may operate at any frequency where they are licensed to do so, though typically they are used in the various bands between 60 and 900 MHz (25 and 960 MHz in the United States). They may use simple modulation schemes such as AM or FM, or more complex techniques such as digital coding, spread spectrum, and so on. Licensing terms for a given band will usually specify the type of modulation to be used. For example, airband radiotelephones used for air to ground communication between pilots and controllers operates in the VHF band from 118.0 to 136.975 MHz, using amplitude modulation.
Radiotelephone receivers are usually designed to a very high standard, and are usually of the double-conversion superhet design. Likewise, transmitters are carefully designed to avoid unwanted interference and feature power outputs from a few tens of milliwatts to perhaps 50 watts for a mobile unit, up to a couple of hundred watts for a base station. Multiple channels are often provided using a frequency synthesizer.
Receivers usually feature a squelch circuit to cut off the audio output from the receiver when there is no transmission to listen to. This is in contrast to broadcast receivers, which often dispense with this.
Privacy and selective calling
Main article: Selective calling
Often, on a small network system, there are many mobile units and one main base station. This would be typical for police or taxi services for example. To help direct messages to the correct recipients and avoid irrelevant traffic on the network being a distraction to other units, a variety of means have been devised to create addressing systems.
The crudest and oldest of these is called CTCSS, or Continuous Tone-Controlled Squelch System. This consists of superimposing a precise very low frequency tone on the audio signal. Only the receiver tuned to this specific tone turns the signal into audio: this receiver shuts off the audio when the tone is not present or is a different frequency. By assigning a unique frequency to each mobile, private channels can be imposed on a public network. However this is only a convenience feature—it does not guarantee privacy.
A more commonly used system is called selective calling or Selcall. This also uses audio tones, but these are not restricted to sub-audio tones and are sent as a short burst in sequence. The receiver will be programmed to respond only to a unique set of tones in a precise sequence, and only then will it open the audio circuits for open-channel conversation with the base station. This system is much more versatile than CTCSS, as relatively few tones yield a far greater number of "addresses". In addition, special features (such as broadcast modes and emergency overrides) can be designed in, using special addresses set aside for the purpose. A mobile unit can also broadcast a Selcall sequence with its unique address to the base, so the user can know before the call is picked up which unit is calling. In practice many selcall systems also have automatic transponding built in, which allows the base station to "interrogate" a mobile even if the operator is not present. Such transponding systems usually have a status code that the user can set to indicate what they are doing. Features like this, while very simple, are one reason why they are very popular with organisations that need to manage a large number of remote mobile units. Selcall is widely used, though is becoming superseded by much more sophisticated digital systems.
Uses
Conventional telephone use
Main article: Mobile radio telephone
Mobile radio telephone systems such as Mobile Telephone Service and Improved Mobile Telephone Service allowed a mobile unit to have a telephone number allowing access from the general telephone network, although some systems required mobile operators to set up calls to mobile stations. Mobile radio telephone systems before the introduction of cellular telephone services suffered from few usable channels, heavy congestion, and very high operating costs.
Marine use
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The Marine Radiotelephone Service or HF ship-to-shore operates on shortwave radio frequencies, using single-sideband modulation. The usual method is that a ship calls a shore station, and the shore station's marine operator connects the caller to the public switched telephone network. This service is retained for safety reasons, but in practice has been made obsolete by satellite telephones (particularly INMARSAT) and VoIP telephone and email via satellite internet.
Short wave radio is used because it bounces between the ionosphere and the ground, giving a modest 1,000 watt transmitter (the standard power) a worldwide range.
Most shore stations monitor several frequencies. The frequencies with the longest range are usually near 20 MHz, but the ionospheric weather (propagation) can dramatically change which frequencies work best.
Single-sideband (SSB) is used because the short wave bands are crowded with many users, and SSB permits a single voice channel to use a narrower range of radio frequencies (bandwidth) when compared to earlier AM systems. SSB uses about 3.5 kHz, while AM radio uses about 8 kHz, and narrowband (voice or communication-quality) FM uses 9 kHz.
Marine radiotelephony first became common in the 1930s, and was used extensively for communications to ships and aircraft over water. In that time, most long-range aircraft had long-wire antennas that would be let out during a call, and reeled-in afterward. Marine radiotelephony originally used AM mode in the 2-3 MHz region before the transition to SSB and the adoption of various higher frequency bands in addition to the 2 MHz frequencies.
One of the most important uses of marine radiotelephony has been to change ships' itineraries, and to perform other business at sea.
Regulations
In the United States, since the Communications Act of 1934 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has issued various commercial "radiotelephone operator" licenses and permits to qualified applicants. These allow them to install, service, and maintain voice-only radio transmitter systems for use on ships and aircraft. (Until deregulation in the 1990s they were also required for commercial domestic radio and television broadcast systems. Because of treaty obligations they are still required for engineers of international shortwave broadcast stations.) The certificate currently issued is the general radiotelephone operator license.
See also
Air-ground radiotelephone service
ASTRA2Connect Maritime Broadband
AT&T High Seas Service
Car phone
Improved Mobile Telephone Service
Inmarsat
Mobile radio telephone
Mobile Telephone Service
Two-way radio
Notes
^ "Signal training (all arms). Pamphlet no. 5 : signal procedure. Part III : combined joint radiotelephone (RT) procedure 1943". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ "47 CFR 95.141 - Interconnection prohibited".
^ "Guide to Radio Communications Standards for DEM Emergency Responders" (PDF). DEM. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ "The Evolution of Shortwave Radio". Radio World. 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ "Radiotelephone | Museum of Maritime Navigation and Communication". Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ Anderson, C.N.; Pruden, H.M. (April 1939). "Radiotelephone System for Harbor and Coastal Services". Proceedings of the IRE. 27 (4): 245–253. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1939.228232. ISSN 0096-8390. S2CID 51653876.
^ "List of FCC Licenses". Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
References
Bruce, Robert V. Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8014-9691-8.
Carson, Mary Kay (2007). "8". Alexander Graham Bell: Giving Voice To The World. Sterling Biographies. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 76–78. ISBN 978-1-4027-3230-0. OCLC 182527281.
External links
Look up radiophone or radiotelephone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Photophone § Radiophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone#Radiophone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICOM_IC-2E_and_generetions_of_mobile_phones.jpg"},{"link_name":"amateur radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio"},{"link_name":"handheld transceiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie-talkie"},{"link_name":"cell phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"matchbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchbox"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"radio communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication"},{"link_name":"conversation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation"},{"link_name":"telephony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephony"},{"link_name":"radiotelegraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelegraphy"},{"link_name":"telegrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"moving pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"radio broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"two-way radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way_radio"},{"link_name":"CB radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_radio"},{"link_name":"marine radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_radio"},{"link_name":"telephone network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network"},{"link_name":"GMRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Mobile_Radio_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Photophone § Radiophone.Comparison of an amateur radio handheld transceiver, cell phone, and matchboxA radiotelephone (or radiophone), abbreviated RT,[1] is a radio communication system for conducting a conversation; radiotelephony means telephony by radio. It is in contrast to radiotelegraphy, which is radio transmission of telegrams (messages), or television, transmission of moving pictures and sound. The term is related to radio broadcasting, which transmit audio one way to listeners. Radiotelephony refers specifically to two-way radio systems for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication between separated users, such as CB radio or marine radio. In spite of the name, radiotelephony systems are not necessarily connected to or have anything to do with the telephone network, and in some radio services, including GMRS,[2] interconnection is prohibited.","title":"Radiotelephone"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"amateur radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"}],"sub_title":"Mode of emission","text":"The word phone has a long precedent beginning with early US wired voice systems. The term means voice as opposed to telegraph or Morse code. This would include systems fitting into the category of two-way radio or one-way voice broadcasts such as coastal maritime weather. The term is still popular in the amateur radio community and in US Federal Communications Commission regulations.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"landline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline"},{"link_name":"communication channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_channel"},{"link_name":"full-duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Full-duplex"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"IMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improved_Mobile_Telephone_Service"},{"link_name":"half-duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Half-duplex"},{"link_name":"procedural code-word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedure_word"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Modes of operation","text":"A standard landline telephone allows both users to talk and listen simultaneously; effectively there are two open communication channels between the two end-to-end users of the system. In a radiotelephone system, this form of working, known as full-duplex, requires a radio system to simultaneously transmit and receive on two separate frequencies, which both wastes bandwidth and presents some technical challenges. It is, however, the most comfortable method of voice communication for users, and it is currently used in cell phones and was used in the former IMTS.The most common method of working for radiotelephones is half-duplex, operation, which allows one person to talk and the other to listen alternately. If a single frequency is used, both parties take turns to transmit on it, known as simplex. Dual-frequency working or duplex splits the communication into two separate frequencies, but only one is used to transmit at a time with the other frequency dedicated to receiving.The user presses a special switch on the transmitter when they wish to talk—this is called the \"press-to-talk\" switch or PTT. It is usually fitted on the side of the microphone or other obvious position. Users may use a procedural code-word such as \"over\" to signal that they have finished transmitting.[3]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megahertz"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_band_radio"},{"link_name":"modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation"},{"link_name":"spread spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrum"},{"link_name":"airband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airband"},{"link_name":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"receivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)"},{"link_name":"double-conversion superhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheterodyne_receiver"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"base station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station"},{"link_name":"frequency synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"squelch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squelch"},{"link_name":"circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit"},{"link_name":"audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"}],"text":"Radiotelephones may operate at any frequency where they are licensed to do so, though typically they are used in the various bands between 60 and 900 MHz (25 and 960 MHz in the United States). They may use simple modulation schemes such as AM or FM, or more complex techniques such as digital coding, spread spectrum, and so on. Licensing terms for a given band will usually specify the type of modulation to be used. For example, airband radiotelephones used for air to ground communication between pilots and controllers operates in the VHF band from 118.0 to 136.975 MHz, using amplitude modulation.Radiotelephone receivers are usually designed to a very high standard, and are usually of the double-conversion superhet design. Likewise, transmitters are carefully designed to avoid unwanted interference and feature power outputs from a few tens of milliwatts to perhaps 50 watts for a mobile unit, up to a couple of hundred watts for a base station. Multiple channels are often provided using a frequency synthesizer.Receivers usually feature a squelch circuit to cut off the audio output from the receiver when there is no transmission to listen to. This is in contrast to broadcast receivers, which often dispense with this.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CTCSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTCSS"},{"link_name":"Selcall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selcall"},{"link_name":"transponding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder"}],"sub_title":"Privacy and selective calling","text":"Often, on a small network system, there are many mobile units and one main base station. This would be typical for police or taxi services for example. To help direct messages to the correct recipients and avoid irrelevant traffic on the network being a distraction to other units, a variety of means have been devised to create addressing systems.The crudest and oldest of these is called CTCSS, or Continuous Tone-Controlled Squelch System. This consists of superimposing a precise very low frequency tone on the audio signal. Only the receiver tuned to this specific tone turns the signal into audio: this receiver shuts off the audio when the tone is not present or is a different frequency. By assigning a unique frequency to each mobile, private channels can be imposed on a public network. However this is only a convenience feature—it does not guarantee privacy.A more commonly used system is called selective calling or Selcall. This also uses audio tones, but these are not restricted to sub-audio tones and are sent as a short burst in sequence. The receiver will be programmed to respond only to a unique set of tones in a precise sequence, and only then will it open the audio circuits for open-channel conversation with the base station. This system is much more versatile than CTCSS, as relatively few tones yield a far greater number of \"addresses\". In addition, special features (such as broadcast modes and emergency overrides) can be designed in, using special addresses set aside for the purpose. A mobile unit can also broadcast a Selcall sequence with its unique address to the base, so the user can know before the call is picked up which unit is calling. In practice many selcall systems also have automatic transponding built in, which allows the base station to \"interrogate\" a mobile even if the operator is not present. Such transponding systems usually have a status code that the user can set to indicate what they are doing. Features like this, while very simple, are one reason why they are very popular with organisations that need to manage a large number of remote mobile units. Selcall is widely used, though is becoming superseded by much more sophisticated digital systems.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile radio telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone"},{"link_name":"Mobile Telephone Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Service"},{"link_name":"Improved Mobile Telephone Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improved_Mobile_Telephone_Service"},{"link_name":"cellular telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_telephone"}],"sub_title":"Conventional telephone use","text":"Mobile radio telephone systems such as Mobile Telephone Service and Improved Mobile Telephone Service allowed a mobile unit to have a telephone number allowing access from the general telephone network, although some systems required mobile operators to set up calls to mobile stations. Mobile radio telephone systems before the introduction of cellular telephone services suffered from few usable channels, heavy congestion, and very high operating costs.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shortwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave"},{"link_name":"single-sideband modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation"},{"link_name":"public switched telephone network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network"},{"link_name":"INMARSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INMARSAT"},{"link_name":"VoIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol"},{"link_name":"satellite internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_internet"},{"link_name":"ionosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megahertz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"AM radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_radio"},{"link_name":"narrowband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowband"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Marine use","text":"The Marine Radiotelephone Service or HF ship-to-shore operates on shortwave radio frequencies, using single-sideband modulation. The usual method is that a ship calls a shore station, and the shore station's marine operator connects the caller to the public switched telephone network. This service is retained for safety reasons, but in practice has been made obsolete by satellite telephones (particularly INMARSAT) and VoIP telephone and email via satellite internet.Short wave radio is used because it bounces between the ionosphere and the ground, giving a modest 1,000 watt transmitter (the standard power) a worldwide range.[4]Most shore stations monitor several frequencies. The frequencies with the longest range are usually near 20 MHz, but the ionospheric weather (propagation) can dramatically change which frequencies work best.Single-sideband (SSB) is used because the short wave bands are crowded with many users, and SSB permits a single voice channel to use a narrower range of radio frequencies (bandwidth) when compared to earlier AM systems.[5] SSB uses about 3.5 kHz, while AM radio uses about 8 kHz, and narrowband (voice or communication-quality) FM uses 9 kHz.Marine radiotelephony first became common in the 1930s, and was used extensively for communications to ships and aircraft over water.[6] In that time, most long-range aircraft had long-wire antennas that would be let out during a call, and reeled-in afterward. Marine radiotelephony originally used AM mode in the 2-3 MHz region before the transition to SSB and the adoption of various higher frequency bands in addition to the 2 MHz frequencies.One of the most important uses of marine radiotelephony has been to change ships' itineraries, and to perform other business at sea.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"shortwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave"},{"link_name":"general radiotelephone operator license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_radiotelephone_operator_license"}],"text":"In the United States, since the Communications Act of 1934 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has issued various commercial \"radiotelephone operator\" licenses and permits to qualified applicants. These allow them to install, service, and maintain voice-only radio transmitter systems for use on ships and aircraft.[7] (Until deregulation in the 1990s they were also required for commercial domestic radio and television broadcast systems. Because of treaty obligations they are still required for engineers of international shortwave broadcast stations.) The certificate currently issued is the general radiotelephone operator license.","title":"Regulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Signal training (all arms). Pamphlet no. 5 : signal procedure. Part III : combined joint radiotelephone (RT) procedure 1943\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1500022458"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"47 CFR 95.141 - Interconnection prohibited\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/47/95.141"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Guide to Radio Communications Standards for DEM Emergency Responders\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180414232904/http://www.dem.ri.gov/topics/erp/4_3.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dem.ri.gov/topics/erp/4_3.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Evolution of Shortwave Radio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/the-evolution-of-shortwave-radio"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Radiotelephone | Museum of Maritime Navigation and Communication\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mmncny.org/collections/radiotelephone/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Radiotelephone System for Harbor and Coastal Services\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1686887"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/JRPROC.1939.228232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1939.228232"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0096-8390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-8390"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"51653876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51653876"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"List of FCC Licenses\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090215170605/http://narte.org/h/fccabout.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.narte.org/h/fccabout.asp"}],"text":"^ \"Signal training (all arms). Pamphlet no. 5 : signal procedure. Part III : combined joint radiotelephone (RT) procedure 1943\". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 20 April 2021.\n\n^ \"47 CFR 95.141 - Interconnection prohibited\".\n\n^ \"Guide to Radio Communications Standards for DEM Emergency Responders\" (PDF). DEM. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.\n\n^ \"The Evolution of Shortwave Radio\". Radio World. 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2022-04-25.\n\n^ \"Radiotelephone | Museum of Maritime Navigation and Communication\". Retrieved 2022-04-25.\n\n^ Anderson, C.N.; Pruden, H.M. (April 1939). \"Radiotelephone System for Harbor and Coastal Services\". Proceedings of the IRE. 27 (4): 245–253. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1939.228232. ISSN 0096-8390. S2CID 51653876.\n\n^ \"List of FCC Licenses\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved 2009-01-27.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Comparison of an amateur radio handheld transceiver, cell phone, and matchbox","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/ICOM_IC-2E_and_generetions_of_mobile_phones.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Air-ground radiotelephone service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-ground_radiotelephone_service"},{"title":"ASTRA2Connect Maritime Broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTRA2Connect_Maritime_Broadband"},{"title":"AT&T High Seas Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_High_Seas_Service"},{"title":"Car phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_phone"},{"title":"Improved Mobile Telephone Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improved_Mobile_Telephone_Service"},{"title":"Inmarsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmarsat"},{"title":"Mobile radio telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone"},{"title":"Mobile Telephone Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Service"},{"title":"Two-way radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way_radio"}] | [{"reference":"\"Signal training (all arms). Pamphlet no. 5 : signal procedure. Part III : combined joint radiotelephone (RT) procedure 1943\". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1500022458","url_text":"\"Signal training (all arms). Pamphlet no. 5 : signal procedure. Part III : combined joint radiotelephone (RT) procedure 1943\""}]},{"reference":"\"47 CFR 95.141 - Interconnection prohibited\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/47/95.141","url_text":"\"47 CFR 95.141 - Interconnection prohibited\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Radio Communications Standards for DEM Emergency Responders\" (PDF). DEM. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180414232904/http://www.dem.ri.gov/topics/erp/4_3.pdf","url_text":"\"Guide to Radio Communications Standards for DEM Emergency Responders\""},{"url":"http://www.dem.ri.gov/topics/erp/4_3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Evolution of Shortwave Radio\". Radio World. 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2022-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/the-evolution-of-shortwave-radio","url_text":"\"The Evolution of Shortwave Radio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radiotelephone | Museum of Maritime Navigation and Communication\". Retrieved 2022-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmncny.org/collections/radiotelephone/","url_text":"\"Radiotelephone | Museum of Maritime Navigation and Communication\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, C.N.; Pruden, H.M. (April 1939). \"Radiotelephone System for Harbor and Coastal Services\". Proceedings of the IRE. 27 (4): 245–253. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1939.228232. ISSN 0096-8390. S2CID 51653876.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1686887","url_text":"\"Radiotelephone System for Harbor and Coastal Services\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1939.228232","url_text":"10.1109/JRPROC.1939.228232"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-8390","url_text":"0096-8390"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51653876","url_text":"51653876"}]},{"reference":"\"List of FCC Licenses\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved 2009-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090215170605/http://narte.org/h/fccabout.asp","url_text":"\"List of FCC Licenses\""},{"url":"http://www.narte.org/h/fccabout.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carson, Mary Kay (2007). \"8\". Alexander Graham Bell: Giving Voice To The World. Sterling Biographies. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 76–78. ISBN 978-1-4027-3230-0. OCLC 182527281.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000cars","url_text":"Alexander Graham Bell: Giving Voice To The World"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000cars/page/76","url_text":"76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3230-0","url_text":"978-1-4027-3230-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182527281","url_text":"182527281"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Radiotelephone%22","external_links_name":"\"Radiotelephone\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Radiotelephone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Radiotelephone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Radiotelephone%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Radiotelephone%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Radiotelephone%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Radiotelephone%22","external_links_name":"\"Radiotelephone\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Radiotelephone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Radiotelephone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Radiotelephone%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Radiotelephone%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Radiotelephone%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1500022458","external_links_name":"\"Signal training (all arms). Pamphlet no. 5 : signal procedure. Part III : combined joint radiotelephone (RT) procedure 1943\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/47/95.141","external_links_name":"\"47 CFR 95.141 - Interconnection prohibited\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180414232904/http://www.dem.ri.gov/topics/erp/4_3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guide to Radio Communications Standards for DEM Emergency Responders\""},{"Link":"http://www.dem.ri.gov/topics/erp/4_3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/the-evolution-of-shortwave-radio","external_links_name":"\"The Evolution of Shortwave Radio\""},{"Link":"http://mmncny.org/collections/radiotelephone/","external_links_name":"\"Radiotelephone | Museum of Maritime Navigation and Communication\""},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1686887","external_links_name":"\"Radiotelephone System for Harbor and Coastal Services\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1939.228232","external_links_name":"10.1109/JRPROC.1939.228232"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-8390","external_links_name":"0096-8390"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51653876","external_links_name":"51653876"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090215170605/http://narte.org/h/fccabout.asp","external_links_name":"\"List of FCC Licenses\""},{"Link":"http://www.narte.org/h/fccabout.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000cars","external_links_name":"Alexander Graham Bell: Giving Voice To The World"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000cars/page/76","external_links_name":"76"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182527281","external_links_name":"182527281"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567928","external_links_name":"Japan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QX_Metals | QX Metals | ["1 Projects","2 References"] | QX Metals Corp.FormerlyBlack Sea Copper & Gold Corp., Alternative Earth Resources Inc.Company typePublicTraded asTSX-V: QXHeadquartersVancouver, British Columbia, CanadaKey peopleVince Sorace (President, CEO & Director)Total equity36.4 million USDSubsidiariesBlue Mountain Power Company (BC)Nevada Geothermal Power Company (US)Zelenrok EOOD (Bulgaria)Websiteqxmetals.ca
QX Metals Corp. (previously known as Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. and previously Alternative Earth Resources Inc.) is a Canadian multinational corporation that is active exploring a porphyry copper-gold deposit in the Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains. The company was first incorporated on April 13, 1995, and most recently changed its name from Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. to QX Metals Corp. in February 2019. The Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. was created following the merger of the Alternative Earth Resources Inc. with Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. in 2016. Alternative Earth Resources Inc. itself was created on April 2, 2013 from Nevada Geothermal Power Inc. The company had focused on producing geothermal electric power from high temperature geothermal resources in the United States. Based in Vancouver, British Columbia, the company had up to six geothermal projects in the Western United States. Despite federal government loan guarantees, the company faced financial trouble and there was "significant doubt about the company's ability to continue as a going concern".
Projects
The company owns a 100% leasehold interest in six properties: Blue Mountain, Pumpernickel, Edna Mountain, and Black Warrior (located in Nevada), New Truckhaven (in California), and Crump Geyser in Oregon. The projects have a production potential of over 200 MW, enough green energy to power approximately 200,000 homes.
The company's Blue Mountain 'Faulkner 1' 49.5 MW gross geothermal power project started producing commercially in November 2009. But its actual production was only 35 MW.
References
^ "Alternative Earth Resources Announces Completion of Acquisition, Financing, Consolidation and Name Change to Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp" (Press release). Cision. CNW Group. September 28, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
^ "Nevada Geothermal Power Inc. Completes Transfer of Ownership in the Blue Mountain Geothermal Project to EIG Global Energy Partners" (Press release). Cision. CNW Group. April 1, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
^ a b "A U.S.-Backed Geothermal Plant in Nevada Struggles". The New York Times. October 2, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
vteCompanies based in Metro VancouverActive
49th Parallel Coffee Roasters
604 Records
A&W Canada
AbCellera
Advanced Cyclotron Systems
Alterra Power
Arcana Studio
Avigilon
Aritzia
Ballard Power Systems
BC Liquor Distribution Branch
Blenz Coffee
BlueShore Financial
Boston Pizza
Brightlight Pictures
British Columbia Maritime Employers' Association
British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
BroadbandTV Corp
Cactus Club Cafe
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Canfor
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Central City Brewers & Distillers
CHC Helicopter
Choices Markets
Cityfone
Clearly
Clio
Coast Capital Savings
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Creative Energy
Crosslight Software
CTBC Bank Canada
Cymax Group
Dairyland Canada
Daiya
Dan-D Foods
Dollar Tree Canada
D-Wave Systems
E-Comm
EA Vancouver
Ebco Industries
Eldorado Gold
Encorp Pacific
Envision Financial
Fairchild Group
Finning
First Quantum Minerals
FortisBC
Freshlocal Solutions
Freshslice Pizza
Galvanize
Gulf & Fraser
Gardein
Gateway Casinos
General Fusion
Glentel
Global News
Goldcorp
Great Northern Way Campus
Greenpeace
Happy Planet
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Hellbent Games
Hootsuite
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Hothead Games
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Ivanhoe Mines
JJ Bean
Jim Pattison Group
Justason Market Intelligence
Kerberos Productions
Kin's Farm Market
Klei Entertainment
London Drugs
Lululemon Athletica
Lush North America
Macdonald Realty
McLean Group of Companies
Methanex
MetroLyrics
Modo
Mountain Equipment Company
Nature's Path
Nettwerk
Next Level Games
Nintendo of Canada
O2E Brands
Ocean Productions
Pacific Blue Cross
Panago
Parallel 49 Brewing Company
Piranha Games
PlentyofFish
Premium Brands Holdings Corporation
Prospera Credit Union
QX Metals
Relic Entertainment
Ricky's All Day Grill
Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers
Russell Brewing Company
Sandstorm Gold
Shavick Entertainment
Sierra Wireless
SkyBox Labs
SoftQuad Software
Squirrel Systems
SSR Mining
Steamworks Brewing Company
Synthetic Entertainment
T&T Supermarket
Teck Resources
Telus
Teradici
Univar Canada
Vancity
Vancouver Film Studios
Vancouver Orphan Kitten Rescue Association
Vantage Airport Group
Vega
VersaCold
West Fraser Timber
Wheaton Precious Metals
White Spot
Zulu Records
Defunct
Air BC
Barnard's Express
BC Tel
British Columbia Resources Investment Corporation
Capcom Vancouver
Catalena Productions
Distinctive Software
EA Black Box
Foley, Welch and Stewart
Future Shop
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HarbourLynx
Hastings Mill
Hawkair
Island Express Air
MacMillan Bloedel
Mozilla Messaging
NCIX
Pacific Western Airlines
The Pas Lumber Company
Pixar Canada
Propaganda Games
Radical Entertainment
Recon Instruments
Rockstar Vancouver
Slant Six Games
United Front Games
West Coast Air | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multinational corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"porphyry copper-gold deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_copper_deposit"},{"link_name":"Rhodope Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"geothermal electric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_electricity"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"going concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_concern"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-3"}],"text":"QX Metals Corp. (previously known as Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. and previously Alternative Earth Resources Inc.) is a Canadian multinational corporation that is active exploring a porphyry copper-gold deposit in the Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains. The company was first incorporated on April 13, 1995, and most recently changed its name from Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. to QX Metals Corp. in February 2019. The Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. was created following the merger of the Alternative Earth Resources Inc. with Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. in 2016.[1] Alternative Earth Resources Inc. itself was created on April 2, 2013 from Nevada Geothermal Power Inc.[2] The company had focused on producing geothermal electric power from high temperature geothermal resources in the United States. Based in Vancouver, British Columbia, the company had up to six geothermal projects in the Western United States. Despite federal government loan guarantees, the company faced financial trouble and there was \"significant doubt about the company's ability to continue as a going concern\".[3]","title":"QX Metals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"geothermal power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-3"}],"text":"The company owns a 100% leasehold interest in six properties: Blue Mountain, Pumpernickel, Edna Mountain, and Black Warrior (located in Nevada), New Truckhaven (in California), and Crump Geyser in Oregon. The projects have a production potential of over 200 MW, enough green energy to power approximately 200,000 homes.[citation needed]The company's Blue Mountain 'Faulkner 1' 49.5 MW gross geothermal power project started producing commercially in November 2009. But its actual production was only 35 MW.[3]","title":"Projects"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Alternative Earth Resources Announces Completion of Acquisition, Financing, Consolidation and Name Change to Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp\" (Press release). Cision. CNW Group. September 28, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/alternative-earth-resources-announces-completion-of-acquisition-financing-consolidation-and-name-change-to-black-sea-copper--gold-corp-595149611.html","url_text":"\"Alternative Earth Resources Announces Completion of Acquisition, Financing, Consolidation and Name Change to Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cision","url_text":"Cision"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNW_Group","url_text":"CNW Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada Geothermal Power Inc. Completes Transfer of Ownership in the Blue Mountain Geothermal Project to EIG Global Energy Partners\" (Press release). Cision. 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Completes Transfer of Ownership in the Blue Mountain Geothermal Project to EIG Global Energy Partners\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/03/business/a-us-backed-geothermal-plant-in-nevada-struggles.html?_r=4&pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"A U.S.-Backed Geothermal Plant in Nevada Struggles\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_378_(Alabama) | Alabama State Route 378 | ["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major Intersections","4 References","5 External links"] | State highway in Alabama, United States
State Route 378Finley BoulevardSR 378 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by ALDOTLength2.32 mi (3.73 km)Existed2016–presentMajor junctionsWest end US 78 / SR 5 in BirminghamMajor intersections I-65 in BirminghamEast end US 31 in Birmingham
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateAlabamaCountiesJefferson
Highway system
Alabama State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
← I-359→ US 411
State Route 378 (SR 378) is an east–west route located entirely in the city of Birmingham in Jefferson County in north central Alabama. The route is 2.32 miles (3.73 km) long. It is known as Finley Boulevard for its entire length.
Route description
SR 378 is part of the old alignment of U.S. Route 78 (US 78) along the entire length of Finley Boulevard in the East Thomas neighborhood. It begins at a junction with the new alignment of US 78 (Arkadelphia Road) on the west side, and it ends at a junction with U.S. Route 31 (US 31).
History
The SR 378 designation was established in 2016 when US 78 was re-routed onto an alignment that carries US 78 from downtown Birmingham westward on Third Avenue North and Third Avenue West (concurrent with U.S. Route 11 (US 11), then north on Arkadelphia Road. Formerly, US 78 ran concurrently with US 31 north from downtown along Carraway Boulevard, then turned west onto Finley Boulevard, and then north again on Arkadeplhia Road. The SR 378 designation replaces US 78 on Finley Boulevard.
Major Intersections
The entire route is in Birmingham, Jefferson County.
mikmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 US 78 / SR 5 (SR 4/Arkadelphia Road)Western terminus
1.60–1.702.57–2.74 I-65 – Huntsville, MontgomeryI-65 exit 262B
2.323.73 US 31 (SR 3/26th Street N)Eastern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
References
^ "Milepost/General Highway Maps". Alabama Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
^ a b Alabama Department of Transportation (2017). Sweet Home Alabama Official Highway Map (Map) (2017–2018 ed.). Montgomery: Alabama Department of Transportation. § R14.
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Alabama State Route 378KML is not from Wikidata
This Alabama road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alabama2018-2"}],"text":"State Route 378 (SR 378) is an east–west route located entirely in the city of Birmingham in Jefferson County in north central Alabama.[2] The route is 2.32 miles (3.73 km) long. It is known as Finley Boulevard for its entire length.","title":"Alabama State Route 378"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_31_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alabama2018-2"}],"text":"SR 378 is part of the old alignment of U.S. Route 78 (US 78) along the entire length of Finley Boulevard in the East Thomas neighborhood. It begins at a junction with the new alignment of US 78 (Arkadelphia Road) on the west side, and it ends at a junction with U.S. Route 31 (US 31).[2]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Alabama"}],"text":"The SR 378 designation was established in 2016 when US 78 was re-routed onto an alignment that carries US 78 from downtown Birmingham westward on Third Avenue North and Third Avenue West (concurrent with U.S. Route 11 (US 11), then north on Arkadelphia Road. Formerly, US 78 ran concurrently with US 31 north from downtown along Carraway Boulevard, then turned west onto Finley Boulevard, and then north again on Arkadeplhia Road. The SR 378 designation replaces US 78 on Finley Boulevard.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama"}],"text":"The entire route is in Birmingham, Jefferson County.","title":"Major Intersections"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Milepost/General Highway Maps\". Alabama Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://algis.dot.state.al.us/milepostinternet/default.htm","url_text":"\"Milepost/General Highway Maps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Alabama Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Alabama Department of Transportation (2017). Sweet Home Alabama Official Highway Map (Map) (2017–2018 ed.). Montgomery: Alabama Department of Transportation. § R14.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://algis.dot.state.al.us/milepostinternet/default.htm","external_links_name":"\"Milepost/General Highway Maps\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Alabama_State_Route_378&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Alabama_State_Route_378&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama_State_Route_378&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barom_Reameathibtei | Barom Reameathibtei | ["1 References","2 Bibliography"] | 14th century Khmer king
Barom Reameathibtei (Khmer: បរមរាមាធិបតី, Paramarāmādhipatī; Thai: บรมรามาธิบดี, RTGS: Borom Ramathibodi; lit. 'Supreme Overlord Rama'), also known as Barom Reamea (Khmer: បរមរាមា; Thai: บรมรามา, RTGS: Borom Rama; lit. 'Supreme Rama') and Damkhat (Khmer: ដំខាត់; Thai: คำขัด, RTGS: Khamkhat), was a king of the Khmer Empire during the 14th century.
Damkhat was a son of the younger sister of Srei Soriyovong (ស្រីសុរិយោវង្ស), a king of the Khmer Empire, which the Ayutthaya Kingdom had previously attacked and made its vassal state. The Khmer Chronicle of Ang Eng (KCAE) states that Srei Soriyovong had one elder sister and one younger sister. The elder sister gave birth to a son called In Reachea (ឥន្ទរាជា), or In Racha (อินทราชา) in Thai. The younger sister gave birth to two sons, Damkhat and Kaeo Fa (แก้วฟ้า), respectively. Srei Soriyovong intended to abdicate in favour of his eldest grandson, In Reachea. Damkhat then killed In Reachea. Srei Soriyovong later declared a senior noble titled Khun Thep Montri (ขุนเทพมนตรี) the heir to the throne. Damkhat also killed Khun Thep Montri. Srei Soriyovong therefore handed over the throne to Damkhat.
The Vamn Juon Royal Chronicle of Cambodia (VJ) states that he ascended the throne in 724 LE, corresponding to 1906 BE (1363/64 CE). The Royal Chronicle of Great Kings That Reigned in the Kingdom of Cambodia Consecutively (RCGK) states that it was 728 LE (1366/67 CE). And the Document on Great Khmer Figures (DGKF) says it was 731 LE, corresponding to 1913 BE and 1369 CE.
After he ascended the throne, Damkhat declared independence from Ayutthaya and marched his troops to attack Ayutthaya twice. According to KCAE, in an unstated year, he marched to Chanthabun (จันทบูร; "Moon City"; an old name of Chanthaburi) and Bang Khang (บางคาง; an old name of Prachin Buri) before removing a great many locals to his capital, Angkor Thom. As he was marching back to Angkor Thom, some Cham people came and attacked Chaktomok town. He then rushed to Chaktomok and defeated the Cham. In another unstated year, Damkhat and his younger brother, Kaeo Fa, led their troops to attack Ayutthaya again. They attacked border cities of Ayutthaya without success. They then ceased the campaign and returned home.
KCAE says that after arriving in Angkor Thom, Damkhat was poisoned by his concubine and died. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Kaeo Fa, who took the title of Thomma Saok Reach (ធម្មាសោករាជ). RCGK states that Kaeo Fa became king in 732 LE (1370/71 CE). DGKF says it was 735 LE, corresponding to 1917 BE and 1373 CE. And VJ says it was 775 LE, corresponding to 1957 BE (1414/15 CE).
Damkhat had a son, Ponhea Yat (ពញាយ៉ាត), the last king of the Khmer Empire.
References
^ a b Prachum Phongsawadan..., 2006: 51.
^ a b Phakdikham, 2011: online.
^ a b Prachum Phongsawadan..., 2006: 53.
Bibliography
Phakdikham, Santi (2011-07-09). "Khamen Rop Thai Samai Ayutthaya Nai Lakthan Prawattisat Kamphucha" เขมรรบไทยสมัยอยุธยาในหลักฐานประวัติศาสตร์กัมพูชา . Archdiocese of Bangkok (in Thai). Bangkok: Matichon. Archived from the original on 2015-07-12. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
Prachum Phongsawadan Chabap Kanchanaphisek Lem Sip Song ประชุมพงศาวดาร ฉบับกาญจนาภิเษก เล่ม ๑๒ (in Thai). Bangkok: Fine Arts Department of Thailand. 2006. ISBN 9749528476.
Regnal titles
Preceded bySrei Soriyovong
King of Khmer Empire (a) 724 LE (1363/64 CE) to 775 LE (1414/15 CE); or (b) 728 LE (1366/67 CE) to 732 LE (1370/71 CE); or (c) 731 LE (1369 CE) to 735 LE (1373 CE)
Succeeded byThomma Saok
vteMonarchs of CambodiaFamily tree of Cambodian monarchsFunan KingdomNokor Phnom
Soma (Neang Neak) (queen)
Kaundinya I (Preah Tong)
Hun Pan-huang
Pan-Pan
Srei Meara (Fan Shiman)
Fan Jinsheng
Fan Chang
Fan Xun
Kaundinya II
Sri Indravarman I
Jayavarman Kaundinya
Kulaprabhavati (queen)
Rudravarman
Vyadhapura
Pvirakvarman I
Mhenteractvarman I
Nteractvarman I
Chenla KingdomBhavapura
Shruta Varman
Shreshtha Varman II
Viravarman
Kambuja-raja-lakshmi (queen)
Bhavavarman I
Mohendravarman
Isanavarman I
Bhavavarman II
Jayavarman I
Jayadevi (queen)
Pushkaraksha
Indrani (queen)
Nṛpatendradevī (queen)
Jayendrabhā (queen)
Jyeṣṭhāryā (queen)
Shambhu Varman
Rajendravarman I
MahipativarmanKhmer EmpireVarman Dynasty
Jayavarman II
Jayavarman III
Indravarman I
Yasovarman I
Harshavarman I
Ishanavarman II
Jayavarman IV
Harshavarman II
Rajendravarman II
Jayavarman V
Udayadityavarman I
Jayavirahvarman
Suryavarman I
Udayadityavarman II
Harshavarman III
Nripatindravarman
Mahidharapura Dynasty
Jayavarman VI
Dharanindravarman I
Suryavarman II
Dharanindravarman II
Yasovarman II
Tribhuvanadityavarman
Jayavarman VII
Indravarman II
Jayavarman VIII
Indravarman III
Indrajayavarman
Jayavarman IX
House of Trasak Paem
Trasak Paem
Nippean Bat
Sithean Reachea
Lompong Reachea
Angkor Thom
Basat
Soryavong
Borom Reachea I
Thomma Saok
In Reachea (Ponhea Prek)
Barom Reachea II (Ponhea Yat)
Post-AngkorChaktomuk
Ponhea Yat
Noreay Reachea I
Srey Reachea Ramathuppdey
Srei Soriyotei II
Thommo Reachea I
Srey Sukonthor
Longvek
Sdach Korn
Ang Chan I
Barom Reachea I
Satha I
Chey Chettha I
Srei Santhor
Preah Ram I
Preah Ram II
Barom Reachea II
Barom Reachea III
Kaev Hua I (Ponhea Nhom)
Srei Soriyopear
Oudong
Chey Chettha II
Outey (co-ruler)
Thommo Reachea II (Ponhea To)
Ang Tong Reachea (Ponhea Nu)
Batom Reachea (Ang Non I)
Ponhea Chan (Sultan Ibrahim)
Barom Reachea V
Chey Chettha III
Kaev Hua II
Ang Nan
Chey Chettha IV
Queen Tey (queen)
Outey I
Kaev Hua III (Ang Em)
Thommo Reachea III
Satha II
Thommo Reachea IV
Ang Tong
Ang Sngoun
Noreay Reachea II (Outey II)
Ang Non II
Noreay Reachea III (Ang Eng)
Ang Chan II
Ang Mey (queen)
Ang Duong
French protectorate
Norodom
Sisowath
Sisowath Monivong
Norodom Sihanouk
Modern Cambodia
Norodom Suramarit
Sisowath Kossamak (ceremonial)
Norodom Sihanouk
Norodom Sihamoni | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"Khmer Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire"},{"link_name":"14th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century"},{"link_name":"Srei Soriyovong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srei_Soriyovong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ayutthaya Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"vassal state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_state"},{"link_name":"Khmer Chronicle of Ang Eng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Chronicle_of_Ang_Eng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kaeo Fa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomma_Saok"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Vamn Juon Royal Chronicle of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vamn_Juon_Royal_Chronicle_of_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Era"},{"link_name":"BE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Era"},{"link_name":"Royal Chronicle of Great Kings That Reigned in the Kingdom of Cambodia Consecutively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Chronicle_of_Great_Kings_That_Reigned_in_the_Kingdom_of_Cambodia_Consecutively&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Document on Great Khmer Figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Document_on_Great_Khmer_Figures&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Chanthaburi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanthaburi_Province"},{"link_name":"Prachin Buri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prachin_Buri_Province"},{"link_name":"Angkor Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Thom"},{"link_name":"Angkor Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Thom"},{"link_name":"Cham people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_people"},{"link_name":"Chaktomok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaktomok"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Ponhea Yat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponhea_Yat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Barom Reameathibtei (Khmer: បរមរាមាធិបតី, Paramarāmādhipatī; Thai: บรมรามาธิบดี, RTGS: Borom Ramathibodi; lit. 'Supreme Overlord Rama'), also known as Barom Reamea (Khmer: បរមរាមា; Thai: บรมรามา, RTGS: Borom Rama; lit. 'Supreme Rama') and Damkhat (Khmer: ដំខាត់; Thai: คำขัด, RTGS: Khamkhat), was a king of the Khmer Empire during the 14th century.Damkhat was a son of the younger sister of Srei Soriyovong (ស្រីសុរិយោវង្ស), a king of the Khmer Empire, which the Ayutthaya Kingdom had previously attacked and made its vassal state. The Khmer Chronicle of Ang Eng (KCAE) states that Srei Soriyovong had one elder sister and one younger sister. The elder sister gave birth to a son called In Reachea (ឥន្ទរាជា), or In Racha (อินทราชา) in Thai. The younger sister gave birth to two sons, Damkhat and Kaeo Fa (แก้วฟ้า), respectively. Srei Soriyovong intended to abdicate in favour of his eldest grandson, In Reachea. Damkhat then killed In Reachea. Srei Soriyovong later declared a senior noble titled Khun Thep Montri (ขุนเทพมนตรี) the heir to the throne. Damkhat also killed Khun Thep Montri. Srei Soriyovong therefore handed over the throne to Damkhat.[1]The Vamn Juon Royal Chronicle of Cambodia (VJ) states that he ascended the throne in 724 LE, corresponding to 1906 BE (1363/64 CE). The Royal Chronicle of Great Kings That Reigned in the Kingdom of Cambodia Consecutively (RCGK) states that it was 728 LE (1366/67 CE). And the Document on Great Khmer Figures (DGKF) says it was 731 LE, corresponding to 1913 BE and 1369 CE.[1]After he ascended the throne, Damkhat declared independence from Ayutthaya and marched his troops to attack Ayutthaya twice. According to KCAE, in an unstated year, he marched to Chanthabun (จันทบูร; \"Moon City\"; an old name of Chanthaburi) and Bang Khang (บางคาง; an old name of Prachin Buri) before removing a great many locals to his capital, Angkor Thom. As he was marching back to Angkor Thom, some Cham people came and attacked Chaktomok town. He then rushed to Chaktomok and defeated the Cham. In another unstated year, Damkhat and his younger brother, Kaeo Fa, led their troops to attack Ayutthaya again. They attacked border cities of Ayutthaya without success. They then ceased the campaign and returned home.[2]KCAE says that after arriving in Angkor Thom, Damkhat was poisoned by his concubine and died. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Kaeo Fa, who took the title of Thomma Saok Reach (ធម្មាសោករាជ).[3] RCGK states that Kaeo Fa became king in 732 LE (1370/71 CE). DGKF says it was 735 LE, corresponding to 1917 BE and 1373 CE. And VJ says it was 775 LE, corresponding to 1957 BE (1414/15 CE).[3]Damkhat had a son, Ponhea Yat (ពញាយ៉ាត), the last king of the Khmer Empire.[2]","title":"Barom Reameathibtei"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Khamen Rop Thai Samai Ayutthaya Nai Lakthan Prawattisat Kamphucha\" เขมรรบไทยสมัยอยุธยาในหลักฐานประวัติศาสตร์กัมพูชา","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150712013223/http://haab.catholic.or.th/article/articleart1/art01/art01.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//haab.catholic.or.th/article/articleart1/art01/art01.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9749528476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9749528476"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Monarchs of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Family tree of Cambodian monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Cambodian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Funan Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funan"},{"link_name":"Soma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Soma"},{"link_name":"Kaundinya I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaundinya_I"},{"link_name":"Hun Pan-huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hun_Pan-huang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pan-Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan-Pan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Srei Meara (Fan Shiman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srei_Meara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fan Jinsheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan_Jinsheng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fan Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan_Chang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fan Xun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kaundinya II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaundinya_II"},{"link_name":"Sri Indravarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Indravarman_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jayavarman Kaundinya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavarman_Kaundinya"},{"link_name":"Kulaprabhavati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulaprabhavati"},{"link_name":"Rudravarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudravarman"},{"link_name":"Vyadhapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyadhapura"},{"link_name":"Pvirakvarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pvirakvarman_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mhenteractvarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mhenteractvarman_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nteractvarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nteractvarman_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chenla Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenla"},{"link_name":"Bhavapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhavapura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shruta Varman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srutavarman"},{"link_name":"Shreshtha Varman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreshthavarman"},{"link_name":"Viravarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABravarman"},{"link_name":"Kambuja-raja-lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambuja-raja-lakshmi"},{"link_name":"Bhavavarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavavarman_I"},{"link_name":"Mohendravarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendravarman_(Chenla)"},{"link_name":"Isanavarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isanavarman_I"},{"link_name":"Bhavavarman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavavarman_II"},{"link_name":"Jayavarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavarman_I"},{"link_name":"Jayadevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayadevi"},{"link_name":"Pushkaraksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkaraksha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkaraksha"},{"link_name":"Indrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrani_of_Sambhupura"},{"link_name":"Nṛpatendradevī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%B9%9Bpatendradev%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Jayendrabhā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayendrabh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Jyeṣṭhāryā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81ry%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Shambhu Varman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shambhu_Varman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shambhuvarman_(roi_khmer)"},{"link_name":"Rajendravarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajendravarman_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendravarman_Ier"},{"link_name":"Mahipativarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahipativarman"},{"link_name":"Khmer Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire"},{"link_name":"Varman Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varman_dynasty_(Cambodia)"},{"link_name":"Jayavarman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavarman_II"},{"link_name":"Jayavarman III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavarman_III"},{"link_name":"Indravarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indravarman_I"},{"link_name":"Yasovarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasovarman_I"},{"link_name":"Harshavarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshavarman_I"},{"link_name":"Ishanavarman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishanavarman_II"},{"link_name":"Jayavarman IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavarman_IV"},{"link_name":"Harshavarman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshavarman_II"},{"link_name":"Rajendravarman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendravarman_II"},{"link_name":"Jayavarman V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavarman_V"},{"link_name":"Udayadityavarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udayadityavarman_I"},{"link_name":"Jayavirahvarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavirahvarman"},{"link_name":"Suryavarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryavarman_I"},{"link_name":"Udayadityavarman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udayadityavarman_II"},{"link_name":"Harshavarman III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshavarman_III"},{"link_name":"Nripatindravarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nripatindravarman"},{"link_name":"Mahidharapura Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahidharapura"},{"link_name":"Jayavarman VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavarman_VI"},{"link_name":"Dharanindravarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharanindravarman_I"},{"link_name":"Suryavarman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryavarman_II"},{"link_name":"Dharanindravarman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharanindravarman_II"},{"link_name":"Yasovarman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasovarman_II"},{"link_name":"Tribhuvanadityavarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribhuvanadityavarman"},{"link_name":"Jayavarman VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavarman_VII"},{"link_name":"Indravarman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indravarman_II"},{"link_name":"Jayavarman VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavarman_VIII"},{"link_name":"Indravarman III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indravarman_III"},{"link_name":"Indrajayavarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrajayavarman"},{"link_name":"Jayavarman IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavarman_IX"},{"link_name":"House of Trasak Paem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Trasak_Paem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trasak Paem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasak_Paem"},{"link_name":"Nippean Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippean_Bat"},{"link_name":"Sithean Reachea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sithean_Reachea"},{"link_name":"Lompong Reachea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lompong_Reachea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Angkor Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Thom"},{"link_name":"Basat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soryavong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soryavong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Borom Reachea I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borom_Reachea_I"},{"link_name":"Thomma Saok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomma_Saok"},{"link_name":"In Reachea (Ponhea Prek)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intharacha_(king_of_Ayutthaya)"},{"link_name":"Barom Reachea II (Ponhea Yat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponhea_Yat"},{"link_name":"Post-Angkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Angkor_period"},{"link_name":"Chaktomuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Ponhea Yat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponhea_Yat"},{"link_name":"Noreay Reachea I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noreay_Ramathipatei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Srey Reachea Ramathuppdey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reachea_Ramathipatei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Srei Soriyotei II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srei_Soriyotei_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thommo Reachea I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thommo_Reachea_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Srey Sukonthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srey_Sukonthor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Longvek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longvek"},{"link_name":"Sdach Korn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sdach_Korn"},{"link_name":"Ang Chan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Chan_I"},{"link_name":"Barom Reachea I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barom_Reachea_I"},{"link_name":"Satha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satha_I"},{"link_name":"Chey Chettha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chey_Chettha_I"},{"link_name":"Srei Santhor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srei_Santhor"},{"link_name":"Preah Ram I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preah_Ram_I"},{"link_name":"Preah Ram II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preah_Ram_II"},{"link_name":"Barom Reachea II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barom_Reachea_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barom Reachea III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barom_Reachea_III"},{"link_name":"Kaev Hua I (Ponhea Nhom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaev_Hua_I"},{"link_name":"Srei Soriyopear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srei_Soriyopear"},{"link_name":"Oudong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudong"},{"link_name":"Chey Chettha II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chey_Chettha_II"},{"link_name":"Outey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outey"},{"link_name":"Thommo Reachea II (Ponhea To)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thommo_Reachea_II"},{"link_name":"Ang Tong Reachea (Ponhea Nu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Tong_Reachea"},{"link_name":"Batom Reachea (Ang Non I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batom_Reachea"},{"link_name":"Ponhea Chan (Sultan Ibrahim)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramathipadi_I"},{"link_name":"Barom Reachea V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barom_Reachea_V"},{"link_name":"Chey Chettha III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chey_Chettha_III"},{"link_name":"Kaev Hua II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaev_Hua_II"},{"link_name":"Ang Nan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Nan"},{"link_name":"Chey Chettha IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chey_Chettha_IV"},{"link_name":"Queen Tey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Tey"},{"link_name":"Outey I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outey_I"},{"link_name":"Kaev Hua III (Ang Em)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Em"},{"link_name":"Thommo Reachea III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thommo_Reachea_III"},{"link_name":"Satha II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satha_II"},{"link_name":"Thommo Reachea IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thommo_Reachea_IV"},{"link_name":"Ang Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Tong"},{"link_name":"Ang Sngoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chey_Chettha_V"},{"link_name":"Noreay Reachea II (Outey II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outey_II"},{"link_name":"Ang Non II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Non_II"},{"link_name":"Noreay Reachea III (Ang Eng)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Eng"},{"link_name":"Ang Chan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Chan_II"},{"link_name":"Ang Mey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Mey"},{"link_name":"Ang Duong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Duong"},{"link_name":"French protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Norodom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Sisowath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisowath_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Sisowath Monivong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisowath_Monivong"},{"link_name":"Norodom Sihanouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk"},{"link_name":"Modern Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Norodom Suramarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Suramarit"},{"link_name":"Sisowath Kossamak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisowath_Kossamak"},{"link_name":"Norodom Sihanouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk"},{"link_name":"Norodom Sihamoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihamoni"}],"text":"Phakdikham, Santi (2011-07-09). \"Khamen Rop Thai Samai Ayutthaya Nai Lakthan Prawattisat Kamphucha\" เขมรรบไทยสมัยอยุธยาในหลักฐานประวัติศาสตร์กัมพูชา [Khmer–Thai Wars in Cambodian Historical Sources]. Archdiocese of Bangkok (in Thai). Bangkok: Matichon. Archived from the original on 2015-07-12. Retrieved 2015-05-26.\nPrachum Phongsawadan Chabap Kanchanaphisek Lem Sip Song ประชุมพงศาวดาร ฉบับกาญจนาภิเษก เล่ม ๑๒ [Golden Jubilee Collection of Historical Archives, Volume 12] (in Thai). Bangkok: Fine Arts Department of Thailand. 2006. ISBN 9749528476.vteMonarchs of CambodiaFamily tree of Cambodian monarchsFunan KingdomNokor Phnom\nSoma (Neang Neak) (queen)\nKaundinya I (Preah Tong)\nHun Pan-huang\nPan-Pan\nSrei Meara (Fan Shiman)\nFan Jinsheng\nFan Chang\nFan Xun\nKaundinya II\nSri Indravarman I\nJayavarman Kaundinya\nKulaprabhavati (queen)\nRudravarman\nVyadhapura\nPvirakvarman I\nMhenteractvarman I\nNteractvarman I\n\nChenla KingdomBhavapura\nShruta Varman\nShreshtha Varman II\nViravarman\nKambuja-raja-lakshmi (queen)\n\nBhavavarman I\nMohendravarman\nIsanavarman I\nBhavavarman II\nJayavarman I\nJayadevi (queen)\nPushkaraksha [fr]\nIndrani (queen)\nNṛpatendradevī (queen)\nJayendrabhā (queen)\nJyeṣṭhāryā (queen)\nShambhu Varman [fr]\nRajendravarman I [fr]\nMahipativarmanKhmer EmpireVarman Dynasty\nJayavarman II\nJayavarman III\nIndravarman I\nYasovarman I\nHarshavarman I\nIshanavarman II\nJayavarman IV\nHarshavarman II\nRajendravarman II\nJayavarman V\nUdayadityavarman I\nJayavirahvarman\nSuryavarman I\nUdayadityavarman II\nHarshavarman III\nNripatindravarman\nMahidharapura Dynasty\nJayavarman VI\nDharanindravarman I\nSuryavarman II\nDharanindravarman II\nYasovarman II\nTribhuvanadityavarman\nJayavarman VII\nIndravarman II\nJayavarman VIII\nIndravarman III\nIndrajayavarman\nJayavarman IX\n\nHouse of Trasak Paem\nTrasak Paem\nNippean Bat\nSithean Reachea\nLompong Reachea\nAngkor Thom\nBasat\nSoryavong\nBorom Reachea I\nThomma Saok\nIn Reachea (Ponhea Prek)\nBarom Reachea II (Ponhea Yat)\nPost-AngkorChaktomuk\nPonhea Yat\nNoreay Reachea I\nSrey Reachea Ramathuppdey\nSrei Soriyotei II\nThommo Reachea I\nSrey Sukonthor\nLongvek\nSdach Korn\nAng Chan I\nBarom Reachea I\nSatha I\nChey Chettha I\nSrei Santhor\nPreah Ram I\nPreah Ram II\nBarom Reachea II\nBarom Reachea III\nKaev Hua I (Ponhea Nhom)\nSrei Soriyopear\nOudong\nChey Chettha II\nOutey (co-ruler)\nThommo Reachea II (Ponhea To)\nAng Tong Reachea (Ponhea Nu)\nBatom Reachea (Ang Non I)\nPonhea Chan (Sultan Ibrahim)\nBarom Reachea V\nChey Chettha III\nKaev Hua II\nAng Nan\nChey Chettha IV\nQueen Tey (queen)\nOutey I\nKaev Hua III (Ang Em)\nThommo Reachea III\nSatha II\nThommo Reachea IV\nAng Tong\nAng Sngoun\nNoreay Reachea II (Outey II)\nAng Non II\nNoreay Reachea III (Ang Eng)\nAng Chan II\nAng Mey (queen)\nAng Duong\nFrench protectorate\nNorodom\nSisowath\nSisowath Monivong\nNorodom Sihanouk\nModern Cambodia\nNorodom Suramarit\nSisowath Kossamak (ceremonial)\nNorodom Sihanouk\nNorodom Sihamoni","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Phakdikham, Santi (2011-07-09). \"Khamen Rop Thai Samai Ayutthaya Nai Lakthan Prawattisat Kamphucha\" เขมรรบไทยสมัยอยุธยาในหลักฐานประวัติศาสตร์กัมพูชา [Khmer–Thai Wars in Cambodian Historical Sources]. Archdiocese of Bangkok (in Thai). Bangkok: Matichon. Archived from the original on 2015-07-12. Retrieved 2015-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150712013223/http://haab.catholic.or.th/article/articleart1/art01/art01.html","url_text":"\"Khamen Rop Thai Samai Ayutthaya Nai Lakthan Prawattisat Kamphucha\" เขมรรบไทยสมัยอยุธยาในหลักฐานประวัติศาสตร์กัมพูชา"},{"url":"http://haab.catholic.or.th/article/articleart1/art01/art01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prachum Phongsawadan Chabap Kanchanaphisek Lem Sip Song ประชุมพงศาวดาร ฉบับกาญจนาภิเษก เล่ม ๑๒ [Golden Jubilee Collection of Historical Archives, Volume 12] (in Thai). Bangkok: Fine Arts Department of Thailand. 2006. ISBN 9749528476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9749528476","url_text":"9749528476"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150712013223/http://haab.catholic.or.th/article/articleart1/art01/art01.html","external_links_name":"\"Khamen Rop Thai Samai Ayutthaya Nai Lakthan Prawattisat Kamphucha\" เขมรรบไทยสมัยอยุธยาในหลักฐานประวัติศาสตร์กัมพูชา"},{"Link":"http://haab.catholic.or.th/article/articleart1/art01/art01.html","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK%E2%80%93176 | AK-176 | ["1 Design","2 H/PJ-26","3 Operators","3.1 Current","3.2 Past users","4 See also","5 Gallery","6 References","7 External links"] | Naval gun AK-176 Gun on the Tarantul I-class HiddenseeTypeNaval gunPlace of originSoviet UnionService historyIn service1979Used bySee OperatorsProduction historyDesignerTSNII BUREVESTNIKDesigned1971ManufacturerGorky Machine Building PlantProduced1977VariantsAK-176M, AK-176MASpecificationsMass16,800 kg (37,000 lb)Barrel length4,484 mm (176.5 in) (59 calibers)Crew2 (4 in manual control mode)Shell76.2×959 mmShell weight12.4 kgCaliber76.2 mmRecoil380 to 500 mmElevation-15° to +85°Traverse±175°Rate of fire120 rds/minMuzzle velocity980 m/sEffective firing range10 kmMaximum firing range15.5 kmFeed system152 ready to fire rounds
H/PJ-26 76mm main gun
The AK-176M gun mount on a Vietnamese Project 10412 patrol boat
The AK-176 is a Soviet 76mm naval gun mounted in an enclosed turret, that may be used against sea, coastal, and aerial targets, including low flying anti-ship missiles. The system is designed to arm small displacement ships and comprises the Gun Mount with a MR-123-02/76 Fire Control Radar System. It has high survivability owing to autonomous use of the gun mount controlled from the optical sight in the absence of control from the radar system, as well as a capability for fire even if power supply is lost.
Design
The gun is fed by 152 ready to fire rounds and has selectable rates of fire of 30, 60 and 120 rounds per minute. The 120 r.p.m. rate is achieved by firing a burst of 75, but afterwards the gun has to cool off for 30 minutes. The AK-176 is effective against missiles, being able to shoot down AT-2 Swatter (simulating a Harpoon anti-ship missile), taking an average of 25 rounds per kill.
In the late 1980s an upgraded version the AK-176M, with a new fire control system MR-123-02, television targeting and a laser rangefinder, was introduced. This gun, is still in production (AK-176M1) and is the primary medium-caliber artillery systems to all small Soviet ships and is widely exported.
AK-176MA, a further upgrade of the design intended for newer ship classes, such as the Karakurt-class corvettes and project 22160-class patrol ships, completed its trials in 2017. The AK-176MA features improved accuracy, a stealthy turret design, and a significantly reduced weight of under 9 tonnes. It will replace older guns on carrier ships on the process of their modernization.
The equivalent NATO system is the Otobreda 76 mm, another 120 rpm 3 inches gun. This soviet cannon is a copy of the italian 76 mm cannon that entered service in 1964.
H/PJ-26
The 713th Institute (also known as Zhengzhou Electrical Engineering Research Institute) of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC) of the People's Republic of China has developed a Chinese variant of AK-176, with Mr. Chen Dingfeng (陈汀峰) as the general designer. Design begun in 2000 and was completed in 2003. The primary difference between this H/PJ-26 and AK-176 is that the Chinese variant adopts a stealthy turret design, and more composite material is used in the construction of the turret. In addition, ready rounds for the H/PJ-26 are doubled to 150 rounds from the original 75 of the AK-176.
Operators
Current
Russia
Bangladesh
Algeria
Bulgaria
China
Cameroon
Egypt
India
Pakistan
Poland
Romania
Ukraine
Vietnam
Yemen
Past users
Soviet Union
See also
AK-726
AK-100 (naval gun)
Gallery
A Russian Karakurt-class corvette with the AK-176MA-01 variant
The H/PJ-26 gun mount on Chinese frigate Wuhu (539)
Vietnamese frigate Quang Trung with its AK-176MA gun mount.
References
^ "Russian Navy ships to receive advanced 76-mm AK-176MA naval gun systems".
^ a b "В Петербурге испытали новую высокоточную артустановку для ВМФ" (in Russian). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / «Арсенал»: передовые технологии на службе России".
^ "GRIGORIY KUROPYATNIKOV (BG-50) class". Military Periscope. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
^ "Corvette Project 22800 Karakurt | Catalog Rosoboronexport". roe.ru. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to AK-176.
http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNRussian_3-60_ak176.htm | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handan_(579)_Frigate_-_PJ-26_Main_Gun.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Navy_Ship_266_(Project_10412_Svetlyak-class).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy"},{"link_name":"Project 10412 patrol boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_10412_patrol_boat"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"naval gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_gun"}],"text":"H/PJ-26 76mm main gunThe AK-176M gun mount on a Vietnamese Project 10412 patrol boatThe AK-176 is a Soviet 76mm naval gun mounted in an enclosed turret, that may be used against sea, coastal, and aerial targets, including low flying anti-ship missiles. The system is designed to arm small displacement ships and comprises the Gun Mount with a MR-123-02/76 Fire Control Radar System. 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The 120 r.p.m. rate is achieved by firing a burst of 75, but afterwards the gun has to cool off for 30 minutes. The AK-176 is effective against missiles, being able to shoot down AT-2 Swatter (simulating a Harpoon anti-ship missile), taking an average of 25 rounds per kill.In the late 1980s an upgraded version the AK-176M, with a new fire control system MR-123-02, television targeting and a laser rangefinder, was introduced. This gun, is still in production (AK-176M1) and is the primary medium-caliber artillery systems to all small Soviet ships and is widely exported.AK-176MA,[1] a further upgrade of the design intended for newer ship classes, such as the Karakurt-class corvettes and project 22160-class patrol ships, completed its trials in 2017.[2] The AK-176MA features improved accuracy, a stealthy turret design, and a significantly reduced weight of under 9 tonnes.[2] It will replace older guns on carrier ships on the process of their modernization.[3]The equivalent NATO system is the Otobreda 76 mm, another 120 rpm 3 inches gun. This soviet cannon is a copy of the italian 76 mm cannon that entered service in 1964.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou"},{"link_name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Shipbuilding_Industry_Corporation"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"}],"text":"The 713th Institute (also known as Zhengzhou Electrical Engineering Research Institute) of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC) of the People's Republic of China has developed a Chinese variant of AK-176, with Mr. Chen Dingfeng (陈汀峰) as the general designer. Design begun in 2000 and was completed in 2003. The primary difference between this H/PJ-26 and AK-176 is that the Chinese variant adopts a stealthy turret design, and more composite material is used in the construction of the turret. In addition, ready rounds for the H/PJ-26 are doubled to 150 rounds from the original 75 of the AK-176.","title":"H/PJ-26"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Russia\n Bangladesh\n Algeria\n Bulgaria\n China\n Cameroon\n Egypt\n India\n Pakistan\n Poland\n Romania\n Ukraine[4]\n Vietnam\n Yemen","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"sub_title":"Past users","text":"Soviet Union","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artillery_installation_of_the_small_rocket_ship_Cyclone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Karakurt-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakurt-class_corvette"},{"link_name":"corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuhu_(539)_Frigate_-_PJ-26_Main_Gun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese frigate Wuhu (539)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_frigate_Wuhu_(539)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gepard_3.9_frigate_Quang_Trung_(016)_of_Vietnam_People%27s_Navy_in_MILAN2022_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese frigate Quang Trung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_frigate_Quang_Trung&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"A Russian Karakurt-class corvette with the AK-176MA-01 variant[5]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe H/PJ-26 gun mount on Chinese frigate Wuhu (539)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVietnamese frigate Quang Trung with its AK-176MA gun mount.","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"H/PJ-26 76mm main gun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Handan_%28579%29_Frigate_-_PJ-26_Main_Gun.jpg/220px-Handan_%28579%29_Frigate_-_PJ-26_Main_Gun.jpg"},{"image_text":"The AK-176M gun mount on a Vietnamese Project 10412 patrol boat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy_Ship_266_%28Project_10412_Svetlyak-class%29.jpg/220px-Vietnam_People%27s_Navy_Ship_266_%28Project_10412_Svetlyak-class%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"AK-726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-726"},{"title":"AK-100 (naval gun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-100_(naval_gun)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Russian Navy ships to receive advanced 76-mm AK-176MA naval gun systems\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/december-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4648-russian-navy-ships-to-receive-advanced-76-mm-ak-176ma-naval-gun-systems.html","url_text":"\"Russian Navy ships to receive advanced 76-mm AK-176MA naval gun systems\""}]},{"reference":"\"В Петербурге испытали новую высокоточную артустановку для ВМФ\" (in Russian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendricus_Vogels | Hendricus Vogels | ["1 References"] | Australian cyclist (1942–2019)
Henk VogelsPersonal informationFull nameHendricus VogelsBorn(1942-11-01)1 November 1942Haarlem, NetherlandsDied9 August 2019(2019-08-09) (aged 76)Height182 cm (6 ft 0 in)Weight81 kg (179 lb)Professional teamCaballero
Major winsAustralian Pursuit Championship 1963
Hendricus 'Henk' Vogels OAM (1 November 1942 – 9 August 2019) was an Australian cyclist, cycling coach and administrator. He competed in the team pursuit at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
His son, Henk Vogels Jr, is a former Australian cyclist who competed in the individual road race at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
He was awarded the Order of Australia Medal in 2007 for services to cycling. He created the Henk Vogels Cycling Foundation to assist young cyclists in Western Australia.
References
^ "Hendrikus Vogels Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ "Award Extract - Australian Honours". honours.pmc.gov.au. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
^ "Vale Henk Vogels Snr, OAM". cycling.org.au. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
This biographical article relating to Australian cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sport"},{"link_name":"team pursuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_pursuit"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-1"},{"link_name":"Henk Vogels Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Vogels"},{"link_name":"individual road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_individual_road_race"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Order of Australia Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hendricus 'Henk' Vogels OAM (1 November 1942 – 9 August 2019) was an Australian cyclist, cycling coach and administrator. He competed in the team pursuit at the 1964 Summer Olympics.[1]His son, Henk Vogels Jr, is a former Australian cyclist who competed in the individual road race at the 2000 Summer Olympics.He was awarded the Order of Australia Medal in 2007 for services to cycling.[2] He created the Henk Vogels Cycling Foundation to assist young cyclists in Western Australia.[3]","title":"Hendricus Vogels"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hendrikus Vogels Olympic Results\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061621/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vo/henk-vogels-sr-1.html","url_text":"\"Hendrikus Vogels Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vo/henk-vogels-sr-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Award Extract - Australian Honours\". honours.pmc.gov.au. Retrieved 13 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1135148","url_text":"\"Award Extract - Australian Honours\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vale Henk Vogels Snr, OAM\". cycling.org.au. Retrieved 13 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cycling.org.au/nat/vale-henk-vogels-snr-oam","url_text":"\"Vale Henk Vogels Snr, OAM\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061621/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vo/henk-vogels-sr-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Hendrikus Vogels Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vo/henk-vogels-sr-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1135148","external_links_name":"\"Award Extract - Australian Honours\""},{"Link":"https://cycling.org.au/nat/vale-henk-vogels-snr-oam","external_links_name":"\"Vale Henk Vogels Snr, OAM\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendricus_Vogels&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob-O | InI (hip hop group) | ["1 History","1.1 The Life I Live and disputes with Elektra Records","1.2 Aftermath","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"] | American hip hop group
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "InI" hip hop group – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
InIBackground informationOriginMount Vernon, New York, U.S.GenresEast Coast hip hopYears active1990–1997LabelsElektraMembersRob-OGrap LuvaRas GMarco PoloDJ Boodakhan
InI was an American hip hop group that formed in 1990 and broke up in 1997. The group was composed of members Rob-O, Grap Luva, Ras G a.k.a. I Love H.I.M., Marco Polo (now known as Jolomite), and DJ Boodakhan.
History
The Life I Live and disputes with Elektra Records
The group started working on their debut album, with the working title The Life I Live, together with producer Pete Rock in the mid-1990s. They signed a deal with Rock's newfound imprint Soul Brother Records through Elektra. Despite the fact that Pete Rock was not an official member of the group, it became synonymous with his name. He produced almost every track on Center of Attention, and his younger brother Grap Luva formed a crucial part of the group. Rock had two guest verses in the album on tracks "Fakin Jax" and "Think Twice", with additional ad-libs and background vocals on almost every track.
In 1996, the lead single from their album, Fakin' Jax saw release and became an underground hit. Unbeknownst at the time, this single ultimately ended up being the group's only release on the label. Rock later revealed that management shifts were to blame for the album changing title from The Life I Live to Center of Attention before eventually being shelved:“When I finished the InI album, there was a guy who was the president who approved of InI and got them signed to Elektra...But once Sylvia Rhone came into the picture things didn’t work out between me and her. We didn’t have the greatest relationship. She came in with some of her own insights, which I didn’t approve of, and I felt she didn’t understand real Hip-Hop music. She came in with the brand new polished sound, which was, to me, it was like water to skin. It just rolls off of you. It doesn’t stick to you…I felt like me and her, I didn’t feel like we would have a great relationship with our thought processes going in different directions.”Following the disputes with Sylvia Rhone, Rock's relationship with Elektra Records quickly turned sour, which led to his distribution deal with them ending, along with the demise of Soul Brother Records. As a result, two releases Rock was working on at the time (InI's Center of Attention and Deda's The Original Baby Pa) never came out due to legal complications surrounding the ownership of the masters.
Aftermath
Despite the initial lack of an official release, the album eventually became one of the most bootlegged albums in hip-hop's history. In 2003, it finally saw an official release after being included on Lost & Found: Hip Hop Underground Soul Classics, a double LP of Pete Rock's mid-1990s production work, originally canceled by Elektra Records.
In 2016, Center of Attention was made available for streaming, along with other unreleased recordings Rock had been working on at the time.
The Song "Step Up" was featured in the video game Skate It. Working with EA games, Pete Rock also has a song called "They Reminisce Over You (T.R.O.Y.)" which was featured in the video game Madden NFL 12, which was released April 2, 1992.
InI had released a demo-tape called "Krossroads", and "Concerned", Grap Luva describes this as their earliest tapes. Concerned appears to be called "For Your Own Concern" although it was called "Concerned" by the InI group. Friend of Grap Luva from France was responsible for sharing the "concerned" track. "The beat is sick" - Grap describes. The song talks about safe sex; thus the title, to be concerned. The verse Rob-o had spit on "To each his own" from InI's album was the same verse which he had used on the early tape "Concerned".
After Center of Attention got shelved, the group members went their separate ways, with only two of them staying in the music scene to pursue solo careers. Grap Luva released a few limited 12" singles in the new millennium and aspired toward achieving his true interest in being a beat boy and producer. He appeared, and produced on various albums and singles from artists such as DJ Spinna, J-Live, Pete Rock, Lone Catalysts, Kev Brown and Marley Marl. Rob-O would release many singles throughout the next decade as well as an 8-track album named "Superspectacular" through an imprint called St. Nick Entertainment. After the 2006 release of his compilation album "Rhyme Pro", Rob-O retired from the hip hop scene and joined the Mount Vernon, New York Fire Department, where he currently serves as its fire chief after being appointed into the position in 2020.
