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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Dovey | SS Kirovograd | ["1 Description","2 History","3 References"] | History
Name
Hercules (1929-45)
Empire Dovey (1945-46)
Kirovograd (1946-68)
Owner
Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun (1939-40)
Kriegsmarine (1940)
Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun (1940-41)
Kriegsmarine (1941-42)
Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun (1942-45)
Ministry of War Transport (1945)
Ministry of Transport (1945-46)
Soviet Government (1946-68)
Operator
Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun (1939-40)
Kriegsmarine (1940)
Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun (1940-41)
Kriegsmarine (1941-42)
Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun (1942-45)
unknown manager (1945-46)
Soviet Government (1946-68)
Port of registry
Bremen, Germany (1929-33)
Bremen (1933-40)
Kriegsmarine (1940)
Bremen (1940-41)
Kriegsmarine (1941-42)
Bremen (1942-45)
London, United Kingdom (1945-46)
Soviet Union (1946-68)
BuilderAG Weser
Launched1929
Identification
United Kingdom Official Number 180601 (1945-46)
Code Letters GDYV (1945-46)
FateScrapped
General characteristics
TypeCargo ship
Tonnage
2,883 GRT
1,616 NRT
Length297 ft (91 m)
Beam46 ft (14 m)
PropulsionTriple expansion steam engine
Kirovograd (Russian: Кировоград) was a 2,883 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1929 as Hercules by AG Weser, Bremen, Germany for Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun. She was seized by the British in May 1945, passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Dovey. In 1946, she was transferred to the Soviet Union under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement and renamed Kirovograd. She served until 1968, when she was scrapped.
Description
The ship was built in 1929 by AG Weser, Bremen.
The ship was 297 feet (91 m) long, with a beam of 46 feet (14 m). She was assessed at 2,883 GRT, 1,616 NRT.
The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine.
History
Hercules was built in 1929 for Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun, Bremen. In 1940, she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine, returning to Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun later that year. Hercules was requisitioned again in 1941 and returned to her owners again in 1942.
In May 1945, she was seized by the Allies at Copenhagen, Denmark. On 23 June she was declared a prize of war, along with her cargo, which included 1½ tons of grease, which was sold by public tender in January 1946. Hercules was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Dovey. The United Kingdom Official Number 180601 and Code Letters GDYV were allocated. Her port of registry was London. In February 1946, Empire Dovey was transferred to the Soviet Union under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement. She was renamed Kirovograd. On 11 July 1960, she collided with the motor barge Gladys in the Medway Estuary off the Isle of Grain, Kent, United Kingdom. The barge sank. Kirovograd served until September 1968, when she was scrapped in West Germany.
References
^ a b c d e f Mitchell, W.H.; Sawyer, L.A. (1995). The Empire Ships. London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. not cited. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.
^ "EMPIRE - D - E". Mariners. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
^ a b "Signal Letters Database". Convoyweb. Retrieved 6 July 2011. (Enter GDYV or Empire Dovey in relevant search box)
^ "Neptun Line / Dampfschifffahrts Gesellschaft Neptun 1873-1974 Bremen". The Ships List. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
^ "Public Notices". The Times. No. 50183. London. 2 July 1945. col F, p. 1.
^ "Prize Court Sales". The Times. No. 50362. London. 29 January 1946. col F, p. 1.
^ "Enemy Ships for Russia". The Times. No. 50376. London. 14 February 1946. col C, p. 2.
^ "News in Brief". The Times. No. 54821. London. 12 July 1960. col G, p. 9.
vteEmpire shipsBy suffix, Empire x
A
B
Ca–Cl
Co–Cy
D
E
F
G
H
I–J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
Sa–Sh
Si–Sy
Ta–Te
Th–Ty
U–Z
See also: Fort ship, Liberty ship, Park ship, Ocean ship, Victory ship.
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1960Shipwrecks
1 Jan: Albion
6 Jan: Uman
18 Jan: Sir Edgar
4 Mar: USCGC General Greene
8 Mar: Plassy
17 Mar: Arietta
30 Mar: Altamar
March (unknown date): Surf Pilot
4 Apr: HMS Narwhal
5 May: Federal Express
8 May: Brant
13 Jun: James J. Buckler
7 Jul: Munken
18 Jul: Avalon
14 Sep: Ithaka
11 Oct: HMAS Woomera
31 Oct: Clan Alpine
29 Nov: Francisco Morazan
November (unknown date): James J. Buckler, USS Tinosa
Unknown date: Provornyy
Other incidents
11 Jul: Kirovograd
24 Jul: HMS Northumbria
4 Aug: HMS Vanguard
13 Oct: K-8
26 Nov: Sirdhana
25 Dec: Bon Jour
Unknown date: HMS Anchorite
1959 1961 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"GRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"AG Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Weser"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Ministry of War Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_Transport"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Potsdam Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement"}],"text":"Kirovograd (Russian: Кировоград) was a 2,883 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1929 as Hercules by AG Weser, Bremen, Germany for Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun. She was seized by the British in May 1945, passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Dovey. In 1946, she was transferred to the Soviet Union under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement and renamed Kirovograd. She served until 1968, when she was scrapped.","title":"SS Kirovograd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AG Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Weser"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariners-2"},{"link_name":"GRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"},{"link_name":"NRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-3"},{"link_name":"triple expansion steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_expansion_steam_engine"}],"text":"The ship was built in 1929 by AG Weser, Bremen.[1]The ship was 297 feet (91 m) long, with a beam of 46 feet (14 m).[2] She was assessed at 2,883 GRT,[1] 1,616 NRT.[3]The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-4"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"},{"link_name":"prize of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_of_war"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times020745-5"},{"link_name":"grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times290146-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"},{"link_name":"Official Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Number"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-3"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Potsdam Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times140246-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"Medway Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Medway"},{"link_name":"Isle of Grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Grain"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times120760-8"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"}],"text":"Hercules was built in 1929 for Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun, Bremen. In 1940, she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine, returning to Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun later that year. Hercules was requisitioned again in 1941 and returned to her owners again in 1942.[4]In May 1945, she was seized by the Allies at Copenhagen, Denmark.[1] On 23 June she was declared a prize of war, along with her cargo,[5] which included 1½ tons of grease, which was sold by public tender in January 1946.[6] Hercules was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Dovey.[1] The United Kingdom Official Number 180601 and Code Letters GDYV were allocated. Her port of registry was London.[3] In February 1946, Empire Dovey was transferred to the Soviet Union under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement.[7] She was renamed Kirovograd.[1] On 11 July 1960, she collided with the motor barge Gladys in the Medway Estuary off the Isle of Grain, Kent, United Kingdom. The barge sank.[8] Kirovograd served until September 1968, when she was scrapped in West Germany.[1]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mitchell, W.H.; Sawyer, L.A. (1995). The Empire Ships. London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. not cited. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"EMPIRE - D - E\". Mariners. Retrieved 6 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EmpireD.html","url_text":"\"EMPIRE - D - E\""}]},{"reference":"\"Signal Letters Database\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 6 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://convoyweb.org.uk/signal/index.html?search_all.php~signalmain","url_text":"\"Signal Letters Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neptun Line / Dampfschifffahrts Gesellschaft Neptun 1873-1974 Bremen\". The Ships List. 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London. 12 July 1960. col G, p. 9.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EmpireD.html","external_links_name":"\"EMPIRE - D - E\""},{"Link":"http://convoyweb.org.uk/signal/index.html?search_all.php~signalmain","external_links_name":"\"Signal Letters Database\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100828044216/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/neptun.htm","external_links_name":"\"Neptun Line / Dampfschifffahrts Gesellschaft Neptun 1873-1974 Bremen\""},{"Link":"http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/neptun.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Vancouver) | North Shore (Greater Vancouver) | ["1 Access","2 See also","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 49°21′14″N 123°06′13″W / 49.3539°N 123.1036°W / 49.3539; -123.1036Areas adjacent to Vancouver, British Columbia
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "North Shore" Greater Vancouver – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The North Shore, as seen from downtown Vancouver. To the right are the City and District of North Vancouver, and to the left is the District of West Vancouver.
The North Shore of Burrard Inlet is a term commonly used to refer to several areas adjacent to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada:
the District of West Vancouver
the City of North Vancouver
the District of North Vancouver
the North Shore Mountains
It is renowned for its proximity to nature, varied outdoor recreation opportunities (especially mountain biking) as well as historically significant west coast modernist architecture.
Access
Access to these municipalities is limited by geography. Three major bodies of water (Howe Sound to the west, Burrard Inlet to the south, and Indian Arm to the east) and the rugged peaks of the Coast Mountains to the north isolate the North Shore from the rest of the Lower Mainland. Two road bridges (the Lions' Gate Bridge and Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing) connect to the city of Vancouver and the Trans-Canada Highway. The only other road access is by way of Highway 99 from the north or the Horseshoe Bay ferry terminal from Vancouver Island and the Sunshine Coast. The SeaBus passenger ferry, part of the TransLink transit system, connects Lonsdale Quay with downtown Vancouver.
See also
Mount Brunswick
The Lions (peaks)
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Vancouver/North Shore.
North Shore News – community newspaper serving the North Shore
North Shore Mountain Bike Association – information on mountain trails
Official website
vteMunicipalities of Metro VancouverPopulation over 500,000
Surrey
Vancouver
Population over 100,000
Burnaby
Coquitlam
Delta
Langley Township
Richmond
Population over 50,000
Maple Ridge
New Westminster
North Vancouver City
North Vancouver District
Port Coquitlam
Population over 10,000
Langley City
Pitt Meadows
Port Moody
West Vancouver
White Rock
Population under 10,000
Anmore
Belcarra
Bowen Island
Lions Bay
Tsawwassen First Nation
Unincorporated areas
Barnston Island
Passage Island
Bowyer Island
University Endowment Lands
Metro Vancouver
WikiProject:Vancouver
vteSubdivisions of British ColumbiaSubdivisions
Regional districts
School districts
Land districts
Health regions
Counties (court system)
Communities
Municipalities
Cities
District municipalities
Indian government districts
Island municipalities
Mountain resort municipalities
Resort municipalities
Towns
Villages
Ghost towns
Indian reserves
Metro areas andagglomerations
Abbotsford–Mission
Chilliwack
Kamloops
Greater Kelowna
Nanaimo
Greater Vancouver
Greater Vernon
Greater Victoria
Census agglomerations
Category:British Columbia
Portal:Canada
WikiProject:British Columbia
49°21′14″N 123°06′13″W / 49.3539°N 123.1036°W / 49.3539; -123.1036
This Metro Vancouver location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northshore-bc.jpg"},{"link_name":"downtown Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Burrard Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrard_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"District of West Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"City of North Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vancouver,_British_Columbia_(city)"},{"link_name":"District of North Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vancouver,_British_Columbia_(district_municipality)"},{"link_name":"North Shore Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Mountains"}],"text":"Areas adjacent to Vancouver, British ColumbiaThe North Shore, as seen from downtown Vancouver. 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Three major bodies of water (Howe Sound to the west, Burrard Inlet to the south, and Indian Arm to the east) and the rugged peaks of the Coast Mountains to the north isolate the North Shore from the rest of the Lower Mainland. Two road bridges (the Lions' Gate Bridge and Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing) connect to the city of Vancouver and the Trans-Canada Highway. The only other road access is by way of Highway 99 from the north or the Horseshoe Bay ferry terminal from Vancouver Island and the Sunshine Coast. The SeaBus passenger ferry, part of the TransLink transit system, connects Lonsdale Quay with downtown Vancouver.","title":"Access"}] | [{"image_text":"The North Shore, as seen from downtown Vancouver. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Bola%C3%B1os_Abaunza | Enrique Bolaños Abaunza | ["1 References"] | Nicaraguan academic
This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (September 2017)
Enrique Bolaños Abaunza (born October 30, 1950, in St. Louis, Missouri) is the eldest son of former Nicaraguan president Enrique Bolaños Geyer. Since May, 2015, he is the new president of INCAE Business School, ranked by The Wall Street Journal as one of the top 10 international business schools in the world.
Mr. Bolaños Abaunza is also the president of Fundación Enrique Bolaños, an NGO that houses the ex-president's virtual presidential library, and was CEO of Flexsys from 1999 to 2007.
In 2005 he accompanied his father, then-president Bolaños Geyer, to speak to a crowd of protesters in an effort to resolve an escalating political crisis the president called a "slow-motion-coup". Bolaños Abaunza was injured when protesters attacked the government delegation, striking him on the head with a stone. The protesters dispersed following this incident.
Bolaños was also on the 2001 shoebomber flight from Paris to Miami with two of his children. His son, Leandro Bolaños, helped restrain the culprit with his belt.
References
^ "Enrique Bolaños Abaunza será próximo Rector de INCAE Business School". costaricaon.com. 2015-04-16. Archived from the original on 2015-06-19.
^ Diario, El Nuevo. "Enrique Bolaños Abaunza, nuevo rector del Incae". elnuevodiario.com.ni. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "Enrique Bolaños Abaunza, nuevo rector de INCAE Business School". estrategiaynegocios.net. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ Economista.net, El. "Enrique Bolaños asumirá la rectoría del INCAE". eleconomista.net. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ AméricaEconomía (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010) http://www.americaeconomia.com
^ EducAméricas "Ranking MBA: ¿Qué hacer para ubicarse en el top 10? | Educamericas.com". Archived from the original on 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
^ Financial Times (2004, 2006, 2009, 2010) http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/incae
^ The Wall Street Journal (2005) http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/MB_05_Scoreboard.pdf
^ Eduniversal (2008) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2015-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "El exmandatario nicaragüense Enrique Bolaños inaugura su biblioteca virtual". confidencial.com.ni. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "Flexsys SA/NV: CEO and Executives - Bloomberg". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "Rubber & Plastics News : Login". rubbernews.com. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "BBC NEWS - Americas - Nicaragua 'creeping coup' warning". bbc.co.uk. 30 September 2005. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "BBC Mundo - América Latina - Nicaragua: herido hijo del presidente". bbc.co.uk. 27 April 2005. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ Mexico, El Universal, Compania Periodistica Nacional. "El Universal - - Viajaban en el B767 hijo y nietos del futuro presidente de Nicaragua". eluniversal.com.mx. Retrieved 20 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
http://mba.americaeconomia.com/articulos/notas/enrique-bolanos-asumira-como-nuevo-rector-de-incae
http://www.incae.edu/en/research-and-knowledge/enrique-bolanos.php Archived 2017-10-30 at the Wayback Machine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Nicaraguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Enrique Bolaños Geyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Bola%C3%B1os"},{"link_name":"INCAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INCAE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"shoebomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoebomber"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Enrique Bolaños Abaunza (born October 30, 1950, in St. Louis, Missouri) is the eldest son of former Nicaraguan president Enrique Bolaños Geyer. Since May, 2015, he is the new president of INCAE Business School,[1][2][3][4] ranked by The Wall Street Journal as one of the top 10 international business schools in the world.[5][6][7][8][9]Mr. Bolaños Abaunza is also the president of Fundación Enrique Bolaños,[10] an NGO that houses the ex-president's virtual presidential library, and was CEO of Flexsys from 1999 to 2007.[11][12]In 2005 he accompanied his father, then-president Bolaños Geyer, to speak to a crowd of protesters in an effort to resolve an escalating political crisis the president called a \"slow-motion-coup\".[13] Bolaños Abaunza was injured when protesters attacked the government delegation, striking him on the head with a stone.[14] The protesters dispersed following this incident.Bolaños was also on the 2001 shoebomber flight from Paris to Miami with two of his children. His son, Leandro Bolaños, helped restrain the culprit with his belt.[15]","title":"Enrique Bolaños Abaunza"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Enrique Bolaños Abaunza será próximo Rector de INCAE Business School\". costaricaon.com. 2015-04-16. Archived from the original on 2015-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619001930/http://www.costaricaon.com/noticias/educacion/39602-enrique-bolanos-abaunza-sera-proximo-rector-de-incae-business-school.html","url_text":"\"Enrique Bolaños Abaunza será próximo Rector de INCAE Business School\""},{"url":"http://www.costaricaon.com/noticias/educacion/39602-enrique-bolanos-abaunza-sera-proximo-rector-de-incae-business-school.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Diario, El Nuevo. \"Enrique Bolaños Abaunza, nuevo rector del Incae\". elnuevodiario.com.ni. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/economia/357839-enrique-bolanos-abaunza-nuevo-rector-incae/","url_text":"\"Enrique Bolaños Abaunza, nuevo rector del Incae\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enrique Bolaños Abaunza, nuevo rector de INCAE Business School\". estrategiaynegocios.net. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.estrategiaynegocios.net/lasclavesdeldia/831183-330/enrique-bola%C3%B1os-abaunza-nuevo-rector-de-incae-business-school","url_text":"\"Enrique Bolaños Abaunza, nuevo rector de INCAE Business School\""}]},{"reference":"Economista.net, El. \"Enrique Bolaños asumirá la rectoría del INCAE\". eleconomista.net. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eleconomista.net/2015/04/15/enrique-bolanos-asumira-la-rectoria-del-incae","url_text":"\"Enrique Bolaños asumirá la rectoría del INCAE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking MBA: ¿Qué hacer para ubicarse en el top 10? | Educamericas.com\". Archived from the original on 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2015-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619011045/http://www.educamericas.com/Ranking-MBA-de-AmericaEconomia-Que-hacer-para-ubicarse-en-el-top-10","url_text":"\"Ranking MBA: ¿Qué hacer para ubicarse en el top 10? | Educamericas.com\""},{"url":"http://www.educamericas.com/Ranking-MBA-de-AmericaEconomia-Que-hacer-para-ubicarse-en-el-top-10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2015-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090105164317/http://www.eduniversal.net/pressroom/download/id/14","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.eduniversal.net/pressroom/download/id/14","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"El exmandatario nicaragüense Enrique Bolaños inaugura su biblioteca virtual\". confidencial.com.ni. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.confidencial.com.ni/articulo/4946/el-exmandatario-nicaraguense-enrique-bolanos-inaugura-su-biblioteca-virtual","url_text":"\"El exmandatario nicaragüense Enrique Bolaños inaugura su biblioteca virtual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flexsys SA/NV: CEO and Executives - Bloomberg\". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=33881193&privcapId=5533249&previousCapId=5533249&previousTitle=Flexsys%2520SA/NV","url_text":"\"Flexsys SA/NV: CEO and Executives - Bloomberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rubber & Plastics News : Login\". rubbernews.com. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rubbernews.com/article/19981207/ISSUE/312079996/change-at-the-top-bolanos-takes-flexsys-helm-expansion-planned","url_text":"\"Rubber & Plastics News : Login\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC NEWS - Americas - Nicaragua 'creeping coup' warning\". bbc.co.uk. 30 September 2005. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4296818.stm","url_text":"\"BBC NEWS - Americas - Nicaragua 'creeping coup' warning\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Mundo - América Latina - Nicaragua: herido hijo del presidente\". bbc.co.uk. 27 April 2005. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_4487000/4487937.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Mundo - América Latina - Nicaragua: herido hijo del presidente\""}]},{"reference":"Mexico, El Universal, Compania Periodistica Nacional. \"El Universal - - Viajaban en el B767 hijo y nietos del futuro presidente de Nicaragua\". eluniversal.com.mx. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/40209.html","url_text":"\"El Universal - - Viajaban en el B767 hijo y nietos del futuro presidente de Nicaragua\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Enrique_Bola%C3%B1os_Abaunza&namespace=0","external_links_name":"link to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Enrique+Bola%C3%B1os+Abaunza&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Enrique+Bola%C3%B1os+Abaunza","external_links_name":"related articles"},{"Link":"https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Enrique_Bola%C3%B1os_Abaunza","external_links_name":"Find link tool"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619001930/http://www.costaricaon.com/noticias/educacion/39602-enrique-bolanos-abaunza-sera-proximo-rector-de-incae-business-school.html","external_links_name":"\"Enrique Bolaños Abaunza será próximo Rector de INCAE Business School\""},{"Link":"http://www.costaricaon.com/noticias/educacion/39602-enrique-bolanos-abaunza-sera-proximo-rector-de-incae-business-school.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/economia/357839-enrique-bolanos-abaunza-nuevo-rector-incae/","external_links_name":"\"Enrique Bolaños Abaunza, nuevo rector del Incae\""},{"Link":"http://www.estrategiaynegocios.net/lasclavesdeldia/831183-330/enrique-bola%C3%B1os-abaunza-nuevo-rector-de-incae-business-school","external_links_name":"\"Enrique Bolaños Abaunza, nuevo rector de INCAE Business School\""},{"Link":"http://www.eleconomista.net/2015/04/15/enrique-bolanos-asumira-la-rectoria-del-incae","external_links_name":"\"Enrique Bolaños asumirá la rectoría del INCAE\""},{"Link":"http://www.americaeconomia.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.americaeconomia.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619011045/http://www.educamericas.com/Ranking-MBA-de-AmericaEconomia-Que-hacer-para-ubicarse-en-el-top-10","external_links_name":"\"Ranking MBA: ¿Qué hacer para ubicarse en el top 10? | Educamericas.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.educamericas.com/Ranking-MBA-de-AmericaEconomia-Que-hacer-para-ubicarse-en-el-top-10","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/incae","external_links_name":"http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/incae"},{"Link":"http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/MB_05_Scoreboard.pdf","external_links_name":"http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/MB_05_Scoreboard.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090105164317/http://www.eduniversal.net/pressroom/download/id/14","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.eduniversal.net/pressroom/download/id/14","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.confidencial.com.ni/articulo/4946/el-exmandatario-nicaraguense-enrique-bolanos-inaugura-su-biblioteca-virtual","external_links_name":"\"El exmandatario nicaragüense Enrique Bolaños inaugura su biblioteca virtual\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=33881193&privcapId=5533249&previousCapId=5533249&previousTitle=Flexsys%2520SA/NV","external_links_name":"\"Flexsys SA/NV: CEO and Executives - Bloomberg\""},{"Link":"http://www.rubbernews.com/article/19981207/ISSUE/312079996/change-at-the-top-bolanos-takes-flexsys-helm-expansion-planned","external_links_name":"\"Rubber & Plastics News : Login\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4296818.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC NEWS - Americas - Nicaragua 'creeping coup' warning\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_4487000/4487937.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Mundo - América Latina - Nicaragua: herido hijo del presidente\""},{"Link":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/40209.html","external_links_name":"\"El Universal - - Viajaban en el B767 hijo y nietos del futuro presidente de Nicaragua\""},{"Link":"http://mba.americaeconomia.com/articulos/notas/enrique-bolanos-asumira-como-nuevo-rector-de-incae","external_links_name":"http://mba.americaeconomia.com/articulos/notas/enrique-bolanos-asumira-como-nuevo-rector-de-incae"},{"Link":"http://www.incae.edu/en/research-and-knowledge/enrique-bolanos.php","external_links_name":"http://www.incae.edu/en/research-and-knowledge/enrique-bolanos.php"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171030123118/http://www.incae.edu/en/research-and-knowledge/enrique-bolanos.php","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rket | Märket | ["1 Geography and history","2 International border and lighthouse","3 Radio amateurs activity","4 Climate","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 60°18′03″N 019°07′53″E / 60.30083°N 19.13139°E / 60.30083; 19.13139Uninhabited skerry between Sweden and Finland
This article is about the island. For other uses, see Market (disambiguation).
MärketMärket Island with its inverted 'S' international border of 1985.GeographyLocationBaltic SeaCoordinates60°18′03″N 019°07′53″E / 60.30083°N 19.13139°E / 60.30083; 19.13139Area0.03 km2 (0.012 sq mi)Length0.35 km (0.217 mi)Width0.15 km (0.093 mi)AdministrationFinlandRegionÅlandSwedenCountiesUppsala länStockholms länDemographicsPopulation0Additional informationTime zoneEET and CETMärket lighthouseMärket Coordinates60°18′04″N 19°07′53″E / 60.301008°N 19.131432°E / 60.301008; 19.131432Constructed1885Constructionstone and cast iron towerAutomated1979Height14 metres (46 ft)Shapecylindrical tower on an octagonal basement rising from a 2-story keeper’s houseMarkingswhite tower and lanternPower sourcesolar panel, acetylene, diesel generator, kerosene, wind power First lit10 November 1885 Focal height17 metres (56 ft)Range8.5 nmi (15.7 km; 9.8 mi) CharacteristicFl W 5s.
Märket ('The Mark', Swedish pronunciation: ) is a 3.3-hectare (8.2-acre) uninhabited skerry in the Baltic Sea shared by Sweden and Finland (in the area of the autonomous region Åland), with a lighthouse as its salient humanmade feature. Märket has been divided between the two countries since the Treaty of Fredrikshamn of 1809 defined the border between Sweden and Grand Duchy of Finland as going through the middle of the island. The Finnish side of the island is part of the Municipality of Hammarland and is the westernmost land point of Finland. The Swedish part of the island is itself divided by two counties of Sweden: Uppsala County (Östhammar Municipality) and Stockholm County (Norrtälje Municipality).
Geography and history
Märket Island with the international border and the county border on the Swedish part
Location of Märket Island
The 6-nautical-mile-wide (11 km; 6.9 mi) Understen–Märket Passage links the Bothnian Sea to the Baltic proper. The skerry is roughly 350 metres (1,150 ft) long by 150 metres (490 ft) wide, and has an area of about 3.3 hectares (8.2 acres). The island is gaining height due to post-glacial rebound, and was probably underwater before the 1500s.
Märket is the smallest sea island shared by two countries.
It used to have a straight border until the Grand Duchy of Finland built the lighthouse on the Swedish side and then, they had to change the border.
The name Märket ('the Mark') probably comes from its usefulness as a navigation mark before there were lighthouses. The route between Sweden and Åland has a passage about 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) long over open sea. Before the lighthouse was erected, the island and its shallows were dangerous navigational hazards, which seafarers tried desperately to avoid. In 1873, as many as 23 ships were grounded on the Swedish coast and its archipelago trying to avoid Märket, and eight of them were shipwrecked. Märket is detached from the main Åland archipelago, with the closest island more than 10 km (6.2 mi) away, and the closest harbor, Berghamn, 23 km (14 mi) away in Eckerö. There is no deep harbor; the island can only be reached with boats. There are small, barely surfacing rocks northwest of Märket, called Märketshällor ("stones of Märket"), which are too small to sustain vegetation.
The island consists of mostly smooth diabase rock, with a maximum natural elevation of 2 m (6.6 ft). Most of the area is regularly washed over with seawater in storms, and scoured by drift ice in winter. Plant life, which is limited to low-growing grasses and herbs, persists only in some protected spots. Twenty-three plant species have been identified altogether. The halophilic grass Puccinellia capillaris and the herbaceous Sagina nodosa (knotted pearlwort) are found scattered throughout the island. Among rarer species, Spergularia marina (salt sandspurry) grows on Märket. Salix caprea (goat willow) grows on an abandoned building.
There are large grey seal communities around Märket, and the island has been a target for seal safaris.
International border and lighthouse
The island lighthouse
There is a lighthouse on the Finnish side of the current border, which has been unmanned and automated since 1979. When it was built by the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1885, the island was considered a no-man's land, so the lighthouse was simply built upon the highest point of the island. However, the location selected was within the Swedish portion of the island. Though the lighthouse was formally on the Swedish side of the border, it was never considered Swedish, or administered from Sweden.
As a result, the border was adjusted in 1985 so that the lighthouse is now located on Finnish territory. The adjustment was carried out such that no net transfer of territory occurred, and the ownership of the coastline was unchanged so as not to interfere with each country's fishing rights.
This resulted in an unusual shape for the international border to satisfy both Finnish and Swedish interests. The adjusted border takes the form of an inverted 'S', and the lighthouse is connected to the rest of Finland only by a short stretch of land. The border on the island is around 480 metres (1,570 ft) long. The border is regularly resurveyed every 25 years by officials representing both countries. The last such joint inspection took place in August 2006. The border is marked by holes drilled into the rock, because the seasonal drift ice would shear off any protruding markers. Because of the Nordic Passport Union and the Schengen Agreement, there have been no passport checks or other border formalities at the border since 1958, so intra-Nordic/intra-Schengen visitors may visit the island freely.
The lighthouse is in urgent need of maintenance, and a Finnish interest group is trying to raise funds for its preservation. The lighthouse has been automated since 1979 and the surrounding buildings are no longer used. The increasing general availability of GPS has made the lighthouse's primary function redundant.
Radio amateurs activity
Radio amateurs around the world consider the Finnish part of Märket (Märket Reef or Market Reef as they call it) a separate entity, distinct from Finland, the Åland Islands and Sweden. The Finnish part of Märket Reef used to be one of the world's most desired "countries" to contact among radio amateurs because of its special status and relative remoteness. One or more amateur radio expeditions to the island occur most years, weather permitting. During these expeditions, tens of thousands of radio contacts are made with people in several parts of the world. At high seas, landing is only possible with a helicopter. Pictures of Märket are shown on QSL cards. The official prefix for use on the Finnish side is OJ0 call sign prefix for Märket Reef. An OJ0 vanity callsign can be obtained, for a fee, from Traficom.fi, the Finnish Transport and Communication Agency. Amateurs with licenses in countries supporting CEPT can operate from the reef while using the OJ0/ prefix in front of one's own call sign. All radio activity on the island is by visitors on DX-peditions. When the Finnish part of the reef was given its special status in amateur radio, in the late 1960s the lighthouse keeper himself became a licensed amateur radio operator, who initially used the call OH0MA. On the Swedish side of Märket Reef, the call signs 8S9M and SI8MI have been used.
Climate
Märket has a continental climate affected by oceanic influences; it has a reputation for being one of the windiest places in Finland. A meteorological station has been managed by the lighthouse keepers since 1896, and an automatic station of the Finnish Meteorological Institute was inaugurated on 10 November 1977, shortly before its automation.
The effect of the sea is very important to the climate of the island; thermal inertia dramatically reduces the temperature fluctuations during the year compared to those of the continent, and to a lesser extent, those of the central part of Fasta Åland, the largest island of the archipelago of Åland. Märket holds five records for daytime temperatures among Finnish weather stations, all in the period between 29 November and 1 January, with 10.2 °C (50.4 °F) on 15 December 2006, and 8.8 °C (47.8 °F) on 31 December 1975. The average yearly temperature is roughly 6 °C (43 °F) and is one of the highest in Finland, with the month of January being milder than on the continent (−2.5 °C or 27.5 °F on average), and a warm summer (15.9 °C or 60.6 °F on average in July). The island is drier than the mainland; the average annual rainfall does not usually surpass 550 millimetres (22 in).
Climate data for Hammarland Märket (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1995- present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
9.3(48.7)
9.0(48.2)
12.8(55.0)
15.5(59.9)
23.3(73.9)
24.0(75.2)
27.8(82.0)
26.0(78.8)
22.2(72.0)
18.2(64.8)
13.6(56.5)
10.3(50.5)
27.3(81.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−0.1(31.8)
−1.2(29.8)
0.4(32.7)
2.9(37.2)
6.5(43.7)
11.5(52.7)
16.0(60.8)
16.5(61.7)
12.9(55.2)
8.0(46.4)
4.2(39.6)
1.6(34.9)
6.6(43.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−13.7(7.3)
−19.4(−2.9)
−10.3(13.5)
−4.0(24.8)
−1.3(29.7)
4.3(39.7)
8.2(46.8)
7.7(45.9)
4.2(39.6)
−1.7(28.9)
−8.3(17.1)
−10.7(12.7)
−19.4(−2.9)
Source 1: 1991-2020 FMI normals
Source 2: Extremes 1995-present
See also
List of divided islands
Kataja
Bogskär and Lågskär, other detached Finnish islands
Utö, Finland
Nuorgam
Fort Blunder, an American fort mistakenly built in Canada
References
^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of the Åland Islands". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
^ citizen's Map Site – National Land Survey of Finland
^ Frank Jacobs (24 April 2012). "One Island, Two Countries". The New York Times.
^ Frank Jacobs (24 April 2012). "One Island, Two Countries". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019.
^ World island superlatives
^ a b Tom Backmansson, 1998. TV series "Fyren - Majakka", episode 10: Märket. First shown on Yle TV1, 16 July 2000 17.59. Produced by Yleisradio Oy, http://areena.yle.fi/1-682613 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytNqj9QfG70
^ Ekman, J.; Bråvander, L. G.; Ekman, G.; Zachrisson, E. (1998). "Märket - en märklig ö" (PDF). Daphne (in Swedish): 56–58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
^ "Hyljesafari" (in Finnish). Retrieved 5 March 2019.
^ Märket – a remarkable island Archived 27 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine by Joakim Ekman, Lars-Gunnar Bråvander, Gabriel Ekmand, and Ebbe Zachrisson (in Swedish) includes a map of the island
^ https://minkarta.lantmateriet.se/
^ Shifting Territories: Märket Reef, Hidden Europe Magazine, 11 (November 2006), pp. 26–29.
^ "Islands on the Air - IOTA Directory - Group Information". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
^ (in Finnish) Association finlandaise des phares Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Presentation of the Island
^ (in Finnish) Institut météorologique national de Finlande – A list and characteristics of the meteorological stations of Finland
^ (in Finnish) Institut météorologique national de Finlande – Statistiques nationales pour le mois de décembre
^ (in English) Conseil de coopération nordique Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Statistiques générales sur Åland
^ (in English) Institut météorologique national de Finlande Archived 27 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine – Statistiques climatiques de la période 1971–2000
^ "1991-2020 FMI normals". FMI. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
^ "FMI open data". FMI. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Märket.
2021 OJ0D Satellite Radio DXpedition to Märket
https://sral.info/2018/06/19/market-calling/
2007 Radio DXpedition to Märket
Configurable map centred on Märket from Citizen's Mapsite of Finland
The Swedish Lighthouse Society's site on Märket
Market Reef at MostTraveledPeople.com
Joint border survey between Finland and Sweden in progress from Helsingin Sanomat (International Edition), includes paragraph about Märket, with a small map.
A recent air photo of the island
The New York Times on the island
The Finnish Lighthouse Society
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OLL | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Market (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ˈmæ̂rːkɛt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish"},{"link_name":"skerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skerry"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Åland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land"},{"link_name":"lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Fredrikshamn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fredrikshamn"},{"link_name":"the border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish%E2%80%93Swedish_border"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Hammarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"counties of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Uppsala County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_County"},{"link_name":"Östhammar Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sthammar_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Stockholm County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_County"},{"link_name":"Norrtälje Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrt%C3%A4lje_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Uninhabited skerry between Sweden and FinlandThis article is about the island. For other uses, see Market (disambiguation).Märket ('The Mark', Swedish pronunciation: [ˈmæ̂rːkɛt]) is a 3.3-hectare (8.2-acre) uninhabited skerry in the Baltic Sea shared by Sweden and Finland (in the area of the autonomous region Åland), with a lighthouse as its salient humanmade feature.[1] Märket has been divided between the two countries since the Treaty of Fredrikshamn of 1809 defined the border between Sweden and Grand Duchy of Finland as going through the middle of the island. The Finnish side of the island is part of the Municipality of Hammarland and is the westernmost land point of Finland.[2] The Swedish part of the island is itself divided by two counties of Sweden: Uppsala County (Östhammar Municipality) and Stockholm County (Norrtälje Municipality).[3]","title":"Märket"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marketmap.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A4rket_in_Sweden.png"},{"link_name":"Understen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understen"},{"link_name":"Bothnian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothnian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Baltic proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"post-glacial rebound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sea island shared by two countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_divided_islands"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fyren-6"},{"link_name":"Berghamn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghamn_(%C3%85land)"},{"link_name":"Eckerö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecker%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"diabase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabase"},{"link_name":"drift ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift_ice"},{"link_name":"halophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halophile"},{"link_name":"Puccinellia capillaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccinellia_capillaris"},{"link_name":"Sagina nodosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagina_nodosa"},{"link_name":"Spergularia marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spergularia_marina"},{"link_name":"Salix caprea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_caprea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flora-7"},{"link_name":"grey seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_seal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Märket Island with the international border and the county border on the Swedish partLocation of Märket IslandThe 6-nautical-mile-wide (11 km; 6.9 mi) Understen–Märket Passage links the Bothnian Sea to the Baltic proper. The skerry is roughly 350 metres (1,150 ft) long by 150 metres (490 ft) wide, and has an area of about 3.3 hectares (8.2 acres). The island is gaining height due to post-glacial rebound, and was probably underwater before the 1500s.[4]Märket is the smallest sea island shared by two countries.[5]\nIt used to have a straight border until the Grand Duchy of Finland built the lighthouse on the Swedish side and then, they had to change the border.\nThe name Märket ('the Mark') probably comes from its usefulness as a navigation mark before there were lighthouses. The route between Sweden and Åland has a passage about 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) long over open sea. Before the lighthouse was erected, the island and its shallows were dangerous navigational hazards, which seafarers tried desperately to avoid. In 1873, as many as 23 ships were grounded on the Swedish coast and its archipelago trying to avoid Märket, and eight of them were shipwrecked.[6] Märket is detached from the main Åland archipelago, with the closest island more than 10 km (6.2 mi) away, and the closest harbor, Berghamn, 23 km (14 mi) away in Eckerö. There is no deep harbor; the island can only be reached with boats. There are small, barely surfacing rocks northwest of Märket, called Märketshällor (\"stones of Märket\"), which are too small to sustain vegetation.The island consists of mostly smooth diabase rock, with a maximum natural elevation of 2 m (6.6 ft). Most of the area is regularly washed over with seawater in storms, and scoured by drift ice in winter. Plant life, which is limited to low-growing grasses and herbs, persists only in some protected spots. Twenty-three plant species have been identified altogether. The halophilic grass Puccinellia capillaris and the herbaceous Sagina nodosa (knotted pearlwort) are found scattered throughout the island. Among rarer species, Spergularia marina (salt sandspurry) grows on Märket. Salix caprea (goat willow) grows on an abandoned building.[7]There are large grey seal communities around Märket, and the island has been a target for seal safaris.[8]","title":"Geography and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A4rket_Lighthouse,_Finland_IMG_3374.jpg"},{"link_name":"lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fyren-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Nordic Passport Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Passport_Union"},{"link_name":"Schengen Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Agreement"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"}],"text":"The island lighthouseThere is a lighthouse on the Finnish side of the current border, which has been unmanned and automated since 1979. When it was built by the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1885, the island was considered a no-man's land, so the lighthouse was simply built upon the highest point of the island.[6] However, the location selected was within the Swedish portion of the island. Though the lighthouse was formally on the Swedish side of the border, it was never considered Swedish, or administered from Sweden.As a result, the border was adjusted in 1985 so that the lighthouse is now located on Finnish territory.[9] The adjustment was carried out such that no net transfer of territory occurred, and the ownership of the coastline was unchanged so as not to interfere with each country's fishing rights.This resulted in an unusual shape for the international border to satisfy both Finnish and Swedish interests. The adjusted border takes the form of an inverted 'S', and the lighthouse is connected to the rest of Finland only by a short stretch of land. The border on the island is around 480 metres (1,570 ft) long.[10] The border is regularly resurveyed every 25 years by officials representing both countries. The last such joint inspection took place in August 2006.[11] The border is marked by holes drilled into the rock, because the seasonal drift ice would shear off any protruding markers. Because of the Nordic Passport Union and the Schengen Agreement, there have been no passport checks or other border formalities at the border since 1958, so intra-Nordic/intra-Schengen visitors may visit the island freely.The lighthouse is in urgent need of maintenance, and a Finnish interest group is trying to raise funds for its preservation.[citation needed] The lighthouse has been automated since 1979 and the surrounding buildings are no longer used. The increasing general availability of GPS has made the lighthouse's primary function redundant.","title":"International border and lighthouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio amateurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_operator"},{"link_name":"\"countries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DX_Century_Club"},{"link_name":"QSL cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSL_cards"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"prefix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU_prefix"},{"link_name":"DX-peditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DX-pedition"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Radio amateurs around the world consider the Finnish part of Märket (Märket Reef or Market Reef as they call it) a separate entity, distinct from Finland, the Åland Islands and Sweden. The Finnish part of Märket Reef used to be one of the world's most desired \"countries\" to contact among radio amateurs because of its special status and relative remoteness. One or more amateur radio expeditions to the island occur most years, weather permitting. During these expeditions, tens of thousands of radio contacts are made with people in several parts of the world. At high seas, landing is only possible with a helicopter. Pictures of Märket are shown on QSL cards. The official prefix for use on the Finnish side is OJ0 call sign prefix for Märket Reef. An OJ0 vanity callsign can be obtained, for a fee, from Traficom.fi, the Finnish Transport and Communication Agency. Amateurs with licenses in countries supporting CEPT can operate from the reef while using the OJ0/ prefix in front of one's own call sign. All radio activity on the island is by visitors on DX-peditions. When the Finnish part of the reef was given its special status in amateur radio, in the late 1960s the lighthouse keeper himself became a licensed amateur radio operator, who initially used the call OH0MA. On the Swedish side of Märket Reef, the call signs 8S9M and SI8MI have been used.[12]","title":"Radio amateurs activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voyage-13"},{"link_name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Fasta Åland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasta_%C3%85land"},{"link_name":"Åland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1991-2020_FMI_normals-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FMI_open_data-19"}],"text":"Märket has a continental climate affected by oceanic influences; it has a reputation for being one of the windiest places in Finland.[13] A meteorological station has been managed by the lighthouse keepers since 1896, and an automatic station of the Finnish Meteorological Institute was inaugurated on 10 November 1977, shortly before its automation.[14]The effect of the sea is very important to the climate of the island; thermal inertia dramatically reduces the temperature fluctuations during the year compared to those of the continent, and to a lesser extent, those of the central part of Fasta Åland, the largest island of the archipelago of Åland. Märket holds five records for daytime temperatures among Finnish weather stations, all in the period between 29 November and 1 January, with 10.2 °C (50.4 °F) on 15 December 2006, and 8.8 °C (47.8 °F) on 31 December 1975.[15] The average yearly temperature is roughly 6 °C (43 °F) and is one of the highest in Finland, with the month of January being milder than on the continent (−2.5 °C or 27.5 °F on average), and a warm summer (15.9 °C or 60.6 °F on average in July).[16] The island is drier than the mainland; the average annual rainfall does not usually surpass 550 millimetres (22 in).[17]Climate data for Hammarland Märket (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1995- present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n2.9(37.2)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n4.2(39.6)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−13.7(7.3)\n\n−19.4(−2.9)\n\n−10.3(13.5)\n\n−4.0(24.8)\n\n−1.3(29.7)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n4.2(39.6)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n−8.3(17.1)\n\n−10.7(12.7)\n\n−19.4(−2.9)\n\n\nSource 1: 1991-2020 FMI normals[18]\n\n\nSource 2: Extremes 1995-present[19]","title":"Climate"}] | [{"image_text":"Märket Island with the international border and the county border on the Swedish part","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Marketmap.png/240px-Marketmap.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Märket Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/M%C3%A4rket_in_Sweden.png/220px-M%C3%A4rket_in_Sweden.png"},{"image_text":"The island lighthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/M%C3%A4rket_Lighthouse%2C_Finland_IMG_3374.jpg/220px-M%C3%A4rket_Lighthouse%2C_Finland_IMG_3374.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of divided islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_divided_islands"},{"title":"Kataja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataja"},{"title":"Bogskär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogsk%C3%A4r"},{"title":"Lågskär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5gsk%C3%A4r"},{"title":"Utö, Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ut%C3%B6,_Finland"},{"title":"Nuorgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuorgam"},{"title":"Fort Blunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Blunder"}] | [{"reference":"Rowlett, Russ. \"Lighthouses of the Åland Islands\". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 19 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/ala.htm","url_text":"\"Lighthouses of the Åland Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill","url_text":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}]},{"reference":"Frank Jacobs (24 April 2012). \"One Island, Two Countries\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/one-island-two-countries/","url_text":"\"One Island, Two Countries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Frank Jacobs (24 April 2012). \"One Island, Two Countries\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191001162818/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/one-island-two-countries/","url_text":"\"One Island, Two Countries\""},{"url":"http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/one-island-two-countries/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ekman, J.; Bråvander, L. G.; Ekman, G.; Zachrisson, E. (1998). \"Märket - en märklig ö\" (PDF). Daphne (in Swedish): 56–58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125620/http://www.bsis.org/Dokument/1998-2%20Market.pdf","url_text":"\"Märket - en märklig ö\""},{"url":"http://www.bsis.org/Dokument/1998-2%20Market.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hyljesafari\" (in Finnish). Retrieved 5 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elamys.com/aktiviteetti/aktiviteetti_info2.php?nr=77","url_text":"\"Hyljesafari\""}]},{"reference":"\"Islands on the Air - IOTA Directory - Group Information\". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309050006/http://www.rsgbiota.org/info/groupinfo.php?refno=EU-053&allacts=1#activations","url_text":"\"Islands on the Air - IOTA Directory - Group Information\""},{"url":"http://www.rsgbiota.org/info/groupinfo.php?refno=EU-053&allacts=1#activations","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1991-2020 FMI normals\". FMI. Retrieved 22 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/1991-2020-lampotilatilastot","url_text":"\"1991-2020 FMI normals\""}]},{"reference":"\"FMI open data\". FMI. Retrieved 22 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kilotavu.com/fmi-tilastot.php?taulukkomoodi=true","url_text":"\"FMI open data\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=M%C3%A4rket¶ms=60_18_03_N_019_07_53_E_type:isle_region:FI-01","external_links_name":"60°18′03″N 019°07′53″E / 60.30083°N 19.13139°E / 60.30083; 19.13139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=M%C3%A4rket¶ms=60_18_03_N_019_07_53_E_type:isle_region:FI-01","external_links_name":"60°18′03″N 019°07′53″E / 60.30083°N 19.13139°E / 60.30083; 19.13139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=M%C3%A4rket¶ms=60.301008_N_19.131432_E_","external_links_name":"60°18′04″N 19°07′53″E / 60.301008°N 19.131432°E / 60.301008; 19.131432"},{"Link":"https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/ala.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lighthouses of the Åland Islands\""},{"Link":"http://kansalaisen.karttapaikka.fi/kartanhaku/paikannimihaku.html?query=hae&hakutapa=paikannimihaku&nimi=M%C3%A4rket&kunta=&cx=3454345&cy=7216161&scale=8000000&tool=siirra&styles=normal&lang=en-GB","external_links_name":"citizen's Map Site – National Land Survey of Finland"},{"Link":"http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/one-island-two-countries/","external_links_name":"\"One Island, Two Countries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191001162818/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/one-island-two-countries/","external_links_name":"\"One Island, Two Countries\""},{"Link":"http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/one-island-two-countries/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.worldislandinfo.com/SUPERLATIVESV2.html","external_links_name":"World island superlatives"},{"Link":"http://areena.yle.fi/1-682613","external_links_name":"http://areena.yle.fi/1-682613"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytNqj9QfG70","external_links_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytNqj9QfG70"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125620/http://www.bsis.org/Dokument/1998-2%20Market.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Märket - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Mtshali | Lionel Mtshali | ["1 Early life and career","2 National government","3 Provincial government","3.1 Tensions in the coalition","3.2 HIV/AIDS policy","3.3 Leader of the opposition","4 Death","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"] | South African politician
Lionel MtshaliPremier of KwaZulu-NatalIn office10 February 1999 – 23 April 2004Preceded byBen NgubaneSucceeded byS'bu NdebeleMinister of Arts, Culture, Science and TechnologyIn officeSeptember 1996 – February 1999Preceded byBen NgubaneSucceeded byBen NgubaneMember of the National AssemblyIn office1994–1999
Personal detailsBornLionel Percival Hercules Mbeki Mtshali(1935-11-07)7 November 1935Vryheid, ZululandSouth AfricaDied13 December 2015(2015-12-13) (aged 80)Durban, KwaZulu-NatalPolitical partyInkatha Freedom PartySpouseDaphneChildren4Alma materUniversity of the Free State
Lionel Percival Hercules Mbeki Mtshali (7 November 1935 – 13 December 2015) was a South African politician who was Premier of KwaZulu-Natal from 1999 to 2004. He was known for unilaterally ordering the expansion of the province's antiretrovirals programme during the HIV/AIDS epidemic, in defiance of the policy of the national government under President Thabo Mbeki. A founding member and former chairperson of the Inkatha Freedom Party, Mtshali was also national Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology in the government of President Nelson Mandela from 1996 to 1999.
Early life and career
Lionel Percival Hercules Mtshali was born on 7 November 1935 in Vryheid, Zululand and grew up in the region that became the KwaZulu-Natal province. During apartheid, his family was forcibly removed from the farm where they had lived. Mtshali earned a Master's degree in education from the University of the Free State and worked as a history teacher and school principal.
In 1975, Mtshali was among the founding members of Inkatha, later known as the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). He became a school inspector and was appointed Chief Inspector in the KwaZulu homeland's Department of Education in 1984; he was later appointed Minister of Education and Culture in the KwaZulu government. Inkatha and KwaZulu leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi appointed him to both positions.
National government
In South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994, Mtshali was elected to the National Assembly as a member of the IFP. From 1994, he was part of a six-member committee established jointly by the IFP and the ruling African National Congress (ANC) to attempt to normalise relations between the parties and curb the political violence that was ongoing between their respective constituencies in KwaZulu-Natal; his counterparts on the ANC side of the committee were Jacob Zuma, Kgalema Motlanthe, and Mendi Msimang.
In 1996, he succeeded Ben Ngubane as Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology in the Government of National Unity under President Nelson Mandela. In late 1998, the respected director-general of the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology, Roger Jardine, resigned from the portfolio, reportedly due to difficulties in his relationship with Mtshali. In particular, the department had been criticised for spending R2.5 million on a monument to the Battle of Blood River, as well as R800,000 on a feast to mark the monument's unveiling. Jardine was reportedly concerned about the use of state funds for this purpose, especially because the feast was perceived by critics as an instrument of partisan IFP campaigning ahead of the 1999 general election.
Mtshali was also national chairman of the IFP between 1997 and 2004.
Provincial government
Tensions in the coalition
Mtshali was sworn in as Premier of KwaZulu-Natal on 10 February 1999, again succeeding Ben Ngubane. Mtshali was reportedly hand-picked for the position by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, with whom he was close. Under Mtshali, pursuant to the 1999 general election, the province was governed in a coalition between the IFP and the ANC. However, the coalition was negotiated between the two parties at the national level, and Mtshali was among a group within the IFP which reportedly opposed the agreement and lobbied the national IFP leadership to end the coalition.
According to the Sunday Times, Mtshali's personal demeanour was "gruff, taciturn and unapproachable" and his leadership style "autocratic and imperial". Describing him in similar terms, the ANC caucus boycotted his first address to the KwaZulu-Natal provincial legislature in 1999. In 2002, Mtshali unilaterally fired two ANC Members of the Executive Council, earning the ire of his coalition partner. He also decided unilaterally that all business of the KwaZulu-Natal government would be conducted in Ulundi, an IFP stronghold; the decision met strong resistance from the ANC and the Democratic Alliance (DA). There were also media reports about the extreme expense to taxpayers of Mtshali's commute from Durban to Ulundi.
HIV/AIDS policy
Mtshali is remembered primarily for his decision while Premier to defy the national government of President Thabo Mbeki in deviating from the national government's policy on antiretrovirals during the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 2001, when the Treatment Action Campaign sued the government in an attempt to force it to expand its mother-to-child transmission prevention programme, Mtshali backed the lawsuit. This put him on the opposite side to Mbeki and to his own provincial health minister, Zweli Mkhize of Mbeki's ANC, both of whom opposed the lawsuit.
According to Mtshali, in October 2001 he approached Mkhize and asked him to expand the province's nevirapine programme, but Mkhize said that doing so would be at odds with the national government's current policy. Then, in January 2002, Mtshali announced in a press release that he would defy the national government and distribute nevirapine to every pregnant HIV-positive woman in the province, in order to curb mother-to-child transmission. Saying that he could not have any more sick children "on my conscience", he wrote:We shall not wait one day longer, nor allow any space for further excuses, delaying tactics or preposterous theory which may get in the way of saving our children. I have turned upside down the scientific facts to find a reason which can justify the failure to act and ameliorate the suffering and reduce the death of so many of our children and I have found none.The decision was covered in national and international media and was widely applauded; the New York Times called Mtshali an "unlikely renegade".
Leader of the opposition
He remained in office as Premier until 23 April 2004, when the ANC took control of the province in the 2004 general election. Thereafter he became leader of the official opposition (the IFP) in the KwaZulu-Natal provincial legislature. Under his leadership, the IFP, with the DA, boycotted a sitting of the legislature in October 2007 following a physical altercation with the ANC in an earlier plenary session.
Death
Mtshali died on 13 December 2015 at the age of 80. He died at Westville Hospital in Durban after a short illness related to a heart condition. President Jacob Zuma declared that Mtshali's funeral on 19 December would be a special Provincial Official Funeral; the national flag was flown at half-mast across KwaZulu-Natal.
Personal life
Mtshali was survived by his wife, Daphne, and four children. In 2002, he said he was invested in the government's HIV/AIDS policy partly because two daughters of his daughter-in-law had died of the disease since 1998.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Barron, Chris (20 December 2015). "Lionel Mtshali, Premier who defied Mbeki on Aids drugs". Sunday Times. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ "Lionel Percival Hercules Mbeki Mtshali, Mr". South African Government. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ a b Phungula, Willem (17 December 2015). "'Mtshali was strong to the end'". Daily Sun. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ a b c d Swarns, Rachel L. (6 February 2002). "A Bold Move on AIDS in South Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ a b c Spencer Jones, Jonathan (6 September 1996). "New Minister Picks Up the Baton". Science. 273 (5280): 1333. doi:10.1126/science.273.5280.1333.a. ISSN 0036-8075.
^ a b c Buthelezi, Mangosuthu (17 December 2015). "Memorial Service for The Late Hon. Dr Lionel Percival Hercules Mbeki Mtshali Stalwart of The IFP and Leader In Our Nation". Inkatha Freedom Party. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ a b c d e "Premier Senzo Mchunu conveys condolences to family of Dr. Lionel Mtshali". South African Government. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ Cherry, Michael (1998). "South African official quits ministry post". Nature. 396 (6709): 298. Bibcode:1998Natur.396..298C. doi:10.1038/24458. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4362086.
^ "Lionel Mtshali, 80, dies". Daily News. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ Gumede, William (2002). "The IFP Emerges From the ANC's Shadow". Focus. 26. Helen Suzman Foundation.
^ Reynolds, Andrew (1999). Election '99 South Africa: From Mandela to Mbeki. James Currey. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-85255-825-6.
^ "Mtshali told to reintstate MECs". News24. 7 April 2003. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ Maharaj, B. (1 September 2001). "A Tale of Two Capitals: Pietermaritzburg Versus Ulundi". South African Geographical Journal. 83 (3): 198–207. doi:10.1080/03736245.2001.9713737. ISSN 0373-6245. S2CID 154589837.
^ Sidley, Pat (16 March 2002). "Campaigners win ruling that antiretroviral drugs order be enforced". British Medical Journal. 324 (7338): 634b–634. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7338.634/b. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1172094.
^ Mkhize, Zweli (8 May 2016). "Dear Mbeki, now is the time to apologise for Aids denialism". Sunday Times. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
^ Anderson, Rebecca J. (23 January 2014). Nevirapine and the Quest to End Pediatric AIDS. McFarland. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4766-1384-0.
^ Harper, Paddy (20 March 2005). "Now That the Wheel Has Turned". Sunday Times. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ "IFP's KZN leader apologises to premier". The Mail & Guardian. 16 November 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ "Boycott at KZN legislature after chair-throwing". The Mail & Guardian. 23 October 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ Regchand, Sharika (14 December 2015). "Former premier Lionel Mtshali dies". IOL. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ a b "President Zuma declares Official Funeral for Dr Lionel Mtshali". The Presidency. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ "Political parties pay tribute to Mtshali". eNCA. 13 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
External links
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He was known for unilaterally ordering the expansion of the province's antiretrovirals programme during the HIV/AIDS epidemic, in defiance of the policy of the national government under President Thabo Mbeki. A founding member and former chairperson of the Inkatha Freedom Party, Mtshali was also national Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology in the government of President Nelson Mandela from 1996 to 1999.","title":"Lionel Mtshali"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vryheid, Zululand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vryheid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"KwaZulu-Natal province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"forcibly removed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid#Forced_removals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"University of the Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Free_State"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"school principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_teacher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Inkatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"KwaZulu homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZulu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Mangosuthu Buthelezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"}],"text":"Lionel Percival Hercules Mtshali was born on 7 November 1935[1][2] in Vryheid, Zululand[3] and grew up in the region that became the KwaZulu-Natal province.[4] During apartheid, his family was forcibly removed from the farm where they had lived.[3] Mtshali earned a Master's degree in education from the University of the Free State and worked as a history[5] teacher and school principal.[1]In 1975, Mtshali was among the founding members of Inkatha, later known as the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP).[6] He became a school inspector and was appointed Chief Inspector in the KwaZulu homeland's Department of Education in 1984; he was later appointed Minister of Education and Culture in the KwaZulu government.[7][5] Inkatha and KwaZulu leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi appointed him to both positions.[6]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first democratic elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"African National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"political violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_violence"},{"link_name":"Jacob Zuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma"},{"link_name":"Kgalema Motlanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe"},{"link_name":"Mendi Msimang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendi_Msimang"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"Ben Ngubane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Ngubane"},{"link_name":"Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Arts_and_Culture"},{"link_name":"Government of National Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"director-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_general"},{"link_name":"Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Arts_and_Culture_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Roger Jardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Jardine"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_rand"},{"link_name":"Battle of Blood River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"1999 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_South_African_general_election"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_chair"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994, Mtshali was elected to the National Assembly as a member of the IFP.[1] From 1994, he was part of a six-member committee established jointly by the IFP and the ruling African National Congress (ANC) to attempt to normalise relations between the parties and curb the political violence that was ongoing between their respective constituencies in KwaZulu-Natal; his counterparts on the ANC side of the committee were Jacob Zuma, Kgalema Motlanthe, and Mendi Msimang.[6]In 1996, he succeeded Ben Ngubane as Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology in the Government of National Unity under President Nelson Mandela.[5] In late 1998, the respected director-general of the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology, Roger Jardine, resigned from the portfolio, reportedly due to difficulties in his relationship with Mtshali. In particular, the department had been criticised for spending R2.5 million on a monument to the Battle of Blood River, as well as R800,000 on a feast to mark the monument's unveiling.[1] Jardine was reportedly concerned about the use of state funds for this purpose, especially because the feast was perceived by critics as an instrument of partisan IFP campaigning ahead of the 1999 general election.[8]Mtshali was also national chairman of the IFP between 1997 and 2004.[9]","title":"National government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Provincial government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier of KwaZulu-Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_KwaZulu-Natal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_government"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"KwaZulu-Natal provincial legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Members of the Executive Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ulundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulundi"},{"link_name":"Democratic Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Tensions in the coalition","text":"Mtshali was sworn in as Premier of KwaZulu-Natal on 10 February 1999,[7] again succeeding Ben Ngubane. Mtshali was reportedly hand-picked for the position by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, with whom he was close.[1] Under Mtshali, pursuant to the 1999 general election, the province was governed in a coalition between the IFP and the ANC. However, the coalition was negotiated between the two parties at the national level, and Mtshali was among a group within the IFP which reportedly opposed the agreement and lobbied the national IFP leadership to end the coalition.[10]According to the Sunday Times, Mtshali's personal demeanour was \"gruff, taciturn and unapproachable\" and his leadership style \"autocratic and imperial\".[1] Describing him in similar terms, the ANC caucus boycotted his first address to the KwaZulu-Natal provincial legislature in 1999.[11] In 2002, Mtshali unilaterally fired two ANC Members of the Executive Council, earning the ire of his coalition partner.[12] He also decided unilaterally that all business of the KwaZulu-Natal government would be conducted in Ulundi, an IFP stronghold; the decision met strong resistance from the ANC and the Democratic Alliance (DA).[1][13] There were also media reports about the extreme expense to taxpayers of Mtshali's commute from Durban to Ulundi.[1]","title":"Provincial government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thabo Mbeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki"},{"link_name":"policy on antiretrovirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki#HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Treatment Action Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign"},{"link_name":"mother-to-child transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother-to-child_transmission"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Zweli Mkhize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweli_Mkhize"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-15"},{"link_name":"nevirapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevirapine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"HIV-positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-positive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"HIV/AIDS policy","text":"Mtshali is remembered primarily for his decision while Premier to defy the national government of President Thabo Mbeki in deviating from the national government's policy on antiretrovirals during the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 2001, when the Treatment Action Campaign sued the government in an attempt to force it to expand its mother-to-child transmission prevention programme, Mtshali backed the lawsuit.[14] This put him on the opposite side to Mbeki and to his own provincial health minister, Zweli Mkhize of Mbeki's ANC, both of whom opposed the lawsuit.[15]According to Mtshali, in October 2001 he approached Mkhize and asked him to expand the province's nevirapine programme, but Mkhize said that doing so would be at odds with the national government's current policy.[4] Then, in January 2002, Mtshali announced in a press release that he would defy the national government and distribute nevirapine to every pregnant HIV-positive woman in the province, in order to curb mother-to-child transmission. Saying that he could not have any more sick children \"on my conscience\", he wrote:We shall not wait one day longer, nor allow any space for further excuses, delaying tactics or preposterous theory which may get in the way of saving our children. I have turned upside down the scientific facts to find a reason which can justify the failure to act and ameliorate the suffering and reduce the death of so many of our children and I have found none.[1]The decision was covered in national and international media and was widely applauded; the New York Times called Mtshali an \"unlikely renegade\".[4][1][16]","title":"Provincial government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"2004 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_South_African_general_election"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"official opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Leader of the opposition","text":"He remained in office as Premier until 23 April 2004,[7] when the ANC took control of the province in the 2004 general election.[17] Thereafter he became leader of the official opposition (the IFP) in the KwaZulu-Natal provincial legislature.[18] Under his leadership, the IFP, with the DA, boycotted a sitting of the legislature in October 2007 following a physical altercation with the ANC in an earlier plenary session.[19]","title":"Provincial government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heart condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Jacob Zuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma"},{"link_name":"the national flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"at half-mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-mast"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-21"}],"text":"Mtshali died on 13 December 2015 at the age of 80. He died at Westville Hospital in Durban after a short illness related to a heart condition.[7][20][21][22] President Jacob Zuma declared that Mtshali's funeral on 19 December would be a special Provincial Official Funeral; the national flag was flown at half-mast across KwaZulu-Natal.[21]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"Mtshali was survived by his wife, Daphne, and four children.[7][1] In 2002, he said he was invested in the government's HIV/AIDS policy partly because two daughters of his daughter-in-law had died of the disease since 1998.[4]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Barron, Chris (20 December 2015). \"Lionel Mtshali, Premier who defied Mbeki on Aids drugs\". Sunday Times. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2015-12-20-obituary-lionel-mtshali-premier-who-defied-mbeki-on-aids-drugs/","url_text":"\"Lionel Mtshali, Premier who defied Mbeki on Aids drugs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lionel Percival Hercules Mbeki Mtshali, Mr\". South African Government. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/lionel-percival-hercules-mbeki-mtshali-mr","url_text":"\"Lionel Percival Hercules Mbeki Mtshali, Mr\""}]},{"reference":"Phungula, Willem (17 December 2015). \"'Mtshali was strong to the end'\". Daily Sun. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/news/national/mtshali-was-strong-to-the-end-20151216","url_text":"\"'Mtshali was strong to the end'\""}]},{"reference":"Swarns, Rachel L. (6 February 2002). \"A Bold Move on AIDS in South Africa\". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/teachers/featured_articles/20020206wednesday.html","url_text":"\"A Bold Move on AIDS in South Africa\""}]},{"reference":"Spencer Jones, Jonathan (6 September 1996). \"New Minister Picks Up the Baton\". Science. 273 (5280): 1333. doi:10.1126/science.273.5280.1333.a. ISSN 0036-8075.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.273.5280.1333.a","url_text":"\"New Minister Picks Up the Baton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5280.1333.a","url_text":"10.1126/science.273.5280.1333.a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"}]},{"reference":"Buthelezi, Mangosuthu (17 December 2015). \"Memorial Service for The Late Hon. Dr Lionel Percival Hercules Mbeki Mtshali Stalwart of The IFP and Leader In Our Nation\". Inkatha Freedom Party. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifp.org.za/newsroom/memorial-service-for-the-late-hon-dr-lionel-percival-hercules-mbeki-mtshali-stalwart-of-the-ifp-and-leader-in-our-nation/","url_text":"\"Memorial Service for The Late Hon. Dr Lionel Percival Hercules Mbeki Mtshali Stalwart of The IFP and Leader In Our Nation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premier Senzo Mchunu conveys condolences to family of Dr. Lionel Mtshali\". South African Government. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.za/speeches/passing-former-kzn-premier-honourable-dr-lionel-mtshali-14-dec-2015-0000","url_text":"\"Premier Senzo Mchunu conveys condolences to family of Dr. Lionel Mtshali\""}]},{"reference":"Cherry, Michael (1998). \"South African official quits ministry post\". Nature. 396 (6709): 298. Bibcode:1998Natur.396..298C. doi:10.1038/24458. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4362086.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F24458","url_text":"\"South African official quits ministry post\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.396..298C","url_text":"1998Natur.396..298C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F24458","url_text":"10.1038/24458"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","url_text":"0028-0836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4362086","url_text":"4362086"}]},{"reference":"\"Lionel Mtshali, 80, dies\". Daily News. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/daily-news-south-africa/20151214/281578059608798","url_text":"\"Lionel Mtshali, 80, dies\""}]},{"reference":"Gumede, William (2002). \"The IFP Emerges From the ANC's Shadow\". Focus. 26. Helen Suzman Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-26-second-quarter-2002/the-ifp-emerges-from-the-ancs-shadow","url_text":"\"The IFP Emerges From the ANC's Shadow\""}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Andrew (1999). Election '99 South Africa: From Mandela to Mbeki. James Currey. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-85255-825-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P115A4gdcwcC&dq=Lionel+Mtshali&pg=PA79","url_text":"Election '99 South Africa: From Mandela to Mbeki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-825-6","url_text":"978-0-85255-825-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Mtshali told to reintstate MECs\". News24. 7 April 2003. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/mtshali-told-to-reintstate-mecs-20030407","url_text":"\"Mtshali told to reintstate MECs\""}]},{"reference":"Maharaj, B. (1 September 2001). \"A Tale of Two Capitals: Pietermaritzburg Versus Ulundi\". South African Geographical Journal. 83 (3): 198–207. doi:10.1080/03736245.2001.9713737. ISSN 0373-6245. S2CID 154589837.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2001.9713737","url_text":"\"A Tale of Two Capitals: Pietermaritzburg Versus Ulundi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03736245.2001.9713737","url_text":"10.1080/03736245.2001.9713737"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0373-6245","url_text":"0373-6245"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154589837","url_text":"154589837"}]},{"reference":"Sidley, Pat (16 March 2002). \"Campaigners win ruling that antiretroviral drugs order be enforced\". British Medical Journal. 324 (7338): 634b–634. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7338.634/b. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1172094.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1172094","url_text":"\"Campaigners win ruling that antiretroviral drugs order be enforced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7338.634%2Fb","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.324.7338.634/b"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138","url_text":"0959-8138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1172094","url_text":"1172094"}]},{"reference":"Mkhize, Zweli (8 May 2016). \"Dear Mbeki, now is the time to apologise for Aids denialism\". Sunday Times. Retrieved 20 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-05-08-dear-mbeki-now-is-the-time-to-apologise-for-aids-denialism/","url_text":"\"Dear Mbeki, now is the time to apologise for Aids denialism\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Rebecca J. (23 January 2014). Nevirapine and the Quest to End Pediatric AIDS. McFarland. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4766-1384-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kTWoAgAAQBAJ&dq=Lionel+Mtshali&pg=PA227","url_text":"Nevirapine and the Quest to End Pediatric AIDS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1384-0","url_text":"978-1-4766-1384-0"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Paddy (20 March 2005). \"Now That the Wheel Has Turned\". Sunday Times. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://allafrica.com/stories/200503210836.html","url_text":"\"Now That the Wheel Has Turned\""}]},{"reference":"\"IFP's KZN leader apologises to premier\". The Mail & Guardian. 16 November 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2007-11-16-ifps-kzn-leader-apologises-to-premier/","url_text":"\"IFP's KZN leader apologises to premier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boycott at KZN legislature after chair-throwing\". The Mail & Guardian. 23 October 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2007-10-23-boycott-at-kzn-legislature-after-chairthrowing/","url_text":"\"Boycott at KZN legislature after chair-throwing\""}]},{"reference":"Regchand, Sharika (14 December 2015). \"Former premier Lionel Mtshali dies\". IOL. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/former-premier-lionel-mtshali-dies-1959846","url_text":"\"Former premier Lionel Mtshali dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Zuma declares Official Funeral for Dr Lionel Mtshali\". The Presidency. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/content/president-zuma-declares-official-funeral-dr-lionel-mtshali","url_text":"\"President Zuma declares Official Funeral for Dr Lionel Mtshali\""}]},{"reference":"\"Political parties pay tribute to Mtshali\". eNCA. 13 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enca.com/south-africa/political-parties-pay-tribute-mtshali","url_text":"\"Political parties pay tribute to Mtshali\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2015-12-20-obituary-lionel-mtshali-premier-who-defied-mbeki-on-aids-drugs/","external_links_name":"\"Lionel Mtshali, Premier who defied Mbeki on Aids drugs\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/lionel-percival-hercules-mbeki-mtshali-mr","external_links_name":"\"Lionel Percival Hercules Mbeki Mtshali, Mr\""},{"Link":"https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/news/national/mtshali-was-strong-to-the-end-20151216","external_links_name":"\"'Mtshali was strong to the end'\""},{"Link":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/teachers/featured_articles/20020206wednesday.html","external_links_name":"\"A Bold Move on AIDS in South Africa\""},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.273.5280.1333.a","external_links_name":"\"New Minister Picks Up the Baton\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.273.5280.1333.a","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.273.5280.1333.a"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","external_links_name":"0036-8075"},{"Link":"https://www.ifp.org.za/newsroom/memorial-service-for-the-late-hon-dr-lionel-percival-hercules-mbeki-mtshali-stalwart-of-the-ifp-and-leader-in-our-nation/","external_links_name":"\"Memorial Service for The Late Hon. Dr Lionel Percival Hercules Mbeki Mtshali Stalwart of The IFP and Leader In Our Nation\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.za/speeches/passing-former-kzn-premier-honourable-dr-lionel-mtshali-14-dec-2015-0000","external_links_name":"\"Premier Senzo Mchunu conveys condolences to family of Dr. Lionel Mtshali\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F24458","external_links_name":"\"South African official quits ministry post\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.396..298C","external_links_name":"1998Natur.396..298C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F24458","external_links_name":"10.1038/24458"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","external_links_name":"0028-0836"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4362086","external_links_name":"4362086"},{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/daily-news-south-africa/20151214/281578059608798","external_links_name":"\"Lionel Mtshali, 80, dies\""},{"Link":"https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-26-second-quarter-2002/the-ifp-emerges-from-the-ancs-shadow","external_links_name":"\"The IFP Emerges From the ANC's Shadow\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P115A4gdcwcC&dq=Lionel+Mtshali&pg=PA79","external_links_name":"Election '99 South Africa: From Mandela to Mbeki"},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/news24/mtshali-told-to-reintstate-mecs-20030407","external_links_name":"\"Mtshali told to reintstate MECs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2001.9713737","external_links_name":"\"A Tale of Two Capitals: Pietermaritzburg Versus Ulundi\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03736245.2001.9713737","external_links_name":"10.1080/03736245.2001.9713737"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0373-6245","external_links_name":"0373-6245"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154589837","external_links_name":"154589837"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1172094","external_links_name":"\"Campaigners win ruling that antiretroviral drugs order be enforced\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7338.634%2Fb","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmj.324.7338.634/b"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138","external_links_name":"0959-8138"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1172094","external_links_name":"1172094"},{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-05-08-dear-mbeki-now-is-the-time-to-apologise-for-aids-denialism/","external_links_name":"\"Dear Mbeki, now is the time to apologise for Aids denialism\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kTWoAgAAQBAJ&dq=Lionel+Mtshali&pg=PA227","external_links_name":"Nevirapine and the Quest to End Pediatric AIDS"},{"Link":"https://allafrica.com/stories/200503210836.html","external_links_name":"\"Now That the Wheel Has Turned\""},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2007-11-16-ifps-kzn-leader-apologises-to-premier/","external_links_name":"\"IFP's KZN leader apologises to premier\""},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2007-10-23-boycott-at-kzn-legislature-after-chairthrowing/","external_links_name":"\"Boycott at KZN legislature after chair-throwing\""},{"Link":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/former-premier-lionel-mtshali-dies-1959846","external_links_name":"\"Former premier Lionel Mtshali dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/content/president-zuma-declares-official-funeral-dr-lionel-mtshali","external_links_name":"\"President Zuma declares Official Funeral for Dr Lionel Mtshali\""},{"Link":"https://www.enca.com/south-africa/political-parties-pay-tribute-mtshali","external_links_name":"\"Political parties pay tribute to Mtshali\""},{"Link":"http://www.pa.org.za/person/lphm-mtshali/","external_links_name":"Lionel Mtshali"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_idiocy | Mongolian idiocy | ["1 \"Idiot\" as a former technical term","2 History","3 Deprecation and depreciation of the term","4 References"] | Obsolete medical term for Down's syndrome
The obsolete medical terms Mongolian idiocy and Mongolism referred to a specific type of mental deficiency, associated with the genetic disorder now known as Down syndrome. The obsolete term for a person with this syndrome was called a Mongolian idiot.
In the 21st century, these terms are no longer used as medical terminology, deemed an unacceptable, offensive and misleading description of those with Down syndrome. The terminology change was brought about both by scientific and medical experts, as well as people of Asian ancestry, including those from Mongolia.
The stand-alone term "idiot" itself has a similar history of meaning and connotation change.
"Idiot" as a former technical term
Main article: Idiot § Disability and early classification and nomenclature
While the term "idiot" is, in the present day, not used in a medical, legal or psychiatric context, instead meaning a stupid or foolish person, the term previously held meaning as a technical term used in both legal and psychiatric contexts for some type of profound intellectual disability, wherein the disabled person's mental age was considered to be two years or less. Along with terms like "moron", "imbecile", and "cretin", "idiot" has become an archaic description in legal, medical and psychiatric contexts, becoming instead an offensive term deemed outdated and discriminatory towards those it was once used to describe.
The term was gradually replaced with "profound mental retardation", which has since experienced euphemistic evolution and been gradually replaced with other terms.
History
John Langdon Down first characterized what is now known as Down syndrome as a distinguishable form of mental disability in 1862, and in a more widely published report in 1866. Due to his perception that these children shared facial similarities with the populations that German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach described as the "Mongolian race", Down used the term "mongoloid" in his characterisation of these patients.
The term continued its usage into the 20th century. A study published in 1908 by W. Bertram Hill was titled Mongolism and its Pathology. The term "mongolism" was used by English psychiatrist and geneticist Lionel Penrose as late as 1961.
F. G. Crookshank published a pseudoscientific book in 1924 named The Mongol in our Midst which suggested that the syndrome was due to genetic traits literally inherited from Mongoloid races.
Rock band Devo released a song titled "Mongoloid" in 1977, describing a man with Down syndrome.
Deprecation and depreciation of the term
In 1961, genetic experts wrote a joint letter to the medical journal The Lancet which read:
It has long been recognised that the terms Mongolian Idiocy, Mongolism, Mongoloid, etc. as applied to a specific type of mental deficiency have misleading connotations. The importance of this anomaly among Europeans and their descendants is not related to the segregation of genes derived from Asians; its appearance among members of Asian populations suggests such ambiguous designations as 'Mongol Mongoloid'; increasing participation of Chinese and Japanese in investigation of the condition imposes on them the use of an embarrassing term. We urge, therefore, that the expressions which imply a racial aspect of the condition be no longer used. Some of the undersigned are inclined to replace the term Mongolism by such designations as 'Langdon Down Anomaly', or 'Down's Syndrome or Anomaly', or 'Congenital Acromicria'. Several of us believe that this is an appropriate time to introduce the term 'Trisomy 21 Anomaly', which would include cases of simple Trisomy as well as translocations. It is hoped that agreement on a specific phrase will soon crystallise once the term 'Mongolism' has been abandoned.
In 1965, WHO resolved to abandon the term at the request of the Mongolian People's Republic. Despite decades of inaction to change the term and resistance to abandoning it, the term thereafter began to fade from use, in favor of its replacement, Down's syndrome, Down syndrome and Trisomy 21 disorder.
However, the term "Mongolian idiocy" was reported as continuing in use at least 15 years after the WHO's decision to abandon it; in his book The Panda's Thumb, published in 1980, paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould reported that the term "mongolism" was still commonly used in the United States, despite being "defamatory" and "wrong on all counts".
References
^ a b Rodríguez-Hernández, M. Luisa; Montoya, Eladio (2011-07-30). "Fifty years of evolution of the term Down syndrome". Lancet. 378 (9789): 402. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61212-9. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 21803206. S2CID 8541289.
^ a b c d Ward, O Conor (1999). "John Langdon Down: The Man and the Message". Down Syndrome Research and Practice. 6 (1): 19–24. doi:10.3104/perspectives.94. ISSN 0968-7912. PMID 10890244.
^ a b c Howard-Jones, Norman (1979). "On the diagnostic term "Down's disease"". Medical History. 23 (1): 102–04. doi:10.1017/s0025727300051048. PMC 1082401. PMID 153994.
^ a b "The Clinical History of 'Moron,' 'Idiot,' and 'Imbecile'". merriam-webster.com.
^ Hickey, Fran; Hickey, Erin; Summar, Karen L. (2012). "Medical Update for Children With Down Syndrome for the Pediatrician and Family Practitioner". Advances in Pediatrics. 59 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.006. ISSN 0065-3101. PMID 22789577.
^ Down, JLH (1866). "Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots". Clinical Lecture Reports, London Hospital. 3: 259–62. Retrieved 2006-07-14.
^ O Conor, Ward (1998). John Langdon Down, 1828-1896: A Caring Pioneer. Royal Society of Medicine Press. ISBN 978-1853153747.
^ Howard Reisner (2013). Essentials of Rubin's Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 129–131. ISBN 978-1-4511-8132-6.
^ Sir William Osler (1909). The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. Oxford University Press. p. 49.
^ Allen, G. Benda C.J. et al (1961). Lancet corr. 1, 775.
^ Gould, Stephen Jay (1980-01-01). The panda's thumb : more reflections in natural history. Norton. pp. 168. ISBN 9780393013801. OCLC 781219337.
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Outline | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_terms"},{"link_name":"genetic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"},{"link_name":"Down syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifty-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1999-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1999-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard1979-3"},{"link_name":"idiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mw-4"}],"text":"The obsolete medical terms Mongolian idiocy and Mongolism referred to a specific type of mental deficiency, associated with the genetic disorder now known as Down syndrome. The obsolete term for a person with this syndrome was called a Mongolian idiot.In the 21st century, these terms are no longer used as medical terminology, deemed an unacceptable, offensive and misleading description of those with Down syndrome.[1] The terminology change was brought about both by scientific and medical experts,[2] as well as people of Asian ancestry,[2] including those from Mongolia.[3]The stand-alone term \"idiot\" itself has a similar history of meaning and connotation change.[4]","title":"Mongolian idiocy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"technical term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_term"},{"link_name":"intellectual disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_disability"},{"link_name":"mental age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_age"},{"link_name":"moron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moron_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"imbecile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_disability#Terminology"},{"link_name":"cretin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretinism"},{"link_name":"experienced euphemistic evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism#Evolution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mw-4"}],"text":"While the term \"idiot\" is, in the present day, not used in a medical, legal or psychiatric context, instead meaning a stupid or foolish person, the term previously held meaning as a technical term used in both legal and psychiatric contexts for some type of profound intellectual disability, wherein the disabled person's mental age was considered to be two years or less. Along with terms like \"moron\", \"imbecile\", and \"cretin\", \"idiot\" has become an archaic description in legal, medical and psychiatric contexts, becoming instead an offensive term deemed outdated and discriminatory towards those it was once used to describe.The term was gradually replaced with \"profound mental retardation\", which has since experienced euphemistic evolution and been gradually replaced with other terms.[4]","title":"\"Idiot\" as a former technical term"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Langdon Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Langdon_Down"},{"link_name":"Down syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HickeyHickey2012-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1998-7"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Blumenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach"},{"link_name":"Mongolian race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoloid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubin2013-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1999-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osler1909-9"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"geneticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticist"},{"link_name":"Lionel Penrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Penrose"},{"link_name":"F. G. Crookshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Graham_Crookshank"},{"link_name":"pseudoscientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"The Mongol in our Midst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mongol_in_Our_Midst"},{"link_name":"Devo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devo"},{"link_name":"\"Mongoloid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoloid_(song)"}],"text":"John Langdon Down first characterized what is now known as Down syndrome as a distinguishable form of mental disability in 1862, and in a more widely published report in 1866.[5][6][7] Due to his perception that these children shared facial similarities with the populations that German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach described as the \"Mongolian race\", Down used the term \"mongoloid\" in his characterisation of these patients.[8][2]The term continued its usage into the 20th century. A study published in 1908 by W. Bertram Hill was titled Mongolism and its Pathology.[9] The term \"mongolism\" was used by English psychiatrist and geneticist Lionel Penrose as late as 1961.F. G. Crookshank published a pseudoscientific book in 1924 named The Mongol in our Midst which suggested that the syndrome was due to genetic traits literally inherited from Mongoloid races.Rock band Devo released a song titled \"Mongoloid\" in 1977, describing a man with Down syndrome.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1999-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard1979-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifty-1"},{"link_name":"WHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"Mongolian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard1979-3"},{"link_name":"The Panda's Thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Panda%27s_Thumb_(book)"},{"link_name":"paleontologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Stephen Jay Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1961, genetic experts wrote a joint letter to the medical journal The Lancet which read:It has long been recognised that the terms Mongolian Idiocy, Mongolism, Mongoloid, etc. as applied to a specific type of mental deficiency have misleading connotations. The importance of this anomaly among Europeans and their descendants is not related to the segregation of genes derived from Asians; its appearance among members of Asian populations suggests such ambiguous designations as 'Mongol Mongoloid'; increasing participation of Chinese and Japanese in investigation of the condition imposes on them the use of an embarrassing term. We urge, therefore, that the expressions which imply a racial aspect of the condition be no longer used. Some of the undersigned are inclined to replace the term Mongolism by such designations as 'Langdon Down Anomaly', or 'Down's Syndrome or Anomaly', or 'Congenital Acromicria'. Several of us believe that this is an appropriate time to introduce the term 'Trisomy 21 Anomaly', which would include cases of simple Trisomy as well as translocations. It is hoped that agreement on a specific phrase will soon crystallise once the term 'Mongolism' has been abandoned.[2][10][3][1]In 1965, WHO resolved to abandon the term at the request of the Mongolian People's Republic.[3] Despite decades of inaction to change the term and resistance to abandoning it, the term thereafter began to fade from use, in favor of its replacement, Down's syndrome, Down syndrome and Trisomy 21 disorder.However, the term \"Mongolian idiocy\" was reported as continuing in use at least 15 years after the WHO's decision to abandon it; in his book The Panda's Thumb, published in 1980, paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould reported that the term \"mongolism\" was still commonly used in the United States, despite being \"defamatory\" and \"wrong on all counts\".[11]","title":"Deprecation and depreciation of the term"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rodríguez-Hernández, M. Luisa; Montoya, Eladio (2011-07-30). \"Fifty years of evolution of the term Down syndrome\". 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PMID 10890244.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.down-syndrome.org/en-us/research-practice/06/1/john-langdon-down-man-message/","url_text":"\"John Langdon Down: The Man and the Message\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3104%2Fperspectives.94","url_text":"10.3104/perspectives.94"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0968-7912","url_text":"0968-7912"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10890244","url_text":"10890244"}]},{"reference":"Howard-Jones, Norman (1979). \"On the diagnostic term \"Down's disease\"\". Medical History. 23 (1): 102–04. doi:10.1017/s0025727300051048. PMC 1082401. PMID 153994.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082401","url_text":"\"On the diagnostic term \"Down's disease\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300051048","url_text":"10.1017/s0025727300051048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082401","url_text":"1082401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/153994","url_text":"153994"}]},{"reference":"\"The Clinical History of 'Moron,' 'Idiot,' and 'Imbecile'\". merriam-webster.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/moron-idiot-imbecile-offensive-history","url_text":"\"The Clinical History of 'Moron,' 'Idiot,' and 'Imbecile'\""}]},{"reference":"Hickey, Fran; Hickey, Erin; Summar, Karen L. (2012). \"Medical Update for Children With Down Syndrome for the Pediatrician and Family Practitioner\". Advances in Pediatrics. 59 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.006. ISSN 0065-3101. PMID 22789577.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.advancesinpediatrics.com/article/S0065-3101(12)00007-2/fulltext","url_text":"\"Medical Update for Children With Down Syndrome for the Pediatrician and Family Practitioner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yapd.2012.04.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-3101","url_text":"0065-3101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22789577","url_text":"22789577"}]},{"reference":"Down, JLH (1866). \"Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Portland | HM Prison Portland | ["1 History","2 YOI Inspection reports","3 Grove Prison Museum","4 Grade listed features","5 Notable former inmates","6 References","6.1 Bibliography","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°33′01″N 2°25′21″W / 50.5502°N 2.4226°W / 50.5502; -2.4226Prison in Dorset, England
HMP PortlandLocationThe Grove, Portland, DorsetCoordinates50°33′01″N 2°25′21″W / 50.5502°N 2.4226°W / 50.5502; -2.4226Security classYoung Offenders InstitutionPopulation505 (as of June 2018)Opened1848Managed byHM Prison ServicesGovernorRob LuxfordWebsitePortland at justice.gov.uk
HM Prison Portland is a male Adult/Young Offenders Institution in the village of The Grove on the Isle of Portland, in Dorset, England. It is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. The prison was originally opened in 1848 as an adult convict establishment, before becoming a Borstal in 1921, and a YOI in 1988. In 2011 it became an Adult/Young Offenders establishment.
History
Portland's prison opened in 1848 for the holding of adult convicts. The purpose of a prison at Portland was largely to make use of convict labour in the construction of the breakwaters of Portland Harbour and its various defences. The first convicts, totalling 64, arrived aboard the HM Steamer Driver on 21 November. The Admiralty Quarries were developed for convicts to work in and once established, convict labour was providing 10,000 tons of stone per week for use on the breakwaters. The conditions within both the prison and its quarries throughout the 19th-century would later help calls for penal reform in the UK, as many prisoners died while quarrying stone.
From the moment of the prison's inception, the convicts became a tourist attraction. The village of the Grove had been developed directly due to the prison, and a number of homeowners decided to open cafes from the upstairs of their houses for tourists to watch the convicts at work. In 1869 the government announced that the prison, which was originally intended to be temporary, would become a permanent establishment. Although local residents petitioned against this, it did not deter the government's plans. Between 1870 and 1872, convicts constructed the now-redundant, Grade II* Listed St. Peter's Church just outside the prison.
In 1921 the prison was converted into a Borstal. Between 1931 and 1935, the Borstal Boys transformed a disused convict quarry into a sports stadium at the back of St. Peter's Church. The first sports day took place on 1 August 1936, while the last event spectated by the public was the Foundation Day Sports event of 1975. During World War II, an air raid on 15 August 1940 saw the Borstal's Rodney House block bombed. This left four boys dead and others severely injured, including five being admitted to hospital. In 1983, the Borstal changed to Youth Custody Centre.
In 1988 the prison was re-rolled as a Young Offenders Institution (YOI, Portland), holding up to 519 young males aged 18 to 21. Accommodation at the prison was divided into seven blocks, Benbow, Raleigh, Drake, Nelson, Grenville, Collingwood, and Beaufort. In 2009, the prison was the setting for Ian Wright's Football Behind Bars, a Sky1 reality TV series showcasing Wright's work to transform the lives of 24 serious young offenders. It was based on socializing the young men by organizing them in a football academy.
In April 2011 the prison became an Adult/Young Offenders establishment. In late 2013, it was announced that it would also be one of a number of resettlement prisons across the UK. This news coincided with the recent decision to turn HM Prison The Verne, another prison on Portland, into an immigration removal centre. In 2010, with the assistance of the prison, a community project was completed to restore the Governor's Community Garden and open it to the public. Around 2011, at the Verne, the Jailhouse Cafe was opened to the public, which was created to reduce re-offending and to offer prisoners work experience. When the Verne was converted to an Immigration Removal Centre in early 2014, the cafe has continued by using prisoners from the YOI.
YOI Inspection reports
In March 2000, an inspection report by His Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons severely criticised conditions at Portland YOI, including foul-smelling toilets and filthy showers. There were also complaints of rats in food service areas lodged by inmates. Just over a month later, prison officials were forced to extract 26 prisoners who had for eight hours used furniture to barricade themselves away from their cells.
In November 2004, a report from the Chief Inspector of Prisons highlighted racial tension, and distrust between Muslim inmates and staff at Portland Prison. The report also criticised the fact that inmates were still slopping out, because of poor sanitation facilities at the jail.
A further report in June 2007 following an unannounced inspection heavily criticised conditions at Portland YOI. The report stated that some buildings "were unfit for purpose and lacked basic sanitation", with the continued practice of inmates without access to toilet facilities using buckets which they emptied through their windows. The report criticized other elements of the prison, including opportunities provided to prisoners for physical activity and training, but indicated that the situation was better in Portland than it had been in 2004 at the time of the last inspection.
Grove Prison Museum
In late 2013, it was announced by local news that a museum would be opened to cover the history of HM Prison Portland. The Grove Prison Museum opened in March 2014, through the work of retired officers John Hutton, Steve Ashford and Chris Hunt. The museum is based in the former deputy governor's residence, across the road from the main prison entrance. The idea for a museum had dated back over 20 years, when it was agreed to store some prison memorabilia items for a possible future museum. These were left untouched for 20 years in storage.
South Dorset MP Richard Drax visited the deputy governor's building to officially open the prison museum and the Lighthouse Learning Centre. A year after the museum's opening, it was announced that over 1000 visitors had been to the museum.
Grade listed features
The gatehouse
Various features of the prison have since become Grade Listed.
In September 1978, the gatehouse, including the attached VR Letter Box, became Grade II Listed. In May 1993, both the east and west cell blocks became Grade II Listed. At the same time, the E Hall, a prison cell block with attached punishment block from 1848, became Grade II Listed. The Overseer's Hut with inclines became Grade II Listed in May 1993.
One of the prison and village's most notable features is a high wall running along the village's main road, Grove Road. This boundary wall remains a significant visual element within the village, and was built in the 19th century to enclose the convict quarry workings. The boundary wall has been Grade II Listed since May 1993. The sentry box, along with the gate pier became Grade II Listed in September 1978. The boundary wall, and gate piers, running from St Peter's Vicarage to Alma Terrace, and dating from 1875, was Grade II Listed at the same time as the sentry box. The early 19th century gate piers at the junction with Grove Road, along with the boundary walls to Ivybank and the Vicarage became Grade II Listed at this same time too. In May 1993, the boundary wall west of the prison became Grade II Listed, and this section dates from 1848. The prison's north and east boundary walls have been Grade II Listed since May 1993 as well, dating from 1848 and later.
Alma Terrace, on Grove Road is a terrace of houses, built in 1854, originally as six large houses for prison wardens, was designated Grade II in September 1978. The wash houses and connecting boundary wall to the rear of the terrace has also become Grade II Listed in May 1993. The Governor's House (102 Grove Road), with its front boundary wall, has been Grade II Listed since May 1993. The detached house was formerly the Governor's House to the prison, built around 1850. Additionally the prison itself has various Grade Listed features. The adjoining School House of Grove Infant School, along with the rear boundary wall, became Grade II Listed at the same time.
Grove Lime Kiln lies approximately 320 metres north-west of St Peter's Church. The Grade Listed II structure was designated in January 2009. Still owned by the prison service, the lime kiln remains in a derelict and uncared for state. It was built and once operated by convicts from the prison, and is an important survival and one of the last vestiges of lime production in Portland. At the top of the nearby, private incline road is the abandoned Old Engine Shed that once served the cable-operated inclined railway that ran to Castletown through the Navy Dockyard that is now Portland Port. The shed has been Grade II Listed since January 2001.
Notable former inmates
Mohammad Amir
Roy Chubby Brown
Tom Clarke
John Daly
Michael Davitt
George Edalji
John Babbacombe Lee
Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa
Charles Wells
References
^ Legg (2000), p. 5.
^ "Verne Prison information". Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ West, Ian. "Isle of Portland Quarries - Geology". University of Southampton. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1393113)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
^ "History". Portland Port & Harbour Authority. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Legg (2000), p. 27.
^ "Chronology of the Island of Portland 700–1905 AD". The Portland Year Book and Island Record. Portland Telegram Office. April 1905. Retrieved 10 March 2018 – via Rootsweb.
^ Legg (2000), p. 32.
^ Day, Michael (10 December 2012). "Portland, (St. Peter, The Grove)". Dorset Churches. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
^ Mee, Arthur (1939). Dorset: Thomas Hardy's Country. The King's England. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 186–191.
^ Legg (2000), p. 42.
^ Legg (2000), p. 43.
^ Legg (2000), p. 44.
^ Official Museum Guide. Grove Prison Museum. 2014. p. 28.
^ Legg (2000), p. 47.
^ "HMP/YOI Portland information". Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Legg (2000), pp. 54–55.
^ "Football Behind Bars (2009)". IMDb. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
^ French, Dan (11 August 2009). "TV News: Ian Wright for 'Football Behind Bars'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ "HMP/YOI Portland information". Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Bolado, Catherine (28 November 2013). "Portland prison to become 'resettlement jail'". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Goater, Dan (20 August 2010). "Portland's historic Governor's Garden to get £46,000 makeover". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ "About". Jailhouse Cafe. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ "Young offenders' unit condemned". BBC News. 21 March 2000. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
^ "Investigation into prison siege". BBC News. 4 May 2000. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
^ "Young inmates are 'slopping out'". BBC News. 30 November 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
^ "Report slams young offenders unit". BBC News. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
^ a b Stretton, Rachel (18 December 2013). "Prison service museum set to open on Portland". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Tollast, Oscar (13 March 2014). "New prison museum officially opens". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ "Video: Opening of Grove Prison Museum". Dorset Echo. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Cox, Tara (6 May 2015). "More than 1,000 people have visited a Portland prison museum since it opened its doors last year". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1281833)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1206165)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1203119)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1280328)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1281834)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1203091)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1205798)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1203094)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1203098)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1206536)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1280342)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1203093)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1205657)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1281835)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1281859)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
^ a b Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1393113)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ "Background, Aims and Objectives". The Portland Gas Trust. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
^ Walton, Harry (21 June 2008). "Visitor centre for Island". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1389124)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ Hopps, David (1 February 2012). "Mohammad Amir released from jail". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
^ Brown, Roy 'Chubby' (2 August 2012). Common As Muck!: The Autobiography of Roy 'Chubby' Brown. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-4055-2047-8. Retrieved 10 March 2018 – via Google Books.
^ Kenna, Shane (4 May 2012). "Thomas Clarke Treason Felony Convict J464". The Irish Story. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ "John Daly the Fenian". Limerick and the 1916 Rising. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Sheehy-Skeffington, Francis (1908). Michael Davitt, Revolutionary: Agitator and Labour Leader. London: T. F. Unwin. p. 122.
^ "The case of the Parsi lawyer". The Telegraph. Kolkata. 8 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ "John 'Babbacombe' Lee". h2g2. 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ MacThomáis, Shane (29 July 2015). "Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa". An Phoblacht. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
Bibliography
Legg, D. R. G. (2000). Portland Prison Illustrated (1848-2000). Weymouth: Sprint Signs and Graphics.
External links
Media related to Portland Prison, Dorset at Wikimedia Commons
Ministry of Justice pages on Portland
vtePrisons in South West EnglandActive
Ashfield
Bristol
Channings Wood
Dartmoor
Eastwood Park
Erlestoke
Exeter
Guys Marsh
Leyhill
Portland
The Verne
Defunct
Bodmin
Devizes
Dorchester
Gloucester
Launceston Castle
Lydford Castle
St Briavels Castle
Shepton Mallet
Stapleton
Weare
vteIsle of PortlandSettlements and areas
Castletown
Chiswell
Clay Ope
Easton
Ferry Bridge
Fortuneswell
The Grove
Portland Bill
Portland Harbour
Southwell
Tophill
Underhill
Victoria Square
Wakeham
West Cliff
Weston
Beaches and coastal features
Balaclava Bay
Cave Hole
Chesil Beach
Chesil Cove
Church Ope Cove
Freshwater Bay
Hallelujah Bay
Little Beach
Mutton Cove
Portland Raised Beach
Pulpit Rock
Salt Pans
Wallsend Cove
Attractions
Broadcroft Quarry Nature Reserve
Chiswell Earthworks
Culverwell Mesolithic Site
Fancy's Family Farm
Jurassica
King Barrow Quarry Nature Reserve
Nicodemus Knob
Perryfield Quarry Nature Reserve
Portland Museum
Royal Manor Theatre
Tout Quarry Sculpture Park
Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy
Military
Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment
Blacknor Fort
East Weare Battery
East Weare Camp
East Weare Rifle Range
HMS Osprey
Inner Pierhead Fort
Ministry of Defence Magnetic Range
Portland Breakwater Fort
RAF Portland
RNAS Portland (HMS Osprey)
Royal Naval Hospital
Verne Citadel
Verne Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery
Verne High Angle Battery
Castles
Pennsylvania Castle
Portland Castle
Rufus Castle
Lighthouses, daymarks and NCI
NCI Portland Bill
Old Higher Lighthouse
Old Lower Lighthouse
Portland Bill Lighthouse
Portland Breakwater Lighthouse
Trinity House Obelisk
Prisons
HM Prison Portland
HM Prison Weare
HM Prison The Verne
Gardens
Chiswell Walled Garden
Easton Gardens
Governor's Community Garden
Victoria Gardens
Buildings and houses
The Captain's House
The Cove House Inn
The George Inn
Queen Anne House
St George's Centre
Churches
All Saints Church
Avalanche Memorial Church
Church of Our Lady and St. Andrew
Conjurer's Lodge
Easton Methodist Church
Southwell Methodist Chapel
St Andrew's Church
St George's Church
St. John's Church
St. Peter's Church
Underhill Methodist Church
United Reformed Church
Memorials
Portland Cenotaph
Royal Naval Cemetery
Industry
Durdle Pier
Folly Pier
Folly Pier Waterworks
Grove Lime Kiln
King's Pier
Portland stone
Portland Windmills
Red Crane
Southwell Business Park
Sureline
Verne Cistern
Working and disused quarries
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Coombefield Quarry
King Barrow Quarry
Perryfield Quarry
Tout Quarry
Yeolands Quarry
Railway
Merchant's Railway
The Old Engine Shed
Portland Branch Railway
Sports
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Events
Easton Massacre
Great Southwell Landslip | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young Offenders Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Offenders_Institution"},{"link_name":"The Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grove,_Portland"},{"link_name":"Isle of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"His Majesty's Prison Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service"}],"text":"Prison in Dorset, EnglandHM Prison Portland is a male Adult/Young Offenders Institution in the village of The Grove on the Isle of Portland, in Dorset, England. It is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. The prison was originally opened in 1848 as an adult convict establishment, before becoming a Borstal in 1921, and a YOI in 1988. In 2011 it became an Adult/Young Offenders establishment.","title":"HM Prison Portland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegg20005-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegg200027-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegg200032-8"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Portland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Borstal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borstal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegg200042-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegg200043-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegg200044-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegg200047-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegg200054%E2%80%9355-17"},{"link_name":"Ian Wright's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wright"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"HM Prison The Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_The_Verne"},{"link_name":"Governor's Community Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%27s_Community_Garden"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Portland's prison opened in 1848 for the holding of adult convicts. The purpose of a prison at Portland was largely to make use of convict labour in the construction of the breakwaters of Portland Harbour and its various defences.[1] The first convicts, totalling 64, arrived aboard the HM Steamer Driver on 21 November.[2] The Admiralty Quarries were developed for convicts to work in and once established, convict labour was providing 10,000 tons of stone per week for use on the breakwaters.[3] The conditions within both the prison and its quarries throughout the 19th-century would later help calls for penal reform in the UK, as many prisoners died while quarrying stone.[4]From the moment of the prison's inception, the convicts became a tourist attraction.[5] The village of the Grove had been developed directly due to the prison, and a number of homeowners decided to open cafes from the upstairs of their houses for tourists to watch the convicts at work.[6] In 1869 the government announced that the prison, which was originally intended to be temporary, would become a permanent establishment. Although local residents petitioned against this,[7] it did not deter the government's plans.[8] Between 1870 and 1872, convicts constructed the now-redundant, Grade II* Listed St. Peter's Church just outside the prison.[9][10]In 1921 the prison was converted into a Borstal.[11] Between 1931 and 1935, the Borstal Boys transformed a disused convict quarry into a sports stadium at the back of St. Peter's Church.[12] The first sports day took place on 1 August 1936,[13] while the last event spectated by the public was the Foundation Day Sports event of 1975.[14] During World War II, an air raid on 15 August 1940 saw the Borstal's Rodney House block bombed. This left four boys dead and others severely injured, including five being admitted to hospital.[15] In 1983, the Borstal changed to Youth Custody Centre.[16]In 1988 the prison was re-rolled as a Young Offenders Institution (YOI, Portland), holding up to 519 young males aged 18 to 21. Accommodation at the prison was divided into seven blocks, Benbow, Raleigh, Drake, Nelson, Grenville, Collingwood, and Beaufort.[17] In 2009, the prison was the setting for Ian Wright's Football Behind Bars, a Sky1 reality TV series showcasing Wright's work to transform the lives of 24 serious young offenders. It was based on socializing the young men by organizing them in a football academy.[18][19]In April 2011 the prison became an Adult/Young Offenders establishment.[20] In late 2013, it was announced that it would also be one of a number of resettlement prisons across the UK.[21] This news coincided with the recent decision to turn HM Prison The Verne, another prison on Portland, into an immigration removal centre. In 2010, with the assistance of the prison, a community project was completed to restore the Governor's Community Garden and open it to the public.[22] Around 2011, at the Verne, the Jailhouse Cafe was opened to the public, which was created to reduce re-offending and to offer prisoners work experience. When the Verne was converted to an Immigration Removal Centre in early 2014, the cafe has continued by using prisoners from the YOI.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"His Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Chief_Inspector_of_Prisons"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"slopping out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopping_out"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"In March 2000, an inspection report by His Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons severely criticised conditions at Portland YOI, including foul-smelling toilets and filthy showers. There were also complaints of rats in food service areas lodged by inmates.[24] Just over a month later, prison officials were forced to extract 26 prisoners who had for eight hours used furniture to barricade themselves away from their cells.[25]In November 2004, a report from the Chief Inspector of Prisons highlighted racial tension, and distrust between Muslim inmates and staff at Portland Prison[citation needed]. The report also criticised the fact that inmates were still slopping out, because of poor sanitation facilities at the jail.[26]A further report in June 2007 following an unannounced inspection heavily criticised conditions at Portland YOI. The report stated that some buildings \"were unfit for purpose and lacked basic sanitation\", with the continued practice of inmates without access to toilet facilities using buckets which they emptied through their windows.[27] The report criticized other elements of the prison, including opportunities provided to prisoners for physical activity and training, but indicated that the situation was better in Portland than it had been in 2004 at the time of the last inspection.","title":"YOI Inspection reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dorsetecho1-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dorsetecho1-28"},{"link_name":"Richard Drax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Drax"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"In late 2013, it was announced by local news that a museum would be opened to cover the history of HM Prison Portland. The Grove Prison Museum opened in March 2014,[28] through the work of retired officers John Hutton, Steve Ashford and Chris Hunt. The museum is based in the former deputy governor's residence, across the road from the main prison entrance. The idea for a museum had dated back over 20 years, when it was agreed to store some prison memorabilia items for a possible future museum. These were left untouched for 20 years in storage.[28]South Dorset MP Richard Drax visited the deputy governor's building to officially open the prison museum and the Lighthouse Learning Centre.[29][30] A year after the museum's opening, it was announced that over 1000 visitors had been to the museum.[31]","title":"Grove Prison Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_to_The_Grove_Prison_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1276231.jpg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Grove Lime Kiln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Lime_Kiln"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-heritage1-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-heritage1-47"},{"link_name":"Old Engine Shed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Engine_Shed,_Portland"},{"link_name":"Castletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castletown,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"The gatehouseVarious features of the prison have since become Grade Listed.In September 1978, the gatehouse, including the attached VR Letter Box, became Grade II Listed.[32] In May 1993, both the east and west cell blocks became Grade II Listed.[33][34] At the same time, the E Hall, a prison cell block with attached punishment block from 1848, became Grade II Listed.[35] The Overseer's Hut with inclines became Grade II Listed in May 1993.[36]One of the prison and village's most notable features is a high wall running along the village's main road, Grove Road. This boundary wall remains a significant visual element within the village, and was built in the 19th century to enclose the convict quarry workings. The boundary wall has been Grade II Listed since May 1993.[37] The sentry box, along with the gate pier became Grade II Listed in September 1978.[38] The boundary wall, and gate piers, running from St Peter's Vicarage to Alma Terrace, and dating from 1875, was Grade II Listed at the same time as the sentry box.[39] The early 19th century gate piers at the junction with Grove Road, along with the boundary walls to Ivybank and the Vicarage became Grade II Listed at this same time too.[40] In May 1993, the boundary wall west of the prison became Grade II Listed, and this section dates from 1848.[41] The prison's north and east boundary walls have been Grade II Listed since May 1993 as well, dating from 1848 and later.[42]Alma Terrace, on Grove Road is a terrace of houses, built in 1854, originally as six large houses for prison wardens, was designated Grade II in September 1978.[43] The wash houses and connecting boundary wall to the rear of the terrace has also become Grade II Listed in May 1993.[44] The Governor's House (102 Grove Road), with its front boundary wall, has been Grade II Listed since May 1993. The detached house was formerly the Governor's House to the prison, built around 1850.[45] Additionally the prison itself has various Grade Listed features. The adjoining School House of Grove Infant School, along with the rear boundary wall, became Grade II Listed at the same time.[46]Grove Lime Kiln lies approximately 320 metres north-west of St Peter's Church. The Grade Listed II structure was designated in January 2009.[47] Still owned by the prison service, the lime kiln remains in a derelict and uncared for state. It was built and once operated by convicts from the prison, and is an important survival and one of the last vestiges of lime production in Portland.[47] At the top of the nearby, private incline road is the abandoned Old Engine Shed that once served the cable-operated inclined railway that ran to Castletown through the Navy Dockyard that is now Portland Port.[48][49] The shed has been Grade II Listed since January 2001.[50]","title":"Grade listed features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammad Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Amir"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Roy Chubby Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Chubby_Brown"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Tom Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"John Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Daly_(Fenian)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Michael Davitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Davitt"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"George Edalji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edalji"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"John Babbacombe Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Babbacombe_Lee"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_O%27Donovan_Rossa"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Charles Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wells_(gambler)"}],"text":"Mohammad Amir[51]\nRoy Chubby Brown[52]\nTom Clarke[53]\nJohn Daly[54]\nMichael Davitt[55]\nGeorge Edalji[56]\nJohn Babbacombe Lee[57]\nJeremiah O'Donovan Rossa[58]\nCharles Wells","title":"Notable former inmates"}] | [{"image_text":"The gatehouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Entrance_to_The_Grove_Prison_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1276231.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_The_Grove_Prison_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1276231.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Verne Prison information\". Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.justice.gov.uk/contacts/prison-finder/verne","url_text":"\"Verne Prison information\""}]},{"reference":"West, Ian. \"Isle of Portland Quarries - Geology\". University of Southampton. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/Portland-Quarries.htm","url_text":"\"Isle of Portland Quarries - Geology\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1393113)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1393113","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1393113)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Portland Port & Harbour Authority. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140429190623/http://www.portland-port.co.uk/about/company/history","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.portland-port.co.uk/about/company/history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology of the Island of Portland 700–1905 AD\". The Portland Year Book and Island Record. Portland Telegram Office. April 1905. Retrieved 10 March 2018 – via Rootsweb.","urls":[{"url":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~pbtyc/Portland/PYB/Chronology.html","url_text":"\"Chronology of the Island of Portland 700–1905 AD\""}]},{"reference":"Day, Michael (10 December 2012). \"Portland, (St. Peter, The Grove)\". Dorset Churches. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070818162906/http://people.bath.ac.uk/lismd/dorset/churches/portland-grove.html","url_text":"\"Portland, (St. Peter, The Grove)\""},{"url":"http://people.bath.ac.uk/lismd/dorset/churches/portland-grove.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mee, Arthur (1939). Dorset: Thomas Hardy's Country. The King's England. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 186–191.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Mee","url_text":"Mee, Arthur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_England","url_text":"The King's England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton","url_text":"Hodder & Stoughton"}]},{"reference":"Official Museum Guide. Grove Prison Museum. 2014. p. 28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"HMP/YOI Portland information\". Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov.uk/contacts/prison-finder/portland","url_text":"\"HMP/YOI Portland information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football Behind Bars (2009)\". IMDb. Retrieved 1 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1578630/","url_text":"\"Football Behind Bars (2009)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"French, Dan (11 August 2009). \"TV News: Ian Wright for 'Football Behind Bars'\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a170635/ian-wright-for-football-behind-bars.html","url_text":"\"TV News: Ian Wright for 'Football Behind Bars'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"HMP/YOI Portland information\". Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.justice.gov.uk/contacts/prison-finder/portland","url_text":"\"HMP/YOI Portland information\""}]},{"reference":"Bolado, Catherine (28 November 2013). \"Portland prison to become 'resettlement jail'\". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/10841880.Portland_prison_to_become__resettlement_jail_/","url_text":"\"Portland prison to become 'resettlement jail'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Echo","url_text":"Dorset Echo"}]},{"reference":"Goater, Dan (20 August 2010). \"Portland's historic Governor's Garden to get £46,000 makeover\". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/8343915.Portland_s_historic_Governor_s_Garden_to_get___46_000_makeover/","url_text":"\"Portland's historic Governor's Garden to get £46,000 makeover\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Jailhouse Cafe. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://jailhousecafe.co.uk/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young offenders' unit condemned\". BBC News. 21 March 2000. Retrieved 31 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/684560.stm","url_text":"\"Young offenders' unit condemned\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investigation into prison siege\". BBC News. 4 May 2000. Retrieved 31 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/735876.stm","url_text":"\"Investigation into prison siege\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young inmates are 'slopping out'\". BBC News. 30 November 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/4052541.stm","url_text":"\"Young inmates are 'slopping out'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report slams young offenders unit\". BBC News. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/6252372.stm","url_text":"\"Report slams young offenders unit\""}]},{"reference":"Stretton, Rachel (18 December 2013). \"Prison service museum set to open on Portland\". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/10884683.Prison_service_museum_set_to_open_on_Portland/","url_text":"\"Prison service museum set to open on Portland\""}]},{"reference":"Tollast, Oscar (13 March 2014). \"New prison museum officially opens\". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/11074060.New_prison_museum_officially_opens/","url_text":"\"New prison museum officially opens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Video: Opening of Grove Prison Museum\". Dorset Echo. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/video/135391/","url_text":"\"Video: Opening of Grove Prison Museum\""}]},{"reference":"Cox, Tara (6 May 2015). \"More than 1,000 people have visited a Portland prison museum since it opened its doors last year\". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/12932614.More_than_1_000_people_have_visited_a_Portland_prison_museum_since_it_opened_its_doors_last_year/","url_text":"\"More than 1,000 people have visited a Portland prison museum since it opened its doors last year\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1281833)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1281833","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1281833)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1206165)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1206165","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1206165)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1203119)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1203119","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1203119)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1280328)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1280328","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1280328)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1281834)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1281834","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1281834)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1203091)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1203091","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1203091)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1205798)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1205798","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1205798)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1203094)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1203094","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1203094)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1203098)\". 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Retrieved 10 March 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S9ub_1cfJ2MC&dq=Roy+%22Chubby%22+Brown+portland&pg=PT62","url_text":"Common As Muck!: The Autobiography of Roy 'Chubby' Brown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4055-2047-8","url_text":"978-1-4055-2047-8"}]},{"reference":"Kenna, Shane (4 May 2012). \"Thomas Clarke Treason Felony Convict J464\". The Irish Story. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/05/04/thomas-clarke-treason-felony-convict-j464/","url_text":"\"Thomas Clarke Treason Felony Convict J464\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Daly the Fenian\". Limerick and the 1916 Rising. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://limerick1916.ul.ie/john-daly-the-fenian/","url_text":"\"John Daly the Fenian\""}]},{"reference":"Sheehy-Skeffington, Francis (1908). Michael Davitt, Revolutionary: Agitator and Labour Leader. London: T. F. Unwin. p. 122.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Sheehy-Skeffington","url_text":"Sheehy-Skeffington, Francis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/michaeldavittre00sheegoog","url_text":"Michael Davitt, Revolutionary: Agitator and Labour Leader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._F._Unwin","url_text":"T. F. Unwin"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/michaeldavittre00sheegoog/page/n154","url_text":"122"}]},{"reference":"\"The case of the Parsi lawyer\". The Telegraph. Kolkata. 8 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150312101009/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150308/jsp/7days/story_7388.jsp","url_text":"\"The case of the Parsi lawyer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)","url_text":"The Telegraph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata","url_text":"Kolkata"},{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150308/jsp/7days/story_7388.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John 'Babbacombe' Lee\". h2g2. 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20141214131940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/A3000952","url_text":"\"John 'Babbacombe' Lee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2g2","url_text":"h2g2"},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/A3000952","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MacThomáis, Shane (29 July 2015). \"Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa\". An Phoblacht. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/25193","url_text":"\"Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phoblacht","url_text":"An Phoblacht"}]},{"reference":"Legg, D. R. G. (2000). Portland Prison Illustrated (1848-2000). Weymouth: Sprint Signs and Graphics.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset","url_text":"Weymouth"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HM_Prison_Portland¶ms=50.5502_N_2.4226_W_","external_links_name":"50°33′01″N 2°25′21″W / 50.5502°N 2.4226°W / 50.5502; -2.4226"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HM_Prison_Portland¶ms=50.5502_N_2.4226_W_","external_links_name":"50°33′01″N 2°25′21″W / 50.5502°N 2.4226°W / 50.5502; -2.4226"},{"Link":"http://www.justice.gov.uk/contacts/prison-finder/portland/","external_links_name":"Portland"},{"Link":"http://www.justice.gov.uk/contacts/prison-finder/verne","external_links_name":"\"Verne Prison information\""},{"Link":"http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/Portland-Quarries.htm","external_links_name":"\"Isle of Portland Quarries - Geology\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1393113","external_links_name":"\"Details from listed building 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Khan_Levy | Sophie Khan Levy | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","4 Stage","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"] | British actress
Sophie Khan LevyBornSophie Shaheen Khan Levy (1989-07-25) 25 July 1989 (age 34)Wandsworth, South London, EnglandEducationUniversity of WarwickGuildhall School of Music and DramaOccupationActressYears active2010–presentTelevisionEastEnders
Sophie Shaheen Khan Levy (born 25 July 1989) is an English actress. Levy has appeared in Royal Shakespeare Company productions, such as Cymbeline (2013), Love's Labour's Lost (2014), A Midsummer Night's Dream (2015) and As You Like It (2019). In 2023, she was cast in the BBC soap opera EastEnders as Priya Nandra-Hart.