Discography
Center of Attention (1995)
References
^ "Fakin' Jax - InI | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
^ "Throwback Thursday Revisits "Fakin' Jax" By InI And Pete Rock". HipHopDX. June 23, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
^ "Pete Rock / InI - Center Of Attention". Discogs.com. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
^ a b "Pete Rock / INI / Deda - Lost And Found". Discogs.com. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
^ ago, Music-5 years (April 7, 2017). "Two Heavily-Bootlegged Pete Rock-Produced Classics Now Available To Stream". Okayplayer. Retrieved December 21, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Rob O". Discogs.com. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
^ "Staff Directory • Mount Vernon, NY • CivicEngage". cmvny.com. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
External links
Fakin' Jax music video
vtePete RockDiscographySolo albums
Soul Survivor
PeteStrumentals
Soul Survivor II
The Surviving Elements
NY's Finest
PeteStrumentals 2
Soul Survivor 3
Lost Sessions
Return of the SP1200
PeteStrumentals 3
Collaboration
My Own Worst Enemy
Monumental
Don't Smoke Rock
Retropolitan
Compilations
Pete's Treats
Diggin' On Blue
Lost & Found: Hip Hop Underground Soul Classics
Underground Classics
Jay Stay Paid
Related
CL Smooth
Pete Rock & CL Smooth
Grap Luva
Rob-O
INI
YG'z
Trouble T Roy
Heavy D & The Boyz
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop_music"}],"text":"InI was an American hip hop group that formed in 1990 and broke up in 1997. The group was composed of members Rob-O, Grap Luva, Ras G a.k.a. I Love H.I.M., Marco Polo (now known as Jolomite), and DJ Boodakhan.","title":"InI (hip hop group)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock"},{"link_name":"Elektra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Rhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Rhone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"The Life I Live and disputes with Elektra Records","text":"The group started working on their debut album, with the working title The Life I Live, together with producer Pete Rock in the mid-1990s. They signed a deal with Rock's newfound imprint Soul Brother Records through Elektra. Despite the fact that Pete Rock was not an official member of the group, it became synonymous with his name. He produced almost every track on Center of Attention, and his younger brother Grap Luva formed a crucial part of the group. Rock had two guest verses in the album on tracks \"Fakin Jax\" and \"Think Twice\", with additional ad-libs and background vocals on almost every track.In 1996, the lead single from their album, Fakin' Jax saw release and became an underground hit.[1] Unbeknownst at the time, this single ultimately ended up being the group's only release on the label. Rock later revealed that management shifts were to blame for the album changing title from The Life I Live to Center of Attention before eventually being shelved:“When I finished the InI album, there was a guy who was the president who approved of InI and got them signed to Elektra...But once Sylvia Rhone came into the picture things didn’t work out between me and her. We didn’t have the greatest relationship. She came in with some of her own insights, which I didn’t approve of, and I felt she didn’t understand real Hip-Hop music. She came in with the brand new polished sound, which was, to me, it was like water to skin. It just rolls off of you. It doesn’t stick to you…I felt like me and her, I didn’t feel like we would have a great relationship with our thought processes going in different directions.”[2]Following the disputes with Sylvia Rhone, Rock's relationship with Elektra Records quickly turned sour, which led to his distribution deal with them ending, along with the demise of Soul Brother Records. As a result, two releases Rock was working on at the time (InI's Center of Attention and Deda's The Original Baby Pa) never came out due to legal complications surrounding the ownership of the masters.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lost & Found: Hip Hop Underground Soul Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_%26_Found:_Hip_Hop_Underground_Soul_Classics"},{"link_name":"double LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_LP"},{"link_name":"Pete Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock"},{"link_name":"Elektra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Skate It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_It"},{"link_name":"Center of Attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_%26_Found:_Hip_Hop_Underground_Soul_Classics"},{"link_name":"DJ Spinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Spinna"},{"link_name":"J-Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Live"},{"link_name":"Pete Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock"},{"link_name":"Lone Catalysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone_Catalysts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kev Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kev_Brown"},{"link_name":"Marley Marl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marley_Marl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"Despite the initial lack of an official release, the album eventually became one of the most bootlegged albums in hip-hop's history.[3] In 2003, it finally saw an official release after being included on Lost & Found: Hip Hop Underground Soul Classics, a double LP of Pete Rock's mid-1990s production work, originally canceled by Elektra Records.[4]In 2016, Center of Attention was made available for streaming, along with other unreleased recordings Rock had been working on at the time.[5]The Song \"Step Up\" was featured in the video game Skate It. Working with EA games, Pete Rock also has a song called \"They Reminisce Over You (T.R.O.Y.)\" which was featured in the video game Madden NFL 12, which was released April 2, 1992.InI had released a demo-tape called \"Krossroads\", and \"Concerned\", Grap Luva describes this as their earliest tapes. Concerned appears to be called \"For Your Own Concern\" although it was called \"Concerned\" by the InI group. Friend of Grap Luva from France was responsible for sharing the \"concerned\" track. \"The beat is sick\" - Grap describes. The song talks about safe sex; thus the title, to be concerned. The verse Rob-o had spit on \"To each his own\" from InI's album was the same verse which he had used on the early tape \"Concerned\".After Center of Attention got shelved, the group members went their separate ways, with only two of them staying in the music scene to pursue solo careers. Grap Luva released a few limited 12\" singles in the new millennium and aspired toward achieving his true interest in being a beat boy and producer. He appeared, and produced on various albums and singles from artists such as DJ Spinna, J-Live, Pete Rock, Lone Catalysts, Kev Brown and Marley Marl.[4] Rob-O would release many singles throughout the next decade as well as an 8-track album named \"Superspectacular\" through an imprint called St. Nick Entertainment. After the 2006 release of his compilation album \"Rhyme Pro\",[6] Rob-O retired from the hip hop scene and joined the Mount Vernon, New York Fire Department, where he currently serves as its fire chief after being appointed into the position in 2020.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Center of Attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_%26_Found:_Hip_Hop_Underground_Soul_Classics"}],"text":"Center of Attention (1995)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fakin' Jax - InI | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/fakin-jax-mw0000185754","url_text":"\"Fakin' Jax - InI | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Throwback Thursday Revisits \"Fakin' Jax\" By InI And Pete Rock\". HipHopDX. June 23, 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingting_Cojuangco | Tingting Cojuangco | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Awards","4 References"] | Filipina politician, philanthropist, and socialite
This biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (May 2023)
In this Philippine name for married women, the birth middle name or maternal family name is Manzano, the birth surname or paternal family name is de los Reyes, and the marital name is Cojuangco.
The HonorableMargarita “Tingting” R. CojuangcoGovernor of TarlacIn officeJune 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998Preceded byMariano Ocampo IIISucceeded byJose V. Yap Sr.
Personal detailsBornMargarita Manzano de los Reyes (1944-04-29) April 29, 1944 (age 80)Quezon City, Commonwealth of the PhilippinesPolitical partyUNA (2012–present)Lakas–CMD (2008–2012)KAMPI (1997–2008)PDP–Laban (1992–1997)SpousePeping CojuangcoChildrenMikee JosephineLuisitaMargarita DemetriaRegina Patricia JoseResidenceMakatiProfessionPublic servantMilitary serviceAllegiance Republic of the PhilippinesBranch/servicePhilippine ArmyYears of service1989 - PresentRank Colonel
Margarita "Tingting" de los Reyes Cojuangco (born Margarita Manzano de los Reyes on April 29, 1944) is a Filipina politician, philanthropist and socialite. She was the former Chairman of the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (Kampi) party and a member of the Council of Philippine Affairs (COPA). She was a candidate for a seat in the Senate in the 2013 Philippine Senate Election. Cojuangco lost in the election. She is the aunt of former Philippine President Benigno Aquino III.
Early life and education
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Tingting Cojuangco" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cojuangco was born on April 29, 1944, to Geronimo delos Reyes and Lita Manzano. In 1962, she married José Cojuangco, Jr. She is the mother of one of the prominent equestriennes of the country, Mikaela "Mikee" Cojuangco (who is married to Robert Jaworski Jr.). Her other children are Dr. Luisita "Liaa" Bautista (married to Emmanuel Bautista), Josephine "Pin" Guingona (married to Francisco Javier Guingona), Margarita Demetria "Maimai" Zini (married to Andrea Zini), and Regina Patricia Jose "China" Gonzalez (married to Gino Gonzalez).
Cojuangco studied at the University of Santo Tomas, finished her master's degree in National Security Administration (MNSA) at the National Defense College, and holds doctorate degrees in Criminology and Philippine History.
Career
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Tingting Cojuangco" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
She served as Tarlac Provincial Governor for two terms in 1992 until 1998. In 1998, she ran for re-election for a third and final term but lost. She tried to reclaim her old post in 2001 but lost again.
She is the president of the Philippine Public Safety College. She served as a Presidential Assistant to Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2004); Undersecretary for Special Concerns of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (March 10 – September 24, 2004); and is a full colonel in the Reserve Forces of the Philippine Army (1989–present); and columnist of the Philippine Star (1999–present).
She participated in the peace talks with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF).
In 2013, she ran unsuccessfully for senate spot under the opposition group of then-Vice President Jejomar Binay.
Awards
Part of the Philippine Tatler's Who's Who of the Philippines, 2009
One of Harper's Bazaar's 100 Most Beautiful Women in the World, 1968
References
^ Saturnino M. Borras Pro-Poor Land Reform: A Critique - 2007 Page 166 "The landholding in this case involves a landlord who has special ties with the national ruling elites: Geronimo de los Reyes is the father of Margarita “Tingting” Cojuangco, who is the wife of Jose “Peping""
Authority control databases International
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VIAF
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United States
As of this edit, this article uses content from "Margarita Cojuangco", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_name"},{"link_name":"married women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife"},{"link_name":"middle name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"marital name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabalikat_ng_Malayang_Pilipino"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"2013 Philippine Senate Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Philippine_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"Benigno Aquino III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In this Philippine name for married women, the birth middle name or maternal family name is Manzano, the birth surname or paternal family name is de los Reyes, and the marital name is Cojuangco.Margarita \"Tingting\" de los Reyes Cojuangco (born Margarita Manzano de los Reyes on April 29, 1944) is a Filipina politician, philanthropist and socialite. She was the former Chairman of the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (Kampi) party and a member of the Council of Philippine Affairs (COPA). She was a candidate for a seat in the Senate in the 2013 Philippine Senate Election. Cojuangco lost in the election. She is the aunt of former Philippine President Benigno Aquino III.[1]","title":"Tingting Cojuangco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Cojuangco, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Cojuangco_Jr."},{"link_name":"Mikaela \"Mikee\" Cojuangco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikee_Cojuangco"},{"link_name":"Robert Jaworski Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodot_Jaworski"},{"link_name":"University of Santo Tomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas"},{"link_name":"National Defense College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_College_of_the_Philippines"}],"text":"Cojuangco was born on April 29, 1944, to Geronimo delos Reyes and Lita Manzano. In 1962, she married José Cojuangco, Jr. She is the mother of one of the prominent equestriennes of the country, Mikaela \"Mikee\" Cojuangco (who is married to Robert Jaworski Jr.). Her other children are Dr. Luisita \"Liaa\" Bautista (married to Emmanuel Bautista), Josephine \"Pin\" Guingona (married to Francisco Javier Guingona), Margarita Demetria \"Maimai\" Zini (married to Andrea Zini), and Regina Patricia Jose \"China\" Gonzalez (married to Gino Gonzalez).Cojuangco studied at the University of Santo Tomas, finished her master's degree in National Security Administration (MNSA) at the National Defense College, and holds doctorate degrees in Criminology and Philippine History.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine Public Safety College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Public_Safety_College"},{"link_name":"Gloria Macapagal Arroyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo"},{"link_name":"Department of the Interior and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"Philippine Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Army"},{"link_name":"Philippine Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Star"},{"link_name":"Moro National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Philippine_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Jejomar Binay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejomar_Binay"}],"text":"She served as Tarlac Provincial Governor for two terms in 1992 until 1998. In 1998, she ran for re-election for a third and final term but lost. She tried to reclaim her old post in 2001 but lost again.She is the president of the Philippine Public Safety College. She served as a Presidential Assistant to Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2004); Undersecretary for Special Concerns of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (March 10 – September 24, 2004); and is a full colonel in the Reserve Forces of the Philippine Army (1989–present); and columnist of the Philippine Star (1999–present).She participated in the peace talks with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF).In 2013, she ran unsuccessfully for senate spot under the opposition group of then-Vice President Jejomar Binay.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine Tatler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Tatler"}],"text":"Part of the Philippine Tatler's Who's Who of the Philippines, 2009\nOne of Harper's Bazaar's 100 Most Beautiful Women in the World, 1968","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tingting_Cojuangco&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22","external_links_name":"\"Tingting Cojuangco\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22","external_links_name":"\"Tingting Cojuangco\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tingting+Cojuangco%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000067555589","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/275116785","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCBXrmTFCvqwpTMbMByd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1047466783","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89219382","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tingting_Cojuangco&oldid=543326567","external_links_name":"this edit"},{"Link":"http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Margarita_Cojuangco","external_links_name":"\"Margarita Cojuangco\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Mengshu | Wang Mengshu | ["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 References"] | Chinese engineer (1938–2018)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang.
Wang Mengshu王梦恕Born(1938-12-24)December 24, 1938Wen County, Henan, ChinaDiedSeptember 20, 2018(2018-09-20) (aged 79)Beijing, ChinaAlma materSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityScientific careerFieldsTunnel and underground engineeringInstitutionsBeijing Jiaotong University
Wang Mengshu (simplified Chinese: 王梦恕; traditional Chinese: 王夢恕; pinyin: Wāng Mèngshù; 24 December 1938 – 20 September 2018) was a Chinese tunnel and railway engineer. He was a key engineer behind China's first subway tunnel and the development of China's high-speed railways. Wang was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He was a deputy to the 11th National People's Congress.
Biography
Wang was born in Wen County, Henan on December 24, 1938. From September 1952 to August 1955 he studied architecture at Tianjin Railway Engineering Institute. After graduation, he was accepted to Tangshan Railway Institute (now Southwest Jiaotong University), studying tunnel and underground engineering under Gao Quqing (Chinese: 高渠清). After college, he was assigned to Beijing Metro Corporation, he began working on China's first underground subway line, Line 1 in Beijing.
In 1966, Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution, Wang forced to work in the fields instead of working in the company. In 1978, Wang was transferred to the Scientific Research Institute of Chengdu Railway Administration as an engineer, where he worked there for more than 40 years. In 1981, Wang took part in designing and building the Dayaoshan tunnel between Pingshi and Lechang townships in south China's Guangdong province. The tunnel was completed in 1989. In 1995 he was elected a fellow of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. In his later years, he devoted his energy to building and expanding China's high-speed railway systems.
In September 2017, Wang was hospitalized with a cerebral hemorrhage. On September 20, 2018, Wang died in Beijing, aged 79.
Awards
1992 Special prize in the National Science and Technology Progress Awards
References
^ "China Wants to Build a Massive Underwater Tunnel to Taiwan. What Could Go Wrong?". Yahoo. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
^ FRANK CHEN (11 April 2018). "Beijing still wants a tunnel to Taiwan, despite political reality". atimes. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
^ “高铁院士”王梦恕去天堂修铁路了：铁道部曾为他单挂一节车箱. Sohu (in Chinese). 2018-09-20.
^ 高铁院士王梦恕：大家都不说真话，社会就没希望了. thepaper (in Chinese). 2018-09-20.
^ 高铁院士王梦恕走了. sina (in Chinese). 2018-09-25.
^ a b c Zhang Zhihao (21 September 2018). "Major scientist behind high-speed rail dies at 80". Chinadaily. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
^ “高铁院士”王梦恕去世享年80岁 曾主持研发建设中国高铁. qq.com (in Chinese). 2018-09-20.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_(surname)"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"11th National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_11th_National_People%27s_Congress"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang.Wang Mengshu (simplified Chinese: 王梦恕; traditional Chinese: 王夢恕; pinyin: Wāng Mèngshù; 24 December 1938 – 20 September 2018) was a Chinese tunnel and railway engineer.[1][2] He was a key engineer behind China's first subway tunnel and the development of China's high-speed railways. 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From September 1952 to August 1955 he studied architecture at Tianjin Railway Engineering Institute. After graduation, he was accepted to Tangshan Railway Institute (now Southwest Jiaotong University), studying tunnel and underground engineering under Gao Quqing (Chinese: 高渠清). After college, he was assigned to Beijing Metro Corporation, he began working on China's first underground subway line, Line 1 in Beijing.[5][6]In 1966, Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution, Wang forced to work in the fields instead of working in the company. In 1978, Wang was transferred to the Scientific Research Institute of Chengdu Railway Administration as an engineer, where he worked there for more than 40 years. In 1981, Wang took part in designing and building the Dayaoshan tunnel between Pingshi and Lechang townships in south China's Guangdong province. The tunnel was completed in 1989. In 1995 he was elected a fellow of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.[7] In his later years, he devoted his energy to building and expanding China's high-speed railway systems.[6]In September 2017, Wang was hospitalized with a cerebral hemorrhage. On September 20, 2018, Wang died in Beijing, aged 79.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1992 Special prize in the National Science and Technology Progress Awards","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"China Wants to Build a Massive Underwater Tunnel to Taiwan. What Could Go Wrong?\". Yahoo. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-wants-build-massive-underwater-114200509.html","url_text":"\"China Wants to Build a Massive Underwater Tunnel to Taiwan. What Could Go Wrong?\""}]},{"reference":"FRANK CHEN (11 April 2018). \"Beijing still wants a tunnel to Taiwan, despite political reality\". atimes. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youyu_County | Youyu County | ["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 Bibliography"] | Coordinates: 39°59′20″N 112°28′01″E / 39.989°N 112.467°E / 39.989; 112.467
County in Shanxi, People's Republic of ChinaYouyu County
右玉县YuyuCountyYouyu in ShuozhouShuozhou in ShanxiCoordinates: 39°59′20″N 112°28′01″E / 39.989°N 112.467°E / 39.989; 112.467CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceShanxiPrefecture-level cityShuozhouArea • Total1,987 km2 (767 sq mi)Population (2020) • Total88,212 • Density44/km2 (110/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Youyu CountyTraditional Chinese右玉縣Simplified Chinese右玉县TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYòuyùxiànWade–GilesYu-yü Hsien
Former namesShanwuTraditional Chinese善無Simplified Chinese善无TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinShànwúWade–GilesShan-wuYanmen CommanderyTraditional Chinese雁門郡鴈門郡Simplified Chinese雁门郡Literal meaningYanmen Pass CommanderyTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYànménjùnWade–GilesYen-mên Chün
Youyu County, also known by its Chinese name Youyuxian, is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Shuozhou, in the northwest of Shanxi Province, China. It borders Inner Mongolia to the north and west.
History
Shanwu, south of present-day Youyuxian, was the seat of Yanmen Commandery during the Qin and Western Han. The post moved to Yinguan southeast of present-day Shuozhou under the Eastern Han and further south to Daixian under the Kingdom of Wei.
Geography
Elevations are generally higher in the south of the county, in which flows the Cangtou River (苍头河); Youyu reaches a north-south extent of 67.7 km (42.1 mi) and east-west width of 45.7 km (28.4 mi). The Great Wall demarcates the northwestern border with Inner Mongolia's Liangcheng and Horinger counties; within the province, Youyu borders Zuoyun County to the east, Shanyin County and Pinglu District to the south.
Climate
Youyu has a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb), with cold and very dry winters, and warm, humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −14.3 °C (6.3 °F) in January to 19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 4.2 °C (39.6 °F). June thru September accounts for over three-fourths of the 407 millimetres (16.0 in) of annual precipitation. Due to the high elevation and dry climate, the diurnal temperature variation averages 16 °C (29 °F) annually.
Climate data for Youyu, elevation 1,346 m (4,416 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
8.7(47.7)
17.8(64.0)
24.1(75.4)
32.5(90.5)
33.4(92.1)
37.7(99.9)
37.0(98.6)
33.1(91.6)
33.1(91.6)
26.8(80.2)
19.5(67.1)
13.8(56.8)
37.7(99.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
−4.2(24.4)
0.4(32.7)
7.3(45.1)
15.4(59.7)
21.6(70.9)
25.7(78.3)
27.1(80.8)
25.3(77.5)
20.5(68.9)
13.5(56.3)
4.7(40.5)
−2.7(27.1)
12.9(55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−14(7)
−9.2(15.4)
−1.2(29.8)
7.0(44.6)
13.7(56.7)
18.3(64.9)
20.2(68.4)
18.1(64.6)
12.5(54.5)
5.0(41.0)
−3.8(25.2)
−11.5(11.3)
4.6(40.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−21.7(−7.1)
−17.1(1.2)
−9.1(15.6)
−1.8(28.8)
4.6(40.3)
10.2(50.4)
13.6(56.5)
11.7(53.1)
5.5(41.9)
−1.8(28.8)
−10.3(13.5)
−18.4(−1.1)
−2.9(26.8)
Record low °C (°F)
−37.3(−35.1)
−33.7(−28.7)
−29.3(−20.7)
−17.4(0.7)
−12.6(9.3)
−2.1(28.2)
3.0(37.4)
0.7(33.3)
−8.0(17.6)
−14.0(6.8)
−32.2(−26.0)
−35.5(−31.9)
−37.3(−35.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
2.5(0.10)
4.2(0.17)
8.8(0.35)
21.5(0.85)
41.0(1.61)
58.2(2.29)
105.6(4.16)
94.5(3.72)
55.8(2.20)
25.9(1.02)
8.4(0.33)
2.1(0.08)
428.5(16.88)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
2.7
3.4
4.7
4.8
6.7
10.7
12.4
12.0
9.3
5.9
3.7
3.0
79.3
Average snowy days
4.4
4.9
4.8
2.2
0.3
0
0
0
0
1.1
4.2
4.7
26.6
Average relative humidity (%)
61
56
48
43
44
55
68
72
69
64
62
61
59
Mean monthly sunshine hours
205.3
205.2
244.4
266.1
285.5
262.9
252.6
244.8
225.9
231.9
205.0
197.0
2,826.6
Percent possible sunshine
68
67
66
66
64
59
56
58
61
68
69
68
64
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration
Source 2: Weather China
References
Citations
^ Shānxī: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
^ a b Xiong (2009), s.v. "Yanmen".
^ Li (2017), s.v. "Yanmen".
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^ 右玉 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
Bibliography
www.xzqh.org (in Chinese)
Hymn of Youyu County Spirit - Cursive Script
Li Shizhen (2017), Hua Linfu; et al. (eds.), Ben Cao Gang Mu Dictionary, Vol. II: Geographical and Administrative Designations, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 9780520291966.
Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, No. 19, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810860537.
vteCounty-level divisions of Shanxi ProvinceTaiyuan (capital)Prefecture-level citiesTaiyuan
Xinghualing District
Xiaodian District
Yingze District
Jiancaoping District
Wanbailin District
Jinyuan District
Gujiao city
Qingxu County
Yangqu County
Loufan County
Datong
Pingcheng District
Yungang District
Xinrong District
Yunzhou District
Yanggao County
Tianzhen County
Guangling County
Lingqiu County
Hunyuan County
Zuoyun County
Yangquan
Cheng District
Kuang District
Jiao District
Pingding County
Yu County
Changzhi
Luzhou District
Lucheng District
Shangdang District
Tunliu District
Xiangyuan County
Pingshun County
Licheng County
Huguan County
Zhangzi County
Wuxiang County
Qin County
Qinyuan County
Jincheng
Cheng District
Gaoping city
Zezhou County
Qinshui County
Yangcheng County
Lingchuan County
Shuozhou
Shuocheng District
Pinglu District
Shanyin County
Ying County
Youyu County
Huairen city
Jinzhong
Yuci District
Taigu District
Jiexiu city
Yushe County
Zuoquan County
Heshun County
Xiyang County
Shouyang County
Qi County
Pingyao County
Lingshi County
Yuncheng
Yanhu District
Yongji city
Hejin city
Ruicheng County
Linyi County
Wanrong County
Xinjiang County
Jishan County
Wenxi County
Jiang County
Pinglu County
Yuanqu County
Xia County
Xinzhou
Xinfu District
Yuanping city
Dingxiang County
Wutai County
Dai County
Fanshi County
Ningwu County
Jingle County
Shenchi County
Wuzhai County
Kelan County
Hequ County
Baode County
Pianguan County
Linfen
Yaodu District
Houma city
Huozhou city
Quwo County
Yicheng County
Xiangfen County
Hongtong County
Gu County
Anze County
Fushan County
Ji County
Xiangning County
Pu County
Daning County
Yonghe County
Xi County
Fenxi County
Lüliang
Lishi District
Xiaoyi city
Fenyang city
Wenshui County
Zhongyang County
Xing County
Lin County
Fangshan County
Liulin County
Lan County
Jiaokou County
Jiaocheng County
Shilou County
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
This Shanxi location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChinaShuozhouYouyu.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Shuozhou_Prefecture_within_Shanxi_(China).png"},{"link_name":"39°59′20″N 112°28′01″E / 39.989°N 112.467°E / 39.989; 112.467","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Youyu_County¶ms=39.989_N_112.467_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-14_source:kolossus-dewiki"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Shuozhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuozhou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Time zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"UTC+8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B8"},{"link_name":"China Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"右玉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%8E%89"},{"link_name":"縣","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B8%A3"},{"link_name":"Simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"右玉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%8E%89"},{"link_name":"县","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8E%BF"},{"link_name":"Standard Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Hanyu Pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Wade–Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles"},{"link_name":"Traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"善無","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%96%84%E7%84%A1"},{"link_name":"Simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"善无","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%96%84%E6%97%A0"},{"link_name":"Standard Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Hanyu Pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Wade–Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles"},{"link_name":"Traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"雁門","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%81%E9%96%80"},{"link_name":"郡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%83%A1"},{"link_name":"鴈門","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B4%88%E9%96%80"},{"link_name":"郡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%83%A1"},{"link_name":"Simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"雁门","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%81%E9%97%A8"},{"link_name":"郡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%83%A1"},{"link_name":"Yanmen Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanmen_Pass"},{"link_name":"Commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Standard Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Hanyu Pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Wade–Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_county"},{"link_name":"prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Shuozhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuozhou"},{"link_name":"Shanxi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"}],"text":"County in Shanxi, People's Republic of ChinaYouyu County\n 右玉县YuyuCountyYouyu in ShuozhouShuozhou in ShanxiCoordinates: 39°59′20″N 112°28′01″E / 39.989°N 112.467°E / 39.989; 112.467CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceShanxiPrefecture-level cityShuozhouArea • Total1,987 km2 (767 sq mi)Population (2020)[1] • Total88,212 • Density44/km2 (110/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)\nYouyu CountyTraditional Chinese右玉縣Simplified Chinese右玉县TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYòuyùxiànWade–GilesYu-yü Hsien\n\nFormer namesShanwuTraditional Chinese善無Simplified Chinese善无TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinShànwúWade–GilesShan-wuYanmen CommanderyTraditional Chinese雁門郡鴈門郡Simplified Chinese雁门郡Literal meaningYanmen Pass CommanderyTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYànménjùnWade–GilesYen-mên ChünYouyu County, also known by its Chinese name Youyuxian, is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Shuozhou, in the northwest of Shanxi Province, China. It borders Inner Mongolia to the north and west.","title":"Youyu County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xiong-2"},{"link_name":"Yanmen Commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanmen_Commandery"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Western Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2017s.v._[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjUxeDQAAQBAJpgPA339_%22Yanmen%22]-3"},{"link_name":"Yinguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinguan"},{"link_name":"Shuozhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuocheng_District"},{"link_name":"Eastern Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Han"},{"link_name":"Daixian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daixian"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Wei"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xiong-2"}],"text":"Shanwu,[2] south of present-day Youyuxian, was the seat of Yanmen Commandery during the Qin and Western Han.[3] The post moved to Yinguan southeast of present-day Shuozhou under the Eastern Han and further south to Daixian under the Kingdom of Wei.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cangtou River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cangtou_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"苍头河","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8D%E5%A4%B4%E6%B2%B3"},{"link_name":"Great Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Liangcheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangcheng"},{"link_name":"Horinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horinger"},{"link_name":"Zuoyun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuoyun_County"},{"link_name":"Shanyin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanyin_County"},{"link_name":"Pinglu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinglu_District"}],"text":"Elevations are generally higher in the south of the county, in which flows the Cangtou River (苍头河); Youyu reaches a north-south extent of 67.7 km (42.1 mi) and east-west width of 45.7 km (28.4 mi). The Great Wall demarcates the northwestern border with Inner Mongolia's Liangcheng and Horinger counties; within the province, Youyu borders Zuoyun County to the east, Shanyin County and Pinglu District to the south.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"diurnal temperature variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clim-6"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Youyu has a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb), with cold and very dry winters, and warm, humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −14.3 °C (6.3 °F) in January to 19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 4.2 °C (39.6 °F). June thru September accounts for over three-fourths of the 407 millimetres (16.0 in) of annual precipitation. Due to the high elevation and dry climate, the diurnal temperature variation averages 16 °C (29 °F) annually.Climate data for Youyu, elevation 1,346 m (4,416 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n33.4(92.1)\n\n37.7(99.9)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n33.1(91.6)\n\n33.1(91.6)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n37.7(99.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−14(7)\n\n−9.2(15.4)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n13.7(56.7)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n−3.8(25.2)\n\n−11.5(11.3)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−21.7(−7.1)\n\n−17.1(1.2)\n\n−9.1(15.6)\n\n−1.8(28.8)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n−1.8(28.8)\n\n−10.3(13.5)\n\n−18.4(−1.1)\n\n−2.9(26.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−37.3(−35.1)\n\n−33.7(−28.7)\n\n−29.3(−20.7)\n\n−17.4(0.7)\n\n−12.6(9.3)\n\n−2.1(28.2)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n0.7(33.3)\n\n−8.0(17.6)\n\n−14.0(6.8)\n\n−32.2(−26.0)\n\n−35.5(−31.9)\n\n−37.3(−35.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n2.5(0.10)\n\n4.2(0.17)\n\n8.8(0.35)\n\n21.5(0.85)\n\n41.0(1.61)\n\n58.2(2.29)\n\n105.6(4.16)\n\n94.5(3.72)\n\n55.8(2.20)\n\n25.9(1.02)\n\n8.4(0.33)\n\n2.1(0.08)\n\n428.5(16.88)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n2.7\n\n3.4\n\n4.7\n\n4.8\n\n6.7\n\n10.7\n\n12.4\n\n12.0\n\n9.3\n\n5.9\n\n3.7\n\n3.0\n\n79.3\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n4.4\n\n4.9\n\n4.8\n\n2.2\n\n0.3\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1.1\n\n4.2\n\n4.7\n\n26.6\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n61\n\n56\n\n48\n\n43\n\n44\n\n55\n\n68\n\n72\n\n69\n\n64\n\n62\n\n61\n\n59\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n205.3\n\n205.2\n\n244.4\n\n266.1\n\n285.5\n\n262.9\n\n252.6\n\n244.8\n\n225.9\n\n231.9\n\n205.0\n\n197.0\n\n2,826.6\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n68\n\n67\n\n66\n\n66\n\n64\n\n59\n\n56\n\n58\n\n61\n\n68\n\n69\n\n68\n\n64\n\n\nSource 1: China Meteorological Administration[4][5]\n\n\nSource 2: Weather China[6]","title":"Geography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"右玉 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 24 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101100904.shtml?","url_text":"右玉 - 气象数据 -中国天气网"}]},{"reference":"Li Shizhen (2017), Hua Linfu; et al. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_conserved_axial_current | Chiral symmetry breaking | ["1 Overview","1.1 Quantum chromodynamics","1.2 Light Quarks and Mass Generation","1.3 Nambu-Goldstone bosons","1.4 Heavy-light mesons","2 See also","3 Footnotes","4 References"] | Phenomenon in particle physics
Main article: Chirality (physics)
In particle physics, chiral symmetry breaking generally refers to the dynamical spontaneous breaking of a chiral symmetry associated with massless fermions. This is usually associated with a gauge theory such as quantum chromodynamics, the quantum field theory of the strong interaction, and it also occurs through the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism in the electroweak interactions of the standard model. This phenomenon is analogous to magnetization and superconductivity in condensed matter physics. The basic idea was introduced to particle physics by Yoichiro Nambu, in particular, in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model, which is a solvable theory of composite bosons that exhibits dynamical spontaneous chiral symmetry when a 4-fermion coupling constant becomes sufficiently large. Nambu was awarded the 2008 Nobel prize in physics "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics".
Overview
Quantum chromodynamics
Main articles: Quantum chromodynamics and QCD vacuum
Massless fermions in 4 dimensions are described by either left or right-handed spinors that each have 2 complex components. These have spin either aligned (right-handed chirality), or counter-aligned (left-handed chirality), with their momenta. In this case the chirality is a conserved quantum number of the given fermion, and the left and right handed spinors can be independently phase transformed. More generally they can form multiplets under some symmetry group
G
L
×
G
R
{\displaystyle G_{L}\times G_{R}{}}
.
A Dirac mass term explicitly breaks the chiral symmetry. In quantum electrodynamics (QED) the electron mass unites left and right handed spinors forming a 4 component Dirac spinor. In the absence of mass and quantum loops, QED would have a
U
(
1
)
L
×
U
(
1
)
R
{\displaystyle U(1)_{L}\times U(1)_{R}}
chiral symmetry, but the Dirac mass of the electron breaks this to a single
U
(
1
)
{\displaystyle U(1)}
symmetry that allows a common phase rotation of left and right together, which is the gauge symmetry of electrodynamics. (At the quantum loop level, the chiral symmetry is broken, even for massless electrons, by the chiral anomaly, but the
U
(
1
)
{\displaystyle U(1)}
gauge symmetry is preserved, which is essential for consistency of QED.)
In QCD, the gauge theory of strong interactions, the lowest mass quarks are nearly massless and an approximate chiral symmetry is present. In this case the left- and right-handed quarks are interchangeable in bound states of mesons and baryons, so an exact chiral symmetry of the quarks would imply "parity doubling", and every state should appear in a pair of equal mass particles, called "parity partners". In the notation, (spin)parity, a
0
+
{\displaystyle 0^{+}}
meson would therefore have the same mass as a parity partner
0
−
{\displaystyle 0^{-}}
meson.
Experimentally, however, it is observed that the masses of the
0
−
{\displaystyle 0^{-}}
pseudoscalar mesons (such as the pion) are much lighter than any of the other particles in the spectrum. The low masses of the pseudoscalar mesons, as compared to the heavier states, is also quite striking. The next heavier states are the vector mesons,
1
−
{\displaystyle 1^{-}}
, such as rho meson, and the
0
+
{\displaystyle 0^{+}}
scalars mesons and
1
+
{\displaystyle 1^{+}}
vector mesons are heavier still, appearing as short-lived resonances far (in mass) from their parity partners.
This is a primary consequence of the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking of chiral symmetry in the strong interactions. In QCD, the fundamental fermion sector consists of three "flavors" of light mass quarks, u, d, and s , as well as three flavors of heavy quarks, charm quark, bottom quark, and top quark. If we assume the light quarks are ideally massless (and ignore electromagnetic and weak interactions), then the theory has an exact global
S
U
(
3
)
L
×
S
U
(
3
)
R
{\displaystyle SU(3)_{\mathsf {L}}\times SU(3)_{\mathsf {R}}}
chiral flavor symmetry. Under spontaneous symmetry breaking, the chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken to the "diagonal flavor SU(3) subgroup", generating low mass Nambu–Goldstone bosons. These are identified with the pseudoscalar mesons seen in the spectrum, and form an octet representation of the diagonal SU(3) flavor group.
Beyond the idealization of massless quarks, the actual small quark masses (and electroweak forces) explicitly break the chiral symmetry as well. This can be described by a chiral Lagrangian where the masses of the pseudoscalar mesons are determined by the quark masses, and various quantum effects can be computed in chiral perturbation theory. This can be confirmed more rigorously by lattice QCD computations, which show that the pseudoscalar masses vary with the quark masses as dictated by chiral perturbation theory, (effectively as the square-root of the quark masses).
The three heavy quarks: the charm quark, bottom quark, and top quark, have masses much larger than the scale of the strong interactions, thus they do not display the features of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking. However bound states consisting of a heavy quark and a light quark (or two heavies and one light) still display a universal behavior, where the
(
0
−
,
1
−
)
{\displaystyle (0^{-},1^{-})}
ground states are split from the
(
0
+
,
1
+
)
{\displaystyle (0^{+},1^{+})}
parity partners by a universal mass gap of about
Δ
M
≈
348
MeV,
{\displaystyle ~\Delta M\approx 348{\text{ MeV,}}~}
(confirmed experimenally by the
D
s
∗
(
2317
)
{\displaystyle \;\mathrm {D} _{\mathrm {s} }^{*}(2317)\;}
) due to the light quark chiral symmetry breaking (see below).
Light Quarks and Mass Generation
If the three light quark masses of QCD are set to zero, we then have a Lagrangian with a symmetry group :
S
U
(
3
)
L
×
S
U
(
3
)
R
×
U
(
1
)
V
×
U
(
1
)
A
.
{\displaystyle \mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {L}}\times \mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {R}}\times \mathrm {U} (1)_{\mathsf {V}}\times \mathrm {U} (1)_{\mathsf {A}}~.}
Note that these
S
U
(
3
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {SU} (3)}
symmetries, called "flavor-chiral" symmetries, should not be confused with the quark "color" symmetry,
S
U
(
3
)
c
{\displaystyle \mathrm {SU} (3)_{c}}
that defines QCD as a Yang-Mills gauge theory and leads to the gluonic force that binds quarks into baryons and meson. In this article we will not focus on the binding dynamics of QCD where quarks are confined within the baryon and meson particles that are observed in the laboratory (see Quantum chromodynamics).
A static vacuum condensate can form, composed of bilinear operators involving the quantum fields of the quarks in the QCD vacuum, known as a fermion condensate. This takes the form :
⟨
q
¯
R
a
q
L
b
⟩
=
v
δ
a
b
{\displaystyle \langle {\bar {q}}_{\mathsf {R}}^{a}\,q_{\mathsf {L}}^{b}\rangle =v\,\delta ^{ab}}
driven by quantum loop effects of quarks and gluons, with
v
{\displaystyle v}
≈ −(250 MeV)³ . The condensate is not invariant under independent
S
U
(
3
)
L
{\displaystyle SU(3)_{\mathsf {L}}}
or
S
U
(
3
)
R
{\displaystyle SU(3)_{\mathsf {R}}}
rotations, but is invariant under common
S
U
(
3
)
{\displaystyle SU(3)}
rotations. The pion decay constant, fπ ≈ 93 MeV , may be viewed as the measure of the strength of the chiral symmetry breaking.
The quark condensate is induced by non-perturbative strong interactions and spontaneously breaks the
S
U
(
3
)
L
×
S
U
(
3
)
R
{\displaystyle ~\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {L}}\times \mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {R}}~}
down to the diagonal vector subgroup
S
U
(
3
)
V
{\displaystyle ~\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {V}}}
; (this contains as a subgroup
S
U
(
2
)
{\displaystyle ~\mathrm {SU} (2)}
the original symmetry of nuclear physics called isospin, which acts upon the up and down quarks). The unbroken subgroup of
S
U
(
3
)
{\displaystyle ~\mathrm {SU} (3)}
constitutes the original pre-quark idea of Gell-Mann and Ne'eman known as the "Eightfold Way" which was the original successful classification scheme of the elementary particles including strangeness. The
U
(
1
)
A
{\displaystyle \mathrm {U} (1)_{\mathsf {A}}}
symmetry is anomalous, broken by gluon effects known as instantons and the corresponding meson is much heavier than the other light mesons.
Chiral symmetry breaking is apparent in the mass generation of nucleons, since no degenerate parity partners of the nucleon appear. Chiral symmetry breaking and the quantum conformal anomaly account for approximately 99% of the mass of a proton or neutron, and these effects thus account for most of the mass of all visible matter (the proton and neutron, which form the nuclei of atoms, are baryons, called nucleons). For example, the proton, of mass mp ≈ 938 MeV , contains two up quarks, each with explicit mass mu ≈ 2.3 MeV , and one down quark with explicit mass md ≈ 4.8 MeV. Naively, the light quark explicit masses only contribute a total of about 9.4 MeV (= 1%) to the proton's mass.
For the light quarks the chiral symmetry breaking condensate can be viewed as inducing the so-called constituent quark masses. Hence, the light up quark, with explicit mass mu ≈ 2.3 MeV , and down quark with explicit mass md ≈ 4.8 MeV , now acquire constituent quark masses of about mu,d ≈ 300 MeV. QCD then leads to the baryon bound states, which each contain combinations of three quarks (such as the proton (uud) and neutron (udd)). The baryons then acquire masses given, approximately, by the sums of their constituent quark masses.
Nambu-Goldstone bosons
Main article: Chiral model
One of the most spectacular aspects of spontaneous symmetry breaking, in general, is the phenomenon of the Nambu–Goldstone bosons. In QCD these appear as approximately massless particles. corresponding to the eight broken generators of the original
S
U
(
3
)
L
×
S
U
(
3
)
R
.
{\displaystyle \mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {L}}\times \mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {R}}~.}
They include eight mesons, the pions, kaons and the eta meson.
These states have small masses due to the explicit masses of the underlying quarks and as such are referred to as "pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons" or "pNGB's". pNGB's are a general phenomenon and arise in any quantum field theory with both spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking, simultaneously. These two types of symmetry breaking typically occur separately, and at different energy scales, and are not predicated on each other. The properties of these pNGB's can be calculated from chiral Lagrangians, using chiral perturbation theory, which expands around the exactly symmetric zero-quark mass theory. In particular, the computed mass must be small.
Technically, the spontaneously broken chiral symmetry generators comprise the coset space
(
S
U
(
3
)
L
×
S
U
(
3
)
R
)
/
S
U
(
3
)
V
.
{\displaystyle ~(\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {L}}\times \mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {R}})/\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {V}}~.}
This space is not a group, and consists of the eight axial generators, corresponding to the eight light pseudoscalar mesons, the nondiagonal part of
S
U
(
3
)
L
×
S
U
(
3
)
R
.
{\displaystyle \mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {L}}\times \mathrm {SU} (3)_{\mathsf {R}}~.}
Heavy-light mesons
Mesons containing a heavy quark, such as charm (D meson) or beauty, and a light anti-quark (either up, down or strange), can be viewed as systems in which the light quark is "tethered" by the gluonic force to the fixed heavy quark, like a ball tethered to a pole. These systems give us a view of the chiral symmetry breaking in its simplest form, that of a single light-quark state.
In 1994 William A. Bardeen and Christopher T. Hill studied the properties of these systems implementing both the heavy quark symmetry and the chiral symmetries of light quarks in a Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model approximation.
They showed that chiral symmetry breaking causes the s-wave ground states
(
0
−
,
1
−
)
{\displaystyle (0^{-},1^{-})}
(spin
p
a
r
i
t
y
{\displaystyle ^{parity}}
) to be split from p-wave parity partner excited states
(
0
+
,
1
+
)
{\displaystyle (0^{+},1^{+})}
by a universal "mass gap",
Δ
M
{\displaystyle \Delta M}
. The Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model gave an approximate estimate of the mass gap of
Δ
M
≈
338
MeV,
{\displaystyle ~\Delta M\approx 338{\text{ MeV,}}~}
which would be zero if the chiral symmetry breaking was turned off. The excited states of non-strange, heavy-light mesons are usually short-lived resonances due to the principal strong decay mode
D
(
0
+
,
1
+
)
→
π
+
D
(
0
−
,
1
−
)
,
{\displaystyle \mathrm {D} (0^{+},1^{+})\rightarrow \mathrm {\pi } +\mathrm {D} (0^{-},1^{-})~,}
and are therefore hard to observe. Though the results were approximate, they implied the charm-strange excited mesons
D
s
(
0
+
,
1
+
)
{\displaystyle ~\mathrm {D_{s}} (0^{+},1^{+})~}
could be abnormally narrow (long-lived) since the principal decay mode,
D
s
(
0
+
,
1
+
)
→
K
+
D
u
,
d
(
0
−
,
1
−
)
,
{\displaystyle ~\mathrm {D_{s}} (0^{+},1^{+})\rightarrow \mathrm {K} +\mathrm {D_{u,d}} (0^{-},1^{-})~,}
would be blocked, owing to the mass of the kaon (K).
In 2003 the
D
s
∗
(
2317
)
{\displaystyle \;\mathrm {D} _{\mathrm {s} }^{*}(2317)\;}
was discovered by the BaBar collaboration, and was seen to be surprisingly narrow, with a mass gap above the
D
s
{\displaystyle \;\mathrm {D_{s}} \;}
of
Δ
M
≈
348
MeV ,
{\displaystyle \;\Delta M\approx 348{\text{ MeV ,}}}
within a few percent of the model prediction (also the more recently confirmed heavy quark spin-symmetry partner,
D
s
1
+
∗
(
2460
)
{\displaystyle D_{s1^{+}}^{*}(2460)}
). Bardeen, Eichten and Hill predicted, using the chiral Lagrangian, numerous observable decay modes which have been confirmed by experiments. Similar phenomena should be seen in the
B
s
{\displaystyle B_{s}}
mesons and
c
c
s
,
b
c
s
,
b
b
s
,
{\displaystyle ccs,bcs,bbs,}
heavy-heavy-strange baryons.
See also
Conformal anomaly
Little Higgs
Top Quark Condensate
Footnotes
^ See Current algebra.
^ Chiral symmetry breaking in QCD is furthermore intimately associated with quantum effects, arising at the Feynman diagram loop level, generating the conformal anomaly and quark confinement.
^ The resulting generic formula for the mass of pseudogoldstone bosons in the presence of an explicit breaking perturbation is often called Dashen's formula, here
m
π
2
f
π
2
=
−
⟨
0
|
[
Q
5
,
[
Q
5
,
H
]
]
|
0
⟩
.
{\displaystyle ~m_{\mathrm {\pi } }^{2}f_{\mathrm {\pi } }^{2}=-\langle 0|~\,]~|0\rangle ~.}
References
^ Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio (1961), Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity. I, Phys. Rev. 122, 345-358
^ a b Peskin, Michael; Schroeder, Daniel (1995). An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Westview Press. pp. 670. ISBN 0-201-50397-2.
^ Cheng, Ta-Pei; Li, Ling-Fong (1984). Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics. Oxford U.P. ISBN 978-0198519614.;Wilczek, F. (1999). "Mass without mass I: Most of matter". Physics Today. 52 (11): 11–13. Bibcode:1999PhT....52k..11W. doi:10.1063/1.882879.
^ Procura, M.; Musch, B.; Wollenweber, T.; Hemmert, T.; Weise, W. (2006). "Nucleon mass: From lattice QCD to the chiral limit". Physical Review D. 73 (11): 114510. arXiv:hep-lat/0603001. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..73k4510P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.73.114510. S2CID 11301181..
^ Gell-Mann, M.; Lévy, M. (1960). "The axial vector current in beta decay". Il Nuovo Cimento. 16 (4): 705–726. Bibcode:1960NCim...16..705G. doi:10.1007/BF02859738. S2CID 122945049.
^ Donoghue, J.; Golowich, E.; Holstein, B. (1994). Dynamics of the Standard Model. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521476522.
^ Gell-Mann, M.; Oakes, R.; Renner, B. (1968). "Behavior of Current Divergences under SU_{3}×SU_{3}" (PDF). Physical Review. 175 (5): 2195. Bibcode:1968PhRv..175.2195G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.175.2195..
^ Bardeen, W.A.; Hill, C.T. (1994). "Chiral dynamics and heavy quark symmetry in a solvable toy field theoretic model". Physical Review D. 49 (1): 409–425. arXiv:hep-ph/9304265. Bibcode:1994PhRvD..49..409B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.49.409. PMID 10016779. S2CID 1763576.
^ Bardeen, W.A.; Eichten, Estia; Hill, C.T. (2003). "Chiral multiplets of heavy-light mesons". Physical Review D. 68 (5): 054024. arXiv:hep-ph/0305049. Bibcode:2003PhRvD..68e4024B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.68.054024. S2CID 10472717.
Gell-Mann, M.; Lévy, M. (1960). "The axial vector current in beta decay". Il Nuovo Cimento. 16 (4): 705–726. Bibcode:1960NCim...16..705G. doi:10.1007/BF02859738. S2CID 122945049. "online copy" (PDF). High Energy Physics. Princeton University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06.
Bernstein, J.; Gell-Mann, M.; Michel, L. (1960). "On the renormalization of the axial vector coupling constant in β-decay". Il Nuovo Cimento. 16 (3): 560–568. Bibcode:1960NCim...16..560B. doi:10.1007/BF02731920. S2CID 119424935. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"particle physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics"},{"link_name":"chiral symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_symmetry"},{"link_name":"gauge theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory"},{"link_name":"quantum chromodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics"},{"link_name":"quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"strong interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction"},{"link_name":"electroweak interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interactions"},{"link_name":"standard model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_model"},{"link_name":"magnetization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking#Other_examples"},{"link_name":"superconductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivity"},{"link_name":"Yoichiro Nambu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu"},{"link_name":"Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambu%E2%80%93Jona-Lasinio_model"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In particle physics, chiral symmetry breaking generally refers to the dynamical spontaneous breaking of a chiral symmetry associated with massless fermions. This is usually associated with a gauge theory such as quantum chromodynamics, the quantum field theory of the strong interaction, and it also occurs through the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism in the electroweak interactions of the standard model. This phenomenon is analogous to magnetization and superconductivity in condensed matter physics. The basic idea was introduced to particle physics by Yoichiro Nambu, in particular, in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model, which is a solvable theory of composite bosons that exhibits dynamical spontaneous chiral symmetry when a 4-fermion coupling constant becomes sufficiently large.[1] Nambu was awarded the 2008 Nobel prize in physics \"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics\".","title":"Chiral symmetry breaking"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chiral anomaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_anomaly"},{"link_name":"pseudoscalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscalar_(physics)"},{"link_name":"mesons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson"},{"link_name":"pion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state"},{"link_name":"vector mesons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_meson"},{"link_name":"rho meson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho_meson"},{"link_name":"spontaneous symmetry breaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking"},{"link_name":"charm quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quark"},{"link_name":"bottom quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark"},{"link_name":"top quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark"},{"link_name":"flavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)"},{"link_name":"quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"chiral perturbation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_perturbation_theory"},{"link_name":"lattice QCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_QCD"},{"link_name":"chiral perturbation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_perturbation_theory"},{"link_name":"charm quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quark"},{"link_name":"bottom quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark"},{"link_name":"top quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark"}],"sub_title":"Quantum chromodynamics","text":"Massless fermions in 4 dimensions are described by either left or right-handed spinors that each have 2 complex components. These have spin either aligned (right-handed chirality), or counter-aligned (left-handed chirality), with their momenta. In this case the chirality is a conserved quantum number of the given fermion, and the left and right handed spinors can be independently phase transformed. More generally they can form multiplets under some symmetry group \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n L\n \n \n ×\n \n G\n \n R\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{L}\\times G_{R}{}}\n \n.A Dirac mass term explicitly breaks the chiral symmetry. In quantum electrodynamics (QED) the electron mass unites left and right handed spinors forming a 4 component Dirac spinor. In the absence of mass and quantum loops, QED would have a \n \n \n \n U\n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n L\n \n \n ×\n U\n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n R\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U(1)_{L}\\times U(1)_{R}}\n \n chiral symmetry, but the Dirac mass of the electron breaks this to a single \n \n \n \n U\n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U(1)}\n \n symmetry that allows a common phase rotation of left and right together, which is the gauge symmetry of electrodynamics. (At the quantum loop level, the chiral symmetry is broken, even for massless electrons, by the chiral anomaly, but the \n \n \n \n U\n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U(1)}\n \n gauge symmetry is preserved, which is essential for consistency of QED.)In QCD, the gauge theory of strong interactions, the lowest mass quarks are nearly massless and an approximate chiral symmetry is present. In this case the left- and right-handed quarks are interchangeable in bound states of mesons and baryons, so an exact chiral symmetry of the quarks would imply \"parity doubling\", and every state should appear in a pair of equal mass particles, called \"parity partners\". In the notation, (spin)parity, a \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0^{+}}\n \n meson would therefore have the same mass as a parity partner \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0^{-}}\n \n meson.Experimentally, however, it is observed that the masses of the \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0^{-}}\n \n pseudoscalar mesons (such as the pion) are much lighter than any of the other particles in the spectrum. The low masses of the pseudoscalar mesons, as compared to the heavier states, is also quite striking. The next heavier states are the vector mesons, \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1^{-}}\n \n, such as rho meson, and the \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0^{+}}\n \n scalars mesons and \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1^{+}}\n \n vector mesons are heavier still, appearing as short-lived resonances far (in mass) from their parity partners.This is a primary consequence of the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking of chiral symmetry in the strong interactions. In QCD, the fundamental fermion sector consists of three \"flavors\" of light mass quarks, u, d, and s , as well as three flavors of heavy quarks, charm quark, bottom quark, and top quark. If we assume the light quarks are ideally massless (and ignore electromagnetic and weak interactions), then the theory has an exact global \n \n \n \n S\n U\n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n L\n \n \n \n ×\n S\n U\n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle SU(3)_{\\mathsf {L}}\\times SU(3)_{\\mathsf {R}}}\n \n chiral flavor symmetry. Under spontaneous symmetry breaking, the chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken to the \"diagonal flavor SU(3) subgroup\", generating low mass Nambu–Goldstone bosons. These are identified with the pseudoscalar mesons seen in the spectrum, and form an octet representation of the diagonal SU(3) flavor group.Beyond the idealization of massless quarks, the actual small quark masses (and electroweak forces) explicitly break the chiral symmetry as well. This can be described by a chiral Lagrangian where the masses of the pseudoscalar mesons are determined by the quark masses, and various quantum effects can be computed in chiral perturbation theory. This can be confirmed more rigorously by lattice QCD computations, which show that the pseudoscalar masses vary with the quark masses as dictated by chiral perturbation theory, (effectively as the square-root of the quark masses).The three heavy quarks: the charm quark, bottom quark, and top quark, have masses much larger than the scale of the strong interactions, thus they do not display the features of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking. However bound states consisting of a heavy quark and a light quark (or two heavies and one light) still display a universal behavior, where the \n \n \n \n (\n \n 0\n \n −\n \n \n ,\n \n 1\n \n −\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0^{-},1^{-})}\n \n ground states are split from the \n \n \n \n (\n \n 0\n \n +\n \n \n ,\n \n 1\n \n +\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0^{+},1^{+})}\n \n parity partners by a universal mass gap of about \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n M\n ≈\n 348\n \n MeV,\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~\\Delta M\\approx 348{\\text{ MeV,}}~}\n \n (confirmed experimenally by the \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n 2317\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\;\\mathrm {D} _{\\mathrm {s} }^{*}(2317)\\;}\n \n) due to the light quark chiral symmetry breaking (see below).","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symmetry group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_group"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Quantum chromodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics"},{"link_name":"vacuum condensate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_condensate"},{"link_name":"quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"QCD vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCD_vacuum"},{"link_name":"fermion condensate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion_condensate"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peskin-Schroeder-1995-4"},{"link_name":"pion decay constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion_decay_constant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peskin-Schroeder-1995-4"},{"link_name":"strong interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction"},{"link_name":"isospin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isospin"},{"link_name":"\"Eightfold Way\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eightfold_Way_(physics)"},{"link_name":"instantons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instantons"},{"link_name":"corresponding meson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCD_vacuum#Eta_prime_meson"},{"link_name":"mass generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_generation"},{"link_name":"nucleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon"},{"link_name":"conformal anomaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_anomaly"},{"link_name":"visible matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonic_matter"},{"link_name":"proton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton"},{"link_name":"neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"baryons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryons"},{"link_name":"nucleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleons"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"proton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton"},{"link_name":"MeV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaelectronvolt"},{"link_name":"up quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark"},{"link_name":"down quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Light Quarks and Mass Generation","text":"If the three light quark masses of QCD are set to zero, we then have a Lagrangian with a symmetry group [a] :\n \n \n \n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n L\n \n \n \n ×\n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n ×\n \n U\n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n V\n \n \n \n ×\n \n U\n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {L}}\\times \\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {R}}\\times \\mathrm {U} (1)_{\\mathsf {V}}\\times \\mathrm {U} (1)_{\\mathsf {A}}~.}\n \n Note that these \n \n \n \n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SU} (3)}\n \n symmetries, called \"flavor-chiral\" symmetries, should not be confused with the quark \"color\" symmetry, \n \n \n \n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n c\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SU} (3)_{c}}\n \n that defines QCD as a Yang-Mills gauge theory and leads to the gluonic force that binds quarks into baryons and meson. In this article we will not focus on the binding dynamics of QCD where quarks are confined within the baryon and meson particles that are observed in the laboratory (see Quantum chromodynamics).A static vacuum condensate can form, composed of bilinear operators involving the quantum fields of the quarks in the QCD vacuum, known as a fermion condensate. This takes the form :\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n q\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n L\n \n \n \n b\n \n \n ⟩\n =\n v\n \n \n δ\n \n a\n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle {\\bar {q}}_{\\mathsf {R}}^{a}\\,q_{\\mathsf {L}}^{b}\\rangle =v\\,\\delta ^{ab}}\n \n driven by quantum loop effects of quarks and gluons, with \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n ≈ −(250 MeV)³ .[b] The condensate is not invariant under independent \n \n \n \n S\n U\n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n L\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle SU(3)_{\\mathsf {L}}}\n \n or \n \n \n \n S\n U\n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle SU(3)_{\\mathsf {R}}}\n \n rotations, but is invariant under common \n \n \n \n S\n U\n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle SU(3)}\n \n rotations.[2] The pion decay constant, fπ ≈ 93 MeV , may be viewed as the measure of the strength of the chiral symmetry breaking.[2]The quark condensate is induced by non-perturbative strong interactions and spontaneously breaks the \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n L\n \n \n \n ×\n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~\\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {L}}\\times \\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {R}}~}\n \n down to the diagonal vector subgroup \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n V\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~\\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {V}}}\n \n; (this contains as a subgroup \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~\\mathrm {SU} (2)}\n \n the original symmetry of nuclear physics called isospin, which acts upon the up and down quarks). The unbroken subgroup of \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~\\mathrm {SU} (3)}\n \n constitutes the original pre-quark idea of Gell-Mann and Ne'eman known as the \"Eightfold Way\" which was the original successful classification scheme of the elementary particles including strangeness. The \n \n \n \n \n U\n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {U} (1)_{\\mathsf {A}}}\n \n symmetry is anomalous, broken by gluon effects known as instantons and the corresponding meson is much heavier than the other light mesons.Chiral symmetry breaking is apparent in the mass generation of nucleons, since no degenerate parity partners of the nucleon appear. Chiral symmetry breaking and the quantum conformal anomaly account for approximately 99% of the mass of a proton or neutron, and these effects thus account for most of the mass of all visible matter (the proton and neutron, which form the nuclei of atoms, are baryons, called nucleons).[3] For example, the proton, of mass mp ≈ 938 MeV , contains two up quarks, each with explicit mass mu ≈ 2.3 MeV , and one down quark with explicit mass md ≈ 4.8 MeV. Naively, the light quark explicit masses only contribute a total of about 9.4 MeV (= 1%) to the proton's mass.[4]For the light quarks the chiral symmetry breaking condensate can be viewed as inducing the so-called constituent quark masses. Hence, the light up quark, with explicit mass mu ≈ 2.3 MeV , and down quark with explicit mass md ≈ 4.8 MeV , now acquire constituent quark masses of about mu,d ≈ 300 MeV. QCD then leads to the baryon bound states, which each contain combinations of three quarks (such as the proton (uud) and neutron (udd)). The baryons then acquire masses given, approximately, by the sums of their constituent quark masses.[5][6]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pions"},{"link_name":"quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"spontaneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking"},{"link_name":"explicit symmetry breaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_symmetry_breaking"},{"link_name":"chiral perturbation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_perturbation_theory"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"coset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coset"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_homogeneous_space"},{"link_name":"pseudoscalar mesons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscalar_meson"}],"sub_title":"Nambu-Goldstone bosons","text":"One of the most spectacular aspects of spontaneous symmetry breaking, in general, is the phenomenon of the Nambu–Goldstone bosons. In QCD these appear as approximately massless particles. corresponding to the eight broken generators of the original \n \n \n \n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n L\n \n \n \n ×\n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {L}}\\times \\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {R}}~.}\n \n They include eight mesons, the pions, kaons and the eta meson.These states have small masses due to the explicit masses of the underlying quarks and as such are referred to as \"pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons\" or \"pNGB's\". pNGB's are a general phenomenon and arise in any quantum field theory with both spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking, simultaneously. These two types of symmetry breaking typically occur separately, and at different energy scales, and are not predicated on each other. The properties of these pNGB's can be calculated from chiral Lagrangians, using chiral perturbation theory, which expands around the exactly symmetric zero-quark mass theory. In particular, the computed mass must be small.[c]Technically, the spontaneously broken chiral symmetry generators comprise the coset space \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n L\n \n \n \n ×\n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n )\n \n /\n \n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n V\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~(\\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {L}}\\times \\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {R}})/\\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {V}}~.}\n \n This space is not a group, and consists of the eight axial generators, corresponding to the eight light pseudoscalar mesons, the nondiagonal part of \n \n \n \n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n L\n \n \n \n ×\n \n S\n U\n \n (\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {L}}\\times \\mathrm {SU} (3)_{\\mathsf {R}}~.}","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D meson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_meson"},{"link_name":"William A. Bardeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Bardeen"},{"link_name":"Christopher T. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_T._Hill"},{"link_name":"Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambu%E2%80%93Jona-Lasinio_model"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambu%E2%80%93Jona-Lasinio_model"},{"link_name":"kaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaon"},{"link_name":"BaBar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BaBar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Heavy-light mesons","text":"Mesons containing a heavy quark, such as charm (D meson) or beauty, and a light anti-quark (either up, down or strange), can be viewed as systems in which the light quark is \"tethered\" by the gluonic force to the fixed heavy quark, like a ball tethered to a pole. These systems give us a view of the chiral symmetry breaking in its simplest form, that of a single light-quark state.In 1994 William A. Bardeen and Christopher T. Hill studied the properties of these systems implementing both the heavy quark symmetry and the chiral symmetries of light quarks in a Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model approximation.[8] \nThey showed that chiral symmetry breaking causes the s-wave ground states \n \n \n \n (\n \n 0\n \n −\n \n \n ,\n \n 1\n \n −\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0^{-},1^{-})}\n \n (spin\n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n a\n r\n i\n t\n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ^{parity}}\n \n) to be split from p-wave parity partner excited states \n \n \n \n (\n \n 0\n \n +\n \n \n ,\n \n 1\n \n +\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0^{+},1^{+})}\n \n by a universal \"mass gap\", \n \n \n \n Δ\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta M}\n \n. The Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model gave an approximate estimate of the mass gap of \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n M\n ≈\n 338\n \n MeV,\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~\\Delta M\\approx 338{\\text{ MeV,}}~}\n \n which would be zero if the chiral symmetry breaking was turned off. The excited states of non-strange, heavy-light mesons are usually short-lived resonances due to the principal strong decay mode \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n (\n \n 0\n \n +\n \n \n ,\n \n 1\n \n +\n \n \n )\n →\n \n π\n \n +\n \n D\n \n (\n \n 0\n \n −\n \n \n ,\n \n 1\n \n −\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {D} (0^{+},1^{+})\\rightarrow \\mathrm {\\pi } +\\mathrm {D} (0^{-},1^{-})~,}\n \n and are therefore hard to observe. Though the results were approximate, they implied the charm-strange excited mesons \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n s\n \n \n \n (\n \n 0\n \n +\n \n \n ,\n \n 1\n \n +\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~\\mathrm {D_{s}} (0^{+},1^{+})~}\n \n could be abnormally narrow (long-lived) since the principal decay mode, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n s\n \n \n \n (\n \n 0\n \n +\n \n \n ,\n \n 1\n \n +\n \n \n )\n →\n \n K\n \n +\n \n \n D\n \n u\n ,\n d\n \n \n \n (\n \n 0\n \n −\n \n \n ,\n \n 1\n \n −\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~\\mathrm {D_{s}} (0^{+},1^{+})\\rightarrow \\mathrm {K} +\\mathrm {D_{u,d}} (0^{-},1^{-})~,}\n \n would be blocked, owing to the mass of the kaon (K).In 2003 the \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n 2317\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\;\\mathrm {D} _{\\mathrm {s} }^{*}(2317)\\;}\n \n was discovered by the BaBar collaboration, and was seen to be surprisingly narrow, with a mass gap above the \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\;\\mathrm {D_{s}} \\;}\n \n of \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n M\n ≈\n 348\n \n MeV ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\;\\Delta M\\approx 348{\\text{ MeV ,}}}\n \n within a few percent of the model prediction (also the more recently confirmed heavy quark spin-symmetry partner, \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n 2460\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{s1^{+}}^{*}(2460)}\n \n). Bardeen, Eichten and Hill predicted, using the chiral Lagrangian, numerous observable decay modes which have been confirmed by experiments.[9] Similar phenomena should be seen in the \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{s}}\n \n mesons and \n\n \n \n \n c\n c\n s\n ,\n b\n c\n s\n ,\n b\n b\n s\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ccs,bcs,bbs,}\n \n heavy-heavy-strange baryons.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Current algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_algebra"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"conformal anomaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_anomaly"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"^ See Current algebra.\n\n^ Chiral symmetry breaking in QCD is furthermore intimately associated with quantum effects, arising at the Feynman diagram loop level, generating the conformal anomaly and quark confinement.\n\n^ The resulting generic formula for the mass of pseudogoldstone bosons in the presence of an explicit breaking perturbation is often called Dashen's formula, here \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n π\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n f\n \n \n π\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n −\n ⟨\n 0\n \n |\n \n \n [\n \n \n Q\n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n \n [\n \n Q\n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n H\n ]\n \n ]\n \n \n |\n \n 0\n ⟩\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ~m_{\\mathrm {\\pi } }^{2}f_{\\mathrm {\\pi } }^{2}=-\\langle 0|~[\\,Q_{5},\\,[Q_{5},H]\\,]~|0\\rangle ~.}\n \n[7]","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Conformal anomaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_anomaly"},{"title":"Little Higgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Higgs"},{"title":"Top Quark Condensate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Quark_Condensate"}] | [{"reference":"Peskin, Michael; Schroeder, Daniel (1995). An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Westview Press. pp. 670. ISBN 0-201-50397-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoqu0000pesk/page/670","url_text":"An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoqu0000pesk/page/670","url_text":"670"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-50397-2","url_text":"0-201-50397-2"}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Ta-Pei; Li, Ling-Fong (1984). Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics. Oxford U.P. ISBN 978-0198519614.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198519614","url_text":"978-0198519614"}]},{"reference":"Wilczek, F. (1999). \"Mass without mass I: Most of matter\". Physics Today. 52 (11): 11–13. Bibcode:1999PhT....52k..11W. doi:10.1063/1.882879.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhT....52k..11W","url_text":"1999PhT....52k..11W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.882879","url_text":"10.1063/1.882879"}]},{"reference":"Procura, M.; Musch, B.; Wollenweber, T.; Hemmert, T.; Weise, W. (2006). \"Nucleon mass: From lattice QCD to the chiral limit\". Physical Review D. 73 (11): 114510. arXiv:hep-lat/0603001. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..73k4510P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.73.114510. S2CID 11301181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-lat/0603001","url_text":"hep-lat/0603001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvD..73k4510P","url_text":"2006PhRvD..73k4510P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.73.114510","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevD.73.114510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11301181","url_text":"11301181"}]},{"reference":"Gell-Mann, M.; Lévy, M. (1960). \"The axial vector current in beta decay\". Il Nuovo Cimento. 16 (4): 705–726. Bibcode:1960NCim...16..705G. doi:10.1007/BF02859738. S2CID 122945049.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann","url_text":"Gell-Mann, M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Nuovo_Cimento","url_text":"Il Nuovo Cimento"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960NCim...16..705G","url_text":"1960NCim...16..705G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02859738","url_text":"10.1007/BF02859738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122945049","url_text":"122945049"}]},{"reference":"Donoghue, J.; Golowich, E.; Holstein, B. (1994). Dynamics of the Standard Model. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521476522.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521476522","url_text":"9780521476522"}]},{"reference":"Gell-Mann, M.; Oakes, R.; Renner, B. (1968). \"Behavior of Current Divergences under SU_{3}×SU_{3}\" (PDF). Physical Review. 175 (5): 2195. Bibcode:1968PhRv..175.2195G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.175.2195.","urls":[{"url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/3634/1/GELpr68.pdf","url_text":"\"Behavior of Current Divergences under SU_{3}×SU_{3}\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968PhRv..175.2195G","url_text":"1968PhRv..175.2195G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.175.2195","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRev.175.2195"}]},{"reference":"Bardeen, W.A.; Hill, C.T. (1994). \"Chiral dynamics and heavy quark symmetry in a solvable toy field theoretic model\". Physical Review D. 49 (1): 409–425. arXiv:hep-ph/9304265. Bibcode:1994PhRvD..49..409B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.49.409. PMID 10016779. 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(2003). \"Chiral multiplets of heavy-light mesons\". Physical Review D. 68 (5): 054024. arXiv:hep-ph/0305049. Bibcode:2003PhRvD..68e4024B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.68.054024. 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Bibcode:1960NCim...16..705G. doi:10.1007/BF02859738. S2CID 122945049.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Nuovo_Cimento","url_text":"Il Nuovo Cimento"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960NCim...16..705G","url_text":"1960NCim...16..705G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02859738","url_text":"10.1007/BF02859738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122945049","url_text":"122945049"}]},{"reference":"\"online copy\" (PDF). High Energy Physics. Princeton University. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Dammann | Bill Dammann | ["1 References","2 External links"] | American baseball player (1872–1948)
Baseball player
Bill DammannDammann with Nashville in 1902PitcherBorn: (1872-08-09)August 9, 1872Chicago, Illinois, U.S.Died: December 6, 1948(1948-12-06) (aged 76)Lynnhaven, Virginia, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutApril 24, 1897, for the Cincinnati RedsLast MLB appearanceJune 22, 1899, for the Cincinnati RedsMLB statisticsWin–loss record24–15Earned run average4.06Strikeouts74
Teams
Cincinnati Reds (1897–1899)
William Henry ("Wee Willie") Dammann (August 9, 1872 – December 6, 1948) was an American left-handed Major League Baseball pitcher. A native of Chicago, he played for three seasons in Major League Baseball, all of them with the Cincinnati Reds. His major league debut was in 1897 and he last appeared in the Majors in 1899. In his three seasons, he went 24–15 in 60 games where, starting 38 games and completing 26 with four shutouts.
On July 9, 1902, Dammann, pitching for the Southern Association's Nashville Baseball Club, pitched a 5-inning no-hitter against the Shreveport Giants at Athletic Park in Nashville.
References
^ McGill, Chuck. "Minor League No-Hitters". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
External links
Baseball Reference
This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1870s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Southern Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Association"},{"link_name":"Nashville Baseball Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Vols"},{"link_name":"no-hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hitter"},{"link_name":"Shreveport Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport_Giants"},{"link_name":"Athletic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Park_(Nashville)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nohit-1"}],"text":"Baseball playerWilliam Henry (\"Wee Willie\") Dammann (August 9, 1872 – December 6, 1948) was an American left-handed Major League Baseball pitcher. A native of Chicago, he played for three seasons in Major League Baseball, all of them with the Cincinnati Reds. His major league debut was in 1897 and he last appeared in the Majors in 1899. In his three seasons, he went 24–15 in 60 games where, starting 38 games and completing 26 with four shutouts.On July 9, 1902, Dammann, pitching for the Southern Association's Nashville Baseball Club, pitched a 5-inning no-hitter against the Shreveport Giants at Athletic Park in Nashville.[1]","title":"Bill Dammann"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McGill, Chuck. \"Minor League No-Hitters\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AscmKoVLYjYPdE9MLXIzNVo4VnRFc2lpaW4yUF91aFE&authkey=CL_3m-cC&authkey=CL_3m-cC#gid=0","url_text":"\"Minor League No-Hitters\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AscmKoVLYjYPdE9MLXIzNVo4VnRFc2lpaW4yUF91aFE&authkey=CL_3m-cC&authkey=CL_3m-cC#gid=0","external_links_name":"\"Minor League No-Hitters\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/dammabi01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Dammann&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_Princeton_Tigers_football_team | 1941 Princeton Tigers football team | ["1 Schedule","2 References"] | American college football season
1941 Princeton Tigers footballConferenceIvy LeagueRecord2–6 (1–4 Ivy)Head coachTad Wieman (4th season)CaptainBob PetersHome stadiumPalmer StadiumSeasons← 19401942 →
1941 Ivy League football standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
T
W
L
T
No. 15 Penn $
5
–
0
–
0
7
–
1
–
0
Columbia
3
–
1
–
0
3
–
5
–
0
Harvard
4
–
2
–
0
5
–
2
–
1
Cornell
3
–
2
–
0
5
–
3
–
0
Dartmouth
2
–
2
–
0
5
–
4
–
0
Brown
1
–
2
–
0
5
–
4
–
0
Princeton
1
–
4
–
0
2
–
6
–
0
Yale
0
–
6
–
0
1
–
7
–
0
$ – Conference championRankings from AP Poll
The 1941 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University in the Ivy League during the 1941 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Tad Wieman, the team compiled a 2–6 record and was outscored by a total of 152 to 64.
Princeton was ranked at No. 76 (out of 681 teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1941.
The team played its home games at Palmer Stadium in Princeton, New Jersey.
Schedule
DateOpponentSiteResultAttendanceSourceOctober 4Williams*Palmer StadiumPrinceton, NJW 20–711,000
October 11ColumbiaPalmer StadiumPrinceton, NJL 0–2130,000
October 18 No. 11 PennPalmer StadiumPrinceton, NJ (rivalry)L 0–2331,500
October 25at No. 15 Vanderbilt*Dudley FieldNashville, TNL 7–4614,000
November 1HarvardPalmer StadiumPrinceton, NJ (rivalry)L 4–618,000
November 8DartmouthPalmer StadiumPrinceton, NJL 13–2030,000
November 15at YaleYale BowlNew Haven, CT (rivalry)W 20–635,000
November 22 No. 12 Navy*Palmer StadiumPrinceton, NJL 0–2342,000
*Non-conference gameRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game
References
^ "1941 Princeton Tigers Schedule and Results". SR/College Football. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
^ Dr. E. E. Litkenhous (December 26, 1941). "Gophers Grid Kings Over 6-Year Span: Tennessee 2d, Pitt 3d Over Period Litkenhous Ratins Are Published". The Courier-Journal. p. Sports 4 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "20-7 Triumph To Princeton Over Williams". The Baltimore Sun. October 5, 1941. p. Sports 4 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Joe Trimble (October 12, 1941). "Governali Leads Lions Over Princeton, 21-0". New York Daily News. p. 92 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Cy Peterman (October 19, 1941). "Penn Beats Princeton". The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. S1, S5 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Vandy Routs Game but Outclassed Princeton by 46 to 7". The Nashville Tennessean. October 26, 1941. p. Sports 1 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Harvard Wins, 6-5 On 87-Yard Run". New York Daily News. November 2, 1941. p. 41C – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Indians Defeat Tigers In Weird Battle 20-13". The Hartford Courant. November 9, 1941. p. 6C – via Newspapers.com.
^ Frank Keyes (November 16, 1941). "Captain Bob Peters Sparks Princeton Tigers To 20 To 6 Triumph Over Yale". The Hartford Courant. p. IV-1 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Navy scores 23-0 win over Princeton as Busik stars". Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. November 23, 1941. p. 2B.
vtePrinceton Tigers footballVenues
University Field (1876–1913)
Palmer Stadium (1914–1996)
Powers Field at Princeton Stadium (1998–present)
Bowls & rivalries
Legacy Bowl
Harvard
Penn
Rutgers
Yale
Culture & lore
First American football game (painting)
1922 Chicago game
Poe brothers
The Tiger
"Princeton Cannon Song"
Winged football helmet
People
Head coaches
NFL draftees
Seasons
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
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1880
1881
1882
1883
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1910
1911
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1913
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1917
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1920
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1922
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1937
1938
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1940
1941
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1989
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1997
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2015
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2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
National championship seasons in bold | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"1941 college football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"Tad Wieman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad_Wieman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-1"},{"link_name":"Litkenhous Difference by Score System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litkenhous_Ratings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Palmer Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Princeton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"The 1941 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University in the Ivy League during the 1941 college football season. 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Sports 1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35860514/vandy_routs_game_but_outclassed/","url_text":"\"Vandy Routs Game but Outclassed Princeton by 46 to 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Wins, 6-5 On 87-Yard Run\". New York Daily News. November 2, 1941. p. 41C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35859056/harvard_wins_65_on_87yard_run/","url_text":"\"Harvard Wins, 6-5 On 87-Yard Run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Indians Defeat Tigers In Weird Battle 20-13\". The Hartford Courant. November 9, 1941. p. 6C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35860786/indians_defeat_tigers_in_weird_battle/","url_text":"\"Indians Defeat Tigers In Weird Battle 20-13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Frank Keyes (November 16, 1941). \"Captain Bob Peters Sparks Princeton Tigers To 20 To 6 Triumph Over Yale\". The Hartford Courant. p. IV-1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35860641/captain_bob_peters_sparks_princeton/","url_text":"\"Captain Bob Peters Sparks Princeton Tigers To 20 To 6 Triumph Over Yale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Navy scores 23-0 win over Princeton as Busik stars\". Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. November 23, 1941. p. 2B.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ilFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Cg4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2958%2C5931031","url_text":"\"Navy scores 23-0 win over Princeton as Busik stars\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/princeton/1941-schedule.html","external_links_name":"\"1941 Princeton Tigers Schedule and Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123088221/gophers-grid-kings-over-6-year-span/","external_links_name":"\"Gophers Grid Kings Over 6-Year Span: Tennessee 2d, Pitt 3d Over Period Litkenhous Ratins Are Published\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35860904/207_triumph_to_princeton_over_williams/","external_links_name":"\"20-7 Triumph To Princeton Over Williams\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35774513/governali_leads_lions_over_princeton/","external_links_name":"\"Governali Leads Lions Over Princeton, 21-0\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35836066/penn_beats_princeton/","external_links_name":"\"Penn Beats Princeton\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35860514/vandy_routs_game_but_outclassed/","external_links_name":"\"Vandy Routs Game but Outclassed Princeton by 46 to 7\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35859056/harvard_wins_65_on_87yard_run/","external_links_name":"\"Harvard Wins, 6-5 On 87-Yard Run\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35860786/indians_defeat_tigers_in_weird_battle/","external_links_name":"\"Indians Defeat Tigers In Weird Battle 20-13\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35860641/captain_bob_peters_sparks_princeton/","external_links_name":"\"Captain Bob Peters Sparks Princeton Tigers To 20 To 6 Triumph Over Yale\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ilFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Cg4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2958%2C5931031","external_links_name":"\"Navy scores 23-0 win over Princeton as Busik stars\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windstorm_(album) | Windstorm (album) | ["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Windstorm" album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1978 studio album by Gloria JonesWindstormStudio album by Gloria JonesReleased1978GenreSoulLength36:28LabelCapitolProducerRichard JonesGloria Jones chronology
Vixen(1976)
Windstorm(1978)
Reunited(1981)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingSmash Hits3/10
Windstorm is the fourth studio album released by Gloria Jones in 1978. The album was a dedication to Marc Bolan, who died in a car crash in London on September 16, 1977, as on the rear cover, is written: "Special Dedication in memory of my son's father, the late Marc Bolan, whom we miss very much."