Early life
Levy was born in 1989 in Wandsworth, South London. Her mother is actress Shaheen Khan who starred in Bend it Like Beckham. She is of mixed race descent. Her mother, Shaheen Khan, set up Tara Arts, one of the country's first acting schools specifically for Asian actors. In her youth, Levy lived in Canada with her cousin for a year and a half. Levy graduated from the University of Warwick, after which she studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Whilst at Guildhall, she appeared in numerous stage productions, including As You Like It, Merrily We Roll Along and A Respectable Wedding.
Career
Upon graduating from Guildhall in 2013, Levy appeared in Cymbeline, for which she received critical acclaim. She was then contracted by the Royal Shakespeare Company to appear in various productions. They described her as a "fiercely intelligent and brilliant actress". She performed in Hanna, a one-woman show, in 2018, for which she received numerous positive reviews. The Independent wrote that Levy had "a lovely unforced naturalness" and performed the play beautifully, while The Guardian admired her "compelling performance and sympathetic naturalness".
In 2022, Levy starred in three episodes of the Channel 5 series All Creatures Great and Small. Then in 2023, she appeared in an episode of The Sixth Commandment, as well as being cast in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders as Priya Nandra-Hart.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2013
The Last Bus
Alice
Short film
2016
Ride
Poppy
Guest role
2020
Avernus
Lou
Short film
2022
Mammals
Beth
Guest role
2022
All Creatures Great and Small
Florence Pandhi
Recurring role
2023
The Sixth Commandment
Gabrielle Ade
Guest role
2023–present
EastEnders
Priya Nandra-Hart
Regular role
Stage
Mystery Plays as Mary Magdalene
Phaedra's Love as Phaedra
Uncle Vanya as Sonya
Private Lives as Amanda
The Country Wife as Lady Fidget
Trojan Women as Hecuba
As You Like It as Celia
Blood Wedding as Bride
Merrily We Roll Along as Mary
The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby as Mrs Crummies
A Respectable Wedding as Lyndsay
May 08 as Sophie
Cymbeline as Imogen
Love's Labour's Lost as Housemaid
The Christmas Truce as Maud Furlong
A Midsummer Night's Dream as Snug/Cobweb
Fracked as Emma
Hanna as Hanna
Maydays as Clara
Measure for Measure as Mariana
While the Sun Shines as Mabel
Awards and nominations
Year
Ceremony
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.
2023
Digital Spy Reader Awards
Rising Star
EastEnders
Second
References
^ "Sophie Shaheen K Khan-Levy". Genes Reunited. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ Kolvin, Jessie (12 February 2019). "An interview with Sophie Khan Levy, the Warwick graduate starring at the RSC". The Boar. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ Banim, Julia. "BBC EastEnders' Priya Nandra-Hart's huge TV role before she signed up for Albert Square". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ a b "LIVING WITH ROSE". Royal Shakespeare Company. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ "REVIEW: Bollywood meets Shakespeare in Cymbeline at Taunton's Tacchi-Morris". Somerset County Gazette. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ "Guildhall School of Music & Drama Prospectus 2020". Issuu. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ "2013-Drama: Khan-Levy, Brown & Walshe-McBride on The Laramie Project". SoundCloud. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ "Emerging performer Sophie Khan Levy wows critics and audiences alike with her performance in 'Hanna'". Asian Culture Vulture. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ Taylor, Paul. "Hanna, Arcola Theatre, London, review: Beautifully performed by Sophie Khan Levy". The Independent. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ Kellaway, Kate. "Hanna review – an emotional tug-of-war". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ Morris, Grace. "All Creatures Great and Small star joins EastEnders in SHOCK Ravi baby twist". What to Watch. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ "Sophie Khan Levy joins EastEnders as Priya, Ravi's ex and Nugget's mum". Entertainment Daily. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ "EastEnders' Priya star Sophie Khan Levy's life off screen and where viewers know her from". OK!. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ Zammitt, Erin. "EastEnders sweeps the board at the Digital Spy Reader Awards 2023". Digital Spy. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
External links
Sophie Khan Levy at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"Cymbeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbeline"},{"link_name":"Love's Labour's Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"As You Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Priya Nandra-Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priya_Nandra-Hart"}],"text":"Sophie Shaheen Khan Levy (born 25 July 1989) is an English actress. Levy has appeared in Royal Shakespeare Company productions, such as Cymbeline (2013), Love's Labour's Lost (2014), A Midsummer Night's Dream (2015) and As You Like It (2019). In 2023, she was cast in the BBC soap opera EastEnders as Priya Nandra-Hart.","title":"Sophie Khan Levy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wandsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth"},{"link_name":"Shaheen Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheen_Khan_(British_actress)"},{"link_name":"Bend it Like Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend_it_Like_Beckham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Guildhall School of Music and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"As You Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It"},{"link_name":"Merrily We Roll Along","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrily_We_Roll_Along_(musical)"},{"link_name":"A Respectable Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Respectable_Wedding"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Like-4"}],"text":"Levy was born in 1989 in Wandsworth, South London. Her mother is actress Shaheen Khan who starred in Bend it Like Beckham. She is of mixed race descent.[1] Her mother, Shaheen Khan, set up Tara Arts, one of the country's first acting schools specifically for Asian actors. In her youth, Levy lived in Canada with her cousin for a year and a half.[2] Levy graduated from the University of Warwick, after which she studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.[3] Whilst at Guildhall, she appeared in numerous stage productions, including As You Like It, Merrily We Roll Along and A Respectable Wedding.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cymbeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbeline"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Like-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"All Creatures Great and Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Creatures_Great_and_Small_(2020_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Sixth Commandment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sixth_Commandment_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Priya Nandra-Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priya_Nandra-Hart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Upon graduating from Guildhall in 2013, Levy appeared in Cymbeline, for which she received critical acclaim.[5] She was then contracted by the Royal Shakespeare Company to appear in various productions.[6][7] They described her as a \"fiercely intelligent and brilliant actress\".[4] She performed in Hanna, a one-woman show, in 2018, for which she received numerous positive reviews.[8] The Independent wrote that Levy had \"a lovely unforced naturalness\" and performed the play beautifully,[9] while The Guardian admired her \"compelling performance and sympathetic naturalness\".[10]In 2022, Levy starred in three episodes of the Channel 5 series All Creatures Great and Small.[11] Then in 2023, she appeared in an episode of The Sixth Commandment, as well as being cast in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders as Priya Nandra-Hart.[12][13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mystery Plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_play"},{"link_name":"Mary Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene"},{"link_name":"Phaedra's Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaedra%27s_Love"},{"link_name":"Phaedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaedra_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Uncle Vanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Vanya"},{"link_name":"Private Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Lives"},{"link_name":"The Country Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Country_Wife"},{"link_name":"Trojan Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Women"},{"link_name":"As You Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It"},{"link_name":"Blood Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Merrily We Roll Along","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrily_We_Roll_Along_(musical)"},{"link_name":"The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Nicholas_Nickleby_(play)"},{"link_name":"A Respectable Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Respectable_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Cymbeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbeline"},{"link_name":"Love's Labour's Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost"},{"link_name":"The Christmas Truce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christmas_Truce_(play)"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"Measure for Measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_for_Measure"},{"link_name":"While the Sun Shines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While_the_Sun_Shines"}],"text":"Mystery Plays as Mary Magdalene\nPhaedra's Love as Phaedra\nUncle Vanya as Sonya\nPrivate Lives as Amanda\nThe Country Wife as Lady Fidget\nTrojan Women as Hecuba\nAs You Like It as Celia\nBlood Wedding as Bride\nMerrily We Roll Along as Mary\nThe Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby as Mrs Crummies\nA Respectable Wedding as Lyndsay\nMay 08 as Sophie\nCymbeline as Imogen\nLove's Labour's Lost as Housemaid\nThe Christmas Truce as Maud Furlong\nA Midsummer Night's Dream as Snug/Cobweb\nFracked as Emma\nHanna as Hanna\nMaydays as Clara\nMeasure for Measure as Mariana\nWhile the Sun Shines as Mabel","title":"Stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sophie Shaheen K Khan-Levy\". Genes Reunited. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genesreunited.co.uk/search/results?sourcecategory=birthsutf002c%20marriages%20utf0026%20deaths&collection=births%20utf0026%20baptisms&firstname=sophie&firstname_variants=true&lastname=khan-levy&lastname_variants=true&birthyear=1989&birthyear_offset=0®ion=great%20britain","url_text":"\"Sophie Shaheen K Khan-Levy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genes_Reunited","url_text":"Genes Reunited"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231224154838/https://www.genesreunited.co.uk/search/results?sourcecategory=birthsutf002c%20marriages%20utf0026%20deaths&collection=births%20utf0026%20baptisms&firstname=sophie&firstname_variants=true&lastname=khan-levy&lastname_variants=true&birthyear=1989&birthyear_offset=0®ion=great%20britain","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kolvin, Jessie (12 February 2019). \"An interview with Sophie Khan Levy, the Warwick graduate starring at the RSC\". The Boar. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theboar.org/2019/02/interview-sophie-khan-levy-warwick-graduate-starring-rsc/","url_text":"\"An interview with Sophie Khan Levy, the Warwick graduate starring at the RSC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231019015953/https://theboar.org/2019/02/interview-sophie-khan-levy-warwick-graduate-starring-rsc/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Banim, Julia. \"BBC EastEnders' Priya Nandra-Hart's huge TV role before she signed up for Albert Square\". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/eastenders-priya-nandra-harts-huge-31240291","url_text":"\"BBC EastEnders' Priya Nandra-Hart's huge TV role before she signed up for Albert Square\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231028114010/https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/eastenders-priya-nandra-harts-huge-31240291","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LIVING WITH ROSE\". Royal Shakespeare Company. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsc.org.uk/news/archive/living-with-rose","url_text":"\"LIVING WITH ROSE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company","url_text":"Royal Shakespeare Company"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231020221343/https://www.rsc.org.uk/news/archive/living-with-rose","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"REVIEW: Bollywood meets Shakespeare in Cymbeline at Taunton's Tacchi-Morris\". Somerset County Gazette. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.somersetcountygazette.co.uk/news/10717604.review-bollywood-meets-shakespeare-cymbeline-tauntons-tacchi-morris/","url_text":"\"REVIEW: Bollywood meets Shakespeare in Cymbeline at Taunton's Tacchi-Morris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Gazette","url_text":"Somerset County Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231224154839/https://www.somersetcountygazette.co.uk/news/10717604.review-bollywood-meets-shakespeare-cymbeline-tauntons-tacchi-morris/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Guildhall School of Music & Drama Prospectus 2020\". Issuu. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/guildhallschool/docs/2020_guildhall_school_prospectus_di","url_text":"\"Guildhall School of Music & Drama Prospectus 2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230225045721/https://issuu.com/guildhallschool/docs/2020_guildhall_school_prospectus_di","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2013-Drama: Khan-Levy, Brown & Walshe-McBride on The Laramie Project\". SoundCloud. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/guildhallschool/2013-06-13-sophie-khan-levy","url_text":"\"2013-Drama: Khan-Levy, Brown & Walshe-McBride on The Laramie Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud","url_text":"SoundCloud"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231224154839/https://soundcloud.com/guildhallschool/2013-06-13-sophie-khan-levy","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Emerging performer Sophie Khan Levy wows critics and audiences alike with her performance in 'Hanna'\". Asian Culture Vulture. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://asianculturevulture.com/portfolios/emerging-performer-sophie-khan-levy-wows-critics-audiences-alike-performance-hanna/","url_text":"\"Emerging performer Sophie Khan Levy wows critics and audiences alike with her performance in 'Hanna'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230528202241/https://asianculturevulture.com/portfolios/emerging-performer-sophie-khan-levy-wows-critics-audiences-alike-performance-hanna/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Paul. \"Hanna, Arcola Theatre, London, review: Beautifully performed by Sophie Khan Levy\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/hanna-arcola-theatre-review-a8147781.html","url_text":"\"Hanna, Arcola Theatre, London, review: Beautifully performed by Sophie Khan Levy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231010081645/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/hanna-arcola-theatre-review-a8147781.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kellaway, Kate. \"Hanna review – an emotional tug-of-war\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/jan/14/hannah-girl-from-the-north-country-review","url_text":"\"Hanna review – an emotional tug-of-war\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125731/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/jan/14/hannah-girl-from-the-north-country-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Grace. \"All Creatures Great and Small star joins EastEnders in SHOCK Ravi baby twist\". What to Watch. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whattowatch.com/news/emb-2030-hours-thursday-21st-september-all-creatures-star-joins-eastenders-in-shock-ravi-baby-twist","url_text":"\"All Creatures Great and Small star joins EastEnders in SHOCK Ravi baby twist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_to_Watch","url_text":"What to Watch"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231002123434/https://www.whattowatch.com/news/emb-2030-hours-thursday-21st-september-all-creatures-star-joins-eastenders-in-shock-ravi-baby-twist","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sophie Khan Levy joins EastEnders as Priya, Ravi's ex and Nugget's mum\". Entertainment Daily. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.entertainmentdaily.com/soaps/who-does-sophie-khan-levy-play-in-eastenders-where-have-you-seen-her-before/","url_text":"\"Sophie Khan Levy joins EastEnders as Priya, Ravi's ex and Nugget's mum\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231224154839/https://www.entertainmentdaily.com/soaps/who-does-sophie-khan-levy-play-in-eastenders-where-have-you-seen-her-before/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"EastEnders' Priya star Sophie Khan Levy's life off screen and where viewers know her from\". OK!. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ok.co.uk/lifestyle/eastenders-sophie-khan-levy-life-31220376","url_text":"\"EastEnders' Priya star Sophie Khan Levy's life off screen and where viewers know her from\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK!","url_text":"OK!"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231023135949/https://www.ok.co.uk/lifestyle/eastenders-sophie-khan-levy-life-31220376","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zammitt, Erin. \"EastEnders sweeps the board at the Digital Spy Reader Awards 2023\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 26 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/a46114823/eastenders-digital-spy-reader-awards-2023/","url_text":"\"EastEnders sweeps the board at the Digital Spy Reader Awards 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.genesreunited.co.uk/search/results?sourcecategory=birthsutf002c%20marriages%20utf0026%20deaths&collection=births%20utf0026%20baptisms&firstname=sophie&firstname_variants=true&lastname=khan-levy&lastname_variants=true&birthyear=1989&birthyear_offset=0®ion=great%20britain","external_links_name":"\"Sophie Shaheen K 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenleigh_railway_line | Beenleigh railway line | ["1 History","2 Line guide and services","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"] | Suburban railway line in Brisbane, Australia
Beenleigh lineQR SMU 239 arriving at South Brisbane railway station bound for BeenleighOverviewStatusOperationalOwnerQueensland RailTerminiPark RoadBeenleighStations22Websitequeenslandrail.com.auServiceTypeCommuter railServices8Route numberBDVL; BNBD; BRBN; BRVL; DBBN; FGBN; VLBR; VLDBOperator(s)Queensland RailTechnicalLine length41.595 km (25.846 mi)Track length41.595 km (25.846 mi)Number of tracksTriple to Kuraby, double to Beenleigh.Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)Electrification1982–1984
vteBeenleigh railway line
Legend
km
other QR City services
Exhibition line
2.7
Bowen Hills
1.3
Fortitude Valley
0.0
Central
0.8
Roma Street
Exhibition line
Ipswich/Rosewoodand Springfield lines
Pacific Motorway
Brisbane River
2.6
South Brisbane
3.5
South Bank
4.3
Gloucester Street
5.1
Park Road
Port of Brisbane line
standard gauge flyover
Wooloongabba Branch
Cleveland line
QR Services Depot
5.9
Dutton Park
Fairfield (original)
7.1
Fairfield
8.5
Yeronga
9.3
Yeerongpilly
Zone 12
Tennyson Line(to Ipswich line)
10.6
Moorooka
Clapham (freight depot)
11.6
Rocklea
Pradella Sidings(standard gauge)
Brisbane Blue Metal Co branch
Nyanda
13.0
Salisbury
Interstate line to Sydneyfreight line to Brisbane MUT
15.2
Coopers Plains
16.7
Banoon
17.6
Sunnybank
18.6
Altandi
19.8
Runcorn
20.0
Tarragun
21.2
Fruitgrove
Gateway Motorway
22.5
Kuraby
25.8
Trinder Park
26.8
Woodridge
29.5
Kingston
Zone 23
Logan Motorway
32.2
Loganlea
Logan River
35.2
Bethania
Beaudesert line
36.9
Edens Landing
39.1
Holmview
39.6
Beenleigh (original)
40.1
Beenleigh
Zone 34
South Coast line (1889–1964)Gold Coast line (1996–present)
The Beenleigh railway line is a suburban railway line extending 40.1 km from Park Road railway station to Beenleigh railway station. It is part of the Queensland Rail Citytrain network.
History
Further information: Rail transport in Queensland
Originally known as the Logan railway line, the line opened to Loganlea in April 1885 being the first section of the South Coast line which was opened beyond Beenleigh to Southport in 1889.
The original city terminus of the line was Stanley St, South Brisbane until a dual track line was constructed from Dutton Park to South Brisbane opposite the Victoria Bridge opening in 1891.
The railway originally approximately paralleled Fairfield Road between Dutton Park and Yeronga. Following the 1893 Brisbane flood, the Fairfield Deviation realigned the route above the flood level onto the current alignment. The line from Dutton Park to Yeerongpilly was duplicated at the same time.
The standard gauge line from Sydney, NSW which opened in 1930 was built parallel to the line from Salisbury to South Brisbane.
The section from Yeerongpilly to Kuraby was duplicated between 1950 and 1952.
With increasing popularity of the motor car, the South Coast line was closed beyond Beenleigh in 1964.
The opening of the Merivale Bridge in 1978 connected the Beenleigh (and Cleveland) line to the Brisbane CBD, and the line was electrified in 1982. The Merivale Bridge was converted to dual gauge in 1986 and standard gauge passenger trains now terminate at Roma St.
The Gold Coast line was progressively rebuilt on a new alignment south of Beenleigh from 1996. The section from Kuraby to Beenleigh was duplicated in association with the re-establishment of the Gold Coast line in 1995. The standard gauge line was converted to dual gauge and electrified at the same time, creating a third track as far as Salisbury. The third track was later extended from Salisbury to Kuraby in 2008.
Line guide and services
Most services stop at all stations to Roma Street railway station. The typical travel time between Beenleigh and Brisbane City is approximately 59 minutes (to Central). From 2025 the line will utilize Cross River Rail and stop at the three new stations in the inner city.
Beenleigh line services typically continue as Ferny Grove line services.
Passengers for/from the Gold Coast line change at either South Bank, Altandi, Loganlea or Beenleigh; Cleveland line change at Park Road; Ipswich and Rosewood lines at Roma Street; and all other lines at Central.
Gallery
Passengers, leaving the New South Wales Railways carriage on the right side, transferring to a Queensland train on the left at Clapham Junction, Moorooka, probably during WW2
First train to Sydney passing Fairfield, 1930
NSWR loco 8025 and another haul the Sydney bound 'Brisbane Limited' past the former Gloucester Road station site, 1987
Fairfield railway station, 2012
QR loco 2400 hauls an empty Sunlander consist through Yeronga station (in order to turn the train), 1987. The station has since been replaced with a brick structure
NSWR loco 44216 and another haul the northbound 'Brisbane Limited' across the Corinda line at Yeerongpilly, 1987
QR loco 2493 hauls a short container train across the Standard Gauge line to Sydney at Yeerongpilly station, 1987. Note the Standard Gauge loco shed in the background
QR EMU unit 07 in original colour scheme on a Beenleigh bound train at Rocklea, ca.1987. Note the dual gauge rail on the third line
References
^ "THE MINISTER FOR WORKS AT LOGANLEA". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XXXIX, no. 8, 501. Queensland, Australia. 9 April 1885. p. 5. Retrieved 1 September 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Brisbane Suburb: Mount Gravatt - History of Mount Gravatt". ourbrisbane.com. 2000. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
^ Armstrong, J. & Kerr, J. 'Destination South Brisbane' ARHS 1978
^ "THE FAIRFIELD DEVIATION". The Brisbane Courier. 7 August 1895.
^ Kerr, J. 'Triumph of Narrow Gauge' Boolarong Publications 1990
^ Stone, Lucy (2 August 2022). "Gold Coast, Beenleigh rail users face major changes as Brisbane's Cross River Rail network is revealed". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beenleigh railway line.
Queensland Rail
"South East Queensland Train Network Map" (PDF). Translink. 1 May 2020.
vtePublic transport in QueenslandTrainsOperators
Airtrain Citylink
NSW TrainLink
Queensland Rail
South Eastlines
Airport
Beenleigh
Caboolture
Cleveland
Doomben
Exhibition
Ferny Grove
Gold Coast
Ipswich/Rosewood
Redcliffe Peninsula
Shorncliffe
Springfield
Sunshine Coast
Proposedlines
Beaudesert
Cross River Rail
Maroochydore
Regionaltrains
Electric Tilt Train
The Gulflander
The Inlander
Kuranda Scenic Railway
Spirit of Queensland
Spirit of the Outback
The Westlander
BusesSouth Eastoperators
Brisbane Bus Lines
Caboolture Bus Lines
CDC Sunshine Coast
Clarks Logan City Bus Service
Hornibrook Bus Lines
Kangaroo Bus Lines
Kinetic
Mt Gravatt Bus Service
Park Ridge Transit
Southern Cross Transit
Thompsons Bus Service
Transdev Queensland
Transport for Brisbane
Westside Bus Company
Busways
Eastern
Northern
South East
Services
Brisbane Metro
CityGlider
Bus upgrade zone (BUZ)
NightLink
Regionaloperators
Bus Queensland
CDC Gladstone
Glasshouse Country Coaches
Kinetic
Mackay Transit Coaches
Stewart & Sons
Trans North Bus & Coach
Whitsunday Transit
Young's Bus Service
Long distanceoperators
Crisps Coaches
Greyhound Australia
Murrays
NSW TrainLink
Premier Motor Service
Trans North Bus & Coach
FerriesOperators
RiverCity Ferries
Services
CityCat
CityHopper
Cross River
Light RailCurrent
G:link
Proposed
Sunshine Coast
Ticketing
go card
Government
Department of Transport & Main Roads
QConnect
Translink | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"Park Road railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Beenleigh railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenleigh_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Queensland Rail Citytrain network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_in_South_East_Queensland"}],"text":"The Beenleigh railway line is a suburban railway line extending 40.1 km from Park Road railway station to Beenleigh railway station. It is part of the Queensland Rail Citytrain network.","title":"Beenleigh railway line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rail transport in Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Loganlea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loganlea_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"South Coast line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Coast_railway_line,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Stanley St","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooloongabba_Branch_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Victoria Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Bridge,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dutton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutton_Park_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Yeronga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeronga_railway_station"},{"link_name":"1893 Brisbane flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Brisbane_flood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"NSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"motor car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"Merivale Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merivale_Bridge"},{"link_name":"dual gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_gauge"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_railway_line"}],"text":"Further information: Rail transport in QueenslandOriginally known as the Logan railway line, the line opened to Loganlea in April 1885[1][2] being the first section of the South Coast line which was opened beyond Beenleigh to Southport in 1889.The original city terminus of the line was Stanley St, South Brisbane until a dual track line was constructed from Dutton Park to South Brisbane opposite the Victoria Bridge opening in 1891.[3]The railway originally approximately paralleled Fairfield Road between Dutton Park and Yeronga. Following the 1893 Brisbane flood, the Fairfield Deviation realigned the route above the flood level onto the current alignment.[4] The line from Dutton Park to Yeerongpilly was duplicated at the same time.The standard gauge line from Sydney, NSW which opened in 1930 was built parallel to the line from Salisbury to South Brisbane.The section from Yeerongpilly to Kuraby was duplicated between 1950 and 1952.[5]With increasing popularity of the motor car, the South Coast line was closed beyond Beenleigh in 1964.The opening of the Merivale Bridge in 1978 connected the Beenleigh (and Cleveland) line to the Brisbane CBD, and the line was electrified in 1982. The Merivale Bridge was converted to dual gauge in 1986 and standard gauge passenger trains now terminate at Roma St.The Gold Coast line was progressively rebuilt on a new alignment south of Beenleigh from 1996. The section from Kuraby to Beenleigh was duplicated in association with the re-establishment of the Gold Coast line in 1995. The standard gauge line was converted to dual gauge and electrified at the same time, creating a third track as far as Salisbury. The third track was later extended from Salisbury to Kuraby in 2008.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roma Street railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_railway_station,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Cross River Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_Rail"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcbr-6"},{"link_name":"Ferny Grove line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferny_Grove_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Cleveland line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Rosewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewood_railway_line"}],"text":"Most services stop at all stations to Roma Street railway station. The typical travel time between Beenleigh and Brisbane City is approximately 59 minutes (to Central). From 2025 the line will utilize Cross River Rail and stop at the three new stations in the inner city.[6]Beenleigh line services typically continue as Ferny Grove line services.Passengers for/from the Gold Coast line change at either South Bank, Altandi, Loganlea or Beenleigh; Cleveland line change at Park Road; Ipswich and Rosewood lines at Roma Street; and all other lines at Central.","title":"Line guide and services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_251348_Women_loaded_with_parcels_and_cases,_leaving_a_train_via_the_tracks.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_2_43195_Interstate_train_passing_through_Fairfield,_Brisbane,_1930.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dia_0180.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fairfield_Railway_Station,_Queensland,_July_2012.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fairfield railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_railway_station,_Brisbane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dia_0219.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dia_0216.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dia_0217.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QR_EMU_unit_07_in_original_colour_scheme_on_a_Beenleigh_bound_train_at_Rocklea,_~1987.jpg"}],"text":"Passengers, leaving the New South Wales Railways carriage on the right side, transferring to a Queensland train on the left at Clapham Junction, Moorooka, probably during WW2\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFirst train to Sydney passing Fairfield, 1930\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNSWR loco 8025 and another haul the Sydney bound 'Brisbane Limited' past the former Gloucester Road station site, 1987\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFairfield railway station, 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQR loco 2400 hauls an empty Sunlander consist through Yeronga station (in order to turn the train), 1987. The station has since been replaced with a brick structure\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNSWR loco 44216 and another haul the northbound 'Brisbane Limited' across the Corinda line at Yeerongpilly, 1987\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQR loco 2493 hauls a short container train across the Standard Gauge line to Sydney at Yeerongpilly station, 1987. Note the Standard Gauge loco shed in the background\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQR EMU unit 07 in original colour scheme on a Beenleigh bound train at Rocklea, ca.1987. Note the dual gauge rail on the third line","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"THE MINISTER FOR WORKS AT LOGANLEA\". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XXXIX, no. 8, 501. Queensland, Australia. 9 April 1885. p. 5. Retrieved 1 September 2020 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3440850","url_text":"\"THE MINISTER FOR WORKS AT LOGANLEA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier","url_text":"The Brisbane Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"Brisbane Suburb: Mount Gravatt - History of Mount Gravatt\". ourbrisbane.com. 2000. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173832/http://www.ourbrisbane.com/living/suburbs/mt_gravatt/history/","url_text":"\"Brisbane Suburb: Mount Gravatt - History of Mount Gravatt\""},{"url":"http://www.ourbrisbane.com/living/suburbs/mt_gravatt/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THE FAIRFIELD DEVIATION\". The Brisbane Courier. 7 August 1895.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3607245","url_text":"\"THE FAIRFIELD DEVIATION\""}]},{"reference":"Stone, Lucy (2 August 2022). \"Gold Coast, Beenleigh rail users face major changes as Brisbane's Cross River Rail network is revealed\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-02/cross-river-rail-network-revealed-public-transport-shake-up/101288392","url_text":"\"Gold Coast, Beenleigh rail users face major changes as Brisbane's Cross River Rail network is revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"South East Queensland Train Network Map\" (PDF). Translink. 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://translink.com.au/sites/default/files/assets/resources/plan-your-journey/maps/200501-train-busway-ferry-trams-network-map.pdf","url_text":"\"South East Queensland Train Network Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translink_(Queensland)","url_text":"Translink"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.queenslandrail.com.au/","external_links_name":"queenslandrail.com.au"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3440850","external_links_name":"\"THE MINISTER FOR WORKS AT LOGANLEA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173832/http://www.ourbrisbane.com/living/suburbs/mt_gravatt/history/","external_links_name":"\"Brisbane Suburb: Mount Gravatt - History of Mount Gravatt\""},{"Link":"http://www.ourbrisbane.com/living/suburbs/mt_gravatt/history/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3607245","external_links_name":"\"THE FAIRFIELD DEVIATION\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-02/cross-river-rail-network-revealed-public-transport-shake-up/101288392","external_links_name":"\"Gold Coast, Beenleigh rail users face major changes as Brisbane's Cross River Rail network is revealed\""},{"Link":"http://www.queenslandrail.com.au/","external_links_name":"Queensland Rail"},{"Link":"https://translink.com.au/sites/default/files/assets/resources/plan-your-journey/maps/200501-train-busway-ferry-trams-network-map.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South East Queensland Train Network Map\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NW_E | NW E | ["1 References"] | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "NW E" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018)Motor vehicle
Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriks-Gesellschaft Type EOverviewManufacturerNesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriks-Gesellschaft A.G.today Tatra, a.s.Production1904-1906about 17 produced (The exact number is unknown)AssemblyKopřivnice, MoraviaBody and chassisBody styleRunabout 2-4 seaterLayoutFront mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layoutPowertrainEngine3,775 cc (230.4 cu in) liquid cooled flat two11,8kW - 13,2kW (16-18HP)Transmissionfour speeds (+reverse)DimensionsWheelbase2,470 mm (97.2 in)Curb weight1,020 kg (2,250 lb)ChronologyPredecessorNW BSuccessorTatra 11
The NW type E is a veteran automobile manufactured by Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriks-Gesellschaft A.G. (NW, now known as Tatra).
The car was able to reach speed of 90 km/h.
References
^ Tatra - Passenger Cars, Karel Rosenkranz, TATRA, a. s., 2007
vteTatra modelsAircraft
T.001
T.101
T.126
T.131
Cars
NW Präsident
NW A
NW Elektromobil
NW B
NW C
NW D
NW E
NW F
NW J
NW L
NW S
NW T
NW U
10
11
12
17
20
30
31
52
54
57
70
75
77
80
87
97
107
600 Tatraplan
603
613
623
700
Trucks
NW First Truck
NW TL-2
NW TL-4
13
22
23
24
26
27
28
43
49
72
74
79
81
84
85
86
111
114
115
138
141
147
148
157
158 Phoenix
163 Jamal
165
400
401
500 HB
700
805
810
813
815
815-2
Beta
Military
57 K
25
26
29
72
82
85
92
93
111
128
805
809
810
813
815
815-2
816
817
DANA
OT-810
V750
V799
V809
Concepts and racing
NW Rennzweier
12 Targa Florio
30 Sport
90
116
130
137
201
600 Diesel
600 Convertible
601 Monte Carlo
602 Tatraplan Sports
603 MB
603 Monte Carlo
603 A
603 X
604
605
607
T2-607
625
803
804
806
Baghira
Dolphin
JK 2500
603 NP
MTX V8
Prezident
V570
V855
This article about a veteran automobile produced before 1905 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriks-Gesellschaft A.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_(car)"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe NW type E is a veteran automobile manufactured by Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriks-Gesellschaft A.G. (NW, now known as Tatra).The car was able to reach speed of 90 km/h.","title":"NW E"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NW_E&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22NW+E%22","external_links_name":"\"NW E\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22NW+E%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22NW+E%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22NW+E%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22NW+E%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22NW+E%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NW_E&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HELP_University_College | HELP University | ["1 Logo","2 Campuses","3 Faculties and Centres","4 HELP Academy","5 Notable alumni","5.1 Media and Entertainment","5.2 Sports","5.3 Business","6 Awards & Rankings","6.1 Setara and My Quest","6.2 QS rating and ranking","6.3 Premier Digital Tech University (PDTU Status)","6.4 TalentBank National Graduate Employability Index","7 References","8 External links"] | University in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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HELP University 精英大学Universiti HELPFormer namesHELP UniversityMottoThe University of AchieversEstablished1986ChancellorDatuk Dr Paul Chan Tuck HoongVice-ChancellorProfessor Dr Andy Liew Teik KooiAddressELM Business School, No. 15, Jalan Sri Semantan 1, Off Jalan Semantan, Bukit Damansara, 50490, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaCampusDamansara HeightsWebsitewww.help.edu.my
HELP University (Malay: Universiti HELP; formerly known as HELP Institute, and subsequently as HELP University College) is a private university in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was founded on 1 April 1986 by its Chancellor, Paul Chan Tuck Hoong, and his wife, Chan-Low Kam Yoke.
HELP Institute was awarded the University College status in 2004 by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia and was awarded full university status in 2011.
HELP is an acronym for Higher Education Learning Philosophy.
HELP Institute as it was formerly known was the first institution outside of the United Kingdom to offer the University of London External Programme's Diploma in Economics.
When HELP was first founded it offered programmes from the University of London External Programmes, and A-levels.
HELP University was the pioneer of twinning programmes, in which students can complete one or two years of the curriculum of the partner universities in Malaysia, then transfer to the overseas institution to complete their degrees.
HELP University in the past offered twinning programmes from the University of Glamorgan, Wales, United Kingdom, and the University of Southern Queensland, Australia, Charles Sturt University, Australia, University of Hull, and the University of East London, United Kingdom.
It has partnerships with universities in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Indonesia, Vietnam, China, and in Europe.
HELP University is a member of the HELP Education Group. The HELP Education Group consists of HELP University, HELP Academy, HELP International School, Crescendo-HELP International School, and Tunku Putra-HELP International School.
Logo
HELP University, HELP Academy, and several of their subsidiaries share a common corporate logo featuring two hands: one extended in assistance, symbolizing a helping hand reaching out to support the other.
Campuses
HELP University Subang 2.
HELP University has two campuses. One located in Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur, and the other in Subang Bestari, Shah Alam, Selangor.
HELP University's Subang 2 campus opened its doors in April 2016 and is the larger campus of the two. The campus won the IFLA Asia Pacific Awards 2019, Honorable Mention; and the Malaysia Landscape Architecture Awards MLAA 2018, Honour, Landscape Design Award Professional Category. Both awards were won by Verona Landscape Architecture that designed the Subang 2 landscape.
The Subang 2 campus which was designed by GDP Architect, also won the PAM Awards 2017, Education (Commendation).
Faculties and Centres
HELP University has 6 academic faculties, a Graduate School, a Centre for Continuing Professional Development, and an Institute for Crime and Criminology.
Faculties
Faculty of Behavioural Sciences and Education
Faculty of Economics, Business, and Accounting
Faculty of University Foundation Studies
Faculty of Law and Government
Faculty of Computing and Digital Technology
Faculty of Communication, Media, and Creative Industries
Centres
On 24 November 2022, HELP University established and opened the first Centre for Neuropsychology in Malaysia.
HELP Academy
HELP Academy, a sister company of HELP University provides programmes in collaboration with partner universities. It offers twinning programmes from the University of Derby, United Kingdom. HELP Academy also offers its own Certificate and Diploma programmes.
Notable alumni
Media and Entertainment
Che Puan Sarimah Ibrahim (psychology graduate) – TV host, radio announcer, former actress and singer.
Lisa Surihani (law graduate) – model, actress and TV host.
Jane Teoh, model, Miss Universe Malaysia 2018
Shwetajeet Kaur Sekhon – model, actress and Miss Universe Malaysia 2019.
Freda Liu - Lead Producer and Presenter, BFM
Alexis Sue Ann Seow, Miss World Malaysia 2019/2020
Chris Cheong - Magician, mentalist & illusionist
Sports
Sara Yap Kim Wen (psychology graduate) – Taekwondo.
Tan Fu Jie, Gymnastics
Soniia Cheah, Badminton
Anderson Wong, Waterpolo
Business
Venon Tian, COO, Zus Coffee
Tan Chung Liang, Red Red Botak Head Cafe
Eugene Tham, Co-Founder of Craftiviti
Aaron Sarma, Entrepreneur
Awards & Rankings
Setara and My Quest
HELP University and HELP Academy were rated Berdaya Saing (Competitive) the highest category in the 2022 ratings by the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education. Institutions rated competitive have the capability to compete at a higher level. Institutions were evaluated and classified based on their excellence and meeting the evaluation criteria set by Malaysia's Higher Education Institutions ratings.
QS rating and ranking
HELP University was the first university in Southeast Asia to be awarded 5 stars in 8 categories by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) Star Rating System in April 2020. The 8 categories are Teaching, Internationalisation, Employability, Academic Development, Facilities, Social Responsibility, Inclusiveness, and Programme Strength for its Masters in Business Administration (MBA).
HELP University was ranked No1 among 650 universities in Asia for Outbound Student Exchange Programme by QS Rankings: Asia 2021.
The university was rated between 401 and 450 in the Asian University Rankings 2021 by QS Rankings.
Premier Digital Tech University (PDTU Status)
The university was awarded the Premier Digital Tech University (PDTU) status in 2019 by the Malaysian Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC), a recognition given to Malaysia's leading digital tech focused tertiary institutions.
TalentBank National Graduate Employability Index
HELP University was rated 6 Stars for Human Resource Management, Language Studies, Education, Banking, Psychology, Mathematics and Statistics, Counselling and Law by Talentbank in the National Graduate Employability Index.
References
^ "HELP University College (HUC) in Pusat Bandar Damansara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia". MALAYSIA CENTRAL (ED). 6 June 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
^ Services, WebWay E. "Profile HELP University - ELM Business School - Where To Study". StudyMalaysia.com. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
^ Services, WebWay E. "HELP University's new Subang 2 campus". StudyMalaysia.com. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ "Verona Design - Landscape Architecture". verona. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
^ "HELP University (Phase 1) - GDP". 24 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
^ "HELP University". Top Universities. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
^ Zairill, Hazique. "Leading the way". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ "Jane Teoh Crowned Miss Universe Malaysia 2018".
^ "Sara prepared to go the distance despite few setbacks". The Star. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ "ZUS COO credits HELP University with his success". thesun.my. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
^ "SENARAI KEPUTUSAN PENARAFAN SETARA 2022". jpt.mohe.gov.my.
^ "HELP becomes a 5 Star university of achievers". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
^ "Top for foreign exchange programmes". The Star. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
^ "HELP University". Top Universities. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
^ "MDEC". MDEC. 26 June 2019.
^ "Three additions to the Premier Digital Tech Institutions lineup". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
^ "Highly Employable Courses in Malaysia – National Graduate Employability Index". Retrieved 10 October 2023.
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ISNI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"University of Southern Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Charles Sturt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.csu.edu.au/"},{"link_name":"University of East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uel.ac.uk/"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"}],"text":"HELP University (Malay: Universiti HELP; formerly known as HELP Institute, and subsequently as HELP University College) is a private university in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was founded on 1 April 1986 by its Chancellor, Paul Chan Tuck Hoong, and his wife, Chan-Low Kam Yoke.HELP Institute was awarded the University College status in 2004 by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia[1] and was awarded full university status in 2011.[2]HELP is an acronym for Higher Education Learning Philosophy.HELP Institute as it was formerly known was the first institution outside of the United Kingdom to offer the University of London External Programme's Diploma in Economics.When HELP was first founded it offered programmes from the University of London External Programmes, and A-levels.HELP University was the pioneer of twinning programmes, in which students can complete one or two years of the curriculum of the partner universities in Malaysia, then transfer to the overseas institution to complete their degrees.HELP University in the past offered twinning programmes from the University of Glamorgan, Wales, United Kingdom, and the University of Southern Queensland, Australia, Charles Sturt University, Australia, University of Hull, and the University of East London, United Kingdom.It has partnerships with universities in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Indonesia, Vietnam, China, and in Europe.HELP University is a member of the HELP Education Group. The HELP Education Group consists of HELP University, HELP Academy, HELP International School, Crescendo-HELP International School, and Tunku Putra-HELP International School.","title":"HELP University"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"HELP University, HELP Academy, and several of their subsidiaries share a common corporate logo featuring two hands: one extended in assistance, symbolizing a helping hand reaching out to support the other.","title":"Logo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persiaran_Cakerawala_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"HELP University Subang 2.HELP University has two campuses. One located in Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur, and the other in Subang Bestari, Shah Alam, Selangor.HELP University's Subang 2 campus opened its doors in April 2016 and is the larger campus of the two.[3] The campus won the IFLA Asia Pacific Awards 2019, Honorable Mention; and the Malaysia Landscape Architecture Awards MLAA 2018, Honour, Landscape Design Award Professional Category. Both awards were won by Verona Landscape Architecture that designed the Subang 2 landscape.[4]The Subang 2 campus which was designed by GDP Architect, also won the PAM Awards 2017, Education (Commendation).[5]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Centre for Neuropsychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//university.help.edu.my/neuropsychology/"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"HELP University has 6 academic faculties, a Graduate School, a Centre for Continuing Professional Development, and an Institute for Crime and Criminology.[6]FacultiesFaculty of Behavioural Sciences and Education\nFaculty of Economics, Business, and Accounting\nFaculty of University Foundation Studies\nFaculty of Law and Government\nFaculty of Computing and Digital Technology\nFaculty of Communication, Media, and Creative IndustriesCentresOn 24 November 2022, HELP University established and opened the first Centre for Neuropsychology in Malaysia.[7]","title":"Faculties and Centres"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"HELP Academy, a sister company of HELP University provides programmes in collaboration with partner universities. It offers twinning programmes from the University of Derby, United Kingdom. HELP Academy also offers its own Certificate and Diploma programmes.","title":"HELP Academy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Che Puan Sarimah Ibrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarimah_Ibrahim"},{"link_name":"Lisa Surihani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Surihani"},{"link_name":"Jane Teoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Teoh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Shwetajeet Kaur Sekhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shweta_Sekhon"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe Malaysia 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_Malaysia_2019"},{"link_name":"Freda Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.linkedin.com/in/thefredaliu/?originalSubdomain=my"},{"link_name":"Chris Cheong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cheong"}],"sub_title":"Media and Entertainment","text":"Che Puan Sarimah Ibrahim (psychology graduate) – TV host, radio announcer, former actress and singer.\nLisa Surihani (law graduate) – model, actress and TV host.\nJane Teoh, model, Miss Universe Malaysia 2018[8]\nShwetajeet Kaur Sekhon – model, actress and Miss Universe Malaysia 2019.\nFreda Liu - Lead Producer and Presenter, BFM\nAlexis Sue Ann Seow, Miss World Malaysia 2019/2020\nChris Cheong - Magician, mentalist & illusionist","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sara Yap Kim Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap_Khim_Wen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Sara Yap Kim Wen (psychology graduate) – Taekwondo.[9]\nTan Fu Jie, Gymnastics\nSoniia Cheah, Badminton\nAnderson Wong, Waterpolo","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Business","text":"Venon Tian, COO, Zus Coffee[10]\nTan Chung Liang, Red Red Botak Head Cafe\nEugene Tham, Co-Founder of Craftiviti\nAaron Sarma, Entrepreneur","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards & Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Setara and My Quest","text":"HELP University and HELP Academy were rated Berdaya Saing (Competitive) the highest category in the 2022 ratings by the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education. Institutions rated competitive have the capability to compete at a higher level. Institutions were evaluated and classified based on their excellence and meeting the evaluation criteria set by Malaysia's Higher Education Institutions ratings.[11]","title":"Awards & Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"QS rating and ranking","text":"HELP University was the first university in Southeast Asia to be awarded 5 stars in 8 categories by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) Star Rating System in April 2020. The 8 categories are Teaching, Internationalisation, Employability, Academic Development, Facilities, Social Responsibility, Inclusiveness, and Programme Strength for its Masters in Business Administration (MBA).[12]HELP University was ranked No1 among 650 universities in Asia for Outbound Student Exchange Programme by QS Rankings: Asia 2021.[13]The university was rated between 401 and 450 in the Asian University Rankings 2021 by QS Rankings.[14]","title":"Awards & Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Premier Digital Tech University (PDTU Status)","text":"The university was awarded the Premier Digital Tech University (PDTU) status in 2019 by the Malaysian Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC), a recognition given to Malaysia's leading digital tech focused tertiary institutions.[15][16]","title":"Awards & Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"TalentBank National Graduate Employability Index","text":"HELP University was rated 6 Stars for Human Resource Management, Language Studies, Education, Banking, Psychology, Mathematics and Statistics, Counselling and Law by Talentbank in the National Graduate Employability Index.[17]","title":"Awards & Rankings"}] | [{"image_text":"HELP University Subang 2.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Persiaran_Cakerawala_2.jpg/220px-Persiaran_Cakerawala_2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"HELP University College (HUC) in Pusat Bandar Damansara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia\". MALAYSIA CENTRAL (ED). 6 June 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.malaysiacentral.com/education-directory/help-university-college-huc-in-pusat-bandar-damansara-kuala-lumpur-malaysia/","url_text":"\"HELP University College (HUC) in Pusat Bandar Damansara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia\""}]},{"reference":"Services, WebWay E. \"Profile HELP University - ELM Business School - Where To Study\". StudyMalaysia.com. Retrieved 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://studymalaysia.com/where/profile.php?code=help","url_text":"\"Profile HELP University - ELM Business School - Where To Study\""}]},{"reference":"Services, WebWay E. \"HELP University's new Subang 2 campus\". StudyMalaysia.com. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://studymalaysia.com.my/education/news/1463723479","url_text":"\"HELP University's new Subang 2 campus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Verona Design - Landscape Architecture\". verona. Retrieved 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.verona.my/help","url_text":"\"Verona Design - Landscape Architecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"HELP University (Phase 1) - GDP\". 24 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gdparchitects.com/help-university-phase-1/","url_text":"\"HELP University (Phase 1) - GDP\""}]},{"reference":"\"HELP University\". Top Universities. Retrieved 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://university.help.edu.my/faculties/","url_text":"\"HELP University\""}]},{"reference":"Zairill, Hazique. \"Leading the way\". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesundaily.my/style-life/leading-the-way-GC10303894","url_text":"\"Leading the way\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jane Teoh Crowned Miss Universe Malaysia 2018\".","urls":[{"url":"http://youth.bernama.com/v2/news.php?id=1363007&c=4","url_text":"\"Jane Teoh Crowned Miss Universe Malaysia 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sara prepared to go the distance despite few setbacks\". The Star. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/other-sport/2018/06/05/xx-sara-prepared-to-go-the-distance-despite-few-setbacks","url_text":"\"Sara prepared to go the distance despite few setbacks\""}]},{"reference":"\"ZUS COO credits HELP University with his success\". thesun.my. Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesun.my/spotlight/zus-coo-credits-help-university-with-his-success-JD12002209","url_text":"\"ZUS COO credits HELP University with his success\""}]},{"reference":"\"SENARAI KEPUTUSAN PENARAFAN SETARA 2022\". jpt.mohe.gov.my.","urls":[{"url":"https://jpt.mohe.gov.my/portal/index.php/doclink/senarai-keputusan-penarafan-setara-2022/eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJzZW5hcmFpLWtlcHV0dXNhbi1wZW5hcmFmYW4tc2V0YXJhLTIwMjIiLCJpYXQiOjE2OTM1MzQwODIsImV4cCI6MTY5MzYyMDQ4Mn0.PGB3h4AvpVUzxhiLfxknxaqcRhzNkq4ZT6Cb__l40e0","url_text":"\"SENARAI KEPUTUSAN PENARAFAN SETARA 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"HELP becomes a 5 Star university of achievers\". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesundaily.my/supplement/education/help-becomes-a-5-star-university-of-achievers-GN2294091","url_text":"\"HELP becomes a 5 Star university of achievers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top for foreign exchange programmes\". The Star. Retrieved 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/education/2020/12/06/top-for-foreign-exchange-programmes","url_text":"\"Top for foreign exchange programmes\""}]},{"reference":"\"HELP University\". Top Universities. Retrieved 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/help-university","url_text":"\"HELP University\""}]},{"reference":"\"MDEC\". MDEC. 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdec.my/digital-economy-initiatives/for-the-people/talent-development/tech-talent-at-institute-of-higher-learning/","url_text":"\"MDEC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three additions to the Premier Digital Tech Institutions lineup\". www.thesundaily.my. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_MK4A_Kasei_11 | Mitsubishi Kasei | ["1 Design and development","2 Variants","3 Applications","4 Specifications (MK4V 27)","4.1 General characteristics","4.2 Components","4.3 Performance","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography"] | 1930s Japanese piston aircraft engine
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This article is about the aircraft engine. For the former chemical company of the same name Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation (三菱化成株式会社), see Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation.
Kasei
Mitsubishi Kasei MK4B 11 used on Mitsubishi G4M Betty
Type
Piston aircraft engine
National origin
Japan
Manufacturer
Mitsubishi
First run
1938
Major applications
Mitsubishi G4M Betty, Mitsubishi J2M Raiden, Nakajima B6N Tenzan
Number built
16,486 by Mitsubishi and 11-th NAD during 1941-45
Developed from
Mitsubishi Shinten
The Mitsubishi Kasei (火星, Mars) was a two-row, 14-cylinder air-cooled radial engine built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and used in a variety of World War II Japanese aircraft, such as Mitsubishi J2M and Mitsubishi G4M. The Mitsubishi model designation for this engine was A10 while it was an experimental project, in service it was known as the MK4, and known as the Ha101 & Ha111 by the Army and Kasei by the Navy. According to unified designation code it was Ha-32 of the variants from 11 to 27.
Design and development
Although originally ordered by the Imperial Japanese Navy, the Kasei was based on the earlier Mitsubishi Shinten engine, itself based originally on the Mitsubishi Kinsei. Produced in a wide variety of models, the Kasei began with a rated power of 1,530 horsepower (1,140 kW), with a gradual evolution to 1,850 horsepower (1,380 kW) in later wartime versions. Three variants were developed for the Japanese Navy starting in 1939. It was also later adopted by the Imperial Japanese Army as the Ha-101 engine. Unified code was Ha-32.
Physically, the engine had a rather large 1,322 millimetres (52.0 in) diameter compared to the 1,180 millimetres (46.5 in) of the Nakajima Homare engine. Its size and weight meant it was a challenging engine to use on single engine fighters.
Variants
MK4A 11
1,530 horsepower (1,140 kW), 2450 rpm at takeoff 1,410 horsepower (1,050 kW), 2350 rpm at 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) 1,380 horsepower (1,030 kW), 2350 rpm at 4,000 metres (13,000 ft)
MK4B 12 - same as MK4A 11
MK4C 13 - with extended propeller shaft
1,460 horsepower (1,090 kW), 2450 rpm at takeoff 1,420 horsepower (1,060 kW), 2350 rpm at 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) 1,300 horsepower (970 kW), 2350 rpm at 6,000 metres (20,000 ft)
MK4D 14 - with contra-rotating shafts
MK4E 15 - with improved altitude performance
MK4P 21
1,850 horsepower (1,380 kW), 2600 rpm at takeoff 1,680 horsepower (1,250 kW), 2500 rpm at 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) 1,540 horsepower (1,150 kW), 2500 rpm at 6,000 metres (20,000 ft)
MK4Q 22 - same as MK4A 21
MK4R 23 - Water-injection
1,820 horsepower (1,360 kW), 2600 rpm at takeoff 1,600 horsepower (1,200 kW), 2500 rpm at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) 1,520 horsepower (1,130 kW), 2500 rpm at 4,100 metres (13,500 ft)
MK4R-C 23c - 1,820 horsepower (1,360 kW) - Fitted with a turbo charger that allowed an output of 1,420 horsepower (1,060 kW) to be maintained up to 30,000 feet (9,144 m) instead of only 15,750 feet (4,801 m)
MK4S 24 - Same power as the MK4P 21 with contra-rotating shafts
MK4T 25 - 1,825 horsepower (1,361 kW),1,850 horsepower (1,380 kW)
MK4R 26
1,800 horsepower (1,300 kW), 2600 rpm at takeoff 1,510 horsepower (1,130 kW), 2500 rpm at 2,800 metres (9,200 ft) 1,400 horsepower (1,000 kW), 2500 rpm at 7,200 metres (23,600 ft)
MK4U-4 26a - Mechanically driven 2-speed supercharger
1,760 horsepower (1,310 kW), 2600 rpm at takeoff
1,590 horsepower (1,190 kW), 2500 rpm rated at 2500m
1,400 horsepower (1,000 kW), 2500 rpm rated at 6800m
MK4V 27
1,795 horsepower (1,339 kW)
Applications
Kawanishi E15K
Kawanishi H8K
Kawanishi N1K
Mitsubishi G4M
Mitsubishi J2M
Mitsubishi Ki-21
Nakajima B6N
Nakajima G5N
Yokosuka P1Y
Specifications (MK4V 27)
Data from
General characteristics
Type: 14-cylinder, two-row, radial piston engine
Bore: 150 mm (5.9 in),
Stroke: 170 mm (6.7 in)
Displacement: 42 L (2,567 cu in)
Diameter: 1,340 mm (53 in)
Dry weight: 780 kg (1,720 lb)
Components
Valvetrain: Pushrod operated overhead-valve system with 2 valves per cylinder
Supercharger: Centrifugal, two-speed single stage
Cooling system: Air-cooled
Reduction gear: Double planetary spur reduction gear, Ratio: 0.538:1
Performance
Power output:
1,850 horsepower (1,380 kW) at Takeoff
1,680 horsepower (1,250 kW) at 6,889 feet (2,100 m) Low blower rated with water injection)
1,570 horsepower (1,170 kW) at 18,044 feet (5,500 m), Rated high blower with water injection)
Specific power: 0.72 hp/in³ (32.9 Kw/L)
Compression ratio: 6.5:1
Power-to-weight ratio: 1.08 hp/lb (1.77 kW/kg)
See also
Comparable engines
BMW 801
Nakajima Mamoru
Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp
Shvetsov ASh-82
Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone
Related lists
List of aircraft engines
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mitsubishi Kasei.
Notes
^ Gunston 1989, p.104.
^ "国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション". dl.ndl.go.jp. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
Bibliography
Matsuoka Hisamitsu, Nakanishi Masayoshi. The History of Mitsubishi Aero Engines 1915–1945. Miki Press, Japan, 2005. ISBN 4-89522-461-9
Goodwin, Mike & Starkings, Peter (2017). Japanese Aero-Engines 1910-1945. Sandomierz, Poland: MMPBooks. ISBN 978-83-65281-32-6.
Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. ISBN 1-85260-163-9
Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1989. ISBN 0-517-67964-7
Peattie, Mark (2001). Sunburst:The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-664-X.
vteMitsubishi aircraft enginesPiston engines
Ha-42
Ha-43
Kasei
Kinsei
Shinten
Zuisei
Turboshafts
TS1/MG5
vteImperial Japanese Army Air Service aero engine designations1-50
Ha-1
Ha-5
Ha-6
Ha-9
Ha-25
Ha-26
Ha-35
Ha-40
Ha-44
Ha-45
51-100
Ha-60
Ha-70
101-200
Ha-101
Ha-102
Ha-103
Ha-104
Ha-105
Ha-112
Ha-115
Ha-140
200-
Ha-201
Ha-211
Ha-214
Ha-217
Ha-505
vteImperial Japanese Navy aero enginesAichi
Atsuta
Hiro Naval Arsenal
Type 91
Type 94
Mitsubishi
Kasei
Kinsei
MK9
Shinten
Zuisei
Nakajima
Hikari
Homare
Kotobuki
Mamoru
Sakae
Tokyo Gasu Denki
Amakaze
Kamikaze
This aircraft engine article is missing some (or all) of its specifications. If you have a source, you can help Wikipedia by adding them. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Chemical_Corporation"},{"link_name":"radial engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi J2M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_J2M"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi G4M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the aircraft engine. For the former chemical company of the same name Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation (三菱化成株式会社), see Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation.The Mitsubishi Kasei (火星, Mars) was a two-row, 14-cylinder air-cooled radial engine built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and used in a variety of World War II Japanese aircraft, such as Mitsubishi J2M and Mitsubishi G4M.[1] The Mitsubishi model designation for this engine was A10 while it was an experimental project, in service it was known as the MK4, and known as the Ha101 & Ha111 by the Army and Kasei by the Navy. According to unified designation code it was Ha-32 of the variants from 11 to 27.","title":"Mitsubishi Kasei"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Shinten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Shinten"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Kinsei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Kinsei"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Nakajima Homare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Homare"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Although originally ordered by the Imperial Japanese Navy, the Kasei was based on the earlier Mitsubishi Shinten engine, itself based originally on the Mitsubishi Kinsei. Produced in a wide variety of models, the Kasei began with a rated power of 1,530 horsepower (1,140 kW), with a gradual evolution to 1,850 horsepower (1,380 kW) in later wartime versions. Three variants were developed for the Japanese Navy starting in 1939. It was also later adopted by the Imperial Japanese Army as the Ha-101 engine. Unified code was Ha-32.Physically, the engine had a rather large 1,322 millimetres (52.0 in) diameter compared to the 1,180 millimetres (46.5 in) of the Nakajima Homare engine. Its size and weight meant it was a challenging engine to use on single engine fighters.[citation needed]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supercharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"MK4A [Ha-32] 111,530 horsepower (1,140 kW), 2450 rpm at takeoff 1,410 horsepower (1,050 kW), 2350 rpm at 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) 1,380 horsepower (1,030 kW), 2350 rpm at 4,000 metres (13,000 ft)MK4B [Ha-32] 12 - same as MK4A 11\nMK4C [Ha-32] 13 - with extended propeller shaft1,460 horsepower (1,090 kW), 2450 rpm at takeoff 1,420 horsepower (1,060 kW), 2350 rpm at 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) 1,300 horsepower (970 kW), 2350 rpm at 6,000 metres (20,000 ft)MK4D [Ha-32] 14 - with contra-rotating shafts\nMK4E [Ha-32] 15 - with improved altitude performance\nMK4P [Ha-32] 211,850 horsepower (1,380 kW), 2600 rpm at takeoff 1,680 horsepower (1,250 kW), 2500 rpm at 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) 1,540 horsepower (1,150 kW), 2500 rpm at 6,000 metres (20,000 ft)MK4Q [Ha-32] 22 - same as MK4A 21\nMK4R [Ha-32] 23 - Water-injection1,820 horsepower (1,360 kW), 2600 rpm at takeoff 1,600 horsepower (1,200 kW), 2500 rpm at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) 1,520 horsepower (1,130 kW), 2500 rpm at 4,100 metres (13,500 ft)MK4R-C [Ha-32] 23c - 1,820 horsepower (1,360 kW) - Fitted with a turbo charger that allowed an output of 1,420 horsepower (1,060 kW) to be maintained up to 30,000 feet (9,144 m) instead of only 15,750 feet (4,801 m)\nMK4S [Ha-32] 24 - Same power as the MK4P 21 with contra-rotating shafts\nMK4T [Ha-32] 25 - 1,825 horsepower (1,361 kW),1,850 horsepower (1,380 kW)\nMK4R [Ha-32] 261,800 horsepower (1,300 kW), 2600 rpm at takeoff 1,510 horsepower (1,130 kW), 2500 rpm at 2,800 metres (9,200 ft) 1,400 horsepower (1,000 kW), 2500 rpm at 7,200 metres (23,600 ft)MK4U-4 [Ha-32] 26a - Mechanically driven 2-speed supercharger1,760 horsepower (1,310 kW),[2] 2600 rpm at takeoff\n1,590 horsepower (1,190 kW), 2500 rpm rated at 2500m\n1,400 horsepower (1,000 kW), 2500 rpm rated at 6800mMK4V [Ha-32] 271,795 horsepower (1,339 kW)","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kawanishi E15K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_E15K"},{"link_name":"Kawanishi H8K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K"},{"link_name":"Kawanishi N1K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi G4M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi J2M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_J2M"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Ki-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21"},{"link_name":"Nakajima B6N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_B6N"},{"link_name":"Nakajima G5N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_G5N"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka P1Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_P1Y"}],"text":"Kawanishi E15K\nKawanishi H8K\nKawanishi N1K\nMitsubishi G4M\nMitsubishi J2M\nMitsubishi Ki-21\nNakajima B6N\nNakajima G5N\nYokosuka P1Y","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Data from [citation needed]","title":"Specifications (MK4V 27)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_displacement"},{"link_name":"Dry weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_weight"}],"sub_title":"General characteristics","text":"Type: 14-cylinder, two-row, radial piston engine\nBore: 150 mm (5.9 in),\nStroke: 170 mm (6.7 in)\nDisplacement: 42 L (2,567 cu in)\nDiameter: 1,340 mm (53 in)\nDry weight: 780 kg (1,720 lb)","title":"Specifications (MK4V 27)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valvetrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvetrain"},{"link_name":"Supercharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger"},{"link_name":"Reduction gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_speed_reduction_unit"}],"sub_title":"Components","text":"Valvetrain: Pushrod operated overhead-valve system with 2 valves per cylinder\nSupercharger: Centrifugal, two-speed single stage\nCooling system: Air-cooled\nReduction gear: Double planetary spur reduction gear, Ratio: 0.538:1","title":"Specifications (MK4V 27)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Specific power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_density"},{"link_name":"Compression ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio"},{"link_name":"Power-to-weight ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"}],"sub_title":"Performance","text":"Power output: \n1,850 horsepower (1,380 kW) at Takeoff\n1,680 horsepower (1,250 kW) at 6,889 feet (2,100 m) Low blower rated with water injection)\n1,570 horsepower (1,170 kW) at 18,044 feet (5,500 m), Rated high blower with water injection)\nSpecific power: 0.72 hp/in³ (32.9 Kw/L)\nCompression ratio: 6.5:1\nPower-to-weight ratio: 1.08 hp/lb (1.77 kW/kg)","title":"Specifications (MK4V 27)"}] | [] | [{"title":"BMW 801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_801"},{"title":"Nakajima Mamoru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Mamoru"},{"title":"Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-1830_Twin_Wasp"},{"title":"Shvetsov ASh-82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetsov_ASh-82"},{"title":"Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-2600_Twin_Cyclone"},{"title":"List of aircraft engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_engines"}] | [{"reference":"\"国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション\". dl.ndl.go.jp. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Harris_(cricketer) | Daniel Harris (cricketer) | ["1 Playing career","2 Personal life","3 References"] | Australian cricketer
Daniel HarrisPersonal informationFull nameDaniel Joseph HarrisBorn (1979-12-31) 31 December 1979 (age 44)North Adelaide, AustraliaHeight5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)BattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumRoleBatsmanDomestic team information
YearsTeam1999/00–2011/12South Australia2011–2012Adelaide Strikers2012Deccan Chargers2012Ruhuna Royals2012/13–2013/14Melbourne Renegades2013Khulna Royal Bengals2013/14–2014/15Northern Districts
Career statistics
Competition
FC
List A
T20
Matches
58
49
78
Runs scored
3329
1195
1,965
Batting average
31.11
24.89
29.77
100s/50s
5/21
0/9
1/9
Top score
166*
79
108*
Balls bowled
1226
110
400
Wickets
13
1
21
Bowling average
44/.15
121.00
24.61
5 wickets in innings
0
0
0
10 wickets in match
0
0
0
Best bowling
4/71
1/24
3/18
Catches/stumpings
55/–
17/–
30/–Source: ESPNcricinfo, 1 December 2021
Daniel Harris (born 31 December 1979) is an Australian former cricketer who played for South Australia, Adelaide Strikers, Melbourne Renegades and the Deccan Chargers.
Harris retired from professional cricket in 2014 to become a full-time doctor.
Playing career
He is a regular player for South Australia in all 3 forms of the game and played a pivotal role in helping the Redbacks win the 2010–11 KFC Twenty20 Big Bash. His outstanding season was rewarded by being named the Australian Cricketers Association's Twenty20 Player of the Year.
Harris was picked up by Deccan Chargers to play in Indian Premier League during the 2012 IPL player auction.
He also signed with the Melbourne Renegades for the second season of the Big Bash League in 2012.
Harris has played as a substitute for the Australian Test Squad.
Personal life
Harris is a qualified medical doctor.
References
^ "Player Profiel:Daniel Harris". ESPNcricinfo.
^ "South Australian Cricket Association" (PDF). Retrieved 12 February 2012.
^ "The Hindu". Chennai, India. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
^ Larkin, Steve (2 November 2009). "South Australia's Daniel Harris earns draw against Victoria". Fox Sports. Australia. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
^ "Medicine before cricket for Harris". espnstar.com. ESPN. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
vteSouth Australia 2010–11 KFC Twenty20 Big Bash ChampionsSouth Australia defeated New South Wales by 8 wickets at the Adelaide Oval
3. Blizzard
7. Manou (†)
11. O'Brien
17. Lyon
18. Klinger (c)
26. Cooper
23. Borgas
29. Harris
45. Christian
47. Richardson
95. Rashid
Coach: Berry
vteSouth Australia 2011–12 Ryobi One Day Cup ChampionsSouth Australia tied Tasmania at the Adelaide Oval
4. Crosthwaite (†)
10. Putland
11. O'Brien
12. Ferguson
17. Lyon
18. Klinger (c)
21. Haberfield
26. Cooper
23. Borgas
29. Harris
33. Doropoulos
South Australia won the 2011–12 Ryobi One-Day Cup due to accumulating more points in the round robin tournamentCoach: Berry
This biographical article related to an Australian cricket person born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia_cricket_team"}],"text":"Daniel Harris (born 31 December 1979[1]) is an Australian former cricketer who played for South Australia, Adelaide Strikers, Melbourne Renegades and the Deccan Chargers.Harris retired from professional cricket in 2014 to become a full-time doctor.","title":"Daniel Harris (cricketer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010–11 KFC Twenty20 Big Bash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_KFC_Twenty20_Big_Bash"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Deccan Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Chargers"},{"link_name":"Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2012 IPL player auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2012_Indian_Premier_League_personnel_changes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Renegades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Renegades"},{"link_name":"Big Bash League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bash_League"}],"text":"He is a regular player for South Australia in all 3 forms of the game and played a pivotal role in helping the Redbacks win the 2010–11 KFC Twenty20 Big Bash. His outstanding season was rewarded by being named the Australian Cricketers Association's Twenty20 Player of the Year.[2]Harris was picked up by Deccan Chargers to play in Indian Premier League during the 2012 IPL player auction.[3]He also signed with the Melbourne Renegades for the second season of the Big Bash League in 2012.Harris has played as a substitute for the Australian Test Squad.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fax_Sports_%E2%80%93_02Nov2009_%E2%80%93_South_Australia's_Daniel_Harris_earns_draw_against_Victoria-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN_%E2%80%93_Medicine_before_cricket_for_Harris-5"}],"text":"Harris is a qualified medical doctor.[4][5]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Player Profiel:Daniel Harris\". ESPNcricinfo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausdomestic-2010/content/player/5583.html","url_text":"\"Player Profiel:Daniel Harris\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Australian Cricket Association\" (PDF). Retrieved 12 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricketsa.com.au/library/FINAL_State_Players_Awards_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"South Australian Cricket Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hindu\". Chennai, India. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2860455.ece","url_text":"\"The Hindu\""}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Steve (2 November 2009). \"South Australia's Daniel Harris earns draw against Victoria\". Fox Sports. Australia. Retrieved 9 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/domestic-cricket/south-australias-daniel-harris-earns-draw-against-victoria/story-e6frf3kl-1225793523380","url_text":"\"South Australia's Daniel Harris earns draw against Victoria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_(Australia)","url_text":"Fox Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"Medicine before cricket for Harris\". espnstar.com. ESPN. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Every_Rule_World_Tour | Break Every Rule World Tour | ["1 Background","2 Broadcast and recordings","3 Personnel","4 Opening act","5 Setlist","6 Tour dates","6.1 Box office score data","7 See also","8 External links","9 References"] | 1987–88 concert tour by Tina Turner
Break Every Rule TourTour by Tina TurnerAssociated albumBreak Every RuleStart dateMarch 4, 1987End dateMarch 30, 1988Legs5No. of shows94 in Europe90 in North America4 in South America11 in Australia23 in Asia222 totalAttendance4 millionBox office$60 millionTina Turner concert chronology
Private Dancer Tour(1985)
Break Every Rule World Tour(1987–1988)
Foreign Affair: The Farewell Tour(1990)
Break Every Rule World Tour is the sixth concert tour by singer Tina Turner. The tour supported her sixth solo album Break Every Rule (1986). It was sponsored by Pepsi-Cola and broke box office records in 13 different countries: United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Spain, Italy, Austria, France, Ireland and Denmark. It was the third highest-grossing tour by a female artist in North America in 1987 and the highest-grossing female tour of the 1980s with a total of $11.3 million (for 78 shows in the United States).
Her show in Rio de Janeiro remains the largest paying concert audience by a female artist with 180,000 spectators.
Background
The tour was originally billed as Turner's "last tour". In an interview with Jet magazine, Turner stated,
It is my last tour for now. There probably won't be a tour with the next album because I want to devote some time to my movie career. But, I don't plan to retire.
The European tour kicked off on March 4, 1987, in front of a sold-out crowd of over 15,000 people at the Olympiahalle in Munich, Germany, a venue that she would later play 7 more times during the tour. During the first few shows, the tour went without Turner's signature hit "Proud Mary". Turner avoided the song because she had done it for so many years. It wasn't until her performance at the Rotterdam Ahoy that she tried the song in the set list. Turner stated, "The crowd erupted and sang the song for us. That's when I realized, 'We've got to put 'Mary' back in, she's still rolling on the river.'"
The most memorable and unusual moment for Turner was in Locarno, Switzerland. The stage for the concert had been built in the center of the town. As Turner recalls, "The stage was literally in the middle of the street surrounded by apartment buildings with parents and little kids sitting on their balconies in their night robes." Before her concerts at Johanneshov Isstadion in Sweden, Turner got a bad sinus infection and had to cancel her concerts. The arena was sold out and when the concert promoter went on stage to tell the audience, instead of booing the 13,000 people cheered with understanding. When Turner returned, she played to an even bigger audience. In her stadium concert in Ireland, Turner attracted a huge crowd of over 60,000 people. During this massive concert, Turner nearly stopped the show because of fans in the front getting crushed by other fans. The European tour ended on July 26, 1987, where it began in Munich, Germany. Turner recalls", Our biggest crowd came towards the end of the tour in Munich. We had already played eight indoor shows there to about 120,000 people and once I have been to a city, I'm always reluctant to go back soon afterward. we attracted another 100,000 people outdoors, I was really quite astounded. It felt like the Rolling Stones when they drew those huge crowds."
The tour proved to be most successful in Germany, where Turner played over 40 shows to 800,000 fans. Turner recalls that Germany has always been "special" to her. The European tour itself played to over 1.7 million people, more than any tour before it. The tour continued to break records in South America. Turner's performance at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro attracted over 180,000 spectators, one of the largest concert attendances in the 20th century, earning her a Guinness World Record.
Broadcast and recordings
Main article: Tina Live in Europe
Her world record-breaking Break Every Rule Tour show of 1988 held in a single night at the Rio de Janeiro's Maracanã Stadium, was later released in video form on VHS and DVD called "Tina Live in Rio 88'".
With this particular show alone, she entered the Guinness Book of World Records because she set the record of drawing 180,000 paying fans to a one-night show alone.
The VHS was released with the following thirteen songs:
"Addicted to Love"
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
"Typical Male"
"Better Be Good to Me"
"Private Dancer"
"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)"
"What's Love Got to Do with It"
"Help"
"Let's Stay Together"
"Proud Mary"
"What You Get Is What You See"
"Break Every Rule"
"Paradise Is Here"
Additionally, a TV special recorded at the Camden Palace in London was released as "Break Every Rule starring Tina Turner". The songs included on that video album:
"Afterglow" (Music Video)
"Intro: Max Headroom"
"Back Where You Started"
"Break Every Rule"
"What You Get Is What You See"
"Overnight Sensation"
"A Change Is Gonna Come"
"Two People"
"Addicted To Love"
"In the Midnight Hour"
"634-5789"
"Land of 1,000 Dances"
"Paradise is Here" (Music Video)
"Girls" (Music Video)
Personnel
James Ralston – guitar, vocals
Laurie Wisefield – guitar
Bob Feit – bass guitar, vocals
Jack Bruno – drums
Steve Scales – percussion
John Miles – keyboards, guitar, vocals
Don Snow – keyboards, saxophone, vocals
Ollie Marland – keyboards, vocals
Deric Dyer – saxophone, keyboards
Opening act
Level 42 (North America, select dates)
Wang Chung (North America, select dates)
Glass Tiger (West Germany, March 1987)
Dragon (Stuttgart)
Marshall Crenshaw (Tacoma, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg)
Go West (Cape Girardeau, Mursfreesboro)
Setlist
Act I
"What You Get Is What You See"
"Break Every Rule"
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
"Typical Male"
"Acid Queen"
Act II
"Girls"
"Two People"
"Back Where You Started"
"Better Be Good to Me"
Act III
"Addicted to Love"
"Private Dancer"
"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)"
"What's Love Got to Do with It"
Act IV
"Help"
"Let's Stay Together"
Act V
"Proud Mary"
"Show Some Respect"
"It's Only Love" (performed with John Miles)
Encore
"Nutbush City Limits"
"Paradise Is Here"
Notes
"Proud Mary" was added to the setlist during the concert in Rotterdam. It is believed (and not confirmed) Turner performed "Land of a Thousand Dances".
"Overnight Sensation" was only performed during shows in the UK.
Turner performed "Tearing Us Apart" with Eric Clapton in London, on June 17, 1987
During one of the shows in Osaka, Turner performed "Honky Tonk Women" with Mick Jagger
Tour dates
Date
City
Country
Venue
Europe
March 4, 1987
Munich
West Germany
Olympiahalle
March 5, 1987
March 6, 1987
Nuremberg
Frankenhalle
March 7, 1987
March 8, 1987
West Berlin
Deutschlandhalle
March 9, 1987
March 10, 1987
March 12, 1987
Frankfurt
Festhalle
March 13, 1987
March 14, 1987
March 15, 1987
March 16, 1987
March 17, 1987
Hamburg
Alsterdorfer Sporthalle
March 20, 1987
Stockholm
Sweden
Johanneshov Isstadion
March 21, 1987
March 22, 1987
Gothenburg
Scandinavium
March 26, 1987
Copenhagen
Denmark
Valby-Hallen
March 27, 1987
March 29, 1987
Paris
France
Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy
March 30, 1987
March 31, 1987
April 1, 1987
Antwerp
Belgium
Sportpaleis
April 3, 1987
Rotterdam
Netherlands
Sportpaleis
April 4, 1987
April 5, 1987
April 6, 1987
April 7, 1987
Oldenburg
West Germany
Weser-Ems Halle
April 9, 1987
Dortmund
Westfalenhalle
April 10, 1987
April 11, 1987
April 12, 1987
April 14, 1987
Munich
Olympiahalle
April 15, 1987
April 16, 1987
April 18, 1987
April 19, 1987
April 21, 1987
Zürich
Switzerland
Hallenstadion
April 22, 1987
April 23, 1987
April 24, 1987
April 28, 1987
Mannheim
West Germany
Eisstadion am Friedrichspark
April 29, 1987
April 30, 1987
May 1, 1987
Hanover
Europahalle
May 2, 1987
May 4, 1987
Stuttgart
Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle
May 5, 1987
May 6, 1987
May 7, 1987
May 9, 1987
Vienna
Austria
Wiener Stadthalle
May 10, 1987
May 11, 1987
May 17, 1987
Madrid
Spain
Rockódromo de la Casa de Campo
May 19, 1987
Valencia
Estadio Luis Casanova
May 21, 1987
Barcelona
Plaza de Toros Monumental
May 23, 1987
Verona
Italy
Arena di Verona
May 26, 1987
Montpellier
France
Zénith de Montpellier
May 27, 1987
Lyon
Palais des Sports de Gerland
May 28, 1987
Nijmegen
Netherlands
Goffertstadion
May 30, 1987
Dublin
Ireland
RDS Arena
June 1, 1987
Glasgow
Scotland
SECC Concert Hall 4
June 2, 1987
June 3, 1987
June 5, 1987
Birmingham
England
NEC Arena
June 6, 1987
June 7, 1987
June 8, 1987
June 11, 1987
London
Wembley Arena
June 12, 1987
June 13, 1987
June 14, 1987
June 16, 1987
June 17, 1987
June 18, 1987
June 20, 1987
Oslo
Norway
Valle Hovin
June 21, 1987
Karlsruhe
West Germany
Wildparkstadion
June 24, 1987
Graz
Austria
Eisstadion Liebenau
June 27, 1987
Basel
Switzerland
St. Jakob Stadium
June 28, 1987
Munich
West Germany
Galopprennbahn Riem
June 30, 1987
Hanover
Europahalle
July 2, 1987
West Berlin
Waldbühne
July 3, 1987
Hamburg
Volksparkstadion
July 4, 1987
Essen
Georg-Melches-Stadion
July 5, 1987
Copenhagen
Denmark
Københavns Idrætspark
July 8, 1987
Locarno
Switzerland
Piazza Grande
July 9, 1987
Annecy-le-Vieux
France
Stade d'Albigny
July 11, 1987
Fréjus
Arènes de Fréjus
July 13, 1987
Nîmes
Arena of Nîmes
July 15, 1987
Dax
Parc Municipal des Sports Maurice-Boyau
July 16, 1987
Bilbao
Spain
Plaza de toros de Vista Alegre
July 18, 1987
Málaga
Estadio Municipal de Marbella
Asia
July 21, 1987
Tel Aviv
Israel
Hayarkon Park
July 22, 1987
Europe
July 24, 1987
Ostend
Belgium
Luchthaven Oostende
July 25, 1987
Nürburg
West Germany
Nürburgring
July 26, 1987
Gießen
Waldstadion
North America
August 10, 1987
Portland
United States
Cumberland County Civic Center
August 12, 1987
Wantagh
Jones Beach Marine Theater
August 13, 1987
August 15, 1987
Lake Placid
Olympic Center Ice Rink
August 17, 1987
Holmdel Township
Garden State Arts Center
August 18, 1987
August 19, 1987
Mansfield
Great Woods Center for the Performing Arts
August 20, 1987
August 22, 1987
Columbia
Merriweather Post Pavilion
August 23, 1987
August 24, 1987
New York City
Madison Square Garden
August 25, 1987
Philadelphia
The Spectrum
August 27, 1987
Montreal
Canada
Montreal Forum
August 29, 1987
Toronto
CNE Grandstand
August 30, 1987
Ottawa
Lansdowne Park
August 31, 1987
Saratoga Springs
United States
Saratoga Performing Arts Center
September 1, 1987
Geddes
NYSF Grandstand
September 2, 1987
Rochester
Rochester Community War Memorial
September 4, 1987
Clarkston
Pine Knob Music Theatre
September 5, 1987
September 6, 1987
Charlevoix
Castle Farms Music Theatre
September 9, 1987
Cuyahoga Falls
Blossom Music Center
September 10, 1987
Dayton
University of Dayton Arena
September 11, 1987
Hoffman Estates
Poplar Creek Music Theater
September 12, 1987
September 13, 1987
East Troy
Alpine Valley Music Theatre
September 14, 1987
Milwaukee
Marcus Amphitheater
September 16, 1987
St. Louis
Kiel Auditorium
September 17, 1987
Johnson City
ETSU Memorial Center
September 19, 1987
Augusta
Augusta-Richmond County Civic Center
September 20, 1987
Albany
Albany Civic Center
September 22, 1987
Montgomery
Garrett Coliseum
September 23, 1987
Pensacola
Pensacola Civic Center
September 26, 1987
Athens
Convocation Center
September 30, 1987
Portland
Memorial Coliseum
October 2, 1987
Costa Mesa
Pacific Amphitheatre
October 4, 1987
Tacoma
Tacoma Dome
October 5, 1987
Vancouver
Canada
Pacific Coliseum
October 7, 1987
Calgary
Olympic Saddledome
October 8, 1987
Edmonton
Northlands Coliseum
October 10, 1987
Winnipeg
Winnipeg Arena
October 13, 1987
Saint Paul
United States
St. Paul Civic Center
October 15, 1987
Cape Girardeau
Show Me Center
October 16, 1987
Peoria
Peoria Civic Center Arena
October 17, 1987
Kansas City
Kemper Arena
October 18, 1987
Ames
Hilton Coliseum
October 21, 1987
Rockford
Rockford MetroCentre
October 22, 1987
Fort Wayne
Allen County War Memorial Coliseum
October 23, 1987
West Lafayette
Elliott Hall of Music
October 24, 1987
Louisville
Freedom Hall
October 27, 1987
Charlotte
Charlotte Coliseum
October 29, 1987
Mursfreesboro
Murphy Center
October 30, 1987
Chattanooga
UTC Arena
October 31, 1987
Knoxville
Stokely Athletic Center
November 1, 1987
Charleston
Charleston Civic Center
November 4, 1987
Pittsburgh
Civic Arena
November 5, 1987
Richmond
Richmond Coliseum
November 6, 1987
Chapel Hill
Dean Smith Center
November 7, 1987
Hampton
Hampton Coliseum
November 8, 1987
Columbia
Carolina Coliseum
November 11, 1987
Atlanta
Omni Coliseum
November 12, 1987
Daytona Beach
Ocean Center Arena
November 13, 1987
Pembroke Pines
Hollywood Sportatorium
November 14, 1987
Tampa
USF Sun Dome
November 15, 1987
Tallahassee
Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center
November 18, 1987
Huntsville
Von Braun Civic Center
November 19, 1987
Memphis
Mid-South Coliseum
November 20, 1987
Birmingham
BJCC Coliseum
November 21, 1987
Mobile
Mobile Municipal Auditorium
November 25, 1987
Houston
The Summit
November 27, 1987
San Antonio
HemisFair Arena
November 28, 1987
Austin
Frank Erwin Center
November 29, 1987
Dallas
Reunion Arena
December 2, 1987
El Paso
Don Haskins Center
December 4, 1987
Lubbock
Lubbock Municipal Coliseum
December 5, 1987
Albuquerque
Tingley Coliseum
December 6, 1987
Tempe
ASU Activity Center
December 7, 1987
Tucson
Tucson Community Center
December 9, 1987
San Diego
San Diego Sports Arena
December 10, 1987
Inglewood
The Forum
December 11, 1987
December 12, 1987
Oakland
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena
December 13, 1987
December 14, 1987
December 15, 1987
Sacramento
ARCO Arena
December 16, 1987
Boise
BSU Pavilion
December 17, 1987
Reno
Lawlor Events Center
December 18, 1987
Salt Lake City
Salt Palace
December 20, 1987
Denver
McNichols Sports Arena
South America
January 3, 1988
Buenos Aires
Argentina
River Plate Stadium
January 9, 1988
São Paulo
Brazil
Estádio do Pacaembu
January 10, 1988
January 16, 1988
Rio de Janeiro
Estádio do Maracanã
North America
January 21, 1988
Honolulu
United States
Blaisdell Arena
Australia
January 26, 1988
Perth
Australia
Perth Entertainment Centre
January 27, 1988
January 30, 1988
Adelaide
Apollo Stadium
January 31, 1988
February 1, 1988
Melbourne
Festival Hall
February 2, 1988
February 4, 1988
February 6, 1988
Sydney
Sydney Entertainment Centre
February 7, 1988
February 10, 1988
Brisbane
Brisbane Entertainment Centre
February 13, 1988
Darwin
Gardens Amphitheatre
Asia
February 16, 1988
Jakarta
Indonesia
Istora Senayan
February 17, 1988
February 18, 1988
February 20, 1988
Bukit Merah
Singapore
World Trade Centre
February 21, 1988
February 22, 1988
February 24, 1988
Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Stadium Negara
February 25, 1988
February 26, 1988
Bangkok
Thailand
Indoor Stadium Huamark
February 28, 1988
March 5, 1988
Taipei
Taiwan
Taipei Municipal Stadium
March 6, 1988
March 8, 1988
March 20, 1988
Yokohama
Japan
Yokohama Stadium
March 21, 1988
March 22, 1988
March 24, 1988
Tokyo
Nippon Budokan
March 25, 1988
March 27, 1988
Osaka
Osaka-jō Hall
March 29, 1988
March 30, 1988
Box office score data
Venue
City
Tickets Sold / Available
Gross Revenue
Cumberland County Civic Center
Portland
8,429 / 8,429 (100%)
$143,045
Jones Beach Marine Theater
Wantagh
20,000 / 20,000 (100%)
$400,000
Merriweather Post Pavilion
Columbia
13,859 / 26,344 (53%)
$219,141
Madison Square Garden
New York City
18,000 / 18,000 (100%)
$338,789
The Spectrum
Philadelphia
6,839 / 14,100 (49%)
$119,577
Montreal Forum
Montreal
10,061 / 15,000 (67%)
$180,815
CNE Grandstand
Toronto
18,023 / 22,000 (82%)
$301,804
Lansdowne Park
Ottawa
11,473 / 15,000 (76%)
$178,803
Saratoga Performing Arts Center
Saratoga Springs
6,892 / 25,103 (27%)
$112,088
NYSF Grandstand
Geddes
8,943 / 15,000 (60%)
$132,676
Rochester Community War Memorial
Rochester
4,369 / 9,200 (47%)
$76,328
Pine Knob Music Theatre
Clarkston
14,451 / 31,840 (45%)
$273,860
Castle Farms Music Theatre
Charlevoix
5,619 / 15,000 (37%)
$94,573
Blossom Music Center
Cuyahoga Falls
9,611 / 18,767 (51%)
$138,762
Poplar Creek Music Theater
Hoffman Estates
18,925 / 23,882 (79%)
$350,505
Alpine Valley Music Theatre
East Troy
5,563 / 10,946 (51%)
$128,947
Tacoma Dome
Tacoma
11,167 / 20,000 (56%)
$192,395
Olympic Saddledome
Calgary
14,706 / 14,706 (100%)
$220,271
Winnipeg Arena
Winnipeg
13,077 / 15,000 (87%)
$214,450
Show Me Center
Cape Girardeau
7,251 / 7,251 (100%)
$122,868
Murphy Center
Mursfreesboro
5,645 / 7,500 (75%)
$89,915
USF Sun Dome
Tampa
8,860 / 9,000 (98%)
$146,510
BJCC Coliseum
Birmingham
7,040 / 12,000 (59%)
$115,914
Frank Erwin Center
Austin
5,876 / 6,731 (87%)
$93,575
Tucson Community Center
Tucson
7,381 / 8,068 (91%)
$136,142
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena
Oakland
10,847 / 13,000 (83%)
$200,670
BSU Pavilion
Boise
10,571 / 10,571 (100%)
$163,663
TOTAL
283,478 / 412,438 (69%)
$4,886,086
See also
List of highest-attended concerts
List of most-attended concert tours
List of highest-grossing concert tours
List of highest-grossing concert tours by women
External links
Tina Turner | Break Every Rule Tour 1987–88
International Tina Turner Fan Club – Tour – Break Every Rule 1987–1988
References
^ Hilburn, Robert (January 23, 1988). "U2's $35-Million Gross Is Highest for '87 Tour". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
^ "Tina Turner talks about her final concert tour". Jet Magazine. Vol. 73, no. 4. Johnson Publishing Company. October 19, 1987. p. 59. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
^ a b c Tina Live: In Europe (Booklet). Tina Turner. Hollywood, California: Capitol Records. 1988. p. 2. 90126.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Tina Live: In Europe (Booklet). Tina Turner. Hollywood, California: Capitol Records. 1988. p. 4. 90126.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Break Every Record". August 16, 2016.
^ Tina Live: In Europe (Booklet). Tina Turner. Hollywood, California: Capitol Records. 1988. p. 6. 90126.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Mini-skirted Tina Turner claims record audience". United Press International. January 17, 1988. Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
^ Norment, Lynn (November 1989). "Rich, Free and in Control: The "Foreign Affairs" of Tina Turner". Ebony. Vol. 45, no. 1. Johnson Publishing Company. p. 172. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
^ "A record 180,000 turn out for Tina". Chicago Sun-Times. January 18, 1988. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
^ Retro Throwback Moment – Glass Tiger/Tina Turner – Mar 1987. YouTube. November 28, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ Dragon live in Stuttgart during Tina Turner 1987 tour Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.Pallapa.us
^ "What you get is what you see" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 10. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. March 7, 1987. pp. 17–18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ Indianapolis
^ Sources for concerts in Jakarta, Indonesia:
Nailufar, Nibras Nada (July 11, 2018). "Dari Musik sampai Politik, Peristiwa Bersejarah di GBK". Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^ "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 34. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. August 22, 1987. p. 45. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 35. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. August 29, 1987. p. 45. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 40. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. October 3, 1987. p. 29. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ a b c "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 39. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. September 26, 1987. p. 28. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 37. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. September 12, 1987. p. 23. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 41. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. October 10, 1987. p. 23. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ a b c d "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 44. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. October 31, 1987. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 47. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. November 21, 1987. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 48. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. November 28, 1987. p. 35. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 50. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. December 12, 1987. p. 19. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 51. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. December 19, 1987. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ a b c "Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 52. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. December 26, 1987. p. 42. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
vteTina TurnerStudio albums
Tina Turns the Country On!
Acid Queen
Rough
Love Explosion
Private Dancer
Break Every Rule
Foreign Affair
Wildest Dreams
Twenty Four Seven
Live albums
Tina Live in Europe
VH1 Divas Live '99
Tina Live
Soundtracks
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
What's Love Got to Do with It
Compilation albums
Simply the Best
The Collected Recordings: Sixties to Nineties
All the Best
Tina!
Love Songs
Queen of Rock 'n' Roll
Singles
"Baby, Get It On"
"Whole Lotta Love"
"Acid Queen"
"Under My Thumb"
"Sometimes When We Touch"
"Night Time Is the Right Time"
"Back Stabbers"
"Let's Stay Together"
"Help!"
"What's Love Got to Do with It"
"Better Be Good to Me"
"Private Dancer"
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
"Show Some Respect"
"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)"
"One of the Living"
"Typical Male"
"Back Where You Started"
"Two People"
"Girls"
"What You Get Is What You See"
"Break Every Rule"
"Paradise Is Here"
"Afterglow"
"Nutbush City Limits"
"Addicted to Love"
"Tonight"
"A Change Is Gonna Come"
"634-5789"
"The Best"
"I Don't Wanna Lose You"
"Steamy Windows"
"Look Me in the Heart"
"Foreign Affair"
"Be Tender with Me Baby"
"Nutbush City Limits (The 90s Version)"
"Way of the World"
"Love Thing"
"I Want You Near Me"
"(Simply) The Best"
"I Don't Wanna Fight"
"Disco Inferno"
"Why Must We Wait Until Tonight"
"Proud Mary"
"GoldenEye"
"Whatever You Want"
"On Silent Wings"
"Missing You"
"Something Beautiful Remains"
"In Your Wildest Dreams"
"When the Heartache Is Over"
"Whatever You Need"
"Don't Leave Me This Way"
"Open Arms"
"Complicated Disaster"
Guest singles
"Boxtop"
"Ball of Confusion"
"Tonight"
"It's Only Love"
"Tearing Us Apart"
"It Takes Two"
"Cose della vita - Can't Stop Thinking of You"
"Teach Me Again"
Videography
One Last Time Live in Concert
All the Best: The Live Collection
Tina Live
Tours
Private Dancer Tour
Break Every Rule World Tour
Foreign Affair: The Farewell Tour
What's Love? Tour
Wildest Dreams Tour
Twenty Four Seven Tour
Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour
Related articles
Discography
Songs written
Awards
Ike & Tina Turner
Ike & Tina Turner discography
I, Tina
What's Love Got to Do with It
Tina (musical)
Tina (documentary)
Bolic Sound | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concert tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_tour"},{"link_name":"Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"Break Every Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Every_Rule"},{"link_name":"Pepsi-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi-Cola"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing female tour of the 1980s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours#1980s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"largest paying concert audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-attended_concerts"}],"text":"1987–88 concert tour by Tina TurnerBreak Every Rule World Tour is the sixth concert tour by singer Tina Turner. The tour supported her sixth solo album Break Every Rule (1986). It was sponsored by Pepsi-Cola and broke box office records in 13 different countries: United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Spain, Italy, Austria, France, Ireland and Denmark. It was the third highest-grossing tour by a female artist in North America in 1987 and the highest-grossing female tour of the 1980s with a total of $11.3 million (for 78 shows in the United States).[1]\nHer show in Rio de Janeiro remains the largest paying concert audience by a female artist with 180,000 spectators.","title":"Break Every Rule World Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Olympiahalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiahalle"},{"link_name":"Munich, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Proud Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proud_Mary"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam Ahoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam_Ahoy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg2-3"},{"link_name":"Johanneshov Isstadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg2-3"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Maracanã Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Maracan%C3%A3"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upi88-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The tour was originally billed as Turner's \"last tour\". In an interview with Jet magazine, Turner stated,[2]It is my last tour for now. There probably won't be a tour with the next album because I want to devote some time to my movie career. But, I don't plan to retire.The European tour kicked off on March 4, 1987, in front of a sold-out crowd of over 15,000 people at the Olympiahalle in Munich, Germany, a venue that she would later play 7 more times during the tour. During the first few shows, the tour went without Turner's signature hit \"Proud Mary\". Turner avoided the song because she had done it for so many years. It wasn't until her performance at the Rotterdam Ahoy that she tried the song in the set list. Turner stated, \"The crowd erupted and sang the song for us. That's when I realized, 'We've got to put 'Mary' back in, she's still rolling on the river.'\"[3]The most memorable and unusual moment for Turner was in Locarno, Switzerland. The stage for the concert had been built in the center of the town. As Turner recalls, \"The stage was literally in the middle of the street surrounded by apartment buildings with parents and little kids sitting on their balconies in their night robes.\"[3] Before her concerts at Johanneshov Isstadion in Sweden, Turner got a bad sinus infection and had to cancel her concerts. The arena was sold out and when the concert promoter went on stage to tell the audience, instead of booing the 13,000 people cheered with understanding. When Turner returned, she played to an even bigger audience.[4] In her stadium concert in Ireland, Turner attracted a huge crowd of over 60,000 people. During this massive concert, Turner nearly stopped the show because of fans in the front getting crushed by other fans.[3] The European tour ended on July 26, 1987, where it began in Munich, Germany. Turner recalls\", Our biggest crowd came towards the end of the tour in Munich. We had already played eight indoor shows there to about 120,000 people and once I have been to a city, I'm always reluctant to go back soon afterward. [Then] we attracted another 100,000 people outdoors, I was really quite astounded. It felt like the Rolling Stones when they drew those huge crowds.\"The tour proved to be most successful in Germany, where Turner played over 40 shows to 800,000 fans.[5] Turner recalls that Germany has always been \"special\" to her. The European tour itself played to over 1.7 million people, more than any tour before it.[6] The tour continued to break records in South America. Turner's performance at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro attracted over 180,000 spectators, one of the largest concert attendances in the 20th century, earning her a Guinness World Record.[7][8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berrio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Maracanã Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Maracan%C3%A3"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Max Headroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Headroom"},{"link_name":"A Change Is Gonna Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Change_Is_Gonna_Come"},{"link_name":"In the Midnight Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Midnight_Hour"},{"link_name":"634-5789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/634-5789_(Soulsville,_U.S.A.)"}],"text":"Her world record-breaking Break Every Rule Tour show of 1988 held in a single night at the Rio de Janeiro's Maracanã Stadium, was later released in video form on VHS and DVD called \"Tina Live in Rio 88'\".\nWith this particular show alone, she entered the Guinness Book of World Records because she set the record of drawing 180,000 paying fans to a one-night show alone.[9]The VHS was released with the following thirteen songs:\"Addicted to Love\"\n\"I Can't Stand the Rain\"\n\"Typical Male\"\n\"Better Be Good to Me\"\n\"Private Dancer\"\n\"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)\"\n\"What's Love Got to Do with It\"\n\"Help\"\n\"Let's Stay Together\"\n\"Proud Mary\"\n\"What You Get Is What You See\"\n\"Break Every Rule\"\n\"Paradise Is Here\"Additionally, a TV special recorded at the Camden Palace in London was released as \"Break Every Rule starring Tina Turner\". The songs included on that video album:\"Afterglow\" (Music Video)\n\"Intro: Max Headroom\"\n\"Back Where You Started\"\n\"Break Every Rule\"\n\"What You Get Is What You See\"\n\"Overnight Sensation\"\n\"A Change Is Gonna Come\"\n\"Two People\"\n\"Addicted To Love\"\n\"In the Midnight Hour\"\n\"634-5789\"\n\"Land of 1,000 Dances\"\n\"Paradise is Here\" (Music Video)\n\"Girls\" (Music Video)","title":"Broadcast and recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurie Wisefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Wisefield"},{"link_name":"John Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Miles_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Don Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Snow"}],"text":"James Ralston – guitar, vocals\nLaurie Wisefield – guitar\nBob Feit – bass guitar, vocals\nJack Bruno – drums\nSteve Scales – percussion\nJohn Miles – keyboards, guitar, vocals\nDon Snow – keyboards, saxophone, vocals\nOllie Marland – keyboards, vocals\nDeric Dyer – saxophone, keyboards","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Level 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_42"},{"link_name":"Wang Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chung_(band)"},{"link_name":"Glass Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_Tiger"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(band)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Marshall Crenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Crenshaw"},{"link_name":"Go West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_West_(band)"}],"text":"Level 42 (North America, select dates)\nWang Chung (North America, select dates)\nGlass Tiger (West Germany, March 1987)[10]\nDragon (Stuttgart)[11]\nMarshall Crenshaw (Tacoma, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg)\nGo West (Cape Girardeau, Mursfreesboro)","title":"Opening act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"What You Get Is What You See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_You_Get_Is_What_You_See"},{"link_name":"Break Every Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Every_Rule_(song)"},{"link_name":"I Can't Stand the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Stand_the_Rain_(song)"},{"link_name":"Typical Male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_Male"},{"link_name":"Acid Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Queen"},{"link_name":"Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_(Tina_Turner_song)"},{"link_name":"Two People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_People_(song)"},{"link_name":"Back Where You Started","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Where_You_Started"},{"link_name":"Better Be Good to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Be_Good_to_Me"},{"link_name":"Addicted to Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addicted_to_Love_(song)#Tina_Turner_version"},{"link_name":"Private Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Dancer_(Tina_Turner_song)"},{"link_name":"We Don't Need Another Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Don%27t_Need_Another_Hero"},{"link_name":"What's Love Got to Do with It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Love_Got_to_Do_with_It_(song)"},{"link_name":"Help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help!_(song)"},{"link_name":"Let's Stay Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Stay_Together_(Al_Green_song)"},{"link_name":"Proud Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proud_Mary"},{"link_name":"Show Some Respect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Some_Respect"},{"link_name":"It's Only Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Only_Love_(Bryan_Adams_song)"},{"link_name":"Nutbush City Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutbush_City_Limits"},{"link_name":"Paradise Is Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Is_Here"},{"link_name":"Land of a Thousand Dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_a_Thousand_Dances"},{"link_name":"Tearing Us Apart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tearing_Us_Apart"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Honky Tonk Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky_Tonk_Women"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"}],"text":"Act I\"What You Get Is What You See\"\n\"Break Every Rule\"\n\"I Can't Stand the Rain\"\n\"Typical Male\"\n\"Acid Queen\"Act II\"Girls\"\n\"Two People\"\n\"Back Where You Started\"\n\"Better Be Good to Me\"Act III\"Addicted to Love\"\n\"Private Dancer\"\n\"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)\"\n\"What's Love Got to Do with It\"Act IV\"Help\"\n\"Let's Stay Together\"Act V\"Proud Mary\"\n\"Show Some Respect\"\n\"It's Only Love\" (performed with John Miles)Encore\"Nutbush City Limits\"\n\"Paradise Is Here\"Notes\n\"Proud Mary\" was added to the setlist during the concert in Rotterdam. It is believed (and not confirmed) Turner performed \"Land of a Thousand Dances\".\n\"Overnight Sensation\" was only performed during shows in the UK.\nTurner performed \"Tearing Us Apart\" with Eric Clapton in London, on June 17, 1987\nDuring one of the shows in Osaka, Turner performed \"Honky Tonk Women\" with Mick Jagger","title":"Setlist"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tour dates"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Box office score data","title":"Tour dates"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Berrio.jpg/150px-Berrio.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of highest-attended concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-attended_concerts"},{"title":"List of most-attended concert tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours"},{"title":"List of highest-grossing concert tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours"},{"title":"List of highest-grossing concert tours by women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women"}] | [{"reference":"Hilburn, Robert (January 23, 1988). \"U2's $35-Million Gross Is Highest for '87 Tour\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220102033941/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-23-ca-9654-story.html","url_text":"\"U2's $35-Million Gross Is Highest for '87 Tour\""},{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-23-ca-9654-story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tina Turner talks about her final concert tour\". Jet Magazine. Vol. 73, no. 4. Johnson Publishing Company. October 19, 1987. p. 59. Retrieved July 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x68DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58","url_text":"\"Tina Turner talks about her final concert tour\""}]},{"reference":"Tina Live: In Europe (Booklet). Tina Turner. Hollywood, California: Capitol Records. 1988. p. 2. 90126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Live_in_Europe","url_text":"Tina Live: In Europe"}]},{"reference":"Tina Live: In Europe (Booklet). Tina Turner. Hollywood, California: Capitol Records. 1988. p. 4. 90126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Live_in_Europe","url_text":"Tina Live: In Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"Break Every Record\". August 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://tinaturnerblog.com/2016/08/16/break-every-record/#jp-carousel-17132","url_text":"\"Break Every Record\""}]},{"reference":"Tina Live: In Europe (Booklet). Tina Turner. Hollywood, California: Capitol Records. 1988. p. 6. 90126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Live_in_Europe","url_text":"Tina Live: In Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"Mini-skirted Tina Turner claims record audience\". United Press International. January 17, 1988. Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/01/17/Mini-skirted-Tina-Turner-claims-record-audience/7848569394000/","url_text":"\"Mini-skirted Tina Turner claims record audience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181101135944/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/01/17/Mini-skirted-Tina-Turner-claims-record-audience/7848569394000/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Norment, Lynn (November 1989). \"Rich, Free and in Control: The \"Foreign Affairs\" of Tina Turner\". Ebony. Vol. 45, no. 1. Johnson Publishing Company. p. 172. Retrieved August 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JMwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA166","url_text":"\"Rich, Free and in Control: The \"Foreign Affairs\" of Tina Turner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)","url_text":"Ebony"}]},{"reference":"\"A record 180,000 turn out for Tina\". Chicago Sun-Times. January 18, 1988. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034618/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3865897.html","url_text":"\"A record 180,000 turn out for Tina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"},{"url":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3865897.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Retro Throwback Moment – Glass Tiger/Tina Turner – Mar 1987. YouTube. November 28, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIKdihSya0Y","url_text":"Retro Throwback Moment – Glass Tiger/Tina Turner – Mar 1987"}]},{"reference":"\"What you get is what you see\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 10. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. March 7, 1987. pp. 17–18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1987/Billboard-1987-03-07.pdf","url_text":"\"What you get is what you see\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Nailufar, Nibras Nada (July 11, 2018). \"Dari Musik sampai Politik, Peristiwa Bersejarah di GBK\". Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2018/07/11/09070101/dari-musik-sampai-politik-peristiwa-bersejarah-di-gbk?page=all","url_text":"\"Dari Musik sampai Politik, Peristiwa Bersejarah di GBK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas","url_text":"Kompas"}]},{"reference":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 34. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. August 22, 1987. p. 45. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1987/Billboard-1987-08-22.pdf","url_text":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 35. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. August 29, 1987. p. 45. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1987/Billboard-1987-08-29.pdf","url_text":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 40. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. October 3, 1987. p. 29. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1987/Billboard-1987-10-03.pdf","url_text":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 39. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. September 26, 1987. p. 28. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1987/Billboard-1987-09-26.pdf","url_text":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 37. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. September 12, 1987. p. 23. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1987/Billboard-1987-09-12.pdf","url_text":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 41. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. October 10, 1987. p. 23. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1987/Billboard-1987-10-10.pdf","url_text":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Amusement Business Boxscore: Top Concert Grosses\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 44. New York City, New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. October 31, 1987. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strickland_(farmer) | William Strickland (farmer) | ["1 Agriculture","2 Numismatics","3 Personal life","4 Notes","5 References"] | British writer and farmer
For other people named William Strickland, see William Strickland (disambiguation).
Sir William StricklandBorn(1753-02-18)18 February 1753Yorkshire, EnglandDied8 January 1834(1834-01-08) (aged 80)Boynton, Yorkshire, EnglandOccupation(s)Farmer, writer
Sir William Strickland, 6th Baronet (18 February 1753 – 8 January 1834) was an 18th-century gentleman farmer and writer from Yorkshire, England. He was the eldest son of Sir George Strickland of York, England, from the ancient English Strickland family of Sizergh. He established his own farm at Welburn in York and, in 1808, succeeded his father as the sixth baronet of Boynton.
Agriculture
At the end of the 18th century, he travelled to the United States, where he made a survey of agricultural land, prices and wages, which he published as a Journal of a Tour of the United States of America, 1794–95. The account was also published in the Farmer's Register and in the 1800 Communications to the Board of Agriculture. His trip covered the period from 20 September 1794 until 29 July 1795. His travels included meeting with Thomas Jefferson in May 1795 who took notes of their conversation.
Among his many observations on the state of American agriculture was a less than flattering commentary on the slave economies of Virginia and Maryland:
Nothing can be conceived more inert than a slave; his unwilling labour is discovered in every step he takes; he moves not if he can avoid it; if the eyes of the overseer be off him, he sleeps. The ox and horse, driven by the slave, appear to sleep also; all is listless inactivity; all motion is evidently compulsory.
Numismatics
In addition to his research on agriculture, William Strickland was an avid collector and acquired a number of 1794 and 1795 US coins during his trip. These coins were passed down through his lineage and are now associated with the Lord St. Oswald provenance and among the world's most sought after coins. The provenance is attributed to a 1964 London Christie's auction where the coins appeared listed as "the property of Major the Lord St. Oswald, M.C.", the title of Strickland's descendant, Rowland Denys Guy Winn, 4th Baron St Oswald, a member of the House of Lords. The coins themselves were kept in excellent condition, stored in the family's 18th century coin cabinet made by Thomas Chippendale himself.
In 2015, a 1794 flowing hair dollar from Strickland's original collection was sold as part of the D. Brent Pogue Collection for US$4,993,750 by Stack's Bowers and Sotheby's to Laura Sperber of Legend Numismatics. This result places Strickland's Lord St. Oswald 1794 dollar on the List of most expensive coins.
Personal life
He married Miss Cholmley, of Howsham on 15 April 1778. They had two children: Sir George Strickland (born 26 November 1782) and Anne Strickland (born 31 December 1790).
Notes
^ Notes on Conversations with William Strickland, May 1795 by Thomas Jefferson
^ Along the Hudson and Mohawk: The 1790 Journey of Count Paolo Andreani, p. 17
^ The Farmer's Register, Vol.3 Retrieved February 2013
^ Communications to the Board of Agriculture, p. 145
^ The D. Brent Pogue Collection, Part II, Lot #2041
^ Notes on Conversations with William Strickland, May 1795 by Thomas Jefferson
^ Communications to the Board of Agriculture, on Subjects Relative to the Husbandry and Internal Improvement of the Country, Board of Agriculture, Great Britain (c1790), p. 145
^ The D. Brent Pogue Collection, Part II, Lot #2041
^ Coin Week: Pogue II: Rare Coin Market Roars; a Look at the Numbers
^ Sir William Strickland, 6th Bt Boynton
References
Communications to the Board of Agriculture
Marino, Cesare (Author, translator), Along the Hudson and Mohawk: The 1790 Journey of Count Paolo Andreani University of Pennsylvania Press (2006)
Mason, Matthew, Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic
The Farmer's Register, Vol.3 Retrieved February 2013
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Belgium
United States
Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Strickland (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strickland_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"gentleman farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_farmer"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Strickland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strickland_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Sizergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizergh_Castle_and_Garden"},{"link_name":"baronet of Boynton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strickland-Constable_baronets"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named William Strickland, see William Strickland (disambiguation).Sir William Strickland, 6th Baronet (18 February 1753 – 8 January 1834) was an 18th-century gentleman farmer and writer from Yorkshire, England. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River_(Michigan) | Jordan River (Michigan) | ["1 Course","2 Tributaries","3 Drainage basin","4 References"] | Coordinates: 45°09′13″N 85°07′48″W / 45.15361°N 85.13000°W / 45.15361; -85.13000For the stream on Beaver Island, see Jordan River (Beaver Island).
River in Michigan, United StatesJordan RiverThe Jordan River in Jordan TownshipLocation of the mouth of the Jordan River in MichiganLocationCountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountiesAntrim, CharlevoixPhysical characteristicsSource • locationWarner Township • coordinates45°04′28″N 84°54′28″W / 45.07444°N 84.90778°W / 45.07444; -84.90778 • elevation1,190 feet (360 m)
MouthLake Charlevoix • locationEast Jordan • coordinates45°09′13″N 85°07′48″W / 45.15361°N 85.13000°W / 45.15361; -85.13000 • elevation590 feet (180 m)Length24.9 miles (40.1 km)Basin size100,000 acres (400 km2)Basin featuresTributaries • leftGreen River • rightDeer Creek
The Jordan River is a 24.9-mile-long (40.1 km) stream in the northwestern part of the lower peninsula in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the largest tributary of Lake Charlevoix. The Jordan's headwaters rise from springs in the upper Jordan River Valley northeast of Mancelona in Antrim County. The Jordan River was the first river to be designated in Michigan's Natural Rivers Program.