Background
On September 16, 1977, a car driven by Jones and containing Bolan as a passenger slammed into a tree in London. Jones was wearing a seat belt at the time of the crash on that day, but Bolan was not wearing a seat belt. She was conscious after the crash. Bolan was found unconscious in the passenger seat of the car, which was dislodged and landed in the rear of the car after the impact. Both had spent the evening having dinner at the Mayfair restaurant. Bolan was pronounced dead at the scene on the arrival of paramedics; Jones survived the crash but was critically injured. She sustained a broken jaw in the crash and was sent directly to the London hospital in critical condition, where she fought for her life. Following recovery from injuries sustained in the crash, and after spending some time in the hospital, Jones finally left the United Kingdom and returned to the United States.
Track listing
"Bring on the Love (Why Can't We Be Friends)" (Gloria Jones, Richard Jones, Suzanne DePasse, Tony Jones)
"Windstorm" (Lawrence Hill, Richard Jones)
"If The Roses Don't Come (In Spring This Year)" (Addison Terry, Gloria Jones, Raymond Gibson)
"Blue Light Microphone" (Kevin Beverly, Richard Jones)
"Hooked on You Baby" (Kevin Beverly, Richard Jones)
"Vaya Con Dios (May God Be with You)" (Buddy Pepper, Inez James, Larry Russell)
"Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me (Don't Say Goodbye)" (Lawrence Hill, Richard Jones)
"Woman Is a Woman" (Lawrence Hill, Richard Jones)
Personnel
Gloria Jones - vocals
Melvin "Wah Wah" Watson, Ray Parker Jr. - guitar
Joe Sample - keyboards
Paul Humphrey - drums
Eddie "Bongo" Brown, Jack Ashford - percussion
References
^ Starr, Red. "Albums". Smash Hits (April 19 - May 2, 1979): 25.
vteGloria JonesStudio albums
Come Go with Me
Share My Love
Vixen
Windstorm
Reunited
Singles
"Tainted Love"
This 1970s R&B/soul album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gloria Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Jones"},{"link_name":"Marc Bolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Bolan"},{"link_name":"Marc Bolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Bolan"}],"text":"1978 studio album by Gloria JonesWindstorm is the fourth studio album released by Gloria Jones in 1978. The album was a dedication to Marc Bolan, who died in a car crash in London on September 16, 1977, as on the rear cover, is written: \"Special Dedication in memory of my son's father, the late Marc Bolan, whom we miss very much.\"","title":"Windstorm (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"On September 16, 1977, a car driven by Jones and containing Bolan as a passenger slammed into a tree in London.[citation needed] Jones was wearing a seat belt at the time of the crash on that day, but Bolan was not wearing a seat belt. She was conscious after the crash. Bolan was found unconscious in the passenger seat of the car, which was dislodged and landed in the rear of the car after the impact. Both had spent the evening having dinner at the Mayfair restaurant. Bolan was pronounced dead at the scene on the arrival of paramedics; Jones survived the crash but was critically injured.[citation needed] She sustained a broken jaw in the crash and was sent directly to the London hospital in critical condition, where she fought for her life.[citation needed] Following recovery from injuries sustained in the crash, and after spending some time in the hospital, Jones finally left the United Kingdom and returned to the United States.[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Bring on the Love (Why Can't We Be Friends)\" (Gloria Jones, Richard Jones, Suzanne DePasse, Tony Jones)\n\"Windstorm\" (Lawrence Hill, Richard Jones)\n\"If The Roses Don't Come (In Spring This Year)\" (Addison Terry, Gloria Jones, Raymond Gibson)\n\"Blue Light Microphone\" (Kevin Beverly, Richard Jones)\n\"Hooked on You Baby\" (Kevin Beverly, Richard Jones)\n\"Vaya Con Dios (May God Be with You)\" (Buddy Pepper, Inez James, Larry Russell)\n\"Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me (Don't Say Goodbye)\" (Lawrence Hill, Richard Jones)\n\"Woman Is a Woman\" (Lawrence Hill, Richard Jones)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melvin \"Wah Wah\" Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah_Wah_Watson"},{"link_name":"Ray Parker Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Parker_Jr."},{"link_name":"Joe Sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sample"},{"link_name":"Paul Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"Eddie \"Bongo\" Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Brown_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jack Ashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ashford"}],"text":"Gloria Jones - vocals\nMelvin \"Wah Wah\" Watson, Ray Parker Jr. - guitar\nJoe Sample - keyboards\nPaul Humphrey - drums\nEddie \"Bongo\" Brown, Jack Ashford - percussion","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Starr, Red. \"Albums\". Smash Hits (April 19 - May 2, 1979): 25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits","url_text":"Smash Hits"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Windstorm%22+album","external_links_name":"\"Windstorm\" album"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Windstorm%22+album+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Windstorm%22+album&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Windstorm%22+album+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Windstorm%22+album","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Windstorm%22+album&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windstorm_(album)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sturge_the_elder | Thomas Sturge the elder | ["1 Business career","2 Reformer and philanthropist","3 Family life","4 References","5 Further reading"] | For other uses, see Thomas Sturge (disambiguation).
Thomas Sturge seniorBorn1749Olveston, GloucestershireDied11 August 1825Bath, EnglandNationalityBritishOccupation(s)tallow chandler and oil merchantNotable workphilanthropist, education reformer
Thomas Sturge the Elder (1749 – 11 August 1825) was a London tallow chandler, oil merchant, spermaceti processor and philanthropist. He was a Quaker.
Business career
Sturge was born into a farming family at Olveston, Gloucestershire, in 1749. He was an apprentice at Poole, Dorset, by 1766, and afterwards began work as an oil-leather dresser. He seems to have been in London by 1782, where he worked as a tallow chandler and oil merchant. By 1785 he was at Walworth and then at Newington Butts, Elephant and Castle. He is also named as a spermaceti refiner there by 1791.
Reformer and philanthropist
Sturge was a devout Quaker and an elder of the society in London. Like many other Quakers, he took an interest in social reform and gave financial support to worthy causes. He took a particular interest in education and was an early supporter of Joseph Lancaster (1788–1838), a fellow Quaker, neighbour and friend at Newington Butts. Lancaster developed a system of cheap mass education for the poor known as the Lancastrian Method, in which more advanced students were employed to instruct the younger children under the direction of an adult teacher. This system of peer tutoring came to be used widely in Europe and America in the first half of the 19th century to provide basic education for many poor children who might otherwise have received no instruction at all. Sturge was a member of the Committee of the Royal British or Lancastrian System of Education by 1808, which was renamed the British and Foreign School Society in 1819.
Sturge gave his support to other forms of education. In 1804 he made a donation to the School for the Indigent Poor, St George's Fields, London. He, or his son Thomas Junior, was also supporting the education of the deaf by May 1821.
Thomas Sturge was a founding member of the Peace Society in 1816.
Family life
Sturge married Lydia Moxhan in 1790. The couple had at least ten children. Early in the 19th century, he took into the business at least four of his sons, including his namesake Thomas Sturge the younger. The firm then became Thomas Sturge & Sons.
Thomas Sturge the elder died at Bath on 11 August 1825.
References
^ England and Wales, Quaker Birth, Marriage and Death Registers, 1378–1837 (Ancestry.com).
^ Westminster Rate Books, 1634-1900 (findmypast.com)
^ Conveyancing document, dated 25 March 1791, for a property at Olveston, Gloucestershire, mentions Thomas Sturge, spermaceti refiner, Newington, Surrey (familydeeds.org).
^ He was in 1799 one of the first two financial supporters of an Ackworth School providing free education to poor children in London. (Ackworth School Catalogue, (1831) p. 1,800; Joseph Lancaster & William Corston, Improvements in Education, as it respects the Industrious Classes in the Community, London, 1804, p .2, (reprinted, Cambridge, 2014); "Lancaster's Plan for Educating Poor Children," The Belfast Monthly Magazine, Vol. 3, October 1809, p. 282.
^ Joseph Lancaster (1778–1838), Encyclopaedia Britannica
^ Cardiff Times, 15 September 1888, p. 1.
^ The Morning Chronicle, 22 July 1804.
^ List of Governors and officers of the asylum for the support and education of the deaf and dumb children of the poor, London, 1821, p. 175.
^ Ceadel, Martin (1996). The origins of war prevention: the British peace movement and international relations, 1730-1854 (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 521. ISBN 9780198226741..
^ They married at Melksham, Wiltshire, on 2 January 1790. (International Genealogical Index)
^ Howard 2015, p. 413.
^ The Times, 18 August 1825.
Further reading
Howard, Mark (August 2015). "Thomas Sturge and his fleet of South Sea whalers". International Journal of Maritime History. 27 (3): 411–433. doi:10.1177/0843871415587249. S2CID 162836593. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Sturge (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sturge_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"tallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallow"},{"link_name":"spermaceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermaceti"},{"link_name":"philanthropist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"}],"text":"For other uses, see Thomas Sturge (disambiguation).Thomas Sturge the Elder (1749 – 11 August 1825) was a London tallow chandler, oil merchant, spermaceti processor and philanthropist. He was a Quaker.","title":"Thomas Sturge the elder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olveston"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Elephant and Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_and_Castle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sturge was born into a farming family at Olveston, Gloucestershire, in 1749.[1] He was an apprentice at Poole, Dorset, by 1766, and afterwards began work as an oil-leather dresser. He seems to have been in London by 1782, where he worked as a tallow chandler and oil merchant.[2] By 1785 he was at Walworth and then at Newington Butts, Elephant and Castle. He is also named as a spermaceti refiner there by 1791.[3]","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Newington Butts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington_Butts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lancastrian Method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitorial_system"},{"link_name":"peer tutoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_tutoring"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"British and Foreign School Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_and_Foreign_School_Society"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St George's Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Fields"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"education of the deaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_education#Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Peace Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Sturge was a devout Quaker and an elder of the society in London. Like many other Quakers, he took an interest in social reform and gave financial support to worthy causes. He took a particular interest in education and was an early supporter of Joseph Lancaster (1788–1838), a fellow Quaker, neighbour and friend at Newington Butts.[4] Lancaster developed a system of cheap mass education for the poor known as the Lancastrian Method, in which more advanced students were employed to instruct the younger children under the direction of an adult teacher. This system of peer tutoring came to be used widely in Europe and America in the first half of the 19th century to provide basic education for many poor children who might otherwise have received no instruction at all.[5] Sturge was a member of the Committee of the Royal British or Lancastrian System of Education by 1808, which was renamed the British and Foreign School Society in 1819.[6]Sturge gave his support to other forms of education. In 1804 he made a donation to the School for the Indigent Poor, St George's Fields, London.[7] He, or his son Thomas Junior, was also supporting the education of the deaf by May 1821.[8]Thomas Sturge was a founding member of the Peace Society in 1816.[9]","title":"Reformer and philanthropist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sturge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sturge"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2015413-11"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Sturge married Lydia Moxhan in 1790. The couple had at least ten children.[10] Early in the 19th century, he took into the business at least four of his sons, including his namesake Thomas Sturge the younger. The firm then became Thomas Sturge & Sons.[11]Thomas Sturge the elder died at Bath on 11 August 1825.[12]","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/0843871415587249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F0843871415587249"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162836593","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162836593"}],"text":"Howard, Mark (August 2015). \"Thomas Sturge and his fleet of South Sea whalers\". International Journal of Maritime History. 27 (3): 411–433. doi:10.1177/0843871415587249. S2CID 162836593.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ceadel, Martin (1996). The origins of war prevention: the British peace movement and international relations, 1730-1854 (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 521. ISBN 9780198226741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198226741","url_text":"9780198226741"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Mark (August 2015). \"Thomas Sturge and his fleet of South Sea whalers\". International Journal of Maritime History. 27 (3): 411–433. doi:10.1177/0843871415587249. S2CID 162836593.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0843871415587249","url_text":"10.1177/0843871415587249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162836593","url_text":"162836593"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Lancaster","external_links_name":"Joseph Lancaster (1778–1838), Encyclopaedia Britannica"},{"Link":"https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/igi","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0843871415587249","external_links_name":"10.1177/0843871415587249"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162836593","external_links_name":"162836593"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishunala_Shareefa | Shishunala Sharif | ["1 Birth and early life","2 Meeting Govinda Bhatta","2.1 Thread Ceremony","2.2 The Mullah","3 Later years","4 Teachings","5 Famous Compositions","6 Film","7 References","8 External links"] | Indian social reformer, philosopher and poet
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In this Kannada name, the toponymic surname is Shishunala. It is not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Sharif.
Shishunala Sharifಸಂತ ಶಿಶುನಾಳ ಶರೀಫBornsharif(1819-03-07)7 March 1819Shishuvinahala, Shiggaon taluk (in Haveri district), KarnatakaDied3 July 1889(1889-07-03) (aged 70)ShishuvinahalaResting placeShishuvinahalaParentsImam Saheb (father)Hujjama (mother)Shishunala SharifSenior postingGuruGuru Govind Bhatta
Santha Shishunala Sharifa was an Indian social reformer, philosopher and poet.
Birth and early life
Santa Shishunala Sharifa was born on 7 March 1819 in Shishuvinahala, a village in Shigganvi (now Shiggaon) taluk (in Haveri district), Karnataka.
He was the son of Imam Saheb, who was a disciple of Hajaresha Qadri, whose dream was to unite Hinduism and Islam. Hajaresha Qadri used to give "Linga Deeksha", or initiation by tying a linga around the neck of a disciple, as per the Lingayat tradition. His father used to teach him Ramayana, Mahabharata, and even the teachings of Allama Prabhu. Legend has it that Shishunala Sharifa was conceived with the blessings of Basavanna.
When Sharifa was a boy, he was taught the tenets of both religions. In his birthplace Shishuvinahala, both Hindus and Muslims revere him as a saint at the same temple.
Meeting Govinda Bhatta
Govinda Bhatta, a Brahmin, was famous in the region as an unconventional Master. He cared little for caste or religion, and spent more time with anyone who invited him, and ate anywhere he felt like eating. Other Brahmins could not stomach his way of life.
One day, Govinda Bhatta came to Shishuvinahala, and Sharifa's father found him seated under a tree. He asked him to accept his son as disciple. In front of the father, Govinda Bhatta called the young boy and said, "Sharifa, who is your father?" The villagers laughed, but were shocked when the boy brashly said, "What kind of question are you asking? Your father and mine are the same!". Govinda Bhatta laughed, patted the boy on the back and said, "Excellent, Sharifa! The land is fertile, the seed will sprout well. O Imam, leave Him to my care! From today, He is my son!"
Sharifa followed Govinda Bhatta back to his village. The boy was found to be curious about matters beyond logic and the world, and about the secrets of creation. These qualities were nurtured by Govinda Bhatta. Society was surprised by their closeness. In the eyes of Muslims, the boy was a Kaafir (infidel) and for Brahmins, the Master was a Mleccha (outsider).
Thread Ceremony
One day, Govinda Bhatta was seated with some Brahmins at the village crossroad. Just then, Sharifa comes by. The Master calls him to sit, and the two sit very closely. The others were offended, and say, "Does that Muslim look like a Brahmin to you? You have no sense of cleanliness or social status!" Bhatta laughs, saying, "Just because you are born a Brahmin, do you think you’ll become one? None of you is a greater Brahmin than this boy!". He takes off his sacred thread puts it around Sharifa, embracing him tightly. Sharifa, overcome with feeling, prostrates himself at the Master's feet (Hakida janivarava sadhgurunatha). The Brahmins were highly offended.
The Mullah
One day, a Mullah asks Sharifa, "So, I see you’ve stopped coming to the mosque! Do you even remember what Namaz is?" To this, Sharifa calmly replies, pointing at his own body, "I dwell in this mosque, so why go and come? I am in constant worship of "I AM", so what can be greater Namaz?"
Later years
Sharifa's parents force him to marry. Sharifa goes to Bhatta and asks, "If I become a Samsari, won’t I get stuck in desire and illusion?" The Master replies, "Why are you worried? Even in the worst rain, does wind become wet? Does light become soaked? So go and get married!"
Sharifa married, and had a daughter. He worked as a schoolmaster in Karadagi, to support the family. However, his wife passes away shortly. Sharifa's neighbours adopt the child, and Sharifa quits his job. He starts participating in folk dramas, teaching simple lessons through daily experiences. Sharifa went through extreme poverty, often going without meals. However, Govinda Bhatta stood by him through all His troubles.
After Govinda Bhatta died, Sharifa lived on for another twenty years. When he started falling ill and realised his days were few, he decided to give up his body according to "Sharana" tradition, in which ash is smeared on the body, and the feet of a Jangama, or Shaivite monk, are worshipped. The monk's feet are then placed on the head, and life is given up. Nobody agreed, but on his insistence, a Jangama by name Hirematta Karibasavayya agreed. Shishunala Sharifa left his body on 3 July 1889 AD.
The people were left confused. Sharifa was born a Muslim but lived with Hindu. The leaders of both communities came together and agreed to perform the last rites as per both religions. The Quran was read simultaneously with the Hindu Mantras.
A Samadhisthan was constructed in Shishuvinahala, in a vast compound. There, statues of both Govinda Bhatta and Sharifa are visited by both Hindus and Muslims, to this day.
Teachings
When the mind gets very involved in the world and becomes agitated, hit it with the hatchet and stop it.
The Word of knowledge given by the Master annihilates the mind and makes all difficulties vanish.
As one would take good care of a horse, take care of the mind by feeding it with spiritual food. At times, whip it like a horse, so that it behaves in a manner pleasing to the Master.
This house (the body) moves around so much, yet through proper discipline, in this very house, one can experience Shiva.
Jiva, like a bird in a cage, has freedom only within the cage of body and mind. But, by the Grace of the Master, the bird is able to spread its wings to fly through the entire universe.
The Holy Feet of his Master may look small and ordinary; however, they swallow up the huge ego when the head is placed at them.
I am not the human birth, but verily the Narayana Parabramha Sadashiva. (Na Na Embudu Nanalla)
Sharifa was known to compose poems as per the situation and sing them to spread the message. Though he never wrote down his compositions, by word of mouth many of them have been passed down to future generations. The composition "Sorutihudu Maneya Maligi" can be traced to Great Famine 1876-1888 that plagued southern and western India. People dying in millions resorted to blind beliefs and faiths some even asking him to control the famine. Though the source cannot be cited, given his composition and the dire situation the people were in, this particular composition must have come during the famine years.
Famous Compositions
Kodagana koli nungitha nodavva thangi
Gudiya Nodiranna Dehada
Alabeda Thangi Alabeda
Tharavalla Thagi Ninna
Biddiyabbe Muduki
Soruthihudu Maneya Maaligi
Ellaranthavanalla Nanna Ganda
Mohada Hendathi Theerida Balika
Sneha Madabekinthavala
gudugudiya sedu nodo
lokada kalaji
Duddu Kettadu Nodanna
Na Na Embudu Nanalla
Film
Santha Shishunala Sharifa is a Kannada feature film directed by T.S. Nagabharana in 1990. The main character was played by the Kannada actor Sridhar, and the supporting cast included Girish Karnad and Suman Ranganath
Sharifa's songs have been sung by famous playback singers, notably C. Ashwath, Shimoga Subbanna, Raghu Dixit and Archana Udupa.
Raghu's self-titled debut album launched by the popular music director duo Vishal–Shekhar contains two songs "Soruthihudu Maniya Maligi" and "Gudugudiya Sedi Noda", which are compositions of Sharifa. His next album Jag Changa also has 2 songs originally written by Shishunala Sharifa "Lokada Kalaji" and "Kodagana Koli Nungitha".
References
^ "To listen Shishunala Sharifaa's songs". Kannada Audio.
^ Kannada Songs (28 October 2016), Kannada Songs | Naana Embudu Naanalla | Santha Shishunala Sharifa Movie | Sridhar,Girish Karnad, retrieved 23 March 2019
^ Array (2 February 1999), Naana Embudu (Full Song) - Gaana Yogi Pachakshra Gawai - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn, retrieved 23 March 2019
^ "Raghu Dixit: Vishal, Shekhar launch new artist Video". NDTV.com. 28 February 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
^ Music. "The Raghu Dixit Project " Music". Raghudixit.com. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
^ Gudugudiya Sedi Nodo. "The Raghu Dixit Project " Gudugudiya Sedi Nodo". Raghudixit.com. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
^ Denselow, Robin (18 April 2011). "Raghu Dixit and Hans Raj Hans – review". The Guardian. London.
^ Santha Shishunala Sharifa Saahebaru (Jeevana Charithre matthu Thathva Padagalu). Janapadha Prakaashana.
External links
Shishunala Sharifs poems in Kannada
2 Shishunala Sharifs poems in Kannada
Shishunala Sharifs poems in Kannada A good site.
Saint of Shishunal by Jyotsna Kamat
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Radio | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kannada name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_name"},{"link_name":"toponymic surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymic_surname"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}],"text":"In this Kannada name, the toponymic surname is Shishunala. It is not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Sharif.Santha Shishunala Sharifa was an Indian social reformer, philosopher and poet.","title":"Shishunala Sharif"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shishuvinahala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishuvinahala"},{"link_name":"Shiggaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiggaon"},{"link_name":"Haveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haveri_district"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Basavanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basavanna"},{"link_name":"Shishuvinahala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishuvinahala"}],"text":"Santa Shishunala Sharifa was born on 7 March 1819 in Shishuvinahala, a village in Shigganvi (now Shiggaon) taluk (in Haveri district), Karnataka.\nHe was the son of Imam Saheb, who was a disciple of Hajaresha Qadri, whose dream was to unite Hinduism and Islam. Hajaresha Qadri used to give \"Linga Deeksha\", or initiation by tying a linga around the neck of a disciple, as per the Lingayat tradition. His father used to teach him Ramayana, Mahabharata, and even the teachings of Allama Prabhu. Legend has it that Shishunala Sharifa was conceived with the blessings of Basavanna.When Sharifa was a boy, he was taught the tenets of both religions. In his birthplace Shishuvinahala, both Hindus and Muslims revere him as a saint at the same temple.","title":"Birth and early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Govinda Bhatta, a Brahmin, was famous in the region as an unconventional Master. He cared little for caste or religion, and spent more time with anyone who invited him, and ate anywhere he felt like eating. Other Brahmins could not stomach his way of life.One day, Govinda Bhatta came to Shishuvinahala, and Sharifa's father found him seated under a tree. He asked him to accept his son as disciple. In front of the father, Govinda Bhatta called the young boy and said, \"Sharifa, who is your father?\" The villagers laughed, but were shocked when the boy brashly said, \"What kind of question are you asking? Your father and mine are the same!\". Govinda Bhatta laughed, patted the boy on the back and said, \"Excellent, Sharifa! The land is fertile, the seed will sprout well. O Imam, leave Him to my care! From today, He is my son!\"Sharifa followed Govinda Bhatta back to his village. The boy was found to be curious about matters beyond logic and the world, and about the secrets of creation. These qualities were nurtured by Govinda Bhatta. Society was surprised by their closeness. In the eyes of Muslims, the boy was a Kaafir (infidel) and for Brahmins, the Master was a Mleccha (outsider).","title":"Meeting Govinda Bhatta"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Thread Ceremony","text":"One day, Govinda Bhatta was seated with some Brahmins at the village crossroad. Just then, Sharifa comes by. The Master calls him to sit, and the two sit very closely. The others were offended, and say, \"Does that Muslim look like a Brahmin to you? You have no sense of cleanliness or social status!\" Bhatta laughs, saying, \"Just because you are born a Brahmin, do you think you’ll become one? None of you is a greater Brahmin than this boy!\". He takes off his sacred thread puts it around Sharifa, embracing him tightly. Sharifa, overcome with feeling, prostrates himself at the Master's feet (Hakida janivarava sadhgurunatha). The Brahmins were highly offended.","title":"Meeting Govinda Bhatta"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Mullah","text":"One day, a Mullah asks Sharifa, \"So, I see you’ve stopped coming to the mosque! Do you even remember what Namaz is?\" To this, Sharifa calmly replies, pointing at his own body, \"I dwell in this mosque, so why go and come? I am in constant worship of \"I AM\", so what can be greater Namaz?\"","title":"Meeting Govinda Bhatta"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sharifa's parents force him to marry. Sharifa goes to Bhatta and asks, \"If I become a Samsari, won’t I get stuck in desire and illusion?\" The Master replies, \"Why are you worried? Even in the worst rain, does wind become wet? Does light become soaked? So go and get married!\"Sharifa married, and had a daughter. He worked as a schoolmaster in Karadagi, to support the family. However, his wife passes away shortly. Sharifa's neighbours adopt the child, and Sharifa quits his job. He starts participating in folk dramas, teaching simple lessons through daily experiences. Sharifa went through extreme poverty, often going without meals. However, Govinda Bhatta stood by him through all His troubles.After Govinda Bhatta died, Sharifa lived on for another twenty years. When he started falling ill and realised his days were few, he decided to give up his body according to \"Sharana\" tradition, in which ash is smeared on the body, and the feet of a Jangama, or Shaivite monk, are worshipped. The monk's feet are then placed on the head, and life is given up. Nobody agreed, but on his insistence, a Jangama by name Hirematta Karibasavayya agreed. Shishunala Sharifa left his body on 3 July 1889 AD.The people were left confused. Sharifa was born a Muslim but lived with Hindu. The leaders of both communities came together and agreed to perform the last rites as per both religions. The Quran was read simultaneously with the Hindu Mantras.A Samadhisthan was constructed in Shishuvinahala, in a vast compound. There, statues of both Govinda Bhatta and Sharifa are visited by both Hindus and Muslims, to this day.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Famine 1876-1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Famine_1876-1888&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-some_of_his_songs-1"}],"text":"When the mind gets very involved in the world and becomes agitated, hit it with the hatchet and stop it.\nThe Word of knowledge given by the Master annihilates the mind and makes all difficulties vanish.\nAs one would take good care of a horse, take care of the mind by feeding it with spiritual food. At times, whip it like a horse, so that it behaves in a manner pleasing to the Master.\nThis house (the body) moves around so much, yet through proper discipline, in this very house, one can experience Shiva.\nJiva, like a bird in a cage, has freedom only within the cage of body and mind. But, by the Grace of the Master, the bird is able to spread its wings to fly through the entire universe.\nThe Holy Feet of his Master may look small and ordinary; however, they swallow up the huge ego when the head is placed at them.\nI am not the human birth, but verily the Narayana Parabramha Sadashiva. (Na Na Embudu Nanalla)Sharifa was known to compose poems as per the situation and sing them to spread the message. Though he never wrote down his compositions, by word of mouth many of them have been passed down to future generations. The composition \"Sorutihudu Maneya Maligi\" can be traced to Great Famine 1876-1888 that plagued southern and western India. People dying in millions resorted to blind beliefs and faiths some even asking him to control the famine. Though the source cannot be cited, given his composition and the dire situation the people were in, this particular composition must have come during the famine years.\n[1]","title":"Teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kodagana koli nungitha nodavva thangi\nGudiya Nodiranna Dehada\nAlabeda Thangi Alabeda\nTharavalla Thagi Ninna\nBiddiyabbe Muduki\nSoruthihudu Maneya Maaligi\nEllaranthavanalla Nanna Ganda\nMohada Hendathi Theerida Balika\nSneha Madabekinthavala\ngudugudiya sedu nodo\nlokada kalaji\nDuddu Kettadu Nodanna\nNa Na Embudu Nanalla[2][3]","title":"Famous Compositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santha Shishunala Sharifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santha_Shishunala_Sharifa"},{"link_name":"Sridhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sridhar_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Girish Karnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Karnad"},{"link_name":"Suman Ranganath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suman_Ranganath"},{"link_name":"C. Ashwath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Ashwath"},{"link_name":"Shimoga Subbanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoga_Subbanna"},{"link_name":"Raghu Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghu_Dixit"},{"link_name":"Archana Udupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archana_Udupa"},{"link_name":"Vishal–Shekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishal%E2%80%93Shekhar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jag Changa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jag_Changa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Santha Shishunala Sharifa is a Kannada feature film directed by T.S. Nagabharana in 1990. The main character was played by the Kannada actor Sridhar, and the supporting cast included Girish Karnad and Suman RanganathSharifa's songs have been sung by famous playback singers, notably C. Ashwath, Shimoga Subbanna, Raghu Dixit and Archana Udupa.Raghu's self-titled debut album launched by the popular music director duo Vishal–Shekhar[4] contains two songs \"Soruthihudu Maniya Maligi\"[5] and \"Gudugudiya Sedi Noda\",[6] which are compositions of Sharifa.[7] His next album Jag Changa also has 2 songs originally written by Shishunala Sharifa \"Lokada Kalaji\" and \"Kodagana Koli Nungitha\".[8]","title":"Film"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"To listen Shishunala Sharifaa's songs\". Kannada Audio.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kannadaaudio.com/Songs/Bhaavageethe/home/SantaShishunalaSharifa.php","url_text":"\"To listen Shishunala Sharifaa's songs\""}]},{"reference":"Kannada Songs (28 October 2016), Kannada Songs | Naana Embudu Naanalla | Santha Shishunala Sharifa Movie | Sridhar,Girish Karnad, retrieved 23 March 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cJ3S6GV898","url_text":"Kannada Songs | Naana Embudu Naanalla | Santha Shishunala Sharifa Movie | Sridhar,Girish Karnad"}]},{"reference":"Array (2 February 1999), Naana Embudu (Full Song) - Gaana Yogi Pachakshra Gawai - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn, retrieved 23 March 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/naana-embudu/JgIPBA5JWgI","url_text":"Naana Embudu (Full Song) - Gaana Yogi Pachakshra Gawai - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn"}]},{"reference":"\"Raghu Dixit: Vishal, Shekhar launch new artist Video\". NDTV.com. 28 February 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/raghu-dixit-vishal-shekhar-launch-new-artist/24606","url_text":"\"Raghu Dixit: Vishal, Shekhar launch new artist Video\""}]},{"reference":"Music. \"The Raghu Dixit Project \" Music\". Raghudixit.com. Retrieved 8 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://raghudixit.com/music/","url_text":"\"The Raghu Dixit Project \" Music\""}]},{"reference":"Gudugudiya Sedi Nodo. \"The Raghu Dixit Project \" Gudugudiya Sedi Nodo\". Raghudixit.com. Retrieved 8 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://raghudixit.com/gudugudiya-sedi-nodo","url_text":"\"The Raghu Dixit Project \" Gudugudiya Sedi Nodo\""}]},{"reference":"Denselow, Robin (18 April 2011). \"Raghu Dixit and Hans Raj Hans – review\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/apr/17/raghu-dixit-hans-raj-hans","url_text":"\"Raghu Dixit and Hans Raj Hans – review\""}]},{"reference":"Santha Shishunala Sharifa Saahebaru (Jeevana Charithre matthu Thathva Padagalu). Janapadha Prakaashana.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shishunala+Sharif%22","external_links_name":"\"Shishunala Sharif\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shishunala+Sharif%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shishunala+Sharif%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shishunala+Sharif%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shishunala+Sharif%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shishunala+Sharif%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.kannadaaudio.com/Songs/Bhaavageethe/home/SantaShishunalaSharifa.php","external_links_name":"\"To listen Shishunala Sharifaa's songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cJ3S6GV898","external_links_name":"Kannada Songs | Naana Embudu Naanalla | Santha Shishunala Sharifa Movie | Sridhar,Girish Karnad"},{"Link":"https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/naana-embudu/JgIPBA5JWgI","external_links_name":"Naana Embudu (Full Song) - Gaana Yogi Pachakshra Gawai - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn"},{"Link":"http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/raghu-dixit-vishal-shekhar-launch-new-artist/24606","external_links_name":"\"Raghu Dixit: Vishal, Shekhar launch new artist Video\""},{"Link":"http://raghudixit.com/music/","external_links_name":"\"The Raghu Dixit Project \" Music\""},{"Link":"http://raghudixit.com/gudugudiya-sedi-nodo","external_links_name":"\"The Raghu Dixit Project \" Gudugudiya Sedi Nodo\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/apr/17/raghu-dixit-hans-raj-hans","external_links_name":"\"Raghu Dixit and Hans Raj Hans – review\""},{"Link":"http://www.chilume.com/","external_links_name":"Shishunala Sharifs poems in Kannada"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901055248/http://kannadasaahithya.com/may_2010/shishunala_2.php","external_links_name":"2 Shishunala Sharifs poems in Kannada"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/kavanasangraha/Home/sharipha","external_links_name":"Shishunala Sharifs poems in Kannada"},{"Link":"http://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/blog/blog.php?BlogID=1375","external_links_name":"Saint of Shishunal by Jyotsna Kamat"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig! | Dig! | ["1 Cast","2 Band member reactions","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"] | 2004 American filmDig!Theatrical release posterDirected byOndi TimonerWritten byOndi TimonerProduced byOndi TimonerStarringAnton NewcombeCourtney Taylor-TaylorCinematographyVasco NunesDavid TimonerOndi TimonerEdited byOndi TimonerProductioncompaniesInterloper FilmsCelluloid DreamsDistributed byPalm PicturesRelease date
18 January 2004 (2004-01-18)
Running time107 min.CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$228,828
Dig! is a 2004 American documentary film about the collision of art and commerce through the eyes of The Dandy Warhols and The Brian Jonestown Massacre, focusing on the developing careers and the love-hate relationship of the bands' respective frontmen Courtney Taylor-Taylor and Anton Newcombe. It was shot over seven years and compiled from over 2,500 hours of footage. It won the Documentary Grand Jury Prize at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival and was acquired by the Museum of Modern Art for their permanent collection.
Cast
The Brian Jonestown Massacre
Anton Newcombe
Jeffrey Davies
Joel Gion
Matt Hollywood
Peter Hayes
Dean Taylor
The Dandy Warhols
Courtney Taylor-Taylor
Peter Holmström
Zia McCabe
Brent DeBoer
Eric Hedford
Additional cast
David LaChapelle
Genesis P-Orridge – commentator
Adam Shore – commentator
Miranda Lee Richards – musician
David Deresinski – manager
Band member reactions
Taylor-Taylor, Newcombe and Warhols guitarist Peter Holmstrom have all criticized the film as being unfair in its portrayal of Newcombe and The Brian Jonestown Massacre. On The Brian Jonestown Massacre's official website the film was denounced as reducing several years of hard work to "at best a series of punch-ups and mishaps taken out of context, and at worst bold faced lies and misrepresentation of fact." Courtney Taylor-Taylor said in an interview: "It's a movie, not a documentary She worked her ass off and forged a plot when there was no plot. She crafted the thing to swell and ebb by taking eight years of us and a year and a half of the Brian Jonestown Massacre". Holmstrom was generally displeased with the film initially, citing Timoner's use of footage that he claims "was not to be used" as a reason, but has maintained that "it's still a good film", though one "I would have done differently". Dandy Warhols drummer Brent DeBoer noted the film could have easily been a "feel-good story", but instead a few rare moments were specifically chosen to give the film a "Jerry Springer"-type storyline.
Critical reception
The film was generally very well received critically. It currently has an approval rating of 90% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 70 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "So you wanna be a rock 'n' roll star? Dig! compellingly chronicles the ups and downs of the Dandy Warhols and the Brian Jonestown Massacre, two ambitious bands whose love/hate relationship embodies many of the potential pratfalls of the music business." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
BBC Movies called it "rratic, tragic, and absolutely hilarious", saying, "Dig! is fantastic filmmaking" that "works as both a savagely funny rockumentary and a sardonic comment on the politics of selling out." An Empire review described its subject as the "microcosm of ‘indie’ music on the cusp of corporate take-over" and the film as "the perfect parable of the 1990s music industry" portraying a "riveting... mêlée of spiraling egos", also giving it a five-star rating.
Allmovie, while giving the film a generally positive review, criticized the film's emphasis, writing "DIG! isn't as concerned with differences in the groups' musical styles (few songs are heard for more than a few bars at a time) as it is with personalities and interpersonal conflict. In this regard, it echoes the purportedly superficial concerns of the fickle industry it depicts, and it's not entirely clear whether this is Timoner's intent In the end, the music should matter more than it apparently does."
PopMatters gave the film a mixed review, commenting that "The film is less effective at conveying the genius of Anton Newcombe than the madness, possibly because the latter only requires a camera and Anton himself" but ultimately called it "fascinating" as a "behind-the-music-scenes glimpse".
References
^ "Dig!". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
^ Sylvie Simmons (10 June 2005). "'I am not a movie'". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
^ a b Dan Reilly (21 July 2009). "'Dandy Warhols Call 'Dig!' a 'Dishonest' Documentary'". Spinner. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
^ a b Alex Steininger (May 2005). "Dig! The Movie: The Dandy Warhols' guitarist Peter Holmstrom discusses Dig!, the movie about The Dandy Warhols and Brian Jonestown Massacre". In Music We Trust. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
^ Anton Newcombe. "dig statement". brianjonestownmassacre.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
^ Alex Hannafoud (22 August 2005). "Fine And Dandy". The Big Issue. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ "Dig! (2003)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ "Dig! Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ Jamie Russell (28 June 2005). "Dig! (2005)". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^ "Empire's DiG! Movie Review". empireonline.com. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
^ Josh Ralske. "Dig! (2003)". Allmovie. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^ "Dig! (2004)". PopMatters. 1 October 2004. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
External links
Dig! at IMDb
vteThe Brian Jonestown Massacre
Anton Newcombe
Ryan Van Kriedt
Ricky Maymi
Dan Allaire
Rob Campanella
Collin Hegna
Joel Gion
Matt Hollywood
Peter Hayes
Jeffrey Davies
Frankie "Teardrop" Emerson
Dave Koenig
Miranda Lee Richards
Bobby Hecksher
Dean Taylor
Brian Glaze
Adam Hamilton
Studio albums
Methodrone
Spacegirl and Other Favorites
Take It from the Man!
Their Satanic Majesties' Second Request
Thank God for Mental Illness
Give It Back!
Strung Out in Heaven
Bravery, Repetition and Noise
...And This Is Our Music
My Bloody Underground
Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?
Aufheben
Revelation
Musique de Film Imaginé
Third World Pyramid
Don't Get Lost
Something Else
The Brian Jonestown Massacre
The Future Is Your Past
EPs
Bringing It All Back Home – Again
We Are the Radio
Mini Album Thingy Wingy
Compilation albums
Tepid Peppermint Wonderland: A Retrospective
Related articles
Discography
Band members
Dig!
The Dandy Warhols
Black Rebel Motorcycle Club
The Dilettantes
The Out Crowd
The Lovetones
Dead Skeletons
Spindrift (band)
Dead Meadow
The Warlocks
vteThe Dandy Warhols
Courtney Taylor-Taylor
Peter Holmström
Zia McCabe
Brent DeBoer
Eric Hedford
Studio albums
Dandys Rule OK
...The Dandy Warhols Come Down
Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia
Welcome to the Monkey House
The Black Album
Odditorium or Warlords of Mars
...Earth to the Dandy Warhols...
The Dandy Warhols Are Sound
This Machine
Distortland
Why You So Crazy
Tafelmuzik Means More When You're Alone
Rockmaker
Compilation albums
Come On Feel The Dandy Warhols
The Capitol Years 1995–2007
Singles
"Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth"
"Get Off"
"Bohemian Like You"
"Godless"
"We Used to Be Friends"
"You Were the Last High"
"Plan A"
"Horny as a Dandy"
"Primary"
"Blackbird"
"You Are Killing Me"
Other songs
"All I Have to Do Is Dream"
"Inside the Outside"
Related
Discography
Dig!
The Brian Jonestown Massacre
vteSundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize: U.S. Documentary20th century
Soldier Girls (1982)
Style Wars (1984)
Seventeen (1985)
Private Conversations (1986)
Sherman's March (1987)
Beirut: The Last Home Movie (1988)
For All Mankind (1989)
H-2 Worker/Water and Power (1990)
Paris Is Burning/American Dream (1991)
A Brief History of Time (1992)
Silverlake Life: The View from Here (1993)
Freedom on My Mind (1994)
Crumb (1995)
Troublesome Creek: A Midwestern (1996)
Girls Like Us (1997)
The Farm: Angola, USA/Frat House (1998)
American Movie (1999)
21st century
Long Night's Journey into Day (2000)
Southern Comfort (2001)
Daughter from Danang (2002)
Capturing the Friedmans (2003)
Dig! (2004)
Why We Fight (2005)
God Grew Tired of Us (2006)
Manda Bala (Send a Bullet) (2007)
Trouble the Water (2008)
We Live in Public (2009)
Restrepo (2010)
How to Die in Oregon (2011)
The House I Live In (2012)
Blood Brother (2013)
Rich Hill (2014)
The Wolfpack (2015)
Weiner (2016)
Dina (2017)
The Price of Free (2018)
One Child Nation (2019)
Boys State (2020)
Summer of Soul (2021)
The Exiles (2022)
Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project (2023)
Porcelain War (2024)
Awards
Preceded byThe Corporation
Sundance Grand Jury Prize: Documentary 2004
Succeeded byWhy We Fight | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"The Dandy Warhols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dandy_Warhols"},{"link_name":"The Brian Jonestown Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre"},{"link_name":"love-hate relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%E2%80%93hate_relationship"},{"link_name":"Courtney Taylor-Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Taylor-Taylor"},{"link_name":"Anton Newcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Newcombe"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"}],"text":"Dig! is a 2004 American documentary film about the collision of art and commerce through the eyes of The Dandy Warhols and The Brian Jonestown Massacre, focusing on the developing careers and the love-hate relationship of the bands' respective frontmen Courtney Taylor-Taylor and Anton Newcombe. It was shot over seven years and compiled from over 2,500 hours of footage. It won the Documentary Grand Jury Prize at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival and was acquired by the Museum of Modern Art for their permanent collection.","title":"Dig!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anton Newcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Newcombe"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Davies_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Joel Gion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Gion"},{"link_name":"Matt Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Peter Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hayes_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dean Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Taylor_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Courtney Taylor-Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Taylor-Taylor"},{"link_name":"Peter Holmström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Holmstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Zia McCabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zia_McCabe"},{"link_name":"Brent DeBoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_DeBoer"},{"link_name":"David LaChapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_LaChapelle"},{"link_name":"Genesis P-Orridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_P-Orridge"},{"link_name":"Miranda Lee Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Lee_Richards"},{"link_name":"David Deresinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Deresinski&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Brian Jonestown MassacreAnton Newcombe\nJeffrey Davies\nJoel Gion\nMatt Hollywood\nPeter Hayes\nDean TaylorThe Dandy WarholsCourtney Taylor-Taylor\nPeter Holmström\nZia McCabe\nBrent DeBoer\nEric HedfordAdditional castDavid LaChapelle\nGenesis P-Orridge – commentator\nAdam Shore – commentator\nMiranda Lee Richards – musician\nDavid Deresinski – manager","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spinner-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In_Music_We_Trust-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Courtney Taylor-Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Taylor-Taylor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In_Music_We_Trust-4"},{"link_name":"Jerry Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Springer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spinner-3"}],"text":"Taylor-Taylor, Newcombe and Warhols guitarist Peter Holmstrom have all criticized the film as being unfair in its portrayal of Newcombe and The Brian Jonestown Massacre.[2][3][4] On The Brian Jonestown Massacre's official website the film was denounced as reducing several years of hard work to \"at best a series of punch-ups and mishaps taken out of context, and at worst bold faced lies and misrepresentation of fact.\"[5] Courtney Taylor-Taylor said in an interview: \"It's a movie, not a documentary [...] She worked her ass off and forged a plot when there was no plot. She crafted the thing to swell and ebb by taking eight years of us and a year and a half of the Brian Jonestown Massacre\".[6] Holmstrom was generally displeased with the film initially, citing Timoner's use of footage that he claims \"was not to be used\" as a reason, but has maintained that \"it's still a good film\", though one \"I would have done differently\".[4] Dandy Warhols drummer Brent DeBoer noted the film could have easily been a \"feel-good story\", but instead a few rare moments were specifically chosen to give the film a \"Jerry Springer\"-type storyline.[3]","title":"Band member reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BBC Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Allmovie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmovie"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The film was generally very well received critically. It currently has an approval rating of 90% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 70 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"So you wanna be a rock 'n' roll star? Dig! compellingly chronicles the ups and downs of the Dandy Warhols and the Brian Jonestown Massacre, two ambitious bands whose love/hate relationship embodies many of the potential pratfalls of the music business.\"[7] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[8]BBC Movies called it \"[e]rratic, tragic, and absolutely hilarious\", saying, \"Dig! is fantastic filmmaking\" that \"works as both a savagely funny rockumentary and a sardonic comment on the politics of selling out.\"[9] An Empire review described its subject as the \"microcosm of ‘indie’ music on the cusp of corporate take-over\" and the film as \"the perfect parable of the 1990s music industry\" portraying a \"riveting... mêlée of spiraling egos\", also giving it a five-star rating.[10]Allmovie, while giving the film a generally positive review, criticized the film's emphasis, writing \"DIG! isn't as concerned with differences in the groups' musical styles (few songs are heard for more than a few bars at a time) as it is with personalities and interpersonal conflict. In this regard, it echoes the purportedly superficial concerns of the fickle industry it depicts, and it's not entirely clear whether this is Timoner's intent [...] In the end, the music should matter more than it apparently does.\"[11]PopMatters gave the film a mixed review, commenting that \"The film is less effective at conveying the genius of Anton Newcombe than the madness, possibly because the latter only requires a camera and Anton himself\" but ultimately called it \"fascinating\" as a \"behind-the-music-scenes glimpse\".[12]","title":"Critical reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dig!\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2840561153/weekend/","url_text":"\"Dig!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Sylvie Simmons (10 June 2005). \"'I am not a movie'\". guardian.co.uk. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_craton | Kalahari Craton | ["1 Formation","2 See also","3 References","3.1 Bibliography"] | African geological area
Approximate location of Mesoproterozoic (older than 1.3 Ga) cratons in South America and Africa.
The Kalahari Craton is a craton, an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere, that occupies large portions of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe. It consists of two cratons separated by the Limpopo Belt: the larger Kaapvaal Craton to the south and the smaller Zimbabwe Craton to the north. The Namaqua Belt is the southern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton.
Parts of the Kalahari Craton are now in East Antarctica (the Grunehogna Craton) and West Antarctica (Haag Nunataks) and the Falkland Islands.
The name was introduced by Clifford 1970.
Formation
Following a terminology introduced in 2008, the Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic core of the craton is called the Proto-Kalahari Craton. This core plus accreted Mesoproterozoic crust and dispersed non-African fragments compose the Kalahari Craton. Before the Pan-African Orogeny, the Kalahari Craton was much larger than it is today, but its sutures and therefore its extent are difficult to locate due to later overprinting.
The Kaapvaal Craton, Zimbabwe Craton, and Limpopo Belt are made of Archaean terranes and contain crust at least 3.2 Ga and are underlain by a thick (250 km (160 mi)) layer of buoyant mantle that is producing garnets and diamonds.
During the Palaeoproterozoic the northwest margin of the Archaean core grew by accretion and had formed a Proto-Kalahari Craton by 1.75 Ga.
During the period 1.4–1.0 Ga subduction occurred along the northwest margin followed by continental collisions along the eastern and southern margins. By this time enough Mesoproterozoic crust had accreted to transform the Kalahari Craton. At 1.11 Ga, during the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia, the Kalahari Craton was affected by the Umkondo-Borg Large Igneous Province.
At c. 1.15–.98 Ga the Kalahari Craton collided with the eastern margin of Laurentia.
See also
Geology portalAfrica portalSouth Africa portal
Geology of Namibia
Geology of South Africa
Copperbelt Province
References
^ a b Zeh, Gerdes & Barton Jr 2009, Kalahari Craton, pp. 934–935
^ a b Jacobs et al. 2008, Abstract
^ a b c Jacobs et al. 2008, Introduction, pp. 2–3
^ Dalziel, Mosher & Gahagan 2000, Abstract
Bibliography
Clifford, T. N. (1970). "The structural framework of Africa". In Clifford, T.N.; Gass, I.G. (eds.). African magmatism and tectonics. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 1–26.
Dalziel, I. W.; Mosher, S.; Gahagan, L. M. (2000). "Laurentia-Kalahari collision and the assembly of Rodinia". The Journal of Geology. 108 (5): 499–513. Bibcode:2000JG....108..499D. doi:10.1086/314418. S2CID 140187051.
Jacobs, J.; Pisarevsky, S.; Thomas, R. J.; Becker, T. (2008). "The Kalahari Craton during the assembly and dispersal of Rodinia" (PDF). Precambrian Research. 160 (1–2): 142–158. Bibcode:2008PreR..160..142J. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.022. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
Zeh, A.; Gerdes, A.; Barton Jr, J. M. (2009). "Archean accretion and crustal evolution of the Kalahari Craton—the zircon age and Hf isotope record of granitic rocks from Barberton/Swaziland to the Francistown Arc". Journal of Petrology. 50 (5): 933–966. doi:10.1093/petrology/egp027.
vteMajor African geological formationsPlates
Major plates: African Plate
Minor plates: Somali Plate
Microplates: Lwandle Plate
Madagascar Plate
Rovuma Plate
Seychelles Plate
Victoria Microplate
Cratons and shields
Arabian-Nubian Shield
Congo Craton
Kaapvaal Craton
Kalahari Craton
Saharan Metacraton
Tanzania Craton
Tuareg Shield
West African Craton
Zimbabwe Craton
Shear zones
Aswa Dislocation
Broodkop Shear Zone
Central African Shear Zone
Chuan Shear Zones
Foumban Shear Zone
Kandi Fault Zone
Mwembeshi Shear Zone
Todi Shear Zone
Western Meseta Shear Zone
Orogens
Alpine Orogen
Cape Fold Belt
Damara Orogen
East African Orogen
Eburnean Orogen
Gondwanide Orogen
Kibaran Orogen
Kuunga Orogen
Mauritanide Belt
Pan-African orogens
Terra Australis Orogen
Rifts
Afar Triangle
Anza trough
Bahr el Arab rift
Benue Trough
Blue Nile rift
East African Rift
Gulf of Suez Rift
Lamu Embayment
Melut Basin
Muglad Basin
Red Sea Rift
Sangha Aulacogen
Atbara rift
Urema Valley
West and Central African Rift System
White Nile rift
Sedimentary basins
Angola Basin
Aoukar
Blue Nile Basin
Chad Basin
Congo Basin
Douala Basin
El Djouf
Karoo Basin
Gabon Basin
Iullemmeden Basin
Kufra Basin
Murzuq Basin
Niger Delta Basin
Ogaden Basin
Orange River Basin
Ouled Abdoun Basin
Owambo Basin
Reggane Basin
Rio del Rey Basin
Sirte Basin
Somali Coastal Basin
Taoudeni Basin
Tanzania Coastal Basin
Tindouf Basin
Turkana Basin
Mountain ranges
Aïr Mountains
Atlas Mountains
Aurès Mountains
Bambouk Mountains
Blue Mountains
Cameroon line
Central Pangean Mountains
Chaillu Mountains
Drakensberg
Eastern Arc Mountains
Eastern Rift mountains
Ethiopian Highlands
Great Escarpment
Great Karas Mountains
Guinea Highlands
Hoggar Mountains
Imatong Mountains
Jebel Uweinat
Loma Mountains
Mandara Mountains
Marrah Mountains
Mitumba Mountains
Nuba Mountains
Rif Mountains
Rwenzori Mountains
Sankwala Mountains
Serra da Leba
Serra da Chela
Teffedest Mountains
Tibesti Mountains
Inselbergs (aka koppie)
Anti-Atlas
Mount Gorongosa
Jugurtha Tableland
Mount Mabu
Mulanje Massif
Mont Niénokoué
Wase Rock
Zuma Rock
List of inselbergs
vteContinents of Earth
Africa
Antarctica
Asia
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North America
South America
Afro-Eurasia
Americas
Eurasia
Oceania
Prehistoric supercontinentsColumbia
Gondwana
Kenorland
Laurasia
Nena
Pangaea
Pannotia
Rodinia
Ur
Vaalbara
Other prehistoric continentsAmazonia
Arctica
Asiamerica
Atlantica
Avalonia
Baltica
Chilenia
Cimmeria
Congo Craton
Cuyania
East Antarctica
Euramerica
Kalaharia
Kazakhstania
Laramidia
Laurentia
North China
Pampia
Sahul
Siberia
South China
Submerged continent/lands and microcontinentsBeringia
Cathaysia
Doggerland
Great Australian Bight
Jan Mayen
Kerguelen Plateau
Madagascar
Mauritia
Sahul
Seychelles
Sunda
Zealandia
Possible future supercontinentsAmasia
Aurica
Novopangaea
Pangaea Proxima
Mythical, lost, and hypothesised continentsAtlantis
Hyperborea
Kumari Kandam
Lemuria
Meropis
Mu
Terra Australis
SubcontinentsAlaska
Arabia
Central America
Eastern Africa
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Greenland
Indian Subcontinent
See also: World portalRegions of the worldContinental fragment CategoryChronology of continents | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cratons_West_Gondwana.svg"},{"link_name":"Mesoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"craton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craton"},{"link_name":"continental lithosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_lithosphere"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Limpopo Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpopo_Belt"},{"link_name":"Kaapvaal Craton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaapvaal_Craton"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe Craton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Craton"},{"link_name":"Namaqua Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namaqua_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeh-etal-1"},{"link_name":"Grunehogna Craton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunehogna_Craton"},{"link_name":"Haag Nunataks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haag_Nunataks"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jac-etal-2"},{"link_name":"Clifford 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFClifford1970"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jac-intro-3"}],"text":"Approximate location of Mesoproterozoic (older than 1.3 Ga) cratons in South America and Africa.The Kalahari Craton is a craton, an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere, that occupies large portions of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe. It consists of two cratons separated by the Limpopo Belt: the larger Kaapvaal Craton to the south and the smaller Zimbabwe Craton to the north. The Namaqua Belt is the southern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton.[1]Parts of the Kalahari Craton are now in East Antarctica (the Grunehogna Craton) and West Antarctica (Haag Nunataks) and the Falkland Islands.[2]\nThe name was introduced by Clifford 1970.[3]","title":"Kalahari Craton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jac-intro-3"},{"link_name":"accreted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Pan-African Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Orogeny"},{"link_name":"sutures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suture_(geology)"},{"link_name":"overprinting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overprinting_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jac-intro-3"},{"link_name":"terranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeh-etal-1"},{"link_name":"Rodinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodinia"},{"link_name":"Umkondo-Borg Large Igneous Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umkondo-Borg_Large_Igneous_Province&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jac-etal-2"},{"link_name":"Laurentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Following a terminology introduced in 2008,[3] the Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic core of the craton is called the Proto-Kalahari Craton. This core plus accreted Mesoproterozoic crust and dispersed non-African fragments compose the Kalahari Craton. Before the Pan-African Orogeny, the Kalahari Craton was much larger than it is today, but its sutures and therefore its extent are difficult to locate due to later overprinting.[3]The Kaapvaal Craton, Zimbabwe Craton, and Limpopo Belt are made of Archaean terranes and contain crust at least 3.2 Ga and are underlain by a thick (250 km (160 mi)) layer of buoyant mantle that is producing garnets and diamonds.[1]During the Palaeoproterozoic the northwest margin of the Archaean core grew by accretion and had formed a Proto-Kalahari Craton by 1.75 Ga.\nDuring the period 1.4–1.0 Ga subduction occurred along the northwest margin followed by continental collisions along the eastern and southern margins. By this time enough Mesoproterozoic crust had accreted to transform the Kalahari Craton. At 1.11 Ga, during the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia, the Kalahari Craton was affected by the Umkondo-Borg Large Igneous Province.[2]\nAt c. 1.15–.98 Ga the Kalahari Craton collided with the eastern margin of Laurentia.[4]","title":"Formation"}] | [{"image_text":"Approximate location of Mesoproterozoic (older than 1.3 Ga) cratons in South America and Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cratons_West_Gondwana.svg/220px-Cratons_West_Gondwana.svg.png"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg"},{"title":"Geology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geology"},{"title":"Africa portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa"},{"title":"South Africa portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:South_Africa"},{"title":"Geology of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Namibia"},{"title":"Geology of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_South_Africa"},{"title":"Copperbelt Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperbelt_Province"}] | [{"reference":"Clifford, T. N. (1970). \"The structural framework of Africa\". In Clifford, T.N.; Gass, I.G. (eds.). African magmatism and tectonics. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 1–26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dalziel, I. W.; Mosher, S.; Gahagan, L. M. (2000). \"Laurentia-Kalahari collision and the assembly of Rodinia\". The Journal of Geology. 108 (5): 499–513. Bibcode:2000JG....108..499D. doi:10.1086/314418. S2CID 140187051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JG....108..499D","url_text":"2000JG....108..499D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F314418","url_text":"10.1086/314418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140187051","url_text":"140187051"}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, J.; Pisarevsky, S.; Thomas, R. J.; Becker, T. (2008). \"The Kalahari Craton during the assembly and dispersal of Rodinia\" (PDF). Precambrian Research. 160 (1–2): 142–158. Bibcode:2008PreR..160..142J. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.022. Retrieved 11 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/5580/1/Jacobs_Kalahari20.pdf","url_text":"\"The Kalahari Craton during the assembly and dispersal of Rodinia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PreR..160..142J","url_text":"2008PreR..160..142J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2007.04.022","url_text":"10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.022"}]},{"reference":"Zeh, A.; Gerdes, A.; Barton Jr, J. M. (2009). \"Archean accretion and crustal evolution of the Kalahari Craton—the zircon age and Hf isotope record of granitic rocks from Barberton/Swaziland to the Francistown Arc\". Journal of Petrology. 50 (5): 933–966. doi:10.1093/petrology/egp027.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpetrology%2Fegp027","url_text":"\"Archean accretion and crustal evolution of the Kalahari Craton—the zircon age and Hf isotope record of granitic rocks from Barberton/Swaziland to the Francistown Arc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpetrology%2Fegp027","url_text":"10.1093/petrology/egp027"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JG....108..499D","external_links_name":"2000JG....108..499D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F314418","external_links_name":"10.1086/314418"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140187051","external_links_name":"140187051"},{"Link":"http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/5580/1/Jacobs_Kalahari20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Kalahari Craton during the assembly and dispersal of Rodinia\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PreR..160..142J","external_links_name":"2008PreR..160..142J"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2007.04.022","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.022"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpetrology%2Fegp027","external_links_name":"\"Archean accretion and crustal evolution of the Kalahari Craton—the zircon age and Hf isotope record of granitic rocks from Barberton/Swaziland to the Francistown Arc\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpetrology%2Fegp027","external_links_name":"10.1093/petrology/egp027"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus:_A_Home_Movie_About_Selena | Corpus: A Home Movie About Selena | ["1 Film description","2 Comparison to other Selena movies","3 References","4 External links"] | 1999 American filmCorpus: A Home Movie About SelenaDirected byLourdes PortilloProduced byXochitl ProductionsDistributed byWomen Make MoviesRelease date
1999 (1999)
Running time47 minutesCountryUnited statesLanguageEnglish
Corpus: A Home Movie About Selena is a 1999 documentary film by Lourdes Portillo about Mexican American singer-songwriter Selena Quintanilla-Pérez. It places emphasis on the transformation of Selena from a popular entertainer into a modern-day saint and role model. This documentary uses authentic home videos, news stories, footage from concerts and a debate between intellectuals to analyze the effect of Selena and Selena's murder at the hands of Yolanda Saldivar, the president of her fan club.
Film description
Apart from showing the rapid trajectory of Selena's fame, this documentary also shows the long-lasting effect that Selena has had and continues to have. The movie contains teary interviews from people from every age group that try to talk about Selena and her effect. The film starts off with footage from Selena's death, which is quite unusual based on the fact that most people view death as the end. The effect of placing Selena's death at the beginning of the film gives the viewer the effect that Selena's death was not the end, but the beginning. This film relies a great deal on the interview with fans and family members that describe Selena's fame as influential in their lives. When interviewing some fans at the Tejano Fine Arts Academy in Corpus Christi, Selena's effect is viewed through the way that the performers emulate their idol by swiveling their hips and lip-synching to her songs. At the gravesite we continue to witness the effect that Selena continues to have through the devotion of her followers. Fans leave flowers, Selena dolls and even write intimate letters to Selena, with the faith of Selena reading it. A fan explains this devotion by stating,
“Sometimes, we see people that we want to be like them, not because of their fame, but because of the way they act with people and we just want to share that. Almost every day, we make a tribute to her in our souls, in our hearts, and in our minds.”
Another important aspect of this film is the debate between scholars about Selena's influence. Although scholars can agree on Selena being an important influence even after her death, they differ on that influence being labeled positive or negative. On one hand, scholars categorize it as positive based on the fact that Selena's body breaks away from the norm of a white, thin, blue eyed women becoming famous. Selena breaks away from the preconceived notion that beauty only exists in one form. On the other hand, other scholars do not believe that Selena is such a positive role model. As Sandra Cisneros argues,
"You are telling people to go out there and be sexy and design their own clothes. That’s not a role model that I want for any young girl. And the fact that the only outlet that you have is to be this sexual being singing songs that aren’t even that wonderful and that you have to die before you are 25 and that makes you successful. That’s how you get on the cover of the Texas Monthly, you either get shot, raped or bludgeoned.".
Selena continues to have ever lasting effects on her fans evident through their devotion at her grave site, people singing her songs, people dressing up like her or simply causing scholars to discuss her influence.
Comparison to other Selena movies
Corpus: A Home Movie about Selena differentiates itself from other Selena films based on the fact that this film's primary focus is unlike the 1997 Selena biographical drama film by Gregory Nava which primary focus is on Selena's life through her performances, this film primary focus is interviews with fans, family and friends. Focusing on interviews provides the viewer with a clear example of Selena's effect on people even after her death. Most films, including this one emphasize that Selena was becoming famous even though she failed to meet the set standards of beauty meaning skinny, blue eyes and blonde hair. Yet unlike other films, this film shows the controversy of some people who believe that Selena was not a good influence. According to critics, Selena broke with some preconceptions of beauty yet played into other stereotypes. An aspect that most films about Selena have in common is portraying Selena as a role model for the meaning of success for the working class Latinos. In this film, this idea is portrayed by disk jockey Vicente Carranza stating,
“She was the first one to hit everyone’s soul at the same time. The Mexican community, the Chicano community, the Puerto Rican community, all of them together. La raza del barrio, they all relate to her. The upper-middle class Mexican American didn’t relate to her because they didn’t want to associate with the music of the lower people. And the Anglos definitely did not because of the Spanish. But after her death there is no barrier.”.
Apart from most films portraying Selena as virtuous, Selena is also shown as a modern-day saint. This is most evident in this film through the images and interviews at Selena's gravesite. People cry and write letters not just for Selena, but to what Selena stood for according to them.
References
^ “POV - Corpus . Production Credits | PBS" PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Version 1. American Documentary, Inc., n.d. Web. 6 May 2011. <https://www.pbs.org/pov/corpus/credits.php>
^ a b c Corpus: A Home Video for Selena. Dir. Lourdes Portillo. Perf. Lourdes Portillo, Emiko Omori, Sara Chin. POV, 1999. Film
^ a b c Rangil, Viviana. Selena: two complementary cinematographic interpretations. Unknown: Rodopi, 2002. Print.
^ a b c "POV - Corpus . Production Credits | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Version 1. American Documentary, Inc., n.d. Web. 6 May 2011. <https://www.pbs.org/pov/corpus/credits.php>
^ Rangil, Viviana. Selena: two complementary cinematographic interpretations. Unknown: Rodopi, 2002. Print
External links
Corpus at IMDb
Corpus: A Home Movie About Selena in the Women Make Movies catalog
vteSelena
Albums discography
Singles discography
Songs
Videography
Awards
Studio albums
Selena
Ven Conmigo
Entre a Mi Mundo
Amor Prohibido
Dreaming of You
Soundtrack albums
Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Selena: The Series Soundtrack
Live albums
Selena Live!
Live! The Last Concert
Unforgettable: The Live Album
Selena ¡Vive!
Remix albums
Siempre Selena
Anthology
Enamorada de Ti
Moonchild Mixes
Compilation albums
16 Super Exitos Originales
Mis Mejores Canciones – 17 Super Éxitos
12 Super Éxitos
Las Reinas del Pueblo
Éxitos y Recuerdos
All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos
All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2
Ones
Greatest Hits
Momentos Intimos
Unforgettable
Dos Historias
Through the Years / A Traves de los Años
La Leyenda
Lo Mejor de Selena
Video albums
Selena Remembered
Live! The Last Concert
Performances
Family
Abraham Quintanilla (father)
A.B. Quintanilla (brother)
Chris Pérez (husband)
Related articles
Selena y Los Dinos
Fiesta de la Flor
Mirador de la Flor
To Selena, with Love
Q-Productions
Selena Etc.
Selena Forever
Selena ¡VIVE!
Selenidad
Murder of Selena
El secreto de Selena
Yolanda Saldívar
Trial of Yolanda Saldívar
Selena
Selena: The Series
Corpus: A Home Movie About Selena
Ricky Vela
Pete Astudillo
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lourdes Portillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourdes_Portillo"},{"link_name":"Mexican American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_American"},{"link_name":"Selena Quintanilla-Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Film-2"}],"text":"Corpus: A Home Movie About Selena is a 1999 documentary film by Lourdes Portillo about Mexican American singer-songwriter Selena Quintanilla-Pérez. It places emphasis on the transformation of Selena from a popular entertainer into a modern-day saint and role model.[1] This documentary uses authentic home videos, news stories, footage from concerts and a debate between intellectuals to analyze the effect of Selena and Selena's murder at the hands of Yolanda Saldivar, the president of her fan club.[2]","title":"Corpus: A Home Movie About Selena"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Film-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rangil-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rangil-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbs.org-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Film-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbs.org-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rangil-3"}],"text":"Apart from showing the rapid trajectory of Selena's fame, this documentary also shows the long-lasting effect that Selena has had and continues to have. The movie contains teary interviews from people from every age group that try to talk about Selena and her effect.[2] The film starts off with footage from Selena's death, which is quite unusual based on the fact that most people view death as the end. The effect of placing Selena's death at the beginning of the film gives the viewer the effect that Selena's death was not the end, but the beginning.[3] This film relies a great deal on the interview with fans and family members that describe Selena's fame as influential in their lives.[3] When interviewing some fans at the Tejano Fine Arts Academy in Corpus Christi, Selena's effect is viewed through the way that the performers emulate their idol by swiveling their hips and lip-synching to her songs. At the gravesite we continue to witness the effect that Selena continues to have through the devotion of her followers. Fans leave flowers, Selena dolls and even write intimate letters to Selena, with the faith of Selena reading it.[4] A fan explains this devotion by stating,“Sometimes, we see people that we want to be like them, not because of their fame, but because of the way they act with people and we just want to share that. Almost every day, we make a tribute to her in our souls, in our hearts, and in our minds.”Another important aspect of this film is the debate between scholars about Selena's influence. Although scholars can agree on Selena being an important influence even after her death, they differ on that influence being labeled positive or negative.[2] On one hand, scholars categorize it as positive based on the fact that Selena's body breaks away from the norm of a white, thin, blue eyed women becoming famous. Selena breaks away from the preconceived notion that beauty only exists in one form. On the other hand, other scholars do not believe that Selena is such a positive role model.[4] As Sandra Cisneros argues,\"You are telling people to go out there and be sexy and design their own clothes. That’s not a role model that I want for any young girl. And the fact that the only outlet that you have is to be this sexual being singing songs that aren’t even that wonderful and that you have to die before you are 25 and that makes you successful. That’s how you get on the cover of the Texas Monthly, you either get shot, raped or bludgeoned.\".[3]Selena continues to have ever lasting effects on her fans evident through their devotion at her grave site, people singing her songs, people dressing up like her or simply causing scholars to discuss her influence.","title":"Film description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbs.org-4"}],"text":"Corpus: A Home Movie about Selena differentiates itself from other Selena films based on the fact that this film's primary focus is unlike the 1997 Selena biographical drama film by Gregory Nava which primary focus is on Selena's life through her performances, this film primary focus is interviews with fans, family and friends. Focusing on interviews provides the viewer with a clear example of Selena's effect on people even after her death. Most films, including this one emphasize that Selena was becoming famous even though she failed to meet the set standards of beauty meaning skinny, blue eyes and blonde hair. Yet unlike other films, this film shows the controversy of some people who believe that Selena was not a good influence. According to critics, Selena broke with some preconceptions of beauty yet played into other stereotypes. An aspect that most films about Selena have in common is portraying Selena as a role model for the meaning of success for the working class Latinos. In this film, this idea is portrayed by disk jockey Vicente Carranza stating,“She was the first one to hit everyone’s soul at the same time. The Mexican community, the Chicano community, the Puerto Rican community, all of them together. La raza del barrio, they all relate to her. The upper-middle class Mexican American didn’t relate to her because they didn’t want to associate with the music of the lower people. And the Anglos definitely did not because of the Spanish. But after her death there is no barrier.”.[5]Apart from most films portraying Selena as virtuous, Selena is also shown as a modern-day saint.[4] This is most evident in this film through the images and interviews at Selena's gravesite. People cry and write letters not just for Selena, but to what Selena stood for according to them.","title":"Comparison to other Selena movies"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/pov/corpus/credits.php","external_links_name":"https://www.pbs.org/pov/corpus/credits.php"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/pov/corpus/credits.php","external_links_name":"https://www.pbs.org/pov/corpus/credits.php"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0204979/","external_links_name":"Corpus"},{"Link":"http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/pages/c684.shtml","external_links_name":"Corpus: A Home Movie About Selena"},{"Link":"http://www.wmm.com/","external_links_name":"Women Make Movies catalog"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_United_States | Southern United States | ["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Native American culture","2.2 European colonization","2.3 American Revolution","2.4 Antebellum years","2.5 Civil War","2.6 Reconstruction and Jim Crow era","2.7 Native American removal","2.8 1880s through 1930s","2.9 1940s through late 20th century","2.10 21st century","3 Modern economy","4 Education","5 Culture","5.1 Religion","5.2 National and international influences","6 Ethnicity","7 Sports","7.1 American football","7.2 Baseball","7.3 Auto racing","7.4 Basketball","7.5 Golf","7.6 Soccer","7.7 Major sports teams in the South","8 Health","9 Politics","9.1 Decline of Southern liberalism during the 20th century","9.2 Presidents from the South","9.3 Other politicians and political movements","10 Race relations","10.1 Native Americans","10.2 Civil rights movement","10.3 Racial integration","10.4 Congress ends segregation (1964) and guarantees voting rights (1965)","10.5 New Great Migration","11 Symbolism","12 Population centers","12.1 Major cities","12.2 Major counties","12.3 Major metropolitan areas","12.4 Major combined statistical areas","13 Southern states","14 See also","15 References","16 Further reading","17 External links"] | One of the four census regions of the US
This article is about the political region. For the geographically southern part of the United States, see Sun Belt. For the cultural region of the southern United States, see Dixie.
RegionSouthern United StatesRegion
From top, left to right: Houston skyline, Jackson Square in New Orleans, Florida International University in Florida, Rainbow Row in Charleston, Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, Tennessee farmland, Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Atlanta skyline, Great Smoky MountainsThis map reflects the Southern United States as defined by the Census Bureau.SubregionsSouth AtlanticWest South CentralEast South CentralSoutheastern United StatesDeep SouthUpland SouthMid-AtlanticCountryUnited StatesStatesAlabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia as defined by the Census Bureau. Regional definitions may vary slightly from source to source.Federal districtDistrict of ColumbiaPopulation (2020) • Total126,266,107Demonym(s)Southerner, Southron (historically)Languages
Creole languages
Kouri-ViniGullah
English variants
African-American EnglishAppalachian EnglishHigh TiderPhiladelphia EnglishAmerican Indian EnglishNew Orleans EnglishSouthern American EnglishTexan English
Indigenous languages
AlabamaCaddoCatawbanCherokeeChickasawChoctawComancheKickapooKoasatiMikasukiMuscogeeSolanoSouthern TiwaTunicaTuscarora
Louisiana FrenchSpanish
The Southern United States, sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States of America. It is between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western United States, with the Midwestern and Northeastern United States to its north and the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico to its south.
Historically, the South was defined as all states south of the 18th-century Mason–Dixon line, the Ohio River, and 36°30′ parallel. Within the South are different subregions such as the Southeast, South Central, Upper South, and Deep South. Maryland, Delaware, Washington, D.C., and Northern Virginia have become more culturally, economically, and politically aligned in certain aspects with the Northeastern United States and are often identified as part of the Northeast or Mid-Atlantic by many residents, businesses, public institutions, and private organizations. Though the possibility of officially moving the first three places to the Northeast census region was explored after the 1950 census, the United States Census Bureau continues to define all four places as formally being in the South. Due to cultural variations across the region, some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries. The South does not precisely correspond to the entire geographic south of the United States, but primarily includes the south-central and southeastern states. For example, California, which is geographically in the southwestern part of the country, is not considered part of the South. However, the geographically southeastern state of Georgia is.
The South, being home to some of the most racially diverse areas in the United States, is known for having developed its own distinct culture, with different customs, fashion, architecture, musical styles, and cuisines, which have distinguished it in many ways from other areas of the United States. From 1860 to 1861, eleven Southern states plus an additional two Southern states that were claimed and partially controlled seceded from the Union, forming the Confederate States of America. Following the American Civil War, these states were subsequently added back to the Union. Sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, historical, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States; however, this has declined since around the late 20th century, with many Southern areas becoming a melting pot of cultures and people. Ethnic groups in the South were the most diverse among American regions, and include strong European (especially English, Scots-Irish, Scottish, Irish, French, and Spanish), African, and Native American components.
The politics and economy of the region were historically dominated by a small rural elite. The historical and cultural development of the South has been profoundly influenced by the institution of slave labor, especially in the Deep South and coastal plain areas, from the early 1600s to mid-1800s. This includes the presence of a large proportion of African Americans within the population, support for the doctrine of states' rights, and legacy of racism magnified by the Civil War and Reconstruction era (1865–1877). Following effects included thousands of lynchings (mostly from 1880 to 1930), a segregated system of separate schools and public facilities established from Jim Crow laws that remained until the 1960s, and the widespread use of poll taxes and other methods to deny black and poor people the ability to vote or hold office until the 1960s. Scholars have characterized pockets of the Southern United States as being authoritarian enclaves from Reconstruction until the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
When looked at broadly, studies have shown that Southerners tend to be more conservative than most non-Southerners, with liberalism being mostly predominant in places with a Black majority or urban areas in the South. Although historically a Democratic stronghold, most states in the region have in recent decades come to favor Republicans, although both the Republican and Democratic Party are competitive in certain Southern swing states. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance, especially evangelical churches such as the Southern Baptist Convention. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture as its main economic base and was predominantly rural until after World War II. Since the 1940s, the region has become more economically diversified and metropolitan, helping attract both national and international migrants. In the 21st century, it is the fastest-growing region in the United States, with Houston being the region's largest city.
Geography
Texas Hill Country
Bluegrass region, Kentucky
Glass Mountains, Oklahoma
North Carolina's Appalachian Mountains
Field of yellow wildflowers in Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana
Pearl River backwater in Mississippi
Misty Bluff along the Buffalo River, Ozark Mountains, Arkansas
Tidal wetlands of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland
Cherry River in West Virginia
The highlands of Grayson County in Southwest Virginia
The South is a diverse meteorological region with numerous climatic zones, including temperate, sub-tropical, tropical and arid – though the South generally has a reputation as hot and humid, with long summers and short, mild winters. Most of the South – except for the areas of higher elevations and areas near the western, southern and some northern fringes – fall in the humid subtropical climate zone. Crops grow readily in the South due to its climate consistently providing growing seasons of at least six months before the first frost. Some common environments include bayous and swamplands, the southern pine forests, the warm temperate montane forest of the Appalachians, the savannas of the southern Great Plains, and the subtropical jungle and maritime forests along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Unique flora include various species of magnolia, rhododendron, cane, palm, and oak, among others. Fauna of the region is also diverse, encompassing a plethora of amphibian species, reptiles such as the green anole, the venomous cottonmouth snake, and the American alligator, mammals like the American black bear, the swamp rabbit and the nine-banded armadillo, and birds such as the roseate spoonbill and the extinct but symbolic carolina parakeet.
The question of how to define the boundaries and subregions in the South has been the focus of research and debate for centuries. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty seven percent of all U.S. residents, lived in the South, the nation's most populous region. The Census Bureau defined three smaller divisions:
The South Atlantic States: Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia.
The East South Central States: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi and Tennessee.
The West South Central States: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas.
The Council of State Governments, an organization for communication and coordination between states, includes in its South regional office the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia.
Other terms related to the South include:
The Old South: Can mean either southern states that were among the Thirteen Colonies (Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina) or all southern slave states before 1860 (which also includes Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas).
The New South: All southern states following the American Civil War, post Reconstruction era.
Southeastern United States: Usually includes the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida.
Southern Appalachia: Mainly refers to areas situated in the southern Appalachian Mountains, namely Eastern Kentucky, East Tennessee, Western North Carolina, Western Maryland, West Virginia, Southwest Virginia, North Georgia and Northwestern South Carolina.
Upper South: Usually includes Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina and on rare occasions Missouri, Maryland and Delaware. When combined with the southern Appalachian Mountains, it is sometimes referred to as "Greater Appalachia" following Ulster Protestant migrations to the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Deep South: Various definitions, usually includes Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina.
Border States: Includes Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia. These were southern slave states on or near the border of the Confederacy that did not secede or only partially seceded from the U.S. in the 1860s. Large numbers of residents who joined both the Union and Confederate armed forces. Kentucky and Missouri had Confederate state governments with the Confederate government of Missouri and the Confederate government of Kentucky. The Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war but were in-exile after 1862 and were represented in the Confederate Congress and by stars on the Confederate battle flag. West Virginia formed in 1863, after the western region of Virginia broke away to protest the Old Dominion's joining of the Confederacy, but residents of the new state were about evenly divided on supporting the Union or Confederacy.
Dixie: Nickname applied to Southern U.S. region, various definitions include certain areas more than others, but most commonly associated with the eleven former Confederate States.
Solid South: Electoral voting bloc largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, largely resulting from disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era in the late 19th century. Disfranchisement effectively denied most of the black and sometimes poor white population from voting or holding public office during this time period.
Gulf Coast: Includes Gulf coasts of Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas and Alabama.
Tidewater: Low-lying Atlantic coastal plain regions of Maryland, Delaware, Virginia and North Carolina.
Mid-South: Various definitions, includes states within the Census Bureau of the East and West South Central United States. In another informal definition, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi are included, with adjoining areas of other states.
Historically, the South was defined as all states south of the 18th century Mason–Dixon line, the Ohio River, and 36°30′ parallel. Newer definitions of the South today are harder to define, due to cultural and sub-regional differences throughout the region; however, definitions usually refer to states that are in the southeastern and south central geographic region of the United States.
Although not included in the Census definition, two U.S. territories located southeast of Florida (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) are sometimes included as part of the Southern United States. The Federal Aviation Administration includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands as part of the South, as does the Agricultural Research Service and the U.S. National Park Service.
History
Main article: History of the Southern United States
Native American culture
The first well-dated evidence of human occupation in the south United States occurs around 9500 BC with the appearance of the earliest documented Americans, who are now referred to as Paleo-Indians. Paleoindians were hunter-gatherers that roamed in bands and frequently hunted megafauna. Several cultural stages, such as Archaic (c. 8000–1000 BC) and the Woodland (c. 1000 BC – AD 1000), preceded what the Europeans found at the end of the 15th century – the Mississippian culture.
The Mississippian culture was a complex, mound-building Native American culture that flourished in what is now the Southeastern United States from approximately 800 AD to 1500 AD. Natives had elaborate and lengthy trading routes connecting their main residential and ceremonial centers extending through the river valleys and from the East Coast to the Great Lakes. Some noted explorers who encountered and described the Mississippian culture, by then in decline, included Pánfilo de Narváez (1528), Hernando de Soto (1540), and Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville (1699).
Native American descendants of the mound-builders include Alabama, Apalachee, Caddo, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Guale, Hitchiti, Houma, and Seminole peoples, all of whom still reside in the South.
Other peoples whose ancestral links to the Mississippian culture are less clear but were clearly in the region before the European incursion include the Catawba and the Powhatan.
European colonization
Further information: White Southerners
Map of the Southern Colonies, with the Proclamation Line of 1763 shown in red
The arrival of European settlers caused a massive population decline in Native Americans, due to Europeans unknowingly spreading diseases that the natives had no immunities towards, numerous violent conflicts, and forcibly relocating them.
The predominant culture of the original Southern states was English. In the 17th century, most voluntary immigrants were of English origin and settled chiefly along the eastern coast but had pushed as far inland as the Appalachian Mountains by the 18th century. The majority of early English settlers were indentured servants, who gained freedom after working off their passage. The wealthier men who paid their way received land grants known as headrights, to encourage settlement.
The Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, Texas, and Louisiana. The Spanish settled Florida in the 16th century, reaching a peak in the late 17th century, but the population was small because the Spaniards were relatively uninterested in agriculture, and Florida had no mineral resources.
King Charles II of England granted the Charter of Carolina in 1663 for land south of the British Colony of Virginia and north of Spanish Florida. He granted the land to eight lords proprietor. Charles granted the land in return for their financial and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in 1660. The granted lands included all or part of the present-day U.S. states of North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida.
In the British colonies, immigration began in 1607 and continued until the outbreak of the Revolution in 1775. Settlers cleared land, built houses and outbuildings, and on their own farms. The Southern rich owned large plantations that dominated export agriculture and used slaves. Many were involved in the labor-intensive cultivation of tobacco, the first cash crop of Virginia. Tobacco exhausted the soil quickly, requiring that farmers regularly clear new fields. They used old fields as pasture, and for crops such as corn wheat, or allowed them to grow into woodlots.
The Barbados Slave Code served as the basis for the slave codes adopted in the British American colonies, including Carolina, Georgia, and Antigua. In other colonies where the codes are not an exact copy, such as Virginia and Maryland, the influence of the Barbados Slave Code can be traced throughout various provisions.
In the mid-to-late-18th century, large groups of Ulster Scots (later called the Scotch-Irish) and people from the Anglo-Scottish border region immigrated and settled in the back country of Appalachia and the Piedmont. They were the largest group of non-English immigrants from the British Isles before the American Revolution. In the 1980 census, 34% of Southerners reported that they were of English ancestry; English was the largest reported European ancestry in every Southern state by a large margin.
The early colonists engaged in warfare, trade, and cultural exchanges. Those living in the backcountry were more likely to encounter Creek Indians, Cherokee, and Choctaws and other regional native groups.
The oldest university in the South, the College of William & Mary, was founded in 1693 in Virginia; it pioneered in the teaching of political economy and educated future U.S. Presidents Jefferson, Monroe and Tyler, all from Virginia. Indeed, the entire region dominated politics in the First Party System era: for example, four of the first five presidents – Washington, Jefferson, Madison and Monroe – were from Virginia. The two oldest public universities are also in the South: the University of North Carolina (1789) and the University of Georgia (1785).
American Revolution
Main article: Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina, 1781
The siege of Yorktown prompted Great Britain's surrender in North America during the American Revolutionary War, 1781.
During the American Revolutionary War, the Southern colonies helped embrace the Patriot cause. Virginia would provide leaders such as commander-in-chief George Washington, and the author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson.
In 1780 and 1781, the British largely halted reconquest of the northern states and concentrated on the south, where they were told there was a large Loyalist population ready to leap to arms once the royal forces arrived. The British took control of Savannah and Charleston, capturing a large American army in the process, and set up a network of bases inland. Although there were Loyalists within the Southern colonies, they were concentrated in larger coastal cities and were not great enough in number to overcome the revolutionaries. The British forces at the Battle of Monck's Corner and the Battle of Lenud's Ferry consisted entirely of Loyalists with the exception of the commanding officer (Banastre Tarleton). Both white and black Loyalists fought for the British at the Battle of Kemp's Landing in Virginia. Led by Nathanael Greene and other generals, the Americans engaged in Fabian tactics designed to wear down the British invasion force and to neutralize its strong points one by one. There were numerous battles large and small, with each side claiming some victories.
By 1781, however, British General Cornwallis moved north to Virginia, where an approaching army forced him to fortify and await rescue by the British Navy. The British Navy did arrive, but so did a stronger French fleet, and Cornwallis was trapped. American and French armies, led by George Washington, forced Cornwallis to surrender his entire army in Yorktown, Virginia in October 1781, effectively winning the North American part of the war.
The Revolution provided a shock to slavery in the South and other regions of the new country. Thousands of slaves took advantage of wartime disruption to find their own freedom, catalyzed by the British Governor Dunmore of Virginia's promise of freedom for service. Many others were removed by Loyalist owners and became slaves elsewhere in the British Empire. Between 1770 and 1790, there was a sharp decline in the percentage of blacks – from 61% to 44% in South Carolina and from 45% to 36% in Georgia. In addition, some slaveholders were inspired to free their slaves after the Revolution. They were moved by the principles of the Revolution, along with Quaker and Methodist preachers who worked to encourage slaveholders to free their slaves. Planters such as George Washington often freed slaves by their wills. In the Upper South, more than 10% of all blacks were free by 1810, a significant expansion from pre-war proportions of less than 1% free.
Antebellum years
Slaves on a South Carolina plantation (The Old Plantation, circa 1790)
Cotton became dominant in the lower South after 1800. After the invention of the cotton gin, short staple cotton could be grown more widely. This led to an explosion of cotton cultivation, especially in the frontier uplands of Georgia, Alabama and other parts of the Deep South, as well as riverfront areas of the Mississippi Delta. Migrants poured into those areas in the early decades of the 19th century, when county population figures rose and fell as swells of people kept moving west. The expansion of cotton cultivation required more slave labor, and the institution became even more deeply an integral part of the South's economy.
Grove Plantation in Tallahassee, Florida. Known officially as the Call/Collins House at the Grove. Built circa 1840.
With the opening up of frontier lands after the government forced most Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi, there was a major migration of both whites and blacks to those territories. From the 1820s through the 1850s, more than one million enslaved Africans were transported to the Deep South in forced migration, two-thirds of them by slave traders and the others by masters who moved there. Planters in the Upper South sold slaves in excess of their needs as they shifted from tobacco to mixed agriculture. Many enslaved families were broken up, as planters preferred mostly strong males for field work.
Two major political issues that festered in the first half of the 19th century caused political alignment along sectional lines, strengthened the identities of North and South as distinct regions with certain strongly opposed interests, and fed the arguments over states' rights that culminated in secession and the Civil War. One of these issues concerned the protective tariffs enacted to assist the growth of the manufacturing sector, primarily in the North. In 1832, in resistance to federal legislation increasing tariffs, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure in which a state would, in effect, repeal a Federal law. Soon a naval flotilla was sent to Charleston harbor, and the threat of landing ground troops was used to compel the collection of tariffs. A compromise was reached by which the tariffs would be gradually reduced, but the underlying argument over states' rights continued to escalate in the following decades.
Horse race meeting at Jacksonville, Alabama, 1841
The second issue concerned slavery, primarily the question of whether slavery would be permitted in newly admitted states. The issue was initially finessed by political compromises designed to balance the number of "free" and "slave" states. The issue resurfaced in a more virulent form, however, around the time of the Mexican–American War, which raised the stakes by adding new territories primarily on the Southern side of the imaginary geographic divide. Congress opposed allowing slavery in these territories.
Before the Civil War, the number of immigrants arriving at Southern ports began to increase, although the North continued to receive the most immigrants. Huguenots were among the first settlers in Charleston, along with the largest number of Orthodox Jews outside of New York City. Numerous Irish immigrants settled in New Orleans, establishing a distinct ethnic enclave now known as the Irish Channel. Germans also went to New Orleans and its environs, resulting in a large area north of the city (along the Mississippi) becoming known as the German Coast. Still greater numbers immigrated to Texas (especially after 1848), where many bought land and were farmers. Many more German immigrants arrived in Texas after the Civil War, where they created the brewing industry in Houston and elsewhere, became grocers in numerous cities, and also established wide areas of farming.
By 1840, New Orleans was the wealthiest city in the country and the third largest in population. The success of the city was based on the growth of international trade associated with products being shipped to and from the interior of the country down the Mississippi River. New Orleans also had the largest slave market in the country, as traders brought slaves by ship and overland to sell to planters across the Deep South. The city was a cosmopolitan port with a variety of jobs that attracted more immigrants than other areas of the South. Because of lack of investment, however, construction of railroads to span the region lagged behind the North. People relied most heavily on river traffic for getting their crops to market and for transportation.
Civil War
Main articles: American Civil War and Confederate States of America
Historic Southern United States. The states in light red were considered southern "border states", and gave varying degrees of support to the Confederate cause although they remained in the Union while Kentucky and Missouri had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments. This illustration depicts the original, trans-Allegheny borders of Virginia, and thus does not show West Virginia (which separated from Virginia in 1863) separately. Although members of the Five Tribes in Indian Territory (today part of Oklahoma) aligned themselves with the Confederacy, the region is not shaded because at the time it was a territory, not a state.
By 1856, the South had lost control of Congress, and was no longer able to silence calls for an end to slavery – which came mostly from the more populated, free states of the North. The Republican Party, founded in 1854, pledged to stop the spread of slavery beyond those states where it already existed. After Abraham Lincoln was elected the first Republican president in 1860, seven cotton states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America before Lincoln was inaugurated. The United States government, both outgoing and incoming, refused to recognize the Confederacy, and when the new Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered his troops to open fire on Fort Sumter in April 1861, war broke out. Only the state of Kentucky attempted to remain neutral, and it could only do so briefly. When Lincoln called for troops to suppress what he referred to as "combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary" judicial or martial means, four more states decided to secede and join the Confederacy (which then moved its capital to Richmond, Virginia). Although the Confederacy had large supplies of captured munitions and many volunteers, it was slower than the Union in dealing with the border states. While the Upland South border states of Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, as well as the District of Columbia, continued to permit slavery during the Civil War, they remained with the Union though Kentucky and Missouri both had rival Confederate governments that formed that were admitted and recognized by the Confederacy. Though early in the war, the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri. By March 1862, the Union largely controlled all the border state areas, had shut down all commercial traffic from all Confederate ports, had prevented European recognition of the Confederate government, and was poised to seize New Orleans. The rugged mountainous East Tennessee region attempted to rejoin the Union as a new state, having opposed secession and slavery compared to most of Tennessee.
In the four years of war 1861–65 the South was the primary battleground, with all but two of the major battles taking place on Southern soil. Union forces led numerous campaigns into the western Confederacy, controlling the border states in 1861, the Tennessee River, the Cumberland River and New Orleans in 1862, and the Mississippi River in 1863. In the East, however, the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee beat off attack after attack in its defense of their capital at Richmond. But when Lee tried to move north, he was repulsed (and nearly captured) at Sharpsburg (1862) and Gettysburg (1863).
Atlanta's railroad roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War
The Confederacy had the resources for a short war, but was unable to finance or supply a longer war. It reversed the traditional low-tariff policy of the South by imposing a new 15% tax on all imports from the Union. The Union blockade stopped most commerce from entering the South, and smugglers avoided the tax, so the Confederate tariff produced too little revenue to finance the war. Inflated currency was the solution, but that created distrust of the Richmond government. Because of low investment in railroads, the Southern transportation system depended primarily on river and coastal traffic by boat; both were shut down by the Union Navy. The small railroad system virtually collapsed, so that by 1864 internal travel was so difficult that the Confederate economy was crippled.
The Confederate cause was hopeless by the time Atlanta fell and William T. Sherman marched through Georgia in late 1864, but the rebels fought on until Lee's army surrendered in April 1865. Once the Confederate forces surrendered, the region moved into the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877), in a partially successful attempt to rebuild the destroyed region and grant civil rights to freed slaves.
Southerners who were against the Confederate cause during the Civil War were known as Southern Unionists. They were also known as Union Loyalists or Lincoln's Loyalists. Within the eleven Confederate states, states such as Tennessee (especially East Tennessee), Virginia (which included West Virginia at the time), and North Carolina were home to the largest populations of Unionists. Many areas of Southern Appalachia harbored pro-Union sentiment as well. As many as 100,000 men living in states under Confederate control would serve in the Union Army or pro-Union guerrilla groups. Although Southern Unionists came from all classes, most differed socially, culturally, and economically from the regions dominant pre-war planter class.
The South suffered more than the North overall, as the Union strategy of attrition warfare meant that Lee could not replace his casualties, and the total war waged by Sherman, Sheridan and other Union armies devastated the infrastructure and caused widespread poverty and distress. The Confederacy suffered military losses of 95,000 soldiers killed in action and 165,000 who died of disease, for a total of 260,000, out of a total white Southern population at the time of around 5.5 million. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and about 18% in the South. Northern military deaths were greater than Southern military deaths in absolute numbers, but were two-thirds smaller in terms of proportion of the population affected.
Reconstruction and Jim Crow era
Main articles: Reconstruction Era, Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era, and Voting rights in the United States
An African American family, photographed by O'Pierre Havens, circa 1868
After the Civil War, the South was devastated in terms of infrastructure and economy. Because of states' reluctance to grant voting rights to freedmen, Congress instituted Reconstruction governments. It established military districts and governors to rule over the South until new governments could be established. Many white Southerners who had actively supported the Confederacy were temporarily disenfranchised. Rebuilding was difficult as people grappled with the effects of a new labor economy of a free market in the midst of a widespread agricultural depression. In addition, the limited infrastructure the South had was mostly destroyed by the war. At the same time, the North was rapidly industrializing. To avoid the social effects of the war, most of the Southern states initially passed black codes. During Reconstruction, these were mostly legally nullified by federal law and anti-Confederate legislatures, which existed for a short time during Reconstruction.
There were thousands of people on the move, as African Americans tried to reunite families separated by slave sales, and sometimes migrated for better opportunities in towns or other states. Other freed people moved from plantation areas to cities or towns for a chance to get different jobs. At the same time, whites returned from refuges to reclaim plantations or town dwellings. In some areas, many whites returned to the land to farm for a while. Some freedpeople left the South altogether for states such as Ohio and Indiana, and later, Kansas. Thousands of others joined the migration to new opportunities in the Mississippi and Arkansas Delta bottomlands, and Texas.
A Home on the Mississippi, by Currier and Ives, 1871
With passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States (which outlawed slavery), the 14th Amendment (which granted full U.S. citizenship to African Americans) and the 15th Amendment (which extended the right to vote to African American males), African Americans in the South were made free citizens and were given the right to vote. Under Federal protection, white and black Republicans formed constitutional conventions and state governments. Among their accomplishments were creating the first public education systems in Southern states, and providing for welfare through orphanages, hospitals and similar institutions.
Northerners came south to participate in politics and business. Some were representatives of the Freedmen's Bureau and other agencies of Reconstruction; some were humanitarians with the intent to help black people. Some were adventurers who hoped to benefit themselves by questionable methods. They were all condemned with the pejorative term of carpetbagger. Some Southerners would also take advantage of the disrupted environment and made money off various schemes, including bonds and financing for railroads. White Southerners who supported Reconstruction policies and efforts became known as scalawags.
Secret vigilante organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan – an organization sworn to perpetuate white supremacy – had arisen quickly after the war's end in the 1860s, and used lynching, physical attacks, house burnings and other forms of intimidation to keep African Americans from exercising their political rights. Although the first Klan was disrupted by prosecution by the Federal government in the early 1870s, other groups persisted. By the mid-to-late-1870s, some upper class Southerners created increasing resistance to the altered social structure. Paramilitary organizations such as the White League in Louisiana (1874), the Red Shirts in Mississippi (1875) and rifle clubs, all "White Line" organizations, used organized violence against Republicans, both black and white, to remove Republicans from political office, repress and bar black voting, and restore the Democratic Party to power. In 1876 white Democrats regained power in most of the state legislatures. They began to pass laws designed to strip African Americans and Poor Whites from the voter registration rolls. The success of late-19th century interracial coalitions in several states inspired a reaction among some white Democrats, who worked harder to prevent both groups from voting.
Despite discrimination, many blacks became property owners in areas that were still developing. For instance, 90% of the Mississippi's bottomlands were still frontier and undeveloped after the war. By the end of the century, two-thirds of the farmers in Mississippi's Delta bottomlands were black. They had cleared the land themselves and often made money in early years by selling off timber. Tens of thousands of migrants went to the Delta, both to work as laborers to clear timber for lumber companies, and many to develop their own farms. Nonetheless, the long agricultural depression, along with disenfranchisement and lack of access to credit, led to many blacks in the Delta losing their property by 1910 and becoming sharecroppers or landless workers over the following decade. More than two generations of free African Americans lost their stake in property.
Child laborers in Bluffton, South Carolina, 1913
Nearly all Southerners, black and white, suffered economically as a result of the Civil War. Within a few years cotton production and harvest was back to pre-war levels, but low prices through much of the 19th century hampered recovery. They encouraged immigration by Chinese and Italian laborers into the Mississippi Delta. While the first Chinese entered as indentured laborers from Cuba, the majority came in the early 20th century. Neither group stayed long at rural farm labor. The Chinese became merchants and established stores in small towns throughout the Delta, establishing a place between white and black.
Migrations continued in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among both blacks and whites. In the last two decades of the 19th century about 141,000 blacks left the South, and more after 1900, totaling a loss of 537,000. After that the movement increased in what became known as the Great Migration from 1910 to 1940, and the Second Great Migration through 1970. Even more whites left the South, some going to California for opportunities and others heading to Northern industrial cities after 1900. Between 1880 and 1910, the loss of whites totaled 1,243,000. Five million more left between 1940 and 1970.
From 1890 to 1908, ten of the eleven former Confederate states, along with Oklahoma upon statehood, passed disenfranchising constitutions or amendments that introduced voter registration barriers – such as poll taxes, residency requirements and literacy tests – that were hard for minorities to meet. Most African Americans, most Mexican Americans, and tens of thousands of poor whites were disenfranchised, losing the vote for decades. In some states, grandfather clauses temporarily exempted white illiterates from literacy tests. The numbers of voters dropped drastically throughout the former Confederacy as a result. This can be seen via the feature "Turnout in Presidential and Midterm Elections" at the University of Texas' Politics: Barriers to Voting. Alabama, which had established universal white suffrage in 1819 when it became a state, also substantially reduced voting by poor whites. Democrat-controlled legislatures passed Jim Crow laws to segregate public facilities and services, including transportation.
While African Americans, poor whites and civil rights groups started litigation against such provisions in the early 20th century, for decades Supreme Court decisions overturning such provisions were rapidly followed by new state laws with new devices to restrict voting. Most blacks in the former Confederacy and Oklahoma could not vote until 1965, after passage of the Voting Rights Act and Federal enforcement to ensure people could register. Despite increases in the eligible voting population with the inclusion of women, blacks, and those eighteen and over throughout this period, turnout in ex-Confederate states remained below the national average throughout the 20th century. Not until the late 1960s did all American citizens regain protected civil rights by passage of legislation following the leadership of the American Civil Rights Movement.
Historian William Chafe has explored the defensive techniques developed inside the African American community to avoid the worst features of Jim Crow as expressed in the legal system, unbalanced economic power, and intimidation and psychological pressure. Chafe says "protective socialization by blacks themselves" was created inside the community to accommodate white-imposed sanctions while subtly encouraging challenges to those sanctions. Known as "walking the tightrope", such efforts at bringing about change were only slightly effective before the 1920s, but did build the foundation that younger African Americans deployed in their aggressive, large-scale activism during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.
Native American removal
Main article: Indian removal
Native Americans were removed from their home states in the South and were sent to Oklahoma.
1880s through 1930s
Main article: Great Migration (African American)
Southern United States in 1908 from The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetter
An illustration from Houston: Where Seventeen Railroads Meet the Sea, 1913
At the end of the 19th century, white Democrats in the South had created state constitutions that were hostile to industry and business development, with anti-industrial laws extensive from the time new constitutions were adopted in the 1890s. Banks were few and small; there was little access to credit. Traditional agriculture persisted across the region. Especially in Alabama and Florida, rural minorities held control in many state legislatures long after population had shifted to industrializing cities, and legislators resisted business and modernizing interests: Alabama refused to redistrict between 1901 and 1972, long after major population and economic shifts to cities. For decades Birmingham generated the majority of revenue for the state, for instance, but received little back in services or infrastructure.
In the late 19th century, Texas rapidly expanded its railroad network, creating a network of cities connected on a radial plan and linked to the port of Galveston. Strikes and labor unrest served as a reflection of increasing industry: "in 1885 Texas ranked ninth among forty states in number of workers involved in strikes (4,000); for the six-year period it ranked fifteenth. Seventy-five of the one hundred strikes, chiefly interstate strikes of telegraphers and railway workers, occurred in the year 1886."
By 1890, Dallas became the largest city in Texas, and by 1900 it had a population of more than 42,000, which more than doubled to over 92,000 a decade later. Dallas was the harnessmaking capital of the world and a center of other manufacturing. As an example of its ambitions, in 1907 Dallas built the Praetorian Building, fifteen storeys tall and the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi, soon to be followed by other skyscrapers. Texas was transformed by a railroad network linking five important cities, among them Houston with its nearby port at Galveston, Dallas, Fort Worth, San Antonio, and El Paso. Each exceeded fifty thousand in population by 1920, with the major cities having three times that population.
Business interests were ignored by the Southern Democrat ruling class. Nonetheless, major new industries started developing in cities such as Atlanta, Georgia; Birmingham, Alabama; and Dallas, Fort Worth, and Houston, Texas. Growth began occurring at a geometric rate. Birmingham became a major steel producer and mining town, with major population growth in the early decades of the 20th century.
The first major oil well in the South was drilled at Spindletop near Beaumont, Texas, on the morning of January 10, 1901. Other oil fields were later discovered nearby in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and under the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting "Oil Boom" permanently transformed the economy of the West South Central states and produced the richest economic expansion after the Civil War.
In the early 20th century, invasion of the boll weevil devastated cotton crops in the South, producing an additional catalyst to African Americans' decisions to leave the South. From 1910 to 1970, more than 6.5 million African Americans left the South in the Great Migration to Northern and Western cities, defecting from persistent lynching, violence, segregation, poor education, and inability to vote. Black migration transformed many Northern and Western cities, creating new cultures and music. Many African Americans, like other groups, became industrial workers; others started their own businesses within the communities. Southern whites also migrated to industrial cities like Chicago, Detroit, Oakland, and Los Angeles, where they took jobs in the booming new auto and defense industry.
Photo of sharecropper family in Walker County, Alabama, circa 1937
Later, the Southern economy was dealt additional blows by the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. After the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the economy suffered significant reversals and millions were left unemployed. Beginning in 1934 and lasting until 1939, an ecological disaster of severe wind and drought caused an exodus from Texas and Arkansas, the Oklahoma Panhandle region, and the surrounding plains, in which over 500,000 Americans were homeless, hungry and jobless. Thousands would leave the region to seek economic opportunities along the West Coast.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt noted the South as the "number one priority" in terms of need of assistance during the Great Depression. His administration created programs such as the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1933 to provide rural electrification and stimulate development. Locked into low-productivity agriculture, the region's growth was slowed by limited industrial development, low levels of entrepreneurship, and the lack of capital investment.
1940s through late 20th century
Further information: United States home front during World War II
Naval Air Station Miami, circa 1942–43
World War II marked a time of dramatic change within the South from an economic standpoint, as new industries and military bases were developed by the federal government, providing much-needed capital and infrastructure in many regions. People from all parts of the US came to the South for military training and work in the region's many bases and new industries. During and after the war millions of hard-scrabble farmers, both white and black, left agriculture for other occupations and urban jobs.
The United States began mobilizing for war in a major way in the spring of 1940. The warm weather of the South proved ideal for building 60% of the Army's new training camps and nearly half the new airfields. In all, 40% of spending on new military installations went to the South. For example, in 1940 the small town of 1500 people in Starke, Florida, became the base of Camp Blanding. By March 1941, 20,000 men were constructing a permanent camp for 60,000 soldiers. Money flowed freely for the war effort, as over $4 billion went into military facilities in the South, and another $5 billion into defense plants. Major shipyards were built in Virginia, in Charleston, South Carolina, and along the Gulf Coast.
Huge warplane plants were opened in Dallas-Fort Worth and Georgia. The most secret and expensive operation was at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where unlimited amounts of locally generated electricity were used to prepare uranium for the atom bomb. The number of production workers doubled during the war. Most training centers, factories and shipyards were closed in 1945, but not all, and the families that left hardscrabble farms remained to find jobs in the growing urban South. The region had finally reached the take off stage into industrial and commercial growth, although its income and wage levels lagged well behind the national average. Nevertheless, as George B. Tindall notes, the transformation was, "The demonstration of industrial potential, new habits of mind, and a recognition that industrialization demanded community services."
Per capita income jumped 140% from 1940 to 1945, compared to 100% elsewhere in the United States. Southern income rose from 59% to 65%. Dewey Grantham says the war, "brought an abrupt departure from the South's economic backwardness, poverty, and distinctive rural life, as the region moved perceptively closer to the mainstream of national economic and social life." Since 1970, the proportion of the African American population living in the South stabilized and began slightly increasing.
Farming shifted from cotton and tobacco, to include cattle, rice, soybeans, corn, and other foods. Industrial growth increased in the 1960s and greatly accelerated into the 1980s and 1990s. Several large urban areas in Texas, Georgia, and Florida grew to over four million people. Rapid expansion in industries such as autos, telecommunications, textiles, technology, banking, and aviation gave some states in the South an industrial strength to rival large states elsewhere in the country. By the 2000 census, the South (along with the West) was leading the nation in population growth. With this growth, however, has come long commute times and air pollution problems in cities such as Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, Austin, Charlotte, and others that rely on sprawling development and highway networks.
21st century
In the 21st century, and especially after the 2010 midterm elections, the Republican Party has largely dominated the South, both at the state and federal levels. As of 2024, Republicans control both houses of the state legislatures of 10 out of the eleven former Confederate States. However, there are still some Democratic statewide officeholders in the South, such as Kentucky governor Andy Beshear, North Carolina governor Roy Cooper, Virginia's U.S. Senators Mark Warner and Tim Kaine, Georgia's U.S. Senators Raphael Warnock and Jon Ossoff, and West Virginia's U.S. Senator Joe Manchin.
In 2019, Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Southern states included: Texas with 50, Virginia with 21, Florida with 18, Georgia with 17, North Carolina with 11, and Tennessee with 10. In 2022, Texas led the nation with the most Fortune 500 company headquarters with 53. This economic expansion has enabled parts of the South to report some of the lowest unemployment rates in the United States.
Even with certain southern states and areas doing well economically, many southern states and areas still have high poverty rates when compared to the U.S. nationally. In 2021, nine out of the ten states with the highest poverty rates were in the South. Also, in 2023 all five states with the lowest GDP per capita were in the South: Mississippi, West Virginia, Arkansas, Alabama, and South Carolina.
Modern economy
In the late 20th century, the South changed dramatically. It saw a boom in its service economy, manufacturing base, high technology industries, and the financial sector. Texas in particular witnessed dramatic growth and population change with the dominance of the energy industry and tourism industries, such as the Alamo Mission in San Antonio. Tourism in Florida and along the Gulf Coast also grew steadily throughout the last decades of the 20th century.
Numerous new automobile production plants have opened in the region, or are soon to open, such as Mercedes-Benz in Tuscaloosa, Alabama; Hyundai in Montgomery, Alabama; the BMW production plant in Spartanburg, South Carolina; Toyota plants in Georgetown, Kentucky, Blue Springs, Mississippi and San Antonio; the GM manufacturing plant in Spring Hill, Tennessee; a Honda factory in Lincoln, Alabama; the Nissan North American headquarters in Franklin, Tennessee and factories in Smyrna, Tennessee and Canton, Mississippi; a Kia factory in West Point, Georgia; and the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant in Tennessee.
The two largest research parks in the country are located in the South: Research Triangle Park in North Carolina (the world's largest) and the Cummings Research Park in Huntsville, Alabama (the world's fourth largest).
In medicine, the Texas Medical Center in Houston has achieved international recognition in education, research, and patient care, especially in the fields of heart disease, cancer, and rehabilitation. In 1994 the Texas Medical Center was the largest medical center in the world including fourteen hospitals, two medical schools, four colleges of nursing, and six university systems. The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center is consistently ranked the No. 1 cancer research and treatment center in the United States.
Many major banking corporations have headquarters in the region. Bank of America and Truist Financial are in Charlotte. Wachovia was headquartered there before its purchase by Wells Fargo. Regions Financial Corporation is in Birmingham, as is AmSouth Bancorporation, and previously BBVA Compass before its acquisition by PNC Financial Services. Atlanta is the district headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.
Many corporations are headquartered in Atlanta and its surrounding area, such as The Coca-Cola Company, Delta Air Lines, and The Home Depot, and also many cable television networks, such as the Turner Broadcasting System (CNN, TBS, TNT, Turner South, Cartoon Network) and The Weather Channel.
Education
Southern public schools in the past have ranked in the lower half of some national surveys. When allowance for race is considered, a 2007 US Government list of test scores often shows white fourth and eighth graders performing better than average for reading and math; while black fourth and eighth graders also performed better than average. This comparison does not hold across the board. Mississippi often scores lower than national averages, no matter how statistics are compared. Newer data from 2009 suggests that secondary school education in the South is on par nationally, with 72% of high schoolers graduating compared to 73% nationwide.
The Southern United States is home to some of the nation's largest and most prominent public and private institutions of higher education. Notable public colleges and universities in the South include:
University of Texas at Austin
Virginia Tech
University of Miami
Rice University
University of Virginia
Virginia Commonwealth University
University of Texas at Austin
University of Houston
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Florida State University
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Georgia State University
Georgia Tech
George Mason University
University of Florida
University of Georgia
Texas A&M University
Florida A&M University
North Carolina A&T State University
University of Tennessee
College of William & Mary
North Carolina State University
University of Maryland, College Park
University of Mississippi
Auburn University
University of South Carolina
James Madison University
Virginia Tech
Louisiana State University
University of Alabama
University of Alabama at Birmingham
University of Arkansas
University of Oklahoma
University of Kentucky
University of Louisville
Virginia Military Institute
Notable private colleges and universities in the South include:
Duke University
Rice University
Vanderbilt University
Johns Hopkins University
George Washington University
Georgetown University
Emory University
University of Miami
University of Richmond
Liberty University
Tulane University
Wake Forest University
Southern Methodist University
Washington and Lee University
Davidson College
Berry College
Spelman College
Morehouse College
Howard University
Baylor University
Culture
Main article: Culture of the Southern United States
Street musicians in Maynardville, Tennessee, in 1935
Several Southern states (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) were among the British colonies that sent delegates to sign the Declaration of Independence and then fought against the government (Great Britain), along with the Middle and New England colonies, during the Revolutionary War. The basis for much of Southern culture derives from these states being among the original Thirteen Colonies, and from much of the population of the colonial South having ancestral links to colonists who emigrated west. Southern manners and customs reflect the relationship with England that was held by the early population.
Overall, the South has had lower housing values, lower household incomes, and lower cost of living than the rest of the United States. These factors, combined with the fact that Southerners have continued to maintain strong loyalty to family ties, has led some sociologists to label white Southerners an ethnic or quasi-ethnic group, though this interpretation has been subject to criticism on the grounds that proponents of the view do not satisfactorily indicate how Southerners meet the criteria of ethnicity.
The predominant culture of the South has its origins with the settlement of the region by large groups of people from parts of southern England such as Sussex, Kent, the West Country, and East Anglia who moved to the Tidewater and the eastern parts of the Deep South in the 17th and early 18th centuries, Northern English, Scots lowlanders and Ulster-Scots (later called the Scotch-Irish) who settled in Appalachia and the Upland South in the mid to late 18th century, and the many African people who were brought to the American South as slaves. Their descendants, identified as Black or African American people, compose the United States' second-largest racial minority, accounting for 12.1% of the total population according to the 2000 census. Despite Jim Crow era outflow to the North, the majority of the black population remains concentrated in Southern states and has heavily contributed to the cultural blend of religion, food, art, and music (see spiritual, blues, jazz, R&B, soul music, country music, zydeco, bluegrass and rock and roll) that characterizes Southern culture today.
In previous censuses, the largest ancestry group identified by Southerners was English or mostly English, with 19,618,370 self-reporting "English" as an ancestry on the 1980 census, followed by 12,709,872 listing "Irish" and 11,054,127 "Afro-American". Almost a third of all Americans who claim English ancestry can be found in the American South, and over a quarter of all Southerners claim English descent as well.
Religion
The South has had a majority of its population adhering to evangelical Protestantism ever since the Second Great Awakening, although the upper classes often stayed Anglican/Episcopalian or Presbyterian. The First Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening from about 1742 to about 1850 generated large numbers of Methodists and Baptists, which remain the two main Christian confessions in the South. By 1900, the Southern Baptist Convention had become the largest Protestant denomination in the whole United States with its membership concentrated in rural areas of the South. Baptists are the most common religious group, followed by Methodists, Pentecostals and other denominations. Roman Catholics historically were concentrated in Maryland, Louisiana, and Hispanic areas such as South Texas and South Florida and along the Gulf Coast. The great majority of black Southerners are either Baptist or Methodist. Statistics show that Southern states have the highest religious attendance figures of any region in the United States, constituting the so-called Bible Belt. Pentecostalism has been strong across the South since the late 19th century.
National and international influences
Apart from its climate, the living experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and Westerners, mainly since the late 20th century, has reshaped the culture of major metropolitan areas and coastal areas.
While Hispanics have long been a major factor in Texas, millions more have arrived in other Southern states during the 1990s and early 2000s bringing values not rooted in local traditions. Historian Raymond Mohl emphasizes the role of NAFTA in lowering trade barriers and facilitating large-scale population movements. He adds other factors such as ongoing economic crisis in Mexico, new more liberal immigration policies in the United States, labor recruitment and smuggling, that have produced a major flow of Mexican and Hispanic migration to the southeast. That region's low-wage, low-skill economy readily hired cheap, reliable, nonunion labor, without asking applicants too many questions about legal status. Richard J. Gonzales argues that the rise of La Raza (Mexican American community) in terms of numbers and influence in politics, education, and language and cultural rights will grow rapidly in Texas by 2030 when demographers predict Hispanics will outnumber Anglos in Texas. However thus far their political participation and the Latino vote have been low, so the potential political impact is much higher than the actual one thus far.
Scholars have suggested that collective identity and Southern distinctiveness are thus declining in the Deep South, particularly when defined against "an earlier South that was somehow more authentic, real, more unified and distinct". On the other hand, Southerners have moved west in large numbers, especially to California and to the Midwest. Thus, journalist Michael Hirsh proposed that aspects of Southern culture have spread throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed "Southernization".
Ethnicity
See also: Black Southerners and White Southerners
Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census
The South has the largest African American population by region. The South has largely remained a black and white region. The Upland South is heavily white, with few African Americans in the subregion of the South. However, the Hispanic population has seen rapid growth in certain areas, particularly in South Florida and South Texas.
Sports
American football
Alabama plays Texas in American football for the 2010 BCS National Championship.
The Dallas Cowboys are one of the region's most popular NFL teams.
American football is heavily considered the most popular team sport in most areas of the Southern United States.
The region is home to numerous decorated and historic college football programs, particularly in the Southeastern Conference (known as the "SEC"), Atlantic Coast Conference (known as the "ACC"), and the Big 12 Conference. The SEC, consisting almost entirely of teams based in Southern states, is widely considered to be the strongest league in contemporary college football and includes the Alabama Crimson Tide, the program with the most national championships in the sport's modern history. The sport is also highly competitive and has a spectator following at the high school level, particularly in rural areas, where high school football games often serve as prominent community gatherings.
The first established professional American football team based in the South were the Washington Redskins, now called the Washington Commanders. They still retain a large following in most of Virginia and parts of Maryland. Later on, the National Football League (NFL) and American Football League (AFL) began to expand many teams in the Southern US during the 1960s, with franchises like the Atlanta Falcons, New Orleans Saints, Houston Oilers, Miami Dolphins, and the Dallas Cowboys. In later decades, NFL expansion into Southern states continued, with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers during the 1970s, along with the Carolina Panthers, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Baltimore Ravens during the 1990s. The Houston Oilers were eventually replaced by the Houston Texans, after the Oilers relocated to Nashville to become the Tennessee Titans.
Collegiate football teams
Rank
Team
League
Attendance(2019 avg/game)
1
Texas A&M Aggies
NCAA (SEC)
101,608
2
Alabama Crimson Tide
NCAA (SEC)
101,117
3
LSU Tigers
NCAA (SEC)
100,842
4
Texas Longhorns
NCAA (Big 12)
96,306
5
Georgia Bulldogs
NCAA (SEC)
92,817
6
Tennessee Volunteers
NCAA (SEC)
87,864
7
Oklahoma Sooners
NCAA (Big 12)
86,735
8
Auburn Tigers
NCAA (SEC)
84,462
9
Florida Gators
NCAA (SEC)
82,328
10
Clemson Tigers
NCAA (ACC)
80,400
11
South Carolina Gamecocks
NCAA (SEC)
73,628
12
Florida State Seminoles
NCAA (ACC)
68,288
13
Miami Hurricanes
NCAA (ACC)
61,469
14
Louisville Cardinals
NCAA (ACC)
61,290
15
Oklahoma State Cowboys
NCAA (Big 12)
60,218
16
Arkansas Razorbacks
NCAA (SEC)
59,884
17
Virginia Tech Hokies
NCAA (ACC)
59,574
18
West Virginia Mountaineers
NCAA (Big 12)
58,158
19
Mississippi State Bulldogs
NCAA (SEC)
58,057
20
Kentucky Wildcats
NCAA (SEC)
57,572
21
NC State Wolfpack
NCAA (ACC)
56,855
22
Texas Tech Red Raiders
NCAA (Big 12)
56,034
23
Ole Miss Rebels
NCAA (SEC)
55,685
24
Baylor Bears
NCAA (Big 12)
44,915
25
UCF Knights
NCAA (Big 12)
44,019
Baseball
Houston vs Texas face-off during the 2013 Lone Star Series in the American League West division of Major League Baseball
Baseball has been played in the Southern United States dating back to the mid-19th century. It was traditionally more popular than American football until the 1980s and still accounts for the largest annual attendance amongst sports played in the South. The first mention of a baseball team in Houston was on April 11, 1861. During the late 19th century and early 20th century games were common, especially once the professional leagues such as the Texas League, the Dixie League, and the Southern League were organized.
The short-lived Louisville Colonels were a part of the early National League and American Association, but ceased to exist in 1899. The first Southern Major League Baseball team after the Colonels appeared in 1962, when the Houston Colt .45s (known today as the Houston Astros) were enfranchised. Later, the Atlanta Braves came in 1966, followed by the Texas Rangers in 1972, and finally the Miami Marlins and Tampa Bay Rays in the 1990s.
College baseball appears to be more well attended in the South than elsewhere, as teams like Florida State, Arkansas, LSU, Virginia, Mississippi State, Ole Miss, South Carolina, Florida and Texas are commonly at the top of the NCAA's attendance. The South generally produces very successful collegiate baseball teams with Virginia, Vanderbilt, LSU, South Carolina, Florida and Coastal Carolina winning recent College World Series Titles.
The following is a list of each MLB team in the Southern U.S. and the total fan attendance for 2019:
Rank
Team
League
2019 overallannual attendance
1
Houston Astros
American League
2,857,367
2
Atlanta Braves
National League
2,654,920
3
Washington Nationals
National League
2,259,781
4
Texas Rangers
American League
2,133,004
5
Baltimore Orioles
American League
1,307,807
6
Tampa Bay Rays
American League
1,178,735
7
Miami Marlins
National League
811,302
Auto racing
The start of the 2015 Daytona 500, the biggest race in NASCAR, at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida
The Southern states are commonly associated with stock car racing and its most prominent competition level NASCAR, which is headquartered in Charlotte and Daytona Beach. The sport was developed in the South during the early 20th century, with stock car racing's historic mecca being Daytona Beach, where cars initially raced on the wide, flat beachfront, before the construction of Daytona International Speedway. Though the sport has attained a following throughout the United States, a majority of NASCAR races continue to take place at Southern tracks.
Basketball
Basketball is very popular throughout the Southern United States as both a recreational and spectator sport, particularly in the states of Kentucky and North Carolina. Both states are home to several prominent college basketball programs, including the Kentucky Wildcats, Louisville Cardinals, Duke Blue Devils and North Carolina Tar Heels. Other southern teams, like the Florida Gators and Virginia Cavaliers have won national championships.
NBA teams based in the South include the San Antonio Spurs, Houston Rockets, Oklahoma City Thunder, Dallas Mavericks, Washington Wizards, Charlotte Hornets, Atlanta Hawks, Orlando Magic, Memphis Grizzlies, New Orleans Pelicans, and Miami Heat. The Spurs and Heat in particular have become prominent within the NBA, with eight championships won by the two between 1999 and 2014.
Golf
Golf is a popular recreational sport in most areas of the South, with the region's warm climate allowing it to host many professional tournaments and numerous destination golf resorts, particularly in the state of Florida. The region is home to The Masters which is played at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, and has become one of the professional game's most important tournaments. One of the four major championships in Hilton Head Island, in South Carolina, is also home to a prominent American golf tournament and has several high-quality courses.
Soccer
In recent decades association football, known in the South as in the rest of the United States as "soccer", has become a popular sport at youth and collegiate levels throughout the region. The game has been historically widespread at the college level in the Atlantic coast states of Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas; which contain many of the nation's most successful college soccer programs. In particular, Virginia has won 7 NCAA National Championships, the third most of any school.
The establishment of Major League Soccer has led to professional soccer clubs in the Southern cities including FC Dallas, Houston Dynamo, D.C. United, Orlando City, Inter Miami CF, Nashville SC, Atlanta United, Austin FC and Charlotte FC. The current United States second division soccer league, the USL Championship, was initially geographically based in the coastal Southeast around clubs in Charleston, Richmond, Charlotte, Wilmington, Raleigh, Virginia Beach, and Atlanta.
Major sports teams in the South
The Southern region is home to numerous professional sports franchises in the "Big Four" leagues (NFL, NBA, NHL, and MLB), with many championships collectively among them.
Dallas-Fort Worth: Cowboys (NFL), Rangers (MLB), Mavericks (NBA), Stars (NHL)
Washington, D.C.: Washington Commanders (NFL), Nationals (MLB), Wizards (NBA), Capitals (NHL)
Miami-Fort Lauderdale: Dolphins (NFL), Marlins (MLB), Heat (NBA), Panthers (NHL)
Houston: Texans (NFL), Astros (MLB), Rockets (NBA)
Atlanta: Falcons (NFL), Braves (MLB), Hawks (NBA)
Tampa Bay: Buccaneers (NFL), Rays (MLB), Lightning (NHL)
Baltimore: Ravens (NFL), Orioles (MLB)
Charlotte: Panthers (NFL), Hornets (NBA)
Nashville: Titans (NFL), Predators (NHL)
New Orleans: Saints (NFL), Pelicans (NBA)
Orlando: Magic (NBA)
San Antonio: Spurs (NBA)
Jacksonville: Jaguars (NFL)
Oklahoma City: Thunder (NBA)
Memphis: Grizzlies (NBA)
Raleigh: Hurricanes (NHL)
Health
2020 life expectancy map of the United States
The map on the right shows that life expectancy is lower overall in most Southern states compared to the rest of the country. Obesity rates, hypertension, and diabetes are higher relative to the rest of the nation.
A study reported that six Southern states have the worst incidence of sleep disturbances in the nation, attributing the disturbances to high rates of obesity and smoking.
The South has a higher percentage of obese people and diabetics when compared to national regional averages. The region also has the largest number of people dying from stroke complications and the highest rates of cognitive decline. Life expectancy is lower and death rates are higher, when compared to national averages of other regions in the United States. This disparity reflects substantial divergence between the South and other regions since the middle of the 20th century.
The East South Central Census Division of the United States (made up of Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama) had the highest rate of inpatient hospital stays in 2012. The other divisions, West South Central (Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana) and South Atlantic (West Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida) ranked seventh and fifth. The South had a significantly higher rate of hospital discharges in 2005 than other regions of the United States, but the rate had declined to be closer to the overall national rate by 2011.
For cancer causes, the South, particularly an axis from West Virginia through Texas, leads the nation in adult obesity, adult smoking, low exercise, low fruit consumption, low vegetable consumption, all known cancer risk factors, which matches a similar high risk axis in "All Cancers Combined, Death Rates by State, 2011" from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The South is home to some of the nation's largest academic health systems, including the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Duke University Health, University of Florida Health, UNC Medical Center, University of Miami Health, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Emory Healthcare and University of South Florida Health among others.
Politics
Main article: Politics of the Southern United States
In the first decades after Reconstruction (1880s–1890s), white Democrats regained power in the state legislatures, and began to make voter registration more complicated, to reduce black voting. With a combination of intimidation, fraud and violence by paramilitary groups, they suppressed black voting and turned Republicans out of office. From 1890 to 1908, ten of eleven states ratified new constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchised most black voters and many poor white voters. This disenfranchisement persisted for six decades into the 20th century, depriving blacks and poor whites of all political representation. Because they could not vote, they could not sit on juries. They had no one to represent their interests, resulting in state legislatures consistently underfunding programs and services, such as schools, for blacks and poor whites. Scholars have characterized pockets of the Southern United States as being "authoritarian enclaves" from Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Act.
With the collapse of the Republican Party in nearly all parts of the South, the region became known as the "Solid South", and the Democratic Party after 1900 moved to a system of primaries to select their candidates. Victory in a primary was tantamount to election. From the late 1870s to the 1960s, only rarely was a state or national Southern politician a Republican, outside from Southern Republican strongholds within the Appalachian mountain districts. Southern Republicans during this period would continue to control parts of the Appalachian Mountain areas and compete for power in the former Border States. Apart from a few states (such as the Byrd Machine in Virginia, the Crump Machine in Memphis), and a few other local organizations, the Democratic Party itself was very lightly organized. It managed primaries but party officials had little other role. To be successful a politician built his own network of friends, neighbors and allies. Reelection was the norm, and the result from 1910 to the late 20th century was that Southern Democrats in Congress had accumulated seniority, and automatically took the chairmanships of all committees. By the 1940s the Supreme Court began to find disenfranchisement measures like the "grandfather clause" and the white primary unconstitutional. Southern legislatures quickly passed other measures to keep blacks disenfranchised, even after suffrage was extended more widely to poor whites. Because white Democrats controlled all the Southern seats in the U.S. Congress, they had outsize power and could sidetrack or filibuster efforts to pass legislation they did not agree with.
A rally against school integration in Little Rock, 1959
Increasing support for civil rights legislation by the national Democratic Party beginning in 1948 caused segregationist Southern Democrats to nominate Strom Thurmond on a third-party "Dixiecrat" ticket in 1948. These Dixiecrats returned to the party by 1950, but Southern Democrats held off Republican inroads in the suburbs by arguing that only they could defend the region from the onslaught of northern liberals and the civil rights movement. In response to the Brown v. Board of Education ruling of 1954, 101 Southern congressmen (19 senators, 82 House members of which 99 were Southern Democrats and 2 were Republicans) in 1956 denounced the Brown decisions as a "clear abuse of judicial power climaxes a trend in the federal judiciary undertaking to legislate in derogation of the authority of Congress and to encroach upon the reserved rights of the states and the people." The manifesto lauded, "...those states which have declared the intention to resist enforced integration by any lawful means". It was signed by all Southern senators except Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, and Tennessee senators Albert Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver. Virginia closed schools in Warren County, Prince Edward County, Charlottesville, and Norfolk rather than integrate, but no other state followed suit. Democratic governors Orval Faubus of Arkansas, Ross Barnett of Mississippi, John Connally of Texas, Lester Maddox of Georgia, and, especially, George Wallace of Alabama resisted integration and appealed to a rural and blue-collar electorate.
U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The northern Democrats' support of civil rights issues culminated when Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which ended legal segregation and provided federal enforcement of voting rights for blacks. In the presidential election of 1964, Barry Goldwater's only electoral victories outside his home state of Arizona were in the states of the Deep South where few blacks could vote before the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Pockets of resistance to integration in public places broke out in violence during the 1960s by the shadowy Ku Klux Klan, which caused a backlash among moderates. Major resistance to school busing extended into the 1970s.
National Republicans such as Richard Nixon began to develop their Southern strategy to attract conservative white Southerners, especially the middle class and suburban voters, in addition to migrants from the North and traditional GOP pockets in Appalachia. The transition to a Republican stronghold in the South took decades. First, the states started voting Republican in presidential elections, except for native Southerners Jimmy Carter in 1976 and Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996. Then the states began electing Republican senators and finally governors. Georgia was the last state to do so, with Sonny Perdue taking the governorship in 2002. In addition to its middle class and business base, Republicans cultivated the religious right and attracted strong majorities from the evangelical or Fundamentalist vote, mostly Southern Baptists, which had not been a distinct political force prior to 1980.
Decline of Southern liberalism during the 20th century
Southern liberals were an essential part of the New Deal coalition – without them Roosevelt lacked majorities in Congress. Typical leaders were Lyndon B. Johnson in Texas, Jim Folsom and John Sparkman in Alabama, Claude Pepper in Florida, Earl Long and Hale Boggs in Louisiana, and Estes Kefauver in Tennessee. They promoted subsidies for small farmers, and supported the nascent labor union movement. An essential condition for this north–south coalition was for northern liberals to ignore the problem of racism throughout the South and elsewhere in the country. After 1945, however, northern liberals – led especially by young Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota – increasingly made civil rights a central issue. They convinced Truman to join them in 1948. The conservative Southern Democrats – the Dixiecrats – took control of the state parties in half the region and ran Strom Thurmond for president against Truman. Thurmond carried only the Deep South, but that threat was enough to guarantee the national Democratic Party in 1952 and 1956 would not make civil rights a major issue. In 1956, 101 of the 128 southern congressmen and senators signed the Southern Manifesto denouncing forced desegregation. The labor movement in the South was divided, and lost its political influence. Southern liberals were in a quandary – most of them kept quiet or moderated their liberalism, others switched sides, and the rest continued on the liberal path. One by one, the last group was defeated; historian Numan V. Bartley states, "Indeed, the very word 'liberal' gradually disappeared from the southern political lexicon, except as a term of opprobrium."
Presidents from the South
Bill Clinton, newly elected Governor of Arkansas, speaking with Jimmy Carter in 1978. Carter and Clinton were both Southern Democrats and elected to the presidencies in 1976, 1992 and 1996.
The South produced nine of the country's first twelve Presidents, including the Virginia Dynasty. After Zachary Taylor won the presidential election of 1848, no Southern politician was elected president until Woodrow Wilson in 1912. Andrew Johnson (of Tennessee) who was vice president in 1865, became president after the death of Abraham Lincoln.
Out of the last eleven U.S. presidents, six have Southern region ties: Lyndon B. Johnson (of Texas; 1963–69), Jimmy Carter (of Georgia; 1977–81), George H. W. Bush (of Texas; 1989–93), Bill Clinton (of Arkansas; 1993–2001), George W. Bush (of Texas; 2001–2009), and Joe Biden (of Delaware; 2021–present). Johnson was a native of Texas, while Carter is from Georgia, and Clinton from Arkansas. While George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush began their political careers in Texas, they were both born in New England and have their ancestral roots in that region. Similarly, while Joe Biden was born in Pennsylvania, he grew up largely in Delaware (classified as a Southern state by the U.S. Census Bureau) and spent his entire political career there.
Other politicians and political movements
The South has produced various nationally known politicians and political movements. In 1948, a group of Democratic congressmen, led by Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, split from the Democrats in reaction to an anti-segregation speech given by Minneapolis mayor and future senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota. They founded the States Rights Democratic or Dixiecrat Party. During that year's presidential election, the party ran Thurmond as its candidate and he carried four Deep South states.
In the 1968 Presidential election, Alabama Governor George C. Wallace ran for president on the American Independent Party ticket. Wallace ran a "law and order" campaign similar to that of Republican candidate, Richard Nixon. Nixon's Southern Strategy of gaining electoral votes downplayed race issues and focused on culturally conservative values, such as family issues, patriotism, and cultural issues that appealed to Southern Baptists.
In the 1994 mid-term elections, another Southern politician, Newt Gingrich, led the Republican Revolution, ushering in twelve years of GOP control of the House. Gingrich became Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 1995 and served until his resignation in 1999. The incumbent Speaker of the House, Louisiana Republican Mike Johnson, is also from the South.
Except for Bob Dole from Kansas (1985–96), all the recent Republican Senate Leaders have all been Southerners: Howard Baker (1981–1985) of Tennessee, Trent Lott (1996–2003) of Mississippi, Bill Frist (2003–2006) of Tennessee, and Mitch McConnell (2007–present) of Kentucky.
The Republican candidates for president have won the South in elections since 1972, except for 1976. The region is not, however, entirely monolithic, and every successful Democratic candidate since 1976 has claimed at least three Southern states. Barack Obama won Florida, Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, and Virginia in 2008 but did not repeat his victory in North Carolina during his 2012 reelection campaign. Joe Biden also performed well for a modern Democrat in the South, winning Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and Georgia, in the 2020 United States presidential election.
Race relations
Native Americans
Native Americans have lived in what is now termed the American South for nearly 12,000 years. More and more of their land was taken until they were defeated by settlers in a series of conflicts ending in the War of 1812 and the Seminole Wars, and most of the surviving population were removed west to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), but large numbers of Native Americans managed to stay behind by blending into the surrounding society. This was especially true of the wives of European American merchants and miners.
Civil rights movement
Main articles: Civil rights movement, Montgomery bus boycott, and Martin Luther King Jr.
The South witnessed two major events in the lives of 20th century African Americans: the Great Migration and the American Civil Rights Movement. The Great Migration began during World War I, hitting its high point during World War II. During this migration, Black people left the South to find work in Northern factories and other sectors of the economy.
The migration also empowered the growing Civil Rights Movement. While the movement existed in all parts of the United States, its focus was against disenfranchisement and the Jim Crow laws in the South. Most of the major events in the movement occurred in the South, including the Montgomery bus boycott, the Mississippi Freedom Summer, the March on Selma, Alabama, and the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. In addition, some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written in the South, such as King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Most of the civil rights landmarks can be found around the South. The Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument in Birmingham includes the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute which details Birmingham's role as the center of the Civil Rights Movement. The 16th Street Baptist Church served as a rallying point for coordinating and carrying out the Birmingham campaign as well as the adjacent Kelly Ingram Park. This park served as ground zero for the infamous children's protest that eventually led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; it has since been rededicated as a place of "Revolution and Reconciliation" and is now the setting of moving sculptures related to the battle for Civil Rights in the city. Both Kelly Ingram Park and the 16th Street Baptist Church are centerpieces of the Birmingham Civil Rights District. The Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park in Atlanta includes a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement as well as Martin Luther King Jr.'s boyhood home on Auburn Avenue. Additionally, Ebenezer Baptist Church is located in the Sweet Auburn district as is the King Center, the location of Martin Luther and Coretta Scott King's gravesites.
Racial integration
During the 1950s and 1960s, the racial integration of all-white collegiate sports teams was high on the regional agenda. Involved in it were issues of racial equality, racism, and the alumni's demand for the top players who it needed to win high-profile games. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) would take the lead. First, they started to schedule integrated teams from the North. The wake-up call came in 1966, when Don Haskins's Texas Western College team with five black starters, upset the all-white University of Kentucky team to win the NCAA national basketball championship. That happened at a time when there were no black varsity basketball teams in either the Southeastern Conference or the Southwest Conference. Finally ACC schools, typically under pressure from boosters and civil rights groups, integrated their sports teams. With an alumni base that dominated local and state politics, society and business, the ACC flagship schools were successful in their endeavor – as historian Pamela Grundy argues, they had learned how to win:
The widespread admiration that athletic ability inspired would help transform athletic fields from grounds of symbolic play to forces for social change, places where a wide range of citizens could publicly and at times effectively challenge the assumptions that cast them as unworthy of full participation in U.S. society. While athletic successes would not rid society of prejudice or stereotype – black athletes would continue to confront racial slurs... the discipline, intelligence, and poise to contend for position or influence in every arena of national life.
Congress ends segregation (1964) and guarantees voting rights (1965)
Main articles: Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965
Racial segregation was required by state laws in the South and other U.S. states until 1964.
The decisive action ending segregation came when Congress, in a bipartisan fashion, overcame Southern filibusters to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. A complex interaction of factors came together unexpectedly in the period from 1954 to 1965 to make the momentous changes possible. The Supreme Court had taken the first initiative in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) making segregation of public schools unconstitutional. Enforcement was rapid in the North and border states but was deliberately stopped in the South by the movement called Massive Resistance, sponsored by rural segregationists who largely controlled the state legislatures. Southern liberals, who counseled moderation, were shouted down by both sides and had limited impact. Much more significant was the Civil Rights Movement, especially the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) headed by Martin Luther King Jr. It largely displaced the old, much more moderate NAACP in taking leadership roles. King organized massive demonstrations, that seized massive media attention in an era when network television news was an innovative and universally watched phenomenon. SCLC, student activists and smaller local organizations staged demonstrations across the South. National attention focused on Birmingham, Alabama, where protesters deliberately provoked Bull Connor and his police forces by using young teenagers as demonstrators – and Connor arrested 900 in one day alone. The next day Connor unleashed billy clubs, police dogs, and high-pressure water hoses to disperse and punish the young demonstrators with a brutality that horrified the nation. It was very bad for business and the image of a modernizing progressive urban South. President John F. Kennedy, who had been calling for moderation, threatened to use federal troops to restore order in Birmingham. The result in Birmingham was a compromise by which the new mayor opened the library, golf courses, and other city facilities to both races, against the backdrop of church bombings and assassinations.
Confrontations continued to escalate. In the summer of 1963, there were 800 demonstrations in 200 southern cities and towns, involving over 100,000 participants and 15,000 arrests. In Alabama in June 1963, Governor George Wallace escalated the crisis by defying court orders to admit the first two black students to the University of Alabama. Kennedy responded by sending Congress a comprehensive civil rights bill and ordered Attorney General Robert Kennedy to file federal lawsuits against segregated schools and to deny funds for discriminatory programs. Doctor King launched a massive march on Washington in August 1963, bringing out 200,000 demonstrators in front of the Lincoln Memorial, the largest political assembly in the nation's history. The Kennedy administration now gave full-fledged support to the civil rights movement, but powerful southern congressmen blocked any legislation. After Kennedy was assassinated President Lyndon Johnson called for immediate passage of Kennedy civil rights legislation as a memorial to the martyred president. Johnson formed a coalition with Northern Republicans that led to passage in the House, and with the help of Republican Senate leader Everett Dirksen with passage in the Senate early in 1964. For the first time in history, the southern filibuster was broken, and the Senate finally passed its version on June 19 by a vote of 73 to 27. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most powerful affirmation of equal rights ever made by Congress. It guaranteed access to public accommodations such as restaurants and places of amusement, authorized the Justice Department to bring suits to desegregate facilities in schools, gave new powers to the Civil Rights Commission; and allowed federal funds to be cut off in cases of discrimination. Furthermore, racial, religious and gender discrimination was outlawed for businesses with 25 or more employees, as well as apartment houses. The South resisted until the last moment, but as soon as the new law was signed by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, it was widely accepted across the nation. There was only a scattering of diehard opposition, typified by restaurant owner Lester Maddox in Georgia, who became governor, but the great majority of restaurants and hotels in Georgia followed the new law as the business community realized that peaceful integration was the only way forward.
Since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, black people have gone on to hold many offices within the Southern states. Black people have been elected or appointed as mayors or police chiefs in the cities of Atlanta, Baltimore, Birmingham, Charlotte, Columbia, Dover, Houston, Jackson, Jacksonville, Memphis, Montgomery, Nashville, New Orleans, Raleigh, Richmond, and Washington. They have also gone on to serve in both the U.S. Congress and state legislatures of Southern states.
New Great Migration
Main article: New Great Migration
The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s ended Jim Crow laws across the South and other areas of the United States. In recent decades, a second migration appears to be underway, this time with African Americans from the North moving to the South in record numbers. While race relations are still a contentious issue in the South and most of the U.S., the region surpasses the rest of the country in many areas of integration and racial equality. According to 2003 report by researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Virginia Beach, Charlotte, Nashville-Davidson, and Jacksonville were the five most integrated of the nation's fifty largest cities, with Memphis at number six. Southern states tend to have a low disparity in incarceration rates between blacks and whites relative to the rest of the country.
Symbolism
Many Southerners use the Confederate battle flag to identify themselves with the South, states' rights and Southern tradition.
Such groups as the League of the South have a high regard for the secession movement of 1860, citing a desire to protect and defend Southern heritage. Numerous political battles have erupted over flying the Confederate flag over state capitols, and the naming of public buildings or highways after Confederate leaders, the prominence of certain statues and monuments, and the everyday display of Confederate insignia.
Other symbols of the South include the Bonnie Blue Flag, magnolia trees, and the song "Dixie".
Population centers
The South was predominately rural up until the 1940s. Since the mid-20th century, the population has increasingly grown in urban and metropolitan areas. The following tables show the twenty largest cities, counties, metropolitan and combined statistical areas in the South. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States.
Major cities
Houston
Dallas
Charlotte
Oklahoma City
Nashville
Washington, D.C.
Louisville
Baltimore
Atlanta
Miami
Tampa
New Orleans
Rank
City
State
Population (2021 est.)
National Rank
1
Houston
TX
2,288,250
4
2
San Antonio
TX
1,451,853
7
3
Dallas
TX
1,288,457
9
4
Austin
TX
964,177
10
5
Jacksonville
FL
954,614
12
6
Fort Worth
TX
935,508
13
7
Charlotte
NC
879,709
16
8
Oklahoma City
OK
687,725
20
9
Nashville
TN
678,851
21
10
El Paso
TX
678,415
22
11
Washington, D.C.
---
670,050
23
12
Louisville
KY
628,594
28
13
Memphis
TN
628,127
29
14
Baltimore
MD
576,498
30
15
Atlanta
GA
496,461
38
16
Raleigh
NC
469,124
41
17
Virginia Beach
VA
457,672
42
18
Miami
FL
439,890
44
19
Tulsa
OK
411,401
47
20
Tampa
FL
387,050
52
Major counties
Rank
County
Seat
State
Population (2021 est.)
1
Harris County
Houston
TX
4,779,880
2
Miami-Dade County
Miami
FL
2,721,110
3
Dallas County
Dallas
TX
2,647,850
4
Tarrant County
Fort Worth
TX
2,144,650
5
Bexar County
San Antonio
TX
2,048,290
6
Broward County
Fort Lauderdale
FL
1,966,120
7
Palm Beach County
West Palm Beach
FL
1,524,560
8
Hillsborough County
Tampa
FL
1,512,070
9
Orange County
Orlando
FL
1,417,280
10
Travis County
Austin
TX
1,328,720
11
Wake County
Raleigh
NC
1,152,740
12
Fairfax County
Fairfax
VA
1,145,670
13
Mecklenburg County
Charlotte
NC
1,143,570
14
Collin County
McKinney
TX
1,095,580
15
Fulton County
Atlanta
GA
1,091,550
16
Montgomery County
Rockville
MD
1,055,110
17
Pinellas County
Clearwater
FL
978,872
18
Duval County
Jacksonville
FL
975,961
19
Gwinnett County
Lawrenceville
GA
954,076
20
Denton County
Denton
TX
944,139
Major metropolitan areas
Rank
Metropolitan Statistical Area
State(s)
Population(2018 est.)
National Rank
1
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington
TX
7,573,136
4
2
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land
TX
6,997,384
5
3
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria
VA-MD-WV-DC
6,280,487
6
4
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach
FL
6,166,488
7
5
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell
GA
6,020,364
9
6
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater
FL
3,194,831
18
7
Baltimore-Columbia-Towson
MD
2,800,053
21
8
Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia
NC-SC
2,636,883
22
9
Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford
FL
2,608,147
23
10
San Antonio-New Braunfels
TX
2,518,036
24
11
Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky*
OH-IN-KY
2,190,209
29
12
Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos
TX
2,168,316
30
—
San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo*
PR
2,020,000
—
13
Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin
TN
1,930,961
36
14
Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News
VA-NC
1,676,822
37
15
Jacksonville
FL
1,559,514
40
16
Oklahoma City-Norman
OK
1,396,445
41
17
Raleigh-Cary
NC
1,362,540
42
18
Memphis-Forrest City
TN-MS-AR
1,350,620
43
19
Richmond-Petersburg
VA
1,291,900
44
20
Louisville
KY-IN
1,297,310
45
21
New Orleans-Metairie
LA
1,261,726
47
22
Birmingham-Hoover
AL
1,114,262
50
* Asterisk indicates part of the metropolitan area is outside the states classified as Southern by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Major combined statistical areas
Rank
Combined Statistical Area
State(s)
Population (2017 est.)
1
Washington-Baltimore-Arlington
DC-MD-VA-WV-PA
9,764,315
2
Dallas-Fort Worth
TX
7,846,293
3
Houston-The Woodlands-Baytown
TX
7,093,190
4
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie
FL
6,828,241
5
Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs
GA
6,555,956
6
Orlando-Deltona-Daytona Beach
FL
3,284,198
7
Charlotte-Concord
NC-SC
2,684,121
8
Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville
OH-KY-IN
2,238,265
9
Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill
NC
2,199,459
10
Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro
TN
2,027,489
11
Virginia Beach-Norfolk
VA-NC
1,829,195
12
Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point
NC
1,663,532
13
Jacksonville-St. Marys-Palatka
FL-GA
1,631,488
14
Louisville/Jefferson County-Elizabethtown-Madison
KY-IN
1,522,112
15
New Orleans-Metairie-Hammond
LA-MS
1,510,162
16
Oklahoma City-Shawnee
OK
1,455,935
17
Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson
SC
1,460,036
18
Memphis-Forrest City
TN-MS-AR
1,374,190
19
Birmingham-Hoover-Talladega
AL
1,364,062
20
Tulsa-Muskogee-Bartlesville
OK
1,160,612
Southern states
Listed below are states that are defined by the Census Bureau as the Southern United States. Washington, D.C. is located in the Southern United States region as defined by the Census Bureau, but serves as the capital city of the United States, and is not a state.
Rank
State
Capital
Population (2020)
National Rank
1
Texas
Austin
29,145,505
2
2
Florida
Tallahassee
21,538,187
3
3
Georgia
Atlanta
10,711,908
8
4
North Carolina
Raleigh
10,439,388
9
5
Virginia
Richmond
8,631,393
12
6
Tennessee
Nashville
6,910,840
16
7
Maryland
Annapolis
6,177,224
18
8
South Carolina
Columbia
5,118,425
23
9
Alabama
Montgomery
5,024,279
24
10
Louisiana
Baton Rouge
4,657,757
25
11
Kentucky
Frankfort
4,505,836
26
12
Oklahoma
Oklahoma City
3,959,353
28
13
Arkansas
Little Rock
3,011,524
33
14
Mississippi
Jackson
2,961,279
34
15
West Virginia
Charleston
1,793,716
39
16
Delaware
Dover
989,948
45
See also
United States portal
Albion's Seed
Antebellum architecture
Black Belt in the American South
Black Southerners
Cuisine of the Southern United States
Culture of honor (Southern United States)
List of plantations in the United States
Lost Cause of the Confederacy
Rice Belt
Southern American English
Southern art
Southern hip hop
Southern hospitality
Southernization
Southern literature
Southern rock
Southern strategy
White Southerners
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^ Matt Stiles, "The State of the Cancer Nation" Archived May 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, NPR, April 17, 2015.
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^ Michael Perman, Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South (2009)
^ Key; Southern Politics in State and Nation (1984)
^ Gordon B. McKinney (2010); Southern Mountain Republicans 1865–1900. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-9724-9
^ The classic study is V.O. Key, Southern politics in State and Nation (1949) Archived April 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Numan V. Bartley, The New South, 1945–1980 (1995) pp 455–70
^ Bernard Cosman, Five States for Goldwater Continuity and Change in Southern Presidential Voting Patterns (1966)
^ David M. Chalmers, Backfire: how the Ku Klux Klan helped the civil rights movement (2003)
^ Bartley, The New South pp 408–11
^ Earl Black and Merle Black, The Rise of Southern Republicans (2003)
^ William C. Martin, With God On Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America (2005)
^ Brent J. Aucoin, "The Southern Manifesto and Southern Opposition to Desegregation." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 55.2 (1996): 173–193 Online Archived August 7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Numan V. Bartley, The New South, 1945–1980: the story of the South's modernization (1995) pp 61, 67–73, 92, 101; quoting p. 71.