The Jordan River is well known for its world-class brook trout fishing and for its scenic canoe trips. The headwaters are accessible by many foot and ATV trails.
Course
The Jordan River begins in central Warner Township in northeast Antrim County. It winds generally to the southwest, cutting across the northwest corner of Star Township before flowing west through northern Chestonia Township. It then turns to the north, flowing through Jordan Township, the northeast corner of Echo Township, then into South Arm Township in Charlevoix County and emptying into the south arm of Lake Charlevoix in East Jordan.
Tributaries
(right) Jones Creek
(left) Deer Creek
Patricia Lake
(left) Healeys Trout Pond
(right) Marvon Creek
(right) Eaton Creek
(right) Warner Creek
(left) Hog Creek
O'Brien Pond
(right) Collins Creek
Deer Lake
(right) Bennett Creek
Mud Lake
(left) Todd Creek
(right) Bartholemew Creek
(left) Severance Creek
(left) Webster Creek
(left) Gook Creek
(right) Lilak Creek
(right) Martin Creek
(left) Mill Creek
(left) Sutton Creek
(right) Cokirs Creek, also known as Kocher Creek
(left) Scott Creek
(left) Tutstone Creek
(right) Green River
(right) Stevens Creek
(right) Landslide Creek
(right) Cascade Creek
(right) Section Thirteen Creek
(right) Six Tile Creek
Drainage basin
The Jordan River system drains all or portions of the following cities, villages and townships:
Antrim County
Echo Township
Chestonia Township
Jordan Township
Star Township
Warner Township
Charlevoix County
Boyne Valley Township
East Jordan
South Arm Township
Wilson Township
References
^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Jordan River
^ a b c "The Resource" Archived 2010-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Friends of the Jordan River Watershed, accessed 09 May, 2010
^ a b Jordan River Natural River Plan, Revised 2002, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, accessed 09 May, 2010
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed November 21, 2011
^ "40th Anniversary of the Natural Rivers Program", Michigan Department of Natural Resources, accessed 09 May, 2010
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Jones Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Deer Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Patricia Lake
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Healeys Trout Pond
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Marvon Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Eaton Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Warner Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hog Cree
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: O'Brien Pond
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Collins Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Deer Lake
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bennett Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Mud Lake
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Todd Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bartholemew Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Severance Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Webster Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Gook Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lilak Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Martin Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Mill Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Sutton Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cokirs Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Scott Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tutstone Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Green River
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Stevens Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Landslide Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cascade Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Section Thirteen Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Six Tile Creek
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan River (Beaver Island)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River_(Beaver_Island)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-4"},{"link_name":"stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream"},{"link_name":"lower peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_peninsula_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lake Charlevoix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Charlevoix"},{"link_name":"Mancelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancelona,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Antrim County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrim_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"brook trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"canoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe"}],"text":"For the stream on Beaver Island, see Jordan River (Beaver Island).River in Michigan, United StatesThe Jordan River is a 24.9-mile-long (40.1 km)[4] stream in the northwestern part of the lower peninsula in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the largest tributary of Lake Charlevoix. The Jordan's headwaters rise from springs in the upper Jordan River Valley northeast of Mancelona in Antrim County. The Jordan River was the first river to be designated in Michigan's Natural Rivers Program.[5]The Jordan River is well known for its world-class brook trout fishing and for its scenic canoe trips. The headwaters are accessible by many foot and ATV trails.","title":"Jordan River (Michigan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Township,_Antrim_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Star Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Chestonia Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestonia_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Jordan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Echo Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"South Arm Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Arm_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Charlevoix County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlevoix_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lake Charlevoix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Charlevoix"},{"link_name":"East Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jordan,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNIS-1"}],"text":"The Jordan River begins in central Warner Township in northeast Antrim County. It winds generally to the southwest, cutting across the northwest corner of Star Township before flowing west through northern Chestonia Township. It then turns to the north, flowing through Jordan Township, the northeast corner of Echo Township, then into South Arm Township in Charlevoix County and emptying into the south arm of Lake Charlevoix in East Jordan.[1]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Gook Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gook_Creek"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"(right) Jones Creek[6]\n(left) Deer Creek[7]\nPatricia Lake[8]\n(left) Healeys Trout Pond[9]\n(right) Marvon Creek[10]\n(right) Eaton Creek[11]\n(right) Warner Creek[12]\n(left) Hog Creek[13]\nO'Brien Pond[14]\n(right) Collins Creek[15]\nDeer Lake[16]\n(right) Bennett Creek[17]\nMud Lake[18]\n(left) Todd Creek[19]\n(right) Bartholemew Creek[20]\n(left) Severance Creek[21]\n(left) Webster Creek[22]\n(left) Gook Creek[23]\n(right) Lilak Creek[24]\n(right) Martin Creek[25]\n(left) Mill Creek[26]\n(left) Sutton Creek[27]\n(right) Cokirs Creek, also known as Kocher Creek[28]\n(left) Scott Creek[29]\n(left) Tutstone Creek[30]\n(right) Green River[31]\n(right) Stevens Creek[32]\n(right) Landslide Creek[33]\n(right) Cascade Creek[34]\n(right) Section Thirteen Creek[35]\n(right) Six Tile Creek[36]","title":"Tributaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antrim County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrim_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Echo Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Chestonia Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestonia_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Jordan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Star Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Warner Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Charlevoix County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlevoix_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Boyne Valley Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyne_Valley_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"East Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jordan,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"South Arm Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Arm_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Wilson Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Township,_Charlevoix_County,_Michigan"}],"text":"The Jordan River system drains all or portions of the following cities, villages and townships:Antrim County\nEcho Township\nChestonia Township\nJordan Township\nStar Township\nWarner Township\nCharlevoix County\nBoyne Valley Township\nEast Jordan\nSouth Arm Township\nWilson Township","title":"Drainage basin"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jordan_River_(Michigan)¶ms=45_09_13_N_85_07_48_W_type:river","external_links_name":"45°09′13″N 85°07′48″W / 45.15361°N 85.13000°W / 45.15361; -85.13000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jordan_River_(Michigan)¶ms=45_04_28_N_84_54_28_W_","external_links_name":"45°04′28″N 84°54′28″W / 45.07444°N 84.90778°W / 45.07444; -84.90778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jordan_River_(Michigan)¶ms=45_09_13_N_85_07_48_W_type:river","external_links_name":"45°09′13″N 85°07′48″W / 45.15361°N 85.13000°W / 45.15361; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Martin_(judge) | Harry Martin (judge) | ["1 References"] | American judge
Harry C. MartinAssociate Justice of the North Carolina Supreme CourtIn office1982–1992
Personal detailsBornHarry Corpening Martin(1920-01-13)January 13, 1920Lenoir, North Carolina, U.S.DiedMay 3, 2015(2015-05-03) (aged 95)Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.Spouse(s)Nancy Dallam(m.1955)ResidenceAsheville, North Carolina
Harry Corpening Martin (January 13, 1920 – May 3, 2015) was an associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, serving from 1982 to 1992. He was born in Lenoir, North Carolina.
He attended the University of North Carolina where he obtained a music degree. He then served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II from 1942 to 1945. He received his law degree from Harvard University after the war in 1948 and entered into a private practice. He became a judge in 1962 on the Superior Court of North Carolina. He would be appointed to the North Carolina Court of Appeals in 1978 and Supreme Court in 1982, serving until his mandatory retirement due to age in 1992. He also served as chief justice of the Cherokee Supreme Court from 2000 to 2006.
Martin married Nancy Dallam in 1955. They raised three children and later retired in Asheville, North Carolina. Marin died on May 3, 2015, in Asheville, North Carolina.
References
^ "Portrait". Nccourts.org. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2014-01-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ a b "North Carolina manual ". Retrieved 2014-01-02.
^ "Elon Law recognizes contributions in the law of Justice Harry C. Martin". Elon.edu. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
^ "Justice Harry Martin And Students Honored At Law Day". Ncbar.org. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
^ "Harry Martin (1920 – 2015) Obituary". Asheville Citizen-Times. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lenoir, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenoir,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-3"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Harry Corpening Martin (January 13, 1920 – May 3, 2015) was an associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, serving from 1982 to 1992.[1] He was born in Lenoir, North Carolina.[2][3]He attended the University of North Carolina where he obtained a music degree. He then served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II from 1942 to 1945. He received his law degree from Harvard University after the war in 1948 and entered into a private practice. He became a judge in 1962 on the Superior Court of North Carolina. He would be appointed to the North Carolina Court of Appeals in 1978 and Supreme Court in 1982, serving until his mandatory retirement due to age in 1992.[4] He also served as chief justice of the Cherokee Supreme Court from 2000 to 2006.[5]Martin married Nancy Dallam in 1955. They raised three children and later retired in Asheville, North Carolina.[3] Marin died on May 3, 2015, in Asheville, North Carolina.[6]","title":"Harry Martin (judge)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Portrait\". Nccourts.org. Retrieved 2014-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nccourts.org/Courts/Appellate/Supreme/Portrait/Portrait.asp?Name=Martin","url_text":"\"Portrait\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2014-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322190341/http://www.buncombecounty.org/Governing/Commissioners/ArchivedAgenda/20111115/documents/HARRYCMARTIN.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://buncombecounty.org/Governing/Commissioners/ArchivedAgenda/20111115/documents/HARRYCMARTIN.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"North Carolina manual [serial]\". Retrieved 2014-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/northcarolinaman19891990nort#page/674/mode/2up","url_text":"\"North Carolina manual [serial]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elon Law recognizes contributions in the law of Justice Harry C. Martin\". Elon.edu. Retrieved 2014-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elon.edu/e-net/Article/52538","url_text":"\"Elon Law recognizes contributions in the law of Justice Harry C. Martin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Harry Martin And Students Honored At Law Day\". Ncbar.org. Retrieved 2014-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbar.org/about/communications/news/2010-news-articles/law-day-2010-set-friday-may-7","url_text":"\"Justice Harry Martin And Students Honored At Law Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harry Martin (1920 – 2015) Obituary\". Asheville Citizen-Times. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/citizen-times/obituary.aspx?n=harry-martin&pid=174787588","url_text":"\"Harry Martin (1920 – 2015) Obituary\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.nccourts.org/Courts/Appellate/Supreme/Portrait/Portrait.asp?Name=Martin","external_links_name":"\"Portrait\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322190341/http://www.buncombecounty.org/Governing/Commissioners/ArchivedAgenda/20111115/documents/HARRYCMARTIN.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://buncombecounty.org/Governing/Commissioners/ArchivedAgenda/20111115/documents/HARRYCMARTIN.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/northcarolinaman19891990nort#page/674/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"North Carolina manual [serial]\""},{"Link":"http://www.elon.edu/e-net/Article/52538","external_links_name":"\"Elon Law recognizes contributions in the law of Justice Harry C. Martin\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbar.org/about/communications/news/2010-news-articles/law-day-2010-set-friday-may-7","external_links_name":"\"Justice Harry Martin And Students Honored At Law Day\""},{"Link":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/citizen-times/obituary.aspx?n=harry-martin&pid=174787588","external_links_name":"\"Harry Martin (1920 – 2015) Obituary\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000073810515","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/67753391","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/120579602","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjwTW6DWTytWVTVGXCFCw3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80001717","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fortians | List of Fortians | ["1 Politics, government and the law","2 Science and academia","3 Rhodes Scholars","4 Military","5 Business and industry","6 Religion and community","7 Entertainment, media and the arts","8 Sport","9 References","10 External links"] | This is a list of alumni of Fort Street High School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia who have attained notability in various fields. It includes alumni of the historical Fort Street Boys' High School, Fort Street Girls' High School, Fort Street Superior Public School and Fort Street Model School (or Fort Street National School), from which Fort Street Public School also descends. They are named "Fortians" in the traditions of these schools.
Fort Street Crest
Politics, government and the law
Edwin Abbott CBE (1878–1947), Controller-General of the Department of Trade and Customs 1933 to 1944
Sir William Anderson, businessman, federal president (1955–1956) and federal treasurer (1956–1968) of the Liberal Party of Australia
Edmund Barton, the first Prime Minister of Australia and a founding Justice of the High Court of Australia; (attended Fort Street for two years; later Sydney Grammar School)
Sir Garfield Barwick, former chief justice of the High Court of Australia
Eric Bedford, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1968–1985)
Charles Bennett, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1934–1941)
Ivan Black, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1945–1962)
Rod Blackmore, OAM, Senior Magistrate at the Children's Court of New South Wales, serving from 1978 to 1995.
Vicki Bourne, Senator (1990–2002)
Arthur Bridges, Leader of the Government in the NSW Legislative Council, minister and member (1946–1968);
Joseph Browne, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1912–1932)
John Bryson QC, former justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales
Sir Joseph Carruthers, former premier of New South Wales
Rodney Cavalier, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1978–1988), currently chairman of the SCG Trust
Ian Cohen, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1995–2011)
Terence Cole, QC, jurist, twice Royal Commissioner (AWB Oil-for-Food and Building Industry)
Hugh Connell, DSO MC and Bar, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1920–1934)
Peter Crawford, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1984–1988)
William Dick, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1894–1907) and NSW Legislative Council (1907–1932)
Ben Doig, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1957–1965)
John Dowd, former NSW Attorney-General, Leader of the Opposition and Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and former chancellor of Southern Cross University;
Syd Einfeld, Deputy Leader of the Opposition, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1965–1981)
Bob Ellicott, QC, former federal minister, solicitor-general, attorney-general and judge of the Federal Court
Sir Kevin Ellis, Speaker of the NSW Legislative Assembly and Member (1948–1973)
Dr H. V. Evatt, former High Court judge, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, president of the United Nations General Assembly and federal ALP opposition leader
Clive Evatt, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1939–1959), brother of H. V. Evatt
Doug Everingham, federal Minister for Health, 1972–1975
David Fell, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1904–1913)
Sir David Ferguson, former justice of the Supreme Court of NSW
JD (Jack) Fitzgerald, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1891–1894) and NSW Legislative Council (1915–1922)
Harry Gardiner, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1960–1974)
Don Grimes, former senator, federal minister, and member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal
Arthur Grimm, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1913–1925)
Graham Hill, former judge of the Federal Court of Australia
Thomas Holden, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1934–1945)
Justice Michael Kirby, former justice of the High Court of Australia
Justice David Kirby, former justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales
Joseph Kelly, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1894–1898)
Sir John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia, responsible for the dismissal of the Whitlam government in 1975, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales
Hugh Latimer, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1934–1954)
Stan Lloyd, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly(1932–1941)
Harold Mason, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1937–1938)
Gustave 'Gus' Miller, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1889–1918)
Trevor Morling, QC, former judge of the Federal Court, Royal Commissioner and chairman of the Australian Electoral Commission
William Murray, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1952–1976)
Lerryn Mutton, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1968–1978)
Shane Paltridge, politician; senator 1951–1966
Alfred Parker, Lord Mayor of Sydney (1934–1935)
John Perry, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1889–1920)
Ivan Petch, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1988–1995)
Dr Peter Phelps, member of the NSW Legislative Council (2011–2019)
Max Ruddock, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1962–1976) and father of Philip Ruddock;
James Shand, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1926–1944)
Simon Sheikh, former executive director of GetUp!, a national non-party political organisation
William Shipway, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1894–1895)
Ross Smith, Victorian MLA (1985–2002)
Harold Snelling, former NSW solicitor-general
Sir Percy Spender, former president of the International Court of Justice, Federal Minister, diplomat and jurist
Sir Bertram Stevens, former premier of New South Wales
Stanley Stephens, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1944–1973)
Sir Alan Taylor, former justice of the High Court of Australia
Sir Frederick Tout, pastoralist and member of the NSW Legislative Council (1932–1946) and Newington College (1886–1890) where he was Captain of Rugby Union.
Allan Viney, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1971–1978)
Horace Whiddon, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1934–1955)
Sir Robert Wilson, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1949–1961)
Neville Wran, former premier of New South Wales
Science and academia
Joyce Allan, conchologist, artist and first female Fellow of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales
Sir Hermann Black, former chancellor of the University of Sydney
Carl Bridge, Professor Emeritus of Australian History, King’s College London
Frederick Bridges, educationalist and former chief inspector of schools in New South Wales
Ida Brown, palaentonologist, first female president of the Royal Society of New South Wales
Hedley Bull, professor of international relations at ANU, LSE and Oxford University, and author of "The Anarchical Society"
Persia Campbell, Australian-born American economist and consumer rights champion
John Henry Carver, physicist
Alan Rowland Chisholm, professor of French at University of Melbourne, critic and commentator
Sir Archibald Collins, former president of the British Medical Association of Australia,
Dr Alex J Crandon, Oncology Surgeon & former Professor Gynaecological Cancer University of Queensland (1993–2004)
Dr Robert Douglas, doctor and medical scientist
Dr William Figgett, biomedical scientist at the University of Melbourne
Lionel Gilbert OAM, author and historian specializing in natural, applied, and local history.
Norman Haire, medical practitioner and sexologist
Margaret Ann Harris, Challis Professor of English Literature at The University of Sydney
Stephen Hetherington, philosopher, Emeritus Professor in the School of Humanities and Languages at the University of New South Wales.
Ronald Horan, educator, linguist and author
John Irvine Hunter, biologist
Prof Nalini Joshi, chair, National Committee for Mathematical Sciences, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney
Phyllis Kaberry, social anthropologist
Liang Joo Leow OAM, physician, Mohs surgeon, linguist; first dermatologist appointed to the Therapeutic Goods Administration
Sylvia Lawson, academic, writer and journalist
Sir Douglas Mawson, Antarctic explorer
R. Kerry Rowe, FRS, civil engineer. Professor, Kingston University, Ontario
Maria Skyllas-Kazacos AM, director of the University of New South Wales, Centre for Electrochemical and Mineral Processing
Mavis Sweeney (1909 — 23 July 1986), Australian hospital pharmacist
Arthur Bache Walkom, palaeobotanist and museum director
Prof John Manning Ward, former vice-chancellor at The University of Sydney
Enid Phyllis Wilson, (1908-1988) industrial psychologist,
Sir Harold Wyndham, former NSW Director-General of Education, creator of the Wyndham Scheme (HSC)
Dr John Yu, Australian of the Year, 1996; former chancellor of UNSW
Dr Jee Hyun Kim, senior research fellow and head of the Developmental Psychobiology Laboratory at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health in Melbourne
Rhodes Scholars
Kate Brennan – BA LLB, University of Sydney, 2006 (also attended Tara Anglican School for Girls and MLC School)
Robert Nicholson McCulloch – BSc (Agric), University of Sydney, 1926
Military
Maj Basil Catterns, soldier, businessman and yachtsman
Maj-Gen Bill Crews, former national president of the Returned and Services League of Australia
Flt Lt Pat Hughes, RAAF pilot. One of The Few, Hughes was the highest-scoring Australian in the Battle of Britain
Sqdn Ldr Guy Menzies, first solo flight over the Tasman Sea
Arthur George Weaver DFC, bomber pilot, lawyer and father of Jacki Weaver
Maj-Gen George Wootten, soldier, lawyer, and political activist
Maj-Gen Zeng Sheng (Tsang Sang), Chinese guerilla force commander in Hong Kong during World War II, later officer in the Chinese army and Minister of Transport (attended Fort Street for five years, later attended Sun Yat-sen University High School)
Business and industry
Frank Albert, founder of Albert Music and the board of the Australian Broadcasting Company
Hughie Armitage, former governor of the Commonwealth Bank
Samuel Hordern, merchant and philanthropist
Sir Ronald Irish, businessman and author;
Raymond McGrath, architect, pioneer of Modernism, former president of the Royal Hibernian Academy
Gary Pemberton, businessman
Abe Saffron, underworld figure, nightclub owner and property developer
John Singleton, broadcaster; advertising tycoon
Ken Thomas, founder of Thomas Nationwide Transport, international transport company.
Religion and community
Ellis Gowing former Archdeacon of Southend, United Kingdom
Stephen Duckett, secretary of Commonwealth Department of Health (1994–1996), chair, board of directors, Brotherhood of St Laurence (2000–2005), president and chief executive officer, Alberta Health Services (2009–2010), Health Program Director, Grattan Institute (2012–)
Tony Thirlwell OAM, chief executive, Heart Foundation (NSW)
Sir Alan Walker, former superintendent minister of the Wesley Central Mission, Central Methodist Mission Sydney
James Graham Somerville, environmentalist
Entertainment, media and the arts
Neville Amadio, flautist
John Appleton, stage and radio actor writer and producer
Helmut Bakaitis, actor
George Lewis Becke, writer
Bill Boustead, conservator at the Art Gallery of New South Wales from 1954 until 1977.
Barbara Brunton actress
Christian Byers, actor
Anna Choy, television presenter
Kenneth Cook, writer
David Foster, novelist, essayist, poet and farmer (also attended Orange High School and Armidale High School)
Nikki Gooley, make-up artist, BAFTA winner (2005), Saturn Award winner (1999), Oscar nominee (2006)
Norman Hetherington, creator of "Mr. Squiggle"
Frank Hodgkinson AM, Australian printmaker, painter and graphic artist
A. D. Hope, poet
Muriel Howlett, first female journalist for the BBC
Lindy Hume, opera and festival director
Deborah Hutton, Model & TV Personality
Dr Francis James, journalist and publisher
Sir Errol Knox, journalist, publisher, citizen soldier who served in both world wars rising to the rank of brigadier
Mary Kostakidis, SBS newsreader and a member of founding management team
Liang Joo Leow OAM, voice artist
James McAuley, poet and co-creator of Ern Malley
Cassie McCullagh, ABC presenter, journalist and writer
Donald McDonald, former chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Adit Gauchan, producer for Australian hip hop band Horrorshow
Nick Bryant-Smith (MC Solo), rapper for Australian hip hop band Horrorshow
Nick Lupi, rapper for hip hop group Spit Syndicate
Tai Nguyen, actor
Kaho Cheung (aka Unkle Ho), producer for Australian hip hop band The Herd
Lucia Osborne-Crowley, author of 'I Choose Elena' and journalist
Michael Pate, Australian actor and writer
Robie Porter, (aka Rob E G), Australian musician and music producer
Margaret Preston, artist and teacher of art
Josh Pyke, singer/songwriting musician
Eric Charles Rolls AM, Writer; Recipient of the Centenary Medal 2003
Dennis Shanahan, political editor, The Australian
Joy Smithers, actress and public speaker
Harold Stewart, poet and co-creator of Ern Malley
John West, ABC radio's "The Showman"
Amy Witting, poet and novelist
Rowan Woods, AFI winning film director
Josh Szeps, political satirist and TV show host
Jake Stone, singer of Indie rock band Bluejuice, along with others in the band
Sport
Marilyn Black, athlete, 1964 Summer Olympics
Judy Canty, athlete, 1948 Olympic Games, 1950 British Empire Games
Jean Coleman, athlete, 1938 Empire Games
Robert Graves, dual Rugby international
Harold Hardwick, swimmer, 1911 Empire Games; 1912 Olympic Games
Jon Henricks, swimmer, 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games; 1956, 1960 Olympic Games
Harry Hopman, tennis player
Clarice Kennedy, athlete, 1938 Empire Games
Garry Leo, Rugby League, 1963–74, Balmain Tigers First Grade
Adrian Lowe, athlete, 1988 Paralympic Games.
Charles Macartney, cricketer
Betty McKinnon, athlete, 1948 Olympic Games
Paul Magee, athlete, 1938 Empire Games
June Maston, athlete, 1948 Olympic Games
Marlene Matthews, athlete, 1954, 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games; 1956, 1960 Olympic Games; later director of the Western Sydney Academy of Sport
Wayne Miranda, Rugby League, 1979–83, Balmain Rugby League First Grade
Ian Moutray, Rugby Union international
Margaret Parker, athlete, 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Myer Rosenblum, athlete, 1938 British empire and Commonwealth Games; and Rugby Union international
Frederick (Frank) Row, Australia's first Rugby Union captain (vs British Lions, 1899)
Fred Spofforth, cricketer
Jan Stephenson, golfer
Liz Weekes, water polo, 2000 Olympic Games
Taryn Woods, water polo, 2000 Olympic Games
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External links
Distinguished Fortians, 2018. (167-page alphabetic list of FSHS student alumni.)
Foreword by Justice Kirby in the sesquicentenary book, Maroon and Silver (1999) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faberest.png"}],"text":"Fort Street Crest","title":"List of Fortians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwin Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Abbott_(public_servant)"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Department of Trade and Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Customs_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Edmund Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Barton"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Garfield Barwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Barwick"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Eric Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bedford"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Charles Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bennett_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles_Bennett_NSW_Parl-8"},{"link_name":"Ivan Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Black"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivan_Black_NSW_Parl-9"},{"link_name":"Rod Blackmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Blackmore"},{"link_name":"Children's Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Vicki Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicki_Bourne"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Senate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Arthur Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bridges"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arthur_Bridges_NSW_Parl-11"},{"link_name":"Joseph Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Browne_(politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph_Browne_NSW_Parl-12"},{"link_name":"John Bryson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bryson_(Australian_jurist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JBryson-13"},{"link_name":"Sir Joseph Carruthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Carruthers"},{"link_name":"premier of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rodney Cavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Cavalier"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ian Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Cohen"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICohen-16"},{"link_name":"Terence Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Cole_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hugh Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Connell"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hugh_Connell_NSW_Parl-18"},{"link_name":"Peter Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Crawford_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peter_Crawford_NSW_Parl-19"},{"link_name":"William Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dick_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William_Dick_NSW_Parl-20"},{"link_name":"Ben Doig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Doig"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ben_Doig_NSW_Parl-21"},{"link_name":"John Dowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dowd_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Southern Cross University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cross_University"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_Dowd_NSW_Parl-22"},{"link_name":"Syd Einfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Einfeld"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bob Ellicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ellicott"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Kirby_2008,_p.5-24"},{"link_name":"Sir Kevin Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Ellis_(politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kevin_Ellis_NSW_Parl-25"},{"link_name":"Dr H. 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Evatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._V._Evatt"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"ALP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Clive Evatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Evatt"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Doug Everingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Everingham"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"David Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fell_(politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-David_Fell_NSW_Parl-29"},{"link_name":"Sir David Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Ferguson_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"JD (Jack) Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Daniel_FitzGerald"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Harry Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Gardiner_(politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harry_Gardiner_NSW_Parl-32"},{"link_name":"Don Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Grimes"},{"link_name":"Administrative Appeals Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Appeals_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Arthur Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Grimm"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arthur_Grimm_NSW_Parl-34"},{"link_name":"Graham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hill_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Federal Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Thomas Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sinclair_Holden"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_Sinclair_Holden_NSW_Parl-36"},{"link_name":"Justice Michael Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kirby_(judge)"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Justice David Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kirby_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kelly_(New_South_Wales_politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph_Kelly_NSW_Parl-39"},{"link_name":"Sir John Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerr_(Governor-General)"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"dismissal of the Whitlam government in 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_constitutional_crisis_of_1975"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Hugh Latimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_(politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hugh_Latimer_NSW_Parl-41"},{"link_name":"Stan Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lloyd_(politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stan_Lloyd_NSW_Parl-42"},{"link_name":"Harold Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Mason_(politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harold_Mason_NSW_Parl-43"},{"link_name":"Gustave 'Gus' Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Miller_(politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Trevor Morling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trevor_Morling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Kirby_2008,_p.5-24"},{"link_name":"William Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murray_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William_Murray_NSW_Parl-45"},{"link_name":"Lerryn Mutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerryn_Mutton"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lerryn_Mutton_NSW_Parl-46"},{"link_name":"Shane Paltridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Paltridge"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Alfred Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Parker_(mayor)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"John Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Perry_(1845%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Ivan Petch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petch"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivan_Petch_NSW_Parl-50"},{"link_name":"Dr Peter Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Phelps_(politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peter_Phelps_NSW_Parl-51"},{"link_name":"Max Ruddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ruddock"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Philip Ruddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Ruddock"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Max_Ruddock_NSW_Parl-52"},{"link_name":"James Shand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shand"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James_Shand_NSW_Parl-53"},{"link_name":"Simon Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Sheikh"},{"link_name":"GetUp!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GetUp!"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"William Shipway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shipway"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William_Shipway_NSW_Parl-55"},{"link_name":"Ross Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Smith_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Harold Snelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Snelling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Sir Percy Spender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Percy_Spender"},{"link_name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Sir Bertram Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Stevens_(politician)"},{"link_name":"premier of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Stanley Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Stephens_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanley_Stephens_NSW_Parl-60"},{"link_name":"Sir Alan Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Taylor_(Australian_judge)"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Sir Frederick Tout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Tout"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Newington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington_College"},{"link_name":"Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Allan Viney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Viney"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allan_Viney_NSW_Parl-65"},{"link_name":"Horace Whiddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Whiddon"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horace_Whiddon_NSW_Parl-66"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robert_Wilson_NSW_Parl-67"},{"link_name":"Neville Wran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Wran"},{"link_name":"premier of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neville_Wran_NSW_Parl-68"}],"text":"Edwin Abbott CBE (1878–1947), Controller-General of the Department of Trade and Customs 1933 to 1944[1][2]\nSir William Anderson, businessman, federal president (1955–1956) and federal treasurer (1956–1968) of the Liberal Party of Australia[3]\nEdmund Barton, the first Prime Minister of Australia and a founding Justice of the High Court of Australia; (attended Fort Street for two years; later Sydney Grammar School)[4][5]\nSir Garfield Barwick, former chief justice of the High Court of Australia[6]\nEric Bedford, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1968–1985)[7]\nCharles Bennett, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1934–1941)[8]\nIvan Black, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1945–1962)[9]\nRod Blackmore, OAM, Senior Magistrate at the Children's Court of New South Wales, serving from 1978 to 1995.\nVicki Bourne, Senator (1990–2002)[10]\nArthur Bridges, Leader of the Government in the NSW Legislative Council, minister and member (1946–1968);[11]\nJoseph Browne, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1912–1932)[12]\nJohn Bryson QC, former justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales[13]\nSir Joseph Carruthers, former premier of New South Wales[14]\nRodney Cavalier, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1978–1988), currently chairman of the SCG Trust[15]\nIan Cohen, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1995–2011)[16]\nTerence Cole, QC, jurist, twice Royal Commissioner (AWB Oil-for-Food and Building Industry)[17]\nHugh Connell, DSO MC and Bar, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1920–1934)[18]\nPeter Crawford, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1984–1988)[19]\nWilliam Dick, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1894–1907) and NSW Legislative Council (1907–1932)[20]\nBen Doig, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1957–1965)[21]\nJohn Dowd, former NSW Attorney-General, Leader of the Opposition and Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and former chancellor of Southern Cross University;[22]\nSyd Einfeld, Deputy Leader of the Opposition, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1965–1981)[23]\nBob Ellicott, QC, former federal minister, solicitor-general, attorney-general and judge of the Federal Court[24]\nSir Kevin Ellis, Speaker of the NSW Legislative Assembly and Member (1948–1973)[25]\nDr H. V. Evatt, former High Court judge, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, president of the United Nations General Assembly and federal ALP opposition leader[26]\nClive Evatt, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1939–1959), brother of H. V. Evatt[27]\nDoug Everingham, federal Minister for Health, 1972–1975[28]\nDavid Fell, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1904–1913)[29]\nSir David Ferguson, former justice of the Supreme Court of NSW[30]\nJD (Jack) Fitzgerald, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1891–1894) and NSW Legislative Council (1915–1922)[31]\nHarry Gardiner, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1960–1974)[32]\nDon Grimes, former senator, federal minister, and member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal[33]\nArthur Grimm, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1913–1925)[34]\nGraham Hill, former judge of the Federal Court of Australia[35]\nThomas Holden, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1934–1945)[36]\nJustice Michael Kirby, former justice of the High Court of Australia[37]\nJustice David Kirby, former justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales[38]\nJoseph Kelly, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1894–1898)[39]\nSir John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia, responsible for the dismissal of the Whitlam government in 1975,[40] former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales\nHugh Latimer, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1934–1954)[41]\nStan Lloyd, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly(1932–1941)[42]\nHarold Mason, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1937–1938)[43]\nGustave 'Gus' Miller, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1889–1918)[44]\nTrevor Morling, QC, former judge of the Federal Court, Royal Commissioner and chairman of the Australian Electoral Commission[24]\nWilliam Murray, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1952–1976)[45]\nLerryn Mutton, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1968–1978)[46]\nShane Paltridge, politician; senator 1951–1966[47]\nAlfred Parker, Lord Mayor of Sydney (1934–1935)[48]\nJohn Perry, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1889–1920)[49]\nIvan Petch, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1988–1995)[50]\nDr Peter Phelps, member of the NSW Legislative Council (2011–2019)[51]\nMax Ruddock, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1962–1976) and father of Philip Ruddock;[52]\nJames Shand, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1926–1944)[53]\nSimon Sheikh, former executive director of GetUp!, a national non-party political organisation[54]\nWilliam Shipway, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1894–1895)[55]\nRoss Smith, Victorian MLA (1985–2002)[56]\nHarold Snelling, former NSW solicitor-general[57]\nSir Percy Spender, former president of the International Court of Justice, Federal Minister, diplomat and jurist[58]\nSir Bertram Stevens, former premier of New South Wales[59]\nStanley Stephens, minister and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1944–1973)[60]\nSir Alan Taylor, former justice of the High Court of Australia[61]\nSir Frederick Tout, pastoralist and member of the NSW Legislative Council (1932–1946)[62] and Newington College (1886–1890) where he was Captain of Rugby Union.[63][64]\nAllan Viney, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1971–1978)[65]\nHorace Whiddon, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1934–1955)[66]\nSir Robert Wilson, member of the NSW Legislative Council (1949–1961)[67]\nNeville Wran, former premier of New South Wales[68]","title":"Politics, government and the law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joyce Allan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Allan"},{"link_name":"Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Zoological_Society_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Sir Hermann Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Black"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chancellors_%E2%80%93_Senate_%E2%80%93_The_University_of_Sydney-70"},{"link_name":"Frederick Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Bridges"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trove1-71"},{"link_name":"Ida Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Browne"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nla.gov.au-72"},{"link_name":"Hedley Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedley_Bull"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Persia Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"John Henry Carver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Carver"},{"link_name":"Alan Rowland Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rowland_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"British Medical Association of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RACP:_History_of_Medicine_Library_-_College_Roll-76"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Robert Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Douglas_(doctor)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne_Faculty_of_Medicine,_Dentistry_and_Health_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Lionel Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"OAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Norman Haire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Haire"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-79"},{"link_name":"Margaret Ann Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Ann_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"English Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Literature"},{"link_name":"The University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAHarris-80"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hetherington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hetherington"},{"link_name":"Emeritus Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus"},{"link_name":"University of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Ronald Horan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Horan"},{"link_name":"John Irvine Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Irvine_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Nalini Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalini_Joshi"},{"link_name":"The University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Kaberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Kaberry"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"OAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-01/ad2020_gazette_-_order_of_australia.pdf"},{"link_name":"Therapeutic Goods Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Lawson"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Douglas Mawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"R. Kerry Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kerry_Rowe"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Maria Skyllas-Kazacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Skyllas-Kazacos"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"University of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSkyllas-Kazacos-90"},{"link_name":"Mavis Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Sweeney"},{"link_name":"Arthur Bache Walkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bache_Walkom"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"John Manning Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Manning_Ward"},{"link_name":"The University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Enid Phyllis Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_Phyllis_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Harold Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wyndham"},{"link_name":"NSW Director-General of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_and_Training_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"John Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Yu"},{"link_name":"Australian of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"UNSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNSW"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Jee Hyun Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Hyun_Kim"},{"link_name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florey_Institute_of_Neuroscience_and_Mental_Health"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"text":"Joyce Allan, conchologist, artist and first female Fellow of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales[69]\nSir Hermann Black, former chancellor of the University of Sydney[70]\nCarl Bridge, Professor Emeritus of Australian History, King’s College London\nFrederick Bridges, educationalist and former chief inspector of schools in New South Wales[71]\nIda Brown, palaentonologist, first female president of the Royal Society of New South Wales[72]\nHedley Bull, professor of international relations at ANU, LSE and Oxford University, and author of \"The Anarchical Society\"[73]\nPersia Campbell, Australian-born American economist and consumer rights champion[74]\nJohn Henry Carver, physicist\nAlan Rowland Chisholm, professor of French at University of Melbourne, critic and commentator[75]\nSir Archibald Collins, former president of the British Medical Association of Australia,[76]\nDr Alex J Crandon, Oncology Surgeon & former Professor Gynaecological Cancer University of Queensland (1993–2004)\nDr Robert Douglas, doctor and medical scientist[77]\nDr William Figgett, biomedical scientist at the University of Melbourne\nLionel Gilbert OAM, author and historian specializing in natural, applied, and local history.[78]\nNorman Haire, medical practitioner and sexologist[79]\nMargaret Ann Harris, Challis Professor of English Literature at The University of Sydney[80]\nStephen Hetherington, philosopher, Emeritus Professor in the School of Humanities and Languages at the University of New South Wales.\nRonald Horan, educator, linguist and author\nJohn Irvine Hunter, biologist[81]\nProf Nalini Joshi, chair, National Committee for Mathematical Sciences, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney[82]\nPhyllis Kaberry, social anthropologist[83]\nLiang Joo Leow OAM, physician, Mohs surgeon, linguist; first dermatologist appointed to the Therapeutic Goods Administration[84][85][86]\nSylvia Lawson, academic, writer and journalist[87]\nSir Douglas Mawson, Antarctic explorer[88]\nR. Kerry Rowe, FRS, civil engineer. Professor, Kingston University, Ontario[89]\nMaria Skyllas-Kazacos AM, director of the University of New South Wales, Centre for Electrochemical and Mineral Processing[90]\nMavis Sweeney (1909 — 23 July 1986), Australian hospital pharmacist\nArthur Bache Walkom, palaeobotanist and museum director[91]\nProf John Manning Ward, former vice-chancellor at The University of Sydney[92]\nEnid Phyllis Wilson, (1908-1988) industrial psychologist,[93]\nSir Harold Wyndham, former NSW Director-General of Education, creator of the Wyndham Scheme (HSC)[94]\nDr John Yu, Australian of the Year, 1996; former chancellor of UNSW[95]\nDr Jee Hyun Kim, senior research fellow and head of the Developmental Psychobiology Laboratory at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health in Melbourne[96]","title":"Science and academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"LLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLB"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Tara Anglican School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Anglican_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"MLC School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLC_School"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_Rhodes_Scholar-97"},{"link_name":"BSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSc"},{"link_name":"Agric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Rhodes_Scholars-98"}],"text":"Kate Brennan – BA LLB, University of Sydney, 2006 (also attended Tara Anglican School for Girls and MLC School)[97]\nRobert Nicholson McCulloch – BSc (Agric), University of Sydney, 1926[98]","title":"Rhodes Scholars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basil Catterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Catterns"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Returned and Services League of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returned_and_Services_League_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCrews-100"},{"link_name":"Pat Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_Clarence_Hughes"},{"link_name":"RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF"},{"link_name":"The Few","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Few"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Guy Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Menzies"},{"link_name":"Tasman Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Sea"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-102"},{"link_name":"DFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Jacki Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacki_Weaver"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"George Wootten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wootten"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Zeng Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Sheng"},{"link_name":"Minister of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"text":"Maj Basil Catterns, soldier, businessman and yachtsman[99]\nMaj-Gen Bill Crews, former national president of the Returned and Services League of Australia[100]\nFlt Lt Pat Hughes, RAAF pilot. One of The Few, Hughes was the highest-scoring Australian in the Battle of Britain[101]\nSqdn Ldr Guy Menzies, first solo flight over the Tasman Sea[102]\nArthur George Weaver DFC, bomber pilot, lawyer and father of Jacki Weaver[103]\nMaj-Gen George Wootten, soldier, lawyer, and political activist[104]\nMaj-Gen Zeng Sheng (Tsang Sang), Chinese guerilla force commander in Hong Kong during World War II, later officer in the Chinese army and Minister of Transport (attended Fort Street for five years, later attended Sun Yat-sen University High School)[105]","title":"Military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Music"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Sir Ronald Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Irish"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Raymond McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_McGrath"},{"link_name":"Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"Royal Hibernian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hibernian_Academy"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Gary Pemberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Pemberton"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Abe Saffron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Saffron"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"John Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singleton_(Australian_entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nationwide Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nationwide_Transport"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"text":"Frank Albert, founder of Albert Music and the board of the Australian Broadcasting Company[106]\nHughie Armitage, former governor of the Commonwealth Bank[107]\nSamuel Hordern, merchant and philanthropist[108]\nSir Ronald Irish, businessman and author;[109]\nRaymond McGrath, architect, pioneer of Modernism, former president of the Royal Hibernian Academy[110]\nGary Pemberton, businessman[111]\nAbe Saffron, underworld figure, nightclub owner and property developer[112]\nJohn Singleton, broadcaster; advertising tycoon[113]\nKen Thomas, founder of Thomas Nationwide Transport, international transport company.[114]","title":"Business and industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellis Gowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Gowing"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Southend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Southend"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Stephen Duckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Duckett"},{"link_name":"Brotherhood of St Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_St_Laurence"},{"link_name":"Alberta Health Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Health_Services"},{"link_name":"Grattan Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grattan_Institute"},{"link_name":"Heart Foundation (NSW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heart_Foundation_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Sir Alan Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"superintendent minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Wesley Central Mission, Central Methodist Mission Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Mission"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"James Graham Somerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graham_Somerville"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"text":"Ellis Gowing former Archdeacon of Southend, United Kingdom\nStephen Duckett, secretary of Commonwealth Department of Health (1994–1996), chair, board of directors, Brotherhood of St Laurence (2000–2005), president and chief executive officer, Alberta Health Services (2009–2010), Health Program Director, Grattan Institute (2012–)\nTony Thirlwell OAM, chief executive, Heart Foundation (NSW)[115]\nSir Alan Walker, former superintendent minister of the Wesley Central Mission, Central Methodist Mission Sydney[116]\nJames Graham Somerville, environmentalist[117]","title":"Religion and community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neville Amadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Amadio"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"John Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._C._Appleton"},{"link_name":"Helmut Bakaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Bakaitis"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortstreet-h.schools.nsw.edu.au-119"},{"link_name":"George Lewis Becke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lewis_Becke"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Bill Boustead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Boustead"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Barbara Brunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Brunton"},{"link_name":"Christian Byers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Byers"},{"link_name":"Anna Choy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Choy"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Cook"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"David Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Orange High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_High_School_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Armidale High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armidale_High_School"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFoster-124"},{"link_name":"Nikki Gooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Gooley"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA"},{"link_name":"Saturn Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Norman Hetherington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Hetherington"},{"link_name":"Mr. Squiggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Squiggle"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Frank Hodgkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Hodgkinson"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-127"},{"link_name":"A. D. Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._D._Hope"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nla.gov.au-72"},{"link_name":"Lindy Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindy_Hume"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Deborah Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Hutton_(Australian_editor)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Dr Francis James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_James"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Sir Errol Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Errol_Knox&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"brigadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Mary Kostakidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kostakidis"},{"link_name":"SBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortstreet.nsw.edu.au-133"},{"link_name":"OAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-01/ad2020_gazette_-_order_of_australia.pdf"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"James McAuley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McAuley"},{"link_name":"Ern Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern_Malley"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Cassie McCullagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassie_McCullagh"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Donald McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_McDonald_(ABC_chairman)"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Adit Gauchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrorshow_(band)"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rage-138"},{"link_name":"Nick Bryant-Smith (MC Solo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrorshow_(band)"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Nick Lupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spit_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Tai Nguyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Nguyen"},{"link_name":"The Herd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herd_(Australian_band)"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rage-138"},{"link_name":"Lucia Osborne-Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_Osborne-Crowley"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Michael Pate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pate"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Robie Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robie_Porter"},{"link_name":"Margaret Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Preston"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortstreet-h.schools.nsw.edu.au-119"},{"link_name":"Josh Pyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Pyke"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Eric Charles Rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Charles_Rolls"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Centenary Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary_Medal"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECRolls-144"},{"link_name":"Dennis Shanahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Shanahan"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-127"},{"link_name":"Joy Smithers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Smithers"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Harold Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Ern Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern_Malley"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"John West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_West_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Amy Witting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Witting"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-127"},{"link_name":"Rowan Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Woods"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortstreet.nsw.edu.au-133"},{"link_name":"Josh Szeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Szeps"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Jake Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluejuice"},{"link_name":"Bluejuice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluejuice"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"text":"Neville Amadio, flautist[118]\nJohn Appleton, stage and radio actor writer and producer\nHelmut Bakaitis, actor[119]\nGeorge Lewis Becke, writer[120]\nBill Boustead, conservator at the Art Gallery of New South Wales from 1954 until 1977.[121]\nBarbara Brunton actress\nChristian Byers, actor\nAnna Choy, television presenter[122]\nKenneth Cook, writer[123]\nDavid Foster, novelist, essayist, poet and farmer (also attended Orange High School and Armidale High School)[124]\nNikki Gooley, make-up artist, BAFTA winner (2005), Saturn Award winner (1999), Oscar nominee (2006)[125]\nNorman Hetherington, creator of \"Mr. Squiggle\"[126]\nFrank Hodgkinson AM, Australian printmaker, painter and graphic artist[127]\nA. D. Hope, poet[128]\nMuriel Howlett, first female journalist for the BBC[72]\nLindy Hume, opera and festival director[129]\nDeborah Hutton, Model & TV Personality[130]\nDr Francis James, journalist and publisher[131]\nSir Errol Knox, journalist, publisher, citizen soldier who served in both world wars rising to the rank of brigadier[132]\nMary Kostakidis, SBS newsreader and a member of founding management team[133]\nLiang Joo Leow OAM, voice artist[134]\nJames McAuley, poet and co-creator of Ern Malley[135]\nCassie McCullagh, ABC presenter, journalist and writer[136]\nDonald McDonald, former chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation[137]\nAdit Gauchan, producer for Australian hip hop band Horrorshow[138]\nNick Bryant-Smith (MC Solo), rapper for Australian hip hop band Horrorshow[139]\nNick Lupi, rapper for hip hop group Spit Syndicate[140]\nTai Nguyen, actor\nKaho Cheung (aka Unkle Ho), producer for Australian hip hop band The Herd[138]\nLucia Osborne-Crowley, author of 'I Choose Elena' and journalist[141]\nMichael Pate, Australian actor and writer[142]\nRobie Porter, (aka Rob E G), Australian musician and music producer\nMargaret Preston, artist and teacher of art[119]\nJosh Pyke, singer/songwriting musician[143]\nEric Charles Rolls AM, Writer; Recipient of the Centenary Medal 2003[144]\nDennis Shanahan, political editor, The Australian[127]\nJoy Smithers, actress and public speaker[145]\nHarold Stewart, poet and co-creator of Ern Malley[146]\nJohn West, ABC radio's \"The Showman\"\nAmy Witting, poet and novelist[127]\nRowan Woods, AFI winning film director[133]\nJosh Szeps, political satirist and TV show host[147]\nJake Stone, singer of Indie rock band Bluejuice, along with others in the band[148]","title":"Entertainment, media and the arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marilyn Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Black"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Judy Canty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Canty_(long_jumper)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nla.gov.au-72"},{"link_name":"Jean Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Coleman_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Robert Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Harold Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Jon Henricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Henricks"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Harry Hopman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hopman"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Clarice Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarice_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Garry Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Leo"},{"link_name":"Adrian Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Lowe"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smh-155"},{"link_name":"Charles Macartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Macartney"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Betty McKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_McKinnon"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nla.gov.au-72"},{"link_name":"Paul Magee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magee"},{"link_name":"June Maston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Maston"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nla.gov.au-72"},{"link_name":"Marlene Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Matthews"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMatthews-157"},{"link_name":"Wayne Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Miranda"},{"link_name":"Ian Moutray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Moutray"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Margaret Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Parker_(javelin_thrower)"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Myer Rosenblum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myer_Rosenblum"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Frederick (Frank) Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Row"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Fred Spofforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Spofforth"},{"link_name":"Jan Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortstreet-h.schools.nsw.edu.au-119"},{"link_name":"Liz Weekes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Weekes"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Taryn Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taryn_Woods"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"}],"text":"Marilyn Black, athlete, 1964 Summer Olympics[149]\nJudy Canty, athlete, 1948 Olympic Games, 1950 British Empire Games[72]\nJean Coleman, athlete, 1938 Empire Games[150]\nRobert Graves, dual Rugby international\nHarold Hardwick, swimmer, 1911 Empire Games; 1912 Olympic Games[151]\nJon Henricks, swimmer, 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games; 1956, 1960 Olympic Games[152]\nHarry Hopman, tennis player[153]\nClarice Kennedy, athlete, 1938 Empire Games[154]\nGarry Leo, Rugby League, 1963–74, Balmain Tigers First Grade\nAdrian Lowe, athlete, 1988 Paralympic Games.[155]\nCharles Macartney, cricketer[156]\nBetty McKinnon, athlete, 1948 Olympic Games[72]\nPaul Magee, athlete, 1938 Empire Games\nJune Maston, athlete, 1948 Olympic Games[72]\nMarlene Matthews, athlete, 1954, 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games; 1956, 1960 Olympic Games; later director of the Western Sydney Academy of Sport[157]\nWayne Miranda, Rugby League, 1979–83, Balmain Rugby League First Grade\nIan Moutray, Rugby Union international[158]\nMargaret Parker, athlete, 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games[159]\nMyer Rosenblum, athlete, 1938 British empire and Commonwealth Games; and Rugby Union international[160]\nFrederick (Frank) Row, Australia's first Rugby Union captain (vs British Lions, 1899)[161]\nFred Spofforth, cricketer\nJan Stephenson, golfer[119]\nLiz Weekes, water polo, 2000 Olympic Games[162]\nTaryn Woods, water polo, 2000 Olympic Games[163]","title":"Sport"}] | [{"image_text":"Fort Street Crest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Faberest.png/180px-Faberest.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Customs head retiring: Mr. E. Abbott's 50 years' service\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 June 1944. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17911882","url_text":"\"Customs head retiring: Mr. E. Abbott's 50 years' service\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140123001751/http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/17911882","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Mr. Edwin Abbott\". The Canberra Times. 4 September 1947. p. 3. Retrieved 13 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2724296","url_text":"\"Obituary: Mr. Edwin Abbott\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anderson, Sir William Hewson (1897–1968)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 28 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A130062b.htm","url_text":"\"Anderson, Sir William Hewson (1897–1968)\""}]},{"reference":"Rutledge, Martha. \"Barton, Sir Edmund (Toby) (1849–1920)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University – via Australian Dictionary of Biography.","urls":[{"url":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barton-sir-edmund-toby-71","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"National Museum of Australia - Edmund Barton\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nma.gov.au/schools/school_resources/resource_websites_and_interactives/primeministers/edmund_barton/","url_text":"\"National Museum of Australia - Edmund Barton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Charles Edward Bennett\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1549","url_text":"\"Mr Charles Edward Bennett\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Ivan Carlisle Black\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1730","url_text":"\"Mr Ivan Carlisle Black\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"BOURNE, Victoria Worrall (1954– )Senator for New South Wales, 1990–2002 (Australian Democrats) | the Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate\". biography.senate.gov.au. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://biography.senate.gov.au/bourne-victoria-worrall/","url_text":"\"BOURNE, Victoria Worrall (1954– )Senator for New South Wales, 1990–2002 (Australian Democrats) | the Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Arthur Dalgety Bridges\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1632","url_text":"\"Mr Arthur Dalgety Bridges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Joseph Alexander Browne\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1293","url_text":"\"Mr Joseph Alexander Browne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"Suzannah Pearce, ed. (17 November 2006). \"BRYSON John Purdy, Hon. Justice\". Who's Who in Australia Live!. North Melbourne, Vic: Crown Content Pty Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Carruthers, Sir Joseph Hector (1856–1932)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 27 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A070582b.htm","url_text":"\"Carruthers, Sir Joseph Hector (1856–1932)\""}]},{"reference":"Suzannah Pearce, ed. (17 November 2006). \"COHEN Ian\". Who's Who in Australia Live!. North Melbourne, Vic: Crown Content Pty Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Major Hugh John Connell\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1402","url_text":"\"Major Hugh John Connell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Peter Thomson Crawford\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=2057","url_text":"\"Mr Peter Thomson Crawford\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr William Thomas Dick\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1147","url_text":"\"Mr William Thomas Dick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Benjamin Cochrane Doig\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1655","url_text":"\"Mr Benjamin Cochrane Doig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hon. John Robert Arthur Dowd\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1976","url_text":"\"The Hon. John Robert Arthur Dowd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Kevin (William Colin) Ellis\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 11 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1690","url_text":"\"Sir Kevin (William Colin) Ellis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Hansard Display\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/Hansard_Display?bid=chamber/hansards/8b210eb0-f0ba-48da-b074-bd89cc83d1bc/&sid=0106","url_text":"\"Hansard Display\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr David Fell\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1203","url_text":"\"Mr David Fell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Ferguson, Sir David Gilbert (1861–1941)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 28 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080509b.htm","url_text":"\"Ferguson, Sir David Gilbert (1861–1941)\""}]},{"reference":"Nairn, Bede. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943 http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fitzgerald-john-daniel-jack-6180. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"},{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fitzgerald-john-daniel-jack-6180","url_text":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fitzgerald-john-daniel-jack-6180"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr John Daniel Fitzgerald\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1106","url_text":"\"Mr John Daniel Fitzgerald\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr John Henry Gardiner\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1684","url_text":"\"Mr John Henry Gardiner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Arthur Hetherington Grimm\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1199","url_text":"\"Mr Arthur Hetherington Grimm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Thomas Sinclair Holden\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1665","url_text":"\"Mr Thomas Sinclair Holden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Judicial Academy of the Philippines, Chief Justice Hilario G Davide Jr Distinguished Lecturer Series. Supreme Court of the Philippines, Manila, 14 April 2005. International Human Rights and Constitutional Interpretation\". Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060918083703/http://www.hcourt.gov.au/speeches/kirbyj/kirbyjbio.html","url_text":"\"Judicial Academy of the Philippines, Chief Justice Hilario G Davide Jr Distinguished Lecturer Series. Supreme Court of the Philippines, Manila, 14 April 2005. International Human Rights and Constitutional Interpretation\""},{"url":"http://www.hcourt.gov.au/speeches/kirbyj/kirbyjbio.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr zJoseph Bede Kelly\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=988","url_text":"\"Mr zJoseph Bede Kelly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Hugh Latimer\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1582","url_text":"\"Mr Hugh Latimer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Stanley Allan Lloyd\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1491","url_text":"\"Mr Stanley Allan Lloyd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Harold Harvey Mason\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1496","url_text":"\"Mr Harold Harvey Mason\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"Webster, D B. \"Miller, Gustave Thomas Carlisle (1851–1918)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/miller-gustave-thomas-carlisle-7585","url_text":"\"Miller, Gustave Thomas Carlisle (1851–1918)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Gustave Thomas Carlisle Miller\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=957","url_text":"\"Mr Gustave Thomas Carlisle Miller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hon. William Thomas Murray\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1500","url_text":"\"The Hon. William Thomas Murray\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Lerryn William Mutton\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1841","url_text":"\"Mr Lerryn William Mutton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Paltridge, Sir Shane Dunne (1910–1966)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 27 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150654b.htm?hilite=paltridge","url_text":"\"Paltridge, Sir Shane Dunne (1910–1966)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred Livingstone Parker\". SYDNEY'S ALDERMEN. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sydneyaldermen.com.au/alderman/alfred-livingstone-parker/","url_text":"\"Alfred Livingstone Parker\""}]},{"reference":"Fulloon, Gillian. \"Perry, John (1845–1922)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/perry-john-8023","url_text":"\"Perry, John (1845–1922)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hon. John [1] Perry\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=860","url_text":"\"The Hon. John [1] Perry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Ivan John Petch\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1957","url_text":"\"Mr Ivan John Petch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hon. Dr Peter Phelps\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=89","url_text":"\"The Hon. Dr Peter Phelps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Maxwell Stanley Ruddock\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1737","url_text":"\"Mr Maxwell Stanley Ruddock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Major James Barclay Shand\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1214","url_text":"\"Major James Barclay Shand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr William Charles Shipway\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Cristobal_de_las_Casas | San Cristóbal de las Casas | ["1 The town and municipality","2 History","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Infrastructure","5 Demographics","6 Economy and tourism","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 16°44′12″N 92°38′18″W / 16.73667°N 92.63833°W / 16.73667; -92.63833City and municipality in Chiapas, MexicoSan Cristóbal de las CasasCity and municipalityAbove, from left to right: Statue of Bartolome de las Casas, Aerial view of San Cristóbal de las Casas, Historical center, City Hall of San Cristobal de las Casas, Cathedral of San Cristóbal de las Casas, Temple and former convent of Santo Domingo, Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe
Coat of armsSan Cristóbal de las CasasLocation in MexicoShow map of ChiapasSan Cristóbal de las CasasSan Cristóbal de las Casas (Mexico)Show map of MexicoCoordinates: 16°44′12″N 92°38′18″W / 16.73667°N 92.63833°W / 16.73667; -92.63833Country MexicoStateChiapasFounded1528Named forSt. Christopher and Bartolomé de las CasasGovernmentArea • Municipality394.2 km2 (152.2 sq mi) • Seat35.6 km2 (13.7 sq mi)Elevation (of seat)2,200 m (7,200 ft)Population (2020 census) • Municipality215,874 • Seat183,509 • Seat density5,200/km2 (13,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (US Central)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (Central)Postal code (of seat)29200Websitewww.sancristobal.gob.mx (in Spanish)
San Cristóbal de las Casas (Spanish: ⓘ), also known by its native Tzotzil name, Jovel (pronounced ), is a town and municipality located in the Central Highlands region of the Mexican state of Chiapas. It was the capital of the state until 1892, and is still considered the cultural capital of Chiapas.