^ "Romney Bus Tour Charts Course for Battlegrounds Obama Won Archived August 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine". Businessweek. August 10, 2012.
^ Katzman, 1996
^ Don Haskins and Dan Wetzel, My Story of the 1966 NCAA Basketball Championship and How One Team Triumphed Against the Odds and Changed America Forever (2006).
^ Charles H. Martin, "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow in Southern College Sports: The Case of the Atlantic Coast Conference." North Carolina Historical Review 76.3 (1999): 253–284. online Archived April 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Richard Pennington, Breaking the Ice: The Racial Integration of Southwest Conference Football (McFarland, 1987).
^ Pamela Grundy, Learning to Win: Sports, Education, and Social Change in Twentieth-Century North Carolina (U of North Carolina Press, 2003) p 297; preview
^ Graham Allison, Framing the South: Hollywood, television, and race during the Civil Rights Struggle (2001). Archived October 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
^ Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama - The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution (2001)
^ Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modern America (1994) 228–234.
^ Dan T. Carter, The politics of rage: George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics (LSU Press, 2000).
^ Robert E. Gilbert, "John F. Kennedy and civil rights for black Americans." Presidential Studies Quarterly 12.3 (1982): 386–399. Online Archived August 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
^ Garth E. Pauley, "Presidential rhetoric and interest group politics: Lyndon B. Johnson and the Civil Rights Act of 1964." Southern Journal of Communication 63.1 (1997): 1–19.
^ Grantham, The South in Modern America (1994) 234–245.
^ David Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1989).
^ Jeanne Theoharis, A More Beautiful and Terrible History: The Uses and Misuses of Civil Rights History (2018).
^ For primary sources see John A. Kirk, ed., The Civil Rights Movement: A Documentary Reader (2020).
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^ Tony Horowitz, Confederates in the Attic (1998)
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^ The 2012 Census population estimate for the part within the South (Kentucky) is 431,997.
^ San Juan-Carolina-Caguas, PR. Archived April 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Datausa.io. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017 – United States – Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Further reading
Allen, John O. and Clayton E. Jewett (2004). Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32019-4.
Ayers, Edward L. What Caused the Civil War? Reflections on the South and Southern History (2005). ISBN 978-0-393-05947-2.
Ayers, Edward L. (1993). The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508548-8.
Billington, Monroe Lee (1975). The Political South in the 20th Century. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-13983-8.
Black, Earl & Black, Merle (2002). The Rise of Southern Republicans. Belknap press. ISBN 978-0-674-01248-6.
Cash, Wilbur J. The Mind of the South (1941). ISBN 978-0-679-73647-9.
Cooper, Christopher A. and H. Gibbs Knotts, eds. The New Politics of North Carolina (U. of North Carolina Press, 2008) ISBN 978-0-8078-5876-9
Davis, Donald, and Mark R. Stoll. Southern United States: An Environmental History (2006) ISBN 978-1-8510-9780-7
Edwards, Laura F. "Southern History as U.S. History", Journal of Southern History, 75 (Aug. 2009), 533–64.
Flynt, J. Wayne Dixie's Forgotten People: The South's Poor Whites (1979). Deals with the 20th century. ISBN 978-0-2532-1736-3
Frederickson, Kari. (2013). Cold War Dixie: Militarization and Modernization in the American South. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
Eugene D. Genovese (1976). Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Vintage Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-394-71652-7.
Grantham, Dewey W. The South in modern America (2001) survey covers 1877–2000.
Grantham, Dewey W. The Life and Death of the Solid South: A Political History (1992).
Jensen, Jeffrey; Pardelli, Giuliana; Timmons, Jeffrey F. 2023. Representation and Taxation in the American South, 1820–1910. Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, Charles S. Statistical atlas of southern counties: listing and analysis of socio-economic indices of 1104 southern counties (1941). excerpt
David M. Katzman (1996). "Black Migration". The Reader's Companion to American History. Houghton Mifflin Company.
Key, V. O. Southern Politics in State and Nation (1951). Classic political analysis, state by state.
Kirby, Jack Temple. Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920–1960 (LSU Press, 1986). Major scholarly survey with detailed bibliography.
Michael Kreyling (1998). Inventing Southern Literature. University Press of Mississippi. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-57806-045-0.
Rayford Logan (1997). The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80758-9.
McWhiney, Grady. Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (1988) ISBN 9780817304584
Mark, Rebecca, and Rob Vaughan. The South: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures (2004)
Morris, Christopher (2009). "A More Southern Environmental History". Journal of Southern History. 75 (3): 581–598.
Odem, Mary E. and Elaine Lacy, eds. Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South (U of Georgia Press, 2009).
Rabinowitz, Howard N. (September 1976). "From Exclusion to Segregation: Southern Race Relations, 1865–1890". Journal of American History. 43 (2): 325–350. doi:10.2307/1899640. JSTOR 1899640.
Nicol C. Rae (1994). Southern Democrats. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508709-3.
Jeffrey A. Raffel (1998). Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation: The American Experience. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29502-7.
Rivers, Larry E., and Canter Brown, eds. The Varieties of Women's Experiences: Portraits of Southern Women in the Post-Civil War Century (UP of Florida, 2010).
Thornton III, J. Mills. Archipelagoes of My South: Episodes in the Shaping of a Region, 1830–1965 (2016)
Tindall, George B. The emergence of the new South, 1913–1945 (1967)
Robert W. Twyman.; David C. Roller, eds. (1979). Encyclopedia of Southern History. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-0575-7.
Virts, Nancy (2006). "Change in the Plantation System: American South, 1910–1945". Explorations in Economic History. 43 (1): 153–176. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2005.04.003.
Wells, Jonathan Daniel (2009). "The Southern Middle Class". Journal of Southern History. 75 (3): 651–.
Charles Reagan Wilson; William Ferris, eds. (1989). Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1823-7.
Woodward, C. Vann (1955). The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514690-5.
Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South, 1877–1913: A History of the South (1951). ISBN 978-0-8071-0009-7.
Gavin Wright (1996). Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2098-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Southern United States.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Southern United States.
Southern United States travel guide from Wikivoyage
DocSouth: Documenting the American South – multimedia collections from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Center for the Study of Southern Culture – the research center at the University of Mississippi, with a graduate program and undergraduate major in southern studies
University of Mississippi Libraries. "Southern Studies". Library Guides.
University of North Carolina, Southern Studies. "Southern Studies Jumpgate". Annotated list of sites
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sun Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Official_regions_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Western United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States"},{"link_name":"Midwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Northeastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mason–Dixon line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line"},{"link_name":"Ohio 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labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"states' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"lynchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"segregated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"poll taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"authoritarian enclaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian_enclave"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mickey_2015-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Press-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuo-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson_2013-17"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christopher_A_2010-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tom_W._Rice_2000-19"},{"link_name":"historically a Democratic stronghold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_South"},{"link_name":"come to favor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_strategy"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"swing states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_state"},{"link_name":"Bible Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Belt"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"This article is about the political region. For the geographically southern part of the United States, see Sun Belt. For the cultural region of the southern United States, see Dixie.RegionThe Southern United States, sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States of America. It is between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western United States, with the Midwestern and Northeastern United States to its north and the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico to its south.Historically, the South was defined as all states south of the 18th-century Mason–Dixon line, the Ohio River, and 36°30′ parallel.[3] Within the South are different subregions such as the Southeast, South Central, Upper South, and Deep South. Maryland, Delaware, Washington, D.C., and Northern Virginia have become more culturally, economically, and politically aligned in certain aspects with the Northeastern United States and are often identified as part of the Northeast or Mid-Atlantic by many residents, businesses, public institutions, and private organizations.[4] Though the possibility of officially moving the first three places to the Northeast census region was explored after the 1950 census,[5] the United States Census Bureau continues to define all four places as formally being in the South.[6] Due to cultural variations across the region, some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries.[7][8] The South does not precisely correspond to the entire geographic south of the United States, but primarily includes the south-central and southeastern states. For example, California, which is geographically in the southwestern part of the country, is not considered part of the South. However, the geographically southeastern state of Georgia is.[9][10][11]The South, being home to some of the most racially diverse areas in the United States, is known for having developed its own distinct culture, with different customs, fashion, architecture, musical styles, and cuisines, which have distinguished it in many ways from other areas of the United States. From 1860 to 1861, eleven Southern states plus an additional two Southern states that were claimed and partially controlled seceded from the Union, forming the Confederate States of America. Following the American Civil War, these states were subsequently added back to the Union. Sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, historical, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States; however, this has declined since around the late 20th century, with many Southern areas becoming a melting pot of cultures and people. Ethnic groups in the South were the most diverse among American regions, and include strong European (especially English, Scots-Irish, Scottish, Irish, French, and Spanish), African, and Native American components.[12]The politics and economy of the region were historically dominated by a small rural elite.[13] The historical and cultural development of the South has been profoundly influenced by the institution of slave labor, especially in the Deep South and coastal plain areas, from the early 1600s to mid-1800s. This includes the presence of a large proportion of African Americans within the population, support for the doctrine of states' rights, and legacy of racism magnified by the Civil War and Reconstruction era (1865–1877). Following effects included thousands of lynchings (mostly from 1880 to 1930), a segregated system of separate schools and public facilities established from Jim Crow laws that remained until the 1960s, and the widespread use of poll taxes and other methods to deny black and poor people the ability to vote or hold office until the 1960s. Scholars have characterized pockets of the Southern United States as being authoritarian enclaves from Reconstruction until the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[14][15][16][17]When looked at broadly, studies have shown that Southerners tend to be more conservative than most non-Southerners, with liberalism being mostly predominant in places with a Black majority or urban areas in the South.[18][19] Although historically a Democratic stronghold, most states in the region have in recent decades come to favor Republicans, although both the Republican and Democratic Party are competitive in certain Southern swing states. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance, especially evangelical churches such as the Southern Baptist Convention. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture as its main economic base and was predominantly rural until after World War II. Since the 1940s, the region has become more economically diversified and metropolitan, helping attract both national and international migrants. In the 21st century, it is the fastest-growing region in the United States, with Houston being the region's largest city.[20][21]","title":"Southern United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Texas Hill Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kentucky_horse_farm.JPEG"},{"link_name":"Bluegrass region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_region"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gloss_Mountains.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glass Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linville_Gorge-27527-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pearl_River_backwater_in_Mississippi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pearl River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_(Mississippi%E2%80%93Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Misty_Bluff_along_the_Buffalo_River.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ozark Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChesapeakeTidalWetlands.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_River_West_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cherry River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_River_(West_Virginia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grayson_County_VA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grayson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southwest Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Virginia"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"},{"link_name":"sub-tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate"},{"link_name":"arid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"bayous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayou"},{"link_name":"pine forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loblolly_pine"},{"link_name":"subtropical jungle and maritime forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_forest"},{"link_name":"Fauna of the region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"amphibian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"green anole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_anole"},{"link_name":"cottonmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonmouth"},{"link_name":"American alligator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_alligator"},{"link_name":"American black bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"swamp rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_rabbit"},{"link_name":"nine-banded armadillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-banded_armadillo"},{"link_name":"roseate spoonbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseate_spoonbill"},{"link_name":"carolina parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_parakeet"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CensusBureau-1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The South Atlantic States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_states"},{"link_name":"The East South Central States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_South_Central_states"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"The West South Central States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_South_Central_states"},{"link_name":"Council of State Governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_Governments"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Old South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_South"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"New South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"the Carolinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carolinas"},{"link_name":"the Virginias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginias"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Southern Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Eastern Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mountain_Coal_Fields"},{"link_name":"East Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Western North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Western Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Maryland"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southwest Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Virginia"},{"link_name":"North Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Northwestern South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Upper South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_South"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Greater Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Appalachia"},{"link_name":"Ulster Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Deep South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Border States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Confederate government of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Confederate government of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie"},{"link_name":"Solid South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_South"},{"link_name":"disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Tidewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_(region)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic coastal plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain"},{"link_name":"Mid-South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-South_(region)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CensusRegionsMap-6"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Mason–Dixon line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"36°30′ parallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_South-3"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"U.S. territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Agricultural Research Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service"},{"link_name":"U.S. National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Texas Hill CountryBluegrass region, KentuckyGlass Mountains, OklahomaNorth Carolina's Appalachian MountainsField of yellow wildflowers in Saint Bernard Parish, LouisianaPearl River backwater in MississippiMisty Bluff along the Buffalo River, Ozark Mountains, ArkansasTidal wetlands of the Chesapeake Bay in MarylandCherry River in West VirginiaThe highlands of Grayson County in Southwest VirginiaThe South is a diverse meteorological region with numerous climatic zones, including temperate, sub-tropical, tropical and arid – though the South generally has a reputation as hot and humid, with long summers and short, mild winters. Most of the South – except for the areas of higher elevations and areas near the western, southern and some northern fringes – fall in the humid subtropical climate zone. Crops grow readily in the South due to its climate consistently providing growing seasons of at least six months before the first frost. Some common environments include bayous and swamplands, the southern pine forests, the warm temperate montane forest of the Appalachians, the savannas of the southern Great Plains, and the subtropical jungle and maritime forests along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Unique flora include various species of magnolia, rhododendron, cane, palm, and oak, among others. Fauna of the region is also diverse, encompassing a plethora of amphibian species, reptiles such as the green anole, the venomous cottonmouth snake, and the American alligator, mammals like the American black bear, the swamp rabbit and the nine-banded armadillo, and birds such as the roseate spoonbill and the extinct but symbolic carolina parakeet.The question of how to define the boundaries and subregions in the South has been the focus of research and debate for centuries.[22][23] As defined by the United States Census Bureau,[1] the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty seven percent of all U.S. residents, lived in the South, the nation's most populous region.[24] The Census Bureau defined three smaller divisions:The South Atlantic States: Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia.\nThe East South Central States: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi and Tennessee.\nThe West South Central States: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas.The Council of State Governments, an organization for communication and coordination between states, includes in its South regional office the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia.[25]Other terms related to the South include:The Old South: Can mean either southern states that were among the Thirteen Colonies (Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina) or all southern slave states before 1860 (which also includes Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas).[26]\nThe New South: All southern states following the American Civil War, post Reconstruction era.[27]\nSoutheastern United States: Usually includes the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida.[28]\nSouthern Appalachia: Mainly refers to areas situated in the southern Appalachian Mountains, namely Eastern Kentucky, East Tennessee, Western North Carolina, Western Maryland, West Virginia, Southwest Virginia, North Georgia and Northwestern South Carolina.[29]\nUpper South: Usually includes Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina and on rare occasions Missouri, Maryland and Delaware.[30] When combined with the southern Appalachian Mountains, it is sometimes referred to as \"Greater Appalachia\" following Ulster Protestant migrations to the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries.[31]\nDeep South: Various definitions, usually includes Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina.[32]\nBorder States: Includes Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia. These were southern slave states on or near the border of the Confederacy that did not secede or only partially seceded from the U.S. in the 1860s. Large numbers of residents who joined both the Union and Confederate armed forces. Kentucky and Missouri had Confederate state governments with the Confederate government of Missouri and the Confederate government of Kentucky. The Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war but were in-exile after 1862 and were represented in the Confederate Congress and by stars on the Confederate battle flag. West Virginia formed in 1863, after the western region of Virginia broke away to protest the Old Dominion's joining of the Confederacy, but residents of the new state were about evenly divided on supporting the Union or Confederacy.[33]\nDixie: Nickname applied to Southern U.S. region, various definitions include certain areas more than others, but most commonly associated with the eleven former Confederate States.\nSolid South: Electoral voting bloc largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, largely resulting from disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era in the late 19th century. Disfranchisement effectively denied most of the black and sometimes poor white population from voting or holding public office during this time period.[34]\nGulf Coast: Includes Gulf coasts of Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas and Alabama.\nTidewater: Low-lying Atlantic coastal plain regions of Maryland, Delaware, Virginia and North Carolina.\nMid-South: Various definitions, includes states within the Census Bureau of the East and West South Central United States.[6] In another informal definition, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi are included, with adjoining areas of other states.[35][36][37][38]Historically, the South was defined as all states south of the 18th century Mason–Dixon line, the Ohio River, and 36°30′ parallel.[3] Newer definitions of the South today are harder to define, due to cultural and sub-regional differences throughout the region; however, definitions usually refer to states that are in the southeastern and south central geographic region of the United States.[39]Although not included in the Census definition, two U.S. territories located southeast of Florida (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) are sometimes included as part of the Southern United States. The Federal Aviation Administration includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands as part of the South,[40] as does the Agricultural Research Service and the U.S. National Park Service.[41][42]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paleo-Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guy_prentice-43"},{"link_name":"megafauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna"},{"link_name":"Mississippian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guy_prentice-43"},{"link_name":"mound-building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_builders"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guy_prentice-43"},{"link_name":"Pánfilo de Narváez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"Hernando de Soto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto"},{"link_name":"Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_(people)"},{"link_name":"Apalachee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee"},{"link_name":"Caddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"},{"link_name":"Chickasaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw"},{"link_name":"Choctaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw"},{"link_name":"Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)"},{"link_name":"Guale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guale"},{"link_name":"Hitchiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchiti"},{"link_name":"Houma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole"},{"link_name":"Catawba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawba_people"},{"link_name":"Powhatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan"}],"sub_title":"Native American culture","text":"The first well-dated evidence of human occupation in the south United States occurs around 9500 BC with the appearance of the earliest documented Americans, who are now referred to as Paleo-Indians.[43] Paleoindians were hunter-gatherers that roamed in bands and frequently hunted megafauna. Several cultural stages, such as Archaic (c. 8000–1000 BC) and the Woodland (c. 1000 BC – AD 1000), preceded what the Europeans found at the end of the 15th century – the Mississippian culture.[43]The Mississippian culture was a complex, mound-building Native American culture that flourished in what is now the Southeastern United States from approximately 800 AD to 1500 AD. Natives had elaborate and lengthy trading routes connecting their main residential and ceremonial centers extending through the river valleys and from the East Coast to the Great Lakes.[43] Some noted explorers who encountered and described the Mississippian culture, by then in decline, included Pánfilo de Narváez (1528), Hernando de Soto (1540), and Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville (1699).Native American descendants of the mound-builders include Alabama, Apalachee, Caddo, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Guale, Hitchiti, Houma, and Seminole peoples, all of whom still reside in the South.Other peoples whose ancestral links to the Mississippian culture are less clear but were clearly in the region before the European incursion include the Catawba and the Powhatan.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Southerners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Southerners"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gacolony.png"},{"link_name":"Southern Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Colonies"},{"link_name":"Proclamation Line of 1763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_Line_of_1763"},{"link_name":"population decline in Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Depopulation_from_disease"},{"link_name":"diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"indentured servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servant"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Texas"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)"},{"link_name":"Charles II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Charter of Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Colony of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Spanish Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida"},{"link_name":"lords proprietor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_proprietor"},{"link_name":"restoring him to the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prince2011-49"},{"link_name":"plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Barbados Slave Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code"},{"link_name":"British American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_America"},{"link_name":"Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menard-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ulster Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people"},{"link_name":"Scotch-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Scottish border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border"},{"link_name":"Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"1980 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_census"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"},{"link_name":"warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_warfare"},{"link_name":"Creek Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"},{"link_name":"Choctaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw"},{"link_name":"College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler"},{"link_name":"First Party System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Party_System"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia"}],"sub_title":"European colonization","text":"Further information: White SouthernersMap of the Southern Colonies, with the Proclamation Line of 1763 shown in redThe arrival of European settlers caused a massive population decline in Native Americans, due to Europeans unknowingly spreading diseases that the natives had no immunities towards, numerous violent conflicts, and forcibly relocating them.[44][45][46][47]The predominant culture of the original Southern states was English. In the 17th century, most voluntary immigrants were of English origin and settled chiefly along the eastern coast but had pushed as far inland as the Appalachian Mountains by the 18th century. The majority of early English settlers were indentured servants, who gained freedom after working off their passage. The wealthier men who paid their way received land grants known as headrights, to encourage settlement.[48]The Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, Texas, and Louisiana. The Spanish settled Florida in the 16th century, reaching a peak in the late 17th century, but the population was small because the Spaniards were relatively uninterested in agriculture, and Florida had no mineral resources.King Charles II of England granted the Charter of Carolina in 1663 for land south of the British Colony of Virginia and north of Spanish Florida. He granted the land to eight lords proprietor. Charles granted the land in return for their financial and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in 1660.[49] The granted lands included all or part of the present-day U.S. states of North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida.In the British colonies, immigration began in 1607 and continued until the outbreak of the Revolution in 1775. Settlers cleared land, built houses and outbuildings, and on their own farms. The Southern rich owned large plantations that dominated export agriculture and used slaves. Many were involved in the labor-intensive cultivation of tobacco, the first cash crop of Virginia. Tobacco exhausted the soil quickly, requiring that farmers regularly clear new fields. They used old fields as pasture, and for crops such as corn wheat, or allowed them to grow into woodlots.[50]The Barbados Slave Code served as the basis for the slave codes adopted in the British American colonies, including Carolina, Georgia, and Antigua. In other colonies where the codes are not an exact copy, such as Virginia and Maryland, the influence of the Barbados Slave Code can be traced throughout various provisions.[51][52][53]In the mid-to-late-18th century, large groups of Ulster Scots (later called the Scotch-Irish) and people from the Anglo-Scottish border region immigrated and settled in the back country of Appalachia and the Piedmont. They were the largest group of non-English immigrants from the British Isles before the American Revolution.[54] In the 1980 census, 34% of Southerners reported that they were of English ancestry; English was the largest reported European ancestry in every Southern state by a large margin.[55]The early colonists engaged in warfare, trade, and cultural exchanges. Those living in the backcountry were more likely to encounter Creek Indians, Cherokee, and Choctaws and other regional native groups.The oldest university in the South, the College of William & Mary, was founded in 1693 in Virginia; it pioneered in the teaching of political economy and educated future U.S. Presidents Jefferson, Monroe and Tyler, all from Virginia. Indeed, the entire region dominated politics in the First Party System era: for example, four of the first five presidents – Washington, Jefferson, Madison and Monroe – were from Virginia. The two oldest public universities are also in the South: the University of North Carolina (1789) and the University of Georgia (1785).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Guilford Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yorktown80.JPG"},{"link_name":"siege of Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1781)"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Patriot cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monck's Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monck%27s_Corner"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lenud's Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lenud%27s_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Banastre Tarleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kemp's Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kemp%27s_Landing"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Nathanael Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_Greene"},{"link_name":"Fabian tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_strategy"},{"link_name":"General Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"Yorktown, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Upper South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_South"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"American Revolution","text":"1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina, 1781The siege of Yorktown prompted Great Britain's surrender in North America during the American Revolutionary War, 1781.During the American Revolutionary War, the Southern colonies helped embrace the Patriot cause. Virginia would provide leaders such as commander-in-chief George Washington, and the author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson.In 1780 and 1781, the British largely halted reconquest of the northern states and concentrated on the south, where they were told there was a large Loyalist population ready to leap to arms once the royal forces arrived. The British took control of Savannah and Charleston, capturing a large American army in the process, and set up a network of bases inland. Although there were Loyalists within the Southern colonies,[56] they were concentrated in larger coastal cities and were not great enough in number to overcome the revolutionaries. The British forces at the Battle of Monck's Corner and the Battle of Lenud's Ferry consisted entirely of Loyalists with the exception of the commanding officer (Banastre Tarleton).[57] Both white and black Loyalists fought for the British at the Battle of Kemp's Landing in Virginia.[58][59] Led by Nathanael Greene and other generals, the Americans engaged in Fabian tactics designed to wear down the British invasion force and to neutralize its strong points one by one. There were numerous battles large and small, with each side claiming some victories.By 1781, however, British General Cornwallis moved north to Virginia, where an approaching army forced him to fortify and await rescue by the British Navy. The British Navy did arrive, but so did a stronger French fleet, and Cornwallis was trapped. American and French armies, led by George Washington, forced Cornwallis to surrender his entire army in Yorktown, Virginia in October 1781, effectively winning the North American part of the war.[60]The Revolution provided a shock to slavery in the South and other regions of the new country. Thousands of slaves took advantage of wartime disruption to find their own freedom, catalyzed by the British Governor Dunmore of Virginia's promise of freedom for service. Many others were removed by Loyalist owners and became slaves elsewhere in the British Empire. Between 1770 and 1790, there was a sharp decline in the percentage of blacks – from 61% to 44% in South Carolina and from 45% to 36% in Georgia.[61] In addition, some slaveholders were inspired to free their slaves after the Revolution. They were moved by the principles of the Revolution, along with Quaker and Methodist preachers who worked to encourage slaveholders to free their slaves. Planters such as George Washington often freed slaves by their wills. In the Upper South, more than 10% of all blacks were free by 1810, a significant expansion from pre-war proportions of less than 1% free.[62]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg"},{"link_name":"Slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"The Old Plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Plantation"},{"link_name":"Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Cotton"},{"link_name":"cotton gin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Call-Collins_House,_The_Grove-_Tallahassee,_Florida_(7157983334).jpg"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"nullification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Race_Meeting_at_Jacksonville,_Alabama_by_W.S._Hedges_-_BMA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Horse race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ethnic enclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_enclave"},{"link_name":"Irish Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Channel,_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Antebellum years","text":"Slaves on a South Carolina plantation (The Old Plantation, circa 1790)Cotton became dominant in the lower South after 1800. After the invention of the cotton gin, short staple cotton could be grown more widely. This led to an explosion of cotton cultivation, especially in the frontier uplands of Georgia, Alabama and other parts of the Deep South, as well as riverfront areas of the Mississippi Delta. Migrants poured into those areas in the early decades of the 19th century, when county population figures rose and fell as swells of people kept moving west. The expansion of cotton cultivation required more slave labor, and the institution became even more deeply an integral part of the South's economy.[63]Grove Plantation in Tallahassee, Florida. Known officially as the Call/Collins House at the Grove. Built circa 1840.With the opening up of frontier lands after the government forced most Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi, there was a major migration of both whites and blacks to those territories. From the 1820s through the 1850s, more than one million enslaved Africans were transported to the Deep South in forced migration, two-thirds of them by slave traders and the others by masters who moved there. Planters in the Upper South sold slaves in excess of their needs as they shifted from tobacco to mixed agriculture. Many enslaved families were broken up, as planters preferred mostly strong males for field work.[64]Two major political issues that festered in the first half of the 19th century caused political alignment along sectional lines, strengthened the identities of North and South as distinct regions with certain strongly opposed interests, and fed the arguments over states' rights that culminated in secession and the Civil War. One of these issues concerned the protective tariffs enacted to assist the growth of the manufacturing sector, primarily in the North. In 1832, in resistance to federal legislation increasing tariffs, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure in which a state would, in effect, repeal a Federal law. Soon a naval flotilla was sent to Charleston harbor, and the threat of landing ground troops was used to compel the collection of tariffs. A compromise was reached by which the tariffs would be gradually reduced, but the underlying argument over states' rights continued to escalate in the following decades.Horse race meeting at Jacksonville, Alabama, 1841The second issue concerned slavery, primarily the question of whether slavery would be permitted in newly admitted states. The issue was initially finessed by political compromises designed to balance the number of \"free\" and \"slave\" states. The issue resurfaced in a more virulent form, however, around the time of the Mexican–American War, which raised the stakes by adding new territories primarily on the Southern side of the imaginary geographic divide. Congress opposed allowing slavery in these territories.Before the Civil War, the number of immigrants arriving at Southern ports began to increase, although the North continued to receive the most immigrants. Huguenots were among the first settlers in Charleston, along with the largest number of Orthodox Jews outside of New York City.[citation needed] Numerous Irish immigrants settled in New Orleans, establishing a distinct ethnic enclave now known as the Irish Channel. Germans also went to New Orleans and its environs, resulting in a large area north of the city (along the Mississippi) becoming known as the German Coast. Still greater numbers immigrated to Texas (especially after 1848), where many bought land and were farmers. Many more German immigrants arrived in Texas after the Civil War, where they created the brewing industry in Houston and elsewhere, became grocers in numerous cities, and also established wide areas of farming.By 1840, New Orleans was the wealthiest city in the country and the third largest in population. The success of the city was based on the growth of international trade associated with products being shipped to and from the interior of the country down the Mississippi River. New Orleans also had the largest slave market in the country, as traders brought slaves by ship and overland to sell to planters across the Deep South. The city was a cosmopolitan port with a variety of jobs that attracted more immigrants than other areas of the South.[65] Because of lack of investment, however, construction of railroads to span the region lagged behind the North. People relied most heavily on river traffic for getting their crops to market and for transportation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_United_States_Civil_War_Map.svg"},{"link_name":"border states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"free states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_and_free_states"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"Fort Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"border states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"East Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"attempted to rejoin the Union as a new state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tennessee_Convention"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lacy-68"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Union Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Navy"},{"link_name":"William T. Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Sherman"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era"},{"link_name":"Southern Unionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Unionists"},{"link_name":"East Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southern Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"planter class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter_class"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Civil War","text":"Historic Southern United States. The states in light red were considered southern \"border states\", and gave varying degrees of support to the Confederate cause although they remained in the Union while Kentucky and Missouri had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments. This illustration depicts the original, trans-Allegheny borders of Virginia, and thus does not show West Virginia (which separated from Virginia in 1863)[66] separately. Although members of the Five Tribes in Indian Territory (today part of Oklahoma) aligned themselves with the Confederacy, the region is not shaded because at the time it was a territory, not a state.By 1856, the South had lost control of Congress, and was no longer able to silence calls for an end to slavery – which came mostly from the more populated, free states of the North. The Republican Party, founded in 1854, pledged to stop the spread of slavery beyond those states where it already existed. After Abraham Lincoln was elected the first Republican president in 1860, seven cotton states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America before Lincoln was inaugurated. The United States government, both outgoing and incoming, refused to recognize the Confederacy, and when the new Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered his troops to open fire on Fort Sumter in April 1861, war broke out. Only the state of Kentucky attempted to remain neutral, and it could only do so briefly. When Lincoln called for troops to suppress what he referred to as \"combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary\" judicial or martial means,[67] four more states decided to secede and join the Confederacy (which then moved its capital to Richmond, Virginia). Although the Confederacy had large supplies of captured munitions and many volunteers, it was slower than the Union in dealing with the border states. While the Upland South border states of Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, as well as the District of Columbia, continued to permit slavery during the Civil War, they remained with the Union though Kentucky and Missouri both had rival Confederate governments that formed that were admitted and recognized by the Confederacy. Though early in the war, the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri. By March 1862, the Union largely controlled all the border state areas, had shut down all commercial traffic from all Confederate ports, had prevented European recognition of the Confederate government, and was poised to seize New Orleans. The rugged mountainous East Tennessee region attempted to rejoin the Union as a new state, having opposed secession and slavery compared to most of Tennessee.[68]In the four years of war 1861–65 the South was the primary battleground, with all but two of the major battles taking place on Southern soil. Union forces led numerous campaigns into the western Confederacy, controlling the border states in 1861, the Tennessee River, the Cumberland River and New Orleans in 1862, and the Mississippi River in 1863. In the East, however, the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee beat off attack after attack in its defense of their capital at Richmond. But when Lee tried to move north, he was repulsed (and nearly captured) at Sharpsburg (1862) and Gettysburg (1863).Atlanta's railroad roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil WarThe Confederacy had the resources for a short war, but was unable to finance or supply a longer war. It reversed the traditional low-tariff policy of the South by imposing a new 15% tax on all imports from the Union. The Union blockade stopped most commerce from entering the South, and smugglers avoided the tax, so the Confederate tariff produced too little revenue to finance the war. Inflated currency was the solution, but that created distrust of the Richmond government. Because of low investment in railroads, the Southern transportation system depended primarily on river and coastal traffic by boat; both were shut down by the Union Navy. The small railroad system virtually collapsed, so that by 1864 internal travel was so difficult that the Confederate economy was crippled.The Confederate cause was hopeless by the time Atlanta fell and William T. Sherman marched through Georgia in late 1864, but the rebels fought on until Lee's army surrendered in April 1865. Once the Confederate forces surrendered, the region moved into the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877), in a partially successful attempt to rebuild the destroyed region and grant civil rights to freed slaves.Southerners who were against the Confederate cause during the Civil War were known as Southern Unionists. They were also known as Union Loyalists or Lincoln's Loyalists. Within the eleven Confederate states, states such as Tennessee (especially East Tennessee), Virginia (which included West Virginia at the time), and North Carolina were home to the largest populations of Unionists. Many areas of Southern Appalachia harbored pro-Union sentiment as well. As many as 100,000 men living in states under Confederate control would serve in the Union Army or pro-Union guerrilla groups. Although Southern Unionists came from all classes, most differed socially, culturally, and economically from the regions dominant pre-war planter class.[69]The South suffered more than the North overall, as the Union strategy of attrition warfare meant that Lee could not replace his casualties, and the total war waged by Sherman, Sheridan and other Union armies devastated the infrastructure and caused widespread poverty and distress. The Confederacy suffered military losses of 95,000 soldiers killed in action and 165,000 who died of disease, for a total of 260,000,[70] out of a total white Southern population at the time of around 5.5 million.[71] Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and about 18% in the South.[72] Northern military deaths were greater than Southern military deaths in absolute numbers, but were two-thirds smaller in terms of proportion of the population affected.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Bo_Peep._Group_of_men_and_women_seated_outside,_child_peeking_out_of_a_barrel_in_the_foreground.png"},{"link_name":"black codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png"},{"link_name":"A Home on the Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Currier and Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currier_and_Ives"},{"link_name":"13th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"14th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"15th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Freedmen's Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau"},{"link_name":"humanitarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianism"},{"link_name":"carpetbagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"scalawags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalawag"},{"link_name":"vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"white supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"Paramilitary organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary_organizations"},{"link_name":"White League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_League"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Red Shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Poor Whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_White"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_year_old_Jimmie._Been_shucking_3_years._6_pots_a_day,_and_a_11_year_old_boy_who_shucks_7_pots.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bluffton, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluffton,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"poll taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"literacy tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_test"},{"link_name":"grandfather clauses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfather_clause"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"American Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"William Chafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Chafe"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Reconstruction and Jim Crow era","text":"An African American family, photographed by O'Pierre Havens, circa 1868After the Civil War, the South was devastated in terms of infrastructure and economy. Because of states' reluctance to grant voting rights to freedmen, Congress instituted Reconstruction governments. It established military districts and governors to rule over the South until new governments could be established. Many white Southerners who had actively supported the Confederacy were temporarily disenfranchised. Rebuilding was difficult as people grappled with the effects of a new labor economy of a free market in the midst of a widespread agricultural depression. In addition, the limited infrastructure the South had was mostly destroyed by the war. At the same time, the North was rapidly industrializing. To avoid the social effects of the war, most of the Southern states initially passed black codes. During Reconstruction, these were mostly legally nullified by federal law and anti-Confederate legislatures, which existed for a short time during Reconstruction.[73]There were thousands of people on the move, as African Americans tried to reunite families separated by slave sales, and sometimes migrated for better opportunities in towns or other states. Other freed people moved from plantation areas to cities or towns for a chance to get different jobs. At the same time, whites returned from refuges to reclaim plantations or town dwellings. In some areas, many whites returned to the land to farm for a while. Some freedpeople left the South altogether for states such as Ohio and Indiana, and later, Kansas. Thousands of others joined the migration to new opportunities in the Mississippi and Arkansas Delta bottomlands, and Texas.A Home on the Mississippi, by Currier and Ives, 1871With passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States (which outlawed slavery), the 14th Amendment (which granted full U.S. citizenship to African Americans) and the 15th Amendment (which extended the right to vote to African American males), African Americans in the South were made free citizens and were given the right to vote. Under Federal protection, white and black Republicans formed constitutional conventions and state governments. Among their accomplishments were creating the first public education systems in Southern states, and providing for welfare through orphanages, hospitals and similar institutions.Northerners came south to participate in politics and business. Some were representatives of the Freedmen's Bureau and other agencies of Reconstruction; some were humanitarians with the intent to help black people. Some were adventurers who hoped to benefit themselves by questionable methods. They were all condemned with the pejorative term of carpetbagger. Some Southerners would also take advantage of the disrupted environment and made money off various schemes, including bonds and financing for railroads.[74] White Southerners who supported Reconstruction policies and efforts became known as scalawags.Secret vigilante organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan – an organization sworn to perpetuate white supremacy – had arisen quickly after the war's end in the 1860s, and used lynching, physical attacks, house burnings and other forms of intimidation to keep African Americans from exercising their political rights. Although the first Klan was disrupted by prosecution by the Federal government in the early 1870s, other groups persisted. By the mid-to-late-1870s, some upper class Southerners created increasing resistance to the altered social structure. Paramilitary organizations such as the White League in Louisiana (1874), the Red Shirts in Mississippi (1875) and rifle clubs, all \"White Line\" organizations, used organized violence against Republicans, both black and white, to remove Republicans from political office, repress and bar black voting, and restore the Democratic Party to power.[75] In 1876 white Democrats regained power in most of the state legislatures. They began to pass laws designed to strip African Americans and Poor Whites from the voter registration rolls. The success of late-19th century interracial coalitions in several states inspired a reaction among some white Democrats, who worked harder to prevent both groups from voting.[76]Despite discrimination, many blacks became property owners in areas that were still developing. For instance, 90% of the Mississippi's bottomlands were still frontier and undeveloped after the war. By the end of the century, two-thirds of the farmers in Mississippi's Delta bottomlands were black. They had cleared the land themselves and often made money in early years by selling off timber. Tens of thousands of migrants went to the Delta, both to work as laborers to clear timber for lumber companies, and many to develop their own farms.[77] Nonetheless, the long agricultural depression, along with disenfranchisement and lack of access to credit, led to many blacks in the Delta losing their property by 1910 and becoming sharecroppers or landless workers over the following decade. More than two generations of free African Americans lost their stake in property.[78]Child laborers in Bluffton, South Carolina, 1913Nearly all Southerners, black and white, suffered economically as a result of the Civil War. Within a few years cotton production and harvest was back to pre-war levels, but low prices through much of the 19th century hampered recovery. They encouraged immigration by Chinese and Italian laborers into the Mississippi Delta. While the first Chinese entered as indentured laborers from Cuba, the majority came in the early 20th century. Neither group stayed long at rural farm labor.[79] The Chinese became merchants and established stores in small towns throughout the Delta, establishing a place between white and black.[80]Migrations continued in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among both blacks and whites. In the last two decades of the 19th century about 141,000 blacks left the South, and more after 1900, totaling a loss of 537,000. After that the movement increased in what became known as the Great Migration from 1910 to 1940, and the Second Great Migration through 1970. Even more whites left the South, some going to California for opportunities and others heading to Northern industrial cities after 1900. Between 1880 and 1910, the loss of whites totaled 1,243,000.[81] Five million more left between 1940 and 1970.From 1890 to 1908, ten of the eleven former Confederate states, along with Oklahoma upon statehood, passed disenfranchising constitutions or amendments that introduced voter registration barriers – such as poll taxes, residency requirements and literacy tests – that were hard for minorities to meet. Most African Americans, most Mexican Americans, and tens of thousands of poor whites were disenfranchised, losing the vote for decades. In some states, grandfather clauses temporarily exempted white illiterates from literacy tests. The numbers of voters dropped drastically throughout the former Confederacy as a result. This can be seen via the feature \"Turnout in Presidential and Midterm Elections\" at the University of Texas' Politics: Barriers to Voting. Alabama, which had established universal white suffrage in 1819 when it became a state, also substantially reduced voting by poor whites.[82][83] Democrat-controlled legislatures passed Jim Crow laws to segregate public facilities and services, including transportation.While African Americans, poor whites and civil rights groups started litigation against such provisions in the early 20th century, for decades Supreme Court decisions overturning such provisions were rapidly followed by new state laws with new devices to restrict voting. Most blacks in the former Confederacy and Oklahoma could not vote until 1965, after passage of the Voting Rights Act and Federal enforcement to ensure people could register. Despite increases in the eligible voting population with the inclusion of women, blacks, and those eighteen and over throughout this period, turnout in ex-Confederate states remained below the national average throughout the 20th century.[84] Not until the late 1960s did all American citizens regain protected civil rights by passage of legislation following the leadership of the American Civil Rights Movement.Historian William Chafe has explored the defensive techniques developed inside the African American community to avoid the worst features of Jim Crow as expressed in the legal system, unbalanced economic power, and intimidation and psychological pressure. Chafe says \"protective socialization by blacks themselves\" was created inside the community to accommodate white-imposed sanctions while subtly encouraging challenges to those sanctions. Known as \"walking the tightrope\", such efforts at bringing about change were only slightly effective before the 1920s, but did build the foundation that younger African Americans deployed in their aggressive, large-scale activism during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.[85]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Native American removal","text":"Native Americans were removed from their home states in the South and were sent to Oklahoma.[86]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_(135851607).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Praetorian Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Building"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Spindletop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindletop"},{"link_name":"Beaumont, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"boll weevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_weevil"},{"link_name":"Great Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children,_Walker_County,_Alabama,_8b35778.jpg"},{"link_name":"sharecropper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropper"},{"link_name":"Walker County, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Dust Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"}],"sub_title":"1880s through 1930s","text":"Southern United States in 1908 from The Harmsworth atlas and GazetterAn illustration from Houston: Where Seventeen Railroads Meet the Sea, 1913At the end of the 19th century, white Democrats in the South had created state constitutions that were hostile to industry and business development, with anti-industrial laws extensive from the time new constitutions were adopted in the 1890s.[87] Banks were few and small; there was little access to credit. Traditional agriculture persisted across the region. Especially in Alabama and Florida, rural minorities held control in many state legislatures long after population had shifted to industrializing cities, and legislators resisted business and modernizing interests: Alabama refused to redistrict between 1901 and 1972, long after major population and economic shifts to cities. For decades Birmingham generated the majority of revenue for the state, for instance, but received little back in services or infrastructure.[88]In the late 19th century, Texas rapidly expanded its railroad network, creating a network of cities connected on a radial plan and linked to the port of Galveston. Strikes and labor unrest served as a reflection of increasing industry: \"in 1885 Texas ranked ninth among forty states in number of workers involved in strikes (4,000); for the six-year period it ranked fifteenth. Seventy-five of the one hundred strikes, chiefly interstate strikes of telegraphers and railway workers, occurred in the year 1886.\"[89]By 1890, Dallas became the largest city in Texas, and by 1900 it had a population of more than 42,000, which more than doubled to over 92,000 a decade later. Dallas was the harnessmaking capital of the world and a center of other manufacturing. As an example of its ambitions, in 1907 Dallas built the Praetorian Building, fifteen storeys tall and the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi, soon to be followed by other skyscrapers.[90] Texas was transformed by a railroad network linking five important cities, among them Houston with its nearby port at Galveston, Dallas, Fort Worth, San Antonio, and El Paso. Each exceeded fifty thousand in population by 1920, with the major cities having three times that population.[91]Business interests were ignored by the Southern Democrat ruling class. Nonetheless, major new industries started developing in cities such as Atlanta, Georgia; Birmingham, Alabama; and Dallas, Fort Worth, and Houston, Texas. Growth began occurring at a geometric rate. Birmingham became a major steel producer and mining town, with major population growth in the early decades of the 20th century.The first major oil well in the South was drilled at Spindletop near Beaumont, Texas, on the morning of January 10, 1901. Other oil fields were later discovered nearby in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and under the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting \"Oil Boom\" permanently transformed the economy of the West South Central states and produced the richest economic expansion after the Civil War.[92][93]In the early 20th century, invasion of the boll weevil devastated cotton crops in the South, producing an additional catalyst to African Americans' decisions to leave the South. From 1910 to 1970, more than 6.5 million African Americans left the South in the Great Migration to Northern and Western cities, defecting from persistent lynching, violence, segregation, poor education, and inability to vote. Black migration transformed many Northern and Western cities, creating new cultures and music. Many African Americans, like other groups, became industrial workers; others started their own businesses within the communities. Southern whites also migrated to industrial cities like Chicago, Detroit, Oakland, and Los Angeles, where they took jobs in the booming new auto and defense industry.Photo of sharecropper family in Walker County, Alabama, circa 1937Later, the Southern economy was dealt additional blows by the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. After the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the economy suffered significant reversals and millions were left unemployed. Beginning in 1934 and lasting until 1939, an ecological disaster of severe wind and drought caused an exodus from Texas and Arkansas, the Oklahoma Panhandle region, and the surrounding plains, in which over 500,000 Americans were homeless, hungry and jobless.[94] Thousands would leave the region to seek economic opportunities along the West Coast.President Franklin D. Roosevelt noted the South as the \"number one priority\" in terms of need of assistance during the Great Depression. His administration created programs such as the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1933 to provide rural electrification and stimulate development. Locked into low-productivity agriculture, the region's growth was slowed by limited industrial development, low levels of entrepreneurship, and the lack of capital investment.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States home front during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_American_SNJ_Texans_parked_at_Naval_Air_Station_Miami,_circa_1942-43_(80-G-K-13376).jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Starke, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starke,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Camp Blanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Blanding"},{"link_name":"Oak Ridge, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"George B. Tindall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._Tindall"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"African American population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Great_Migration"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"soybeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"1940s through late 20th century","text":"Further information: United States home front during World War IINaval Air Station Miami, circa 1942–43World War II marked a time of dramatic change within the South from an economic standpoint, as new industries and military bases were developed by the federal government, providing much-needed capital and infrastructure in many regions. People from all parts of the US came to the South for military training and work in the region's many bases and new industries. During and after the war millions of hard-scrabble farmers, both white and black, left agriculture for other occupations and urban jobs.[95][96][97]The United States began mobilizing for war in a major way in the spring of 1940. The warm weather of the South proved ideal for building 60% of the Army's new training camps and nearly half the new airfields. In all, 40% of spending on new military installations went to the South. For example, in 1940 the small town of 1500 people in Starke, Florida, became the base of Camp Blanding. By March 1941, 20,000 men were constructing a permanent camp for 60,000 soldiers. Money flowed freely for the war effort, as over $4 billion went into military facilities in the South, and another $5 billion into defense plants. Major shipyards were built in Virginia, in Charleston, South Carolina, and along the Gulf Coast.Huge warplane plants were opened in Dallas-Fort Worth and Georgia. The most secret and expensive operation was at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where unlimited amounts of locally generated electricity were used to prepare uranium for the atom bomb.[98] The number of production workers doubled during the war. Most training centers, factories and shipyards were closed in 1945, but not all, and the families that left hardscrabble farms remained to find jobs in the growing urban South. The region had finally reached the take off stage into industrial and commercial growth, although its income and wage levels lagged well behind the national average. Nevertheless, as George B. Tindall notes, the transformation was, \"The demonstration of industrial potential, new habits of mind, and a recognition that industrialization demanded community services.\"[99][100]Per capita income jumped 140% from 1940 to 1945, compared to 100% elsewhere in the United States. Southern income rose from 59% to 65%. Dewey Grantham says the war, \"brought an abrupt departure from the South's economic backwardness, poverty, and distinctive rural life, as the region moved perceptively closer to the mainstream of national economic and social life.\"[101] Since 1970, the proportion of the African American population living in the South stabilized and began slightly increasing.[102]Farming shifted from cotton and tobacco, to include cattle, rice, soybeans, corn, and other foods. Industrial growth increased in the 1960s and greatly accelerated into the 1980s and 1990s. Several large urban areas in Texas, Georgia, and Florida grew to over four million people. Rapid expansion in industries such as autos, telecommunications, textiles, technology, banking, and aviation gave some states in the South an industrial strength to rival large states elsewhere in the country. By the 2000 census, the South (along with the West) was leading the nation in population growth. With this growth, however, has come long commute times and air pollution problems in cities such as Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, Austin, Charlotte, and others that rely on sprawling development and highway networks.[103]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 midterm elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"state legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures"},{"link_name":"Confederate States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Andy Beshear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Beshear"},{"link_name":"Roy Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Mark Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Warner"},{"link_name":"Tim Kaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine"},{"link_name":"Raphael Warnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Warnock"},{"link_name":"Jon Ossoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Ossoff"},{"link_name":"Joe Manchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Manchin"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"states with the highest poverty rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_poverty_rate"},{"link_name":"the lowest GDP per capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_GDP"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"In the 21st century, and especially after the 2010 midterm elections, the Republican Party has largely dominated the South, both at the state and federal levels. As of 2024, Republicans control both houses of the state legislatures of 10 out of the eleven former Confederate States.[104] However, there are still some Democratic statewide officeholders in the South, such as Kentucky governor Andy Beshear, North Carolina governor Roy Cooper, Virginia's U.S. Senators Mark Warner and Tim Kaine, Georgia's U.S. Senators Raphael Warnock and Jon Ossoff, and West Virginia's U.S. Senator Joe Manchin.In 2019, Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Southern states included: Texas with 50, Virginia with 21, Florida with 18, Georgia with 17, North Carolina with 11, and Tennessee with 10.[105] In 2022, Texas led the nation with the most Fortune 500 company headquarters with 53.[106] This economic expansion has enabled parts of the South to report some of the lowest unemployment rates in the United States.[107]Even with certain southern states and areas doing well economically, many southern states and areas still have high poverty rates when compared to the U.S. nationally. In 2021, nine out of the ten states with the highest poverty rates were in the South. Also, in 2023 all five states with the lowest GDP per capita were in the South: Mississippi, West Virginia, Arkansas, Alabama, and South Carolina.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"service economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_economy"},{"link_name":"Alamo Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Mission"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"Tuscaloosa, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_U.S._International"},{"link_name":"Hyundai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Spartanburg, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_US_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"Georgetown, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Blue Springs, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Texas"},{"link_name":"GM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Spring Hill, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Hill_Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"Franklin, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Smyrna, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Canton, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Kia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Motors"},{"link_name":"West Point, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Chattanooga_Assembly_Plant"},{"link_name":"Research Triangle Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park"},{"link_name":"Cummings Research Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummings_Research_Park"},{"link_name":"Huntsville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Texas Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"M.D. Anderson Cancer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.D._Anderson_Cancer_Center"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"Truist Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truist_Financial"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Wachovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachovia"},{"link_name":"Wells Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo"},{"link_name":"Regions Financial Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"AmSouth Bancorporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmSouth_Bancorporation"},{"link_name":"BBVA Compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBVA_Compass"},{"link_name":"PNC Financial Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"The Coca-Cola Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"Delta Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"The Home Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_Depot"},{"link_name":"Turner Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"TBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBS_(U.S._TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(U.S._TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Turner South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_South"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"The Weather Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Channel"}],"text":"In the late 20th century, the South changed dramatically. It saw a boom in its service economy, manufacturing base, high technology industries, and the financial sector. Texas in particular witnessed dramatic growth and population change with the dominance of the energy industry and tourism industries, such as the Alamo Mission in San Antonio. Tourism in Florida and along the Gulf Coast also grew steadily throughout the last decades of the 20th century.Numerous new automobile production plants have opened in the region, or are soon to open, such as Mercedes-Benz in Tuscaloosa, Alabama; Hyundai in Montgomery, Alabama; the BMW production plant in Spartanburg, South Carolina; Toyota plants in Georgetown, Kentucky, Blue Springs, Mississippi and San Antonio; the GM manufacturing plant in Spring Hill, Tennessee; a Honda factory in Lincoln, Alabama; the Nissan North American headquarters in Franklin, Tennessee and factories in Smyrna, Tennessee and Canton, Mississippi; a Kia factory in West Point, Georgia; and the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant in Tennessee.The two largest research parks in the country are located in the South: Research Triangle Park in North Carolina (the world's largest) and the Cummings Research Park in Huntsville, Alabama (the world's fourth largest).In medicine, the Texas Medical Center in Houston has achieved international recognition in education, research, and patient care, especially in the fields of heart disease, cancer, and rehabilitation. In 1994 the Texas Medical Center was the largest medical center in the world including fourteen hospitals, two medical schools, four colleges of nursing, and six university systems.[108] The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center is consistently ranked the No. 1 cancer research and treatment center in the United States.[109]Many major banking corporations have headquarters in the region. Bank of America and Truist Financial are in Charlotte. Wachovia was headquartered there before its purchase by Wells Fargo. Regions Financial Corporation is in Birmingham, as is AmSouth Bancorporation, and previously BBVA Compass before its acquisition by PNC Financial Services. Atlanta is the district headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.Many corporations are headquartered in Atlanta and its surrounding area, such as The Coca-Cola Company, Delta Air Lines, and The Home Depot, and also many cable television networks, such as the Turner Broadcasting System (CNN, TBS, TNT, Turner South, Cartoon Network) and The Weather Channel.","title":"Modern economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_evening.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalala_Student_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rice_University_Sally_Port.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rice University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"Florida State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"Georgia State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_University"},{"link_name":"Georgia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech"},{"link_name":"George Mason University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason_University"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"Florida A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"North Carolina A&T State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"North Carolina State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park"},{"link_name":"University of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Auburn University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_University"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"James Madison University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_University"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"University of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"University of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"University of Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisville"},{"link_name":"Virginia Military Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"Rice University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"Emory University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"University of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"Liberty University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_University"},{"link_name":"Tulane University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University"},{"link_name":"Wake Forest University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Forest_University"},{"link_name":"Southern Methodist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University"},{"link_name":"Washington and Lee University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University"},{"link_name":"Davidson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_College"},{"link_name":"Berry College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_College"},{"link_name":"Spelman College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelman_College"},{"link_name":"Morehouse College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehouse_College"},{"link_name":"Howard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University"},{"link_name":"Baylor University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_University"}],"text":"Southern public schools in the past have ranked in the lower half of some national surveys.[110] When allowance for race is considered, a 2007 US Government list of test scores often shows white fourth and eighth graders performing better than average for reading and math; while black fourth and eighth graders also performed better than average.[111] This comparison does not hold across the board. Mississippi often scores lower than national averages, no matter how statistics are compared. Newer data from 2009 suggests that secondary school education in the South is on par nationally, with 72% of high schoolers graduating compared to 73% nationwide.[112]The Southern United States is home to some of the nation's largest and most prominent public and private institutions of higher education. Notable public colleges and universities in the South include:University of Texas at AustinVirginia TechUniversity of MiamiRice UniversityUniversity of Virginia\nVirginia Commonwealth University\nUniversity of Texas at Austin\nUniversity of Houston\nUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\nFlorida State University\nUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte\nGeorgia State University\nGeorgia Tech\nGeorge Mason University\nUniversity of Florida\nUniversity of Georgia\nTexas A&M University\nFlorida A&M University\nNorth Carolina A&T State University\nUniversity of Tennessee\nCollege of William & Mary\nNorth Carolina State University\nUniversity of Maryland, College Park\nUniversity of Mississippi\nAuburn University\nUniversity of South Carolina\nJames Madison University\nVirginia Tech\nLouisiana State University\nUniversity of Alabama\nUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham\nUniversity of Arkansas\nUniversity of Oklahoma\nUniversity of Kentucky\nUniversity of Louisville\nVirginia Military InstituteNotable private colleges and universities in the South include:Duke University\nRice University\nVanderbilt University\nJohns Hopkins University\nGeorge Washington University\nGeorgetown University\nEmory University\nUniversity of Miami\nUniversity of Richmond\nLiberty University\nTulane University\nWake Forest University\nSouthern Methodist University\nWashington and Lee University\nDavidson College\nBerry College\nSpelman College\nMorehouse College\nHoward University\nBaylor University","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maynardville-musicians-tn1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Street musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_musician"},{"link_name":"Maynardville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynardville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"white Southerners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Southerners"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"southern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_England"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"West Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Tidewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_(region)"},{"link_name":"Deep South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South"},{"link_name":"Northern English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"Scots lowlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people"},{"link_name":"Ulster-Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people"},{"link_name":"Scotch-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American"},{"link_name":"Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia"},{"link_name":"Upland South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_South"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"outflow to the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)"},{"link_name":"spiritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_(music)"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"soul music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"zydeco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zydeco"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_American"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census.gov-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-120"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_American"},{"link_name":"Afro-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census.gov-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"text":"Street musicians in Maynardville, Tennessee, in 1935Several Southern states (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) were among the British colonies that sent delegates to sign the Declaration of Independence and then fought against the government (Great Britain), along with the Middle and New England colonies, during the Revolutionary War.[113] The basis for much of Southern culture derives from these states being among the original Thirteen Colonies, and from much of the population of the colonial South having ancestral links to colonists who emigrated west. Southern manners and customs reflect the relationship with England that was held by the early population.Overall, the South has had lower housing values, lower household incomes, and lower cost of living than the rest of the United States.[114] These factors, combined with the fact that Southerners have continued to maintain strong loyalty to family ties, has led some sociologists to label white Southerners an ethnic or quasi-ethnic group,[115][116] though this interpretation has been subject to criticism on the grounds that proponents of the view do not satisfactorily indicate how Southerners meet the criteria of ethnicity.[117]The predominant culture of the South has its origins with the settlement of the region by large groups of people from parts of southern England such as Sussex, Kent, the West Country, and East Anglia who moved to the Tidewater and the eastern parts of the Deep South in the 17th and early 18th centuries, Northern English, Scots lowlanders and Ulster-Scots (later called the Scotch-Irish) who settled in Appalachia and the Upland South in the mid to late 18th century,[118] and the many African people who were brought to the American South as slaves. Their descendants, identified as Black or African American people, compose the United States' second-largest racial minority, accounting for 12.1% of the total population according to the 2000 census. Despite Jim Crow era outflow to the North, the majority of the black population remains concentrated in Southern states and has heavily contributed to the cultural blend of religion, food, art, and music (see spiritual, blues, jazz, R&B, soul music, country music, zydeco, bluegrass and rock and roll) that characterizes Southern culture today.In previous censuses, the largest ancestry group identified by Southerners was English or mostly English,[55][119][120] with 19,618,370 self-reporting \"English\" as an ancestry on the 1980 census, followed by 12,709,872 listing \"Irish\" and 11,054,127 \"Afro-American\".[55][119][120] Almost a third of all Americans who claim English ancestry can be found in the American South, and over a quarter of all Southerners claim English descent as well.[121]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Second Great Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Anglican/Episcopalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"First Great Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakening"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodists"},{"link_name":"Pentecostals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostals"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"black Southerners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Southerners"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Bible Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Belt"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Pentecostalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"The South has had a majority of its population adhering to evangelical Protestantism ever since the Second Great Awakening,[122] although the upper classes often stayed Anglican/Episcopalian or Presbyterian. The First Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening from about 1742 to about 1850 generated large numbers of Methodists and Baptists, which remain the two main Christian confessions in the South.[123] By 1900, the Southern Baptist Convention had become the largest Protestant denomination in the whole United States with its membership concentrated in rural areas of the South.[124][125] Baptists are the most common religious group, followed by Methodists, Pentecostals and other denominations. Roman Catholics historically were concentrated in Maryland, Louisiana, and Hispanic areas such as South Texas and South Florida and along the Gulf Coast. The great majority of black Southerners are either Baptist or Methodist.[126] Statistics show that Southern states have the highest religious attendance figures of any region in the United States, constituting the so-called Bible Belt.[127] Pentecostalism has been strong across the South since the late 19th century.[128]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northerners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Westerners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"NAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"La Raza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Raza"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Latino vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_vote"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edward_L._Ayers_2005_p._46-138"},{"link_name":"Michael Hirsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hirsh_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Southernization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southernization"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirsh-139"}],"sub_title":"National and international influences","text":"Apart from its climate, the living experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and Westerners, mainly since the late 20th century, has reshaped the culture of major metropolitan areas and coastal areas.[129]While Hispanics have long been a major factor in Texas, millions more have arrived in other Southern states during the 1990s and early 2000s bringing values not rooted in local traditions.[130][131][132] Historian Raymond Mohl emphasizes the role of NAFTA in lowering trade barriers and facilitating large-scale population movements. He adds other factors such as ongoing economic crisis in Mexico, new more liberal immigration policies in the United States, labor recruitment and smuggling, that have produced a major flow of Mexican and Hispanic migration to the southeast. That region's low-wage, low-skill economy readily hired cheap, reliable, nonunion labor, without asking applicants too many questions about legal status.[133][134] Richard J. Gonzales argues that the rise of La Raza (Mexican American community) in terms of numbers and influence in politics, education, and language and cultural rights will grow rapidly in Texas by 2030 when demographers predict Hispanics will outnumber Anglos in Texas.[135] However thus far their political participation and the Latino vote have been low, so the potential political impact is much higher than the actual one thus far.[136][137]Scholars have suggested that collective identity and Southern distinctiveness are thus declining in the Deep South, particularly when defined against \"an earlier South that was somehow more authentic, real, more unified and distinct\".[138] On the other hand, Southerners have moved west in large numbers, especially to California and to the Midwest. Thus, journalist Michael Hirsh proposed that aspects of Southern culture have spread throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed \"Southernization\".[139]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Southerners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Southerners"},{"link_name":"White Southerners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Southerners"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Americans_by_state.svg"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Upland South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_South"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida"},{"link_name":"South Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Texas"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"}],"text":"See also: Black Southerners and White SouthernersProportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States CensusThe South has the largest African American population by region.[140] The South has largely remained a black and white region. The Upland South is heavily white, with few African Americans in the subregion of the South.[141] However, the Hispanic population has seen rapid growth in certain areas, particularly in South Florida and South Texas.[142]","title":"Ethnicity"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010_BCS_Champ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football"},{"link_name":"BCS National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCS_National_Championship_Game"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dallas_Cowboys_in_the_red-zone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Big 12 Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference"},{"link_name":"Alabama Crimson Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide"},{"link_name":"high school level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_football"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Washington_Commanders"},{"link_name":"Washington Commanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"Houston Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Houston Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Titans"}],"sub_title":"American football","text":"Alabama plays Texas in American football for the 2010 BCS National Championship.The Dallas Cowboys are one of the region's most popular NFL teams.American football is heavily considered the most popular team sport in most areas of the Southern United States.The region is home to numerous decorated and historic college football programs, particularly in the Southeastern Conference (known as the \"SEC\"), Atlantic Coast Conference (known as the \"ACC\"), and the Big 12 Conference. The SEC, consisting almost entirely of teams based in Southern states, is widely considered to be the strongest league in contemporary college football and includes the Alabama Crimson Tide, the program with the most national championships in the sport's modern history. The sport is also highly competitive and has a spectator following at the high school level, particularly in rural areas, where high school football games often serve as prominent community gatherings.The first established professional American football team based in the South were the Washington Redskins, now called the Washington Commanders. They still retain a large following in most of Virginia and parts of Maryland.[143] Later on, the National Football League (NFL) and American Football League (AFL) began to expand many teams in the Southern US during the 1960s, with franchises like the Atlanta Falcons, New Orleans Saints, Houston Oilers, Miami Dolphins, and the Dallas Cowboys. In later decades, NFL expansion into Southern states continued, with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers during the 1970s, along with the Carolina Panthers, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Baltimore Ravens during the 1990s. The Houston Oilers were eventually replaced by the Houston Texans, after the Oilers relocated to Nashville to become the Tennessee Titans.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lone_Star_Series,_Houston_Astros_vs_Texas_Rangers_at_Globe_Life_Park_in_Arlington,_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Lone Star Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Star_Series"},{"link_name":"American League West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League_West"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Texas League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League"},{"link_name":"Dixie League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_League_(1916_baseball)"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_(1885%E2%80%9399)"},{"link_name":"Louisville Colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Colonels"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"American Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(19th_century)"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Miami Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"},{"link_name":"College baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Florida State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_baseball"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_Tigers_baseball"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_baseball"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_baseball"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_baseball"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_baseball"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators_baseball"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Coastal Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_Chanticleers"},{"link_name":"College World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_World_Series"}],"sub_title":"Baseball","text":"Houston vs Texas face-off during the 2013 Lone Star Series in the American League West division of Major League BaseballBaseball has been played in the Southern United States dating back to the mid-19th century. It was traditionally more popular than American football until the 1980s and still accounts for the largest annual attendance amongst sports played in the South. The first mention of a baseball team in Houston was on April 11, 1861.[145][146] During the late 19th century and early 20th century games were common, especially once the professional leagues such as the Texas League, the Dixie League, and the Southern League were organized.The short-lived Louisville Colonels were a part of the early National League and American Association, but ceased to exist in 1899. The first Southern Major League Baseball team after the Colonels appeared in 1962, when the Houston Colt .45s (known today as the Houston Astros) were enfranchised. Later, the Atlanta Braves came in 1966, followed by the Texas Rangers in 1972, and finally the Miami Marlins and Tampa Bay Rays in the 1990s.College baseball appears to be more well attended in the South than elsewhere, as teams like Florida State, Arkansas, LSU, Virginia, Mississippi State, Ole Miss, South Carolina, Florida and Texas are commonly at the top of the NCAA's attendance.[147] The South generally produces very successful collegiate baseball teams with Virginia, Vanderbilt, LSU, South Carolina, Florida and Coastal Carolina winning recent College World Series Titles.The following is a list of each MLB team in the Southern U.S. and the total fan attendance for 2019:","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG"},{"link_name":"2015 Daytona 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Daytona_500"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Daytona International Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Daytona Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"stock car racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_car_racing"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Daytona Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Daytona International Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway"}],"sub_title":"Auto racing","text":"The start of the 2015 Daytona 500, the biggest race in NASCAR, at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, FloridaThe Southern states are commonly associated with stock car racing and its most prominent competition level NASCAR, which is headquartered in Charlotte and Daytona Beach. The sport was developed in the South during the early 20th century, with stock car racing's historic mecca being Daytona Beach, where cars initially raced on the wide, flat beachfront, before the construction of Daytona International Speedway. Though the sport has attained a following throughout the United States, a majority of NASCAR races continue to take place at Southern tracks.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Louisville Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Duke Blue Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Tar Heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Florida Gators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Virginia Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs"},{"link_name":"Houston Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Rockets"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Dallas Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks"},{"link_name":"Washington Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Wizards"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Orlando Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Magic"},{"link_name":"Memphis Grizzlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans"},{"link_name":"Miami Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Heat"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"}],"sub_title":"Basketball","text":"Basketball is very popular throughout the Southern United States as both a recreational and spectator sport, particularly in the states of Kentucky and North Carolina. Both states are home to several prominent college basketball programs, including the Kentucky Wildcats, Louisville Cardinals, Duke Blue Devils and North Carolina Tar Heels. Other southern teams, like the Florida Gators and Virginia Cavaliers have won national championships.NBA teams based in the South include the San Antonio Spurs, Houston Rockets, Oklahoma City Thunder, Dallas Mavericks, Washington Wizards, Charlotte Hornets, Atlanta Hawks, Orlando Magic, Memphis Grizzlies, New Orleans Pelicans, and Miami Heat. The Spurs and Heat in particular have become prominent within the NBA, with eight championships won by the two between 1999 and 2014.[149]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"professional tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golf_tours"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"The Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masters"},{"link_name":"Augusta National Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_National_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"Augusta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"major championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships"},{"link_name":"Hilton Head Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Head_Island"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"Golf","text":"Golf is a popular recreational sport in most areas of the South, with the region's warm climate allowing it to host many professional tournaments and numerous destination golf resorts, particularly in the state of Florida. The region is home to The Masters which is played at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, and has become one of the professional game's most important tournaments. One of the four major championships in Hilton Head Island, in South Carolina, is also home to a prominent American golf tournament and has several high-quality courses.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_soccer"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"FC Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Houston Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"D.C. United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United"},{"link_name":"Orlando City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_City_SC"},{"link_name":"Inter Miami CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Miami_CF"},{"link_name":"Nashville SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_SC"},{"link_name":"Atlanta United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_United"},{"link_name":"Austin FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_FC"},{"link_name":"Charlotte FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_FC"},{"link_name":"USL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"Soccer","text":"In recent decades association football, known in the South as in the rest of the United States as \"soccer\", has become a popular sport at youth and collegiate levels throughout the region. The game has been historically widespread at the college level in the Atlantic coast states of Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas; which contain many of the nation's most successful college soccer programs. In particular, Virginia has won 7 NCAA National Championships, the third most of any school.The establishment of Major League Soccer has led to professional soccer clubs in the Southern cities including FC Dallas, Houston Dynamo, D.C. United, Orlando City, Inter Miami CF, Nashville SC, Atlanta United, Austin FC and Charlotte FC. The current United States second division soccer league, the USL Championship, was initially geographically based in the coastal Southeast around clubs in Charleston, Richmond, Charlotte, Wilmington, Raleigh, Virginia Beach, and Atlanta.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Big Four\" leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada"},{"link_name":"Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks"},{"link_name":"Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Stars"},{"link_name":"Washington Commanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders"},{"link_name":"Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Wizards"},{"link_name":"Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins"},{"link_name":"Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Heat"},{"link_name":"Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Rockets"},{"link_name":"Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"},{"link_name":"Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets"},{"link_name":"Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Titans"},{"link_name":"Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Predators"},{"link_name":"Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"Pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans"},{"link_name":"Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Magic"},{"link_name":"Spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs"},{"link_name":"Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Grizzlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies"},{"link_name":"Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes"}],"sub_title":"Major sports teams in the South","text":"The Southern region is home to numerous professional sports franchises in the \"Big Four\" leagues (NFL, NBA, NHL, and MLB), with many championships collectively among them.Dallas-Fort Worth: Cowboys (NFL), Rangers (MLB), Mavericks (NBA), Stars (NHL)\nWashington, D.C.: Washington Commanders (NFL), Nationals (MLB), Wizards (NBA), Capitals (NHL)\nMiami-Fort Lauderdale: Dolphins (NFL), Marlins (MLB), Heat (NBA), Panthers (NHL)\nHouston: Texans (NFL), Astros (MLB), Rockets (NBA)\nAtlanta: Falcons (NFL), Braves (MLB), Hawks (NBA)\nTampa Bay: Buccaneers (NFL), Rays (MLB), Lightning (NHL)\nBaltimore: Ravens (NFL), Orioles (MLB)\nCharlotte: Panthers (NFL), Hornets (NBA)\nNashville: Titans (NFL), Predators (NHL)\nNew Orleans: Saints (NFL), Pelicans (NBA)\nOrlando: Magic (NBA)\nSan Antonio: Spurs (NBA)\nJacksonville: Jaguars (NFL)\nOklahoma City: Thunder (NBA)\nMemphis: Grizzlies (NBA)\nRaleigh: Hurricanes (NHL)","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_by_U.S._state.svg"},{"link_name":"life expectancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"cognitive decline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia#Cognitive_testing"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"East South Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_South_Central_states"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"academic health systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_medical_centre"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Duke University Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Health_System"},{"link_name":"University of Florida Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida_Health"},{"link_name":"UNC Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"University of Miami Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_M._Miller_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"UT Health Science Center at Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UT_Health_Science_Center_at_Houston"},{"link_name":"Emory Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Healthcare"},{"link_name":"University of South Florida Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Florida_College_of_Medicine"}],"text":"2020 life expectancy map of the United StatesThe map on the right shows that life expectancy is lower overall in most Southern states compared to the rest of the country. Obesity rates, hypertension, and diabetes are higher relative to the rest of the nation.[150]A study reported that six Southern states have the worst incidence of sleep disturbances in the nation, attributing the disturbances to high rates of obesity and smoking.[151]The South has a higher percentage of obese people[152] and diabetics when compared to national regional averages.[153] The region also has the largest number of people dying from stroke complications[154] and the highest rates of cognitive decline.[155] Life expectancy is lower and death rates are higher, when compared to national averages of other regions in the United States.[156][157] This disparity reflects substantial divergence between the South and other regions since the middle of the 20th century.[158]The East South Central Census Division of the United States (made up of Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama) had the highest rate of inpatient hospital stays in 2012. The other divisions, West South Central (Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana) and South Atlantic (West Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida) ranked seventh and fifth.[159] The South had a significantly higher rate of hospital discharges in 2005 than other regions of the United States, but the rate had declined to be closer to the overall national rate by 2011.[160]For cancer causes, the South, particularly an axis from West Virginia through Texas, leads the nation in adult obesity, adult smoking, low exercise, low fruit consumption, low vegetable consumption, all known cancer risk factors,[161] which matches a similar high risk axis in \"All Cancers Combined, Death Rates by State, 2011\" from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[162]The South is home to some of the nation's largest academic health systems, including the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Duke University Health, University of Florida Health, UNC Medical Center, University of Miami Health, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Emory Healthcare and University of South Florida Health among others.","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mickey_2015-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Press-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuo-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson_2013-17"},{"link_name":"Solid South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_South"},{"link_name":"tantamount to election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantamount_to_election"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Byrd Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Machine"},{"link_name":"Crump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._H._Crump"},{"link_name":"Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_machine"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"filibuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Strom Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Albert Gore Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gore_Sr."},{"link_name":"Estes Kefauver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estes_Kefauver"},{"link_name":"Warren County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Orval Faubus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orval_Faubus"},{"link_name":"Ross Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Barnett"},{"link_name":"John Connally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally"},{"link_name":"Lester Maddox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Maddox"},{"link_name":"George Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace"},{"link_name":"blue-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act,_July_2,_1964.jpg"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"presidential election of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona,_1964"},{"link_name":"Deep South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Southern strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_strategy"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Sonny Perdue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Perdue"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"}],"text":"In the first decades after Reconstruction (1880s–1890s), white Democrats regained power in the state legislatures, and began to make voter registration more complicated, to reduce black voting. With a combination of intimidation, fraud and violence by paramilitary groups, they suppressed black voting and turned Republicans out of office. From 1890 to 1908, ten of eleven states ratified new constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchised most black voters and many poor white voters. This disenfranchisement persisted for six decades into the 20th century, depriving blacks and poor whites of all political representation. Because they could not vote, they could not sit on juries. They had no one to represent their interests, resulting in state legislatures consistently underfunding programs and services, such as schools, for blacks and poor whites.[163] Scholars have characterized pockets of the Southern United States as being \"authoritarian enclaves\" from Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Act.[14][15][16][17]With the collapse of the Republican Party in nearly all parts of the South, the region became known as the \"Solid South\", and the Democratic Party after 1900 moved to a system of primaries to select their candidates. Victory in a primary was tantamount to election. From the late 1870s to the 1960s, only rarely was a state or national Southern politician a Republican, outside from Southern Republican strongholds within the Appalachian mountain districts.[164][165] Southern Republicans during this period would continue to control parts of the Appalachian Mountain areas and compete for power in the former Border States. Apart from a few states (such as the Byrd Machine in Virginia, the Crump Machine in Memphis), and a few other local organizations, the Democratic Party itself was very lightly organized. It managed primaries but party officials had little other role. To be successful a politician built his own network of friends, neighbors and allies. Reelection was the norm, and the result from 1910 to the late 20th century was that Southern Democrats in Congress had accumulated seniority, and automatically took the chairmanships of all committees.[166] By the 1940s the Supreme Court began to find disenfranchisement measures like the \"grandfather clause\" and the white primary unconstitutional. Southern legislatures quickly passed other measures to keep blacks disenfranchised, even after suffrage was extended more widely to poor whites. Because white Democrats controlled all the Southern seats in the U.S. Congress, they had outsize power and could sidetrack or filibuster efforts to pass legislation they did not agree with.A rally against school integration in Little Rock, 1959Increasing support for civil rights legislation by the national Democratic Party beginning in 1948 caused segregationist Southern Democrats to nominate Strom Thurmond on a third-party \"Dixiecrat\" ticket in 1948. These Dixiecrats returned to the party by 1950, but Southern Democrats held off Republican inroads in the suburbs by arguing that only they could defend the region from the onslaught of northern liberals and the civil rights movement. In response to the Brown v. Board of Education ruling of 1954, 101 Southern congressmen (19 senators, 82 House members of which 99 were Southern Democrats and 2 were Republicans) in 1956 denounced the Brown decisions as a \"clear abuse of judicial power [that] climaxes a trend in the federal judiciary undertaking to legislate in derogation of the authority of Congress and to encroach upon the reserved rights of the states and the people.\" The manifesto lauded, \"...those states which have declared the intention to resist enforced integration by any lawful means\". It was signed by all Southern senators except Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, and Tennessee senators Albert Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver. Virginia closed schools in Warren County, Prince Edward County, Charlottesville, and Norfolk rather than integrate, but no other state followed suit. Democratic governors Orval Faubus of Arkansas, Ross Barnett of Mississippi, John Connally of Texas, Lester Maddox of Georgia, and, especially, George Wallace of Alabama resisted integration and appealed to a rural and blue-collar electorate.[167]U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964.The northern Democrats' support of civil rights issues culminated when Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which ended legal segregation and provided federal enforcement of voting rights for blacks. In the presidential election of 1964, Barry Goldwater's only electoral victories outside his home state of Arizona were in the states of the Deep South where few blacks could vote before the 1965 Voting Rights Act.[168] Pockets of resistance to integration in public places broke out in violence during the 1960s by the shadowy Ku Klux Klan, which caused a backlash among moderates.[169] Major resistance to school busing extended into the 1970s.[170]National Republicans such as Richard Nixon began to develop their Southern strategy to attract conservative white Southerners, especially the middle class and suburban voters, in addition to migrants from the North and traditional GOP pockets in Appalachia. The transition to a Republican stronghold in the South took decades. First, the states started voting Republican in presidential elections, except for native Southerners Jimmy Carter in 1976 and Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996. Then the states began electing Republican senators and finally governors. Georgia was the last state to do so, with Sonny Perdue taking the governorship in 2002.[171] In addition to its middle class and business base, Republicans cultivated the religious right and attracted strong majorities from the evangelical or Fundamentalist vote, mostly Southern Baptists, which had not been a distinct political force prior to 1980.[172]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Deal coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal_coalition"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Jim Folsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Folsom"},{"link_name":"John Sparkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sparkman"},{"link_name":"Claude Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Pepper"},{"link_name":"Earl Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Long"},{"link_name":"Hale Boggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Boggs"},{"link_name":"Estes Kefauver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estes_Kefauver"},{"link_name":"Hubert Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"Dixiecrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat"},{"link_name":"Strom Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"Southern Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"}],"sub_title":"Decline of Southern liberalism during the 20th century","text":"Southern liberals were an essential part of the New Deal coalition – without them Roosevelt lacked majorities in Congress. Typical leaders were Lyndon B. Johnson in Texas, Jim Folsom and John Sparkman in Alabama, Claude Pepper in Florida, Earl Long and Hale Boggs in Louisiana, and Estes Kefauver in Tennessee. They promoted subsidies for small farmers, and supported the nascent labor union movement. An essential condition for this north–south coalition was for northern liberals to ignore the problem of racism throughout the South and elsewhere in the country. After 1945, however, northern liberals – led especially by young Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota – increasingly made civil rights a central issue. They convinced Truman to join them in 1948. The conservative Southern Democrats – the Dixiecrats – took control of the state parties in half the region and ran Strom Thurmond for president against Truman. Thurmond carried only the Deep South, but that threat was enough to guarantee the national Democratic Party in 1952 and 1956 would not make civil rights a major issue. In 1956, 101 of the 128 southern congressmen and senators signed the Southern Manifesto denouncing forced desegregation.[173] The labor movement in the South was divided, and lost its political influence. Southern liberals were in a quandary – most of them kept quiet or moderated their liberalism, others switched sides, and the rest continued on the liberal path. One by one, the last group was defeated; historian Numan V. Bartley states, \"Indeed, the very word 'liberal' gradually disappeared from the southern political lexicon, except as a term of opprobrium.\"[174]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton_1978.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Governor of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Southern Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Democrats"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Virginia Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Presidents from the South","text":"Bill Clinton, newly elected Governor of Arkansas, speaking with Jimmy Carter in 1978. Carter and Clinton were both Southern Democrats and elected to the presidencies in 1976, 1992 and 1996.The South produced nine of the country's first twelve Presidents, including the Virginia Dynasty. After Zachary Taylor won the presidential election of 1848, no Southern politician was elected president until Woodrow Wilson in 1912. Andrew Johnson (of Tennessee) who was vice president in 1865, became president after the death of Abraham Lincoln.Out of the last eleven U.S. presidents, six have Southern region ties: Lyndon B. Johnson (of Texas; 1963–69), Jimmy Carter (of Georgia; 1977–81), George H. W. Bush (of Texas; 1989–93), Bill Clinton (of Arkansas; 1993–2001), George W. Bush (of Texas; 2001–2009), and Joe Biden (of Delaware; 2021–present). Johnson was a native of Texas, while Carter is from Georgia, and Clinton from Arkansas. While George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush began their political careers in Texas, they were both born in New England and have their ancestral roots in that region. Similarly, while Joe Biden was born in Pennsylvania, he grew up largely in Delaware (classified as a Southern state by the U.S. Census Bureau) and spent his entire political career there.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strom Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Hubert Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Dixiecrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat"},{"link_name":"1968 Presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"George C. Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Wallace"},{"link_name":"American Independent Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Southern Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Strategy"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptists"},{"link_name":"the 1994 mid-term elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_elections,_1994"},{"link_name":"Newt Gingrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich"},{"link_name":"Republican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Mike Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Johnson_(Louisiana_politician)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole"},{"link_name":"Howard Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Baker"},{"link_name":"Trent Lott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Lott"},{"link_name":"Bill Frist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Frist"},{"link_name":"Mitch McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_McConnell"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"2020 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"}],"sub_title":"Other politicians and political movements","text":"The South has produced various nationally known politicians and political movements. In 1948, a group of Democratic congressmen, led by Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, split from the Democrats in reaction to an anti-segregation speech given by Minneapolis mayor and future senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota. They founded the States Rights Democratic or Dixiecrat Party. During that year's presidential election, the party ran Thurmond as its candidate and he carried four Deep South states.In the 1968 Presidential election, Alabama Governor George C. Wallace ran for president on the American Independent Party ticket. Wallace ran a \"law and order\" campaign similar to that of Republican candidate, Richard Nixon. Nixon's Southern Strategy of gaining electoral votes downplayed race issues and focused on culturally conservative values, such as family issues, patriotism, and cultural issues that appealed to Southern Baptists.In the 1994 mid-term elections, another Southern politician, Newt Gingrich, led the Republican Revolution, ushering in twelve years of GOP control of the House. Gingrich became Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 1995 and served until his resignation in 1999. The incumbent Speaker of the House, Louisiana Republican Mike Johnson, is also from the South.Except for Bob Dole from Kansas (1985–96), all the recent Republican Senate Leaders have all been Southerners: Howard Baker (1981–1985) of Tennessee, Trent Lott (1996–2003) of Mississippi, Bill Frist (2003–2006) of Tennessee, and Mitch McConnell (2007–present) of Kentucky.The Republican candidates for president have won the South in elections since 1972, except for 1976. The region is not, however, entirely monolithic, and every successful Democratic candidate since 1976 has claimed at least three Southern states. Barack Obama won Florida, Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, and Virginia in 2008 but did not repeat his victory in North Carolina during his 2012 reelection campaign.[175] Joe Biden also performed well for a modern Democrat in the South, winning Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and Georgia, in the 2020 United States presidential election.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Seminole Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Wars"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Native Americans","text":"Native Americans have lived in what is now termed the American South for nearly 12,000 years. More and more of their land was taken until they were defeated by settlers in a series of conflicts ending in the War of 1812 and the Seminole Wars, and most of the surviving population were removed west to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), but large numbers of Native Americans managed to stay behind by blending into the surrounding society. This was especially true of the wives of European American merchants and miners.[citation needed]","title":"Race relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)"},{"link_name":"American Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Montgomery bus boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott"},{"link_name":"Freedom Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Summer"},{"link_name":"Selma, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Letter from Birmingham Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Civil Rights Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute"},{"link_name":"16th Street Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"Birmingham campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign"},{"link_name":"Kelly Ingram Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Civil Rights District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_District"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_(Atlanta,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Coretta Scott King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King"}],"sub_title":"Civil rights movement","text":"The South witnessed two major events in the lives of 20th century African Americans: the Great Migration and the American Civil Rights Movement. The Great Migration began during World War I, hitting its high point during World War II. During this migration, Black people left the South to find work in Northern factories and other sectors of the economy.[176]The migration also empowered the growing Civil Rights Movement. While the movement existed in all parts of the United States, its focus was against disenfranchisement and the Jim Crow laws in the South. Most of the major events in the movement occurred in the South, including the Montgomery bus boycott, the Mississippi Freedom Summer, the March on Selma, Alabama, and the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. In addition, some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written in the South, such as King's \"Letter from Birmingham Jail\". Most of the civil rights landmarks can be found around the South. The Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument in Birmingham includes the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute which details Birmingham's role as the center of the Civil Rights Movement. The 16th Street Baptist Church served as a rallying point for coordinating and carrying out the Birmingham campaign as well as the adjacent Kelly Ingram Park. This park served as ground zero for the infamous children's protest that eventually led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; it has since been rededicated as a place of \"Revolution and Reconciliation\" and is now the setting of moving sculptures related to the battle for Civil Rights in the city. Both Kelly Ingram Park and the 16th Street Baptist Church are centerpieces of the Birmingham Civil Rights District. The Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park in Atlanta includes a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement as well as Martin Luther King Jr.'s boyhood home on Auburn Avenue. Additionally, Ebenezer Baptist Church is located in the Sweet Auburn district as is the King Center, the location of Martin Luther and Coretta Scott King's gravesites.","title":"Race relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racial equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_equality"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Don Haskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Haskins"},{"link_name":"Texas Western College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso#History"},{"link_name":"five black starters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Texas_Western_Miners_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"}],"sub_title":"Racial integration","text":"During the 1950s and 1960s, the racial integration of all-white collegiate sports teams was high on the regional agenda. Involved in it were issues of racial equality, racism, and the alumni's demand for the top players who it needed to win high-profile games. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) would take the lead. First, they started to schedule integrated teams from the North. The wake-up call came in 1966, when Don Haskins's Texas Western College team with five black starters, upset the all-white University of Kentucky team to win the NCAA national basketball championship.[177] That happened at a time when there were no black varsity basketball teams in either the Southeastern Conference or the Southwest Conference. Finally ACC schools, typically under pressure from boosters and civil rights groups, integrated their sports teams.[178][179] With an alumni base that dominated local and state politics, society and business, the ACC flagship schools were successful in their endeavor – as historian Pamela Grundy argues, they had learned how to win:The widespread admiration that athletic ability inspired would help transform athletic fields from grounds of symbolic play to forces for social change, places where a wide range of citizens could publicly and at times effectively challenge the assumptions that cast them as unworthy of full participation in U.S. society. While athletic successes would not rid society of prejudice or stereotype – black athletes would continue to confront racial slurs...[minority star players demonstrated] the discipline, intelligence, and poise to contend for position or influence in every arena of national life.[180]","title":"Race relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Racial segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Massive Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"Southern Christian Leadership Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Bull Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Connor"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"George Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Everett Dirksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Dirksen"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Commission"},{"link_name":"Lester Maddox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Maddox"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_NC"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"}],"sub_title":"Congress ends segregation (1964) and guarantees voting rights (1965)","text":"Racial segregation was required by state laws in the South and other U.S. states until 1964.The decisive action ending segregation came when Congress, in a bipartisan fashion, overcame Southern filibusters to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. A complex interaction of factors came together unexpectedly in the period from 1954 to 1965 to make the momentous changes possible. The Supreme Court had taken the first initiative in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) making segregation of public schools unconstitutional. Enforcement was rapid in the North and border states but was deliberately stopped in the South by the movement called Massive Resistance, sponsored by rural segregationists who largely controlled the state legislatures. Southern liberals, who counseled moderation, were shouted down by both sides and had limited impact. Much more significant was the Civil Rights Movement, especially the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) headed by Martin Luther King Jr. It largely displaced the old, much more moderate NAACP in taking leadership roles. King organized massive demonstrations, that seized massive media attention in an era when network television news was an innovative and universally watched phenomenon.[181] SCLC, student activists and smaller local organizations staged demonstrations across the South. National attention focused on Birmingham, Alabama, where protesters deliberately provoked Bull Connor and his police forces by using young teenagers as demonstrators – and Connor arrested 900 in one day alone. The next day Connor unleashed billy clubs, police dogs, and high-pressure water hoses to disperse and punish the young demonstrators with a brutality that horrified the nation. It was very bad for business and the image of a modernizing progressive urban South. President John F. Kennedy, who had been calling for moderation, threatened to use federal troops to restore order in Birmingham. The result in Birmingham was a compromise by which the new mayor opened the library, golf courses, and other city facilities to both races, against the backdrop of church bombings and assassinations.[182][183]Confrontations continued to escalate. In the summer of 1963, there were 800 demonstrations in 200 southern cities and towns, involving over 100,000 participants and 15,000 arrests. In Alabama in June 1963, Governor George Wallace escalated the crisis by defying court orders to admit the first two black students to the University of Alabama.[184] Kennedy responded by sending Congress a comprehensive civil rights bill and ordered Attorney General Robert Kennedy to file federal lawsuits against segregated schools and to deny funds for discriminatory programs. Doctor King launched a massive march on Washington in August 1963, bringing out 200,000 demonstrators in front of the Lincoln Memorial, the largest political assembly in the nation's history. The Kennedy administration now gave full-fledged support to the civil rights movement, but powerful southern congressmen blocked any legislation.[185] After Kennedy was assassinated President Lyndon Johnson called for immediate passage of Kennedy civil rights legislation as a memorial to the martyred president. Johnson formed a coalition with Northern Republicans that led to passage in the House, and with the help of Republican Senate leader Everett Dirksen with passage in the Senate early in 1964. For the first time in history, the southern filibuster was broken, and the Senate finally passed its version on June 19 by a vote of 73 to 27.[186] The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most powerful affirmation of equal rights ever made by Congress. It guaranteed access to public accommodations such as restaurants and places of amusement, authorized the Justice Department to bring suits to desegregate facilities in schools, gave new powers to the Civil Rights Commission; and allowed federal funds to be cut off in cases of discrimination. Furthermore, racial, religious and gender discrimination was outlawed for businesses with 25 or more employees, as well as apartment houses. The South resisted until the last moment, but as soon as the new law was signed by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, it was widely accepted across the nation. There was only a scattering of diehard opposition, typified by restaurant owner Lester Maddox in Georgia, who became governor, but the great majority of restaurants and hotels in Georgia followed the new law as the business community realized that peaceful integration was the only way forward.[187][188][189][190]Since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, black people have gone on to hold many offices within the Southern states. Black people have been elected or appointed as mayors or police chiefs in the cities of Atlanta, Baltimore, Birmingham, Charlotte, Columbia, Dover, Houston, Jackson, Jacksonville, Memphis, Montgomery, Nashville, New Orleans, Raleigh, Richmond, and Washington. They have also gone on to serve in both the U.S. Congress and state legislatures of Southern states.[191]","title":"Race relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Americans from the North moving to the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Great_Migration"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Nashville-Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"sub_title":"New Great Migration","text":"The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s ended Jim Crow laws across the South and other areas of the United States. In recent decades, a second migration appears to be underway, this time with African Americans from the North moving to the South in record numbers.[192] While race relations are still a contentious issue in the South and most of the U.S., the region surpasses the rest of the country in many areas of integration and racial equality. According to 2003 report by researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Virginia Beach, Charlotte, Nashville-Davidson, and Jacksonville were the five most integrated of the nation's fifty largest cities, with Memphis at number six.[193] Southern states tend to have a low disparity in incarceration rates between blacks and whites relative to the rest of the country.[194]","title":"Race relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Confederate battle flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America#Battle_flag"},{"link_name":"League of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Blue Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Blue_Flag"},{"link_name":"magnolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_(song)"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"}],"text":"Many Southerners use the Confederate battle flag to identify themselves with the South, states' rights and Southern tradition.\nSuch groups as the League of the South have a high regard for the secession movement of 1860, citing a desire to protect and defend Southern heritage.[195] Numerous political battles have erupted over flying the Confederate flag over state capitols, and the naming of public buildings or highways after Confederate leaders, the prominence of certain statues and monuments, and the everyday display of Confederate insignia.[196]Other symbols of the South include the Bonnie Blue Flag, magnolia trees, and the song \"Dixie\".[197]","title":"Symbolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"}],"text":"The South was predominately rural up until the 1940s. Since the mid-20th century, the population has increasingly grown in urban and metropolitan areas. The following tables show the twenty largest cities, counties, metropolitan and combined statistical areas in the South. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States.","title":"Population centers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houston_night.jpg"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dallas_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlotte_Skyline_2011_-_Ricky_W.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_Oklahoma_City_skyline_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nashville_panorama_Kaldari_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WashMonument_WhiteHouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_Louisville,_Kentucky.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_view_of_the_skyline_during_Light_City_2018_in_Baltimore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlanta_Skyline_(26739424722).jpg"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miami_skyline.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tampa_Florida_November_2013-3g.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"}],"sub_title":"Major cities","text":"HoustonDallasCharlotteOklahoma CityNashvilleWashington, D.C.LouisvilleBaltimoreAtlantaMiamiTampaNew Orleans","title":"Population centers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Major counties","title":"Population centers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Major metropolitan areas","text":"* Asterisk indicates part of the metropolitan area is outside the states classified as Southern by the U.S. Census Bureau.","title":"Population centers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Major combined statistical areas","title":"Population centers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Listed below are states that are defined by the Census Bureau as the Southern United States. Washington, D.C. is located in the Southern United States region as defined by the Census Bureau, but serves as the capital city of the United States, and is not a state.","title":"Southern states"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-313-32019-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32019-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-05947-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05947-2"},{"link_name":"Ayers, Edward L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Ayers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-508548-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508548-8"},{"link_name":"The Political South in the 20th Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/politicalsouthin00bill"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-684-13983-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-13983-8"},{"link_name":"The Rise of Southern Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/riseofsouthernre00earl_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-01248-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01248-6"},{"link_name":"The Mind of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/TheMindOfTheSouthW.J.Cash/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-679-73647-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73647-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8078-5876-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5876-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-8510-9780-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8510-9780-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-2532-1736-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2532-1736-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-394-71652-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-71652-7"},{"link_name":"Representation and Taxation in the American South, 1820–1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/elements/representation-and-taxation-in-the-american-south-18201910/1B32EABA137128C2E9C15F2480196470"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ATjQAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Key, V. O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._O._Key_Jr."},{"link_name":"Southern Politics in State and Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/southernpolitics0000keyv_d3i3"},{"link_name":"Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920–1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ruralworldslosta0000kirb"},{"link_name":"Inventing Southern Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/inventingsouther00krey_0/page/66"},{"link_name":"66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/inventingsouther00krey_0/page/66"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57806-045-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-045-0"},{"link_name":"Rayford Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayford_Logan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-306-80758-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80758-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780817304584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817304584"},{"link_name":"\"A More Southern Environmental History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/286977645_A_More_Southern_Environmental_History"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1899640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1899640"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1899640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1899640"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-508709-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508709-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-313-29502-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29502-7"},{"link_name":"Archipelagoes of My South: Episodes in the Shaping of a Region, 1830–1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//muse.jhu.edu/book/48143"},{"link_name":"The emergence of the new South, 1913–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/emergenceofnewso00tind"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Southern History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_d5d4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-0575-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0575-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.eeh.2005.04.003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2005.04.003"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Southern Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso00dia_teb"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8078-1823-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1823-7"},{"link_name":"Woodward, C. Vann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-514690-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514690-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-0009-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0009-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-2098-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2098-9"}],"text":"Allen, John O. and Clayton E. Jewett (2004). Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32019-4.\nAyers, Edward L. What Caused the Civil War? Reflections on the South and Southern History (2005). ISBN 978-0-393-05947-2.\nAyers, Edward L. (1993). The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508548-8.\nBillington, Monroe Lee (1975). The Political South in the 20th Century. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-13983-8.\nBlack, Earl & Black, Merle (2002). The Rise of Southern Republicans. Belknap press. ISBN 978-0-674-01248-6.\nCash, Wilbur J. The Mind of the South (1941). ISBN 978-0-679-73647-9.\nCooper, Christopher A. and H. Gibbs Knotts, eds. The New Politics of North Carolina (U. of North Carolina Press, 2008) ISBN 978-0-8078-5876-9\nDavis, Donald, and Mark R. Stoll. Southern United States: An Environmental History (2006) ISBN 978-1-8510-9780-7\nEdwards, Laura F. \"Southern History as U.S. History\", Journal of Southern History, 75 (Aug. 2009), 533–64.\nFlynt, J. Wayne Dixie's Forgotten People: The South's Poor Whites (1979). Deals with the 20th century. ISBN 978-0-2532-1736-3\nFrederickson, Kari. (2013). Cold War Dixie: Militarization and Modernization in the American South. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.\nEugene D. Genovese (1976). Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Vintage Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-394-71652-7.\nGrantham, Dewey W. The South in modern America (2001) survey covers 1877–2000.\nGrantham, Dewey W. The Life and Death of the Solid South: A Political History (1992).\nJensen, Jeffrey; Pardelli, Giuliana; Timmons, Jeffrey F. 2023. Representation and Taxation in the American South, 1820–1910. Cambridge University Press.\nJohnson, Charles S. Statistical atlas of southern counties: listing and analysis of socio-economic indices of 1104 southern counties (1941). excerpt\nDavid M. Katzman (1996). \"Black Migration\". The Reader's Companion to American History. Houghton Mifflin Company.\nKey, V. O. Southern Politics in State and Nation (1951). Classic political analysis, state by state.\nKirby, Jack Temple. Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920–1960 (LSU Press, 1986). Major scholarly survey with detailed bibliography.\nMichael Kreyling (1998). Inventing Southern Literature. University Press of Mississippi. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-57806-045-0.\nRayford Logan (1997). The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80758-9.\nMcWhiney, Grady. Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (1988) ISBN 9780817304584\nMark, Rebecca, and Rob Vaughan. The South: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures (2004)\nMorris, Christopher (2009). \"A More Southern Environmental History\". Journal of Southern History. 75 (3): 581–598.\nOdem, Mary E. and Elaine Lacy, eds. Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South (U of Georgia Press, 2009).\nRabinowitz, Howard N. (September 1976). \"From Exclusion to Segregation: Southern Race Relations, 1865–1890\". Journal of American History. 43 (2): 325–350. doi:10.2307/1899640. JSTOR 1899640.\nNicol C. Rae (1994). Southern Democrats. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508709-3.\nJeffrey A. Raffel (1998). Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation: The American Experience. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29502-7.\nRivers, Larry E., and Canter Brown, eds. The Varieties of Women's Experiences: Portraits of Southern Women in the Post-Civil War Century (UP of Florida, 2010).\nThornton III, J. Mills. Archipelagoes of My South: Episodes in the Shaping of a Region, 1830–1965 (2016)\nTindall, George B. The emergence of the new South, 1913–1945 (1967)\nRobert W. Twyman.; David C. Roller, eds. (1979). Encyclopedia of Southern History. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-0575-7.\nVirts, Nancy (2006). \"Change in the Plantation System: American South, 1910–1945\". Explorations in Economic History. 43 (1): 153–176. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2005.04.003.\nWells, Jonathan Daniel (2009). \"The Southern Middle Class\". Journal of Southern History. 75 (3): 651–.\nCharles Reagan Wilson; William Ferris, eds. (1989). Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1823-7.\nWoodward, C. Vann (1955). The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514690-5.\nWoodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South, 1877–1913: A History of the South (1951). ISBN 978-0-8071-0009-7.\nGavin Wright (1996). Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2098-9.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Texas Hill Country","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG/220px-Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bluegrass region, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kentucky_horse_farm.JPEG/220px-Kentucky_horse_farm.JPEG"},{"image_text":"Glass Mountains, Oklahoma","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gloss_Mountains.jpg/220px-Gloss_Mountains.jpg"},{"image_text":"North Carolina's Appalachian Mountains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Linville_Gorge-27527-3.jpg/220px-Linville_Gorge-27527-3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Field of yellow wildflowers in Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg/220px-Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pearl River backwater in Mississippi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pearl_River_backwater_in_Mississippi.jpg/220px-Pearl_River_backwater_in_Mississippi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Misty Bluff along the Buffalo River, Ozark Mountains, Arkansas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Misty_Bluff_along_the_Buffalo_River.jpg/220px-Misty_Bluff_along_the_Buffalo_River.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tidal wetlands of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ChesapeakeTidalWetlands.jpg/220px-ChesapeakeTidalWetlands.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cherry River in West Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cherry_River_West_Virginia.jpg/220px-Cherry_River_West_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"The highlands of Grayson County in Southwest Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grayson_County_VA.jpg/220px-Grayson_County_VA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Southern Colonies, with the Proclamation Line of 1763 shown in red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gacolony.png/220px-Gacolony.png"},{"image_text":"1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina, 1781","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg"},{"image_text":"The siege of Yorktown prompted Great Britain's surrender in North America during the American Revolutionary War, 1781.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yorktown80.JPG/220px-Yorktown80.JPG"},{"image_text":"Slaves on a South Carolina plantation (The Old Plantation, circa 1790)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg/220px-SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grove Plantation in Tallahassee, Florida. Known officially as the Call/Collins House at the Grove. Built circa 1840.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Call-Collins_House%2C_The_Grove-_Tallahassee%2C_Florida_%287157983334%29.jpg/220px-The_Call-Collins_House%2C_The_Grove-_Tallahassee%2C_Florida_%287157983334%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Horse race meeting at Jacksonville, Alabama, 1841","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/A_Race_Meeting_at_Jacksonville%2C_Alabama_by_W.S._Hedges_-_BMA.jpg/220px-A_Race_Meeting_at_Jacksonville%2C_Alabama_by_W.S._Hedges_-_BMA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historic Southern United States. The states in light red were considered southern \"border states\", and gave varying degrees of support to the Confederate cause although they remained in the Union while Kentucky and Missouri had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments. This illustration depicts the original, trans-Allegheny borders of Virginia, and thus does not show West Virginia (which separated from Virginia in 1863)[66] separately. Although members of the Five Tribes in Indian Territory (today part of Oklahoma) aligned themselves with the Confederacy, the region is not shaded because at the time it was a territory, not a state.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Southern_United_States_Civil_War_Map.svg/220px-Southern_United_States_Civil_War_Map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Atlanta's railroad roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg/220px-Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg"},{"image_text":"An African American family, photographed by O'Pierre Havens, circa 1868","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Little_Bo_Peep._Group_of_men_and_women_seated_outside%2C_child_peeking_out_of_a_barrel_in_the_foreground.png/220px-Little_Bo_Peep._Group_of_men_and_women_seated_outside%2C_child_peeking_out_of_a_barrel_in_the_foreground.png"},{"image_text":"A Home on the Mississippi, by Currier and Ives, 1871","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/220px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png"},{"image_text":"Child laborers in Bluffton, South Carolina, 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/10_year_old_Jimmie._Been_shucking_3_years._6_pots_a_day%2C_and_a_11_year_old_boy_who_shucks_7_pots.jpg/220px-10_year_old_Jimmie._Been_shucking_3_years._6_pots_a_day%2C_and_a_11_year_old_boy_who_shucks_7_pots.jpg"},{"image_text":"Southern United States in 1908 from The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135851607%29.jpg/220px-The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135851607%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An illustration from Houston: Where Seventeen Railroads Meet the Sea, 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png/220px-CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png"},{"image_text":"Photo of sharecropper family in Walker County, Alabama, circa 1937","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children%2C_Walker_County%2C_Alabama%2C_8b35778.jpg/220px-Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children%2C_Walker_County%2C_Alabama%2C_8b35778.jpg"},{"image_text":"Naval Air Station Miami, circa 1942–43","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/North_American_SNJ_Texans_parked_at_Naval_Air_Station_Miami%2C_circa_1942-43_%2880-G-K-13376%29.jpg/220px-North_American_SNJ_Texans_parked_at_Naval_Air_Station_Miami%2C_circa_1942-43_%2880-G-K-13376%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"University of Texas at Austin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_evening.jpg/150px-University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_evening.jpg"},{"image_text":"Virginia Tech","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg/150px-Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"University of Miami","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shalala_Student_Center.jpg/150px-Shalala_Student_Center.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rice University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rice_University_Sally_Port.jpg/150px-Rice_University_Sally_Port.jpg"},{"image_text":"Street musicians in Maynardville, Tennessee, in 1935","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maynardville-musicians-tn1.jpg/220px-Maynardville-musicians-tn1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/African_Americans_by_state.svg/220px-African_Americans_by_state.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Alabama plays Texas in American football for the 2010 BCS National Championship.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2010_BCS_Champ.jpg/220px-2010_BCS_Champ.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Dallas Cowboys are one of the region's most popular NFL teams.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dallas_Cowboys_in_the_red-zone.jpg/220px-Dallas_Cowboys_in_the_red-zone.jpg"},{"image_text":"Houston vs Texas face-off during the 2013 Lone Star Series in the American League West division of Major League Baseball","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lone_Star_Series%2C_Houston_Astros_vs_Texas_Rangers_at_Globe_Life_Park_in_Arlington%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Lone_Star_Series%2C_Houston_Astros_vs_Texas_Rangers_at_Globe_Life_Park_in_Arlington%2C_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"The start of the 2015 Daytona 500, the biggest race in NASCAR, at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG/220px-Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG"},{"image_text":"2020 life expectancy map of the United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Life_expectancy_by_U.S._state.svg/300px-Life_expectancy_by_U.S._state.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A rally against school integration in Little Rock, 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg/220px-Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bill Clinton, newly elected Governor of Arkansas, speaking with Jimmy Carter in 1978. 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U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160617004241/https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf","url_text":"\"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States\""},{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Change in Resident Population of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 1910 to 2020\" (PDF). Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/population-change-data-table.pdf","url_text":"\"Change in Resident Population of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 1910 to 2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210426202412/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/population-change-data-table.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About – CSG\". csg-erc.org. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160623221327/http://www.csg-erc.org/about-csg/","url_text":"\"About – CSG\""},{"url":"http://www.csg-erc.org/about-csg/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home : Geographic Information : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics\". bls.gov. Archived from the original on July 8, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bls.gov/regions/home.htm","url_text":"\"Home : Geographic Information : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160708094045/http://www.bls.gov/regions/home.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Regional Climate Centers – National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)\". noaa.gov. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/customer-support/partnerships/regional-climate-centers","url_text":"\"Regional Climate Centers – National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160629052132/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/customer-support/partnerships/regional-climate-centers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Region and Area Maps\". scouting.org. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scouting.org/Home/OutdoorProgram/Properties/Region%20and%20Area%20Maps.aspx","url_text":"\"Region and Area Maps\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160706205651/http://www.scouting.org/Home/OutdoorProgram/Properties/Region%20and%20Area%20Maps.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Northeast Regional Office – National Historic Landmarks Program\". nps.gov. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/nhl/contact/nero.htm","url_text":"\"Northeast Regional Office – National Historic Landmarks Program\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305213420/http://www.nps.gov/nhl/contact/nero.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Six: Statistical Groupings of States and Counties\". Geographic Areas Reference Manual (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. November 1994. pp. 6-18–6-19. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2024. [A]fter the 1950 census ... an interagency committee within the Department of Commerce compared the existing Census Bureau regions and divisions to other schemes of regionalization and assessed the usefulness of an alternative system ... it shifted Delaware, the District of Columbia, and Maryland from the South Region to the Middle Atlantic Division of the Northeast Region ... This suggested reclassification had its merits ... However, the new system did not win enough overall acceptance among data users to warrant adoption as an official new set of general-purpose State groupings.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/GARM/Ch6GARM.pdf","url_text":"Geographic Areas Reference Manual"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220129035331/https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/GARM/Ch6GARM.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Census Bureau. \"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf","url_text":"\"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171219134403/https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Garreau, Joel (1982). The Nine Nations of North America. Avon Books. ISBN 978-0-380-57885-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-57885-6","url_text":"978-0-380-57885-6"}]},{"reference":"Woodard, Colin (2012). American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-312202-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americannationsh0000wood","url_text":"American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312202-9","url_text":"978-0-14-312202-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Southeastern Division of the Association of American Geographers\". Archived from the original on January 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150101170046/http://www.geography.vt.edu/sedaag/","url_text":"\"Southeastern Division of the Association of American Geographers\""},{"url":"http://www.geography.vt.edu/sedaag/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Geological Society of America – Southeastern Section\". geosociety.org. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geosociety.org/sections/se/","url_text":"\"Geological Society of America – Southeastern Section\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701183006/http://www.geosociety.org/Sections/se/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Legislative Conference – Serving the South\". slcatlanta.org. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006123648/http://www.slcatlanta.org/staff_and_structure/officers.shtml","url_text":"\"Southern Legislative Conference – Serving the South\""},{"url":"http://www.slcatlanta.org/staff_and_structure/officers.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bethune, Lawrence E. \"Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775\". Lawrence E. Bethune's M.U.S.I.C.s Project. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm","url_text":"\"Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120219045151/http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Jeffrey; Pardelli, Giuliana; Timmons, Jeffrey F. (2024). \"Representation and Taxation in the American South, 1820–1910\". Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009122825. ISBN 9781009122825. S2CID 266475609. Archived from the original on October 23, 2023. 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Paths Out of Dixie. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13338-6. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691133386/paths-out-of-dixie","url_text":"Paths Out of Dixie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13338-6","url_text":"978-0-691-13338-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191226001709/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691133386/paths-out-of-dixie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"How to Save a Constitutional Democracy. University of Chicago Press. 2018. p. 22. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo28381225.html","url_text":"How to Save a Constitutional Democracy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174114/https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo28381225.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kuo, Didi (2019). \"Comparing America: Reflections on Democracy across Subfields\" (PDF). Perspectives on Politics. 17 (3): 788–800. doi:10.1017/S1537592719001014. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 202249318. 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Boundary Control. pp. 35–71. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139017992. ISBN 9781139017992. Archived from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundary-control/subnational-authoritarianism-in-the-united-states/85765543D8C22FBA874D213C5D73144E","url_text":"\"Subnational Authoritarianism in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139017992","url_text":"10.1017/CBO9781139017992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139017992","url_text":"9781139017992"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200830165134/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundary-control/subnational-authoritarianism-in-the-united-states/85765543D8C22FBA874D213C5D73144E","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. Gibbs (2010). \"Declining Dixie: Regional Identification in the Modern American South\". Social Forces. 88 (3): 1083–1101. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0284. S2CID 53573849.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsof.0.0284","url_text":"10.1353/sof.0.0284"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53573849","url_text":"53573849"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Tom W.; McLean, William P.; Larsen, Amy J. (2002). \"Southern Distinctiveness over Time: 1972–2000\". American Review of Politics. 23: 193–220. doi:10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2002.23.0.193-220.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15763%2Fissn.2374-7781.2002.23.0.193-220","url_text":"\"Southern Distinctiveness over Time: 1972–2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15763%2Fissn.2374-7781.2002.23.0.193-220","url_text":"10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2002.23.0.193-220"}]},{"reference":"\"Census Bureau Regions and Divisions with State FIPS Codes\" (PDF). US Census. December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053705/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/maps/pdfs/reference/us_regdiv.pdf","url_text":"\"Census Bureau Regions and Divisions with State FIPS Codes\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/maps/pdfs/reference/us_regdiv.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Southern and Western Regions Experienced Rapid Growth This Decade\". Census.gov. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2020/south-west-fastest-growing.html","url_text":"\"Southern and Western Regions Experienced Rapid Growth This Decade\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015202403/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2020/south-west-fastest-growing.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Population Distribution and Change: 2000 to 2010\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. March 2011. 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SouthEastern Division of the American Association of Geographers. Archived from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sedaag.org/","url_text":"\"SouthEastern Division of the American Association of Geographers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000800/http://sedaag.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Trende, Sean (2012). The Lost Majority: Why the Future of Government Is Up for Grabs – and Who Will Take It. St. Martin's Press. pp. xxii–xxviii. ISBN 978-0230116467.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Trende","url_text":"Trende, Sean"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lostmajoritywhyf0000tren/page/","url_text":"The Lost Majority: Why the Future of Government Is Up for Grabs – and Who Will Take It"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lostmajoritywhyf0000tren/page/","url_text":"xxii–xxviii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230116467","url_text":"978-0230116467"}]},{"reference":"\"The Civil War in West Virginia\". wvculture.org. 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The Tchula Period in the Mid-South and Lower Mississippi Valley. Mississippi Department of Archives and History. ISBN 9780938896487. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CYOSHQAACAAJ&q=mid-south","url_text":"The Tchula Period in the Mid-South and Lower Mississippi Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780938896487","url_text":"9780938896487"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210816094748/https://books.google.com/books?id=CYOSHQAACAAJ&q=mid-south","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Region\". Federal Aviation Administration. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. 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Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://leagueofthesouth.com/corebeliefs/","url_text":"\"Core Beliefs Statement of The League of the South\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_South","url_text":"League of the South"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214062210/https://leagueofthesouth.com/corebeliefs/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martinez, James Michael; Richardson, William Donald; McNinch-Su, Ron, eds. (2000). Confederate Symbols. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813017587. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC","url_text":"Confederate Symbols"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813017587","url_text":"9780813017587"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150917205225/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2021\". Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2021\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220928171234/https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 4. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical (CBSA-EST2012-01)\". March 2018 United States Census. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html","url_text":"\"Table 4. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical (CBSA-EST2012-01)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200616024757/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017 – United States – Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico\". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2017/GCTPEPANNR.US41PR","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017 – United States – Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Allen, John O. and Clayton E. Jewett (2004). Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32019-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32019-4","url_text":"978-0-313-32019-4"}]},{"reference":"Ayers, Edward L. (1993). The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pomidoro1980 | User talk:Pomidoro1980 | ["1 Welcome!","2 Speedy deletion nomination of Draft:Kostiantyn Magaletskyi","3 How to improve","4 Links to draft articles","5 Your submission at Articles for creation: Planeta RS (September 10)","6 Concern regarding Draft:Planeta RS","7 September 2023"] | Welcome!
Hello, Pomidoro1980, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Unfortunately, one or more of the pages you created, such as Draft:Kostiantyn Magaletskyi, may not conform to some of Wikipedia's content policies and may not be retained. In short, the topic of an article must be notable and have already been the subject of publication by reliable and independent sources.
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Speedy deletion nomination of Draft:Kostiantyn Magaletskyi
If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles.
A tag has been placed on Draft:Kostiantyn Magaletskyi, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, group, product, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations for more information.
If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. Giraffer (talk·contribs) 12:10, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Please note that Wikipedia is not the place for you to post your résumé, curriculum vitae, or similar material. It is also unlikely that anyone will ever see it, and anyone can alter the info you post. Please read this policy page describing what Wikipedia is not. Your résumé or CV will soon be deleted as this constitutes advertising, which is not allowed. You may also want to read our policies on conflicts of interest and autobiographies. Thank you. Deb (talk) 18:29, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
How to improve
The article was written in the style of a CV or résumé, as if the subject was applying for a job and wanted to emphasize only his achievements. You must use complete sentences in a Wikipedia article. You must be sure to declare any conflict of interest. If in doubt about neutral language, read Wikipedia:NPOV. You should also ensure that the subject meets the notability criteria. Deb (talk) 09:24, 3 December 2021 (UTC)
Links to draft articles
Please do not introduce links in actual articles to draft articles, as you did to Roman Romanov (Ukrainian businessman). Since a draft is not yet ready for the main article space, it is not in shape for ordinary readers, and links from articles should not go to a draft. Such links are contrary to the Manual of Style. These links have been removed. Thank you. - Arjayay (talk) 09:32, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
Your submission at Articles for creation: Planeta RS (September 10)
Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Theroadislong was:
This submission's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article—that is, they do not show significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in published, reliable, secondary sources that are independent of the subject (see the guidelines on the notability of organizations and companies). Before any resubmission, additional references meeting these criteria should be added (see technical help and learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue). If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.
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Theroadislong (talk) 11:21, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
Hello, Pomidoro1980!
Having an article draft declined at Articles for Creation can be disappointing. If you are wondering why your article submission was declined, please post a question at the Articles for creation help desk. If you have any other questions about your editing experience, we'd love to help you at the Teahouse, a friendly space on Wikipedia where experienced editors lend a hand to help new editors like yourself! See you there! Theroadislong (talk) 11:21, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
Concern regarding Draft:Planeta RS
Hello, Pomidoro1980. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Planeta RS, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.
If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.
Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 12:01, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
September 2023
Hi Pomidoro1980! I noticed that you recently marked an edit as minor that may not have been. "Minor edit" has a very specific definition on Wikipedia—it refers only to superficial edits that could never be the subject of a dispute, such as typo corrections or reverting obvious vandalism. Any edit that changes the meaning of an article is not a minor edit, even if it only concerns a single word. Please see Help:Minor edit for more information. Thank you. Kj cheetham (talk) 22:40, 8 September 2023 (UTC) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Pomidoro1980&action=edit§ion=1"},{"link_name":"welcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction"},{"link_name":"Draft:Kostiantyn Magaletskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Kostiantyn_Magaletskyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"content policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Core_content_policies"},{"link_name":"notable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability"},{"link_name":"reliable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"independent sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources"},{"link_name":"Your first article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Your_first_article"},{"link_name":"article creation 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it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Draft:Planeta_RS"},{"link_name":"request","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:USERFY"},{"link_name":"request it be undeleted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_undeletion/G13"},{"link_name":"FireflyBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:FireflyBot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:FireflyBot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Pomidoro1980&action=edit§ion=7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"typo corrections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographical_error"},{"link_name":"vandalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism"},{"link_name":"Help:Minor edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Minor_edit"},{"link_name":"Kj cheetham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kj_cheetham"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Kj_cheetham"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Welcome![edit]Hello, Pomidoro1980, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Unfortunately, one or more of the pages you created, such as Draft:Kostiantyn Magaletskyi, may not conform to some of Wikipedia's content policies and may not be retained. In short, the topic of an article must be notable and have already been the subject of publication by reliable and independent sources.Please review Your first article for an overview of the article creation process. The Article Wizard is available to help you create an article, where it will be reviewed and considered for publication. For information on how to request a new article that can be created by someone else, see Requested articles. If you are stuck, come to the Teahouse, where experienced Wikipedians can help you through the processes.New to Wikipedia? Please consider taking a look at our introductory tutorial or reviewing the contributing to Wikipedia page to learn the basics about editing. Below are a few other good pages about article creation.Article development\nStandard layout\nLead section\nThe perfect article\nTask Center – need some ideas of what kind of things need doing? Go here.I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, ask me on my talk page or you can just type {{help me}} on this page, followed by your question, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Giraffer (talk·contribs) 12:10, 1 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Draft:Kostiantyn Magaletskyi[edit]If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles.A tag has been placed on Draft:Kostiantyn Magaletskyi, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, group, product, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations for more information.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. Giraffer (talk·contribs) 12:10, 1 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Please note that Wikipedia is not the place for you to post your résumé, curriculum vitae, or similar material. It is also unlikely that anyone will ever see it, and anyone can alter the info you post. Please read this policy page describing what Wikipedia is not. Your résumé or CV will soon be deleted as this constitutes advertising, which is not allowed. You may also want to read our policies on conflicts of interest and autobiographies. Thank you. Deb (talk) 18:29, 1 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]How to improve[edit]The article was written in the style of a CV or résumé, as if the subject was applying for a job and wanted to emphasize only his achievements. You must use complete sentences in a Wikipedia article. You must be sure to declare any conflict of interest. If in doubt about neutral language, read Wikipedia:NPOV. You should also ensure that the subject meets the notability criteria. Deb (talk) 09:24, 3 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]Links to draft articles[edit]Please do not introduce links in actual articles to draft articles, as you did to Roman Romanov (Ukrainian businessman). Since a draft is not yet ready for the main article space, it is not in shape for ordinary readers, and links from articles should not go to a draft. Such links are contrary to the Manual of Style. These links have been removed. Thank you. - Arjayay (talk) 09:32, 10 September 2022 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: Planeta RS (September 10)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Theroadislong was:\nThis submission's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article—that is, they do not show significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in published, reliable, secondary sources that are independent of the subject (see the guidelines on the notability of organizations and companies). Before any resubmission, additional references meeting these criteria should be added (see technical help and learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue). If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Planeta RS and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nTheroadislong (talk) 11:21, 10 September 2022 (UTC)[reply]Concern regarding Draft:Planeta RS[edit]Hello, Pomidoro1980. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Planeta RS, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 12:01, 16 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]September 2023[edit]Hi Pomidoro1980! I noticed that you recently marked an edit as minor that may not have been. \"Minor edit\" has a very specific definition on Wikipedia—it refers only to superficial edits that could never be the subject of a dispute, such as typo corrections or reverting obvious vandalism. Any edit that changes the meaning of an article is not a minor edit, even if it only concerns a single word. Please see Help:Minor edit for more information. Thank you. Kj cheetham (talk) 22:40, 8 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Pomidoro1980"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Ambox_warning_pn.svg/48px-Ambox_warning_pn.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AFC-Logo_Decline.svg/50px-AFC-Logo_Decline.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete&page=Draft%3AKostiantyn+Magaletskyi","external_links_name":"deleting administrator"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit§ion=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Planeta_RS","external_links_name":"Articles for creation help desk"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Theroadislong&action=edit§ion=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Planeta_RS","external_links_name":"reviewer's talk page"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_von_Lichtenau | Wilhelmine, Gräfin von Lichtenau | ["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 References"] | Countess von Lichtenau
Wilhelmine, Gräfin von LichtenauCountess von LichtenauPortrait by Anna Dorothea Therbusch, 1776.Born(1753-12-29)29 December 1753Died9 June 1820(1820-06-09) (aged 66)SpouseJohann Friedrich RietzFranz Ignaz HolbeinFatherJohann Elias Enke
Wilhelmine, Gräfin von Lichtenau, born as Wilhelmine Enke, also spelled Encke (29 December 1753 in Potsdam – 9 June 1820 in Berlin), was the official mistress of King Frederick William II of Prussia from 1769 until 1797 and was elevated by him into the nobility. She is regarded as politically active and influential in the policy of Prussia during his reign.
Biography
The future Countess von Lichetenau's father, Johann Elias Enke, was a chamber musician in service of King Frederick II of Prussia. Wilhelmine met Crown Prince Fredrick William in 1764. The king preferred that the crown prince maintain a relationship with her rather than have changing relationships with foreign women, and in 1769 she became the crown prince's official mistress.
The couple had five children, of whom only the youngest survived to adulthood:
A daughter – born and died 10 August 1770).
Ulrike Sophie von Berckholz – March 1774 to 5 September 1774
Christina Sophie Frederica von Lützenberg 25–31 August 1777
Count Alexander von der Marck – 4 January 1779 to 1 August 1787 – reportedly the King's favorite child; he was probably poisoned
Countess Marianne Diderica Frederica Wilhelmine von der Marck – 29 February 1780 to 11 June 1814
Countess Marianne survived into adulthood. She married firstly, on 17 March 1797, Hereditary Count Frederick of Stolberg-Stolberg (1769-1805); they divorced in 1799. Her second marriage on 14 March 1801 was to Baron Kaspar von Miaskowski (1771-1813); they were also subsequently divorced. Her third and final marriage was in 1807 to French aristocrat Étienne de Thierry (d. 1843). She had four daughters over her three marriages, the eldest of them was the notorious poet Countess Louise of Stolberg-Stolberg.
In 1782, Fredrick William arranged for her to marry his councillor and chamberlain Johann Friedrich Rietz (1755–1809), but the relationship between Wilhelmine and Fredrick William continued.
It is debated whether Wilhelmine co-operated with Johann Rudolph von Bischoffswerder and Johann Christoph von Wöllner to keep the monarch under control. Wilhelmine was given the title Countess von Lichtenau in 1794, but this was not made public for two years, until 1796.
After Frederick William died in 1797, Wilhelmine was exiled and her property confiscated, although she was finally granted a pension in 1800. From 1802 to 1806, she had a second marriage to the dramatic Franz Ignaz von Holbein, known as "Fontano" and 26 years her junior, in Breslau (now in Poland and renamed Wrocław). In 1811, Napoleon allowed her to return to Berlin.
Legacy
Wilhelmine, known popularly as "Beautiful Wilhelmine", is closely associated with the Marmorpalais in Potsdam. As Friedrich Wilhelm II's official mistress, she had great influence on the interior decoration of the palace. Following plans by Michael Philipp Boumann, an early classicist style townhouse called Lichtenau Palace was erected for her at the edge of Potsdam's Neuer Garten, at a site on today's Behlertstrasse.
During her lifetime, she was the subject of satire, and following fake memoirs, she published her own. She is a main character in Ernst von Salomon's 1965 novel Die schöne Wilhelmine, which also was turned into a 1984 television serial Beautiful Wilhelmine.
See also
Julie von Voß
Sophie von Dönhoff
References
^ a b Taberner, Stuart (2011). The Novel in German Since 1990. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-521-19237-8.
^ Wilhelmine Enke in: thePeerage.com .
^ a b «Wilhelmine Enke, the later Countess of Lichtenau». Discover Potsdam. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
^ Maierhofer, Waltraud (2004). "Wilhelmine Encke-Ritz-Lichtenau: Writing and Reading the Life of a Prussian Royal Mistress". Biography. 27 (3): 575–596. doi:10.1353/bio.2004.0071. S2CID 143979617.
^ Louis Ferdinand (28 April 1965). "Geliebt, geformt". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 5 June 2015.
^ "Die schöne Wilhelmine". Filmportal.de (in German). Deutsches Filminstitut. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mistress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistress_(lover)"},{"link_name":"Frederick William II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enke-1"}],"text":"Countess von LichtenauWilhelmine, Gräfin von Lichtenau, born as Wilhelmine Enke, also spelled Encke (29 December 1753 in Potsdam – 9 June 1820 in Berlin), was the official mistress of King Frederick William II of Prussia from 1769 until 1797 and was elevated by him into the nobility. She is regarded as politically active and influential in the policy of Prussia during his reign.[1]","title":"Wilhelmine, Gräfin von Lichtenau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pot-3"},{"link_name":"Stolberg-Stolberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolberg-Stolberg"},{"link_name":"Countess Louise of Stolberg-Stolberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Louise_Auguste_Henriette_of_Stolberg-Stolberg"},{"link_name":"Johann Christoph von Wöllner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_von_W%C3%B6llner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enke-1"},{"link_name":"Franz Ignaz von Holbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Ignaz_von_Holbein"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"}],"text":"The future Countess von Lichetenau's father, Johann Elias Enke, was a chamber musician in service of King Frederick II of Prussia. Wilhelmine met Crown Prince Fredrick William in 1764. The king preferred that the crown prince maintain a relationship with her rather than have changing relationships with foreign women, and in 1769 she became the crown prince's official mistress.The couple had five children,[2] of whom only the youngest survived to adulthood:[3]A daughter – born and died 10 August 1770).\nUlrike Sophie von Berckholz – March 1774 to 5 September 1774\nChristina Sophie Frederica von Lützenberg 25–31 August 1777\nCount Alexander von der Marck – 4 January 1779 to 1 August 1787 – reportedly the King's favorite child; he was probably poisoned\nCountess Marianne Diderica Frederica Wilhelmine von der Marck – 29 February 1780 to 11 June 1814Countess Marianne survived into adulthood. She married firstly, on 17 March 1797, Hereditary Count Frederick of Stolberg-Stolberg (1769-1805); they divorced in 1799. Her second marriage on 14 March 1801 was to Baron Kaspar von Miaskowski (1771-1813); they were also subsequently divorced. Her third and final marriage was in 1807 to French aristocrat Étienne de Thierry (d. 1843). She had four daughters over her three marriages, the eldest of them was the notorious poet Countess Louise of Stolberg-Stolberg.In 1782, Fredrick William arranged for her to marry his councillor and chamberlain Johann Friedrich Rietz (1755–1809), but the relationship between Wilhelmine and Fredrick William continued.It is debated whether Wilhelmine co-operated with Johann Rudolph von Bischoffswerder and Johann Christoph von Wöllner to keep the monarch under control. Wilhelmine was given the title Countess von Lichtenau in 1794,[1] but this was not made public for two years, until 1796.After Frederick William died in 1797, Wilhelmine was exiled and her property confiscated, although she was finally granted a pension in 1800. From 1802 to 1806, she had a second marriage to the dramatic Franz Ignaz von Holbein, known as \"Fontano\" and 26 years her junior, in Breslau (now in Poland and renamed Wrocław). In 1811, Napoleon allowed her to return to Berlin.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marmorpalais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmorpalais"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pot-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ernst von Salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon"},{"link_name":"Die schöne Wilhelmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_sch%C3%B6ne_Wilhelmine"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Wilhelmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Wilhelmine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Wilhelmine, known popularly as \"Beautiful Wilhelmine\", is closely associated with the Marmorpalais in Potsdam. As Friedrich Wilhelm II's official mistress, she had great influence on the interior decoration of the palace. Following plans by Michael Philipp Boumann, an early classicist style townhouse called Lichtenau Palace was erected for her at the edge of Potsdam's Neuer Garten, at a site on today's Behlertstrasse.[3]During her lifetime, she was the subject of satire, and following fake memoirs, she published her own.[4] She is a main character in Ernst von Salomon's 1965 novel Die schöne Wilhelmine, which also was turned into a 1984 television serial Beautiful Wilhelmine.[5][6]","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | [{"title":"Julie von Voß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_von_Vo%C3%9F"},{"title":"Sophie von Dönhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_von_D%C3%B6nhoff"}] | [{"reference":"Taberner, Stuart (2011). The Novel in German Since 1990. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-521-19237-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19237-8","url_text":"978-0-521-19237-8"}]},{"reference":"Maierhofer, Waltraud (2004). \"Wilhelmine Encke-Ritz-Lichtenau: Writing and Reading the Life of a Prussian Royal Mistress\". Biography. 27 (3): 575–596. doi:10.1353/bio.2004.0071. S2CID 143979617.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biography_(journal)","url_text":"Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbio.2004.0071","url_text":"10.1353/bio.2004.0071"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143979617","url_text":"143979617"}]},{"reference":"Louis Ferdinand (28 April 1965). \"Geliebt, geformt\". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 5 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Prussia","url_text":"Louis Ferdinand"},{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-46272434.html","url_text":"\"Geliebt, geformt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"Die schöne Wilhelmine\". Filmportal.de (in German). Deutsches Filminstitut. Retrieved 5 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmportal.de/film/die-schoene-wilhelmine_0f3044065f114672bf4f725b1b122084","url_text":"\"Die schöne Wilhelmine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Filminstitut","url_text":"Deutsches Filminstitut"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.thepeerage.com/p6751.htm#i67510","external_links_name":"Wilhelmine Enke in: thePeerage.com"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbio.2004.0071","external_links_name":"10.1353/bio.2004.0071"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143979617","external_links_name":"143979617"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-46272434.html","external_links_name":"\"Geliebt, geformt\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmportal.de/film/die-schoene-wilhelmine_0f3044065f114672bf4f725b1b122084","external_links_name":"\"Die schöne Wilhelmine\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1428921/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122824690","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/84427103","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv4kxmM8mbPKwH3PrTvHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14574673v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162613866","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14574673v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162613866","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118926217","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007596824605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93017481","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20080919017&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p089067134","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810575826105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118926217.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/20001209","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/130827304","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_Riker | William Riker | ["1 Casting","2 Depiction","2.1 Star Trek: The Next Generation","2.2 Star Trek: Voyager","2.3 Star Trek: Enterprise","2.4 Star Trek: Picard","2.5 Star Trek: Lower Decks","3 Alternate versions","4 Popular culture","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"] | Fictional character from Star Trek
For other uses, see William Riker (disambiguation).
Fictional character
William T. RikerStar Trek: The Next Generation characterFirst appearance"Encounter at Farpoint" (1987) (The Next Generation)Created byGene Roddenberry D. C. FontanaPortrayed byJonathan FrakesIn-universe informationSpeciesHumanAffiliation
United Federation of Planets
Starfleet
Fighting styleAnbo-jitsuFamilyKyle Riker (father)Betty Riker (mother)SpouseDeanna TroiChildrenThaddeus Troi-Riker (dead)Kestra Troi-RikerOriginAlaska, United States, EarthPosting
USS Zheng He (PIC)
USS Titan (NEM, LDS)
USS Enterprise-E
(FCT, INS, NEM)
USS Enterprise-D
(Seasons 1–7, GEN)
USS Pegasus
USS Potemkin
USS Hood
Position
Commanding Officer
(USS Enterprise-D,
USS Titan,
USS Zheng He)
First Officer
(USS Enterprise-D,
USS Enterprise-E)
Rank
Captain (NEM, PIC, LDS)
Commander (Seasons 1–7, Movies)
William Thomas "Will" Riker is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe appearing primarily as a main character in Star Trek: The Next Generation, portrayed by Jonathan Frakes. Throughout the series and its accompanying films, he is the Enterprise's first officer, and briefly captain, until he accepts command of the USS Titan at the end of Star Trek: Nemesis. He is the husband of Deanna Troi.
Casting
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023)
Frakes went to seven auditions over six weeks before being cast as Riker. Frakes stated: I started with the cattle call, then the casting director, the producer, then other directors, to Gene Roddenberry, and then through the Paramount execs, including the vice-president himself and the heads of television.
Depiction
Star Trek: The Next Generation
Riker is usually referred to as "Will". He is also usually (and informally) called "Number One" by Captain Picard, because of his position as first officer on the Enterprise.
Riker was originally scripted as a much more serious, by-the-book officer, but by the middle episodes of the first season, it was felt that he was too "official", and his character was toned down and became more of a ladies' man. For the first two seasons, Riker is portrayed as a bold, confident and sometimes arrogant, ambitious young officer; however, over time he becomes more reserved, as experience teaches him the wisdom of a patient, careful approach. He becomes comfortable on the Enterprise, repeatedly turning down offers of his own command, and he learns to cherish his fellow officers' company. Nonetheless, he retains a willingness to occasionally disregard the chain of command.
Although Riker was clean-shaven for the first season, he grew a beard at the start of the second season that later became something of a trademark. Between sessions, Frakes grew a beard for his role in the Civil War miniseries North and South, and Gene Roddenberry asked him to keep it because he thought it made Riker look more nautical. Because Frakes' beard coincided with what fans and critics perceived as an improvement of the show's writing quality, "growing the beard" has become an internet colloquialism for a once subpar television series achieving a dramatic level of improvement. Riker did shave his mustache and beard during the events of Star Trek Insurrection, to the amusement of Data.
Riker's background is first explored in the second-season episode "The Icarus Factor". In the episode, Riker's estranged father, Kyle, visits the Enterprise to offer his son the command of the USS Aries, which Riker refuses. We learn that Riker grew up in Alaska; that his mother, Elizabeth (Betty), died when he was two; and that he was raised by his father until age 15, when he left home. In the episode, Riker had not spoken with his father for 15 years, but they manage to partially mend their relationship over a game of martial-arts sparring called Anbo-jitsu. In the episode "Lower Decks", a waiter at Ten Forward mistakenly states that Riker is Canadian, and in the same episode Riker clarifies that he grew up in Alaska. According to the Voyager episode "Death Wish" (in which Riker made a guest appearance), Riker's distant ancestors also lived in the United States: During the American Civil War, his ancestor Colonel Thaddeus Riker fought on the Union side as an officer in the 102nd New York Infantry Regiment during the Atlanta Campaign.
In the two-part episode "The Best of Both Worlds" Riker takes command of the Enterprise, promoted to the rank of captain through a field promotion, and orchestrates Picard's rescue. This episode also explores the idea of Riker being unwilling to take chances since he had grown comfortable in his role as First Officer aboard the Enterprise. By the end of the episode, when he orders the Enterprise to fire on former Captain Picard, now Locutus of Borg, Riker has grown into a more confident leader. The sixth-season episode "Second Chances" reveals that Will Riker was duplicated long ago by a transporter malfunction. The "second" Riker takes the name "Thomas", which is revealed to be William Riker's middle name. In the seventh-season episode "The Pegasus", Riker must confront his former commanding officer, Admiral Erik Pressman, over a cover-up related to the destruction of the USS Pegasus. The Pegasus had illegally developed a radically different type of cloaking device that also allowed it to phase through matter, resulting in it becoming fused within an asteroid when unstable power consumption forced the cloaking device offline. In the Enterprise series finale, Riker appears as a never before seen cook discussing matters of life, duty, and sacrifice with the crew. It is revealed that his presence is part of a holodeck simulation of historic events that Riker initiated to help himself make the decision to inform Captain Picard of the illegal research once conducted by Admiral Pressman aboard the Pegasus.
Before the beginning of the series, Riker was involved in a romantic relationship with Counselor Troi on her home planet Betazed. They often refer to each other as imzadi, a Betazoid term of endearment meaning "soulmate". The novel Imzadi takes place before the beginning of the series and explores the history of the relationship between the two characters. The two characters are close friends throughout the series, but their relationship does not resume until Star Trek: Insurrection, the third Star Trek film set in the Next Generation era, although Thomas Riker, the duplicate created by a transporter malfunction, attempts to respark their relationship in "Second Chances". The following movie, Star Trek: Nemesis, begins with their wedding reception on board the Enterprise-E. At the start of the film, Riker finally accepts a promotion to captain and an offer to command the USS Titan; during the movie's final scenes he bids Picard, and the Enterprise, farewell.
Star Trek: Voyager
Riker guest-starred along with Q in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Death Wish".
Star Trek: Enterprise
Frakes reprised his role of Commander Riker in the 2005 Enterprise series finale, "These Are the Voyages...".
Star Trek: Picard
Riker returns to the screen in the "Nepenthe" episode of Star Trek: Picard. In that episode, taking place in 2399, Riker is married to Deanna Troi; they have two children, Thad (now deceased) and Kestra. Picard and his gynoid companion Soji visit the Rikers' home, a National Parks-style lodge on the planet Nepenthe, and are welcomed with open arms. Will and Deanna are retired from Starfleet although Will describes his status as being on "active reserve."
Riker makes another Picard appearance in the Season 1 finale "Et in Arcadia Ego, Part II". In that episode, Riker has been reinstated to active duty. He is temporarily in command of the USS Zheng He, the lead ship in a Starfleet squadron sent to the planet Coppelius to protect its inhabitants from imminent Romulan attack.
Riker, along with other former members of the crew of the USS Enterprise-D, return for an extended story arc in the third and final season of Picard, wherein they fight a rogue Changeling conspiracy against the Federation. Riker appears from the season premiere onward (as of the fourth episode), and is acting captain of the USS Titan (NCC-80102-A) – successor to the ship he was given command of at the end of Star Trek: Nemesis, continuing in Star Trek: Lower Decks – in the third and fourth episodes. While conducting a heist at the advanced research center the Daystrom Institute on Picard's behalf, Riker is captured by the rogue Changelings, and reunited with Deanna in the sixth episode. Riker had fallen into an existential crisis after Thad's death, and their relationship had turned into one of toxic codependency and longing for adventure, necessitating their temporary separation and Picard's help. Their former crewmate Worf rescues the couple and brings them aboard the Titan in the eighth episode, reuniting the crew of the Enterprise.
Star Trek: Lower Decks
Riker appears in "No Small Parts", the 2020 finale of the first season of Star Trek: Lower Decks, as captain of the USS Titan (NCC-80102) alongside his wife Deanna Troi – continuing a posting announced in dialogue at the end of Star Trek: Nemesis (2002). Riker appeared in the second season's first and second episodes.
Alternate versions
Frakes appeared in dual roles in "Second Chances", a TNG episode where it was established that a duplicate of him was created years earlier by a transporter malfunction. Frakes appeared as the duplicate, Thomas Riker, in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Defiant", where Thomas impersonates William in order to commandeer the USS Defiant on behalf of the Maquis.
Popular culture
In 1993, mainframe software company Boole & Babbage announced that it had signed a two-year licensing agreement, paying Paramount Pictures $75,000 a year, to use Star Trek imagery in advertising for its products. Boole & Babbage's campaign used actor Jonathan Frakes, playing his character of Commander William Riker, in their Star Trek-themed advertisements.
Reception
In 2009, IGN rated William Riker the 22nd best character of all Star Trek up to that time.
In 2016, Wired magazine ranked First Officer Riker as the 6th most important character of Starfleet within the Star Trek science fiction universe.
In 2017, IndieWire ranked Riker as the 2nd best character on Star Trek:The Next Generation.
In March 2018, TheWrap placed William Riker as 5th out 39 in a ranking of main cast characters of the Star Trek franchise. In October 2018, CBR ranked Riker as the 12th best Starfleet character of Star Trek.
In 2019, CinemaBlend ranked Riker the fifth best Starfleet character of all time. They point out he is good at his job as "Number One", first officer to Captain Picard on the starship USS Enterprise 1701-D.
References
^ a b "Riker". Star Trek. February 24, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
^ Schrager, Adam (1997). The Finest Crew in the Fleet: The Next Generation Cast On Screen and Off. New York: Wolf Valley Books. pp. 48–49. ISBN 1-888149-03-5.
^ Harris, Will (July 30, 2013). "Jonathan Frakes talks William Riker, playing trombone with Phish, and more". The A.V. Club.
^ "Star Trek: Why Commander Riker Grew a Beard for The Next Generation Season 2". CBR. May 12, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
^ Gartenberg, Chaim (September 14, 2017). "How Seth MacFarlane could save his terminally bland Star Trek clone The Orville". The Verge. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
^ "TREK Vets Brent Spiner and Jeri Ryan Back for STAR TREK: PICARD, Plus: Frakes and Sirtis Returning Too!". TrekCore. July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
^ "'Star Trek: Picard': The Complete Guide to the CBS All Access Series". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
^ "Star Trek: Lower Decks — Jonathan Frakes' Riker To Return in Season 2". Den of Geek. October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
^ "Boole & Babbage, Inc. History". FundingUniverse. 1999. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
^ Whiteley, Laura E., ed. (1999). International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. 25. Detroit: St. James Press. pp. 86–88. ISBN 1558623671. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
^ "Top 25 Star Trek Characters". IGN. May 8, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
^ McMillan, Graeme (September 5, 2016). "Star Trek's 100 Most Important Crew Members, Ranked". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
^ Miller, Liz Shannon (September 30, 2017). "'Star Trek: The Next Generation': Ranking the Crew, From Picard to Pulaski". IndieWire. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
^ "All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked". TheWrap. March 21, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
^ "Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked". Comic Book Resources. October 27, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
^ a b "The Best Star Trek Characters Of All Time". CinemaBlend. June 10, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Riker.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Star Trek.
Character biography at official Star Trek website
William Riker at Memory Alpha
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Riker (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Riker_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_universe"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Frakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Frakes"},{"link_name":"films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_(film_series)#The_Next_Generation_films"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701-D)"},{"link_name":"first officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Nemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Nemesis"},{"link_name":"Deanna Troi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanna_Troi"}],"text":"Fictional character from Star TrekFor other uses, see William Riker (disambiguation).Fictional characterWilliam Thomas \"Will\" Riker is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe appearing primarily as a main character in Star Trek: The Next Generation, portrayed by Jonathan Frakes. Throughout the series and its accompanying films, he is the Enterprise's first officer, and briefly captain, until he accepts command of the USS Titan at the end of Star Trek: Nemesis. He is the husband of Deanna Troi.","title":"William Riker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gene Roddenberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Frakes went to seven auditions over six weeks before being cast as Riker. Frakes stated:I started with the cattle call, then the casting director, the producer, then other directors, to Gene Roddenberry, and then through the Paramount execs, including the vice-president himself and the heads of television.[2]","title":"Casting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Depiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Picard"},{"link_name":"chain of command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_hierarchy"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"North and South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_and_South_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"growing the beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_the_shark#Growing_the_beard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Star Trek Insurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_Insurrection"},{"link_name":"Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"The Icarus Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Icarus_Factor"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ST1-1"},{"link_name":"sparring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparring"},{"link_name":"Lower Decks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Decks_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"},{"link_name":"Death Wish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Wish_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"102nd New York Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102nd_New_York_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign"},{"link_name":"The Best of Both Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Both_Worlds_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"},{"link_name":"field promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_promotion"},{"link_name":"Second Chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chances_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"},{"link_name":"transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Riker"},{"link_name":"The Pegasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pegasus_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"},{"link_name":"Counselor Troi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanna_Troi"},{"link_name":"Betazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betazoid"},{"link_name":"Imzadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imzadi"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Insurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Insurrection"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Nemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Nemesis"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfleet_ranks_and_insignia"}],"sub_title":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","text":"Riker is usually referred to as \"Will\". He is also usually (and informally) called \"Number One\" by Captain Picard, because of his position as first officer on the Enterprise.Riker was originally scripted as a much more serious, by-the-book officer, but by the middle episodes of the first season, it was felt that he was too \"official\", and his character was toned down and became more of a ladies' man. For the first two seasons, Riker is portrayed as a bold, confident and sometimes arrogant, ambitious young officer; however, over time he becomes more reserved, as experience teaches him the wisdom of a patient, careful approach. He becomes comfortable on the Enterprise, repeatedly turning down offers of his own command, and he learns to cherish his fellow officers' company. Nonetheless, he retains a willingness to occasionally disregard the chain of command.Although Riker was clean-shaven for the first season, he grew a beard at the start of the second season that later became something of a trademark. Between sessions, Frakes grew a beard for his role in the Civil War miniseries North and South, and Gene Roddenberry asked him to keep it because he thought it made Riker look more nautical.[3] Because Frakes' beard coincided with what fans and critics perceived as an improvement of the show's writing quality, \"growing the beard\" has become an internet colloquialism for a once subpar television series achieving a dramatic level of improvement.[4][5] Riker did shave his mustache and beard during the events of Star Trek Insurrection, to the amusement of Data.Riker's background is first explored in the second-season episode \"The Icarus Factor\". In the episode, Riker's estranged father, Kyle, visits the Enterprise to offer his son the command of the USS Aries, which Riker refuses. We learn that Riker grew up in Alaska;[1] that his mother, Elizabeth (Betty), died when he was two; and that he was raised by his father until age 15, when he left home. In the episode, Riker had not spoken with his father for 15 years, but they manage to partially mend their relationship over a game of martial-arts sparring called Anbo-jitsu. In the episode \"Lower Decks\", a waiter at Ten Forward mistakenly states that Riker is Canadian, and in the same episode Riker clarifies that he grew up in Alaska. According to the Voyager episode \"Death Wish\" (in which Riker made a guest appearance), Riker's distant ancestors also lived in the United States: During the American Civil War, his ancestor Colonel Thaddeus Riker fought on the Union side as an officer in the 102nd New York Infantry Regiment during the Atlanta Campaign.In the two-part episode \"The Best of Both Worlds\" Riker takes command of the Enterprise, promoted to the rank of captain through a field promotion, and orchestrates Picard's rescue. This episode also explores the idea of Riker being unwilling to take chances since he had grown comfortable in his role as First Officer aboard the Enterprise. By the end of the episode, when he orders the Enterprise to fire on former Captain Picard, now Locutus of Borg, Riker has grown into a more confident leader. The sixth-season episode \"Second Chances\" reveals that Will Riker was duplicated long ago by a transporter malfunction. The \"second\" Riker takes the name \"Thomas\", which is revealed to be William Riker's middle name. In the seventh-season episode \"The Pegasus\", Riker must confront his former commanding officer, Admiral Erik Pressman, over a cover-up related to the destruction of the USS Pegasus. The Pegasus had illegally developed a radically different type of cloaking device that also allowed it to phase through matter, resulting in it becoming fused within an asteroid when unstable power consumption forced the cloaking device offline. In the Enterprise series finale, Riker appears as a never before seen cook discussing matters of life, duty, and sacrifice with the crew. It is revealed that his presence is part of a holodeck simulation of historic events that Riker initiated to help himself make the decision to inform Captain Picard of the illegal research once conducted by Admiral Pressman aboard the Pegasus.Before the beginning of the series, Riker was involved in a romantic relationship with Counselor Troi on her home planet Betazed. They often refer to each other as imzadi, a Betazoid term of endearment meaning \"soulmate\". The novel Imzadi takes place before the beginning of the series and explores the history of the relationship between the two characters. The two characters are close friends throughout the series, but their relationship does not resume until Star Trek: Insurrection, the third Star Trek film set in the Next Generation era, although Thomas Riker, the duplicate created by a transporter malfunction, attempts to respark their relationship in \"Second Chances\". The following movie, Star Trek: Nemesis, begins with their wedding reception on board the Enterprise-E. At the start of the film, Riker finally accepts a promotion to captain and an offer to command the USS Titan; during the movie's final scenes he bids Picard, and the Enterprise, farewell.","title":"Depiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager"},{"link_name":"Death Wish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Wish_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"}],"sub_title":"Star Trek: Voyager","text":"Riker guest-starred along with Q in the Star Trek: Voyager episode \"Death Wish\".","title":"Depiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"These Are the Voyages...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Are_the_Voyages..."}],"sub_title":"Star Trek: Enterprise","text":"Frakes reprised his role of Commander Riker in the 2005 Enterprise series finale, \"These Are the Voyages...\".","title":"Depiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Trek: Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Picard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Romulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulan"},{"link_name":"USS Titan (NCC-80102-A)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Picard_season_3"},{"link_name":"the ship he was given command of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Star_Trek:_Lower_Decks"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Nemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Nemesis"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Lower Decks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Lower_Decks"},{"link_name":"Worf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worf"}],"sub_title":"Star Trek: Picard","text":"Riker returns to the screen in the \"Nepenthe\" episode of Star Trek: Picard. In that episode, taking place in 2399, Riker is married to Deanna Troi; they have two children, Thad (now deceased) and Kestra. Picard and his gynoid companion Soji visit the Rikers' home, a National Parks-style lodge on the planet Nepenthe, and are welcomed with open arms. Will and Deanna are retired from Starfleet although Will describes his status as being on \"active reserve.\"[6][7]Riker makes another Picard appearance in the Season 1 finale \"Et in Arcadia Ego, Part II\". In that episode, Riker has been reinstated to active duty. He is temporarily in command of the USS Zheng He, the lead ship in a Starfleet squadron sent to the planet Coppelius to protect its inhabitants from imminent Romulan attack.Riker, along with other former members of the crew of the USS Enterprise-D, return for an extended story arc in the third and final season of Picard, wherein they fight a rogue Changeling conspiracy against the Federation. Riker appears from the season premiere onward (as of the fourth episode), and is acting captain of the USS Titan (NCC-80102-A) – successor to the ship he was given command of at the end of Star Trek: Nemesis, continuing in Star Trek: Lower Decks – in the third and fourth episodes. While conducting a heist at the advanced research center the Daystrom Institute on Picard's behalf, Riker is captured by the rogue Changelings, and reunited with Deanna in the sixth episode. Riker had fallen into an existential crisis after Thad's death, and their relationship had turned into one of toxic codependency and longing for adventure, necessitating their temporary separation and Picard's help. Their former crewmate Worf rescues the couple and brings them aboard the Titan in the eighth episode, reuniting the crew of the Enterprise.","title":"Depiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Trek: Lower Decks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Lower_Decks"},{"link_name":"Deanna Troi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanna_Troi"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Nemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Nemesis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Star Trek: Lower Decks","text":"Riker appears in \"No Small Parts\", the 2020 finale of the first season of Star Trek: Lower Decks, as captain of the USS Titan (NCC-80102) alongside his wife Deanna Troi – continuing a posting announced in dialogue at the end of Star Trek: Nemesis (2002). Riker appeared in the second season's first and second episodes.[8]","title":"Depiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chances_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Riker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Riker"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Deep Space Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine"},{"link_name":"Defiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiant_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"USS Defiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Defiant"}],"text":"Frakes appeared in dual roles in \"Second Chances\", a TNG episode where it was established that a duplicate of him was created years earlier by a transporter malfunction. Frakes appeared as the duplicate, Thomas Riker, in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode \"Defiant\", where Thomas impersonates William in order to commandeer the USS Defiant on behalf of the Maquis.","title":"Alternate versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boole & Babbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boole_%26_Babbage"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uni-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDoCH-10"}],"text":"In 1993, mainframe software company Boole & Babbage announced that it had signed a two-year licensing agreement, paying Paramount Pictures $75,000 a year, to use Star Trek imagery in advertising for its products.[9] Boole & Babbage's campaign used actor Jonathan Frakes, playing his character of Commander William Riker, in their Star Trek-themed advertisements.[10]","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Starfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfleet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"IndieWire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"TheWrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"CBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"CinemaBlend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaBlend"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"}],"text":"In 2009, IGN rated William Riker the 22nd best character of all Star Trek up to that time.[11]In 2016, Wired magazine ranked First Officer Riker as the 6th most important character of Starfleet within the Star Trek science fiction universe.[12]In 2017, IndieWire ranked Riker as the 2nd best character on Star Trek:The Next Generation.[13]In March 2018, TheWrap placed William Riker as 5th out 39 in a ranking of main cast characters of the Star Trek franchise.[14] In October 2018, CBR ranked Riker as the 12th best Starfleet character of Star Trek.[15]In 2019, CinemaBlend ranked Riker the fifth best Starfleet character of all time.[16] They point out he is good at his job as \"Number One\", first officer to Captain Picard on the starship USS Enterprise 1701-D.[16]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Riker\". Star Trek. February 24, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startrek.com/database_article/riker-william","url_text":"\"Riker\""}]},{"reference":"Schrager, Adam (1997). The Finest Crew in the Fleet: The Next Generation Cast On Screen and Off. New York: Wolf Valley Books. pp. 48–49. ISBN 1-888149-03-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888149-03-5","url_text":"1-888149-03-5"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Will (July 30, 2013). \"Jonathan Frakes talks William Riker, playing trombone with Phish, and more\". The A.V. Club.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/article/jonathan-frakes-talks-william-riker-playing-trombo-100891","url_text":"\"Jonathan Frakes talks William Riker, playing trombone with Phish, and more\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: Why Commander Riker Grew a Beard for The Next Generation Season 2\". CBR. May 12, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-why-commander-riker-grew-a-beard-for-the-next-generation-season-2/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: Why Commander Riker Grew a Beard for The Next Generation Season 2\""}]},{"reference":"Gartenberg, Chaim (September 14, 2017). \"How Seth MacFarlane could save his terminally bland Star Trek clone The Orville\". The Verge. Retrieved November 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/14/16307156/the-orville-fox-star-trek-seth-macfarlane-humor-originality","url_text":"\"How Seth MacFarlane could save his terminally bland Star Trek clone The Orville\""}]},{"reference":"\"TREK Vets Brent Spiner and Jeri Ryan Back for STAR TREK: PICARD, Plus: Frakes and Sirtis Returning Too!\". TrekCore. July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://trekcore.com/blog/2019/07/star-trek-picard-brings-back-jeri-ryan-brent-spiner-jonathan-frakes-marina-sirtis/","url_text":"\"TREK Vets Brent Spiner and Jeri Ryan Back for STAR TREK: PICARD, Plus: Frakes and Sirtis Returning Too!\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Star Trek: Picard': The Complete Guide to the CBS All Access Series\". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etonline.com/star-trek-picard-what-you-need-to-know-before-diving-into-the-cbs-all-access-series-140094","url_text":"\"'Star Trek: Picard': The Complete Guide to the CBS All Access Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: Lower Decks — Jonathan Frakes' Riker To Return in Season 2\". Den of Geek. October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/star-trek-lower-decks-season-2-cast-jonathan-frakes-riker/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: Lower Decks — Jonathan Frakes' Riker To Return in Season 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boole & Babbage, Inc. History\". FundingUniverse. 1999. Retrieved March 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/boole-babbage-inc-history/","url_text":"\"Boole & Babbage, Inc. History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lendio#Funding_Universe","url_text":"FundingUniverse"}]},{"reference":"Whiteley, Laura E., ed. (1999). International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. 25. Detroit: St. James Press. pp. 86–88. ISBN 1558623671. Retrieved March 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_i5u1/page/86/mode/2up?q=Boole","url_text":"International Directory of Company Histories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_Press","url_text":"St. James Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558623671","url_text":"1558623671"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 Star Trek Characters\". IGN. May 8, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/08/top-25-star-trek-characters","url_text":"\"Top 25 Star Trek Characters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"McMillan, Graeme (September 5, 2016). \"Star Trek's 100 Most Important Crew Members, Ranked\". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved March 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2016/09/star-treks-100-crew-members-ranked/","url_text":"\"Star Trek's 100 Most Important Crew Members, Ranked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","url_text":"1059-1028"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Liz Shannon (September 30, 2017). \"'Star Trek: The Next Generation': Ranking the Crew, From Picard to Pulaski\". IndieWire. Retrieved June 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2017/09/star-trek-the-next-generation-characters-ranked-1201882388/","url_text":"\"'Star Trek: The Next Generation': Ranking the Crew, From Picard to Pulaski\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire","url_text":"IndieWire"}]},{"reference":"\"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked\". TheWrap. March 21, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/all-39-star-trek-main-characters-ranked-from-spock-to-wesley-photos/","url_text":"\"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap","url_text":"TheWrap"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked\". Comic Book Resources. October 27, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-starfleet-members-ranked/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"}]},{"reference":"\"The Best Star Trek Characters Of All Time\". CinemaBlend. June 10, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2474542/the-best-star-trek-characters-of-all-time","url_text":"\"The Best Star Trek Characters Of All Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaBlend","url_text":"CinemaBlend"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Commander_Riker","external_links_name":"reviewed"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Riker&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.startrek.com/database_article/riker-william","external_links_name":"\"Riker\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/article/jonathan-frakes-talks-william-riker-playing-trombo-100891","external_links_name":"\"Jonathan Frakes talks William Riker, playing trombone with Phish, and more\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-why-commander-riker-grew-a-beard-for-the-next-generation-season-2/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: Why Commander Riker Grew a Beard for The Next Generation Season 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/14/16307156/the-orville-fox-star-trek-seth-macfarlane-humor-originality","external_links_name":"\"How Seth MacFarlane could save his terminally bland Star Trek clone The Orville\""},{"Link":"http://trekcore.com/blog/2019/07/star-trek-picard-brings-back-jeri-ryan-brent-spiner-jonathan-frakes-marina-sirtis/","external_links_name":"\"TREK Vets Brent Spiner and Jeri Ryan Back for STAR TREK: PICARD, Plus: Frakes and Sirtis Returning Too!\""},{"Link":"https://www.etonline.com/star-trek-picard-what-you-need-to-know-before-diving-into-the-cbs-all-access-series-140094","external_links_name":"\"'Star Trek: Picard': The Complete Guide to the CBS All Access Series\""},{"Link":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/star-trek-lower-decks-season-2-cast-jonathan-frakes-riker/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: Lower Decks — Jonathan Frakes' Riker To Return in Season 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/boole-babbage-inc-history/","external_links_name":"\"Boole & Babbage, Inc. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilalian_invasion_of_Ifriqiya | Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya | ["1 Background","2 Invasion","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources"] | Invasion of Ifriqiya by the Arab tribes of Banu Hilal against the Zirids and Hammadids
The Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya (Arabic: الغزو الهلالي لإفريقية) refers to the migration of Arab tribes of Banu Hilal to Ifriqiya. It was organised by the Fatimids with the goal of punishing the Zirids for breaking ties with them and pledging allegiance to the Abbasid Caliphs.