The municipality is mostly made up of mountainous terrain, but the city sits in a small valley surrounded by hills. The city’s center maintains its Spanish colonial layout and much of its architecture, with red tile roofs, cobblestone streets and wrought iron balconies often with flowers. Most of the city’s economy is based on commerce, services and tourism.
Tourism is based on the city’s history, culture and indigenous population, although the tourism itself has affected the city, giving it foreign elements. Major landmarks of the city include the Cathedral, the Santo Domingo church with its large open air crafts market and the Casa Na Bolom museum. The municipality has suffered severe deforestation, but it has natural attractions such as caves and rivers.
The town and municipality
The Santo Domingo Dominican convent
One of the gilded panels inside the Santo Domingo Church
Interior view of the Cathedral
San Cristóbal City Hall.
San Cristóbal de las Casas is a city and municipality located in the Central Highlands region of Chiapas. As a municipality, the city functions as the governmental authority for 83 other rural communities outside the city proper, which cover a territory of 484 km2. Of these communities, the most important include La Candelaria, San Antonio del Monte, Mitziton, San José Yashitinin, El Pinar, Buenavista, Pedernal, Corazon de Maria and Zacualpa Ecatepec. The municipality borders the municipalities of Chamula, Tenejapa, Huixtán, Teopisca, Totolapa, Chiapilla, San Lucas and Zinacantán.
The city, especially the historic center, has maintained its Spanish colonial layout, with narrow cobblestone streets, roofs covered in red clay tile and wrought iron balconies with flowers. The facades of the buildings vary from Baroque to Neoclassical and Moorish, painted in various colors. Milk delivery from local dairy farms still use canisters on donkeys, and farmers typically still use horses and donkeys for hauling wood and farmed goods within their own properties . The city subdivides into three sections but the majority of the population lives in the central section near the city center. Many of the surrounding hills have lost their native trees, in part due to cutting firewood and logging operations which feed the local manufacturing and construction industries.
Although the political capital of Chiapas was moved to Tuxtla at the end of the 19th century, San Cristóbal is considered to be the “cultural capital” of the state. Designated a “Pueblo Mágico” (Magical Village) in 2003, it was further recognized as “The most magical of the Pueblos Mágicos” by President Felipe Calderón in 2010. Much of this culture is associated with the city’s and municipality’s large indigenous population, which is mostly made up of Tzotzils and Tzeltals. One aspect of traditional culture associated with these indigenous groups is the making of textiles, especially weaving, with amber another important product. Ceramics, wrought iron and filigree jewelry can be found as well. The best known area for crafts is the tianguis at Santo Domingo. The city hosts an annual Amber Expo at the Centro de Convenciones Casa de Mazariegos. The event exhibits and sells amber and amber pieces from the area of the state. A more traditional Mexican market is located just north of the Santo Tomas Church. It is open each day except Sunday, when its vendors go to the surrounding communities in the municipality to sell at their markets. On the days that it is open, the large building, which mostly houses traditional butcher shops, is surrounded by stalls which crowd the nearby streets. There are very few tourists here, except for the occasional backpacker. Markets like this serve traditional dishes such as saffron tamales, sopa de pan, asado coleto, atole de granillo and a drink called posh made from sugar cane.
The city’s attraction for tourists has also led to a number making San Cristobal their permanent home, which has had an effect of the local culture, especially in the historic center. Many foreign residents have opened up restaurants with Italian, French, Thai, Indian, Chinese and more options, such as vegetarian. An older foreign influence is the city’s noted cured meat tradition, which can be traced back to both the Spanish and the Germans. These are featured in a number of dishes including chalupas. Foreign influence can also be seen in the city’s nightlife which offers reggae, salsa, techno and more.
Kiosk in the main plaza of the city
Fireworks are common as there are many religious festivals which use them. Important celebrations include those dedicated to the Dulce Niño de Jesús, the Señor de Esquipulas, Saint Anthony, Corpus Christi, San Cristóbal and the Holy Family. This is in addition to the various neighborhood saint celebrations in their respective churches around town. However, the most elaborate rituals are performed during Holy Week. Holy Week processions include both silent and chanting marchers. A number are dressed in pointed hoods and carry heavy platforms with religious figures. They go from house to house, stopping at those homes that have erected small shrines. There they say prayers and bless the house and its occupants before moving on. They finally come to rest in a gigantic open house where an inner shrine has been erected lit by thousands of candles, and where a large potluck supper takes place. All, even passersby, are welcome to partake. Passion plays depicting the crucifixion of Jesus are common events with one large one centered in the open plaza behind the municipal palace. After dark, there is the Burning of Judas. The figures burned are plentiful and include, as well as Judas, government bureaucrats, church officials, army officers, US political figures, Spanish conquistadors, and popular celebrities. They are lit by local firemen who try to keep people back at a safe distance, but fireworks occasionally fall among the crowds anyway.
The Feria de la Primavera y la Paz (Spring and Peace Fair) runs concurrent with Holy Week, especially on Holy Saturday with music and costumes. It terminates with the burning of Judas. A queen is elected to be crowned the next day. Bullfights are held.
The Festival Cervantino Barroco is held each year in the historic center featuring invited artists from various parts of Mexico and abroad. It is held in various forums in the city and includes concerts, plays, exhibitions and conferences.
The center of the city is its main plaza. This plaza’s official name is Plaza 31 de marzo, but it is more often simply called the Zócalo. In the colonial era, the city’s main market was here as well as the main water supply. Today, it is centered on a kiosk which was added in the early 20th century. The corners of this structure have inscriptions marking the major events of San Cristóbal’s history. The rest of the plaza is filled with gardens and surrounded by the most important buildings and finest homes from the history of the city. Surrounding this plaza are the city’s most important buildings such as the Cathedral and the city hall.
The Cathedral is to the north of the main plaza and it is the most emblematic symbol of the city. However, the main facade does not face the Zócalo, rather it faces its own atrium which is called the Cathedral Plaza. The Cathedral began as a modest church dedicated to the Virgin of the Assumption built in 1528. When Chiapas became a diocese in the 17th century, with San Cristóbal as its seat, this church was torn down to build the current structure, dedicated to Saint Christopher, the patron of the city. The overall structure contains European Baroque, Moorish and indigenous influences. The main facade was finished in 1721 and some final touches were added in the 20th century. The main feature of the church is its main facade, which was finished in 1721. It is Baroque painted yellow with ornamental columns and niches in which are various saints. It is divided into three horizontal and three vertical levels marked off by pairs of Solomonic columns and meant to resemble an altarpiece. It is further decorated with intricate raised stucco work mostly in white which show Oaxacan and Guatemalan influences. The layout of the interior shows Moorish influence. The main altar is dedicated to both the Virgin of the Assumption and Saint Christopher. The wood pulpit is from the 16th century and gilded. The side walls have two Baroque altarpieces, one to the Virgin of the Assumption and the other to John of Nepomuk. There is also a small chapel dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe on the north side. The sacristy has a large colonial era paintings of Jesus in Gethsemane by Juan Correa as well as paintings by Miguel Cabrera and Eusebio de Aguilar. It is common to see older indigenous women in the Cathedral, with some even traversing the entire nave on their knees to approach the large image of Jesus handing above the Baroque altar.
At the back of the Cathedral, there is an affixed church called the San Nicolás Temple. It was constructed between 1613 and 1621 in Moorish design by Augustinian monks for use by the indigenous population. It is the only church in the city which has not been significantly altered since its construction. The roof is pitched and pyramid shaped built with wood and tile, and its facade is made of stone and brick with little ornamentation. Two of its images, the Señor de la Misericordia and the Virgen de los Dolores are both from Guatemala.
The city hall, often called the Palacio de Gobierno, is a Neoclassical construction which was built in the 19th century by architect Carlos Z. Flores. It contains a series of arches supported by Tuscan columns. In front of the city hall at night, young men and women promenade past each other in opposite directions around the gazebo. The city hall is scene to fairly frequent protests, some directly associated with the Zapatistas and others are held by student activists from UNAM in Mexico City. These protests are generally accompanied by lines of riot police.
Textile stall in the market at Santo Domingo
When Dominicans came to San Cristóbal from Seville, Spain, they were given an area of land to construct their church and monastery. The first stone was laid in 1547 by Francisco Marroqui, then Bishop of Guatemala. The monastery was finished in 1551. It is one of the most ornate structures in Latin America, both due to the stucco work on the main facade and the gilded altarpieces which completely cover the length on the church’s interior. The facade of the main church is Baroque with Salomonic columns heavily decorated in stucco forms to mimic an altarpiece. The interior has a pulpit carved of wood and covered in gold leaf. The walls are covered in Baroque altarpieces includes those dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The La Caridad Temple was constructed on the site in 1712, established as part of the first hospital for the indigenous. The main facade of this church is designed as an altarpiece with two levels, a central bell tower and Tuscan columns and pilasters. Its design is derived from the Baroque that developed in Lima, Peru. There is an image of the Virgen de la Caridad (Virgin of Charity) carrying a baton like a military general. There is also a notable sculpture of Saint James on horseback. The complex contains two museums. The Museo de la Historia de la Ciudad covers the history of the city until the 19th century. Of this collection, the two most important pieces are some petals of a pomegranate flower, from a receptacle for the Host in the Cathedral. It is one of the most important works of Chiapas silversmithing. The rest of the piece has been lost. The other is a part of the original choir seating of the same Cathedral. The Centro Cultural de los Altos has a collection of some of the area’s textiles from each ethnicity and exhibits on how they are made. It has a store associated with it called the Sna-Jolobil, which means house of weaving in Tzotzil
Sign for the Casa Na Bolom
Casa Na Bolom (House of the Jaguar) is a museum, hotel and restaurant located outside the city’s historic center. The structure was built as part of a seminary in 1891, but it became the home of Frans Blom and Gertrude Duby Blom in the 20th century. Franz was an explorer and archeologist and Gertrude was a journalist and photographer. The couple spent over fifty years in Chiapas collecting tools, crafts, archeological pieces and clothing, especially related to the Lacandon Jungle and people. The museum is dedicated to this collection along with keeping some of the old household rooms intact, such as Franz’s study. It also contains a library with more than 10,000 volumes dedicated to the history, culture and anthropology of the region. There are also magazine and sound libraries as well as the old chapel which contains colonial era religious art. The back of the structure contains a botanical garden.
The La Merced monastery was the first in the city founded by the Mercedarians from Guatemala in 1537. It was built as a fortress with barracks for soldiers and space for citizens in case of attack. The church entrance has a massive wooden door with wrought iron hinges and fastenings. There are very few windows and those that exist are built to allow muskets to fire on attackers. The entire structure is built with extensions and abutments to provide for interlocking fields of fire. Entry to the fortifications is denied as too dangerous. The church still functions as such. It consists of a single nave, with interior remodeled in Neoclassical design during the Porfirio Díaz era. The oldest part of the structure is an arch and columns located in the interior of the sacristy, which is decorated in stucco of various colors with floral and vegetative motifs. At the foot of the column, there are two lions symbolizing Spanish domination. In the latter half of the 19th century, the structure was used as a military barracks and in 1960, it was converted into the city jail which it remained until 1993. In 2000 the former monastery was further converted into the Museum of Amber, which has a collection of over three hundred pieces and is the only one of its kind in the Americas.
Display at the Museum of Amber located at the former La Merced monastery
The Carmen Temple and the Arco Torre, both in Moorish style, are located on Andador Eclesiastico. The Carmen Temple is all that remains of the former La Encarnación convent which was founded in 1597 with the first nuns arriving between 1609 and 1610. The complex includes the old cloister, nuns’ cells and other structures. The original church building burned and it was restored conserving its simple facade. One unusual feature of the church is that its layout is L-shaped, covering the south and west sides of a small plaza. Inside, the walls have carved wood panels and a Neoclassical altar which has been recently restored. In the colonial period, the convent and church served as one of the main entrances into the city. An arch with tower was constructed next to the convent in 1680, now simply called the Arco del Carmen. This arch is in pure Moorish style, with three levels of decoration. It is the only one of its style in Mexico. This arch with its accompanying tower has been adopted as one of the symbols of San Cristóbal.
The San Cristóbal Church is atop a long staircase up the hill. It is often closed but it offers panoramic views of the city. At the San Cristóbal church the patron saint is celebrated on 25 July with marimbas, food and fireworks. For ten days previously, each of the main neighborhoods has a pilgrimage to the top of the hill.
The San Francisco Church was built by the Franciscans in 1577 as a monastery but only the church survives. The current church was built in the 18th century with a single nave covered in a wood and tile roof. The main facade has three levels and two side towers. Inside, it has six Baroque altarpieces. The upper part of the nave has fourteen oil paintings. The atrium has a sculpted stone baptismal font.
Mayan mask at the Jade Museum of Chiapas
The Guadalupe Church is located on the Cerro de Guadalupe. It was constructed in 1834. To reach it, there are seventy nine stairs up the hill. The church has a single nave with a side chapel. The main altar has an oil painting of the Virgin of Guadalupe and the side chapel contains a sculpture of the Virgin from 1850. The atrium affords panoramic views of the city. The feast of this Virgin is celebrated annually with a parade on the main street with fireworks, rockets and candlelight vigils.
The Santo Tomas Church is just north of the historic center. It has a museum in the back, in a building which was the barracks and parade grounds built when the city was founded.
The Santa Lucía Church was constructed in 1884 by architect Carlos Z. Flores over what was a dilapidated chapel. It consists of a single nave with pilasters on its walls and pointed arches. The main altar is Gothic with Neoclassical and Art Nouveau elements.
The Museo Mesoamericano del Jade has jade pieces from the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Mixtec, Zapotec, Maya, Toltec and Aztec cultures. There is also a life-sized replica of the burial chamber of Pakal of Palenque as it looked when the king was buried. The Maya Medicine Museum is dedicated to the various techniques and practices of indigenous medicine, many of which are still practiced today. The Museo de las Culturas Populares de Chiapas (Museum of Popular Cultures of Chiapas) is located on Diego de Mazariego Street. It is mostly dedicated to the indigenous cultures of the state with the aim of recuperating, valuing and promoting knowledge of these cultures in Chiapas and beyond. The museum has exhibits of many of these cultures and also sponsors live events related to its mission as well.
Casa de las Sirenas is one of the most notable domestic structures from the colonial era. It was built by Andrés de la Tovilla in Plateresque style and dates from the 16th century. It is named after a mermaid that appears on its crest in one of the corners. The Antiguo Colegio de San Francisco Javier today houses the Faculty of Law of the state university. It was founded by the Jesuits in 1681 for the education of the Spanish elite. Its current facade is two levels in Neoclassical style. The interior contains murals about the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
History
Del Carmen Arch
The city was founded as Villa Real de Chiapa in 1528 by Diego de Mazariegos in what was called the Hueyzacatlán Valley, which means “pasture” in Nahuatl. From then on, the city went through a number of name changes: to Villa Viciosa in 1529, to Villa de San Cristóbal de los Llanos in 1531, and to Ciudad Real in 1536. It was changed to Ciudad de San Cristóbal in 1829. “de las Casas” was added in 1848 in honor of Bartolomé de las Casas. There were some modifications in the early 20th century to the name but it returned to San Cristóbal de las Casas in 1943. In the Tzotzil and Tzeltal languages the name of the area is Jovel, “the place in the clouds”.
The area did not have a pre-Hispanic city. After defeating the Zoques in the Northern Mountains and the Chiapans of this area, Diego de Mazariegos founded the city as a military fort. This city and much of what would be the state of Chiapas came under the Captaincy General of Guatemala in 1532 headed by Pedro de Alvarado. San Cristóbal received its coat of arms in 1535 from Carlos V and it was officially declared a city in 1536. The city gained the rank of Alcadía Mayor in 1577 which gave it authority over much of Chiapas north of it. The intendencia of Chiapas was created in 1786 combining San Cristóbal’s territory with that of Tuxtla and Soconusco, with the government in San Cristóbal. In 1821, the city followed the Comitán de Domínguez’ declaration of independence from Spain and the Captaincy General of Guatemala. However, the city and the rest of Chiapas became a part of Mexico in 1824, with the capital established here.
In 1829, the name Ciudad Real was changed to San Cristóbal. In the 19th century, the state government would shift back and forth between San Cristóbal, in the highlands dominated by Conservatives, and Tuxtla, dominated by Liberals. Independent tendencies arose again in 1853, when the Plan of Yalmús was announced declaring the then Mexican Constitution null. Conservative forces attacked the city in 1857 but were dislodged shortly thereafter by Liberal Angel Albino Corzo. The last of French forces were expelled from the city in 1864. The state government was moved from San Cristóbal to Tuxtla for good in 1892 by the Liberal government. There was a failed attempt in 1911 by Conservatives in San Cristóbal and neighboring San Juan Chamula to force the return of the capital.
In 1915, the state went to the municipality system with San Cristóbal becoming a municipality. Originally, it had jurisdiction over communities such as San Lucas, Zinacantán, San Felipe Ecatepec, Tenejapa, San Miguel Mitontic, Huixtan and Chanal, but these would later separate to become municipalities in their own right.
In the 20th century, the outskirts of the city become filled with open pit mines for gravel and sand. There was even one opened on a hill in the San Diego and La Florecilla neighborhoods, near the historic center called Salsipuedes. These prompted environmental and local community organizations to protest, stating that the valley is a closed water basin and the mining negatively affects potable water supplies. Salsipuedes was closed in the 2000s.
The city was declared a national historic monument in 1974.
EZLN flag
San Cristóbal became the center of political activism with the election of Samuel Ruiz as bishop of Chiapas in 1960. In the 1960s and 1970s, the traditional Catholic Church was losing indigenous adherents to Protestant and other Christian groups. To counter this, Ruiz supported and worked with Marist priests and nuns following an ideology called liberation theology. In 1974 he organized a statewide Indian Congress with representatives from 327 communities of the Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Tojolabal and Ch'ol peoples as well as Marists and the Maoist People’s Union. This congress was the first of its kind with the goal of uniting the indigenous peoples politically. These efforts were also supported by leftist organizations from outside Mexico, especially to form unions of ejido organizations. These unions would later form the base of the EZLN organization. These efforts would also create a “new” type of Catholic in the state called “Word of God” Catholic. These would shun the “traditionalist” Catholic practice mixed with indigenous rites and beliefs. It would also create a split in many communities as the “Word of God” Catholics were loyal directly to the bishop in San Cristóbal, with traditionalists loyal to local cacique leaders.
Activism and resentment continued from the 1970s to the 1990s. During this decade, the Mexican federal government adopted neoliberalism, which clashed with the leftist political ideas of liberation theology and many of the indigenous activist groups. Despite the activism, economic marginalization among indigenous groups remained high, with resentment strongest in the San Cristóbal region and in migrant communities living in the Lacandon Jungle.
The grievances of these activists would be taken up by a small guerrilla band led by a man called only “Subcomandante Marcos.” His small band, called the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN), came to the world’s attention when on January 1, 1994, the day the NAFTA treaty went into effect. On this day, EZLN forces occupied and took over the towns of San Cristóbal de las Casas, along with six other Chiapas communities. They read their proclamation of revolt to the world and then laid siege to a nearby military base, capturing weapons and releasing many prisoners from the jails. Ruiz negotiated between the EZLN and authorities even though his leftist activism made him suspect to many authorities. This would undermine efforts and eventually the Catholic Church would split from the Zapatista movement. However, the negotiations would lead to the San Andrés Accords and ended the rebellion peacefully. By the time he died in 2011, Ruiz was locally given the name of “Tatic”, which means “father” in Tzotzil, and received numerous distinctions including the Simón Bolívar Prize from UNESCO and the International Human Rights Award in Nuremberg.
Geography
Huitepec peak
The city and municipality are located in a region called the Chiapas Highlands or Central Highlands. Two thirds of the municipality is made up of mountainous terrain with the rest valley floor. The city proper is located at 2,200 meters above sea level in a small valley surrounded by hills. The most important of these hills include Cerro Huitepec, San José Bocomtenelté, Cerro San Felipe, Cerro El Extranjero, Cerro Cruz Carreta, El Arcotete and Cerro Tzontehuitz. While it is in a tropical zone, its climate is temperate due to the altitude. The climate is also humid, with cloud cover in the winter months that keeps temperatures down and can produce cold nights. Average temperature between December and April is 18 °C. The area receives most of its rain in the summer to early fall. However, the cloud cover that exists in winter is generally absent and daytime temperatures can go up to 35 °C with high humidity.
Due to its high altitude the city temperatures can reach temperatures below 0 °C. Many homes burn firewood for warmth in cold weather. This can give the city a slightly smoky smell although the number of homes burning firewood for warmth has dropped in the last two decades as more homes are integrating climate-control systems under city recommendations.
The natural vegetation of the area is pine–oak forest. However, most of the surrounding hills have lost their native trees, with deforestation rates at 80%, losing 15,000 hectares just since 1980. Reasons for this include cutting for firewood, urban development, poor resource management, fires and agriculture. The deforestation has led to erosion problems blocking rivers and streams and affecting underground recharge of the area's freshwater springs. It has also negatively affected endangered species such as the golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia), which winters here.
The main rivers are the Amarillo and Fogótico along with a number of streams such as the Chamula, Peje de Oro and Ojo de Agua. There are also two lakes called the Chapultepec and Cochi. The city had twenty-five natural fresh water springs, but deforestation has dried up seven and twelve flow only during the rainy season, leaving six for the city year round. These and the remaining surface lakes were declared protected in 2008.
The municipality has a number of ecological features. The Gruta de San Cristóbal is one of a number of caves in the mountains around the city just off Federal Highway 190 heading towards Comitán. This particular cave was discovered by Vicente Kramsky in 1947. The cave has only one entrance with lateral chambers. It has a total length of 10.2 km and a depth of 550 meters. The Rancho Nuevo cave has a path which extends 750 meters into the interior and is lit in various colors. Around the caves, there are campsites and horseback riding.
The municipality contains two ecological reserves called the Cerro Huitepec Private Reserve and the Rancho Nuevo Ecological Conservation Zone. Another protected area is the El Arcotete Forest located 15 km northeast of the city. It contains a natural bridge which was part of an ancient cave that was worn away.
The Humedales de Montaña La Kisst is an urban wetland located southwest of the historic center. Springs in the area are an important source of water for the city, and the wetland helps capture, store, and filter clean water as well as provide habitat to aquatic life. In 2008 a 110-hectare area around the wetlands was designated an ecological conservation area, and 35 hectares were designated a wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention in the same year. The wetland remains under threat from over-pumping of groundwater and encroachment by urban development. Humedales de Montaña María Eugenia is a wetland in the southeastern portion of the city. It supports populations of fish, amphibians, and resident and migratory birds, and helps reduce flood risk and recharge drinking water aquifers for the city. The wetlands was designated a 115-hectare ecological conservation area in 2008, and it was designated a Ramsar Site in 2012. Gertrude Duby Biotic Reserve is a 64-hectare reserve in the mountains immediately east of the city. It was designated in 1994 and named for Gertrude Duby Blom, a journalist, anthropologist, environmentalist, and San Cristóbal resident.
Climate
San Cristóbal de las Casas has a mild subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) moderated by its altitude. The dry season, which runs from November to April is cool with a January average of 12.3 °C (54.1 °F). Owing to its altitude and the relative aridity of the dry season, San Cristóbal de las Casas has a fairly high diurnal temperature range and nighttime temperatures are cool. Extended periods of frosts are rare, occurring only 2 or 3 days per year in December to February. Humidity is high (around 78 percent), even during the winter months, but fog or mist is quite common during the dry months, occurring on 13 to 17 days. Usually, this clears off during the day. The wet season, which runs from May to October is warmer, with a June average of 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) and precipitation is much higher during these months. Fog is less common during this time. Average annual precipitation is 1,084.7 millimetres (42.7 in) most of it concentrated in the wet season. The wettest month recorded was September 1998 when 525.8 millimetres (20.70 in) of precipitation was recorded, and the wettest day recorded was on October 4, 2005 with 105 millimetres (4.13 in). Extremes range from a low of −8.5 °C (16.7 °F) to 35.8 °C (96.4 °F).
Climate data for San Cristóbal de las Casas
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
30.5(86.9)
30.0(86.0)
33.5(92.3)
31.0(87.8)
35.8(96.4)
34.0(93.2)
33.5(92.3)
29.0(84.2)
29.5(85.1)
33.0(91.4)
30.0(86.0)
33.5(92.3)
35.8(96.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
20.3(68.5)
21.4(70.5)
22.9(73.2)
23.5(74.3)
23.1(73.6)
22.4(72.3)
22.5(72.5)
22.5(72.5)
21.7(71.1)
21.3(70.3)
20.7(69.3)
19.9(67.8)
21.9(71.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)
12.3(54.1)
13.0(55.4)
14.5(58.1)
15.7(60.3)
16.4(61.5)
17.0(62.6)
16.5(61.7)
16.5(61.7)
16.4(61.5)
15.5(59.9)
13.8(56.8)
12.5(54.5)
15.0(59.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
4.2(39.6)
4.5(40.1)
6.0(42.8)
7.8(46.0)
9.7(49.5)
11.5(52.7)
10.6(51.1)
10.5(50.9)
11.2(52.2)
9.6(49.3)
7.0(44.6)
5.1(41.2)
8.1(46.6)
Record low °C (°F)
−8.5(16.7)
−7.5(18.5)
−7.5(18.5)
−5.0(23.0)
1.0(33.8)
1.3(34.3)
1.5(34.7)
1.2(34.2)
0.1(32.2)
−2.5(27.5)
−6.1(21.0)
−8.0(17.6)
−8.5(16.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
9.0(0.35)
10.9(0.43)
16.0(0.63)
43.8(1.72)
111.8(4.40)
226.3(8.91)
143.6(5.65)
153.9(6.06)
215.4(8.48)
109.0(4.29)
32.8(1.29)
12.2(0.48)
1,084.7(42.69)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)
2.5
2.4
2.3
5.7
11.4
18.7
14.3
15.5
19.7
11.3
5.3
2.3
111.4
Average relative humidity (%)
80
78
77
76
77
78
77
78
80
80
80
80
78
Mean monthly sunshine hours
212.8
199.6
203.7
180.7
168.4
137.9
174.9
178.5
116.2
152.5
173.0
189.8
2,088
Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico National (normals 1951–2010, extremes)
Source 2: Colegio de Postgraduados (sun, humidity, extremes 1951–1980)
Infrastructure
San Cristóbal de las Casas is located 80 km from Tuxtla Gutiérrez on Highway 190. It had an airport named Corazón de María 18 km outside the city proper, until the airport was closed in 2010. The municipality has 193.17 km of highway, most of which is state highway connecting the city to Tuxtla Gutierrez and to points north such as Ocosingo and Palenque. There are also a number of rural roads (44.9 km) as well as roads maintained by the Secretarías de Obras Públicas, Desarrollo Rural, Defensa Nacional, and Comisión Nacional del Agua.
As of 2005, there were 32,654 residences in the municipality. About 80% of all residences are owned by their occupants. There is an average occupancy of 4.84 people per home, which is about the state average. Twenty-six percent of homes have dirt floors with about 60% having cement. Twenty-five percent of homes have wood sides and 65% have those made of block. About 35% have roofs of asbestos or metal with about 11% having tile roofs. Over 96% have electricity, over 82% have running water and just under 80% have sewerage.
Demographics
Pictured, an OXXO advertisement in the Tzeltal language. Indigenous Mayan languages are spoken by about half of the city's population.
Two Tzotzil women on a street in San Cristóbal
In 2010 the municipality of San Cristóbal de las Casas had a total population of 185,917, and the city of 158,027. Other than the city of San Cristóbal de las Casas, the municipality had 110 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: San Antonio del Monte (2,196), La Candelaria (1,955), Mitzitón (1,293), and San José Yashitinín (1,109), all classified as rural.
As of 2010, 59,943 people in the municipality spoke an indigenous language. The two most important ethnic groups in the area are the Tzotzil and Tzetzal.
About 85% of the municipal population lives in the city proper with the rest in rural communities. The population density is 274/km2, well above the regional average of 190/km2 and state average of 52/km2. Most of the population is young, with about 68% under the age of thirty and an average age of twenty. Population growth is about 4.10%, above the regional and state averages of 2.37 and 2.06% respectively. The population is expected to double within twenty years.
In 2000 the municipality had an illiteracy rate of just under 18%, down from just under 25% in 1990. Of these over 15, just over 16% have not finished primary school, about 17% have only primary school completed and about 48% have finished some level above that. Just under 78% of the population is Catholic with about 15% belonging to Protestant, Evangelical or other Christian sects.
Economy and tourism
Inside the Rosalia Store in the city
Multilingual instructions for the SMS based city tourism and information system.
San Cristóbal has the second-lowest rate of economic marginalization in the state of Chiapas following Tuxtla Gutiérrez. Only 4.5% of workers do not receive a salary or a regular income. Approximately 9% are employed in agriculture, compared to 54.86% regionally and 47.25% in the state. 21% are employed in construction, energy and transportation. The most important sector by economic output is mining. About 600 truckloads of jade, gravel, stone and metals are exported from San Cristóbal daily. Most of the material is destined to other municipalities in the region, although some goes to other cities in Chiapas and to states such as Tabasco and Campeche. This heavy strip mining has gradually eaten away at the natural landscape of some areas and has negatively affected the recharge of surface and subsurface water.
The most important economic sector is commerce, services and tourism, which employs almost 67% of the workforce compared to 29% for the region and 37% for the state. The city has become a renowned tourist location for its preserved colonial architecture and retention of indigenous culture and traditions. Many residents of the city wear indigenous clothing regularly. Market vendors in the city are known for being very aggressive when trying to secure a sale.
The municipality contains over 80 hotels with more than 2,000 rooms. The city government serves tourists through traditional information booths with guided tours and also offers “I-Pod tours” where tourists may rent an iPod which uses a GPS system to identify where any given tourist is and provide them with information regarding their surroundings. These tours allow visitors to roam the city and listen/read about the areas in which they are located.
Since the Zapatista uprising in 1994, the city has developed a type of cult tourism focusing around the EZLN. This tourism attracts those interested in both leftist political beliefs and indigenous activism who come to see where the events of the 1990s happened as well as what is going on now. This tourism has spurred the creation of Zapatista-themed shops which sell EZLN shirts and other souvenirs. This tourism has been given the name of “Zapaturismo” or “Zapatourism”. The term originally was derogatory and referred to the large number of leftist activists which converged on the city after the EZLN uprising began. Since then, the term receives mixed reviews with some finding humor in it.
The most important manufactured goods produced in the city are jade, textiles and amber, although others such as ceramics, metal works, carved wood products, clothing and filigree jewelry can be found as well. There is a large tianguis or open air market at Santo Domingo which specializes in selling these locally produced products.
There has been a recent problem with fake amber being sold on the street, either made of plastic or glass. True Chiapas amber is extracted from the town of Simojovel to the north. There is a great price difference between the real and fake amber, and this price difference can be enough to put authentic amber vendors out of business. Many of the sellers of fake amber are successful because many people, especially foreign tourists, do not know how to determine what is real. However, one indicator is price, as true amber cannot be sold for the very low prices that street vendors offer.
References
^ "San Cristóbal de Las Casas (Municipality, Mexico) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "San Cristóbal de las Casas". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Estado de Chiapas (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal, Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas. 2005. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Ciudad de San Cristóbal de Las Casas" (in Spanish). Chiapas: State of Chiapas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Larry Freeman (January 1, 2004). "San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas". Mexconnect newsletter. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Fin de semana en San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g "Despertar en San Cristóbal de las Casas" . El Informador (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. May 1, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "San Cristóbal de las Casas" (in Spanish). Chiapas: Secretaría de Turismo de Chiapas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b c "Catedral de San Cristóbal de las Casas" (in Spanish). Mexico: INDAABIN. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b c Ginna Berg (2008). Zapaturismo in San Cristobal de las Casas, Mexico: Marketplace capitalism meets revolutionary tourism (PhD thesis). University of Manitoba Canada. Docket MR48952.
^ Jiménez González, Victor Manuel, ed. (2009). Chiapas: Guía para descubrir los encantos del estado (in Spanish). Mexico City: Editorial Océano de México, SA de CV. p. 35. ISBN 978-607-400-059-7.
^ a b c "Denuncian daños por operación de minas en San Cristóbal de las Casas" . El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Agencia el Universal. August 20, 2010. p. 1.
^ a b Hidalgo, Margarita G (2006). Contributions to the Sociology of Language : Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. Berlin: DEU: Walter de Gruyter & Co. KG Publishers. pp. 108–112. ISBN 978-3-11-018597-3.
^ a b Speed, Shannon, ed. (2006). Dissident Women : Gender and Cultural Politics in Chiapas. Aida Hernandez Castillo and Lynne Stephen. Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-292-71417-3.
^ a b Kovic, Christine Marie (2005). Mayan Voices for Human Rights : Displaced Catholics in Highland Chiapas. Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas Press. pp. 2–10. ISBN 978-0-292-70640-8.
^ Hamnett, Brian (1999). Concise History of Mexico. Port Chester, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-521-61802-1.
^ John P. Schmal (2004). "Chiapas-Forever Indigenous". Texas: Houston Institute for Culture. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
^ Martín Morita (January 25, 2011). "Fallece defensor de causa indígena" . El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 11.
^ a b c d e Martín Morita (August 8, 2010). "Pierde San Cristóbal sus cerros y bosques" . El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 14.
^ "Humedales de Montaña La Kisst". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
^ UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Humedales de Montaña La Kisst from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 1 April 2022.
^ "Humedales de Montaña María Eugenia". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
^ UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Humedales de Montaña María Eugenia from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 30 March 2022.
^ UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Gertrude Duby from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 30 March 2022.
^ Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
^ a b c d e "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951-2010" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico National. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
^ a b "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981-2000" (PDF) (in Spanish). Comision Nacional Del Agua. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
^ a b c d e "Normales climatológicas para San C. De Las Casa, Chiapas" (in Spanish). Colegio de Postgraduados. Archived from the original on February 22, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
^ a b c "San Cristóbal de las Casas". Catálogo de Localidades. Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (SEDESOL). Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ "Catálogo Localidades". microrregiones.gob.mx.
^ a b Martín Morita (March 23, 2010). "'El precio lo dice todo'" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 15.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Cristobal de las Casas.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Cristóbal de las Casas.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "San Cristóbal".
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MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[saŋkɾisˈtoβal de las ˈkasas]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/SanCristobaldelasCasasPronunciation.ogg/SanCristobaldelasCasasPronunciation.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SanCristobaldelasCasasPronunciation.ogg"},{"link_name":"Tzotzil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzotzil_language"},{"link_name":"[xɤ̞ˈve̞l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Chiapas"},{"link_name":"Central Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Chiapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas"},{"link_name":"Chiapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas"},{"link_name":"cobblestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobblestone"},{"link_name":"Casa Na Bolom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Na_Bolom"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"}],"text":"City and municipality in Chiapas, MexicoSan Cristóbal de las Casas (Spanish: [saŋkɾisˈtoβal de las ˈkasas] ⓘ), also known by its native Tzotzil name, Jovel (pronounced [xɤ̞ˈve̞l]), is a town and municipality located in the Central Highlands region of the Mexican state of Chiapas. It was the capital of the state until 1892, and is still considered the cultural capital of Chiapas.The municipality is mostly made up of mountainous terrain, but the city sits in a small valley surrounded by hills. The city’s center maintains its Spanish colonial layout and much of its architecture, with red tile roofs, cobblestone streets and wrought iron balconies often with flowers. Most of the city’s economy is based on commerce, services and tourism.Tourism is based on the city’s history, culture and indigenous population, although the tourism itself has affected the city, giving it foreign elements. Major landmarks of the city include the Cathedral, the Santo Domingo church with its large open air crafts market and the Casa Na Bolom museum. The municipality has suffered severe deforestation, but it has natural attractions such as caves and rivers.","title":"San Cristóbal de las Casas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sancris08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dominican 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Mágico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_M%C3%A1gicos_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Felipe Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-despertar-6"},{"link_name":"Tzotzils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzotzil_people"},{"link_name":"Tzeltals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzeltal_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"amber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber"},{"link_name":"tianguis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianguis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"saffron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron"},{"link_name":"tamales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale"},{"link_name":"atole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atole"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"chalupas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalupa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-despertar-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"salsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_music"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno_music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KioskMainPlazaSanCris.JPG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week"},{"link_name":"Burning of Judas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Judas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"Bullfights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullfight"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancrisgob-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancrisgob-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"atrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancrisgob-3"},{"link_name":"Virgin of the Assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Las_Casas"},{"link_name":"Saint Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Christopher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancrisgob-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancriscath-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"Solomonic columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonic_column"},{"link_name":"altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"stucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"Oaxacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Guatemalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancrisgob-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancriscath-8"},{"link_name":"pulpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"John of Nepomuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk"},{"link_name":"Virgin of Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_of_Guadalupe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancriscath-8"},{"link_name":"Juan Correa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Correa"},{"link_name":"Miguel Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Eusebio de Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eusebio_de_Aguilar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancrisgob-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"Augustinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"Carlos Z. Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Z._Flores&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tuscan columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_column"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"gazebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazebo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"Zapatistas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNAM"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TextileStallSantoDomingoSanCris.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dominicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"Saint James on horseback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"Tzotzil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzotzil_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancrisgob-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SignNaBolomSanCris.JPG"},{"link_name":"Casa Na Bolom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Na_Bolom"},{"link_name":"Frans Blom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Blom"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Duby Blom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Duby_Blom"},{"link_name":"Lacandon Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacandon_Jungle"},{"link_name":"people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacandon_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancrisgob-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"Mercedarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedarians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancrisgob-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"Porfirio Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PolishedAmberMuseumAmberSanCris03.JPG"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-despertar-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancrisgob-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"marimbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marimba"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"baptismal font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MayaCampecheMask1.JPG"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade"},{"link_name":"Olmec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec"},{"link_name":"Teotihuacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan"},{"link_name":"Mixtec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtec"},{"link_name":"Zapotec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_civilization"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization"},{"link_name":"Toltec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec"},{"link_name":"Aztec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec"},{"link_name":"Pakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakal"},{"link_name":"Palenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palenque"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"Maya Medicine Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_Medicina_Maya"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-despertar-6"},{"link_name":"Andrés de la Tovilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_la_Tovilla"},{"link_name":"Plateresque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateresque"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"}],"text":"The Santo Domingo Dominican conventOne of the gilded panels inside the Santo Domingo ChurchInterior view of the CathedralSan Cristóbal City Hall.San Cristóbal de las Casas is a city and municipality located in the Central Highlands region of Chiapas. As a municipality, the city functions as the governmental authority for 83 other rural communities outside the city proper, which cover a territory of 484 km2. Of these communities, the most important include La Candelaria, San Antonio del Monte, Mitziton, San José Yashitinin, El Pinar, Buenavista, Pedernal, Corazon de Maria and Zacualpa Ecatepec. The municipality borders the municipalities of Chamula, Tenejapa, Huixtán, Teopisca, Totolapa, Chiapilla, San Lucas and Zinacantán.[2]The city, especially the historic center, has maintained its Spanish colonial layout, with narrow cobblestone streets, roofs covered in red clay tile and wrought iron balconies with flowers. The facades of the buildings vary from Baroque to Neoclassical and Moorish, painted in various colors.[3][4][5] Milk delivery from local dairy farms still use canisters on donkeys, and farmers typically still use horses and donkeys for hauling wood and farmed goods within their own properties .[4] The city subdivides into three sections but the majority of the population lives in the central section near the city center. Many of the surrounding hills have lost their native trees, in part due to cutting firewood and logging operations which feed the local manufacturing and construction industries.Although the political capital of Chiapas was moved to Tuxtla at the end of the 19th century, San Cristóbal is considered to be the “cultural capital” of the state.[6] Designated a “Pueblo Mágico” (Magical Village) in 2003, it was further recognized as “The most magical of the Pueblos Mágicos” by President Felipe Calderón in 2010.[6] Much of this culture is associated with the city’s and municipality’s large indigenous population, which is mostly made up of Tzotzils and Tzeltals.[7] One aspect of traditional culture associated with these indigenous groups is the making of textiles, especially weaving, with amber another important product. Ceramics, wrought iron and filigree jewelry can be found as well. The best known area for crafts is the tianguis at Santo Domingo. The city hosts an annual Amber Expo at the Centro de Convenciones Casa de Mazariegos. The event exhibits and sells amber and amber pieces from the area of the state.[7] A more traditional Mexican market is located just north of the Santo Tomas Church. It is open each day except Sunday, when its vendors go to the surrounding communities in the municipality to sell at their markets. On the days that it is open, the large building, which mostly houses traditional butcher shops, is surrounded by stalls which crowd the nearby streets. There are very few tourists here, except for the occasional backpacker.[4] Markets like this serve traditional dishes such as saffron tamales, sopa de pan, asado coleto, atole de granillo and a drink called posh made from sugar cane.[7]The city’s attraction for tourists has also led to a number making San Cristobal their permanent home, which has had an effect of the local culture, especially in the historic center. Many foreign residents have opened up restaurants with Italian, French, Thai, Indian, Chinese and more options, such as vegetarian.[7] An older foreign influence is the city’s noted cured meat tradition, which can be traced back to both the Spanish and the Germans. These are featured in a number of dishes including chalupas.[6][7] Foreign influence can also be seen in the city’s nightlife which offers reggae, salsa, techno and more.[7]Kiosk in the main plaza of the cityFireworks are common as there are many religious festivals which use them.[4] Important celebrations include those dedicated to the Dulce Niño de Jesús, the Señor de Esquipulas, Saint Anthony, Corpus Christi, San Cristóbal and the Holy Family. This is in addition to the various neighborhood saint celebrations in their respective churches around town.[2] However, the most elaborate rituals are performed during Holy Week. Holy Week processions include both silent and chanting marchers. A number are dressed in pointed hoods and carry heavy platforms with religious figures. They go from house to house, stopping at those homes that have erected small shrines. There they say prayers and bless the house and its occupants before moving on. They finally come to rest in a gigantic open house where an inner shrine has been erected lit by thousands of candles, and where a large potluck supper takes place. All, even passersby, are welcome to partake. Passion plays depicting the crucifixion of Jesus are common events with one large one centered in the open plaza behind the municipal palace. After dark, there is the Burning of Judas. The figures burned are plentiful and include, as well as Judas, government bureaucrats, church officials, army officers, US political figures, Spanish conquistadors, and popular celebrities. They are lit by local firemen who try to keep people back at a safe distance, but fireworks occasionally fall among the crowds anyway.[4][7]The Feria de la Primavera y la Paz (Spring and Peace Fair) runs concurrent with Holy Week, especially on Holy Saturday with music and costumes. It terminates with the burning of Judas. A queen is elected to be crowned the next day. Bullfights are held.[7]The Festival Cervantino Barroco is held each year in the historic center featuring invited artists from various parts of Mexico and abroad. It is held in various forums in the city and includes concerts, plays, exhibitions and conferences.[7]The center of the city is its main plaza. This plaza’s official name is Plaza 31 de marzo, but it is more often simply called the Zócalo. In the colonial era, the city’s main market was here as well as the main water supply.[3] Today, it is centered on a kiosk which was added in the early 20th century. The corners of this structure have inscriptions marking the major events of San Cristóbal’s history. The rest of the plaza is filled with gardens and surrounded by the most important buildings and finest homes from the history of the city. Surrounding this plaza are the city’s most important buildings such as the Cathedral and the city hall.[3][5]The Cathedral is to the north of the main plaza and it is the most emblematic symbol of the city.[5] However, the main facade does not face the Zócalo, rather it faces its own atrium which is called the Cathedral Plaza.[3] The Cathedral began as a modest church dedicated to the Virgin of the Assumption built in 1528.[5] When Chiapas became a diocese in the 17th century, with San Cristóbal as its seat, this church was torn down to build the current structure, dedicated to Saint Christopher, the patron of the city. The overall structure contains European Baroque, Moorish and indigenous influences. The main facade was finished in 1721 and some final touches were added in the 20th century.[3][8] The main feature of the church is its main facade, which was finished in 1721. It is Baroque painted yellow with ornamental columns and niches in which are various saints.[5] It is divided into three horizontal and three vertical levels marked off by pairs of Solomonic columns and meant to resemble an altarpiece. It is further decorated with intricate raised stucco work mostly in white which show Oaxacan and Guatemalan influences.[2] The layout of the interior shows Moorish influence.[3] The main altar is dedicated to both the Virgin of the Assumption and Saint Christopher.[8] The wood pulpit is from the 16th century and gilded.[5] The side walls have two Baroque altarpieces, one to the Virgin of the Assumption and the other to John of Nepomuk. There is also a small chapel dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe on the north side.[8] The sacristy has a large colonial era paintings of Jesus in Gethsemane by Juan Correa as well as paintings by Miguel Cabrera and Eusebio de Aguilar.[3][7] It is common to see older indigenous women in the Cathedral, with some even traversing the entire nave on their knees to approach the large image of Jesus handing above the Baroque altar.[4]At the back of the Cathedral, there is an affixed church called the San Nicolás Temple. It was constructed between 1613 and 1621 in Moorish design by Augustinian monks for use by the indigenous population. It is the only church in the city which has not been significantly altered since its construction. The roof is pitched and pyramid shaped built with wood and tile, and its facade is made of stone and brick with little ornamentation. Two of its images, the Señor de la Misericordia and the Virgen de los Dolores are both from Guatemala.[2][5]The city hall, often called the Palacio de Gobierno, is a Neoclassical construction which was built in the 19th century by architect Carlos Z. Flores. It contains a series of arches supported by Tuscan columns.[5][7] In front of the city hall at night, young men and women promenade past each other in opposite directions around the gazebo.[4] The city hall is scene to fairly frequent protests, some directly associated with the Zapatistas and others are held by student activists from UNAM in Mexico City. These protests are generally accompanied by lines of riot police.[4]Textile stall in the market at Santo DomingoWhen Dominicans came to San Cristóbal from Seville, Spain, they were given an area of land to construct their church and monastery. The first stone was laid in 1547 by Francisco Marroqui, then Bishop of Guatemala. The monastery was finished in 1551.[2] It is one of the most ornate structures in Latin America, both due to the stucco work on the main facade and the gilded altarpieces which completely cover the length on the church’s interior.[7] The facade of the main church is Baroque with Salomonic columns heavily decorated in stucco forms to mimic an altarpiece. The interior has a pulpit carved of wood and covered in gold leaf. The walls are covered in Baroque altarpieces includes those dedicated to the Holy Trinity.[5] The La Caridad Temple was constructed on the site in 1712, established as part of the first hospital for the indigenous. The main facade of this church is designed as an altarpiece with two levels, a central bell tower and Tuscan columns and pilasters. Its design is derived from the Baroque that developed in Lima, Peru.[7] There is an image of the Virgen de la Caridad (Virgin of Charity) carrying a baton like a military general. There is also a notable sculpture of Saint James on horseback.[5] The complex contains two museums. The Museo de la Historia de la Ciudad covers the history of the city until the 19th century. Of this collection, the two most important pieces are some petals of a pomegranate flower, from a receptacle for the Host in the Cathedral. It is one of the most important works of Chiapas silversmithing. The rest of the piece has been lost. The other is a part of the original choir seating of the same Cathedral.[2] The Centro Cultural de los Altos has a collection of some of the area’s textiles from each ethnicity and exhibits on how they are made.[5] It has a store associated with it called the Sna-Jolobil, which means house of weaving in Tzotzil[3]Sign for the Casa Na BolomCasa Na Bolom (House of the Jaguar) is a museum, hotel and restaurant located outside the city’s historic center. The structure was built as part of a seminary in 1891, but it became the home of Frans Blom and Gertrude Duby Blom in the 20th century. Franz was an explorer and archeologist and Gertrude was a journalist and photographer. The couple spent over fifty years in Chiapas collecting tools, crafts, archeological pieces and clothing, especially related to the Lacandon Jungle and people. The museum is dedicated to this collection along with keeping some of the old household rooms intact, such as Franz’s study.[3][5] It also contains a library with more than 10,000 volumes dedicated to the history, culture and anthropology of the region. There are also magazine and sound libraries as well as the old chapel which contains colonial era religious art. The back of the structure contains a botanical garden.[2]The La Merced monastery was the first in the city founded by the Mercedarians from Guatemala in 1537.[3][5][7] It was built as a fortress with barracks for soldiers and space for citizens in case of attack. The church entrance has a massive wooden door with wrought iron hinges and fastenings. There are very few windows and those that exist are built to allow muskets to fire on attackers. The entire structure is built with extensions and abutments to provide for interlocking fields of fire. Entry to the fortifications is denied as too dangerous.[4] The church still functions as such. It consists of a single nave, with interior remodeled in Neoclassical design during the Porfirio Díaz era.[2][7] The oldest part of the structure is an arch and columns located in the interior of the sacristy, which is decorated in stucco of various colors with floral and vegetative motifs. At the foot of the column, there are two lions symbolizing Spanish domination.[7] In the latter half of the 19th century, the structure was used as a military barracks and in 1960, it was converted into the city jail which it remained until 1993.[5] In 2000 the former monastery was further converted into the Museum of Amber, which has a collection of over three hundred pieces and is the only one of its kind in the Americas.[5][7]Display at the Museum of Amber located at the former La Merced monasteryThe Carmen Temple and the Arco Torre, both in Moorish style, are located on Andador Eclesiastico.[5] The Carmen Temple is all that remains of the former La Encarnación convent which was founded in 1597 with the first nuns arriving between 1609 and 1610.[2][7] The complex includes the old cloister, nuns’ cells and other structures.[2] The original church building burned and it was restored conserving its simple facade.[6] One unusual feature of the church is that its layout is L-shaped, covering the south and west sides of a small plaza. Inside, the walls have carved wood panels and a Neoclassical altar which has been recently restored. In the colonial period, the convent and church served as one of the main entrances into the city.[7] An arch with tower was constructed next to the convent in 1680, now simply called the Arco del Carmen. This arch is in pure Moorish style, with three levels of decoration. It is the only one of its style in Mexico.[3][7] This arch with its accompanying tower has been adopted as one of the symbols of San Cristóbal.[7]The San Cristóbal Church is atop a long staircase up the hill. It is often closed but it offers panoramic views of the city.[4] At the San Cristóbal church the patron saint is celebrated on 25 July with marimbas, food and fireworks. For ten days previously, each of the main neighborhoods has a pilgrimage to the top of the hill.[5]The San Francisco Church was built by the Franciscans in 1577 as a monastery but only the church survives. The current church was built in the 18th century with a single nave covered in a wood and tile roof. The main facade has three levels and two side towers.[7] Inside, it has six Baroque altarpieces. The upper part of the nave has fourteen oil paintings. The atrium has a sculpted stone baptismal font.[5]Mayan mask at the Jade Museum of ChiapasThe Guadalupe Church is located on the Cerro de Guadalupe. It was constructed in 1834. To reach it, there are seventy nine stairs up the hill. The church has a single nave with a side chapel. The main altar has an oil painting of the Virgin of Guadalupe and the side chapel contains a sculpture of the Virgin from 1850. The atrium affords panoramic views of the city.[7] The feast of this Virgin is celebrated annually with a parade on the main street with fireworks, rockets and candlelight vigils.[4]The Santo Tomas Church is just north of the historic center. It has a museum in the back, in a building which was the barracks and parade grounds built when the city was founded.[4]The Santa Lucía Church was constructed in 1884 by architect Carlos Z. Flores over what was a dilapidated chapel. It consists of a single nave with pilasters on its walls and pointed arches. The main altar is Gothic with Neoclassical and Art Nouveau elements.[7]The Museo Mesoamericano del Jade has jade pieces from the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Mixtec, Zapotec, Maya, Toltec and Aztec cultures. There is also a life-sized replica of the burial chamber of Pakal of Palenque as it looked when the king was buried.[5] The Maya Medicine Museum is dedicated to the various techniques and practices of indigenous medicine, many of which are still practiced today.[7] The Museo de las Culturas Populares de Chiapas (Museum of Popular Cultures of Chiapas) is located on Diego de Mazariego Street. It is mostly dedicated to the indigenous cultures of the state with the aim of recuperating, valuing and promoting knowledge of these cultures in Chiapas and beyond. The museum has exhibits of many of these cultures and also sponsors live events related to its mission as well.[6]Casa de las Sirenas is one of the most notable domestic structures from the colonial era. It was built by Andrés de la Tovilla in Plateresque style and dates from the 16th century. It is named after a mermaid that appears on its crest in one of the corners. The Antiguo Colegio de San Francisco Javier today houses the Faculty of Law of the state university. It was founded by the Jesuits in 1681 for the education of the Spanish elite. Its current facade is two levels in Neoclassical style. The interior contains murals about the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.[7]","title":"The town and municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_arco_del_carmen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diego de Mazariegos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé de las Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"Tzotzil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzotzil_language"},{"link_name":"Tzeltal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzeltal_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zapatourist-9"},{"link_name":"Zoques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoque_people"},{"link_name":"Chiapans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiapa_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Captaincy General of Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"Carlos V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Tuxtla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxtla_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"Soconusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soconusco"},{"link_name":"Comitán de Domínguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A1n_de_Dom%C3%ADnguez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"Plan of Yalmús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plan_of_Yalm%C3%BAs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The last of French forces were expelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"San Juan Chamula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamula"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones35-10"},{"link_name":"San Felipe Ecatepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Felipe_Ecatepec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tenejapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenejapa"},{"link_name":"San Miguel Mitontic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Miguel_Mitontic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huixtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huixtan"},{"link_name":"Chanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanal,_Chiapas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-da%C3%B1os-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-da%C3%B1os-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_EZLN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ruiz"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhidalgo-12"},{"link_name":"Marist priests and nuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_Brothers"},{"link_name":"liberation theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_theology"},{"link_name":"Tzeltal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzeltal_people"},{"link_name":"Tojolabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tojolabol_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ch'ol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people"},{"link_name":"Maoist People’s Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maoist_People%E2%80%99s_Union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ejido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejido"},{"link_name":"EZLN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZLN"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sspeed-13"},{"link_name":"cacique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacique"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kovic-14"},{"link_name":"neoliberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sspeed-13"},{"link_name":"Subcomandante Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamnett297-15"},{"link_name":"Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation"},{"link_name":"NAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hisschmal-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhidalgo-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kovic-14"},{"link_name":"San Andrés Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Accords"},{"link_name":"Simón Bolívar Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Prize"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fallece-17"}],"text":"Del Carmen ArchThe city was founded as Villa Real de Chiapa in 1528 by Diego de Mazariegos in what was called the Hueyzacatlán Valley, which means “pasture” in Nahuatl. From then on, the city went through a number of name changes: to Villa Viciosa in 1529, to Villa de San Cristóbal de los Llanos in 1531, and to Ciudad Real in 1536. It was changed to Ciudad de San Cristóbal in 1829. “de las Casas” was added in 1848 in honor of Bartolomé de las Casas. There were some modifications in the early 20th century to the name but it returned to San Cristóbal de las Casas in 1943.[2] In the Tzotzil and Tzeltal languages the name of the area is Jovel, “the place in the clouds”.[9]The area did not have a pre-Hispanic city. After defeating the Zoques in the Northern Mountains and the Chiapans of this area, Diego de Mazariegos founded the city as a military fort. This city and much of what would be the state of Chiapas came under the Captaincy General of Guatemala in 1532 headed by Pedro de Alvarado. San Cristóbal received its coat of arms in 1535 from Carlos V and it was officially declared a city in 1536. The city gained the rank of Alcadía Mayor in 1577 which gave it authority over much of Chiapas north of it. The intendencia of Chiapas was created in 1786 combining San Cristóbal’s territory with that of Tuxtla and Soconusco, with the government in San Cristóbal. In 1821, the city followed the Comitán de Domínguez’ declaration of independence from Spain and the Captaincy General of Guatemala. However, the city and the rest of Chiapas became a part of Mexico in 1824, with the capital established here.[2]In 1829, the name Ciudad Real was changed to San Cristóbal. In the 19th century, the state government would shift back and forth between San Cristóbal, in the highlands dominated by Conservatives, and Tuxtla, dominated by Liberals. Independent tendencies arose again in 1853, when the Plan of Yalmús was announced declaring the then Mexican Constitution null. Conservative forces attacked the city in 1857 but were dislodged shortly thereafter by Liberal Angel Albino Corzo. The last of French forces were expelled from the city in 1864. The state government was moved from San Cristóbal to Tuxtla for good in 1892 by the Liberal government.[2] There was a failed attempt in 1911 by Conservatives in San Cristóbal and neighboring San Juan Chamula to force the return of the capital.[10]In 1915, the state went to the municipality system with San Cristóbal becoming a municipality. Originally, it had jurisdiction over communities such as San Lucas, Zinacantán, San Felipe Ecatepec, Tenejapa, San Miguel Mitontic, Huixtan and Chanal, but these would later separate to become municipalities in their own right.[2]\nIn the 20th century, the outskirts of the city become filled with open pit mines for gravel and sand. There was even one opened on a hill in the San Diego and La Florecilla neighborhoods, near the historic center called Salsipuedes. These prompted environmental and local community organizations to protest, stating that the valley is a closed water basin and the mining negatively affects potable water supplies. Salsipuedes was closed in the 2000s.[11]The city was declared a national historic monument in 1974.[11]EZLN flagSan Cristóbal became the center of political activism with the election of Samuel Ruiz as bishop of Chiapas in 1960. In the 1960s and 1970s, the traditional Catholic Church was losing indigenous adherents to Protestant and other Christian groups.[12] To counter this, Ruiz supported and worked with Marist priests and nuns following an ideology called liberation theology. In 1974 he organized a statewide Indian Congress with representatives from 327 communities of the Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Tojolabal and Ch'ol peoples as well as Marists and the Maoist People’s Union. This congress was the first of its kind with the goal of uniting the indigenous peoples politically. These efforts were also supported by leftist organizations from outside Mexico, especially to form unions of ejido organizations. These unions would later form the base of the EZLN organization.[13] These efforts would also create a “new” type of Catholic in the state called “Word of God” Catholic. These would shun the “traditionalist” Catholic practice mixed with indigenous rites and beliefs. It would also create a split in many communities as the “Word of God” Catholics were loyal directly to the bishop in San Cristóbal, with traditionalists loyal to local cacique leaders.[14]Activism and resentment continued from the 1970s to the 1990s. During this decade, the Mexican federal government adopted neoliberalism, which clashed with the leftist political ideas of liberation theology and many of the indigenous activist groups.[13] Despite the activism, economic marginalization among indigenous groups remained high, with resentment strongest in the San Cristóbal region and in migrant communities living in the Lacandon Jungle.The grievances of these activists would be taken up by a small guerrilla band led by a man called only “Subcomandante Marcos.”[15] His small band, called the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN), came to the world’s attention when on January 1, 1994, the day the NAFTA treaty went into effect. On this day, EZLN forces occupied and took over the towns of San Cristóbal de las Casas, along with six other Chiapas communities. They read their proclamation of revolt to the world and then laid siege to a nearby military base, capturing weapons and releasing many prisoners from the jails.[16] Ruiz negotiated between the EZLN and authorities even though his leftist activism made him suspect to many authorities. This would undermine efforts and eventually the Catholic Church would split from the Zapatista movement.[12][14] However, the negotiations would lead to the San Andrés Accords and ended the rebellion peacefully. By the time he died in 2011, Ruiz was locally given the name of “Tatic”, which means “father” in Tzotzil, and received numerous distinctions including the Simón Bolívar Prize from UNESCO and the International Human Rights Award in Nuremberg.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huitepec.jpg"},{"link_name":"Huitepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huitepec"},{"link_name":"Chiapas Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_Highlands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"Huitepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huitepec"},{"link_name":"Arcotete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcotete&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tzontehuitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tzontehuitz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosques-18"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zapatourist-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"pine–oak forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_pine%E2%80%93oak_forests"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosques-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosques-18"},{"link_name":"golden-cheeked warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-cheeked_warbler"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosques-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-da%C3%B1os-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-despertar-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands"},{"link_name":"international importance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetlands_of_international_importance"},{"link_name":"Ramsar Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Duby Blom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Duby_Blom"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Huitepec peakThe city and municipality are located in a region called the Chiapas Highlands or Central Highlands. Two thirds of the municipality is made up of mountainous terrain with the rest valley floor.[2] The city proper is located at 2,200 meters above sea level in a small valley surrounded by hills.[4][7] The most important of these hills include Cerro Huitepec, San José Bocomtenelté, Cerro San Felipe, Cerro El Extranjero, Cerro Cruz Carreta, El Arcotete and Cerro Tzontehuitz.[18] While it is in a tropical zone, its climate is temperate due to the altitude. The climate is also humid, with cloud cover in the winter months that keeps temperatures down and can produce cold nights. Average temperature between December and April is 18 °C. The area receives most of its rain in the summer to early fall. However, the cloud cover that exists in winter is generally absent and daytime temperatures can go up to 35 °C with high humidity.[7][9]Due to its high altitude the city temperatures can reach temperatures below 0 °C.[4] Many homes burn firewood for warmth in cold weather. This can give the city a slightly smoky smell although the number of homes burning firewood for warmth has dropped in the last two decades as more homes are integrating climate-control systems under city recommendations.The natural vegetation of the area is pine–oak forest.[2] However, most of the surrounding hills have lost their native trees, with deforestation rates at 80%, losing 15,000 hectares just since 1980.[4][18] Reasons for this include cutting for firewood, urban development, poor resource management, fires and agriculture.[4][18] The deforestation has led to erosion problems blocking rivers and streams and affecting underground recharge of the area's freshwater springs. It has also negatively affected endangered species such as the golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia), which winters here.[18]The main rivers are the Amarillo and Fogótico along with a number of streams such as the Chamula, Peje de Oro and Ojo de Agua. There are also two lakes called the Chapultepec and Cochi.[2] The city had twenty-five natural fresh water springs, but deforestation has dried up seven and twelve flow only during the rainy season, leaving six for the city year round. These and the remaining surface lakes were declared protected in 2008.[11]The municipality has a number of ecological features. The Gruta de San Cristóbal is one of a number of caves in the mountains around the city just off Federal Highway 190 heading towards Comitán. This particular cave was discovered by Vicente Kramsky in 1947. The cave has only one entrance with lateral chambers. It has a total length of 10.2 km and a depth of 550 meters.[2] The Rancho Nuevo cave has a path which extends 750 meters into the interior and is lit in various colors. Around the caves, there are campsites and horseback riding.[6]The municipality contains two ecological reserves called the Cerro Huitepec Private Reserve and the Rancho Nuevo Ecological Conservation Zone.[2] Another protected area is the El Arcotete Forest located 15 km northeast of the city. It contains a natural bridge which was part of an ancient cave that was worn away.[2]The Humedales de Montaña La Kisst is an urban wetland located southwest of the historic center. Springs in the area are an important source of water for the city, and the wetland helps capture, store, and filter clean water as well as provide habitat to aquatic life. In 2008 a 110-hectare area around the wetlands was designated an ecological conservation area, and 35 hectares were designated a wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention in the same year. The wetland remains under threat from over-pumping of groundwater and encroachment by urban development.[19][20] Humedales de Montaña María Eugenia is a wetland in the southeastern portion of the city. It supports populations of fish, amphibians, and resident and migratory birds, and helps reduce flood risk and recharge drinking water aquifers for the city. The wetlands was designated a 115-hectare ecological conservation area in 2008, and it was designated a Ramsar Site in 2012.[21][22] Gertrude Duby Biotic Reserve is a 64-hectare reserve in the mountains immediately east of the city. It was designated in 1994 and named for Gertrude Duby Blom, a journalist, anthropologist, environmentalist, and San Cristóbal resident.[23]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subtropical highland climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN1-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN2-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clima-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clima-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clima-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN1-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clima-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN1-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN1-25"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN1-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN2-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clima-27"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"San Cristóbal de las Casas has a mild subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) moderated by its altitude.[24] The dry season, which runs from November to April is cool with a January average of 12.3 °C (54.1 °F).[25] Owing to its altitude and the relative aridity of the dry season, San Cristóbal de las Casas has a fairly high diurnal temperature range and nighttime temperatures are cool. Extended periods of frosts are rare, occurring only 2 or 3 days per year in December to February.[26][27] Humidity is high (around 78 percent), even during the winter months, but fog or mist is quite common during the dry months, occurring on 13 to 17 days.[27] Usually, this clears off during the day.[27] The wet season, which runs from May to October is warmer, with a June average of 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) and precipitation is much higher during these months.[25] Fog is less common during this time.[27] Average annual precipitation is 1,084.7 millimetres (42.7 in) most of it concentrated in the wet season. The wettest month recorded was September 1998 when 525.8 millimetres (20.70 in) of precipitation was recorded, and the wettest day recorded was on October 4, 2005 with 105 millimetres (4.13 in).[25] Extremes range from a low of −8.5 °C (16.7 °F) to 35.8 °C (96.4 °F).[25]Climate data for San Cristóbal de las Casas\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n35.8(96.4)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n35.8(96.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n4.2(39.6)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−8.5(16.7)\n\n−7.5(18.5)\n\n−7.5(18.5)\n\n−5.0(23.0)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n1.3(34.3)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n1.2(34.2)\n\n0.1(32.2)\n\n−2.5(27.5)\n\n−6.1(21.0)\n\n−8.0(17.6)\n\n−8.5(16.7)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n9.0(0.35)\n\n10.9(0.43)\n\n16.0(0.63)\n\n43.8(1.72)\n\n111.8(4.40)\n\n226.3(8.91)\n\n143.6(5.65)\n\n153.9(6.06)\n\n215.4(8.48)\n\n109.0(4.29)\n\n32.8(1.29)\n\n12.2(0.48)\n\n1,084.7(42.69)\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n2.5\n\n2.4\n\n2.3\n\n5.7\n\n11.4\n\n18.7\n\n14.3\n\n15.5\n\n19.7\n\n11.3\n\n5.3\n\n2.3\n\n111.4\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n80\n\n78\n\n77\n\n76\n\n77\n\n78\n\n77\n\n78\n\n80\n\n80\n\n80\n\n80\n\n78\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n212.8\n\n199.6\n\n203.7\n\n180.7\n\n168.4\n\n137.9\n\n174.9\n\n178.5\n\n116.2\n\n152.5\n\n173.0\n\n189.8\n\n2,088\n\n\nSource 1: Servicio Meteorológico National (normals 1951–2010, extremes)[25][26]\n\n\nSource 2: Colegio de Postgraduados (sun, humidity, extremes 1951–1980)[27]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuxtla Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxtla_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"Highway 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Federal_Highway_190"},{"link_name":"Corazón de María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_las_Casas_National_Airport"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finsemana-5"},{"link_name":"Ocosingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocosingo"},{"link_name":"Palenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palenque,_Chiapas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"}],"text":"San Cristóbal de las Casas is located 80 km from Tuxtla Gutiérrez on Highway 190. It had an airport named Corazón de María 18 km outside the city proper, until the airport was closed in 2010.[5] The municipality has 193.17 km of highway, most of which is state highway connecting the city to Tuxtla Gutierrez and to points north such as Ocosingo and Palenque. There are also a number of rural roads (44.9 km) as well as roads maintained by the Secretarías de Obras Públicas, Desarrollo Rural, Defensa Nacional, and Comisión Nacional del Agua.[2]As of 2005, there were 32,654 residences in the municipality. About 80% of all residences are owned by their occupants. There is an average occupancy of 4.84 people per home, which is about the state average. Twenty-six percent of homes have dirt floors with about 60% having cement. Twenty-five percent of homes have wood sides and 65% have those made of block. About 35% have roofs of asbestos or metal with about 11% having tile roofs. Over 96% have electricity, over 82% have running water and just under 80% have sewerage.[2]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SignCreoenTiOxxo.JPG"},{"link_name":"OXXO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXXO"},{"link_name":"Tzeltal language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzeltal_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Cristobal_-_Indianische_Stra%C3%9Fenh%C3%A4ndlerinnen.jpg"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEDESOL-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEDESOL-28"},{"link_name":"San Antonio del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Antonio_del_Monte,_Chiapas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Candelaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Candelaria,_Chiapas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mitzitón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitzit%C3%B3n,_Chiapas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San José Yashitinín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Jos%C3%A9_Yashitin%C3%ADn,_Chiapas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEDESOL-28"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"}],"text":"Pictured, an OXXO advertisement in the Tzeltal language. Indigenous Mayan languages are spoken by about half of the city's population.Two Tzotzil women on a street in San CristóbalIn 2010 the municipality of San Cristóbal de las Casas had a total population of 185,917,[28] and the city of 158,027.[28] Other than the city of San Cristóbal de las Casas, the municipality had 110 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: San Antonio del Monte (2,196), La Candelaria (1,955), Mitzitón (1,293), and San José Yashitinín (1,109), all classified as rural.[28]As of 2010, 59,943 people in the municipality spoke an indigenous language.[2] The two most important ethnic groups in the area are the Tzotzil and Tzetzal.[29]About 85% of the municipal population lives in the city proper with the rest in rural communities. The population density is 274/km2, well above the regional average of 190/km2 and state average of 52/km2. Most of the population is young, with about 68% under the age of thirty and an average age of twenty. Population growth is about 4.10%, above the regional and state averages of 2.37 and 2.06% respectively. The population is expected to double within twenty years.[2]In 2000 the municipality had an illiteracy rate of just under 18%, down from just under 25% in 1990. Of these over 15, just over 16% have not finished primary school, about 17% have only primary school completed and about 48% have finished some level above that. Just under 78% of the population is Catholic with about 15% belonging to Protestant, Evangelical or other Christian sects.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InsideRosaliaSanCris.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Cristobal_-Stra%C3%9Feninformationssystem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tuxtla Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxtla_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"Tabasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasco"},{"link_name":"Campeche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeche"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosques-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-2"},{"link_name":"I-Pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Pod"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-despertar-6"},{"link_name":"Zapatista uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapatista_uprising"},{"link_name":"Zapaturismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapaturismo"},{"link_name":"Zapatourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapaturismo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zapatourist-9"},{"link_name":"filigree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filigree"},{"link_name":"tianguis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianguis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexsur-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfreeman-4"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-precio-30"},{"link_name":"Simojovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simojovel"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-precio-30"}],"text":"Inside the Rosalia Store in the cityMultilingual instructions for the SMS based city tourism and information system.San Cristóbal has the second-lowest rate of economic marginalization in the state of Chiapas following Tuxtla Gutiérrez.[2] Only 4.5% of workers do not receive a salary or a regular income. Approximately 9% are employed in agriculture, compared to 54.86% regionally and 47.25% in the state. 21% are employed in construction, energy and transportation.[2] The most important sector by economic output is mining. About 600 truckloads of jade, gravel, stone and metals are exported from San Cristóbal daily. Most of the material is destined to other municipalities in the region, although some goes to other cities in Chiapas and to states such as Tabasco and Campeche. This heavy strip mining has gradually eaten away at the natural landscape of some areas and has negatively affected the recharge of surface and subsurface water.[18]The most important economic sector is commerce, services and tourism, which employs almost 67% of the workforce compared to 29% for the region and 37% for the state.[2] The city has become a renowned tourist location for its preserved colonial architecture and retention of indigenous culture and traditions. Many residents of the city wear indigenous clothing regularly. Market vendors in the city are known for being very aggressive when trying to secure a sale.[4]The municipality contains over 80 hotels with more than 2,000 rooms.[2] The city government serves tourists through traditional information booths with guided tours and also offers “I-Pod tours” where tourists may rent an iPod which uses a GPS system to identify where any given tourist is and provide them with information regarding their surroundings. These tours allow visitors to roam the city and listen/read about the areas in which they are located.[6]Since the Zapatista uprising in 1994, the city has developed a type of cult tourism focusing around the EZLN. This tourism attracts those interested in both leftist political beliefs and indigenous activism who come to see where the events of the 1990s happened as well as what is going on now. This tourism has spurred the creation of Zapatista-themed shops which sell EZLN shirts and other souvenirs. This tourism has been given the name of “Zapaturismo” or “Zapatourism”. The term originally was derogatory and referred to the large number of leftist activists which converged on the city after the EZLN uprising began. Since then, the term receives mixed reviews with some finding humor in it.[9]The most important manufactured goods produced in the city are jade, textiles and amber, although others such as ceramics, metal works, carved wood products, clothing and filigree jewelry can be found as well. There is a large tianguis or open air market at Santo Domingo which specializes in selling these locally produced products.[7]There has been a recent problem with fake amber being sold on the street, either made of plastic or glass.[4][30] True Chiapas amber is extracted from the town of Simojovel to the north. There is a great price difference between the real and fake amber, and this price difference can be enough to put authentic amber vendors out of business. Many of the sellers of fake amber are successful because many people, especially foreign tourists, do not know how to determine what is real. However, one indicator is price, as true amber cannot be sold for the very low prices that street vendors offer.[30]","title":"Economy and tourism"}] | [{"image_text":"The Santo Domingo Dominican convent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sancris08.jpg/220px-Sancris08.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the gilded panels inside the Santo Domingo Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Las_Casas_08.jpg/220px-San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Las_Casas_08.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior view of the Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Interior_view_of_the_Cathedral.JPG/220px-Interior_view_of_the_Cathedral.JPG"},{"image_text":"San Cristóbal City Hall.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Las_Casas_07.jpg/220px-San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Las_Casas_07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kiosk in the main plaza of the city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/KioskMainPlazaSanCris.JPG/220px-KioskMainPlazaSanCris.JPG"},{"image_text":"Textile stall in the market at Santo Domingo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/TextileStallSantoDomingoSanCris.JPG/220px-TextileStallSantoDomingoSanCris.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sign for the Casa Na Bolom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SignNaBolomSanCris.JPG/220px-SignNaBolomSanCris.JPG"},{"image_text":"Display at the Museum of Amber located at the former La Merced monastery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PolishedAmberMuseumAmberSanCris03.JPG/220px-PolishedAmberMuseumAmberSanCris03.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mayan mask at the Jade Museum of Chiapas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/MayaCampecheMask1.JPG/220px-MayaCampecheMask1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Del Carmen Arch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/El_arco_del_carmen.jpg/220px-El_arco_del_carmen.jpg"},{"image_text":"EZLN flag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_EZLN.jpg/220px-Flag_of_the_EZLN.jpg"},{"image_text":"Huitepec peak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Huitepec.jpg/220px-Huitepec.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pictured, an OXXO advertisement in the Tzeltal language. Indigenous Mayan languages are spoken by about half of the city's population.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SignCreoenTiOxxo.JPG/220px-SignCreoenTiOxxo.JPG"},{"image_text":"Two Tzotzil women on a street in San Cristóbal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/San_Cristobal_-_Indianische_Stra%C3%9Fenh%C3%A4ndlerinnen.jpg/220px-San_Cristobal_-_Indianische_Stra%C3%9Fenh%C3%A4ndlerinnen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inside the Rosalia Store in the city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/InsideRosaliaSanCris.JPG/220px-InsideRosaliaSanCris.JPG"},{"image_text":"Multilingual instructions for the SMS based city tourism and information system.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/San_Cristobal_-Stra%C3%9Feninformationssystem.jpg/220px-San_Cristobal_-Stra%C3%9Feninformationssystem.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"San Cristóbal de Las Casas (Municipality, Mexico) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location\". www.citypopulation.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citypopulation.de/en/mexico/admin/chiapas/07078/","url_text":"\"San Cristóbal de Las Casas (Municipality, Mexico) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Cristóbal de las Casas\". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Estado de Chiapas (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal, Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas. 2005. Retrieved May 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07078a.htm","url_text":"\"San Cristóbal de las Casas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ciudad de San Cristóbal de Las Casas\" (in Spanish). Chiapas: State of Chiapas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gobiernodechiapas.gob.mx/ciudad-de-san-cristobal","url_text":"\"Ciudad de San Cristóbal de Las Casas\""}]},{"reference":"Larry Freeman (January 1, 2004). \"San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas\". Mexconnect newsletter. Retrieved May 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/645-san-cristobal-de-las-casas-chiapas","url_text":"\"San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fin de semana en San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas\" [Weekend in San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved May 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/fin-de-semana-en-san-cristobal-de-las-casas-chiapas.html","url_text":"\"Fin de semana en San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Despertar en San Cristóbal de las Casas\" [Wake up in San Cristobal de las Casas]. El Informador (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. May 1, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.informador.com.mx/suplementos/2011/289162/6/despertar-en-san-cristobal-de-las-casas.htm","url_text":"\"Despertar en San Cristóbal de las Casas\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Cristóbal de las Casas\" (in Spanish). Chiapas: Secretaría de Turismo de Chiapas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.colegiomexsur.edu.mx/rm_scdlc.html","url_text":"\"San Cristóbal de las Casas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catedral de San Cristóbal de las Casas\" (in Spanish). Mexico: INDAABIN. Retrieved May 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indaabin.gob.mx/dgpif/historicos/catedral%20de%20san%20cristobal.html","url_text":"\"Catedral de San Cristóbal de las Casas\""}]},{"reference":"Ginna Berg (2008). Zapaturismo in San Cristobal de las Casas, Mexico: Marketplace capitalism meets revolutionary tourism (PhD thesis). University of Manitoba Canada. Docket MR48952.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jiménez González, Victor Manuel, ed. (2009). Chiapas: Guía para descubrir los encantos del estado [Chiapas: Guide to discover the charms of the state] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Editorial Océano de México, SA de CV. p. 35. ISBN 978-607-400-059-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-400-059-7","url_text":"978-607-400-059-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Denuncian daños por operación de minas en San Cristóbal de las Casas\" [Denounce damage from operation of mines in San Cristobal de las Casas]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Agencia el Universal. August 20, 2010. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Margarita G (2006). Contributions to the Sociology of Language : Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. Berlin: DEU: Walter de Gruyter & Co. KG Publishers. pp. 108–112. ISBN 978-3-11-018597-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018597-3","url_text":"978-3-11-018597-3"}]},{"reference":"Speed, Shannon, ed. (2006). Dissident Women : Gender and Cultural Politics in Chiapas. Aida Hernandez Castillo and Lynne Stephen. Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-292-71417-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71417-3","url_text":"0-292-71417-3"}]},{"reference":"Kovic, Christine Marie (2005). Mayan Voices for Human Rights : Displaced Catholics in Highland Chiapas. Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas Press. pp. 2–10. ISBN 978-0-292-70640-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70640-8","url_text":"978-0-292-70640-8"}]},{"reference":"Hamnett, Brian (1999). Concise History of Mexico. Port Chester, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-521-61802-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000hamn","url_text":"Concise History of Mexico"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000hamn/page/297","url_text":"297"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61802-1","url_text":"978-0-521-61802-1"}]},{"reference":"John P. Schmal (2004). \"Chiapas-Forever Indigenous\". Texas: Houston Institute for Culture. Retrieved May 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/chiapas.html","url_text":"\"Chiapas-Forever Indigenous\""}]},{"reference":"Martín Morita (January 25, 2011). \"Fallece defensor de causa indígena\" [Defender of the indigenous cause dies]. El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martín Morita (August 8, 2010). \"Pierde San Cristóbal sus cerros y bosques\" [San Cristóbal loses its hills and forests]. El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Humedales de Montaña La Kisst\". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1785","url_text":"\"Humedales de Montaña La Kisst\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention","url_text":"Ramsar"}]},{"reference":"\"Humedales de Montaña María Eugenia\". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 30 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2045","url_text":"\"Humedales de Montaña María Eugenia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention","url_text":"Ramsar"}]},{"reference":"Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). \"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated\" (PDF). Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Retrieved January 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf","url_text":"\"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K","url_text":"2006MetZe..15..259K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130","url_text":"10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130"}]},{"reference":"\"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951-2010\" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico National. Retrieved January 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL07087.TXT","url_text":"\"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951-2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981-2000\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Comision Nacional Del Agua. Retrieved January 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/sancristobal.pdf","url_text":"\"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981-2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Normales climatológicas para San C. De Las Casa, Chiapas\" (in Spanish). Colegio de Postgraduados. Archived from the original on February 22, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130222035034/http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33051.htm","url_text":"\"Normales climatológicas para San C. De Las Casa, Chiapas\""},{"url":"http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33051.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"San Cristóbal de las Casas\". Catálogo de Localidades. Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (SEDESOL). Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=078","url_text":"\"San Cristóbal de las Casas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Desarrollo_Social","url_text":"Secretaría de Desarrollo Social"}]},{"reference":"\"Catálogo Localidades\". microrregiones.gob.mx.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=078","url_text":"\"Catálogo Localidades\""}]},{"reference":"Martín Morita (March 23, 2010). \"'El precio lo dice todo'\" [The price says it all]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 15.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_las_Casas¶ms=16_44_12_N_92_38_18_W_region:MX_type:city(215874)","external_links_name":"16°44′12″N 92°38′18″W / 16.73667°N 92.63833°W / 16.73667; -92.63833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_las_Casas¶ms=16_44_12_N_92_38_18_W_region:MX_type:city(215874)","external_links_name":"16°44′12″N 92°38′18″W / 16.73667°N 92.63833°W / 16.73667; -92.63833"},{"Link":"http://www.sancristobal.gob.mx/","external_links_name":"www.sancristobal.gob.mx"},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/en/mexico/admin/chiapas/07078/","external_links_name":"\"San Cristóbal de Las Casas (Municipality, Mexico) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location\""},{"Link":"http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07078a.htm","external_links_name":"\"San Cristóbal de las Casas\""},{"Link":"http://www.gobiernodechiapas.gob.mx/ciudad-de-san-cristobal","external_links_name":"\"Ciudad de San Cristóbal de Las Casas\""},{"Link":"http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/645-san-cristobal-de-las-casas-chiapas","external_links_name":"\"San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas\""},{"Link":"http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/fin-de-semana-en-san-cristobal-de-las-casas-chiapas.html","external_links_name":"\"Fin de semana en San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas\""},{"Link":"http://www.informador.com.mx/suplementos/2011/289162/6/despertar-en-san-cristobal-de-las-casas.htm","external_links_name":"\"Despertar en San Cristóbal de las Casas\""},{"Link":"http://www.colegiomexsur.edu.mx/rm_scdlc.html","external_links_name":"\"San Cristóbal de las Casas\""},{"Link":"http://www.indaabin.gob.mx/dgpif/historicos/catedral%20de%20san%20cristobal.html","external_links_name":"\"Catedral de San Cristóbal de las Casas\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000hamn","external_links_name":"Concise History of Mexico"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000hamn/page/297","external_links_name":"297"},{"Link":"http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/chiapas.html","external_links_name":"\"Chiapas-Forever Indigenous\""},{"Link":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1785","external_links_name":"\"Humedales de Montaña La Kisst\""},{"Link":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1787","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2045","external_links_name":"\"Humedales de Montaña María Eugenia\""},{"Link":"https://www.protectedplanet.net/555621949","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.protectedplanet.net/107681","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf","external_links_name":"\"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K","external_links_name":"2006MetZe..15..259K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130","external_links_name":"10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130"},{"Link":"http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL07087.TXT","external_links_name":"\"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951-2010\""},{"Link":"http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/sancristobal.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981-2000\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130222035034/http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33051.htm","external_links_name":"\"Normales climatológicas para San C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_vs._Ken_Norton | Muhammad Ali vs. Ken Norton | ["1 Background","2 The fight","3 Aftermath","3.1 Second match","3.2 Third match","4 Undercard","5 Broadcasting","6 References","7 External links"] | Boxing competitions
The FightDateMarch 31, 1973VenueSan Diego Sports Arena, San Diego, CaliforniaTitle(s) on the lineNABF heavyweight titleTale of the tapeBoxer
Muhammad Ali
Ken NortonNickname
"The Greatest"
"The Black Hercules"Hometown
Louisville, Kentucky
San Diego, CaliforniaPurse
$210,000
$50,000Pre-fight record
41–1 (31 KO)
29–1 (23 KO)Age
31 years, 2 months
29 years, 7 monthsHeight
6 ft 3 in (191 cm)
6 ft 3 in (191 cm)Weight
221 lb (100 kg)
210 lb (95 kg)Style
Orthodox
OrthodoxRecognition
NABF heavyweight Champion
WBA/WBCNo. 6 Ranked HeavyweightResultNorton defeated Ali via Split Decision
Muhammad Ali vs. Ken Norton, billed as The Fight, was a professional boxing match contested on March 31, 1973, for the NABF heavyweight championship.
Background
Still rebuilding a winning record after his first professional loss to Joe Frazier, Ali faced Norton on March 31, 1973, at the San Diego Sports Arena in San Diego, California. The fight was aired live on free TV in the United States via ABC.
The fight
The fight against Norton started a years-long rivalry. Ali was outmaneuvered by Norton's unorthodox fighting style, which involved jabbing from below and crossing his hands for defence. As the final bell rang, Norton won on a split decision, igniting a controversy in the boxing world. Soon after the fight, Ali was treated in hospital for a broken jaw. Ali's trainer, Angelo Dundee claimed that Ali's jaw was broken in the first round, while Norton's trainer, Eddie Futch, claimed that it was the eleventh. Norton landed 233 punches (43% accuracy) to Ali's 171 (26% accuracy), with a lead of 124 to 78 in power punches. Ali outlanded Norton in 4 rounds, while Norton outlanded Ali in 8.
Aftermath
According to Dr. Gary Manchester, who performed the operation to wire Ali's jaw together: "The bone which was broken had three or four jagged edges and they kept poking into his cheek and mouth. It was a very bad break." Ali accepted his defeat graciously, agreeing to shake Norton's hand in the ring. Norton in turn visited Ali's hospital room afterward, which he believed cemented a friendship. Both sides immediately began talks for a rematch, with Ali claiming he'd win another bout and Norton saying he'd knock out Ali next time.
Ali was quoted in The Ring after the fight: "I have nobody to blame but myself for my loss to Ken Norton. I didn't train properly because I really didn't think Ken was that great a fighter. I was wrong. This time things will be different. You'll see the real Muhammad Ali."
Second match
Main article: Ken Norton vs. Muhammad Ali II
On September 10, 1973, Ali and Norton met at the Forum, Inglewood, California, USA, for their highly anticipated rematch. Though the match was close, Ali ended up winning the split with 2 votes to 1.
Third match
Main article: Muhammad Ali vs. Ken Norton III
Ali and Norton met for the third and last time on September 28, 1976, at Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York, USA, completing their trilogy. Although most commentators gave the fight to Norton. Ultimately, Ali won by a unanimous decision, thereby retaining the world title. Ali said during an interview with Mark Cronin in October 1976: "Kenny's style is too difficult for me. I can't beat him, and I sure don't want to fight him again. I honestly thought he beat me in Yankee Stadium, but the judges gave it to me, and I'm grateful to them." Norton was bitter, stating after the fight: "I won at least nine or ten rounds. I was robbed."
Undercard
Confirmed bouts:
Broadcasting
Country
Broadcaster
United Kingdom
BBC
United States
ABC
References
^ a b Snowden, Jonathan. "One Punch: How Ken Norton Became a Boxing Legend in a Single Night". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
^ "Muhammad Ali's ring record". ESPN. 19 November 2003. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
^ "Thrice As Nice: Ali-Norton". ESPN. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
^ Felix Dennis; Don Atyeo (2003). Muhammad Ali: The Glory Years. miramax books. pp. 198–202, 250.
^ Stephen Brunt (2002). Facing Ali. The Lyons Press. pp. 167–83.
^ "The mouth that nearly roared". Sports Illustrated. 23 April 1973. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
^ "ALL SET TO SLAM IN THE RUBBER MATCH". Sports Illustrated. 27 September 1976. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
^ "Sept. 28, 1976: Ali vs Norton III". The Fight City. 2016-09-29. Retrieved 2017-05-08.
^ Bob Canobbio and Lee Groves. "Muhammad Ali: By The Numbers." CompuBox: Feb 17, 2018. Page 142.
^ Canobbio and Groves, p. 142, 164-165.
^ Canobbio and Groves, p. 142-143.
^ BoxRec: Norton vs Ali 3
^ "BoxRec - event".
^ "Match of the Day: The Grand National: Ali v Norton". bbc.co.uk/. BBC Programme Index. 31 March 1973. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
External links
Muhammad Ali vs. Ken Norton - Full Fight September 10, 1973 (Video)
Preceded byvs. Joe Bugner
Muhammad Ali's bouts March 31, 1973
Succeeded byRematch
Preceded byvs. Charlie Reno
Ken Norton's bouts March 31, 1973
Awards
Preceded byEsteban De Jesús vs. Roberto Durán
The Ring Upset of the Year 1973
Succeeded byGeorge Foreman vs. Muhammad Ali
vteBoxing on ABCRelated programs
Boxing on ESPN
Premier Boxing Champions
Fight of the Week
Olympics on ABC
Commentators
The Wednesday Night Fights
Wide World of Sports
List of events
Notable bouts
Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston
Muhammad Ali vs. George Chuvalo
Muhammad Ali vs. Henry Cooper
Muhammad Ali vs. Karl Mildenberger
Muhammad Ali vs. Cleveland Williams
Muhammad Ali vs. Ernie Terrell
Muhammad Ali vs. Jerry Quarry
Fight of the Century
Muhammad Ali vs. Floyd Patterson
Muhammad Ali vs. Bob Foster
Joe Frazier vs. George Foreman
Muhammad Ali vs. Ken Norton
Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier II
George Foreman vs. Ken Norton
The Rumble in the Jungle
Muhammad Ali vs. Chuck Wepner
Muhammad Ali vs. Ron Lyle
Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Bugner
Thrilla in Manila
Sugar Ray Leonard vs. Roberto Durán II
Sugar Ray Leonard vs. Thomas Hearns
Dwight Muhammad Qawi vs. Evander Holyfield
Mike Tyson vs. Marvis Frazier
Julio César Chávez vs. Meldrick Taylor
Riddick Bowe vs. Michael Dokes
Mike Tyson vs. Donovan Ruddock
Evander Holyfield vs. Riddick Bowe
Key figures
Don Chevrier
Howard Cosell
Dan Dierdorf
Keith Jackson
Jim Lampley
Al Michaels
Jerry Quarry
Chris Schenkel
Al Trautwig
Alex Wallau
Miscellaneous
ABC Wide World of Sports Boxing
The Super Fight
vteMuhammad AliFights
Boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Clay vs. Hunsaker
Clay vs. Siler
Clay vs. Esperti
Clay vs. Robinson
Clay vs. Fleeman
Clay vs. Clark
Clay vs. Sabedong
Clay vs. Johnson
Clay vs. Miteff
Clay vs. Besmanoff
Clay vs. Banks
Clay vs. Warner
Clay vs. Logan
Clay vs. Daniels
Clay vs. Lavorante
Clay vs. Moore
Clay vs. Powell
Clay vs. Jones
Clay vs. Cooper
Liston vs. Clay
Ali vs. Liston II
Ali vs. Patterson
Ali vs. Chuvalo
Ali vs. Cooper II
Ali vs. London
Ali vs. Mildenberger
Ali vs. Terrell
Ali vs. Williams
Ali vs. Folley
Ali vs. Quarry
Ali vs. Bonavena
Fight of the Century (Frazier vs. Ali I)
Ali vs. Ellis
Ali vs. Mathis
Ali vs. Blin
Ali vs. M. Foster
Ali vs. Quarry II
Ali vs. Lewis
Ali vs. Patterson II
Ali vs. B. Foster
Ali vs. Bugner
Ali vs. Norton
Norton vs. Ali II
Ali vs. Lubbers
Ali vs. Frazier II
The Rumble in the Jungle (Foreman vs. Ali)
Ali vs. Wepner
Ali vs. Lyle
Ali vs. Bugner II
Thrilla in Manila (Ali vs. Frazier III)
Ali vs. Coopman
Ali vs. Young
Ali vs. Dunn
Ali vs. Norton III
Ali vs. Evangelista
Ali vs. Shavers
Ali vs. Spinks
Spinks vs. Ali II
Holmes vs. Ali
Ali vs. Berbick
MediaBooks
The Greatest: My Own Story (1975 autobiography)
The Fight (1975)
Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times (1991 biography)
The Tao of Muhammad Ali (1997)
King of the World (1998 biography)
Facing Ali (2002)
Muhammad Ali: The Glory Years (2002 biography)
The Soul of a Butterfly (2004 autobiography)
Twelve Rounds to Glory (2007 biography)
Ali: A Life (2018 biography)
Docu filmsand series
Whicker's World (1967 episode)
a.k.a. Cassius Clay (1970)
When We Were Kings (1996)
Facing Ali (2009)
When Ali Came to Ireland (2012)
The Trials of Muhammad Ali (2013)
I Am Ali (2014)
Icons: The Greatest Person of the 20th Century (2019 episode)
What's My Name: Muhammad Ali (2019)
Blood Brothers: Malcolm X & Muhammad Ali (2021)
Muhammad Ali (2021 series)
Other filmsand series
Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962)
The Super Fight (1970)
The Greatest (1977)
I Am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali (1977 animated series)
King of the World (2000 TV film)
Ali: An American Hero (2000 TV film)
Ali (2001)
Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight (2013 TV film)
One Night in Miami... (2020)
Music andperformance
I Am the Greatest (1963 album)
"Black Superman (Muhammad Ali)" (1974 song)
The Adventures of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay (1976 album)
"Muhammad Ali" (2001 song)
"The World's Greatest" (2002 song)
Approaching Ali (2013 opera)
One Night in Miami (2013 play)
Comics andvideo games
Superman vs. Muhammad Ali (1978 comic book)
Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Boxing (1992 video game)
Foes of Ali (1995 video game)
Family
Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. (father)
Odessa Grady Clay (mother)
Rahaman Ali (brother)
Khalilah Ali (wife)
Laila Ali (daughter)
Nico Ali Walsh (grandson)
Team andassociates
Chuck Bodak (trainer, cutman)
Angelo Dundee (cornerman)
Drew Bundini Brown (trainer, cornerman)
Ferdie Pacheco (personal physician, cornerman)
Joe E. Martin (first trainer)
Archie Moore (trainer)
George Dillman (instructor)
Jabir Herbert Muhammad (manager)
Luis Sarria (trainer, cutman, masseur)
Joe Frazier (opponent, friend)
Richard Durham (autobiography co-writer)
Memorials
Ali Mall
Muhammad Ali Boulevard
Muhammad Ali Center
Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport
Related
Clay v. United States
Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki
Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act
Muhammad Ali in China
Muhammad Ali in India
Religious views of Muhammad Ali
Rope-a-dope
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"Ken Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Norton"},{"link_name":"NABF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Boxing_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Muhammad Ali vs. Ken Norton, billed as The Fight, was a professional boxing match contested on March 31, 1973, for the NABF heavyweight championship.[1]","title":"Muhammad Ali vs. Ken Norton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Frazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Frazier"},{"link_name":"San Diego Sports Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Sports_Arena"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"}],"text":"Still rebuilding a winning record after his first professional loss to Joe Frazier, Ali faced Norton on March 31, 1973, at the San Diego Sports Arena in San Diego, California. The fight was aired live on free TV in the United States via ABC.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN_record-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glory_Years-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facing_Ali-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S_2I-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The fight against Norton started a years-long rivalry. Ali was outmaneuvered by Norton's unorthodox fighting style, which involved jabbing from below and crossing his hands for defence. As the final bell rang, Norton won on a split decision, igniting a controversy in the boxing world. Soon after the fight, Ali was treated in hospital for a broken jaw.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Ali's trainer, Angelo Dundee claimed that Ali's jaw was broken in the first round, while Norton's trainer, Eddie Futch, claimed that it was the eleventh.[9] Norton landed 233 punches (43% accuracy) to Ali's 171 (26% accuracy), with a lead of 124 to 78 in power punches. Ali outlanded Norton in 4 rounds, while Norton outlanded Ali in 8.[10]","title":"The fight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"According to Dr. Gary Manchester, who performed the operation to wire Ali's jaw together: \"The bone which was broken had three or four jagged edges and they kept poking into his cheek and mouth. It was a very bad break.\" Ali accepted his defeat graciously, agreeing to shake Norton's hand in the ring. Norton in turn visited Ali's hospital room afterward, which he believed cemented a friendship. Both sides immediately began talks for a rematch, with Ali claiming he'd win another bout and Norton saying he'd knock out Ali next time.[11]Ali was quoted in The Ring after the fight: \"I have nobody to blame but myself for my loss to Ken Norton. I didn't train properly because I really didn't think Ken was that great a fighter. I was wrong. This time things will be different. You'll see the real Muhammad Ali.\"","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forum_(Inglewood,_California)"}],"sub_title":"Second match","text":"On September 10, 1973, Ali and Norton met at the Forum, Inglewood, California, USA, for their highly anticipated rematch. Though the match was close, Ali ended up winning the split with 2 votes to 1.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Third match","text":"Ali and Norton met for the third and last time on September 28, 1976, at Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York, USA, completing their trilogy. Although most commentators gave the fight to Norton. Ultimately, Ali won by a unanimous decision, thereby retaining the world title. Ali said during an interview with Mark Cronin in October 1976: \"Kenny's style is too difficult for me. I can't beat him, and I sure don't want to fight him again. I honestly thought he beat me in Yankee Stadium, but the judges gave it to me, and I'm grateful to them.\" Norton was bitter, stating after the fight: \"I won at least nine or ten rounds. I was robbed.\"[12]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Confirmed bouts:[13]","title":"Undercard"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Broadcasting"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Snowden, Jonathan. \"One Punch: How Ken Norton Became a Boxing Legend in a Single Night\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2017-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1779469-one-punch-how-ken-norton-became-a-boxing-legend-in-a-single-night","url_text":"\"One Punch: How Ken Norton Became a Boxing Legend in a Single Night\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muhammad Ali's ring record\". ESPN. 19 November 2003. Retrieved 6 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://espn.go.com/classic/s/Ali_record.html","url_text":"\"Muhammad Ali's ring record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thrice As Nice: Ali-Norton\". ESPN. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/7202235/celebrating-trilogies-muhammad-ali-ken-norton","url_text":"\"Thrice As Nice: Ali-Norton\""}]},{"reference":"Felix Dennis; Don Atyeo (2003). Muhammad Ali: The Glory Years. miramax books. pp. 198–202, 250.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stephen Brunt (2002). Facing Ali. The Lyons Press. pp. 167–83.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The mouth that nearly roared\". Sports Illustrated. 23 April 1973. Retrieved 7 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/2015/09/24/muhammad-ali-broken-jaw","url_text":"\"The mouth that nearly roared\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALL SET TO SLAM IN THE RUBBER MATCH\". Sports Illustrated. 27 September 1976. Retrieved 7 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/1976/09/27/615459/all-set-to-slam-in-the-rubber-match","url_text":"\"ALL SET TO SLAM IN THE RUBBER MATCH\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sept. 28, 1976: Ali vs Norton III\". The Fight City. 2016-09-29. Retrieved 2017-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefightcity.com/ali-vs-norton-iii-muhammad-ali-ken-norton-joe-frazier-george-foreman-yankee-stadium-new-york/","url_text":"\"Sept. 28, 1976: Ali vs Norton III\""}]},{"reference":"\"BoxRec - event\".","urls":[{"url":"https://boxrec.com/en/event/15992","url_text":"\"BoxRec - event\""}]},{"reference":"\"Match of the Day: The Grand National: Ali v Norton\". bbc.co.uk/. BBC Programme Index. 31 March 1973. Retrieved 12 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/e298bbdcfe7e4b85b3a8b22d5b57125c","url_text":"\"Match of the Day: The Grand National: Ali v Norton\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1779469-one-punch-how-ken-norton-became-a-boxing-legend-in-a-single-night","external_links_name":"\"One Punch: How Ken Norton Became a Boxing Legend in a Single Night\""},{"Link":"https://espn.go.com/classic/s/Ali_record.html","external_links_name":"\"Muhammad Ali's ring record\""},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/7202235/celebrating-trilogies-muhammad-ali-ken-norton","external_links_name":"\"Thrice As Nice: Ali-Norton\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/2015/09/24/muhammad-ali-broken-jaw","external_links_name":"\"The mouth that nearly roared\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/vault/1976/09/27/615459/all-set-to-slam-in-the-rubber-match","external_links_name":"\"ALL SET TO SLAM IN THE RUBBER MATCH\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefightcity.com/ali-vs-norton-iii-muhammad-ali-ken-norton-joe-frazier-george-foreman-yankee-stadium-new-york/","external_links_name":"\"Sept. 28, 1976: Ali vs Norton III\""},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Muhammad_Ali_vs._Ken_Norton_(3rd_meeting)","external_links_name":"BoxRec: Norton vs Ali 3"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/event/15992","external_links_name":"\"BoxRec - event\""},{"Link":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/e298bbdcfe7e4b85b3a8b22d5b57125c","external_links_name":"\"Match of the Day: The Grand National: Ali v Norton\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfxGUbAMrNQ","external_links_name":"Muhammad Ali vs. Ken Norton - Full Fight September 10, 1973 (Video)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioro_du_Sahel | Nioro du Sahel | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 15°11′N 9°33′W / 15.183°N 9.550°W / 15.183; -9.550Commune and town in Kayes Region, MaliNioro du SahelCommune and townNioro du SahelLocation in MaliCoordinates: 15°11′N 9°33′W / 15.183°N 9.550°W / 15.183; -9.550Country MaliRegionKayes RegionCercleNioro du Sahel CercleGovernment • MayorAbbas SyllaPopulation (1998) • Total60,112Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)
Nioro du Sahel, often referred to as simply Nioro, is a town and urban commune in the Kayes Region of western Mali, 241 km from the city of Kayes. It is located 275 miles (by road) north-west of the Malian capital Bamako. As of 1998, the commune had a population of 60,112, although current estimates are nearer to 69,100 people.
Founded in circa 1240 by a Diawando slave named Beydari Tamboura, Nioro attained its greatest height in the eighteenth century as the then-capital of the Bambara kingdom of Kaarta. The town became an important trading center between Upper Senegal and the Sudan.
In the early 1850s, the Toucouleur conqueror El Hadj Umar Tall invaded Kaarta, forcing the kingdom's conversion to Islam; he built a great mosque in Nioro in 1854. Umar Tall's son Ahmadu Tall took refuge in Nioro after the fall of his capital Segou to the French in 1890. His army, led by the Wolof king-in-exile Alboury Ndiaye, failed to defend the city against the advancing colonial army in January 1891.
The town has an airstrip at Nioro Airport.