Background
Since the Fatimid conquest of Egypt in 969, then under the rule of the Ikhshidids, vassals of the Abbasids, the Fatimids began to lose control over their possessions in the Maghreb. In 972, the Zirids declared independence from the Fatimids and recognised the Abbasids as caliphs. As retaliation, the Fatimids sent devastating Banu Hilal invasions into the Maghreb to punish the Zirids and Hammadids.
Invasion
After devastating Cyrenica in 1050, the Banu Hilal advanced westwards towards the Zirids. The Hilalians proceeded to sack and devastate Ifriqiya, they defeated the Zirids decisively in the Battle of Haydaran on April 14, 1052. The Hilalians then expelled the Zenatas from southern Ifriqiya and forced the Hammadids to pay an annual tribute, placing the Hammadids under Hilalian vassalage. The city of Kairouan was looted by the Banu Hilal in 1057 after it was abandoned by the Zirids.
Aftermath
As a result of the invasion, the Zirids and Hammadids were expelled to the coastal regions of Ifriqiya, with the Zirids being forced to move their capital from Kairouan to Mahdia, and their rule limited to a coastal strip around Mahdia, meanwhile the Hammadid rule was limited to a coastal strip between Ténès and El Kala as vassals of Banu Hilal and eventually being forced to move their capital from Beni Hammad to Béjaïa in 1090 following increasing pressure from Banu Hilal.
See also
Sirat Bani Hilal, epic tradition
References
^ a b c Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger (2014). Middle East and Africa International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-134-25986-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Canard 1965, p. 852.
^ محمد كمال شبانة (1429 هـ - 2008م). الدويلات الإسلامية في المغرب: دراسة تاريخية حضارية. دار العالم العربي. Page 145.
^ a b Abun-Nasr, Jamil M.; al-Naṣr, Ǧamīl M. Abū; Abun-Nasr, Abun-Nasr, Jamil Mirʻi (1987-08-20). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Gilbert Meynier (2010) L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 53.
^ Idris, Hady Roger (1968). "L'invasion hilālienne et ses conséquences". Cahiers de civilisation médiévale. 11 (43): 353–369. doi:10.3406/ccmed.1968.1452. ISSN 0007-9731.
Sources
Brett, Michael (2017). The Fatimid Empire. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4076-8.
Canard, Marius (1965). "Fāṭimids". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 850–862. OCLC 495469475.
Idris, H. R. (1971). "Hilāl". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 385–387. OCLC 495469525. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Banu Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"Fatimids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trudy-1"}],"text":"The Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya (Arabic: الغزو الهلالي لإفريقية) refers to the migration of Arab tribes of Banu Hilal to Ifriqiya. It was organised by the Fatimids with the goal of punishing the Zirids for breaking ties with them and pledging allegiance to the Abbasid Caliphs.[1]","title":"Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fatimid conquest of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ikhshidids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Abbasids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard1965852-2"},{"link_name":"Zirids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Abbasids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Banu Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Since the Fatimid conquest of Egypt in 969, then under the rule of the Ikhshidids, vassals of the Abbasids, the Fatimids began to lose control over their possessions in the Maghreb.[2] In 972, the Zirids declared independence from the Fatimids and recognised the Abbasids as caliphs.[3] As retaliation, the Fatimids sent devastating Banu Hilal invasions into the Maghreb to punish the Zirids and Hammadids.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyrenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Battle of Haydaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haydaran"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Zenatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trudy-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"After devastating Cyrenica in 1050, the Banu Hilal advanced westwards towards the Zirids. The Hilalians proceeded to sack and devastate Ifriqiya, they defeated the Zirids decisively in the Battle of Haydaran on April 14, 1052.[5] The Hilalians then expelled the Zenatas from southern Ifriqiya and forced the Hammadids to pay an annual tribute, placing the Hammadids under Hilalian vassalage.[1] The city of Kairouan was looted by the Banu Hilal in 1057 after it was abandoned by the Zirids.[6][4]","title":"Invasion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zirids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hammadids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kairouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairouan"},{"link_name":"Mahdia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdia"},{"link_name":"Ténès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"El Kala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Kala"},{"link_name":"Beni Hammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Hammad_Fort"},{"link_name":"Béjaïa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa"},{"link_name":"Banu Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trudy-1"}],"text":"As a result of the invasion, the Zirids and Hammadids were expelled to the coastal regions of Ifriqiya, with the Zirids being forced to move their capital from Kairouan to Mahdia, and their rule limited to a coastal strip around Mahdia, meanwhile the Hammadid rule was limited to a coastal strip between Ténès and El Kala as vassals of Banu Hilal and eventually being forced to move their capital from Beni Hammad to Béjaïa in 1090 following increasing pressure from Banu Hilal.[1]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7486-4076-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4076-8"},{"link_name":"Canard, Marius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Canard"},{"link_name":"\"Fāṭimids\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0218"},{"link_name":"Lewis, B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Pellat, Ch.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat"},{"link_name":"Schacht, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"495469475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475"},{"link_name":"\"Hilāl\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0287"},{"link_name":"Lewis, B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Ménage, V. 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The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 385–387. OCLC 495469525.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Sirat Bani Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirat_Bani_Hilal"}] | [{"reference":"Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger (2014). Middle East and Africa International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-134-25986-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6XMBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37","url_text":"Middle East and Africa International Dictionary of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25986-1","url_text":"978-1-134-25986-1"}]},{"reference":"Abun-Nasr, Jamil M.; al-Naṣr, Ǧamīl M. Abū; Abun-Nasr, Abun-Nasr, Jamil Mirʻi (1987-08-20). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Derne%C4%9Fi | Turkish Red Crescent | ["1 History","2 Activities","3 Partnerships","3.1 Partnership with Qatar Charity","3.2 Partnership with Turkish government","4 Global Gathering","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Turkish equivalent of the Red Crescent
"Kizilay" redirects here. For other uses, see Kızılay (disambiguation).
Turkish Red CrescentTürk KızılayıLogo of the Turkish Red CrescentFormation1868; 156 years ago (1868)Founded atOttoman Empire (1868) re-established in Ankara, Turkey (1935)TypeHumanitarian AidLegal statusActiveHeadquartersAnkara, TurkeyOfficial language TurkishWebsitewww.kizilay.org.trFormerly calledHilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti (until 1935)
The Turkish Red Crescent (Turkish: Türk Kızılay) is the Turkish affiliate of the International Red Crescent and the first worldwide adopter of the crescent symbol for humanitarian aid.
Being the largest humanitarian foundation in Turkey, its roots goes back to the Crimean War from 1853 to 1856 and the Russo-Turkish War from 1876 to 1878, where disease overshadowed battle as the main cause of death and suffering among Turkish soldiers.
Operating to this day as a not-for-profit volunteer-based social service, it is considered one of the most important charity organizations in the Muslim world.
History
Ottoman Red Crescent Society (Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti) Emblem
The organization was founded under the Ottoman Empire on 11 June 1868 and was named "Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti" (Society of the Crimson Crescent), or in French the "Croissant-Rouge Ottomane" (Ottoman Red Crescent).
It later took on the names:
"Ottoman Red Crescent Society" in 1877
"Turkey’s Red Crescent Community" in 1923
"Turkish Red Crescent Community" in 1935
"Turkish Red Crescent Society" in 1947
It was renamed Kızılay by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1935, after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
Beginning with the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the Turkish Red Crescent Society has provided medical relief to soldiers in all battlefields in which Turkey was present, through mobile and fixed hospitals, patient transportation services, hospital vessels, trained nurses and volunteers. It has provided humanitarian care regardless of nationality to all civilians affected by war. It has been involved in disaster relief and aid in natural disasters in Turkey. It has participated in international relief and response activities.
A Turkish Red Crescent staff conducting activities for migrant children
Examples of disaster relief activities include:
2003 Bam earthquake
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
2005 Kashmir earthquake
2006 Lebanon War
Syrian Civil War
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
Activities
Disaster management: Operations in 78 different countries in natural and human related disasters in the last 10 years
Blood donations provided through 17 Regional Blood Centers, 65 Blood Donation Centers with more than 150 mobile blood donation vehicles Kinik, the head of the Turkish Red Crescent, said "Nearly 2.4 million people have donated blood to the Red Crescent in 2017, and there were 274,000 stem cell donations."
International aid
Health care: Hospitals in Konya, Kayseri and medical centers throughout Turkey
First aid: 33 First aid centers throughout Turkey providing healthcare and first aid instruction. First aid training provided to a total of 100,000 people
Immigration and Refugee Services: Assists the relevant public authorities in meeting the needs of refugees in Turkey, including shelter, health, and education. Runs 23 camps for the Refugees of the Syrian Civil War
Youth & Educational Services: Projects aimed at youth to increase community awareness regarding disasters. Provides scholarships and runs youth camps
Nuclear weapons: During and after the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons the Turkish Red Crescent was an advocate, urging states to eliminate nuclear weapons
Operations overseas: The Turkish Red Crescent now has permanent representatives in Somalia, Iraq, Palestine, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Yemen in order to lend a helping hand to the vulnerable people of those war- torn countries.
Partnerships
Partnership with Qatar Charity
The Turkish Red Crescent has recently begun to partner with Qatar Charity (QC) on various humanitarian projects.
In December 2016, the Turkish Red Crescent together with QC made a $10 million deal with the Turkish government to provide services for Syrian refugees in Turkey over the next five years. Kerem Kinik, head of the organization added "We have common areas of interest such as Palestine, Iraq and Somalia... this collaboration is just a beginning".
In June 2016, the organization and QC provided aid to victims of flooding and violence in Beledweyne, Somalia. Somalia has lost much of its rural areas to al-Shabaab, a terrorist organization with links to al-Qaeda that consistently carries out attacks throughout the country.
Partnership with Turkish government
Following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, the Turkish Red Crescent backed the Turkish government, sending a letter to hundreds of international aid organizations and NGOs, including to organizations of the United Nations and Red Crescents in 191 total countries. Like the government, the Turkish Red Crescent blamed the Gülen movement (which the government of Turkey considers a terrorist organization) for the coup attempt.
Global Gathering
In November 6–11, 2017, the International Red Cross and the Turkish Red Crescent movement brought together 190 national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. Some major issues they discussed were: migration where they addressed prioritizing safety and assistance, nuclear weapons where they were working towards their elimination, and health where they addressed mental health and psycho social needs. Other issues included the need to involve affected people in relief and recovery efforts; the use of explosive weapons in popular areas; and the looming threat of epidemics and pandemics.
Gallery
A Bloodmobile of Turkish Red Crescent in Gazipaşa
1938 Ford Model 81C ambulance in Turkey
A view of Mobile Child Friendly Space operated by the Turkish Red Crescent
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turkish Red Crescent Society.
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
References
^ "The history of the emblems" (official site). International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 2009-04-14. the emblem adopted was formed by reversing the colours of the Swiss flag
^ "Red Crescent Archives". hazine.info. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ "Türk Kizilay: Providing emergency relief to those affected by the Kahramanmaraş earthquake". Milwaukee Independent. 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
^ a b c d e Kızılayı, Türk. "Türk Kızılayı | Anasayfa". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ a b "Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Servet-i Fünun, Issue 1336 of 8 February 1917: Cited page: Page here.
^ "The Turkish Red Crescent Society, from past to present". www.redcross.int. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ "In Türkiye and Syria, Red Cross, Red Crescent Teams Responding to Earthquake". American Red Cross. 11 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
^ Kızılayı, Türk. "Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Kızılayı, Türk. "Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ a b "Turkish Red Crescent aims to help 31M people in 2018". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Kızılayı, Türk. "Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Kızılayı, Türk. "Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Kızılayı, Türk. "Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Kızılayı, Türk. "Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ a b "Global gathering to shape future of world's largest humanitarian movement". International Committee of the Red Cross. 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ "Turkey and Qatar launch joint aid campaign for Syrians". Middle East Monitor. 2016-12-13. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ "Turkey, Qatar launch joint aid campaign in Somalia - World Bulletin". World Bulletin. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ "Who are Somalia's al-Shabab?". BBC News. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Azvision. "Turkish Red Crescent sends coup letter to 191 countries". Retrieved 2018-03-27.
External links
Turkish Red Crescent official website (in Turkish and English)
Christopher Markiewicz and Nir Shafir, ed. (2013). "Red Crescent Archives (Turkey)". Hazine: a Guide to Researching the Middle East and Beyond.
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kızılay (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"International Red Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"},{"link_name":"crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emblem-history-1"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"\"Kizilay\" redirects here. For other uses, see Kızılay (disambiguation).The Turkish Red Crescent (Turkish: Türk Kızılay) is the Turkish affiliate of the International Red Crescent and the first worldwide adopter of the crescent symbol for humanitarian aid.[1]Being the largest humanitarian foundation in Turkey, its roots goes back to the Crimean War from 1853 to 1856 and the Russo-Turkish War from 1876 to 1878, where disease overshadowed battle as the main cause of death and suffering among Turkish soldiers.[2]Operating to this day as a not-for-profit volunteer-based social service,[3] it is considered one of the most important charity organizations in the Muslim world.[4][5]","title":"Turkish Red Crescent"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hilal-i_Ahmer_Cemiyeti_1877_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Turkish_Red_Crescent_Staff.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2003 Bam earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Bam_earthquake"},{"link_name":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"2005 Kashmir earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake"},{"link_name":"2006 Lebanon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Ottoman Red Crescent Society (Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti) EmblemThe organization was founded under the Ottoman Empire on 11 June 1868 and was named \"Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti\" (Society of the Crimson Crescent),[4] or in French the \"Croissant-Rouge Ottomane\" (Ottoman Red Crescent).[6]It later took on the names:[4]\"Ottoman Red Crescent Society\" in 1877\n\"Turkey’s Red Crescent Community\" in 1923\n\"Turkish Red Crescent Community\" in 1935\n\"Turkish Red Crescent Society\" in 1947It was renamed Kızılay by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1935,[4] after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.Beginning with the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the Turkish Red Crescent Society has provided medical relief to soldiers in all battlefields in which Turkey was present, through mobile and fixed hospitals, patient transportation services, hospital vessels, trained nurses and volunteers. It has provided humanitarian care regardless of nationality to all civilians affected by war. It has been involved in disaster relief and aid in natural disasters in Turkey. It has participated in international relief and response activities.[4]A Turkish Red Crescent staff conducting activities for migrant childrenExamples of disaster relief activities include:[7]2003 Bam earthquake\n2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami\n2005 Kashmir earthquake\n2006 Lebanon War\nSyrian Civil War\n2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disaster management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_Management"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Blood donations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_donation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"International aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid"},{"link_name":"Health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"Konya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konya"},{"link_name":"Kayseri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"First aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration"},{"link_name":"Refugee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"the Refugees of the Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"text":"Disaster management: Operations in 78 different countries in natural and human related disasters in the last 10 years[9]\nBlood donations provided through 17 Regional Blood Centers, 65 Blood Donation Centers with more than 150 mobile blood donation vehicles[10] Kinik, the head of the Turkish Red Crescent, said \"Nearly 2.4 million people have donated blood to the Red Crescent in 2017, and there were 274,000 stem cell donations.\"[11]\nInternational aid\nHealth care: Hospitals in Konya, Kayseri and medical centers throughout Turkey[12]\nFirst aid: 33 First aid centers throughout Turkey providing healthcare and first aid instruction. First aid training provided to a total of 100,000 people[13]\nImmigration and Refugee Services: Assists the relevant public authorities in meeting the needs of refugees in Turkey, including shelter, health, and education.[14] Runs 23 camps for the Refugees of the Syrian Civil War\nYouth & Educational Services: Projects aimed at youth to increase community awareness regarding disasters. Provides scholarships and runs youth camps[15]\nNuclear weapons: During and after the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons the Turkish Red Crescent was an advocate, urging states to eliminate nuclear weapons[16]\nOperations overseas: The Turkish Red Crescent now has permanent representatives in Somalia, Iraq, Palestine, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Yemen in order to lend a helping hand to the vulnerable people of those war- torn countries.[11]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Partnerships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Beledweyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beledweyne"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"al-Shabaab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Partnership with Qatar Charity","text":"The Turkish Red Crescent has recently begun to partner with Qatar Charity (QC) on various humanitarian projects.In December 2016, the Turkish Red Crescent together with QC made a $10 million deal with the Turkish government to provide services for Syrian refugees in Turkey over the next five years. Kerem Kinik, head of the organization added \"We have common areas of interest such as Palestine, Iraq and Somalia... this collaboration is just a beginning\".[17]In June 2016, the organization and QC provided aid to victims of flooding and violence in Beledweyne, Somalia.[18] Somalia has lost much of its rural areas to al-Shabaab, a terrorist organization with links to al-Qaeda that consistently carries out attacks throughout the country.[19]","title":"Partnerships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Red Crescents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Gülen movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"sub_title":"Partnership with Turkish government","text":"Following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, the Turkish Red Crescent backed the Turkish government, sending a letter to hundreds of international aid organizations and NGOs, including to organizations of the United Nations and Red Crescents in 191 total countries.[20] Like the government, the Turkish Red Crescent blamed the Gülen movement (which the government of Turkey considers a terrorist organization) for the coup attempt.[5]","title":"Partnerships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"}],"text":"In November 6–11, 2017, the International Red Cross and the Turkish Red Crescent movement brought together 190 national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. Some major issues they discussed were: migration where they addressed prioritizing safety and assistance, nuclear weapons where they were working towards their elimination, and health where they addressed mental health and psycho social needs. Other issues included the need to involve affected people in relief and recovery efforts; the use of explosive weapons in popular areas; and the looming threat of epidemics and pandemics.[16]","title":"Global Gathering"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:21_nisan_2012_gazipa%C5%9Fa_gezisi_074.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bloodmobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodmobile"},{"link_name":"Gazipaşa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazipa%C5%9Fa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T%C3%BCrk_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay%C4%B1_ambulans%C4%B1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T%C3%BCrk_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Mobile_Child_Friendly_Space.jpg"}],"text":"A Bloodmobile of Turkish Red Crescent in Gazipaşa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1938 Ford Model 81C ambulance in Turkey\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA view of Mobile Child Friendly Space operated by the Turkish Red Crescent","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Ottoman Red Crescent Society (Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti) Emblem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hilal-i_Ahmer_Cemiyeti_1877_logo.svg/220px-Hilal-i_Ahmer_Cemiyeti_1877_logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A Turkish Red Crescent staff conducting activities for migrant children","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_Turkish_Red_Crescent_Staff.jpg/220px-A_Turkish_Red_Crescent_Staff.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Turkish Red Crescent Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkish_Red_Crescent_Society"},{"title":"International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"}] | [{"reference":"\"The history of the emblems\" (official site). International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 2009-04-14. the emblem adopted was formed by reversing the colours of the Swiss flag","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/emblem-history.htm","url_text":"\"The history of the emblems\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Crescent Archives\". hazine.info. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://hazine.info/turkish-red-crescent-kizilay-archives-ankara/","url_text":"\"Red Crescent Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Türk Kizilay: Providing emergency relief to those affected by the Kahramanmaraş earthquake\". Milwaukee Independent. 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milwaukeeindependent.com/articles/turk-kizilay-providing-emergency-relief-affected-kahramanmaras-earthquake/","url_text":"\"Türk Kizilay: Providing emergency relief to those affected by the Kahramanmaraş earthquake\""}]},{"reference":"Kızılayı, Türk. \"Türk Kızılayı | Anasayfa\". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/","url_text":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Anasayfa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'\". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/links-between-turkey-and-isis-are-now-undeniable-2015-7/","url_text":"\"Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Turkish Red Crescent Society, from past to present\". www.redcross.int. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160504114705/http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine2007_2/12-13.html","url_text":"\"The Turkish Red Crescent Society, from past to present\""},{"url":"http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine2007_2/12-13.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In Türkiye and Syria, Red Cross, Red Crescent Teams Responding to Earthquake\". American Red Cross. 11 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redcross.org/about-us/news-and-events/news/2023/red-crescent-teams-responding-to-earthquake-in-turkey-and-syria.html","url_text":"\"In Türkiye and Syria, Red Cross, Red Crescent Teams Responding to Earthquake\""}]},{"reference":"Kızılayı, Türk. \"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/international-services","url_text":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""}]},{"reference":"Kızılayı, Türk. \"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/blood-services","url_text":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish Red Crescent aims to help 31M people in 2018\". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://aa.com.tr/en/life/turkish-red-crescent-aims-to-help-31m-people-in-2018/1016413","url_text":"\"Turkish Red Crescent aims to help 31M people in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Kızılayı, Türk. \"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/health-services","url_text":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""}]},{"reference":"Kızılayı, Türk. \"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/first-aid","url_text":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""}]},{"reference":"Kızılayı, Türk. \"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/immigration-and-refugee-services","url_text":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""}]},{"reference":"Kızılayı, Türk. \"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\". www.kizilay.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/education-and-youth-services","url_text":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global gathering to shape future of world's largest humanitarian movement\". International Committee of the Red Cross. 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icrc.org/en/document/global-gathering-shape-future-worlds-largest-humanitarian-movement","url_text":"\"Global gathering to shape future of world's largest humanitarian movement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey and Qatar launch joint aid campaign for Syrians\". Middle East Monitor. 2016-12-13. Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20161213-turkey-and-qatar-launch-joint-aid-campaign-for-syrians/","url_text":"\"Turkey and Qatar launch joint aid campaign for Syrians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey, Qatar launch joint aid campaign in Somalia - World Bulletin\". World Bulletin. Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldbulletin.net/africa/174143/turkey-qatar-launch-joint-aid-campaign-in-somalia","url_text":"\"Turkey, Qatar launch joint aid campaign in Somalia - World Bulletin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who are Somalia's al-Shabab?\". BBC News. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15336689","url_text":"\"Who are Somalia's al-Shabab?\""}]},{"reference":"Azvision. \"Turkish Red Crescent sends coup letter to 191 countries\". Retrieved 2018-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.azvision.az/Turkish_Red_Crescent_sends_-44633-xeber.html","url_text":"\"Turkish Red Crescent sends coup letter to 191 countries\""}]},{"reference":"Christopher Markiewicz and Nir Shafir, ed. (2013). \"Red Crescent Archives (Turkey)\". Hazine: a Guide to Researching the Middle East and Beyond.","urls":[{"url":"http://hazine.info/turkish-red-crescent-kizilay-archives-ankara/","url_text":"\"Red Crescent Archives (Turkey)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.kizilay.org.tr/","external_links_name":"www.kizilay.org.tr"},{"Link":"https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/emblem-history.htm","external_links_name":"\"The history of the emblems\""},{"Link":"http://hazine.info/turkish-red-crescent-kizilay-archives-ankara/","external_links_name":"\"Red Crescent Archives\""},{"Link":"https://www.milwaukeeindependent.com/articles/turk-kizilay-providing-emergency-relief-affected-kahramanmaras-earthquake/","external_links_name":"\"Türk Kizilay: Providing emergency relief to those affected by the Kahramanmaraş earthquake\""},{"Link":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/","external_links_name":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Anasayfa\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/links-between-turkey-and-isis-are-now-undeniable-2015-7/","external_links_name":"\"Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'\""},{"Link":"https://archives.saltresearch.org/bitstream/123456789/129156/60/PFSIF9170208121%20%281917-02-08%29.jpg","external_links_name":"Issue 1336 of 8 February 1917"},{"Link":"https://archives.saltresearch.org/bitstream/123456789/129156/64/PFSIF9170208125.jpg","external_links_name":"Page here"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160504114705/http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine2007_2/12-13.html","external_links_name":"\"The Turkish Red Crescent Society, from past to present\""},{"Link":"http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine2007_2/12-13.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.redcross.org/about-us/news-and-events/news/2023/red-crescent-teams-responding-to-earthquake-in-turkey-and-syria.html","external_links_name":"\"In Türkiye and Syria, Red Cross, Red Crescent Teams Responding to Earthquake\""},{"Link":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/international-services","external_links_name":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""},{"Link":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/blood-services","external_links_name":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""},{"Link":"https://aa.com.tr/en/life/turkish-red-crescent-aims-to-help-31m-people-in-2018/1016413","external_links_name":"\"Turkish Red Crescent aims to help 31M people in 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/health-services","external_links_name":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""},{"Link":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/first-aid","external_links_name":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""},{"Link":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/immigration-and-refugee-services","external_links_name":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""},{"Link":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/what-we-do/education-and-youth-services","external_links_name":"\"Türk Kızılayı | Türk Kızılay\""},{"Link":"https://www.icrc.org/en/document/global-gathering-shape-future-worlds-largest-humanitarian-movement","external_links_name":"\"Global gathering to shape future of world's largest humanitarian movement\""},{"Link":"https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20161213-turkey-and-qatar-launch-joint-aid-campaign-for-syrians/","external_links_name":"\"Turkey and Qatar launch joint aid campaign for Syrians\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldbulletin.net/africa/174143/turkey-qatar-launch-joint-aid-campaign-in-somalia","external_links_name":"\"Turkey, Qatar launch joint aid campaign in Somalia - World Bulletin\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15336689","external_links_name":"\"Who are Somalia's al-Shabab?\""},{"Link":"https://en.azvision.az/Turkish_Red_Crescent_sends_-44633-xeber.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkish Red Crescent sends coup letter to 191 countries\""},{"Link":"https://www.kizilay.org.tr/","external_links_name":"Turkish Red Crescent official website"},{"Link":"http://hazine.info/turkish-red-crescent-kizilay-archives-ankara/","external_links_name":"\"Red Crescent Archives (Turkey)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/150374108","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1103141376","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no89007548","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_tissue | Xylem | ["1 Structure","2 Primary and secondary xylem","3 Main function – upwards water transport","3.1 Cohesion-tension theory","3.2 Measurement of pressure","4 Evolution","5 Development","5.1 Protoxylem and metaxylem","5.2 Patterns of protoxylem and metaxylem","6 History","7 See also","8 Explanatory notes","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 General references","10 External links"] | Water transport tissue in vascular plants
For the company, see Xylem Inc.
Xylem (blue) transports water and minerals from the roots upwards.
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem. The basic function of the xylem is to transport water from roots to stems and leaves, but it also transports nutrients. The word xylem is derived from the Ancient Greek word ξύλον (xylon), meaning "wood"; the best-known xylem tissue is wood, though it is found throughout a plant. The term was introduced by Carl Nägeli in 1858.
Structure
Diagrammatic structure of xylem cells
The most distinctive xylem cells are the long tracheary elements that transport water. Tracheids and vessel elements are distinguished by their shape; vessel elements are shorter, and are connected together into long tubes that are called vessels.
Xylem also contains two other type of cells: parenchyma and fibers.
Xylem can be found:
in vascular bundles, present in non-woody plants and non-woody parts of woody plants
in secondary xylem, laid down by a meristem called the vascular cambium in woody plants
as part of a stelar arrangement not divided into bundles, as in many ferns.
In transitional stages of plants with secondary growth, the first two categories are not mutually exclusive, although usually a vascular bundle will contain primary xylem only.
The branching pattern exhibited by xylem follows Murray's law.
Primary and secondary xylem
Primary xylem is formed during primary growth from procambium. It includes protoxylem and metaxylem. Metaxylem develops after the protoxylem but before secondary xylem. Metaxylem has wider vessels and tracheids than protoxylem.
Secondary xylem is formed during secondary growth from vascular cambium. Although secondary xylem is also found in members of the gymnosperm groups Gnetophyta and Ginkgophyta and to a lesser extent in members of the Cycadophyta, the two main groups in which secondary xylem can be found are:
conifers (Coniferae): there are approximately 600 known species of conifers. All species have secondary xylem, which is relatively uniform in structure throughout this group. Many conifers become tall trees: the secondary xylem of such trees is used and marketed as softwood.
angiosperms (Angiospermae): there are approximately 250,000 known species of angiosperms. Within this group secondary xylem is rare in the monocots. Many non-monocot angiosperms become trees, and the secondary xylem of these is used and marketed as hardwood.
Main function – upwards water transport
The xylem, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels reaching all parts of the plants. The system transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from the roots throughout the plant. It is also used to replace water lost during transpiration and photosynthesis. Xylem sap consists mainly of water and inorganic ions, although it can also contain a number of organic chemicals as well. The transport is passive, not powered by energy spent by the tracheary elements themselves, which are dead by maturity and no longer have living contents. Transporting sap upwards becomes more difficult as the height of a plant increases and upwards transport of water by xylem is considered to limit the maximum height of trees. Three phenomena cause xylem sap to flow:
Pressure flow hypothesis: Sugars produced in the leaves and other green tissues are kept in the phloem system, creating a solute pressure differential versus the xylem system carrying a far lower load of solutes- water and minerals. The phloem pressure can rise to several MPa, far higher than atmospheric pressure. Selective inter-connection between these systems allows this high solute concentration in the phloem to draw xylem fluid upwards by negative pressure.
Transpirational pull: Similarly, the evaporation of water from the surfaces of mesophyll cells to the atmosphere also creates a negative pressure at the top of a plant. This causes millions of minute menisci to form in the mesophyll cell wall. The resulting surface tension causes a negative pressure or tension in the xylem that pulls the water from the roots and soil.
Root pressure: If the water potential of the root cells is more negative than that of the soil, usually due to high concentrations of solute, water can move by osmosis into the root from the soil. This causes a positive pressure that forces sap up the xylem towards the leaves. In some circumstances, the sap will be forced from the leaf through a hydathode in a phenomenon known as guttation. Root pressure is highest in the morning before the opening of stomata and allow transpiration to begin. Different plant species can have different root pressures even in a similar environment; examples include up to 145 kPa in Vitis riparia but around zero in Celastrus orbiculatus.
The primary force that creates the capillary action movement of water upwards in plants is the adhesion between the water and the surface of the xylem conduits. Capillary action provides the force that establishes an equilibrium configuration, balancing gravity. When transpiration removes water at the top, the flow is needed to return to the equilibrium.
Transpirational pull results from the evaporation of water from the surfaces of cells in the leaves. This evaporation causes the surface of the water to recess into the pores of the cell wall. By capillary action, the water forms concave menisci inside the pores. The high surface tension of water pulls the concavity outwards, generating enough force to lift water as high as a hundred meters from ground level to a tree's highest branches.
Transpirational pull requires that the vessels transporting the water be very small in diameter; otherwise, cavitation would break the water column. And as water evaporates from leaves, more is drawn up through the plant to replace it. When the water pressure within the xylem reaches extreme levels due to low water input from the roots (if, for example, the soil is dry), then the gases come out of solution and form a bubble – an embolism forms, which will spread quickly to other adjacent cells, unless bordered pits are present (these have a plug-like structure called a torus, that seals off the opening between adjacent cells and stops the embolism from spreading). Even after an embolism has occurred, plants are able to refill the xylem and restore the functionality.
Cohesion-tension theory
The cohesion-tension theory is a theory of intermolecular attraction that explains the process of water flow upwards (against the force of gravity) through the xylem of plants. It was proposed in 1894 by John Joly and Henry Horatio Dixon. Despite numerous objections, this is the most widely accepted theory for the transport of water through a plant's vascular system based on the classical research of Dixon-Joly (1894), Eugen Askenasy (1845–1903) (1895), and Dixon (1914,1924).
Water is a polar molecule. When two water molecules approach one another, the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of one forms a hydrogen bond with a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom in the other. This attractive force, along with other intermolecular forces, is one of the principal factors responsible for the occurrence of surface tension in liquid water. It also allows plants to draw water from the root through the xylem to the leaf.
Water is constantly lost through transpiration from the leaf. When one water molecule is lost another is pulled along by the processes of cohesion and tension. Transpiration pull, utilizing capillary action and the inherent surface tension of water, is the primary mechanism of water movement in plants. However, it is not the only mechanism involved. Any use of water in leaves forces water to move into them.
Transpiration in leaves creates tension (differential pressure) in the cell walls of mesophyll cells. Because of this tension, water is being pulled up from the roots into the leaves, helped by cohesion (the pull between individual water molecules, due to hydrogen bonds) and adhesion (the stickiness between water molecules and the hydrophilic cell walls of plants). This mechanism of water flow works because of water potential (water flows from high to low potential), and the rules of simple diffusion.
Over the past century, there has been a great deal of research regarding the mechanism of xylem sap transport; today, most plant scientists continue to agree that the cohesion-tension theory best explains this process, but multiforce theories that hypothesize several alternative mechanisms have been suggested, including longitudinal cellular and xylem osmotic pressure gradients, axial potential gradients in the vessels, and gel- and gas-bubble-supported interfacial gradients.
Measurement of pressure
A diagram showing the setup of a pressure bomb
Until recently, the differential pressure (suction) of transpirational pull could only be measured indirectly, by applying external pressure with a pressure bomb to counteract it. When the technology to perform direct measurements with a pressure probe was developed, there was initially some doubt about whether the classic theory was correct, because some workers were unable to demonstrate negative pressures. More recent measurements do tend to validate the classic theory, for the most part. Xylem transport is driven by a combination of transpirational pull from above and root pressure from below, which makes the interpretation of measurements more complicated.
Evolution
Xylem appeared early in the history of terrestrial plant life. Fossil plants with anatomically preserved xylem are known from the Silurian (more than 400 million years ago), and trace fossils resembling individual xylem cells may be found in earlier Ordovician rocks. The earliest true and recognizable xylem consists of tracheids with a helical-annular reinforcing layer added to the cell wall. This is the only type of xylem found in the earliest vascular plants, and this type of cell continues to be found in the protoxylem (first-formed xylem) of all living groups of vascular plants. Several groups of plants later developed pitted tracheid cells independently through convergent evolution. In living plants, pitted tracheids do not appear in development until the maturation of the metaxylem (following the protoxylem).
In most plants, pitted tracheids function as the primary transport cells. The other type of vascular element, found in angiosperms, is the vessel element. Vessel elements are joined end to end to form vessels in which water flows unimpeded, as in a pipe. The presence of xylem vessels (also called trachea) is considered to be one of the key innovations that led to the success of the angiosperms. However, the occurrence of vessel elements is not restricted to angiosperms, and they are absent in some archaic or "basal" lineages of the angiosperms: (e.g., Amborellaceae, Tetracentraceae, Trochodendraceae, and Winteraceae), and their secondary xylem is described by Arthur Cronquist as "primitively vesselless". Cronquist considered the vessels of Gnetum to be convergent with those of angiosperms. Whether the absence of vessels in basal angiosperms is a primitive condition is contested, the alternative hypothesis states that vessel elements originated in a precursor to the angiosperms and were subsequently lost.
Photos showing xylem elements in the shoot of a fig tree (Ficus alba): crushed in hydrochloric acid, between slides and cover slips
To photosynthesize, plants must absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. However, this comes at a price: while stomata are open to allow CO2 to enter, water can evaporate. Water is lost much faster than CO2 is absorbed, so plants need to replace it, and have developed systems to transport water from the moist soil to the site of photosynthesis. Early plants sucked water between the walls of their cells, then evolved the ability to control water loss (and CO2 acquisition) through the use of stomata. Specialized water transport tissues soon evolved in the form of hydroids, tracheids, then secondary xylem, followed by an endodermis and ultimately vessels.
The high CO2 levels of Silurian-Devonian times, when plants were first colonizing land, meant that the need for water was relatively low. As CO2 was withdrawn from the atmosphere by plants, more water was lost in its capture, and more elegant transport mechanisms evolved. As water transport mechanisms, and waterproof cuticles, evolved, plants could survive without being continually covered by a film of water. This transition from poikilohydry to homoiohydry opened up new potential for colonization. Plants then needed a robust internal structure that held long narrow channels for transporting water from the soil to all the different parts of the above-soil plant, especially to the parts where photosynthesis occurred.
During the Silurian, CO2 was readily available, so little water needed expending to acquire it. By the end of the Carboniferous, when CO2 levels had lowered to something approaching today's, around 17 times more water was lost per unit of CO2 uptake. However, even in these "easy" early days, water was at a premium, and had to be transported to parts of the plant from the wet soil to avoid desiccation. This early water transport took advantage of the cohesion-tension mechanism inherent in water. Water has a tendency to diffuse to areas that are drier, and this process is accelerated when water can be wicked along a fabric with small spaces. In small passages, such as that between the plant cell walls (or in tracheids), a column of water behaves like rubber – when molecules evaporate from one end, they pull the molecules behind them along the channels. Therefore, transpiration alone provided the driving force for water transport in early plants. However, without dedicated transport vessels, the cohesion-tension mechanism cannot transport water more than about 2 cm, severely limiting the size of the earliest plants. This process demands a steady supply of water from one end, to maintain the chains; to avoid exhausting it, plants developed a waterproof cuticle. Early cuticle may not have had pores but did not cover the entire plant surface, so that gas exchange could continue. However, dehydration at times was inevitable; early plants cope with this by having a lot of water stored between their cell walls, and when it comes to it sticking out the tough times by putting life "on hold" until more water is supplied.
A banded tube from the late Silurian/early Devonian. The bands are difficult to see on this specimen, as an opaque carbonaceous coating conceals much of the tube. Bands are just visible in places on the left half of the image – click on the image for a larger view. Scale bar: 20 μm
To be free from the constraints of small size and constant moisture that the parenchymatic transport system inflicted, plants needed a more efficient water transport system. During the early Silurian, they developed specialized cells, which were lignified (or bore similar chemical compounds) to avoid implosion; this process coincided with cell death, allowing their innards to be emptied and water to be passed through them. These wider, dead, empty cells were a million times more conductive than the inter-cell method, giving the potential for transport over longer distances, and higher CO2 diffusion rates.
The earliest macrofossils to bear water-transport tubes are Silurian plants placed in the genus Cooksonia. The early Devonian pretracheophytes Aglaophyton and Horneophyton have structures very similar to the hydroids of modern mosses.
Plants continued to innovate new ways of reducing the resistance to flow within their cells, thereby increasing the efficiency of their water transport. Bands on the walls of tubes, in fact apparent from the early Silurian onwards, are an early improvisation to aid the easy flow of water. Banded tubes, as well as tubes with pitted ornamentation on their walls, were lignified and, when they form single celled conduits, are considered to be tracheids. These, the "next generation" of transport cell design, have a more rigid structure than hydroids, allowing them to cope with higher levels of water pressure. Tracheids may have a single evolutionary origin, possibly within the hornworts, uniting all tracheophytes (but they may have evolved more than once).
Water transport requires regulation, and dynamic control is provided by stomata.
By adjusting the amount of gas exchange, they can restrict the amount of water lost through transpiration. This is an important role where water supply is not constant, and indeed stomata appear to have evolved before tracheids, being present in the non-vascular hornworts.
An endodermis probably evolved during the Silu-Devonian, but the first fossil evidence for such a structure is Carboniferous. This structure in the roots covers the water transport tissue and regulates ion exchange (and prevents unwanted pathogens etc. from entering the water transport system). The endodermis can also provide an upwards pressure, forcing water out of the roots when transpiration is not enough of a driver.
Once plants had evolved this level of controlled water transport, they were truly homoiohydric, able to extract water from their environment through root-like organs rather than relying on a film of surface moisture, enabling them to grow to much greater size. As a result of their independence from their surroundings, they lost their ability to survive desiccation – a costly trait to retain.
During the Devonian, maximum xylem diameter increased with time, with the minimum diameter remaining pretty constant. By the middle Devonian, the tracheid diameter of some plant lineages (Zosterophyllophytes) had plateaued. Wider tracheids allow water to be transported faster, but the overall transport rate depends also on the overall cross-sectional area of the xylem bundle itself. The increase in vascular bundle thickness further seems to correlate with the width of plant axes, and plant height; it is also closely related to the appearance of leaves and increased stomatal density, both of which would increase the demand for water.
While wider tracheids with robust walls make it possible to achieve higher water transport tensions, this increases the likelihood of cavitation. Cavitation occurs when a bubble of air forms within a vessel, breaking the bonds between chains of water molecules and preventing them from pulling more water up with their cohesive tension. A tracheid, once cavitated, cannot have its embolism removed and return to service (except in a few advanced angiosperms which have developed a mechanism of doing so). Therefore, it is well worth plants' while to avoid cavitation occurring. For this reason, pits in tracheid walls have very small diameters, to prevent air entering and allowing bubbles to nucleate. Freeze-thaw cycles are a major cause of cavitation. Damage to a tracheid's wall almost inevitably leads to air leaking in and cavitation, hence the importance of many tracheids working in parallel.
Once cavitation has occurred, plants have a range of mechanisms to contain the damage. Small pits link adjacent conduits to allow fluid to flow between them, but not air – although these pits, which prevent the spread of embolism, are also a major cause of them. These pitted surfaces further reduce the flow of water through the xylem by as much as 30%. The diversification of xylem strand shapes with tracheid network topologies increasingly resistant to the spread of embolism likely facilitated increases in plant size and the colonization of drier habitats during the Devonian radiation. Conifers, by the Jurassic, developed bordered pits had valve-like structures to isolate cavitated elements. These torus-margo structures have an impermeable disc (torus) suspended by a permeable membrane (margo) between two adjacent pores. When a tracheid on one side depressurizes, the disc is sucked into the pore on that side, and blocks further flow. Other plants simply tolerate cavitation. For instance, oaks grow a ring of wide vessels at the start of each spring, none of which survive the winter frosts. Maples use root pressure each spring to force sap upwards from the roots, squeezing out any air bubbles.
Growing to height also employed another trait of tracheids – the support offered by their lignified walls. Defunct tracheids were retained to form a strong, woody stem, produced in most instances by a secondary xylem. However, in early plants, tracheids were too mechanically vulnerable, and retained a central position, with a layer of tough sclerenchyma on the outer rim of the stems. Even when tracheids do take a structural role, they are supported by sclerenchymatic tissue.
Tracheids end with walls, which impose a great deal of resistance on flow; vessel members have perforated end walls, and are arranged in series to operate as if they were one continuous vessel. The function of end walls, which were the default state in the Devonian, was probably to avoid embolisms. An embolism is where an air bubble is created in a tracheid. This may happen as a result of freezing, or by gases dissolving out of solution. Once an embolism is formed, it usually cannot be removed (but see later); the affected cell cannot pull water up, and is rendered useless.
End walls excluded, the tracheids of prevascular plants were able to operate under the same hydraulic conductivity as those of the first vascular plant, Cooksonia.
The size of tracheids is limited as they comprise a single cell; this limits their length, which in turn limits their maximum useful diameter to 80 μm. Conductivity grows with the fourth power of diameter, so increased diameter has huge rewards; vessel elements, consisting of a number of cells, joined at their ends, overcame this limit and allowed larger tubes to form, reaching diameters of up to 500 μm, and lengths of up to 10 m.
Vessels first evolved during the dry, low CO2 periods of the late Permian, in the horsetails, ferns and Selaginellales independently, and later appeared in the mid Cretaceous in angiosperms and gnetophytes.
Vessels allow the same cross-sectional area of wood to transport around a hundred times more water than tracheids! This allowed plants to fill more of their stems with structural fibers, and also opened a new niche to vines, which could transport water without being as thick as the tree they grew on. Despite these advantages, tracheid-based wood is a lot lighter, thus cheaper to make, as vessels need to be much more reinforced to avoid cavitation.
Development
Patterns of xylem development: xylem in brown; arrows show direction of development from protoxylem to metaxylem.
Xylem development can be described by four terms: centrarch, exarch, endarch and mesarch. As it develops in young plants, its nature changes from protoxylem to metaxylem (i.e. from first xylem to after xylem). The patterns in which protoxylem and metaxylem are arranged is important in the study of plant morphology.
Protoxylem and metaxylem
As a young vascular plant grows, one or more strands of primary xylem form in its stems and roots. The first xylem to develop is called 'protoxylem'. In appearance protoxylem is usually distinguished by narrower vessels formed of smaller cells. Some of these cells have walls which contain thickenings in the form of rings or helices. Functionally, protoxylem can extend: the cells are able to grow in size and develop while a stem or root is elongating. Later, 'metaxylem' develops in the strands of xylem. Metaxylem vessels and cells are usually larger; the cells have thickenings which are typically either in the form of ladderlike transverse bars (scalariform) or continuous sheets except for holes or pits (pitted). Functionally, metaxylem completes its development after elongation ceases when the cells no longer need to grow in size.
Patterns of protoxylem and metaxylem
There are four main patterns to the arrangement of protoxylem and metaxylem in stems and roots.
Centrarch refers to the case in which the primary xylem forms a single cylinder in the center of the stem and develops from the center outwards. The protoxylem is thus found in the central core and the metaxylem in a cylinder around it. This pattern was common in early land plants, such as "rhyniophytes", but is not present in any living plants.
The other three terms are used where there is more than one strand of primary xylem.
Exarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root, and the xylem develops from the outside inwards towards the center, i.e. centripetally. The metaxylem is thus closest to the center of the stem or root and the protoxylem closest to the periphery. The roots of vascular plants are normally considered to have exarch development.
Endarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root, and the xylem develops from the inside outwards towards the periphery, i.e. centrifugally. The protoxylem is thus closest to the center of the stem or root and the metaxylem closest to the periphery. The stems of seed plants typically have endarch development.
Mesarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root, and the xylem develops from the middle of a strand in both directions. The metaxylem is thus on both the peripheral and central sides of the strand with the protoxylem between the metaxylem (possibly surrounded by it). The leaves and stems of many ferns have mesarch development.
History
In his book De plantis libri XVI (On Plants, in 16 books) (1583), the Italian physician and botanist Andrea Cesalpino proposed that plants draw water from soil not by magnetism (ut magnes ferrum trahit, as magnetic iron attracts) nor by suction (vacuum), but by absorption, as occurs in the case of linen, sponges, or powders. The Italian biologist Marcello Malpighi was the first person to describe and illustrate xylem vessels, which he did in his book Anatome plantarum ... (1675). Although Malpighi believed that xylem contained only air, the British physician and botanist Nehemiah Grew, who was Malpighi's contemporary, believed that sap ascended both through the bark and through the xylem. However, according to Grew, capillary action in the xylem would raise the sap by only a few inches; in order to raise the sap to the top of a tree, Grew proposed that the parenchymal cells become turgid and thereby not only squeeze the sap in the tracheids but force some sap from the parenchyma into the tracheids. In 1727, English clergyman and botanist Stephen Hales showed that transpiration by a plant's leaves causes water to move through its xylem. By 1891, the Polish-German botanist Eduard Strasburger had shown that the transport of water in plants did not require the xylem cells to be alive.
See also
Phloem
Soil plant atmosphere continuum
Stele
Suction
Tylosis
Vascular bundle
Vascular tissue
Xylem sap
Explanatory notes
^ Malpighi first described xylem vessels and named tracheid cells. From p. 8 of (Malpighi, 1675): " … haec tubulosa sunt & subrotunda, identidem tamen angustantur, & perpetuo patent, nullumque, ut observare potui, effundunt humorem: Argentea lamina L, in spiram contorta, componuntur, ut facile laceratione, (velut in bombycinis tracheis expertus sum,) in hanc oblongam & continuatam fasciam resolvantur. Lamina haec, si ulterius microscopio lustretur, particulis squamatim componitur; quod etiam in tracheis insectorum deprehenditur. Spiralibus hisce vasculis, seu ut verius loquar, tracheis, ligneae fibrae M adstant, quae secundum longitudinem productae, ad majorem firmitudinem & robur, transversalium utriculorum ordines N superequitant, ita ut fiat veluti storea." ( … these are tubular and somewhat round, yet often become narrow, and they are always open, and none, as I could perceive, exude a liquid: they are composed of silvery sheets L, twisted into a helix, although they can easily be unbound, by tearing, into this somewhat long and connected strip (just as I have done in silkworm treacheas). This sheet, if it be examined further with a microscope, is composed of scale-like particles; which likewise is observed in the tracheas of insects. On these helical vessels, or as I will more rightly say, "tracheas", there stand woody filaments M, which being extended in length straddle – for greater strength and hardness – lines of transverse cells N, so that it is constructed like a mat.)
^ Hales explained that although capillary action might help raise water within the xylem, transpiration caused water to actually move through the xylem.
From (Hales, 1727), p. 100: "And by the same principle it is, that we see in the preceding Experiments plants imbibe moisture so vigorously up their fine capillary vessels; which moisture, as it is carried off in perspiration , (by the action of warmth), thereby gives the sap vessels liberty to be almost continually attracting fresh supplies, which they could
not do, if they were fully saturate with moisture: For without perspiration the sap must necessarily stagnate, not withstanding the sap vessels are so curiously adapted by their exceeding fineness, to raise the sap to great heights, in reciprocal proportion to their very minute diameters."
References
Citations
^ Purcell, Adam. "Xylem and phloem". Basic Biology. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04.
^ Keith Roberts, ed. (2007). Handbook of Plant Science. Vol. 1 (Illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 185. ISBN 9780470057230.
^ Richard B. Mancke (1977). Providing for Energy: Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on United States Energy Policy (illustrated ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 42. ISBN 9780070656178.
^ Nägeli, Carl (1858). "Das Wachstum des Stammes und der Wurzel bei den Gefäßpflanzen und die Anordnung der Gefäßstränge im Stengel" . Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik (Contributions to Scientific Botany) (in German). 1: 1–156. From p. 9: "Ich will die beiden welche von dem Cambium nach aussen und nach innen gebildet werden, Phloëm und Xylem nennen." (I will call the two parts of the permanent tissue, which are formed by the cambium outwardly and inwardly, "phloëm" and "xylem".)
^ Buvat, Roger (1989). "Phloem". Ontogeny, Cell Differentiation, and Structure of Vascular Plants. pp. 287–368. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73635-3_10. ISBN 978-3-642-73637-7.
^ Raven, Peter A.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (1999). Biology of Plants. W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 576–577. ISBN 978-1-57259-611-5.
^ Xylem Archived 2011-09-16 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopædia Britannica
^ McCulloh, Katherine A.; John S. Sperry; Frederick R. Adler (2003). "Water transport in plants obeys Murray's law". Nature. 421 (6926): 939–942. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..939M. doi:10.1038/nature01444. PMID 12607000. S2CID 4395034.
^ a b Walter S. Judd (2002). Walter S. Judd (ed.). Plant systematics: A phylogenetic approach (2 ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-87893-403-0.
^ Dickison, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy (page 196). Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780080508917. Archived from the original on 2017-11-06.
^ Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (2004). "The limits to tree height". Nature. 428 (6985): 851–854. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..851K. doi:10.1038/nature02417. PMID 15103376. S2CID 11846291.
^ Knoblauch, Michael; Knoblauch, Jan; Mullendore, Daniel L.; Savage, Jessica A.; Babst, Benjamin A.; Beecher, Sierra D.; Dodgen, Adam C.; Jensen, Kaare H.; Holbrook, N. Michele (2016-06-02). "Testing the Münch hypothesis of long distance phloem transport in plants". eLife. 5: e15341. doi:10.7554/eLife.15341. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 4946904. PMID 27253062.
^ Tim J. Tibbetts; Frank W. Ewers (2000). "Root pressure and specific conductivity in temperate lianas: exotic Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) vs. Native Vitis riparia (Vitaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 87 (9): 1272–78. doi:10.2307/2656720. JSTOR 2656720. PMID 10991898.
^ Cruiziat, Pierre and Richter, Hanno. Plant Physiology Archived 2008-12-28 at the Wayback Machine. Sinauer Associates.
^ Anthony R. Yeo; Timothy J. Flowers, eds. (2007). Plant solute transport. Oxford UK: Blackwell Publishing. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-4051-3995-3.
^ Nardini, Andrea; Lo Gullo, Maria A.; Salleo, Sebastiano (2011). "Refilling embolized xylem conduits: Is it a matter of phloem unloading?". Plant Science. 180 (4): 604–611. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.12.011. ISSN 0168-9452. PMID 21421408.
^ Dixon, Henry H.; Joly, J. (1894). "On the ascent of sap". Annals of Botany. 8: 468–470.
^ Dixon, Henry H.; Joly, J. (1895). "On the ascent of sap". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 186: 563–576. doi:10.1098/rstb.1895.0012.
^ Tyree, M.T. (1997). "The Cohesion-Tension theory of sap ascent: current controversies". Journal of Experimental Botany. 48 (10): 1753–1765. doi:10.1093/jxb/48.10.1753.
^ Wang, Z.; Chang, C.-C.; Hong, S.-J.; Sheng, Y.-J.; Tsao, H.-K. (2012). "Capillary Rise in a Microchannel of Arbitrary Shape and Wettability: Hysteresis Loop". Langmuir. 28 (49): 16917–16926. doi:10.1021/la3036242. PMID 23171321.
^ Askenasy, E. (1895). "Ueber das Saftsteigen" . Botanisches Centralblatt (in German). 62: 237–238.
^ Askenasy, E. (1895). "Ueber das Saftsteigen" . Verhandlungen des Naturhistorisch-medizinischen Vereins zu Heidelberg (Proceedings of the Natural History-Medical Society at Heidelberg). 2nd series (in German). 5: 325–345.
^ Dixon, H (1914). Transpiration and the ascent of sap in plants. London, England, UK: Macmillan and Co.
^ Dixon, H (1924). The transpiration stream. London: University of London Press, Ltd. p. 80.
^ Campbell, Neil (2002). Biology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 759. ISBN 978-0-8053-6624-2.
^ Zimmerman, Ulrich (2002). "What are the driving forces for water lifting in the xylem conduit?". Physiologia Plantarum. 114 (3): 327–335. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140301.x. PMID 12060254.
^ Tyree, Melvin T. (1997). "The cohesion-tension theory of sap ascent: current controversies". Journal of Experimental Botany. 48 (10): 1753–1765. doi:10.1093/jxb/48.10.1753.
^ The pressure of the water potential of the xylem in your plant's stem can be determined with the Scholander bomb. bio.usyd.edu.au
^ Andrew J. McElrone, Brendan Choat, Greg A. Gambetta, Craig R. Brodersen (2013). "Water Uptake and Transport in Vascular Plants". The Nature Education Knowledge Project.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Structure of Plants and Fungi|Digitális Tankönyvtár". regi.tankonyvtar.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2021-04-02.
^ Carlquist, S.; E.L. Schneider (2002). "The tracheid–vessel element transition in angiosperms involves multiple independent features: cladistic consequences". American Journal of Botany. 89 (2): 185–195. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.2.185. PMID 21669726.
^ Cronquist, A. (August 1988). The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. New York, New York: New York Botanical Garden Press. ISBN 978-0-89327-332-3.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Sperry, J. S. (2003). "Evolution of Water Transport and Xylem Structure". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 164 (3): S115–S127. doi:10.1086/368398. JSTOR 3691719. S2CID 15314720.
^ Edwards, D.; Davies, K.L.; Axe, L. (1992). "A vascular conducting strand in the early land plant Cooksonia". Nature. 357 (6380): 683–685. Bibcode:1992Natur.357..683E. doi:10.1038/357683a0. S2CID 4264332.
^ Niklas, K. J.; Smocovitis, V. (1983). "Evidence for a Conducting Strand in Early Silurian (Llandoverian) Plants: Implications for the Evolution of the Land Plants". Paleobiology. 9 (2): 126–137. Bibcode:1983Pbio....9..126N. doi:10.1017/S009483730000751X. JSTOR 2400461. S2CID 35550235.
^ a b c d e f g h Niklas, K. J. (1985). "The Evolution of Tracheid Diameter in Early Vascular Plants and Its Implications on the Hydraulic Conductance of the Primary Xylem Strand". Evolution. 39 (5): 1110–1122. doi:10.2307/2408738. JSTOR 2408738. PMID 28561493.
^ Niklas, K.; Pratt, L. (1980). "Evidence for lignin-like constituents in Early Silurian (Llandoverian) plant fossils". Science. 209 (4454): 396–397. Bibcode:1980Sci...209..396N. doi:10.1126/science.209.4454.396. PMID 17747811. S2CID 46073056.
^ Qiu, Y.L.; Li, L.; Wang, B.; Chen, Z.; Knoop, V.; Groth-malonek, M.; Dombrovska, O.; Lee, J.; Kent, L.; Rest, J.; et al. (2006). "The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (42): 15511–6. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10315511Q. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603335103. PMC 1622854. PMID 17030812.
^ Stewart, W.N.; Rothwell, G.W. (1993). Paleobiology and the evolution of plants. Cambridge University Press.
^ Koratkar, Sanjay (2016-02-24). "Cavitation and Embolism in Vascular Plants (With Diagram)". Biology Discussion.
^ Johnson, Daniel M.; McCulloh, Katherine A.; Woodruff, David R.; Meinzerc, Frederick C. (June 2012). "Hydraulic safety margins and embolism reversal in stems and leaves: Why are conifers and angiosperms so different?" (PDF). Plant Science. 195: 48–53. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.06.010. PMID 22920998. Archived from the original (PDF) on Mar 13, 2021.
^ Bouda, Martin; Huggett, Brett A.; Prats, Kyra A.; Wason, Jay W.; Wilson, Jonathan P.; Brodersen, Craig R. (2022-11-11). "Hydraulic failure as a primary driver of xylem network evolution in early vascular plants". Science. 378 (6620): 642–646. Bibcode:2022Sci...378..642B. doi:10.1126/science.add2910. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36356120. S2CID 253458196.
^ a b c d Foster, A.S.; Gifford, E.M. (1974). Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants (2nd ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-7167-0712-7.
^ Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L.; Krings, M. (2009). Paleobotany, the Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press. pp. 207ff., 212ff. ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8.
^ White, A. Toby; Kazlev, M. Alan. "Glossary". palaeos.com. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010.
^ See:
Cesalpino, Andrea (1583). De Plantis libri XVI (in Latin). Florence, Italy: Giorgio Marescotti. p. 4. From p. 4: "An quædam sicca secundum naturam humorem trahunt? ut lintea, spongiæ, pulveres: … " (Or dry things attract according to the liquid's nature? as linen, sponges, powders: … )
Bellorini, Cristina (2016). The World of Plants in Renaissance Tuscany: Medicine and Botany. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge. p. 72. ISBN 9781317011491.
Kramer, Paul J.; Boyer, John S. (1995). Water Relations of Plants and Soils. London, England: Elsevier Science. p. 2. ISBN 9780080924113.
^ See:
Malpighi, Marcello (1675). Anatome Plantarum … (in Latin). London, England, UK: Royal Society of London. p. 8.
Jansen, Steven; Schenk, H. Jochen (2015). "On the ascent of sap in the presence of bubbles". American Journal of Botany. 102 (10): 1561–1563. doi:10.3732/ajb.1500305. PMID 26400778.
Lazenby, Elizabeth Mary (1995) "The Historia Plantarum Generalis of John Ray: Book I – a translation and commentary.", doctoral thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, vol. 1, p. 160. Available at: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Archived 2018-08-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ Grew, Nehemiah (1682). The Anatomy of Plants …. London, England: W. Rawlins. pp. 124–125. From pp. 124–125: "For the great part of the year, it riseth in the Barque , sc. in the inner Margin adjacent to the Wood, and in the spring, in or through the Wood it self, and there only."
^ See:
(Grew, 1682), p. 126. Grew recognized the limits of capillary action (from p. 126): " … small Glass-Pipes immersed in Water, will give it an ascent for some inches; yet there is a certain period, according to the bore of the Pipe, beyond which it will not rise." Grew proposed the following mechanism for the ascent of sap in plants (from p. 126): "But the Bladders DP, which surround it , being swelled up and turgid with Sap, do hereby press upon it; and so not only a little contract its bore, but also transfuse or strain some Portion of their Sap thereinto: by both which means, the Sap will be forced to rise higher therein."
Arber, Agnes (1913). "Nehemiah Grew 1641–1712". In Oliver, Francis Wall (ed.). Makers of British Botany: A Collection of Biographies by Living Botanists. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 58.
^ Hales, Stephen (1727). Vegetable Staticks: Or, an account of some statical experiments on the sap in vegetables: …. London, England: W. & J. Innys and T. Woodward. p. 100. ISBN 9780356030128.
^ See:
Strasburger, Eduard (1891). Histologische Beiträge (in German). Vol. 3: Ueber den Bau und die Verrichtungen der Leitungsbahnen in den Pflanzen . Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer. pp. 607–625: Aufsteigen giftiger Flüssigkeiten bis zu bedeutender Höhe in der Pflanze , pp. 645–671: Die Leitungsfähigkeit getödteter Pflanzentheile ].
(Jansen & Schenck, 2015), p. 1561.
General references
C. Wei; E. Steudle; M. T. Tyree; P. M. Lintilhac (May 2001). "The essentials of direct xylem pressure measurement". Plant, Cell and Environment. 24 (5): 549–555. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00697.x. S2CID 5039439. is the main source used for the paragraph on recent research.
N. Michele Holbrook; Michael J. Burns; Christopher B. Field (November 1995). "Negative Xylem Pressures in Plants: A Test of the Balancing Pressure Technique". Science. 270 (5239): 1193–4. Bibcode:1995Sci...270.1193H. doi:10.1126/science.270.5239.1193. S2CID 97217181. is the first published independent test showing the Scholander bomb actually does measure the tension in the xylem.
Pockman, W.T.; J.S. Sperry; J.W. O'Leary (December 1995). "Sustained and significant negative water pressure in xylem". Nature. 378 (6558): 715–6. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..715P. doi:10.1038/378715a0. S2CID 31357329. is the second published independent test showing the Scholander bomb actually does measure the tension in the xylem.
Campbell, Neil A.; Jane B. Reece (2002). Biology (6th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-6624-2.
Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter R. (1997). The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-730-7.
Muhammad, A. F.; R. Sattler (1982). "Vessel Structure of Gnetum and the Origin of Angiosperms". American Journal of Botany. 69 (6): 1004–21. doi:10.2307/2442898. JSTOR 2442898.
Melvin T. Tyree; Martin H. Zimmermann (2003). Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-43354-5. recent update of the classic book on xylem transport by the late Martin Zimmermann
External links
Media related to Xylem at Wikimedia Commons
vteBiological tissuesAnimals
Connective
Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
Plants
Dermal tissue: Epidermis
Bulliform cell
Cuticle
Guard cell
Pavement cell
Subsidiary cell
Periderm
Phellem
Phelloderm
Vascular tissue: Phloem
Companion cell
Phloem fiber
Phloem parenchyma
Sieve tube
Xylem
Tracheid
Vessel element
Xylem fiber
Xylem parenchyma
Ground tissue: Parenchyma
Aerenchyma
Chlorenchyma
Mesophyll
Pith
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Fiber
Sclereid
Meristematic tissue: Primary
Ground meristem
Procambium
Protoderm
Secondary
Cork cambium
Vascular cambium
Mixed: Cortex
Endodermis
Exodermis
Stele
Category
Histology
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xylem Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem_Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xylem_and_phloem_diagram.svg"},{"link_name":"tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"phloem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloem"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_nutrition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Carl Nägeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_N%C3%A4geli"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the company, see Xylem Inc.Xylem (blue) transports water and minerals from the roots upwards.Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem. The basic function of the xylem is to transport water from roots to stems and leaves, but it also transports nutrients.[1][2] The word xylem is derived from the Ancient Greek word ξύλον (xylon), meaning \"wood\"; the best-known xylem tissue is wood, though it is found throughout a plant.[3] The term was introduced by Carl Nägeli in 1858.[4][5]","title":"Xylem"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xylem_cells.svg"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Tracheids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheid"},{"link_name":"vessel elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_element"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"parenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue#Parenchyma"},{"link_name":"fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue#Fibres"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"vascular bundles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_bundle"},{"link_name":"meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem"},{"link_name":"vascular cambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambium"},{"link_name":"stelar arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele_(biology)"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"secondary growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_growth"},{"link_name":"Murray's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%27s_law"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcculloh-8"}],"text":"Diagrammatic structure of xylem cellsThe most distinctive xylem cells are the long tracheary elements that transport water. Tracheids and vessel elements are distinguished by their shape; vessel elements are shorter, and are connected together into long tubes that are called vessels.[6]Xylem also contains two other type of cells: parenchyma and fibers.[7]Xylem can be found:in vascular bundles, present in non-woody plants and non-woody parts of woody plants\nin secondary xylem, laid down by a meristem called the vascular cambium in woody plants\nas part of a stelar arrangement not divided into bundles, as in many ferns.In transitional stages of plants with secondary growth, the first two categories are not mutually exclusive, although usually a vascular bundle will contain primary xylem only.The branching pattern exhibited by xylem follows Murray's law.[8]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"procambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambium"},{"link_name":"vascular cambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambium"},{"link_name":"gymnosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"Gnetophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta"},{"link_name":"Ginkgophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgophyta"},{"link_name":"Cycadophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycadophyta"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judd-9"},{"link_name":"softwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwood"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judd-9"},{"link_name":"monocots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocots"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"hardwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"}],"text":"Primary xylem is formed during primary growth from procambium. It includes protoxylem and metaxylem. Metaxylem develops after the protoxylem but before secondary xylem. Metaxylem has wider vessels and tracheids than protoxylem.Secondary xylem is formed during secondary growth from vascular cambium. Although secondary xylem is also found in members of the gymnosperm groups Gnetophyta and Ginkgophyta and to a lesser extent in members of the Cycadophyta, the two main groups in which secondary xylem can be found are:conifers (Coniferae): there are approximately 600 known species of conifers.[9] All species have secondary xylem, which is relatively uniform in structure throughout this group. Many conifers become tall trees: the secondary xylem of such trees is used and marketed as softwood.\nangiosperms (Angiospermae): there are approximately 250,000[9] known species of angiosperms. Within this group secondary xylem is rare in the monocots.[10] Many non-monocot angiosperms become trees, and the secondary xylem of these is used and marketed as hardwood.","title":"Primary and secondary xylem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transpiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration"},{"link_name":"sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_sap"},{"link_name":"tracheary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_elements"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pressure flow hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_Flow_Hypothesis"},{"link_name":"solute pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_potential"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Transpirational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration"},{"link_name":"evaporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"mesophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophyll_tissue"},{"link_name":"menisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(liquid)"},{"link_name":"surface tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension"},{"link_name":"tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Root pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_pressure"},{"link_name":"water potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_potential"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"solute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute"},{"link_name":"osmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis"},{"link_name":"hydathode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydathode"},{"link_name":"guttation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttation"},{"link_name":"Vitis riparia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_riparia"},{"link_name":"Celastrus orbiculatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_orbiculatus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"capillary action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"pores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pore"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall"},{"link_name":"capillary action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action"},{"link_name":"menisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(liquid)"},{"link_name":"concavity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Concavity"},{"link_name":"force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"cavitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation"},{"link_name":"evaporates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporates"},{"link_name":"embolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolism"},{"link_name":"bordered pits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nardini2011-16"}],"text":"The xylem, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels reaching all parts of the plants. The system transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from the roots throughout the plant. It is also used to replace water lost during transpiration and photosynthesis. Xylem sap consists mainly of water and inorganic ions, although it can also contain a number of organic chemicals as well. The transport is passive, not powered by energy spent by the tracheary elements themselves, which are dead by maturity and no longer have living contents. Transporting sap upwards becomes more difficult as the height of a plant increases and upwards transport of water by xylem is considered to limit the maximum height of trees.[11] Three phenomena cause xylem sap to flow:Pressure flow hypothesis: Sugars produced in the leaves and other green tissues are kept in the phloem system, creating a solute pressure differential versus the xylem system carrying a far lower load of solutes- water and minerals. The phloem pressure can rise to several MPa,[12] far higher than atmospheric pressure. Selective inter-connection between these systems allows this high solute concentration in the phloem to draw xylem fluid upwards by negative pressure.\nTranspirational pull: Similarly, the evaporation of water from the surfaces of mesophyll cells to the atmosphere also creates a negative pressure at the top of a plant. This causes millions of minute menisci to form in the mesophyll cell wall. The resulting surface tension causes a negative pressure or tension in the xylem that pulls the water from the roots and soil.\nRoot pressure: If the water potential of the root cells is more negative than that of the soil, usually due to high concentrations of solute, water can move by osmosis into the root from the soil. This causes a positive pressure that forces sap up the xylem towards the leaves. In some circumstances, the sap will be forced from the leaf through a hydathode in a phenomenon known as guttation. Root pressure is highest in the morning before the opening of stomata and allow transpiration to begin. Different plant species can have different root pressures even in a similar environment; examples include up to 145 kPa in Vitis riparia but around zero in Celastrus orbiculatus.[13]The primary force that creates the capillary action movement of water upwards in plants is the adhesion between the water and the surface of the xylem conduits.[14][15] Capillary action provides the force that establishes an equilibrium configuration, balancing gravity. When transpiration removes water at the top, the flow is needed to return to the equilibrium.Transpirational pull results from the evaporation of water from the surfaces of cells in the leaves. This evaporation causes the surface of the water to recess into the pores of the cell wall. By capillary action, the water forms concave menisci inside the pores. The high surface tension of water pulls the concavity outwards, generating enough force to lift water as high as a hundred meters from ground level to a tree's highest branches.Transpirational pull requires that the vessels transporting the water be very small in diameter; otherwise, cavitation would break the water column. And as water evaporates from leaves, more is drawn up through the plant to replace it. When the water pressure within the xylem reaches extreme levels due to low water input from the roots (if, for example, the soil is dry), then the gases come out of solution and form a bubble – an embolism forms, which will spread quickly to other adjacent cells, unless bordered pits are present (these have a plug-like structure called a torus, that seals off the opening between adjacent cells and stops the embolism from spreading). Even after an embolism has occurred, plants are able to refill the xylem and restore the functionality.[16]","title":"Main function – upwards water transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory"},{"link_name":"intermolecular attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_attraction"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"John Joly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joly"},{"link_name":"Henry Horatio Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Horatio_Dixon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"polar molecule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_molecule"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"intermolecular forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force"},{"link_name":"surface tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension"},{"link_name":"capillary action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action"},{"link_name":"Transpiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration"},{"link_name":"mesophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophyll_tissue"},{"link_name":"cohesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bonds"},{"link_name":"adhesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion"},{"link_name":"hydrophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophilic"},{"link_name":"water potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_potential"},{"link_name":"diffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"osmotic pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure"},{"link_name":"gradients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tyree1997-27"}],"sub_title":"Cohesion-tension theory","text":"The cohesion-tension theory is a theory of intermolecular attraction that explains the process of water flow upwards (against the force of gravity) through the xylem of plants. It was proposed in 1894 by John Joly and Henry Horatio Dixon.[17][18] Despite numerous objections,[19][20] this is the most widely accepted theory for the transport of water through a plant's vascular system based on the classical research of Dixon-Joly (1894), Eugen Askenasy (1845–1903) (1895),[21][22] and Dixon (1914,1924).[23][24]Water is a polar molecule. When two water molecules approach one another, the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of one forms a hydrogen bond with a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom in the other. This attractive force, along with other intermolecular forces, is one of the principal factors responsible for the occurrence of surface tension in liquid water. It also allows plants to draw water from the root through the xylem to the leaf.Water is constantly lost through transpiration from the leaf. When one water molecule is lost another is pulled along by the processes of cohesion and tension. Transpiration pull, utilizing capillary action and the inherent surface tension of water, is the primary mechanism of water movement in plants. However, it is not the only mechanism involved. Any use of water in leaves forces water to move into them.Transpiration in leaves creates tension (differential pressure) in the cell walls of mesophyll cells. Because of this tension, water is being pulled up from the roots into the leaves, helped by cohesion (the pull between individual water molecules, due to hydrogen bonds) and adhesion (the stickiness between water molecules and the hydrophilic cell walls of plants). This mechanism of water flow works because of water potential (water flows from high to low potential), and the rules of simple diffusion.[25]Over the past century, there has been a great deal of research regarding the mechanism of xylem sap transport; today, most plant scientists continue to agree that the cohesion-tension theory best explains this process, but multiforce theories that hypothesize several alternative mechanisms have been suggested, including longitudinal cellular and xylem osmotic pressure gradients, axial potential gradients in the vessels, and gel- and gas-bubble-supported interfacial gradients.[26][27]","title":"Main function – upwards water transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pressurebomb.svg"},{"link_name":"pressure bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_bomb"},{"link_name":"pressure bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_bomb"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"root pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_pressure"}],"sub_title":"Measurement of pressure","text":"A diagram showing the setup of a pressure bombUntil recently, the differential pressure (suction) of transpirational pull could only be measured indirectly, by applying external pressure with a pressure bomb to counteract it.[28] When the technology to perform direct measurements with a pressure probe was developed, there was initially some doubt about whether the classic theory was correct, because some workers were unable to demonstrate negative pressures. More recent measurements do tend to validate the classic theory, for the most part. Xylem transport is driven by a combination[29] of transpirational pull from above and root pressure from below, which makes the interpretation of measurements more complicated.","title":"Main function – upwards water transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tracheids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheids"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall"},{"link_name":"pitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_(botany)"},{"link_name":"convergent evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"tracheids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheid"},{"link_name":"vessel element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_element"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Amborellaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amborellaceae"},{"link_name":"Tetracentraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracentraceae"},{"link_name":"Trochodendraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochodendraceae"},{"link_name":"Winteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winteraceae"},{"link_name":"Arthur Cronquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist"},{"link_name":"Gnetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetum"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"primitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics#Definitions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ficusxylem.jpg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"poikilohydry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poikilohydry"},{"link_name":"homoiohydry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoiohydry"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"desiccation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccation"},{"link_name":"wicked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"cuticle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cuticle"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banded_tube.jpg"},{"link_name":"banded tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_tube"},{"link_name":"early Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandovery_epoch"},{"link_name":"lignified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"Cooksonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooksonia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards1992-34"},{"link_name":"Aglaophyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglaophyton"},{"link_name":"Horneophyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horneophyton"},{"link_name":"hydroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroid_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niklas1983-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niklas1985-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niklas1980-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qiu2006-38"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"stomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gk-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"endodermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodermis"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niklas1985-36"},{"link_name":"Zosterophyllophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosterophyllophytes"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niklas1985-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niklas1985-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niklas1985-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"pits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"Devonian radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian_explosion"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"bordered pits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_(botany)#Types_of_pits"},{"link_name":"torus-margo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_(botany)#Torus_and_margo"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sclerenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerenchyma"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niklas1985-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niklas1985-36"},{"link_name":"embolisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niklas1985-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"Selaginellales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaginellales"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperry2003-33"}],"text":"Xylem appeared early in the history of terrestrial plant life. Fossil plants with anatomically preserved xylem are known from the Silurian (more than 400 million years ago), and trace fossils resembling individual xylem cells may be found in earlier Ordovician rocks.[citation needed] The earliest true and recognizable xylem consists of tracheids with a helical-annular reinforcing layer added to the cell wall. This is the only type of xylem found in the earliest vascular plants, and this type of cell continues to be found in the protoxylem (first-formed xylem) of all living groups of vascular plants. Several groups of plants later developed pitted tracheid cells independently through convergent evolution. In living plants, pitted tracheids do not appear in development until the maturation of the metaxylem (following the protoxylem).In most plants, pitted tracheids function as the primary transport cells. The other type of vascular element, found in angiosperms, is the vessel element. Vessel elements are joined end to end to form vessels in which water flows unimpeded, as in a pipe. The presence of xylem vessels (also called trachea[30]) is considered to be one of the key innovations that led to the success of the angiosperms.[31] However, the occurrence of vessel elements is not restricted to angiosperms, and they are absent in some archaic or \"basal\" lineages of the angiosperms: (e.g., Amborellaceae, Tetracentraceae, Trochodendraceae, and Winteraceae), and their secondary xylem is described by Arthur Cronquist as \"primitively vesselless\". Cronquist considered the vessels of Gnetum to be convergent with those of angiosperms.[32] Whether the absence of vessels in basal angiosperms is a primitive condition is contested, the alternative hypothesis states that vessel elements originated in a precursor to the angiosperms and were subsequently lost.Photos showing xylem elements in the shoot of a fig tree (Ficus alba): crushed in hydrochloric acid, between slides and cover slipsTo photosynthesize, plants must absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. However, this comes at a price: while stomata are open to allow CO2 to enter, water can evaporate.[33] Water is lost much faster than CO2 is absorbed, so plants need to replace it, and have developed systems to transport water from the moist soil to the site of photosynthesis.[33] Early plants sucked water between the walls of their cells, then evolved the ability to control water loss (and CO2 acquisition) through the use of stomata. Specialized water transport tissues soon evolved in the form of hydroids, tracheids, then secondary xylem, followed by an endodermis and ultimately vessels.[33]The high CO2 levels of Silurian-Devonian times, when plants were first colonizing land, meant that the need for water was relatively low. As CO2 was withdrawn from the atmosphere by plants, more water was lost in its capture, and more elegant transport mechanisms evolved.[33] As water transport mechanisms, and waterproof cuticles, evolved, plants could survive without being continually covered by a film of water. This transition from poikilohydry to homoiohydry opened up new potential for colonization.[33] Plants then needed a robust internal structure that held long narrow channels for transporting water from the soil to all the different parts of the above-soil plant, especially to the parts where photosynthesis occurred.During the Silurian, CO2 was readily available, so little water needed expending to acquire it. By the end of the Carboniferous, when CO2 levels had lowered to something approaching today's, around 17 times more water was lost per unit of CO2 uptake.[33] However, even in these \"easy\" early days, water was at a premium, and had to be transported to parts of the plant from the wet soil to avoid desiccation. This early water transport took advantage of the cohesion-tension mechanism inherent in water. Water has a tendency to diffuse to areas that are drier, and this process is accelerated when water can be wicked along a fabric with small spaces. In small passages, such as that between the plant cell walls (or in tracheids), a column of water behaves like rubber – when molecules evaporate from one end, they pull the molecules behind them along the channels. Therefore, transpiration alone provided the driving force for water transport in early plants.[33] However, without dedicated transport vessels, the cohesion-tension mechanism cannot transport water more than about 2 cm, severely limiting the size of the earliest plants.[33] This process demands a steady supply of water from one end, to maintain the chains; to avoid exhausting it, plants developed a waterproof cuticle. Early cuticle may not have had pores but did not cover the entire plant surface, so that gas exchange could continue.[33] However, dehydration at times was inevitable; early plants cope with this by having a lot of water stored between their cell walls, and when it comes to it sticking out the tough times by putting life \"on hold\" until more water is supplied.[33]A banded tube from the late Silurian/early Devonian. The bands are difficult to see on this specimen, as an opaque carbonaceous coating conceals much of the tube. Bands are just visible in places on the left half of the image – click on the image for a larger view. Scale bar: 20 μmTo be free from the constraints of small size and constant moisture that the parenchymatic transport system inflicted, plants needed a more efficient water transport system. During the early Silurian, they developed specialized cells, which were lignified (or bore similar chemical compounds)[33] to avoid implosion; this process coincided with cell death, allowing their innards to be emptied and water to be passed through them.[33] These wider, dead, empty cells were a million times more conductive than the inter-cell method, giving the potential for transport over longer distances, and higher CO2 diffusion rates.The earliest macrofossils to bear water-transport tubes are Silurian plants placed in the genus Cooksonia.[34] The early Devonian pretracheophytes Aglaophyton and Horneophyton have structures very similar to the hydroids of modern mosses.\nPlants continued to innovate new ways of reducing the resistance to flow within their cells, thereby increasing the efficiency of their water transport. Bands on the walls of tubes, in fact apparent from the early Silurian onwards,[35] are an early improvisation to aid the easy flow of water.[36] Banded tubes, as well as tubes with pitted ornamentation on their walls, were lignified[37] and, when they form single celled conduits, are considered to be tracheids. These, the \"next generation\" of transport cell design, have a more rigid structure than hydroids, allowing them to cope with higher levels of water pressure.[33] Tracheids may have a single evolutionary origin, possibly within the hornworts,[38] uniting all tracheophytes (but they may have evolved more than once).[33]Water transport requires regulation, and dynamic control is provided by stomata.[39]\nBy adjusting the amount of gas exchange, they can restrict the amount of water lost through transpiration. This is an important role where water supply is not constant, and indeed stomata appear to have evolved before tracheids, being present in the non-vascular hornworts.[33]An endodermis probably evolved during the Silu-Devonian, but the first fossil evidence for such a structure is Carboniferous.[33] This structure in the roots covers the water transport tissue and regulates ion exchange (and prevents unwanted pathogens etc. from entering the water transport system). The endodermis can also provide an upwards pressure, forcing water out of the roots when transpiration is not enough of a driver.Once plants had evolved this level of controlled water transport, they were truly homoiohydric, able to extract water from their environment through root-like organs rather than relying on a film of surface moisture, enabling them to grow to much greater size.[33] As a result of their independence from their surroundings, they lost their ability to survive desiccation – a costly trait to retain.[33]During the Devonian, maximum xylem diameter increased with time, with the minimum diameter remaining pretty constant.[36] By the middle Devonian, the tracheid diameter of some plant lineages (Zosterophyllophytes) had plateaued.[36] Wider tracheids allow water to be transported faster, but the overall transport rate depends also on the overall cross-sectional area of the xylem bundle itself.[36] The increase in vascular bundle thickness further seems to correlate with the width of plant axes, and plant height; it is also closely related to the appearance of leaves[36] and increased stomatal density, both of which would increase the demand for water.[33]While wider tracheids with robust walls make it possible to achieve higher water transport tensions, this increases the likelihood of cavitation.[33] Cavitation occurs when a bubble of air forms within a vessel, breaking the bonds between chains of water molecules and preventing them from pulling more water up with their cohesive tension. A tracheid, once cavitated, cannot have its embolism removed and return to service (except in a few advanced angiosperms[40][41] which have developed a mechanism of doing so). Therefore, it is well worth plants' while to avoid cavitation occurring. For this reason, pits in tracheid walls have very small diameters, to prevent air entering and allowing bubbles to nucleate. Freeze-thaw cycles are a major cause of cavitation. Damage to a tracheid's wall almost inevitably leads to air leaking in and cavitation, hence the importance of many tracheids working in parallel.[33]Once cavitation has occurred, plants have a range of mechanisms to contain the damage.[33] Small pits link adjacent conduits to allow fluid to flow between them, but not air – although these pits, which prevent the spread of embolism, are also a major cause of them.[33] These pitted surfaces further reduce the flow of water through the xylem by as much as 30%.[33] The diversification of xylem strand shapes with tracheid network topologies increasingly resistant to the spread of embolism likely facilitated increases in plant size and the colonization of drier habitats during the Devonian radiation.[42] Conifers, by the Jurassic, developed bordered pits had valve-like structures to isolate cavitated elements. These torus-margo structures have an impermeable disc (torus) suspended by a permeable membrane (margo) between two adjacent pores. When a tracheid on one side depressurizes, the disc is sucked into the pore on that side, and blocks further flow.[33] Other plants simply tolerate cavitation. For instance, oaks grow a ring of wide vessels at the start of each spring, none of which survive the winter frosts.[citation needed] Maples use root pressure each spring to force sap upwards from the roots, squeezing out any air bubbles.[citation needed]Growing to height also employed another trait of tracheids – the support offered by their lignified walls. Defunct tracheids were retained to form a strong, woody stem, produced in most instances by a secondary xylem. However, in early plants, tracheids were too mechanically vulnerable, and retained a central position, with a layer of tough sclerenchyma on the outer rim of the stems.[33] Even when tracheids do take a structural role, they are supported by sclerenchymatic tissue.Tracheids end with walls, which impose a great deal of resistance on flow;[36] vessel members have perforated end walls, and are arranged in series to operate as if they were one continuous vessel.[36] The function of end walls, which were the default state in the Devonian, was probably to avoid embolisms. An embolism is where an air bubble is created in a tracheid. This may happen as a result of freezing, or by gases dissolving out of solution. Once an embolism is formed, it usually cannot be removed (but see later); the affected cell cannot pull water up, and is rendered useless.End walls excluded, the tracheids of prevascular plants were able to operate under the same hydraulic conductivity as those of the first vascular plant, Cooksonia.[36]The size of tracheids is limited as they comprise a single cell; this limits their length, which in turn limits their maximum useful diameter to 80 μm.[33] Conductivity grows with the fourth power of diameter, so increased diameter has huge rewards; vessel elements, consisting of a number of cells, joined at their ends, overcame this limit and allowed larger tubes to form, reaching diameters of up to 500 μm, and lengths of up to 10 m.[33]Vessels first evolved during the dry, low CO2 periods of the late Permian, in the horsetails, ferns and Selaginellales independently, and later appeared in the mid Cretaceous in angiosperms and gnetophytes.[33]\nVessels allow the same cross-sectional area of wood to transport around a hundred times more water than tracheids![33] This allowed plants to fill more of their stems with structural fibers, and also opened a new niche to vines, which could transport water without being as thick as the tree they grew on.[33] Despite these advantages, tracheid-based wood is a lot lighter, thus cheaper to make, as vessels need to be much more reinforced to avoid cavitation.[33]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xylem_Development.svg"}],"text":"Patterns of xylem development: xylem in brown; arrows show direction of development from protoxylem to metaxylem.Xylem development can be described by four terms: centrarch, exarch, endarch and mesarch. As it develops in young plants, its nature changes from protoxylem to metaxylem (i.e. from first xylem to after xylem). The patterns in which protoxylem and metaxylem are arranged is important in the study of plant morphology.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vascular plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FosterGifford1974-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Protoxylem and metaxylem","text":"As a young vascular plant grows, one or more strands of primary xylem form in its stems and roots. The first xylem to develop is called 'protoxylem'. In appearance protoxylem is usually distinguished by narrower vessels formed of smaller cells. Some of these cells have walls which contain thickenings in the form of rings or helices. Functionally, protoxylem can extend: the cells are able to grow in size and develop while a stem or root is elongating. Later, 'metaxylem' develops in the strands of xylem. Metaxylem vessels and cells are usually larger; the cells have thickenings which are typically either in the form of ladderlike transverse bars (scalariform) or continuous sheets except for holes or pits (pitted). Functionally, metaxylem completes its development after elongation ceases when the cells no longer need to grow in size.[43][44]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"rhyniophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyniophyte"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FosterGifford1974-43"},{"link_name":"seed plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_plant"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FosterGifford1974-43"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FosterGifford1974-43"}],"sub_title":"Patterns of protoxylem and metaxylem","text":"There are four main patterns to the arrangement of protoxylem and metaxylem in stems and roots.Centrarch refers to the case in which the primary xylem forms a single cylinder in the center of the stem and develops from the center outwards. The protoxylem is thus found in the central core and the metaxylem in a cylinder around it.[45] This pattern was common in early land plants, such as \"rhyniophytes\", but is not present in any living plants.[citation needed]The other three terms are used where there is more than one strand of primary xylem.Exarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root, and the xylem develops from the outside inwards towards the center, i.e. centripetally. The metaxylem is thus closest to the center of the stem or root and the protoxylem closest to the periphery. The roots of vascular plants are normally considered to have exarch development.[43]\nEndarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root, and the xylem develops from the inside outwards towards the periphery, i.e. centrifugally. The protoxylem is thus closest to the center of the stem or root and the metaxylem closest to the periphery. The stems of seed plants typically have endarch development.[43]\nMesarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root, and the xylem develops from the middle of a strand in both directions. The metaxylem is thus on both the peripheral and central sides of the strand with the protoxylem between the metaxylem (possibly surrounded by it). The leaves and stems of many ferns have mesarch development.[43]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrea Cesalpino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Marcello Malpighi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah Grew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"capillary action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hales"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Eduard Strasburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Strasburger"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"In his book De plantis libri XVI (On Plants, in 16 books) (1583), the Italian physician and botanist Andrea Cesalpino proposed that plants draw water from soil not by magnetism (ut magnes ferrum trahit, as magnetic iron attracts) nor by suction (vacuum), but by absorption, as occurs in the case of linen, sponges, or powders.[46] The Italian biologist Marcello Malpighi was the first person to describe and illustrate xylem vessels, which he did in his book Anatome plantarum ... (1675).[47][note 1] Although Malpighi believed that xylem contained only air, the British physician and botanist Nehemiah Grew, who was Malpighi's contemporary, believed that sap ascended both through the bark and through the xylem.[48] However, according to Grew, capillary action in the xylem would raise the sap by only a few inches; in order to raise the sap to the top of a tree, Grew proposed that the parenchymal cells become turgid and thereby not only squeeze the sap in the tracheids but force some sap from the parenchyma into the tracheids.[49] In 1727, English clergyman and botanist Stephen Hales showed that transpiration by a plant's leaves causes water to move through its xylem.[50][note 2] By 1891, the Polish-German botanist Eduard Strasburger had shown that the transport of water in plants did not require the xylem cells to be alive.[51]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"}],"text":"^ Malpighi first described xylem vessels and named tracheid cells. From p. 8 of (Malpighi, 1675): \" … haec tubulosa sunt & subrotunda, identidem tamen angustantur, & perpetuo patent, nullumque, ut observare potui, effundunt humorem: Argentea lamina L, in spiram contorta, componuntur, ut facile laceratione, (velut in bombycinis tracheis expertus sum,) in hanc oblongam & continuatam fasciam resolvantur. Lamina haec, si ulterius microscopio lustretur, particulis squamatim componitur; quod etiam in tracheis insectorum deprehenditur. Spiralibus hisce vasculis, seu ut verius loquar, tracheis, ligneae fibrae M adstant, quae secundum longitudinem productae, ad majorem firmitudinem & robur, transversalium utriculorum ordines N superequitant, ita ut fiat veluti storea.\" ( … these [vessels] are tubular and somewhat round, yet often become narrow, and they are always open, and none, as [far as] I could perceive, exude a liquid: they are composed of silvery sheets L, twisted into a helix, although they can easily be unbound, by tearing, into this somewhat long and connected strip (just as I have done in silkworm treacheas). This sheet, if it be examined further with a microscope, is composed of scale-like particles; which likewise is observed in the tracheas of insects. On these helical vessels, or as I will more rightly say, \"tracheas\", there stand woody filaments M, which being extended in length straddle – for greater strength and hardness – lines of transverse cells N, so that it is constructed like a mat.)\n\n^ Hales explained that although capillary action might help raise water within the xylem, transpiration caused water to actually move through the xylem. \nFrom (Hales, 1727), p. 100: \"And by the same [capillary] principle it is, that we see in the preceding Experiments plants imbibe moisture so vigorously up their fine capillary vessels; which moisture, as it is carried off in perspiration [i.e., transpiration], (by the action of warmth), thereby gives the sap vessels liberty to be almost continually attracting fresh supplies, which they could\nnot do, if they were fully saturate with moisture: For without perspiration the sap must necessarily stagnate, not withstanding the sap vessels are so curiously adapted by their exceeding fineness, to raise the sap to great heights, in reciprocal proportion to their very minute diameters.\"","title":"Explanatory notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Xylem (blue) transports water and minerals from the roots upwards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Xylem_and_phloem_diagram.svg/320px-Xylem_and_phloem_diagram.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A diagram showing the setup of a pressure bomb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pressurebomb.svg/300px-Pressurebomb.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Photos showing xylem elements in the shoot of a fig tree (Ficus alba): crushed in hydrochloric acid, between slides and cover slips","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ficusxylem.jpg/300px-Ficusxylem.jpg"},{"image_text":"A banded tube from the late Silurian/early Devonian. The bands are difficult to see on this specimen, as an opaque carbonaceous coating conceals much of the tube. Bands are just visible in places on the left half of the image – click on the image for a larger view. Scale bar: 20 μm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Banded_tube.jpg/220px-Banded_tube.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patterns of xylem development: xylem in brown; arrows show direction of development from protoxylem to metaxylem.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Xylem_Development.svg/130px-Xylem_Development.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Phloem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloem"},{"title":"Soil plant atmosphere continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_plant_atmosphere_continuum"},{"title":"Stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele_(biology)"},{"title":"Suction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction"},{"title":"Tylosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylosis_(Botany)"},{"title":"Vascular bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_bundle"},{"title":"Vascular tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue"},{"title":"Xylem sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem_sap"}] | [{"reference":"Purcell, Adam. \"Xylem and phloem\". Basic Biology. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basicbiology.net/plants/physiology/xylem-phloem/","url_text":"\"Xylem and phloem\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160504195130/https://www.basicbiology.net/plants/physiology/xylem-phloem/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Keith Roberts, ed. (2007). Handbook of Plant Science. Vol. 1 (Illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 185. ISBN 9780470057230.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470057230","url_text":"9780470057230"}]},{"reference":"Richard B. Mancke (1977). Providing for Energy: Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on United States Energy Policy (illustrated ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 42. ISBN 9780070656178.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/providingforener00twen","url_text":"Providing for Energy: Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on United States Energy Policy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/providingforener00twen/page/42","url_text":"42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070656178","url_text":"9780070656178"}]},{"reference":"Nägeli, Carl (1858). \"Das Wachstum des Stammes und der Wurzel bei den Gefäßpflanzen und die Anordnung der Gefäßstränge im Stengel\" [The growth of the stem and of the root among vascular plants and the arrangement of the vascular strands in the stalk]. Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik (Contributions to Scientific Botany) (in German). 1: 1–156.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91249#page/5/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Das Wachstum des Stammes und der Wurzel bei den Gefäßpflanzen und die Anordnung der Gefäßstränge im Stengel\""}]},{"reference":"Buvat, Roger (1989). \"Phloem\". Ontogeny, Cell Differentiation, and Structure of Vascular Plants. pp. 287–368. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73635-3_10. ISBN 978-3-642-73637-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-73635-3_10","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-73635-3_10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73637-7","url_text":"978-3-642-73637-7"}]},{"reference":"Raven, Peter A.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (1999). Biology of Plants. W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 576–577. ISBN 978-1-57259-611-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57259-611-5","url_text":"978-1-57259-611-5"}]},{"reference":"McCulloh, Katherine A.; John S. Sperry; Frederick R. Adler (2003). \"Water transport in plants obeys Murray's law\". Nature. 421 (6926): 939–942. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..939M. doi:10.1038/nature01444. PMID 12607000. S2CID 4395034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..939M","url_text":"2003Natur.421..939M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01444","url_text":"10.1038/nature01444"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12607000","url_text":"12607000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4395034","url_text":"4395034"}]},{"reference":"Walter S. Judd (2002). Walter S. Judd (ed.). Plant systematics: A phylogenetic approach (2 ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-87893-403-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0002unse","url_text":"Plant systematics: A phylogenetic approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-403-0","url_text":"0-87893-403-0"}]},{"reference":"Dickison, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy (page 196). Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780080508917. Archived from the original on 2017-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-os1kvkFbS0C","url_text":"Integrative Plant Anatomy (page 196)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080508917","url_text":"9780080508917"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171106151303/https://books.google.com/books?id=-os1kvkFbS0C","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. 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Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer. pp. 607–625: Aufsteigen giftiger Flüssigkeiten bis zu bedeutender Höhe in der Pflanze [Ascent of poisonous liquids to considerable heights in plants], pp. 645–671: Die Leitungsfähigkeit getödteter Pflanzentheile [The ability of the killed parts of plants to conduct [water]].","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rjMaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA607","url_text":"Histologische Beiträge"}]},{"reference":"C. Wei; E. Steudle; M. T. Tyree; P. M. Lintilhac (May 2001). \"The essentials of direct xylem pressure measurement\". Plant, Cell and Environment. 24 (5): 549–555. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00697.x. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Droid_Ultra | Droid Maxx | ["1 Features","1.1 Operating system and software","1.2 Design","1.3 Hardware","2 References"] | Android smartphone developed by Motorola Mobility
Motorola Droid Maxx (XT1080)BrandDroidManufacturerMotorola MobilitySloganWhen it matters, Droid does Endurance mattersSeriesDroidCompatible networks
List
CDMA EV-DO rev A; 800, 1900MHz
GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz
UMTS/HSPA 850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz
LTE 700 MHz Band 13/1700 MHz Band 4
HSDPA+ (4G) 42.2 Mbit/s
HSUPA 5.76 Mbit/s
First releasedJuly 23, 2013; 10 years ago (2013-07-23)Availability by regionUnited States August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20) (Verizon)DiscontinuedJune 2014 (2014-06)PredecessorDroid Razr HDDroid Razr Maxx HDMotorola Photon QSuccessorDroid Turbo, Droid Maxx 2RelatedDroid Ultra Droid Mini Moto XTypeSmartphoneForm factorSlateDimensions137.5 mm (5.41 in) H 71.2 mm (2.80 in) W 7.18 mm (0.283 in) D (Droid Ultra)8.5 mm (0.33 in) D (Droid Maxx)Mass137 g (4.8 oz) (Ultra) 167 g (5.9 oz) (Maxx)Operating systemOriginal: Android 4.2.2 "Jelly Bean"Current: Android 4.4.2 "KitKat"System-on-chipMotorola X8 Mobile Computing SystemCPU1.7 GHz dual-core Qualcomm 8960 ProGPU400 MHz quad-core Adreno 320Memory2 GiB Dual-channel, 500 MHz LPDDR2 RAMStorage16 GiB internal flash memory 32 GB internal flash memoryRemovable storageNoneBattery3,500 mAh (Droid Maxx)Display5.0 in (130 mm) diagonal
16:9 aspect ratio widescreen
Super AMOLED RGB capacitive, multi-touch touchscreen
720×1280 pixels (294 PPI)
16 M colorsSoundSpeaker, 3.5mm stereo audio jackRear camera10 MP (3264×2448 px)
6 MP (3264×1840 px in widescreen mode to fit screen aspect ratio)
1080p video recording (1920×1080, 60 fps)Front camera2 MPConnectivity
List
3.5 mm stereo audio jack
USB 2.0 Host micro USB
Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n/ac (2.4,5 GHz)
4.0 EDR
4G Wi-Fi hotspot
aGPS (assisted)
sGPS (simultaneous)
NFC
GLONASS
Data inputsMicro USB 2.0OtherUse time: up to 48 hours
Standby Time: Up to 20 days
Damage-resistance: Corning Gorilla Glass screen,DuPont Kevlar backing,water-repellent nanocoating
Media sharing: Miracast wireless video playbackQi wireless charging (Droid Maxx only),32 GiB variant in matte "black" (discontinued),16 GiB variant available in matte "black with chrome" and glossy "red"SARDroid Maxx (head: 1.54 W/kg 1 gbody: 0.32 W/kg 1 ghotspot: 1.23 W/kg 1 g)Hearing aid compatibilityM4, T4References
The Droid Maxx is a smartphone developed by Motorola Mobility. It is the first Droid to be a high end smartphone exclusively developed by Motorola for Verizon Wireless. It is part of the Verizon Droid line, and was announced on 23 July 2013 along with the Droid Ultra and Droid Mini at a joint Motorola and Verizon Wireless press conference.
The Droid Maxx maintains a similar design shape to its predecessor, the Droid Razr HD, including the Dupont Kevlar unibody form. It included Motorola's proprietary X8 Mobile Computing System, which consists of 8 cores: 2-core Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Pro applications processor, 4-core Adreno 320 graphics processor, 1 low-power core for natural language processing, and 1 low-power core for contextual awareness processing to enable the new Touchless control feature. The internal battery was increased in size to 3,500 mAh. The on-screen buttons for back, home, and multitask functions were moved to off-screen capacitive soft-keys below the screen. The Droid Maxx also includes Motorola's Active Notification feature.
Reception towards the device was mostly positive, with the caveat that the device is only available on the US carrier, Verizon Wireless. Some reviewing outlets called the device "the best Android device available on Verizon Wireless". Many others praised Motorola's Active Notification system, which turns on part of the AMOLED screen to "blink" notifications to the user, in lieu of a traditional LED notification light. The soft touch kevlar unibody as well as the overall physical design was praised as well. Reviewers were mixed to the device's continued use of a 720p HD resolution at a 5 in (130 mm) screen size, though complimented the AMOLED display's brightness, deep blacks, and its benefits to battery conservation.
Features
Operating system and software
Main article: Android (operating system)
The Droid Maxx runs a mostly stock version of Google's Android mobile operating system, initially shipping with the version Android 4.2.2 Jelly Bean. Jellybean 4.2 included various improvements to accessibility, new lock screen features with quick access to the camera, support for wireless display (Miracast), and a new built-in clock application with world clock, stopwatch, and timer. Motorola and Verizon released an update to Android 4.4 KitKat on 19 December 2013, and an additional update to Android 4.4.4 on 15 July 2014. KitKat brought restyled navigation bars, "immersive" full-screen mode, stronger security, power management and some other minor improvements. Motorola also enhanced its proprietary camera software for better color, exposure, and dynamic range accuracy and included the updated Google Hangouts application which included SMS/MMS messaging functionality. Finally, support for the Square credit card reader was added. The KitKat 4.4.4 update brought further improvements to camera functionality, improved Bluetooth connectivity, and added Isis Mobile Wallet (now called Softcard).
The smartphone can share its internet connection over WiFi (hotspot), and can access the Google Play Store, an online distribution platform for the Android OS managed by Google. Users may purchase and download applications developed using the Android SDK, music, movies, television shows, books, and magazine subscriptions.
The Droid Maxx, like its Moto X sibling, showcases the Google Now function via Touchless Control. By speaking the hot phrase: "Ok Google Now" (even while the phone is asleep), the device will launch a voice assistant which taps into Google Now to control the phone and run natural language queries with the Google search engine without requiring physical input from the user. This function makes use of the natural language processor in the X8 system.
Active Notifications displays relevant notifications to the user while the phone is face-up. The minimalist notifications show on the lock screen as white icons against a black background; power is conserved by not turning on pixels that would display the black background. Furthermore, by use of the Contextual Awareness processor in the X8 system and proximity sensor, the Droid Maxx "knows" when it is face-down or in a pocket, and will not display Active Notifications.
Design
The Droid Maxx user interface consists of three soft keys: back, home, and multitask, lock/power button, and volume rocker keys.
The construction is a unibody design (no removable panels) and consists of a thin black bezel devoid of any branding surrounding the screen and a DuPont Kevlar sealed back plate in either matte clear or glossy red tint finish. The shape maintains the tapered corner look of the Droid design language. Size has been increased to house a 5 in (130 mm) Super AMOLED touchscreen, with a resolution of 720x1280 pixels at 294 ppi and made of Corning Gorilla Glass 3. The device is 8.5 mm (0.33 in) thick and weighs 167 grams (5.9 oz).
Hardware
Droid Maxx is powered by the proprietary Motorola X8 system-on-chip. It includes a total of 8 cores with various functions: 2-core Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Pro applications processor clocked at 1.7 GHz, 4-core Adreno 320 graphics processor, and 2 low-power cores: for natural language processing and for contextual awareness processing. The X8 system is designed to conserve power by utilizing low-power cores for the language and contextual processing.
The device's battery is 3500 mAh, which provides a claimed 48 hours of "typical" usage. The phone comes with either 16 or 32 gigabytes of on board storage as well as NFC capability and Qi wireless charging.
References
^ FCC
^ "Droid Maxx by Motorola". Verizon Wireless. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
^ "Droid Maxx". Motorola Mobility. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
^ "Droid Ultra". Motorola Mobility. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
^ Mobile tech Review. "Droid Maxx". YouTube.
^ "Verizon's Motorola Droid, Ultra, Maxx and Mini to get Android 4.4.4", The Verge, 19 Dec 2013.
^ "redmi launches suv". Droid life. 14 June 2019.
^ "ms97698 - Motorola Support". motorola-global-portal.custhelp.com.
^ "ms100660 - Motorola Support". motorola-global-portal.custhelp.com.
^ a b "DROID MAXX". Archived from the original on 2015-02-28.
^ "X8 Mobile Computing System". Archived from the original on 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
vteMotorola Mobility phones by series4LTR
AURA (R)
FONE (F)
KRZR (K)
MING (A1680)
PEBL (U)
RAZR (V, VE)
RAZR2 (V)
RAZR3 (V)
RIZR (Z)
ROKR (E, EM, W, Z, ZN)
SLVR (L)
ZINE (ZN)
Androidsmartphones
Atrix 4G
Atrix 2
Atrix HD
Backflip
Calgary
Charm
Citrus
CLIQ / DEXT
CLIQ XT / DEXT XT
Cliq2 / DEXT2
DEFY
2021
2
Devour
Motorola RAZR i
Electrify
Flipout
i1
Milestone XT701
Milestone XT720
Ming A1680
Photon 4G
Photon Q
Triumph
Moto
Moto C / Moto C Plus
Moto E
2014
2015
E3
E4
E5
E6
2020
E7
E10
E12
Moto G
2013
2014
2015
Turbo Edition
G4
G5
G5S
G6
G7
G8
2020
G9
2021
G10
2022
G11
G12
G22
2023
S30 Pro
Moto Turbo
Moto X
2013
2014
Pro
Style
Pure Edition
Play
Force
X4
X30 Pro
X40
Moto M
Moto Maxx
Moto Z
Z
Z Play
Z Force
Z2 Play
Z2 Force
Z3
Z4
Edge
+
2021
2022
+ 2022
2023
+ 2023
S
Pro
S30
X30
20
Pro
Lite
Fusion
30
Pro
Ultra
Fusion
Neo
40
Pro
One
Power
Vision
Action
Zoom
Macro
Hyper
Fusion
+
5G
Ace
Razr
5G
2022
40 / 2023
40 Ultra / + 2023
Droid
Droid / Milestone
Droid 2 / Milestone 2
Droid 3
Droid 4
Droid Bionic
Droid Maxx
Droid Maxx 2
Droid Mini
Droid Pro / Xprt
Droid RAZR
HD
M
Droid Turbo
Droid Turbo 2
Droid X
Droid X2
Androidtablets
XOOM
Family Edition
Droid Xyboard / XOOM 2
International
3200
3300
TAC
DynaTAC
MicroTAC
StarTAC
Others
Accompli
"Bag phone"
SlimLite
Talkabout (T180, T190, T191)
Timeport
By prefix
A
A760
A780
A835
A845
A910
A920
A925
C
C115
C168 / C168i
C300
C331
C332
C333
C350
C550
C139
C620
C385
C390
cd/d
cd160
cd920
cd930
d520
E
E365
E398
E550
E680
E770
E815 / E816
E1000
i
i710
i860
i870
i920 / i930
i880
i455 / i450
i9
i680
i1000plus
i58sr
i1
M
M3188
M3288
M3588
M3688
M3788
M3888
MPx
MPx200
MPx220
Q
Q
Q8
Q9h
Q9c
Q9m
Q11
T
T720
V
V50
V60i
V66i
V180
V188
V190
V220
V235
V265
V276
V325
V360
V400
V500
V525
V535
V551
V557
V600
V620
V635
V710
V980
V3688
VE
VE538
VE66
W
W156 / W160
W175 / W180
W181
W206 / W213
W220
W230
W270
W370
W375
W377
W385
W388
W490
W510
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Ernes | Wim Ernes | ["1 Personal","2 References"] | Willem Egidius Johannes "Wim" Ernes (2 July 1958 – Schimmert, 1 November 2016) was a Dutch equestrian dressage coach from Schimmert. Ernes was seen as an icon within the Dutch equestrian sport. He was twice the coach of the Dutch national dressage team, his first from 1993 to 1996 and the second from 2013. During his first period the Dutch dressage team won the silver medal at the 1994 World Championships and the silver medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics. During his second period the Dutch dressage team won the silver medal at the 2013 European Championships, the bronze medal at the 2014 World Championships and gold at the 2015 European Championships.
In December 2015 he had an epileptic attack due to a brain tumor. He left hospital in January 2016. He was able do things independently, but had to rest. He had quit his job as national coach and was not able to go to the 2016 Summer Olympics. Johan Rockx took over his position. For all of his work Ernes was honoured with the gouden speld (golden pin) by the Dutch National Equestrian Federation (KNHS) on 31 October 2016. The day afterwards, on 1 November Ernes died at the age of 58. The team that won the gold medal at the 2015 European Championships, Edward Gal, Hans Peter Minderhoud, Diederik van Silfhout and Patrick van der Meer carried his coffin during his funeral on 5 November 2016.
Personal
Ernes lived in Schimmert, was married and had a daughter in 1988 called Maud.
References
^ "Massale steunbetuigingen na overlijden Wim Ernes". 1 November 2016.
^ a b "Oud-dressuurbondscoach Wim Ernes (58) overleden".
^ "Wim Ernest uit het ziekenhuis en weer thuis – Equnews Nederland".
^ "Cookies op AD.nl - AD.nl".
^ "Gouden EK-team gaat de kist van overleden Ernes dragen - Sportnieuws". 2 November 2016.
^ "Ernes, Wim - KNHS". Archived from the original on 2016-11-04.
This article could be expanded. See the KNHS webpage for expansion material. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Johan Rockx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Rockx&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KNHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koninklijke_Nederlandse_Hippische_Sportfederatie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nos.nl-2"},{"link_name":"Edward Gal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gal"},{"link_name":"Hans Peter Minderhoud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Peter_Minderhoud"},{"link_name":"Diederik van Silfhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diederik_van_Silfhout"},{"link_name":"Patrick van der Meer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_van_der_Meer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In December 2015 he had an epileptic attack due to a brain tumor. He left hospital in January 2016. He was able do things independently, but had to rest.[3] He had quit his job as national coach and was not able to go to the 2016 Summer Olympics. Johan Rockx took over his position. For all of his work Ernes was honoured with the gouden speld (golden pin) by the Dutch National Equestrian Federation (KNHS) on 31 October 2016.[4] The day afterwards, on 1 November Ernes died at the age of 58.[2] The team that won the gold medal at the 2015 European Championships, Edward Gal, Hans Peter Minderhoud, Diederik van Silfhout and Patrick van der Meer carried his coffin during his funeral on 5 November 2016.[5]","title":"Wim Ernes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schimmert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmert"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ernes lived in Schimmert, was married and had a daughter in 1988 called Maud.[6]","title":"Personal"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Massale steunbetuigingen na overlijden Wim Ernes\". 1 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horses.nl/algemeen/massale-steunbetuigingen-overlijden-wim-ernes/","url_text":"\"Massale steunbetuigingen na overlijden Wim Ernes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oud-dressuurbondscoach Wim Ernes (58) overleden\".","urls":[{"url":"http://nos.nl/artikel/2140865-oud-dressuurbondscoach-wim-ernes-58-overleden.html","url_text":"\"Oud-dressuurbondscoach Wim Ernes (58) overleden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wim Ernest uit het ziekenhuis en weer thuis – Equnews Nederland\".","urls":[{"url":"http://equnews.nl/algemeen/wim-ernest-uit-het-ziekenhuis-en-weer-thuis/","url_text":"\"Wim Ernest uit het ziekenhuis en weer thuis – Equnews Nederland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cookies op AD.nl - AD.nl\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ad.nl/andere-sporten/knhs-eert-ernes-met-gouden-speld~a0a7198a/","url_text":"\"Cookies op AD.nl - AD.nl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gouden EK-team gaat de kist van overleden Ernes dragen - Sportnieuws\". 2 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportnieuws.nl/overig/paardensport/gouden-ek-team-gaat-kist-overleden-ernes-dragen/","url_text":"\"Gouden EK-team gaat de kist van overleden Ernes dragen - Sportnieuws\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ernes, Wim - KNHS\". Archived from the original on 2016-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205206/https://www.knhs.nl/pers/mediaguide/ruiters/ernes-wim/","url_text":"\"Ernes, Wim - KNHS\""},{"url":"https://www.knhs.nl/pers/mediaguide/ruiters/ernes-wim/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.horses.nl/algemeen/massale-steunbetuigingen-overlijden-wim-ernes/","external_links_name":"\"Massale steunbetuigingen na overlijden Wim Ernes\""},{"Link":"http://nos.nl/artikel/2140865-oud-dressuurbondscoach-wim-ernes-58-overleden.html","external_links_name":"\"Oud-dressuurbondscoach Wim Ernes (58) overleden\""},{"Link":"http://equnews.nl/algemeen/wim-ernest-uit-het-ziekenhuis-en-weer-thuis/","external_links_name":"\"Wim Ernest uit het ziekenhuis en weer thuis – Equnews Nederland\""},{"Link":"https://www.ad.nl/andere-sporten/knhs-eert-ernes-met-gouden-speld~a0a7198a/","external_links_name":"\"Cookies op AD.nl - AD.nl\""},{"Link":"https://sportnieuws.nl/overig/paardensport/gouden-ek-team-gaat-kist-overleden-ernes-dragen/","external_links_name":"\"Gouden EK-team gaat de kist van overleden Ernes dragen - Sportnieuws\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205206/https://www.knhs.nl/pers/mediaguide/ruiters/ernes-wim/","external_links_name":"\"Ernes, Wim - KNHS\""},{"Link":"https://www.knhs.nl/pers/mediaguide/ruiters/ernes-wim/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205206/https://www.knhs.nl/pers/mediaguide/ruiters/ernes-wim/","external_links_name":"the KNHS webpage"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Australia_Airlines_Flight_538 | Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 | ["1 Aircraft","2 Accident","3 Immediate aftermath","4 Investigation","5 Long-term aftermath","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | 1960 aviation accident
Trans-Australia Airlines Flight 538VH-TFB acceptance ceremony in 1959.AccidentDate10 June 1960 (1960-06-10)SummaryControlled flight into terrain for undetermined reasonsSiteMackay, Queensland, AustraliaAircraftAircraft typeFokker F-27 Friendship 100Aircraft nameAbel TasmanOperatorTrans Australia AirlinesRegistrationVH-TFBFlight originBrisbane AirportBrisbane, Queensland1st stopoverMaryborough AirportMaryborough, Queensland2nd stopoverRockhampton AirportRockhampton, QueenslandDestinationMackay AirportMackay, QueenslandPassengers25Crew4Fatalities29Survivors0
On 10 June 1960, a Fokker Friendship passenger aircraft operated by Trans Australia Airlines (TAA) was on approach at night to land at Mackay, Queensland, Australia when it crashed into the sea. All 29 people on board Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 were killed.
Aircraft
The aircraft was TAA's first Fokker Friendship F-27 aircraft; TAA was the first airline outside of Europe to order the type. TAA's director of engineering, John L. Watkins OBE, accepted the aircraft, registered VH-TFB, at the Fokker works near Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam, on 6 April 1959. The aircraft was christened Abel Tasman after the Dutch explorer who was the first European to reach New Zealand, Tasmania, and parts of mainland Australia in 1642–1644; the acceptance ceremony was attended by the Australian ambassador and his wife, Sir Edwin and Lady McCarthy. The aircraft delivery flight to Australia was captained by Don Winch.
In the 14 years since the creation of TAA in 1946, it had experienced only two fatal accidents – a Douglas DC-3 carrying cargo crashed after take-off from Cambridge Aerodrome on 8 August 1951, killing both pilots; and a Vickers Viscount crashed on a training flight at Mangalore Airport on 31 October 1954, killing three pilots. By June 1960, TAA had 12 Fokker Friendships in service.
Accident
Location of Mackay (east coast, between Townsville and Gladstone) in relation to other major Australian cities.
On the late afternoon and evening of Friday, 10 June 1960, VH-TFB was flying TAA Flight 538 from Brisbane to Mackay, with stops at Maryborough and Rockhampton. It left Brisbane on time at 5 pm under the command of Captain F. C. Pollard with G. L. Davis as First Officer.
The flight to Maryborough and on to Rockhampton was normal. The aircraft arrived at Rockhampton Airport at 7:12 pm, where the crew received the weather forecast for Mackay, predicting shallow fog patches. VH-TFB was refuelled to 700 gallons, giving sufficient range to continue on to Townsville if fog made it impossible to land in Mackay.
Adding to the nine passengers already aboard, seven adults and nine schoolboys joined the flight at Rockhampton. All the schoolboys were boarders at Rockhampton Grammar School, returning home to Mackay for the Queen's Birthday long weekend.
VH-TFB departed from Rockhampton at 7:52 pm and ascended to 13,000 feet (4,000 m). At 8:17 pm, Mackay air traffic controller E. W. Miskell reported that fog had rolled in and temporarily closed Mackay Airport. A few minutes later, having come to the spot where he would start descending, Captain Pollard told the tower controller he would hold over Mackay at 13,000 feet (4,000 m) in case visibility improved. At 8:40 pm they reported they were over the airport. It was a bright moonlit night with a completely calm sea and two approaches were aborted due to a low layer of cloud on the coastline obscuring the sight of the strip on final approach.
By 10 pm, the fog was thinning. Air traffic controller Miskell reported this to VH-TFB, and Captain Pollard said they would begin an approach to the airport. Miskell reported the airport conditions. Pollard acknowledged the transmission.
Miskell then telephoned the airport fire service for the latest ground temperature. It was 55.4 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius.) Miskell immediately reported this to VH-TFB. This time, there was no acknowledgement. Miskell transmitted again, noting the time was 10:05pm, and again there was no reply. At 10:10 pm, Miskell started the procedure for launching a search and rescue operation.
Immediate aftermath
Five hours after the accident, at about 3 am on the morning of Saturday, 11 June 1960, a searchlight-equipped motor launch found items of wreckage, including damaged passenger seats, clothing and cabin furnishings, floating on the ocean between Round Top Island and Flat Top Island, five nautical miles due east of Mackay Airport.
A navy survey ship, HMAS Warrego, was sent to search for the sunken wreckage, and arrived on Sunday, 12 June 1960. At 4:20 pm that afternoon, Warrego discovered the major sections of VH-TFB in 40 feet (12 m) of water, a further 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) south-west of Round Top Island (or about 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) south-east of Mackay Airport). Salvaging the wreck took another two weeks.
Investigation
A Board of Accident Inquiry was appointed on 29 July 1960; after allowing the investigators to sift the wreckage, it finally opened on 4 October 1960. The board sat for four days in Brisbane and two more in Mackay, before concluding on 10 November 1960. The Board was chaired by Mr Justice Spicer of the Commonwealth Industrial Court.
The inquiry did not determine a particular cause. The aircraft had flown into the ocean for no apparent reason, and so the board focussed on the altimeter. One possibility was that the static pressure system or altimeter was malfunctioning and not allowing display of the correct altitude.
Another possibility was that the reading of the three-pointer altimeter was misinterpreted. This type of altimeter has individual pointers for thousands, hundreds and tens of feet, and can be difficult to interpret. Errors of 1,000 or 10,000 feet were common, as had been outlined by W. F. Grether in a 1949 report for the Journal of Applied Psychology. As a consequence, three-pointer altimeters were later removed from service. If human error were the case, the accident may have simply been the result of a controlled flight into terrain. However, many commentators thought this unlikely, given the long experience of Captain Pollard.
Another possibility was posited by TAA's director of engineering, John L. Watkins OBE, who was intrigued by a mysterious brown glass medicine bottle discovered in the wreckage of the cockpit. Watkins theorised that one of the schoolchildren on the flight may have been an aviation enthusiast, and had been shown into the cockpit whilst handling a bottle of model aircraft fuel. At some point the bottle's contents may have spilled in the cockpit, the fumes distracting the pilots enough for them to make a mistake and crash.
Frank McMullen, TAA's Technical Services Engineering Superintendent and F27 Project Engineer, was a member of the team that joined with Department of Civil Aviation officials studying the crash. He formed the view that at the third attempt to land, the crew adopted a low flight path hoping to keep the airstrip in sight below the cloud layer, but were deceived by the difficulty in assessing height over a glassy sea and put the left wing tip into the water turning onto the runway approach.
One of the recommendations made by the Board of Accident Inquiry was that passenger-carrying aircraft of the size of the F-27 and larger should be equipped with flight data recorders.
Long-term aftermath
Australia became the first country to mandate the carriage of cockpit voice recorders on civil transport aircraft, a trend which was later followed by other countries. Today, all large civil transport aircraft are required to carry a CVR.
Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 and the 1950 Australian National Airways Douglas DC-4 crash, with 29 fatalities each, remain the two deadliest aviation accidents in Australian peacetime history. The greatest loss of life in an air accident in Australia was the Bakers Creek air crash in 1943 which caused 40 fatalities in a United States Army Air Forces Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.
See also
List of disasters in Australia by death toll
References
^ a b c d "Accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 100 VH-TFB". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
^ "T.A.A. Loses First Plane: Two Killed" The Argus – 9 August 1951, p.1 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 7 September 2012
^ "Viscount Crashes: 3 Dead, 4 Injured" The Argus – 1 November 1954, p.1 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 17 October 2011
^ The TAA Fokker Friendship disaster. Retrieved 9 October 2011
^ Department of Informatics. "Department of Informatics : University of Sussex". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
^ bainbrdg.demon.co.uk
^ "Black box flight recorder". DST Group. Department of Defence. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
^ Perry, Graham (2004). Flying people : bringing you safe flying, every day. Erskine: Kea. p. 106. ISBN 0951895869.
^ "10 Worst Aircraft Crashes in Australia". www.ozatwar.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
External links
Aviation Safety Network
Fokker Crash Anniversary, June 2004
vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1960 (1960)
Jan 6 National Airlines Flight 2511Jan 18 Capital Airlines Flight 20Jan 19 SAS Flight 871Jan 21 Avianca Flight 671Feb 5 1960 Douglas DC-4 Cochabamba crashFeb 25 Rio de Janeiro mid-air collisionFeb 26 Aeroflot Flight 315Feb 26 Alitalia Flight 618Mar 17 Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 710May 1 U-2 incidentJun 10 Aeroflot Flight 207Jun 10 Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538Jul 1 RB-47 incidentJul 14 Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1-11Jul 15 Ethiopian Air Lines Flight 372Jul 16 1960 Danish football air crashJul 21 Chicago Helicopter Airways Flight 698Aug 17 Aeroflot Flight 036Aug 29 Air France Flight 343Sep 19 World Airways Flight 830Sep 26 Austrian Airlines Flight 901Oct 4 Eastern Air Lines Flight 375Oct 29 Cal Poly football teamNov 20 F-84 Thunderstreak crashNov 23 Philippine Air Lines Flight S26Dec 16 New York mid-air collisionDec 17 Munich Convair 340 crashDec 22 Philippine Air Lines Flight S85
1959 ◄
► 1961
vteAviation accidents and incidents in Australia1930s
Avro Ten Southern Cloud disappearance (1931)
Kimberley rescue (1932)
Airlines of Australia Stinson crash (1937)
Kyeema crash (1938)
1940s
Brocklesby mid-air collision (1940)
Canberra air disaster (1940)
Little Eva (1942)
KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown (1942)
Bakers Creek air crash (1943)
Rewan air crash (1943)
Canal Creek air crash (1943)
Australian National Airways Stinson crash (1945)
Australian National Airways DC-3 crash (1946)
Australian National Airways DC-3 crash (1948)
MacRobertson Miller Aviation DC-3 crash (1949)
Queensland Airlines Lockheed Lodestar crash (1949)
1950s
Australian National Airways Douglas DC-4 crash (1950)
Maroochy air crash (1950)
1960s
Trans Australia Airlines Flight 408 (1960)
Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 (1960)
Ansett-ANA Flight 325 (1961)
Ansett-ANA Flight 149 (1966)
MacRobertson Miller Airlines Flight 1750 (1968)
1970s
Ansett Australia Flight 232 (1972)
Connellan air disaster (1977)
Disappearance of Frederick Valentich (1978)
Cessna 188 Pacific rescue (1978)
1980s
Advance Airlines Flight 4210 (1980)
Barrington Tops Cessna 210 disappearance (1981)
Alice Springs hot air balloon crash (1989)
1990s
RAAF Boeing 707 crash (1991)
South Pacific Airmotive DC-3 crash (1994)
2000s
Australia Beechcraft King Air crash (2000)
Whyalla Airlines Flight 904 (2000)
QantasLink Flight 1737 (2003)
Lockhart River air disaster (2005)
Qantas Flight 72 (2008)
Emirates Flight 407 (2009)
Pel-Air Westwind ditching (2009)
2010s
Queensland DH.84 crash (2012)
Essendon Airport Beechcraft King Air crash (2017)
Sydney Seaplanes DHC-2 crash (2017)
2020s
Coulson Aviation Lockheed C-130 crash (2020)
Gold Coast mid-air collision (2023)
Coulson Aviation Boeing 737 crash (2023)
Port Phillip Bay mid-air collision (2023) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fokker Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Friendship"},{"link_name":"Trans Australia Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Australia_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Mackay, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-1"}],"text":"On 10 June 1960, a Fokker Friendship passenger aircraft operated by Trans Australia Airlines (TAA) was on approach at night to land at Mackay, Queensland, Australia when it crashed into the sea. All 29 people on board Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 were killed.[1]","title":"Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fokker Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Friendship"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Fokker works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Abel Tasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Tasman"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vickers Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount"},{"link_name":"Mangalore Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore_Airport_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The aircraft was TAA's first Fokker Friendship F-27 aircraft; TAA was the first airline outside of Europe to order the type. TAA's director of engineering, John L. Watkins OBE, accepted the aircraft, registered VH-TFB, at the Fokker works near Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam, on 6 April 1959. The aircraft was christened Abel Tasman after the Dutch explorer who was the first European to reach New Zealand, Tasmania, and parts of mainland Australia in 1642–1644; the acceptance ceremony was attended by the Australian ambassador and his wife, Sir Edwin and Lady McCarthy. The aircraft delivery flight to Australia was captained by Don Winch.In the 14 years since the creation of TAA in 1946, it had experienced only two fatal accidents – a Douglas DC-3 carrying cargo crashed after take-off from Cambridge Aerodrome on 8 August 1951, killing both pilots;[2] and a Vickers Viscount crashed on a training flight at Mangalore Airport on 31 October 1954, killing three pilots.[3] By June 1960, TAA had 12 Fokker Friendships in service.","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:As-map.png"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Maryborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryborough,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Rockhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockhampton"},{"link_name":"Rockhampton Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockhampton_Airport"},{"link_name":"Townsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville"},{"link_name":"Rockhampton Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockhampton_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Queen's Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Birthday"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mackay Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackay_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-1"}],"text":"Location of Mackay (east coast, between Townsville and Gladstone) in relation to other major Australian cities.On the late afternoon and evening of Friday, 10 June 1960, VH-TFB was flying TAA Flight 538 from Brisbane to Mackay, with stops at Maryborough and Rockhampton. It left Brisbane on time at 5 pm under the command of Captain F. C. Pollard with G. L. Davis as First Officer.The flight to Maryborough and on to Rockhampton was normal. The aircraft arrived at Rockhampton Airport at 7:12 pm, where the crew received the weather forecast for Mackay, predicting shallow fog patches. VH-TFB was refuelled to 700 gallons, giving sufficient range to continue on to Townsville if fog made it impossible to land in Mackay.Adding to the nine passengers already aboard, seven adults and nine schoolboys joined the flight at Rockhampton. All the schoolboys were boarders at Rockhampton Grammar School, returning home to Mackay for the Queen's Birthday long weekend.[citation needed]VH-TFB departed from Rockhampton at 7:52 pm and ascended to 13,000 feet (4,000 m). At 8:17 pm, Mackay air traffic controller E. W. Miskell reported that fog had rolled in and temporarily closed Mackay Airport. A few minutes later, having come to the spot where he would start descending, Captain Pollard told the tower controller he would hold over Mackay at 13,000 feet (4,000 m) in case visibility improved. At 8:40 pm they reported they were over the airport. It was a bright moonlit night with a completely calm sea and two approaches were aborted due to a low layer of cloud on the coastline obscuring the sight of the strip on final approach.[1]By 10 pm, the fog was thinning. Air traffic controller Miskell reported this to VH-TFB, and Captain Pollard said they would begin an approach to the airport. Miskell reported the airport conditions. Pollard acknowledged the transmission.Miskell then telephoned the airport fire service for the latest ground temperature. It was 55.4 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius.) Miskell immediately reported this to VH-TFB. This time, there was no acknowledgement. Miskell transmitted again, noting the time was 10:05pm, and again there was no reply. At 10:10 pm, Miskell started the procedure for launching a search and rescue operation.","title":"Accident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMAS Warrego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Warrego_(U73)"}],"text":"Five hours after the accident, at about 3 am on the morning of Saturday, 11 June 1960, a searchlight-equipped motor launch found items of wreckage, including damaged passenger seats, clothing and cabin furnishings, floating on the ocean between Round Top Island and Flat Top Island, five nautical miles due east of Mackay Airport.A navy survey ship, HMAS Warrego, was sent to search for the sunken wreckage, and arrived on Sunday, 12 June 1960. At 4:20 pm that afternoon, Warrego discovered the major sections of VH-TFB in 40 feet (12 m) of water, a further 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) south-west of Round Top Island (or about 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) south-east of Mackay Airport). Salvaging the wreck took another two weeks.","title":"Immediate aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Mr Justice Spicer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spicer_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"altimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeter"},{"link_name":"static pressure system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot-static_system#Static_pressure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-1"},{"link_name":"altimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"controlled flight into terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_flight_into_terrain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Department of Civil Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Civil_Aviation"},{"link_name":"flight data recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_data_recorder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-1"}],"text":"A Board of Accident Inquiry was appointed on 29 July 1960; after allowing the investigators to sift the wreckage, it finally opened on 4 October 1960. The board sat for four days in Brisbane and two more in Mackay, before concluding on 10 November 1960. The Board was chaired by Mr Justice Spicer of the Commonwealth Industrial Court.[4]The inquiry did not determine a particular cause. The aircraft had flown into the ocean for no apparent reason, and so the board focussed on the altimeter. One possibility was that the static pressure system or altimeter was malfunctioning and not allowing display of the correct altitude.[1]Another possibility was that the reading of the three-pointer altimeter was misinterpreted. This type of altimeter has individual pointers for thousands, hundreds and tens of feet, and can be difficult to interpret.[5] Errors of 1,000 or 10,000 feet were common, as had been outlined by W. F. Grether in a 1949 report for the Journal of Applied Psychology.[6] As a consequence, three-pointer altimeters were later removed from service. If human error were the case, the accident may have simply been the result of a controlled flight into terrain. However, many commentators thought this unlikely, given the long experience of Captain Pollard.[citation needed]Another possibility was posited by TAA's director of engineering, John L. Watkins OBE, who was intrigued by a mysterious brown glass medicine bottle discovered in the wreckage of the cockpit. Watkins theorised that one of the schoolchildren on the flight may have been an aviation enthusiast, and had been shown into the cockpit whilst handling a bottle of model aircraft fuel. At some point the bottle's contents may have spilled in the cockpit, the fumes distracting the pilots enough for them to make a mistake and crash.Frank McMullen, TAA's Technical Services Engineering Superintendent and F27 Project Engineer, was a member of the team that joined with Department of Civil Aviation officials studying the crash. He formed the view that at the third attempt to land, the crew adopted a low flight path hoping to keep the airstrip in sight below the cloud layer, but were deceived by the difficulty in assessing height over a glassy sea and put the left wing tip into the water turning onto the runway approach.One of the recommendations made by the Board of Accident Inquiry was that passenger-carrying aircraft of the size of the F-27 and larger should be equipped with flight data recorders.[1]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1950 Australian National Airways Douglas DC-4 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Australian_National_Airways_Douglas_DC-4_crash"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10worst-9"},{"link_name":"Bakers Creek air crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakers_Creek_air_crash"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress"}],"text":"Australia became the first country to mandate the carriage of cockpit voice recorders on civil transport aircraft, a trend which was later followed by other countries. Today, all large civil transport aircraft are required to carry a CVR.[7][8]Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 and the 1950 Australian National Airways Douglas DC-4 crash, with 29 fatalities each, remain the two deadliest aviation accidents in Australian peacetime history.[9] The greatest loss of life in an air accident in Australia was the Bakers Creek air crash in 1943 which caused 40 fatalities in a United States Army Air Forces Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.","title":"Long-term aftermath"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of Mackay (east coast, between Townsville and Gladstone) in relation to other major Australian cities.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/As-map.png/260px-As-map.png"}] | [{"title":"List of disasters in Australia by death toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Australia_by_death_toll"}] | [{"reference":"\"Accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 100 VH-TFB\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/333771","url_text":"\"Accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 100 VH-TFB\""}]},{"reference":"Department of Informatics. \"Department of Informatics : University of Sussex\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095450/http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/users/blayw/flyingl.html","url_text":"\"Department of Informatics : University of Sussex\""},{"url":"http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/users/blayw/flyingl.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Black box flight recorder\". DST Group. Department of Defence. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/innovation/black-box-flight-recorder","url_text":"\"Black box flight recorder\""}]},{"reference":"Perry, Graham (2004). Flying people : bringing you safe flying, every day. Erskine: Kea. p. 106. ISBN 0951895869.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0951895869","url_text":"0951895869"}]},{"reference":"\"10 Worst Aircraft Crashes in Australia\". www.ozatwar.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ozatwar.com/ozcrashes/10worst.htm","url_text":"\"10 Worst Aircraft Crashes in Australia\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/333771","external_links_name":"\"Accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 100 VH-TFB\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23061699","external_links_name":"\"T.A.A. Loses First Plane: Two Killed\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23458910","external_links_name":"\"Viscount Crashes: 3 Dead, 4 Injured\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-bBv-mvcq9QC&dq=taa+fokker+friendship+disaster&pg=PT78","external_links_name":"The TAA Fokker Friendship disaster."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095450/http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/users/blayw/flyingl.html","external_links_name":"\"Department of Informatics : University of Sussex\""},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/users/blayw/flyingl.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bainbrdg.demon.co.uk/Papers/MWLaTH.html","external_links_name":"bainbrdg.demon.co.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/innovation/black-box-flight-recorder","external_links_name":"\"Black box flight recorder\""},{"Link":"https://www.ozatwar.com/ozcrashes/10worst.htm","external_links_name":"\"10 Worst Aircraft Crashes in Australia\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19600610-1","external_links_name":"Aviation Safety Network"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/06/10/1128654.htm","external_links_name":"Fokker Crash Anniversary, June 2004"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Speck | Doug Speck | ["1 References"] | Douglas Gary Speck (October 16, 1947 – March 4, 2010) was a high school teacher and track and field enthusiast. He carried his love of the sport into becoming a major promoter and source of information. Starting in 1968, he joined Doug Smith in the creation of the Arcadia Invitational. Speck oversaw the growth of the meet, from a local spectacle to the premiere in-season nationwide invitational now called the "Home of national records."
He was an innovator. He was thinking of things before others. He really helped in the explosion of our sport.— Rich Gonzalez
From his office at Arcadia High School, Speck became the ultimate researcher of the best track athletes around the United States. In order to attract the best athletes to the Invitational, he had to know who they were, so Speck tracked performances and statistics, writing columns for running publications like California Track and Running News. In the infancy of the internet, he joined Gonzalez in starting a website providing the most in depth coverage of high school track and field athletes in California. Merging with John Dye's similar site in North Carolina, they created the nationwide Dyestat site self-described as "The Internet Home of High School Track & Field." The California version was known as Dyestatcal.
Speck's fountain of information was not limited to print. He was the P.A. announcer at many of the top high school track and field meets including the Sunkist Invitational, the National Scholastic Indoor Championships, the Foot Locker Cross Country Championships, the Junior National Championships and the series of championship meets that led to the CIF California State Meet. He worked on the advisory committees for the State Championships for both track and field and cross country. It has been suggested the enthusiasm he instilled in the crowd encouraged many national records to happen.
Following his untimely death to brain cancer, the National Scholastic Athletics Foundation created an annual award "The Doug Speck Award for Excellence & Innovation."
References
^ "Douglas Gary Speck Obituary (2010) Los Angeles Times".
^ a b "HIGH SCHOOLS: Former track coach Speck, 62, dies". 6 March 2010.
^ "THE CONNING TOWER by Keith Conning: High School track enthusiast Doug Speck dies". 6 March 2010.
^ "The Doug Speck Award for Excellence & Innovation | National Scholastic Athletics Foundation". | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pasadena-2"},{"link_name":"Arcadia High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_High_School_(Arcadia,_California)"},{"link_name":"Dyestat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyestat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pasadena-2"},{"link_name":"Sunkist Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Invitational"},{"link_name":"National Scholastic Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scholastic_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"Foot Locker Cross Country Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_Locker_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships"},{"link_name":"CIF California State Meet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIF_California_State_Meet"},{"link_name":"cross country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"national records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_high_school_national_records_in_track_and_field"},{"link_name":"brain cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_cancer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He was an innovator. He was thinking of things before others. He really helped in the explosion of our sport.— Rich Gonzalez[2]From his office at Arcadia High School, Speck became the ultimate researcher of the best track athletes around the United States. In order to attract the best athletes to the Invitational, he had to know who they were, so Speck tracked performances and statistics, writing columns for running publications like California Track and Running News. In the infancy of the internet, he joined Gonzalez in starting a website providing the most in depth coverage of high school track and field athletes in California. Merging with John Dye's similar site in North Carolina, they created the nationwide Dyestat site self-described as \"The Internet Home of High School Track & Field.\" The California version was known as Dyestatcal.[2]Speck's fountain of information was not limited to print. He was the P.A. announcer at many of the top high school track and field meets including the Sunkist Invitational, the National Scholastic Indoor Championships, the Foot Locker Cross Country Championships, the Junior National Championships and the series of championship meets that led to the CIF California State Meet. He worked on the advisory committees for the State Championships for both track and field and cross country.[3] It has been suggested the enthusiasm he instilled in the crowd encouraged many national records to happen.Following his untimely death to brain cancer, the National Scholastic Athletics Foundation created an annual award \"The Doug Speck Award for Excellence & Innovation.\"[4]","title":"Doug Speck"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Douglas Gary Speck Obituary (2010) Los Angeles Times\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/latimes/obituary.aspx?pid=140657198#sthash.lzuV0ELt.dpuf","url_text":"\"Douglas Gary Speck Obituary (2010) Los Angeles Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"HIGH SCHOOLS: Former track coach Speck, 62, dies\". 6 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/sports/20100306/high-schools-former-track-coach-speck-62-dies","url_text":"\"HIGH SCHOOLS: Former track coach Speck, 62, dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE CONNING TOWER by Keith Conning: High School track enthusiast Doug Speck dies\". 6 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://theconningtower.blogspot.com/2010/03/high-school-track-enthusiast-doug-speck.html","url_text":"\"THE CONNING TOWER by Keith Conning: High School track enthusiast Doug Speck dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Doug Speck Award for Excellence & Innovation | National Scholastic Athletics Foundation\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalscholastic.org/article/744/","url_text":"\"The Doug Speck Award for Excellence & Innovation | National Scholastic Athletics Foundation\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/latimes/obituary.aspx?pid=140657198#sthash.lzuV0ELt.dpuf","external_links_name":"\"Douglas Gary Speck Obituary (2010) Los Angeles Times\""},{"Link":"http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/sports/20100306/high-schools-former-track-coach-speck-62-dies","external_links_name":"\"HIGH SCHOOLS: Former track coach Speck, 62, dies\""},{"Link":"http://theconningtower.blogspot.com/2010/03/high-school-track-enthusiast-doug-speck.html","external_links_name":"\"THE CONNING TOWER by Keith Conning: High School track enthusiast Doug Speck dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalscholastic.org/article/744/","external_links_name":"\"The Doug Speck Award for Excellence & Innovation | National Scholastic Athletics Foundation\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Motor_Heritage | British Motor Heritage | ["1 History","2 Notes","3 External links"] | British Motor Heritage Limited (BMH) is a British company specialising in the manufacture of bodies and body parts for historic and classic British cars, and based in Witney, Oxfordshire.
History
BMH was established in 1975, as a subsidiary of British Leyland, to supply genuine components for classic British cars, using original tools wherever possible.
BMH started using legacy jigs and tools to produce complete bodyshells for historic models in 1988. It began production with its MG MGB replacement body, after the car had been out of production for 8 years. In 1991 it restarted production of MG Midget bodies.
BMW obtained BMH when it acquired the Rover Group in 1994
In 2001 BMW sold BMH back into private ownership, by which time it was also producing Triumph TR6 bodies. Later they added various Mini marques to their range, including the Clubman in 2004.
In 2013, The company employed over 40 staff, and had a turnover of almost £4 million, with an inventory worth £2 million.
Notes
^ a b "A Unique Business". British Motor Heritage Limited.
^ "Sports cars are given the body treatment". The Sunday Times. 12 May 1991.
^ a b Dron, Tony (3 July 2004). "Heritage is exactly what it used to be". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ "BMW returns some of Britain's heritage". Financial Times. 7 December 2001.
External links
British Motor Heritage Limited – Official company website
vteBritish car industry – companies and marques
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vteBritish Leyland – car companies and marques
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This article about an automotive industry corporation or company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"British Motor Heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unique-1"},{"link_name":"MG MGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_MGB"},{"link_name":"MG Midget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Midget"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Rover Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dt20040703-3"},{"link_name":"Triumph TR6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_TR6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini"},{"link_name":"Clubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini#Mini_Clubman_and_1275GT:_1969%E2%80%931980"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dt20040703-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unique-1"}],"text":"BMH was established in 1975, as a subsidiary of British Leyland, to supply genuine components for classic British cars, using original tools wherever possible.[1]BMH started using legacy jigs and tools to produce complete bodyshells for historic models in 1988. It began production with its MG MGB replacement body, after the car had been out of production for 8 years. In 1991 it restarted production of MG Midget bodies.[2]BMW obtained BMH when it acquired the Rover Group in 1994[3]In 2001 BMW sold BMH back into private ownership, by which time it was also producing Triumph TR6 bodies.[4] Later they added various Mini marques to their range, including the Clubman in 2004.[3]In 2013, The company employed over 40 staff, and had a turnover of almost £4 million, with an inventory worth £2 million.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unique_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unique_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"A Unique Business\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bmh-ltd.com/company.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dt20040703_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dt20040703_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Heritage is exactly what it used to be\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130505064833/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2004/07/02/emfclub03.xml"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2004/07/02/emfclub03.xml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ a b \"A Unique Business\". British Motor Heritage Limited.\n\n^ \"Sports cars are given the body treatment\". The Sunday Times. 12 May 1991.\n\n^ a b Dron, Tony (3 July 2004). \"Heritage is exactly what it used to be\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2010.\n\n^ \"BMW returns some of Britain's heritage\". Financial Times. 7 December 2001.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"A Unique Business\". British Motor Heritage Limited.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bmh-ltd.com/company.htm","url_text":"\"A Unique Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sports cars are given the body treatment\". The Sunday Times. 12 May 1991.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dron, Tony (3 July 2004). \"Heritage is exactly what it used to be\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130505064833/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2004/07/02/emfclub03.xml","url_text":"\"Heritage is exactly what it used to be\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2004/07/02/emfclub03.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BMW returns some of Britain's heritage\". Financial Times. 7 December 2001.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bmh-ltd.com/company.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Unique Business\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130505064833/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2004/07/02/emfclub03.xml","external_links_name":"\"Heritage is exactly what it used to be\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2004/07/02/emfclub03.xml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bmh-ltd.com/","external_links_name":"British Motor Heritage Limited"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/317285339","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015120996","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Motor_Heritage&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
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