vte Communes and towns of Kayes Region, MaliCapital: KayesBafoulabé Cercle
Bafoulabé (Bafoulabé)
Bamafele (Bamafele)
Diakon (Diakon)
Diallan (Diallan)
Diokeli (Diokeli)
Gounfan (Gounfan)
Kontela (Goundara)
Koundian (Koundian)
Mahina (Mahina)
Niambia (Horokoto)
Oualia (Oualia)
Sidibela (Tigana)
Tomora (Oussoubidiagna)
Diéma Cercle
Diéma (Diéma)
Béma (Béma)
Diangounté Camara (Diangounté Camara)
Dianguirdé (Dianguirdé)
Diéoura (Diéoura)
Dioumara Koussata (Dioumara Koussata)
Fassoudébé (Fassoudébé)
Fatao (Fatao)
Gomitradougou (Kouloudiengué)
Grouméra (Grouméra)
Guédébiné (Guédébiné)
Lakamané (Lakamané)
Lambidou (Lambidou)
Madiga Sacko (Madiga Sacko)
Sansankidé (Sansankidé)
Kayes Cercle
Kayes (Kayes)
Bangassi (Bangassi)
Colimbiné (Kabate)
Diamou (Diamou)
Djélébou (Aourou)
Falémé (Diboli)
Fegui (Fegui)
Gory Gopela (Gory Gopela)
Goumera (Goumera)
Guidimakan Keri Kafo (Gakoura)
Hawa Dembaya (Médine)
Karakoro (Teichibe)
Kéméné Tambo (Ambidédi)
Kouniakary (Kouniakary)
Khouloum (Khouloum)
Koussané (Koussané)
Liberté Dembaya (Diala Banlieue)
Logo (Kakoulou)
Maréna Diombougou (Maréna Diombougou)
Marintoumania (Marintoumania)
Sadiola (Sadiola)
Sahel (Bafarara)
Samé Diomgoma (Samé)
Ségala (Ségala)
Séro Diamanou (Séro)
Somankidi (Somankidi)
Sony (Lany Tounka)
Tafacirga (Tafacirga)
Kéniéba Cercle
Kéniéba (Kéniéba)
Bayé (Bayé)
Dabia (Dabia)
Dialafara (Dialafara)
Dombia (Dombia)
Faléa (Faléa)
Faraba (Faraba)
Guénégoré (Guénégoré)
Kassama (Kassama)
Kroukoto (Kroukoto)
Sagalo (Sagalo)
Sitakilly (Sitakilly)
Kita Cercle
Kita (Kita)
Badia (Dafela)
Bendougouba (Bendougouba)
Benkadi Founia (Founia Moribougou)
Boudofo (Boudofo)
Bougaribaya (Bougaribaya)
Didenko (Didenko)
Djidian (Djidian)
Djougoun (Djougoun)
Gadougou I (Sagabari)
Gadougou II (Gallé)
Guemoukouraba (Guemoukouraba)
Kassaro (Kassaro)
Kita Nord (Sibikily)
Kita Ouest (Kofeba)
Kobri (Kobri)
Kokofata (Kokofata)
Koulou (Balia)
Kourouninkoto (Kourouninkoto)
Kotouba (Kotouba)
Madina (Madina)
Makano (Makano)
Namala Guimba (Namala)
Niantanso (Niantanso)
Saboula (Balandougou)
Sébékoro (Sébékoro)
Séféto Nord (Niagané)
Séféto Ouest (Séféto)
Senko (Senko)
Sirakoro (Sirakoro)
Souransan-Tomoto (Souransan-Tomoto)
Tambaga (Tambaga)
Toukoto (Toukoto)
Nioro Cercle
Nioro du Sahel (Nioro du Sahel)
Baniéré Koré (Baniéré Koré)
Diabigue (Diabigue)
Diarra (Diarra)
Diaye Coura (Diaye Coura)
Gavinane (Gavinane)
Gogui (Gogui)
Guétéma (Guétéma)
Kadiaba Kadiel (Kadiaba Kadiel)
Koréra Koré (Koréra Koré)
Nioro Tougouné Rangabé (Nioro Tougouné Rangabé )
Sandare (Sandare)
Simbi (Simbi)
Trougoumbé (Trougoumbé)
Yéréré (Yéréré)
Youri (Youri)
Yélimané Cercle
Guidimé (Yélimané)
Diafounou Diongaga (Diongaga)
Diafounou Gory (Tambacara)
Eleme
Fanga (Fanga)
Gory (Gory)
Kirane Kaniaga (Kirane)
Konsiga (Kersignané)
Kremis (Kremis)
Marekaffo (Dogofiry)
Soumpou (Takaba)
Tringa (Marena)
Toya (Yaguine)
15°11′N 9°33′W / 15.183°N 9.550°W / 15.183; -9.550
References
^ Dicko, Seïdina Oumar. Hamallah, le protégé de Dieu. Editions Jamana, 1 Jan 1999 pg 39
^ Charles, Eunice A. (1977). Precolonial Senegal : the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890. Brookline, MA: African Studies Center, Boston University. p. 130. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
This Kayes Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Mali"},{"link_name":"Kayes Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes_Region"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Bamako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_people"},{"link_name":"Kaarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarta"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_(region)"},{"link_name":"Toucouleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire"},{"link_name":"Umar Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Tall"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Ahmadu 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Cercle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes_Cercle"},{"link_name":"Kayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes"},{"link_name":"Kayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes"},{"link_name":"Bangassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangassi"},{"link_name":"Bangassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangassi"},{"link_name":"Colimbiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colimbin%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Kabate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabate"},{"link_name":"Diamou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamou"},{"link_name":"Diamou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamou"},{"link_name":"Djélébou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%A9l%C3%A9bou"},{"link_name":"Aourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aourou"},{"link_name":"Falémé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fal%C3%A9m%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Diboli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diboli"},{"link_name":"Fegui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fegui"},{"link_name":"Fegui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fegui"},{"link_name":"Gory Gopela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gory_Gopela"},{"link_name":"Gory Gopela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gory_Gopela"},{"link_name":"Goumera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goumera"},{"link_name":"Goumera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goumera"},{"link_name":"Guidimakan Keri Kafo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidimakan_Keri_Kafo"},{"link_name":"Gakoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakoura"},{"link_name":"Hawa Dembaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa_Dembaya"},{"link_name":"Médine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dine,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Karakoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoro,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Teichibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichibe"},{"link_name":"Kéméné Tambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9m%C3%A9n%C3%A9_Tambo"},{"link_name":"Ambidédi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambid%C3%A9di"},{"link_name":"Kouniakary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouniakary"},{"link_name":"Kouniakary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouniakary"},{"link_name":"Khouloum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khouloum"},{"link_name":"Khouloum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khouloum"},{"link_name":"Koussané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koussan%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Koussané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koussan%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Liberté Dembaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9_Dembaya"},{"link_name":"Diala Banlieue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diala_Banlieue"},{"link_name":"Logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Kakoulou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakoulou"},{"link_name":"Maréna Diombougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A9na_Diombougou"},{"link_name":"Maréna Diombougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A9na_Diombougou"},{"link_name":"Marintoumania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marintoumania"},{"link_name":"Marintoumania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marintoumania"},{"link_name":"Sadiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiola"},{"link_name":"Sadiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiola"},{"link_name":"Sahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Bafarara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafarara"},{"link_name":"Samé Diomgoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C3%A9_Diomgoma"},{"link_name":"Samé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ségala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gala,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Ségala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gala,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Séro Diamanou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ro_Diamanou"},{"link_name":"Séro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ro_Diamanou"},{"link_name":"Somankidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somankidi"},{"link_name":"Somankidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somankidi"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Lany Tounka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lany_Tounka"},{"link_name":"Tafacirga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafacirga"},{"link_name":"Tafacirga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafacirga"},{"link_name":"Kéniéba Cercle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9ni%C3%A9ba_Cercle"},{"link_name":"Kéniéba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9ni%C3%A9ba"},{"link_name":"Kéniéba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9ni%C3%A9ba"},{"link_name":"Bayé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%C3%A9,_Kayes"},{"link_name":"Bayé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%C3%A9,_Kayes"},{"link_name":"Dabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabia"},{"link_name":"Dabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabia"},{"link_name":"Dialafara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialafara"},{"link_name":"Dialafara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialafara"},{"link_name":"Dombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dombia"},{"link_name":"Dombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dombia"},{"link_name":"Faléa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fal%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"Faléa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fal%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"Faraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraba,_Kayes"},{"link_name":"Faraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraba,_Kayes"},{"link_name":"Guénégoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9n%C3%A9gor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Guénégoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9n%C3%A9gor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Kassama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassama"},{"link_name":"Kassama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassama"},{"link_name":"Kroukoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroukoto"},{"link_name":"Kroukoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroukoto"},{"link_name":"Sagalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagalo"},{"link_name":"Sagalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagalo"},{"link_name":"Sitakilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitakilly"},{"link_name":"Sitakilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitakilly"},{"link_name":"Kita Cercle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita_Cercle"},{"link_name":"Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Badia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badia,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Dafela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafela"},{"link_name":"Bendougouba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendougouba"},{"link_name":"Bendougouba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendougouba"},{"link_name":"Benkadi Founia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benkadi_Founia"},{"link_name":"Founia Moribougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founia_Moribougou"},{"link_name":"Boudofo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudofo"},{"link_name":"Boudofo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudofo"},{"link_name":"Bougaribaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougaribaya"},{"link_name":"Bougaribaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougaribaya"},{"link_name":"Didenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didenko"},{"link_name":"Didenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didenko"},{"link_name":"Djidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djidian"},{"link_name":"Djidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djidian"},{"link_name":"Djougoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djougoun"},{"link_name":"Djougoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djougoun"},{"link_name":"Gadougou I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadougou_I"},{"link_name":"Sagabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagabari"},{"link_name":"Gadougou II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadougou_II"},{"link_name":"Gallé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall%C3%A9,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Guemoukouraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guemoukouraba"},{"link_name":"Guemoukouraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guemoukouraba"},{"link_name":"Kassaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassaro"},{"link_name":"Kassaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassaro"},{"link_name":"Kita Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita_Nord"},{"link_name":"Sibikily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibikily"},{"link_name":"Kita Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita_Ouest"},{"link_name":"Kofeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofeba"},{"link_name":"Kobri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobri"},{"link_name":"Kobri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobri"},{"link_name":"Kokofata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokofata"},{"link_name":"Kokofata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokofata"},{"link_name":"Koulou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulou"},{"link_name":"Balia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balia,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Kourouninkoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourouninkoto"},{"link_name":"Kourouninkoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourouninkoto"},{"link_name":"Kotouba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotouba"},{"link_name":"Kotouba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotouba"},{"link_name":"Madina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madina,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Madina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madina,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Makano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makano,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Makano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makano,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Namala Guimba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namala_Guimba"},{"link_name":"Namala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namala"},{"link_name":"Niantanso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niantanso"},{"link_name":"Niantanso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niantanso"},{"link_name":"Saboula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saboula"},{"link_name":"Balandougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balandougou,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Sébékoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9b%C3%A9koro"},{"link_name":"Sébékoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9b%C3%A9koro"},{"link_name":"Séféto Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9f%C3%A9to_Nord"},{"link_name":"Niagané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagan%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Séféto Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9f%C3%A9to_Ouest"},{"link_name":"Séféto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9f%C3%A9to"},{"link_name":"Senko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senko,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Senko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senko,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Sirakoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirakoro,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Sirakoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirakoro,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Souransan-Tomoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souransan-Tomoto"},{"link_name":"Souransan-Tomoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souransan-Tomoto"},{"link_name":"Tambaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambaga,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Tambaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambaga,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Toukoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toukoto"},{"link_name":"Toukoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toukoto"},{"link_name":"Nioro Cercle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioro_Cercle"},{"link_name":"Nioro du Sahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Nioro du Sahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Baniéré Koré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani%C3%A9r%C3%A9_Kor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Baniéré Koré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani%C3%A9r%C3%A9_Kor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Diabigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabigue"},{"link_name":"Diabigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabigue"},{"link_name":"Diarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarra,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Diarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarra,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Diaye Coura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaye_Coura"},{"link_name":"Diaye Coura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaye_Coura"},{"link_name":"Gavinane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavinane"},{"link_name":"Gavinane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavinane"},{"link_name":"Gogui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogui,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Gogui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogui,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Guétéma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9t%C3%A9ma"},{"link_name":"Guétéma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9t%C3%A9ma"},{"link_name":"Kadiaba Kadiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadiaba_Kadiel"},{"link_name":"Kadiaba Kadiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadiaba_Kadiel"},{"link_name":"Koréra Koré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9ra_Kor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Koréra Koré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9ra_Kor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Nioro Tougouné Rangabé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioro_Tougoun%C3%A9_Rangab%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Nioro Tougouné Rangabé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioro_Tougoun%C3%A9_Rangab%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Sandare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandare"},{"link_name":"Sandare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandare"},{"link_name":"Simbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbi,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Simbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbi,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Trougoumbé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trougoumb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Trougoumbé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trougoumb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Yéréré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9r%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Yéréré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9r%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Youri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youri,_Niger"},{"link_name":"Youri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youri,_Niger"},{"link_name":"Yélimané Cercle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9liman%C3%A9_Cercle"},{"link_name":"Guidimé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidim%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Yélimané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9liman%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Diafounou Diongaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafounou_Diongaga"},{"link_name":"Diongaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diongaga"},{"link_name":"Diafounou Gory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafounou_Gory"},{"link_name":"Tambacara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambacara"},{"link_name":"Eleme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleme,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Fanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanga"},{"link_name":"Fanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanga"},{"link_name":"Gory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gory,_Y%C3%A9liman%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Gory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gory,_Y%C3%A9liman%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Kirane Kaniaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirane_Kaniaga"},{"link_name":"Kirane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirane"},{"link_name":"Konsiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsiga"},{"link_name":"Kersignané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kersignan%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Kremis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremis"},{"link_name":"Kremis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremis"},{"link_name":"Marekaffo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marekaffo"},{"link_name":"Dogofiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogofiry"},{"link_name":"Soumpou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumpou"},{"link_name":"Takaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaba"},{"link_name":"Tringa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringa,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Marena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marena,_Y%C3%A9liman%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Toya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toya,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Yaguine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaguine"},{"link_name":"15°11′N 9°33′W / 15.183°N 9.550°W / 15.183; -9.550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nioro_du_Sahel¶ms=15_11_N_9_33_W_region:ML_type:city"}],"text":"Commune and town in Kayes Region, MaliNioro du Sahel, often referred to as simply Nioro, is a town and urban commune in the Kayes Region of western Mali, 241 km from the city of Kayes. It is located 275 miles (by road) north-west of the Malian capital Bamako. As of 1998, the commune had a population of 60,112, although current estimates are nearer to 69,100 people.Founded in circa 1240 by a Diawando slave named Beydari Tamboura,[1] Nioro attained its greatest height in the eighteenth century as the then-capital of the Bambara kingdom of Kaarta. The town became an important trading center between Upper Senegal and the Sudan.In the early 1850s, the Toucouleur conqueror El Hadj Umar Tall invaded Kaarta, forcing the kingdom's conversion to Islam; he built a great mosque in Nioro in 1854. Umar Tall's son Ahmadu Tall took refuge in Nioro after the fall of his capital Segou to the French in 1890. His army, led by the Wolof king-in-exile Alboury Ndiaye, failed to defend the city against the advancing colonial army in January 1891.[2]The town has an airstrip at Nioro Airport.vte Communes and towns of Kayes Region, MaliCapital: KayesBafoulabé Cercle\nBafoulabé (Bafoulabé)\nBamafele (Bamafele)\nDiakon (Diakon)\nDiallan (Diallan)\nDiokeli (Diokeli)\nGounfan (Gounfan)\nKontela (Goundara)\nKoundian (Koundian)\nMahina (Mahina)\nNiambia (Horokoto)\nOualia (Oualia)\nSidibela (Tigana)\nTomora (Oussoubidiagna)\nDiéma Cercle\nDiéma (Diéma)\nBéma (Béma)\nDiangounté Camara (Diangounté Camara)\nDianguirdé (Dianguirdé)\nDiéoura (Diéoura)\nDioumara Koussata (Dioumara Koussata)\nFassoudébé (Fassoudébé)\nFatao (Fatao)\nGomitradougou (Kouloudiengué)\nGrouméra (Grouméra)\nGuédébiné (Guédébiné)\nLakamané (Lakamané)\nLambidou (Lambidou)\nMadiga Sacko (Madiga Sacko)\nSansankidé (Sansankidé)\nKayes Cercle\nKayes (Kayes)\nBangassi (Bangassi)\nColimbiné (Kabate)\nDiamou (Diamou)\nDjélébou (Aourou)\nFalémé (Diboli)\nFegui (Fegui)\nGory Gopela (Gory Gopela)\nGoumera (Goumera)\nGuidimakan Keri Kafo (Gakoura)\nHawa Dembaya (Médine)\nKarakoro (Teichibe)\nKéméné Tambo (Ambidédi)\nKouniakary (Kouniakary)\nKhouloum (Khouloum)\nKoussané (Koussané)\nLiberté Dembaya (Diala Banlieue)\nLogo (Kakoulou)\nMaréna Diombougou (Maréna Diombougou)\nMarintoumania (Marintoumania)\nSadiola (Sadiola)\nSahel (Bafarara)\nSamé Diomgoma (Samé)\nSégala (Ségala)\nSéro Diamanou (Séro)\nSomankidi (Somankidi)\nSony (Lany Tounka)\nTafacirga (Tafacirga)\nKéniéba Cercle\nKéniéba (Kéniéba)\nBayé (Bayé)\nDabia (Dabia)\nDialafara (Dialafara)\nDombia (Dombia)\nFaléa (Faléa)\nFaraba (Faraba)\nGuénégoré (Guénégoré)\nKassama (Kassama)\nKroukoto (Kroukoto)\nSagalo (Sagalo)\nSitakilly (Sitakilly)\nKita Cercle\nKita (Kita)\nBadia (Dafela)\nBendougouba (Bendougouba)\nBenkadi Founia (Founia Moribougou)\nBoudofo (Boudofo)\nBougaribaya (Bougaribaya)\nDidenko (Didenko)\nDjidian (Djidian)\nDjougoun (Djougoun)\nGadougou I (Sagabari)\nGadougou II (Gallé)\nGuemoukouraba (Guemoukouraba)\nKassaro (Kassaro)\nKita Nord (Sibikily)\nKita Ouest (Kofeba)\nKobri (Kobri)\nKokofata (Kokofata)\nKoulou (Balia)\nKourouninkoto (Kourouninkoto)\nKotouba (Kotouba)\nMadina (Madina)\nMakano (Makano)\nNamala Guimba (Namala)\nNiantanso (Niantanso)\nSaboula (Balandougou)\nSébékoro (Sébékoro)\nSéféto Nord (Niagané)\nSéféto Ouest (Séféto)\nSenko (Senko)\nSirakoro (Sirakoro)\nSouransan-Tomoto (Souransan-Tomoto)\nTambaga (Tambaga)\nToukoto (Toukoto)\nNioro Cercle\nNioro du Sahel (Nioro du Sahel)\nBaniéré Koré (Baniéré Koré)\nDiabigue (Diabigue)\nDiarra (Diarra)\nDiaye Coura (Diaye Coura)\nGavinane (Gavinane)\nGogui (Gogui)\nGuétéma (Guétéma)\nKadiaba Kadiel (Kadiaba Kadiel)\nKoréra Koré (Koréra Koré)\nNioro Tougouné Rangabé (Nioro Tougouné Rangabé )\nSandare (Sandare)\nSimbi (Simbi)\nTrougoumbé (Trougoumbé)\nYéréré (Yéréré)\nYouri (Youri)\nYélimané Cercle\nGuidimé (Yélimané)\nDiafounou Diongaga (Diongaga)\nDiafounou Gory (Tambacara)\nEleme\nFanga (Fanga)\nGory (Gory)\nKirane Kaniaga (Kirane)\nKonsiga (Kersignané)\nKremis (Kremis)\nMarekaffo (Dogofiry)\nSoumpou (Takaba)\nTringa (Marena)\nToya (Yaguine)15°11′N 9°33′W / 15.183°N 9.550°W / 15.183; -9.550","title":"Nioro du Sahel"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mali_Kayes.png/100px-Mali_Kayes.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Charles, Eunice A. (1977). Precolonial Senegal : the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890. Brookline, MA: African Studies Center, Boston University. p. 130. Retrieved 15 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/precolonialseneg00char/page/n15/mode/2up","url_text":"Precolonial Senegal : the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nioro_du_Sahel¶ms=15_11_N_9_33_W_region:ML_type:city","external_links_name":"15°11′N 9°33′W / 15.183°N 9.550°W / 15.183; -9.550"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nioro_du_Sahel¶ms=15_11_N_9_33_W_region:ML_type:city(60112)","external_links_name":"15°11′N 9°33′W / 15.183°N 9.550°W / 15.183; -9.550"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nioro_du_Sahel¶ms=15_11_N_9_33_W_region:ML_type:city","external_links_name":"15°11′N 9°33′W / 15.183°N 9.550°W / 15.183; -9.550"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/precolonialseneg00char/page/n15/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Precolonial Senegal : the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/129159763","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535563105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nioro_du_Sahel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_World:_Infinite_Burst | Accel World: Infinite Burst | ["1 Plot","2 Characters","2.1 Voice cast","3 Production","4 Media","4.1 Novel","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"] | 2016 Japanese filmAccel World: Infinite BurstKey visualJapanese nameKanjiアクセル・ワールド INFINITE∞BURSTTranscriptionsRevised HepburnAkuseru Warudo Infinito Bāsuto
Directed byMasakazu ObaraScreenplay byReki KawaharaHiroyuki YoshinoBased onAccel Worldby Reki KawaharaStarring
Sachika Misawa
Yuki Kaji
Shintarō Asanuma
Aki Toyosaki
Aya Endō
Rina Hidaka
ProductioncompanySunriseDistributed byWarner Bros. PicturesRelease date
July 23, 2016 (2016-07-23)
Running time82 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapaneseBox office¥115 million
Accel World: Infinite Burst (Japanese: アクセル・ワールド INFINITE∞BURST, Hepburn: Akuseru Warudo Infinito Bāsuto) is a 2016 Japanese animated science fantasy action film based on the Accel World light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by HiMA. It was produced by Sunrise, directed by Masakazu Obara and co-written by Kawahara, featuring character designs by Yukiko Aikei. It premiered in Japan on July 23, 2016. The events of the film take place after the final episode of the series.
Plot
The story starts off with a 40-minute recap of the anime television series, with Kuroyukihime narrating the recap. Then, it starts off showing a new character in what appears to be a gym. She had an accident that caused her to be hospitalized. The scene shifted off to a territory battle between Nega Nebulus and Great Wall, where Sky Raker and Ardor Maiden are fighting against two Burst Linkers. Meanwhile, Scarlet Rain and Blood Leopard are also battling off against multiple Linkers. The Scene shifted again to a battle between Silver Crow and Ash Roller. Black Lotus and Green Grandee appeared as each Legion's leaders. But before they could even battle, a huge storm appeared and destroyed the Battle Field and immediately disconnects all the Linkers from the Accelerated World. Back in the Real World, Shinomiya informs that the Brain Burst Application doesn't work as the Icon is greyed out, rendering every linker unable to Burst Link.
Characters
See also: List of Accel World characters
Voice cast
Character
Japanese
English
Kuroyukihime
Sachika Misawa
Kira Buckland
Haruyuki Arita
Yuki Kaji
Erik Scott Kimerer
Takumu Mayuzumi
Shintarō Asanuma
Lucien Dodge
Chiyuri Kurashima
Aki Toyosaki
Stephanie Sheh
Fuko Kurosaki
Aya Endō
Dorothy Elias-Fahn
Yuniko Kozuki
Rina Hidaka
Sarah Anne Williams
Blood Leopard
Ayako Kawasumi
Erika Harlacher
Ash Roller
Kenichi Suzumura
Ben Diskin
Utai Shinomiya
Yumi Hara
Xanthe Huynh
Green Grandee
Takaya Kuroda
Jay Allen White
Yellow Radio
Akira Ishida
Vic Mignogna
Viridian Decurion
Kenji Yanagisawa
Vic Mignogna
Iron Pound
Naoya Nosaka
Austin Lee Matthews
Lignum Vitae
Asuka Ōgame
Jessica Straus
Purple Thorn
Kaori Mizuhashi
Jessica Straus
Sundan Schaefer
Miyuki Kobori
Faye Mata
Lemon Pierrette
Asuka Ōgame
Faye Mata
Risa Tsukiori
Chinatsu Akasaki
Kayli Mills
Nyx
Aoi Yūki
Cassandra Lee Morris
Metatron
Yukana
Laura Post
Production
Dengeki Bunko at their Autumn Festival 2015 event on October 4, 2015 announced that the light novel series will receive a new anime adaptation featuring an original story by Kawahara, titled Accel World: Infinite Burst, with the staff and cast returning from the anime television to reprise their roles in the film. In February 2016, the Dengeki Bunko Magazine announced in their 48th volume that the film is scheduled for release in Japanese theaters on July 23, 2016. The film's theme song, titled "Plasmic Fire", was performed by KOTOKO × ALTIMA.
Media
Novel
A novel titled Accel World: Jump to Infinity (アクセル・ワールド－無限への跳躍－, Accel World -Mugen e no Chōyaku), also written by Kawahara, was given to those who watch the film within the first week of its premiere in Japanese theaters.
Reception
The film was ninth placed at the Japanese box office on its opening weekend.
References
^ a b "アクセル・ワールド INFINITE∞BURST(2016)". allcinema (in Japanese). Stingray. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
^ "Viz Media Reveals English Dub Cast for Accel World: Infinite Burst Anime Film". Anime News Network. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
^ "Accel World Novels Inspire New Accel World: Infinite Burst Anime". Anime News Network. October 4, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
^ Green, Scott (October 4, 2015). "Author Reki Kawahara to Write Story for New "Accel World" Anime". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
^ "Accel World: Infinite Burst Film Slated for July 23". Anime News Network. February 9, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
^ Green, Scott (February 8, 2016). ""Accel World: Infinite Burst" Listed For July Theatrical Screening". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
^ Komatsu, Mikikazu (November 23, 2015). "VIDEO: Preview for "Accel World: Infinite Burst" Theme Song Performed by KOTOKO x ALTIMA". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
^ "Yumi Hara, Yuuka Nanri Join Accel World Film's Cast". Anime News Network. March 13, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
^ "Reki Kawahara Writes Accel World Short Story For 1st Accel World Infinite Burst Theatergoers". Anime News Network. July 9, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
^ "Japan Box Office Report – 7/23~7/24". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. July 20, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
External links
Official website (in Japanese)
Accel World: Infinite Burst (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
vteWorks by Reki KawaharaAccel World
Characters
TV series
Infinite Burst
Sword Art Online
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The Isolator
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Crest of the Stars: SPECIAL (2000)
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Unproduced films
Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Japanese animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"science fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fantasy"},{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Accel World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_World"},{"link_name":"light novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"},{"link_name":"Reki Kawahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reki_Kawahara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcinema-1"},{"link_name":"Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_(company)"},{"link_name":"Masakazu Obara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakazu_Obara"}],"text":"2016 Japanese filmAccel World: Infinite Burst (Japanese: アクセル・ワールド INFINITE∞BURST, Hepburn: Akuseru Warudo Infinito Bāsuto) is a 2016 Japanese animated science fantasy action film based on the Accel World light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by HiMA.[1] It was produced by Sunrise, directed by Masakazu Obara and co-written by Kawahara, featuring character designs by Yukiko Aikei. It premiered in Japan on July 23, 2016. The events of the film take place after the final episode of the series.","title":"Accel World: Infinite Burst"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The story starts off with a 40-minute recap of the anime television series, with Kuroyukihime narrating the recap. Then, it starts off showing a new character in what appears to be a gym. She had an accident that caused her to be hospitalized. The scene shifted off to a territory battle between Nega Nebulus and Great Wall, where Sky Raker and Ardor Maiden are fighting against two Burst Linkers. Meanwhile, Scarlet Rain and Blood Leopard are also battling off against multiple Linkers. The Scene shifted again to a battle between Silver Crow and Ash Roller. Black Lotus and Green Grandee appeared as each Legion's leaders. But before they could even battle, a huge storm appeared and destroyed the Battle Field and immediately disconnects all the Linkers from the Accelerated World. Back in the Real World, Shinomiya informs that the Brain Burst Application doesn't work as the Icon is greyed out, rendering every linker unable to Burst Link.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Accel World characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Accel_World_characters"}],"text":"See also: List of Accel World characters","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Voice cast","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dengeki Bunko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengeki_Bunko"},{"link_name":"light novel series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_World"},{"link_name":"anime television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Accel_World_episodes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dengeki Bunko Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengeki_Bunko_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"KOTOKO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotoko_(musician)"},{"link_name":"ALTIMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altima_(band)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dengeki Bunko at their Autumn Festival 2015 event on October 4, 2015 announced that the light novel series will receive a new anime adaptation featuring an original story by Kawahara, titled Accel World: Infinite Burst, with the staff and cast returning from the anime television to reprise their roles in the film.[3][4] In February 2016, the Dengeki Bunko Magazine announced in their 48th volume that the film is scheduled for release in Japanese theaters on July 23, 2016.[5][6] The film's theme song, titled \"Plasmic Fire\", was performed by KOTOKO × ALTIMA.[7][8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Novel","text":"A novel titled Accel World: Jump to Infinity (アクセル・ワールド－無限への跳躍－, Accel World -Mugen e no Chōyaku), also written by Kawahara, was given to those who watch the film within the first week of its premiere in Japanese theaters.[9]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The film was ninth placed at the Japanese box office on its opening weekend.[10]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"アクセル・ワールド INFINITE∞BURST(2016)\". allcinema (in Japanese). Stingray. Retrieved July 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=354347","url_text":"\"アクセル・ワールド INFINITE∞BURST(2016)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Viz Media Reveals English Dub Cast for Accel World: Infinite Burst Anime Film\". Anime News Network. Retrieved November 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-05-21/viz-media-reveals-english-dub-cast-for-accel-world-infinite-burst-anime-film/.131799","url_text":"\"Viz Media Reveals English Dub Cast for Accel World: Infinite Burst Anime Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accel World Novels Inspire New Accel World: Infinite Burst Anime\". Anime News Network. October 4, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-10-04/accel-world-novels-inspire-new-accel-world-infinite-burst-anime/.93767","url_text":"\"Accel World Novels Inspire New Accel World: Infinite Burst Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Green, Scott (October 4, 2015). \"Author Reki Kawahara to Write Story for New \"Accel World\" Anime\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210129061557/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/10/04/author-reki-kawahara-to-write-story-for-new-accel-world-anime","url_text":"\"Author Reki Kawahara to Write Story for New \"Accel World\" Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"},{"url":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/10/04/author-reki-kawahara-to-write-story-for-new-accel-world-anime","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Accel World: Infinite Burst Film Slated for July 23\". Anime News Network. February 9, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-02-09/accel-world-infinite-burst-film-slated-for-july-23/.98490","url_text":"\"Accel World: Infinite Burst Film Slated for July 23\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Green, Scott (February 8, 2016). \"\"Accel World: Infinite Burst\" Listed For July Theatrical Screening\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201202001447/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/02/08/accel-world-infinite-burst-listed-for-july-theatrical-screening","url_text":"\"\"Accel World: Infinite Burst\" Listed For July Theatrical Screening\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"},{"url":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/02/08/accel-world-infinite-burst-listed-for-july-theatrical-screening","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Komatsu, Mikikazu (November 23, 2015). \"VIDEO: Preview for \"Accel World: Infinite Burst\" Theme Song Performed by KOTOKO x ALTIMA\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220113082307/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/11/23/video-preview-for-accel-world-infinite-burst-theme-song-performed-by-kotoko-x-altima","url_text":"\"VIDEO: Preview for \"Accel World: Infinite Burst\" Theme Song Performed by KOTOKO x ALTIMA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"},{"url":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/11/23/video-preview-for-accel-world-infinite-burst-theme-song-performed-by-kotoko-x-altima","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yumi Hara, Yuuka Nanri Join Accel World Film's Cast\". Anime News Network. March 13, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-13/yumi-hara-yuuka-nanri-join-accel-world-film-cast/.99710","url_text":"\"Yumi Hara, Yuuka Nanri Join Accel World Film's Cast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Reki Kawahara Writes Accel World Short Story For 1st Accel World Infinite Burst Theatergoers\". Anime News Network. July 9, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-07-09/reki-kawahara-writes-accel-world-short-story-for-1st-accel-world-infinite-burst-theatergoers/.104109","url_text":"\"Reki Kawahara Writes Accel World Short Story For 1st Accel World Infinite Burst Theatergoers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Box Office Report – 7/23~7/24\". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. July 20, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2016/07/japan-box-office-report-7-237-24","url_text":"\"Japan Box Office Report – 7/23~7/24\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=354347","external_links_name":"\"アクセル・ワールド INFINITE∞BURST(2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-05-21/viz-media-reveals-english-dub-cast-for-accel-world-infinite-burst-anime-film/.131799","external_links_name":"\"Viz Media Reveals English Dub Cast for Accel World: Infinite Burst Anime Film\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-10-04/accel-world-novels-inspire-new-accel-world-infinite-burst-anime/.93767","external_links_name":"\"Accel World Novels Inspire New Accel World: Infinite Burst Anime\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210129061557/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/10/04/author-reki-kawahara-to-write-story-for-new-accel-world-anime","external_links_name":"\"Author Reki Kawahara to Write Story for New \"Accel World\" Anime\""},{"Link":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/10/04/author-reki-kawahara-to-write-story-for-new-accel-world-anime","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-02-09/accel-world-infinite-burst-film-slated-for-july-23/.98490","external_links_name":"\"Accel World: Infinite Burst Film Slated for July 23\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201202001447/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/02/08/accel-world-infinite-burst-listed-for-july-theatrical-screening","external_links_name":"\"\"Accel World: Infinite Burst\" Listed For July Theatrical Screening\""},{"Link":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/02/08/accel-world-infinite-burst-listed-for-july-theatrical-screening","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220113082307/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/11/23/video-preview-for-accel-world-infinite-burst-theme-song-performed-by-kotoko-x-altima","external_links_name":"\"VIDEO: Preview for \"Accel World: Infinite Burst\" Theme Song Performed by KOTOKO x ALTIMA\""},{"Link":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/11/23/video-preview-for-accel-world-infinite-burst-theme-song-performed-by-kotoko-x-altima","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-13/yumi-hara-yuuka-nanri-join-accel-world-film-cast/.99710","external_links_name":"\"Yumi Hara, Yuuka Nanri Join Accel World Film's Cast\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-07-09/reki-kawahara-writes-accel-world-short-story-for-1st-accel-world-infinite-burst-theatergoers/.104109","external_links_name":"\"Reki Kawahara Writes Accel World Short Story For 1st Accel World Infinite Burst Theatergoers\""},{"Link":"http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2016/07/japan-box-office-report-7-237-24","external_links_name":"\"Japan Box Office Report – 7/23~7/24\""},{"Link":"http://accel-world.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=18063","external_links_name":"Accel World: Infinite Burst"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_Carlow | Institute of Technology, Carlow | ["1 Administration","2 Recognition","3 Courses","3.1 Third-level courses","3.2 Learner profile","3.3 Research, Development and Innovation (RDI)","3.4 Partnerships and internationalisation","4 Technological University for the South East","5 Alumni and staff","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°49′40″N 6°56′09″W / 52.8277°N 6.9358°W / 52.8277; -6.9358Former higher educational institution
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Institute of Technology, CarlowInstitiúid Teicneolaíochta CheatharlachCarlow campus in June 2021TypePublicActive1970 (1970)–1 May 2022 (2022-05-01)PresidentDr Patricia MulcahyStudents10,650AddressKilkenny Road, Carlow, Leinster, R93 V960, IrelandWebsitewww.itcarlow.ie
The Institute of Technology, Carlow (IT Carlow; Irish: Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Cheatharlach) was an institute of technology, located in Carlow, Ireland. The institute had campuses in Carlow, Wexford, and Wicklow, as well as a part-time provision elsewhere in Ireland. Along with the Waterford Institute of Technology, the institute was dissolved on 1 May 2022 and was succeeded by the South East Technological University.
Administration
Dr Patricia Mulcahy was appointed president of the college in 2012, succeeding Dr Ruaidhrí Neavyn who became president of WIT. John Gallagher served as the first Principal of Carlow RTC and subsequently held the post of director of the IT Carlow.
Recognition
IT Carlow, Carlow campus
Institute of Technology Carlow had ranked as the second-largest of Ireland's 14 Institutes of Technology with more than 8,448 enrolments and 851 staff, and has generated over 55,000 graduates since its founding in 1970. Institute of Technology Carlow provides higher educational programmes, and research and enterprise development opportunities, through its centres in Carlow, Wexford, and Wicklow; the institute offers more than 80 taught programmes to Level 9 on the National Framework of Qualifications (NFQ). Institute of Technology Carlow has the highest percentage of full-time postgraduates in the technological sector, the highest undergraduate progression rate at Level 8 in the higher education sector and the highest percentage of Lifelong Learners in the sector.
The presence of the institute was a consideration in the decision of UNUM (strategic software services centre, 2008) and Merck Sharp & Dohme (human vaccines and biologics, 2007) to locate in Carlow.
In 2014, IT Carlow was named the Sunday Times Institute of Technology of the Year.
Courses
IT Carlow provides higher educational full-time courses, along with research and enterprise development opportunities, through its centres in Carlow and Wexford. The institute also provides part-time courses in Carlow, Wexford, Wicklow and Dublin.
In addition, IT Carlow has educational and research partnerships and collaborations with national and international industries and higher educational institutions in Europe.
Third-level courses
IT Carlow has a portfolio of almost 100 Masters, Honours & Ordinary Degree and Higher Certificate courses delivered by 9 different departments and campuses.
In addition to its traditional degree courses, IT Carlow also provides niche courses. The institute was awarded the Aviation Academic Education Award at the Irish Aviation Industry Awards in 2015. In 2015, IT Carlow launched its €5.5million Centre for Aerospace Engineering, comprising an avionics workshop and fleet of aircraft inside its own hangar. It Carlow offers degree courses in aerospace engineering and pilot studies, while its BEng in Aircraft Systems is the only one of its kind in Ireland.
IT Carlow's degree courses in Sport & Exercise, delivered in partnership with the Football Association of Ireland (FAI), Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) and Leinster Rugby Club. Other sports degree and masters courses include Sports Rehabilitation and Athletic Therapy, Strength & Conditioning and Sports Management & Coaching.
Learner profile
With a student population of 7,000 (2015/16), IT Carlow has a portfolio of over 80 taught courses to Level 8 on the NFQ, seven taught courses to Level 9 on the NFQ, a research portfolio to Doctoral level (Level 10 NFQ) in the Sciences and Technology, and a research platform in the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences.
Having trained almost 45,000 graduates to date, IT Carlow's current student population comprises leaving certificate entrants, a European and international student body, an increasing proportion of mature students and learners from disadvantaged backgrounds, as well as a number of part-time learners (approximately 33% of the total IT Carlow WTE).
Research, Development and Innovation (RDI)
Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) programmes at IT Carlow had been variously funded by the Department of Agriculture Ireland, the European INTERREG Programme, the Higher Education Authority (HEA) PRTLI, the HEA Strategic Innovation Fund (SIF), EU Framework Programmes, Industry, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Irish Research Council for Science Engineering & Technology (IRCSET), the Technological Sector Research Programme (TSR, Department of Education and Science Ireland), Enterprise Ireland and Science Foundation Ireland. The institute has a strategic collaborative relationship with Teagasc Oak Park Research Centre Carlow.
The institute's RDI activities are supported by various campus-based specialist centres and campus companies, which include the Campus Innovation Centre and the Enterprise & Research Incubation Centre and, in particular, its research facility, the Dargan Centre. It is home to the following research areas:
Bioenvironmental technologies (enviroCORE);
Product design and innovation (designCORE);
Interactive applications software and networks (gameCORE);
Health sciences, including Europe's only dedicated Men's Health Research Centre.
Humanities (socialCORE)
Partnerships and internationalisation
IT Carlow's work with other organisations had included:
The joint delivery of programmes with the Defence Forces in Leadership, Management, Engineering and Computing up to and including Masters level.
The BA in Sport and Exercise delivered by IT Carlow in co-operation with Leinster Rugby and Irish Rugby Football Union, the Football Association of Ireland and the Gaelic Athletic Association.
IT Carlow and An Cosán collaboratively provide the BA in Leadership and Community Development in An Cosán facilities in Tallaght, Dublin.
In February 2011 IT Carlow established the ICT Research centre in Burrell's Hall, St. Kierans College, Kilkenny, this is a partnership between Kilkenny County Council (Invest Kilkenny), and WIT(Telecommunications Software and Systems Group).
IT Carlow had educational and research partnerships with national and international industries and higher educational institutions in Europe. These have included:
76 European partner institutions (across 17 countries).
The delivery of IT Carlow-accredited computing programmes in Henan University of Economics and Law, PR China.
Other transnational collaborations which include dedicated feeder, progression or recognition arrangements, and exchange programmes with the following institutions: Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China; Louyang University of Finance & Economics, China; Dong-A University, South Korea; Chung-Ang University, South Korea; Inha University, South Korea; UTHM, Malaysia; Nilai University, Malaysia; UMP, Malaysia; Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore; St. Ambrose University, USA; Nova Scotia Community College, Canada; College of the North Atlantic, Newfoundland; University of Pristina, Kosovo; Université de La Rochelle, France; Makerere University, Uganda.
Non-national full-time students currently account for almost 10% of the institute's full-time student population, divided between EU and non-EU nationalities.
Technological University for the South East
Main article: Technological University for the South East
The institute has been planning a joint application with Waterford IT for the formation of a technological university for the south east region since the mid-2010s. A vision document, "Technological University for the South East" (TUSE) was published in 2015, and a memorandum of understanding was signed in 2017. At the launch of TU Dublin in July 2018, the Taoiseach expressed regret that this TUSE bid had not progressed sufficiently following the "Technological Universities Act 2018".
A formal application for TU status is expected in April 2021.
Approval was announced in November 2021, and the TU will be formally established in May 2022.
Alumni and staff
Megan Campbell – Republic of Ireland women's football international player.
John Meyler, lecturer involved in hurling
Mark Wall, Labour Party senator
See also
Education in the Republic of Ireland
Third-level education in the Republic of Ireland
St. Patricks, Carlow College
References
^ "Establishment of South East Technological University and its first president is welcomed by Minister Harris". www.gov.ie. May 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
^ "History of RTC & ITC" (PDF). Carloviana. 59. Carlow History and Archaeological Society: 55–71. 2010.
^ "Research Centres".
^ Awards conferred by Carlow I.T Defence Studies, The Military College, Óglaigh na hÉireann (Irish Defence Forces), www.military.ie.
^ Doyle, Lisa (18 November 2019). "Leinster Rugby and IT Carlow Continue Educational Partnership". leinsterrugby.
^ Higher Education Courses An Cosán
^ Taoiseach Opens Kilkenny Research Centre, WIT.ie, 24 May 2012.
^ Kilkenny Research and innovation centre opens SiliconRepublic.com, 24 May 2012.
^ "Technological University for the South East". Waterford IT. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ "South East Technological University moves Closer to Becoming a Reality". Waterford IT. 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ "Timeline". Technological University for the South East. 2018. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ "Announcement by An Taoiseach". Dublin Institute of Technology. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018 – via facebook.com.
^ "Technological Universities Act 2018". Office of the Attorney General. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
^ Doyle, Domhnall (14 December 2020). "Minister says application to set up TUSE expected in April". KCLR96FM.com.
^ "Establishment of Technological University of the South East confirmed for May 2022". Independent.ie. 2 November 2021.
^ www.itcarlow.ie
^ Barry, Stephen (27 July 2018). "Proof the classroom is more conducive to an inter-county career". Irish Examiner. Two managers still standing are in education (John Meyler, a CIT lecturer, and John Kiely, principal of the Abbey School in Tipperary).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Institute of Technology, Carlow.
External links
Official website
52°49′40″N 6°56′09″W / 52.8277°N 6.9358°W / 52.8277; -6.9358
vteTechnological Universities and Institutes of Technology in IrelandTUs
Atlantic TU (Galway-Mayo, Sligo, Letterkenny)
TU Dublin (City, Blanchardstown, Tallaght)
Munster TU (Cork, Tralee)
TU Shannon: Midlands Midwest (Athlone, Limerick)
South East TU (Carlow, Waterford)
Independent ITs
Dundalk
Dún Laoghaire
See also: List of higher education institutions in the Republic of Ireland
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"institute of technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutes_of_technology_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow"},{"link_name":"Waterford Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"South East Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Former higher educational institutionThe Institute of Technology, Carlow (IT Carlow; Irish: Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Cheatharlach) was an institute of technology, located in Carlow, Ireland. 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John Gallagher served as the first Principal of Carlow RTC and subsequently held the post of director of the IT Carlow.[2]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IT_Carlow,_Carlow_campus,_2021-06-01,_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UNUM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unum"},{"link_name":"Merck Sharp & Dohme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Sharp_%26_Dohme"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"IT Carlow, Carlow campusInstitute of Technology Carlow had ranked as the second-largest of Ireland's 14 Institutes of Technology[citation needed] with more than 8,448 enrolments and 851 staff, and has generated over 55,000 graduates since its founding in 1970.[citation needed] Institute of Technology Carlow provides higher educational programmes, and research and enterprise development opportunities, through its centres in Carlow, Wexford, and Wicklow; the institute offers more than 80 taught programmes to Level 9 on the National Framework of Qualifications (NFQ). Institute of Technology Carlow has the highest percentage of full-time postgraduates in the technological sector, the highest undergraduate progression rate at Level 8 in the higher education sector and the highest percentage of Lifelong Learners in the sector.[citation needed]The presence of the institute was a consideration in the decision of UNUM (strategic software services centre, 2008) and Merck Sharp & Dohme (human vaccines and biologics, 2007) to locate in Carlow.[citation needed]In 2014, IT Carlow was named the Sunday Times Institute of Technology of the Year.[citation needed]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"IT Carlow provides higher educational full-time courses, along with research and enterprise development opportunities, through its centres in Carlow and Wexford. The institute also provides part-time courses in Carlow, Wexford, Wicklow and Dublin.[citation needed]In addition, IT Carlow has educational and research partnerships and collaborations with national and international industries and higher educational institutions in Europe.[citation needed]","title":"Courses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Irish Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Aviation_Authority"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Football Association of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Third-level courses","text":"IT Carlow has a portfolio of almost 100 Masters, Honours & Ordinary Degree and Higher Certificate courses delivered by 9 different departments and campuses.[citation needed]In addition to its traditional degree courses, IT Carlow also provides niche courses. The institute was awarded the Aviation Academic Education Award at the Irish Aviation Industry Awards in 2015. In 2015, IT Carlow launched its €5.5million Centre for Aerospace Engineering, comprising an avionics workshop and fleet of aircraft inside its own hangar. It Carlow offers degree courses in aerospace engineering and pilot studies, while its BEng in Aircraft Systems is the only one of its kind in Ireland.[citation needed]IT Carlow's degree courses in Sport & Exercise, delivered in partnership with the Football Association of Ireland (FAI), Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) and Leinster Rugby Club. Other sports degree and masters courses include Sports Rehabilitation and Athletic Therapy, Strength & Conditioning and Sports Management & Coaching.[citation needed]","title":"Courses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Learner profile","text":"With a student population of 7,000 (2015/16), IT Carlow has a portfolio of over 80 taught courses to Level 8 on the NFQ, seven taught courses to Level 9 on the NFQ, a research portfolio to Doctoral level (Level 10 NFQ) in the Sciences and Technology, and a research platform in the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences.[citation needed]Having trained almost 45,000 graduates to date,[when?] IT Carlow's current[when?] student population comprises leaving certificate entrants, a European and international student body, an increasing[citation needed] proportion of mature students and learners from disadvantaged backgrounds, as well as a number of part-time learners (approximately 33% of the total IT Carlow WTE).[citation needed]","title":"Courses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European INTERREG Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interreg"},{"link_name":"Higher Education Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Authority"},{"link_name":"Irish Research Council for Science Engineering & Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"Technological Sector Research Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological_Sector_Research_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dargan Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dargan_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"enviroCORE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.envirocore.ie/"},{"link_name":"designCORE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.designcore.ie/"},{"link_name":"gameCORE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itcarlow.ie/research/research-centres/gamecore.htm"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Research, Development and Innovation (RDI)","text":"Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) programmes at IT Carlow had been variously funded by the Department of Agriculture Ireland, the European INTERREG Programme, the Higher Education Authority (HEA) PRTLI, the HEA Strategic Innovation Fund (SIF), EU Framework Programmes, Industry, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Irish Research Council for Science Engineering & Technology (IRCSET), the Technological Sector Research Programme (TSR, Department of Education and Science Ireland), Enterprise Ireland and Science Foundation Ireland. The institute has a strategic collaborative relationship with Teagasc Oak Park Research Centre Carlow.[citation needed]The institute's RDI activities are supported by various campus-based specialist centres and campus companies, which include the Campus Innovation Centre and the Enterprise & Research Incubation Centre and,[3] in particular, its research facility, the Dargan Centre. It is home to the following research areas:Bioenvironmental technologies (enviroCORE);\nProduct design and innovation (designCORE);\nInteractive applications software and networks (gameCORE);\nHealth sciences, including Europe's only dedicated Men's Health Research Centre.\nHumanities (socialCORE)[citation needed]","title":"Courses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Leinster Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Rugby"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Irish Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Football Association of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"An Cosán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Cos%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St. Kierans College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kierans_College"},{"link_name":"WIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"specify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Henan University of Economics and Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan_University_of_Economics_and_Law"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilin_University_of_Electronic_Technology"},{"link_name":"Louyang University of Finance & Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louyang_University_of_Finance_%26_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dong-A University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong-a_University"},{"link_name":"Chung-Ang University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung-Ang_University"},{"link_name":"Inha University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inha_University"},{"link_name":"UTHM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTHM"},{"link_name":"Nilai University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilai_University"},{"link_name":"Temasek Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temasek_Polytechnic"},{"link_name":"St. Ambrose University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ambrose_University"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Community_College"},{"link_name":"College of the North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_the_North_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"University of Pristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_i_Prishtin%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"Université de La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"Makerere University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makerere_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Partnerships and internationalisation","text":"IT Carlow's work with other organisations had included:The joint delivery of programmes with the Defence Forces in Leadership, Management, Engineering and Computing up to and including Masters level.[4]\nThe BA in Sport and Exercise delivered by IT Carlow in co-operation with Leinster Rugby[5] and Irish Rugby Football Union, the Football Association of Ireland and the Gaelic Athletic Association.\nIT Carlow and An Cosán collaboratively provide the BA in Leadership and Community Development in An Cosán facilities in Tallaght, Dublin.[6]\nIn February 2011 IT Carlow established the ICT Research centre in Burrell's Hall, St. Kierans College, Kilkenny, this is a partnership between Kilkenny County Council (Invest Kilkenny), and WIT(Telecommunications Software and Systems Group).[7][8]IT Carlow had educational and research partnerships with national and international industries and higher educational institutions in Europe. These have included:76 European partner institutions (across 17 countries).[citation needed][specify]\nThe delivery of IT Carlow-accredited computing programmes in Henan University of Economics and Law, PR China.[citation needed]\nOther transnational collaborations which include dedicated feeder, progression or recognition arrangements, and exchange programmes with the following institutions: Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China; Louyang University of Finance & Economics, China; Dong-A University, South Korea; Chung-Ang University, South Korea; Inha University, South Korea; UTHM, Malaysia; Nilai University, Malaysia; UMP, Malaysia; Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore; St. Ambrose University, USA; Nova Scotia Community College, Canada; College of the North Atlantic, Newfoundland; University of Pristina, Kosovo; Université de La Rochelle, France; Makerere University, Uganda.[citation needed]Non-national full-time students currently[when?] account for almost 10% of the institute's full-time student population, divided between EU and non-EU nationalities.[citation needed]","title":"Courses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterford IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_IT"},{"link_name":"technological university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_Universities_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"south east region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Region,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TUSE_WIT_1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"memorandum of understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TUSE_Timeline-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leo-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Act2-13"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Technology,_Carlow&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndoEst-15"}],"text":"The institute has been planning a joint application with Waterford IT for the formation of a technological university for the south east region since the mid-2010s.[9][10] A vision document, \"Technological University for the South East\" (TUSE) was published in 2015, and a memorandum of understanding was signed in 2017.[11] At the launch of TU Dublin in July 2018, the Taoiseach expressed regret that this TUSE bid had not progressed sufficiently following the \"Technological Universities Act 2018\".[12][13]A formal application for TU status is expected in April 2021[update].[14]Approval was announced in November 2021, and the TU will be formally established in May 2022[needs update].[15]","title":"Technological University for the South East"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Megan Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"John Meyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meyler"},{"link_name":"hurling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurling"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mark Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wall_(politician)"}],"text":"Megan Campbell – Republic of Ireland women's football international player.[16]\nJohn Meyler, lecturer involved in hurling[17]\nMark Wall, Labour Party senator","title":"Alumni and staff"}] | [{"image_text":"IT Carlow, Carlow campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/IT_Carlow%2C_Carlow_campus%2C_2021-06-01%2C_01.jpg/220px-IT_Carlow%2C_Carlow_campus%2C_2021-06-01%2C_01.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Education in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"title":"Third-level education in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-level_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"title":"St. Patricks, Carlow College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patricks,_Carlow_College"}] | [{"reference":"\"Establishment of South East Technological University and its first president is welcomed by Minister Harris\". www.gov.ie. May 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/1f822-establishment-of-south-east-technological-university-and-its-first-president-is-welcomed-by-minister-harris/","url_text":"\"Establishment of South East Technological University and its first president is welcomed by Minister Harris\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of RTC & ITC\" (PDF). Carloviana. 59. Carlow History and Archaeological Society: 55–71. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://carlowhistorical.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Carloviana-No-59-2010.pdf","url_text":"\"History of RTC & ITC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Research Centres\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itcarlow.ie/research/research-centres.htm","url_text":"\"Research Centres\""}]},{"reference":"Doyle, Lisa (18 November 2019). \"Leinster Rugby and IT Carlow Continue Educational Partnership\". leinsterrugby.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leinsterrugby.ie/leinster-rugby-it-carlow-educational-partnership/","url_text":"\"Leinster Rugby and IT Carlow Continue Educational Partnership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Technological University for the South East\". Waterford IT. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wit.ie/news/other/technological_university_for_the_south_east","url_text":"\"Technological University for the South East\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_IT","url_text":"Waterford IT"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180720091241/https://www.wit.ie/news/other/technological_university_for_the_south_east","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"South East Technological University moves Closer to Becoming a Reality\". Waterford IT. 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wit.ie/news/other/south_east_technological_university_moves_closer_to_becoming_a_reality","url_text":"\"South East Technological University moves Closer to Becoming a Reality\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171217012824/https://www.wit.ie/news/other/south_east_technological_university_moves_closer_to_becoming_a_reality","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Timeline\". Technological University for the South East. 2018. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tuse.ie/timeline/","url_text":"\"Timeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_University_for_the_South_East","url_text":"Technological University for the South East"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180720091235/http://www.tuse.ie/timeline/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Announcement by An Taoiseach\". Dublin Institute of Technology. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018 – via facebook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/dublininstituteoftechnology/videos/10155313849631086/","url_text":"\"Announcement by An Taoiseach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Institute_of_Technology","url_text":"Dublin Institute of Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook.com","url_text":"facebook.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Technological Universities Act 2018\". Office of the Attorney General. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/3/enacted/en/html","url_text":"\"Technological Universities Act 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Doyle, Domhnall (14 December 2020). \"Minister says application to set up TUSE expected in April\". KCLR96FM.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://kclr96fm.com/minister-application-tuse-april/","url_text":"\"Minister says application to set up TUSE expected in April\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCLR96FM.com","url_text":"KCLR96FM.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Establishment of Technological University of the South East confirmed for May 2022\". Independent.ie. 2 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/regionals/wexford/news/establishment-of-technological-university-of-the-south-east-confirmed-for-may-2022-41009555.html","url_text":"\"Establishment of Technological University of the South East confirmed for May 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.ie","url_text":"Independent.ie"}]},{"reference":"Barry, Stephen (27 July 2018). \"Proof the classroom is more conducive to an inter-county career\". Irish Examiner. Two managers still standing are in education (John Meyler, a CIT lecturer, and John Kiely, principal of the Abbey School in Tipperary).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/proof-the-classroom-is-more-conducive-to-an-inter-county-career-858120.html","url_text":"\"Proof the classroom is more conducive to an inter-county career\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Institute_of_Technology,_Carlow¶ms=52.8277_N_6.9358_W_region:IE_type:city","external_links_name":"52°49′40″N 6°56′09″W / 52.8277°N 6.9358°W / 52.8277; -6.9358"},{"Link":"https://www.itcarlow.ie/","external_links_name":"www.itcarlow.ie"},{"Link":"http://www.envirocore.ie/","external_links_name":"enviroCORE"},{"Link":"http://www.designcore.ie/","external_links_name":"designCORE"},{"Link":"https://www.itcarlow.ie/research/research-centres/gamecore.htm","external_links_name":"gameCORE"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Technology,_Carlow&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/1f822-establishment-of-south-east-technological-university-and-its-first-president-is-welcomed-by-minister-harris/","external_links_name":"\"Establishment of South East Technological University and its first president is welcomed by Minister Harris\""},{"Link":"http://carlowhistorical.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Carloviana-No-59-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"History of RTC & ITC\""},{"Link":"https://www.itcarlow.ie/research/research-centres.htm","external_links_name":"\"Research Centres\""},{"Link":"https://www.military.ie/en/who-we-are/army/defence-forces-training-centre/the-military-college/defence-studies-programme/","external_links_name":"Awards conferred by Carlow I.T"},{"Link":"https://www.leinsterrugby.ie/leinster-rugby-it-carlow-educational-partnership/","external_links_name":"\"Leinster Rugby and IT Carlow Continue Educational Partnership\""},{"Link":"http://www.ancosan.ie/higher-education.php","external_links_name":"Higher Education Courses"},{"Link":"http://www.wit.ie/news/details/research/taoiseach_opens_kilkenny_research_centre","external_links_name":"Taoiseach Opens Kilkenny Research Centre"},{"Link":"http://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/item/27380-kilkenny-research-and/","external_links_name":"Kilkenny Research and innovation centre opens"},{"Link":"https://www.wit.ie/news/other/technological_university_for_the_south_east","external_links_name":"\"Technological University for the South East\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180720091241/https://www.wit.ie/news/other/technological_university_for_the_south_east","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wit.ie/news/other/south_east_technological_university_moves_closer_to_becoming_a_reality","external_links_name":"\"South East Technological University moves Closer to Becoming a Reality\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171217012824/https://www.wit.ie/news/other/south_east_technological_university_moves_closer_to_becoming_a_reality","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tuse.ie/timeline/","external_links_name":"\"Timeline\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180720091235/http://www.tuse.ie/timeline/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/dublininstituteoftechnology/videos/10155313849631086/","external_links_name":"\"Announcement by An Taoiseach\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/3/enacted/en/html","external_links_name":"\"Technological Universities Act 2018\""},{"Link":"https://kclr96fm.com/minister-application-tuse-april/","external_links_name":"\"Minister says application to set up TUSE expected in April\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/regionals/wexford/news/establishment-of-technological-university-of-the-south-east-confirmed-for-may-2022-41009555.html","external_links_name":"\"Establishment of Technological University of the South East confirmed for May 2022\""},{"Link":"http://www.itcarlow.ie/student-life/life-at-itcarlow/sportingexcellence/soccer-student-profiles-achievements/soccer-graduates-former-students.htm","external_links_name":"www.itcarlow.ie"},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/proof-the-classroom-is-more-conducive-to-an-inter-county-career-858120.html","external_links_name":"\"Proof the classroom is more conducive to an inter-county career\""},{"Link":"http://www.itcarlow.ie/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Institute_of_Technology,_Carlow¶ms=52.8277_N_6.9358_W_region:IE_type:city","external_links_name":"52°49′40″N 6°56′09″W / 52.8277°N 6.9358°W / 52.8277; -6.9358"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000089484902","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/130441690","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2006027735","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksraad_(South_African_Republic) | Volksraad (South African Republic) | ["1 Unicameral body","2 Bicameral body","3 Chairmen of the Volksraad 1844–1890","4 Chairmen of the First Volksraad 1890-1902","5 Chairmen of the Second Volksraad 1890-1902","6 References"] | Abolished legislature of the South African Republic
Volksraad van die Zuid-Afrikaansche RepubliekCoat of arms of the South African RepublicTypeTypeUnicameral 1840-1890Bicameral 1890-1902 Houses1890–1902:
First Volksraad
Second Volksraad
HistoryEstablished1840Disbanded31 May 1902Seats48 (24 First, 24 Second)Meeting placeOu Raadsaal, Pretoria
The Volksraad of the South African Republic (English: "People's Council" of the South African Republic, Afrikaans: Volksraad van die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) was the parliament of the former South African Republic (ZAR), it existed from 1840 to 1877, and from 1881 to 1902 in part of what is now South Africa. The body ceased to exist after the British Empire's victory in the Second Anglo-Boer War. The Volksraad sat in session in Ou Raadsaal in Church Square, Pretoria.
Unicameral body
In 1840, at the beginning of the Natalia Republic, an adjunct Volksraad was created in Potchefstroom for settlers west of the Drakensberg. The Potchefstroom Volksraad continued despite the British annexation of the Natalia Republic in 1843. It eventually passed the Thirty-three Articles, the precursor to the 1858 constitution (Grondwet), in 1849. In 1858 the Grondwet permanently established the Volksraad as the supreme authority of the nation.
Volksraad was initially a unicameral body. It consisted of three members for each of the districts of Potchefstroom, Lydenburg, Rustenburg, Zoutpansberg, Pretoria, Wakkerstroom, Utrecht, Middelburg, Heidelberg, Waterberg, Marico, and Bloemhof, and one member for each of the towns of Potchefstroom, Lydenburg, Rustenburg, and Pretoria.
The members had to be of European origin, over thirty years old, possessed real estate, never convicted of crime, member of a Protestant church, and voters in the Republic of at least three years.
Before 1873 the members were elected for two years, and half of the members retired every two years. The Volksraad met once a year in ordinary session.
Bicameral body
The Volksraad receiving President Paul Kruger at the Ou Raadsaal, circa 1890
Initially a unicameral body, the Volksraad was divided into two chambers in 1890 in order to keep Boer control over state matters while still giving Uitlanders (foreigners) — many of whom were temporarily employed in the mining industry — a say in local affairs, in order to fend off British complaints.
From 1890 the Volksraad consisted of two houses of 24 members each. The "Second Volksraad" had suffrage for all white males above 16 years, and had limited legislative powers in the fields of mining, road construction, copyright and certain commercial affairs, all subject to ratification by the "First Volksraad". This was the highest authority in charge of state policy, with preference being given to fully franchised burghers for appointment to government posts.
The members of the First Volkraad were elected for four years. First Volksraad members had to be born in the state.
The Second Volksraad, of the Uitlanders, was allegedly without power.
Chairmen of the Volksraad 1844–1890
The chairmen of the unicameral Volksraad (Voorzitter van den Volksraad).
J. D. Van Coller, 1844
Casper Jan Hendrik Kruger, 1 Aug 1845 - 8 Oct 1845
Johannes Gerhardus Stephanus Bronkhorst, 11 Dec 1845 - 11 Dec 1845
Johannes Hermanus Grobler, 20 Jan 1846 - 22 Jan 1846
Andries Hendrik Potgieter, 27 Jan 1846 - 27 Jan 1846
Johannes Gerhardus Stephanus Bronkhorst, 28 Feb 1846 - 28 Feb 1846
Johannes Hermanus Grobler, 17 Mar 1846 - 19 Mar 1846
Andries Hendrik Potgieter, 13 Apr 1846 - 16 May 1846
Johannes Gerhardus Stephanus Bronkhorst, 8 Jun 1846 - 8 Jun 1846
Johannes Hermanus Grobler, 1 Sep 1846 - 1 Sep 1846
Joachim Prinsloo, 5 Nov 1846 - 5 Nov 1846
Johannes Christiaan Klopper, 10 Dec 1846 - 10 Feb 1847
Johannes Hermanus Grobler, 12 Mar 1847 - 12 Mar 1847
Johannes Christiaan Klopper, 16 Mar 1847 - 16 Mar 1847
Jan Frans Schutte, 29 Apr 1847 - 29 Apr 1847
Johannes Christiaan Klopper, 5 May 1847 - 5 May 1847
Joachim Prinsloo, 14 May 1847 - 14 May 1847
Johannes Hermanus Grobler, 17 Jun 1847 - 17 Jun 1847
Johannes van Renseburg, 21 Jun 1847 - 21 Jun 1847
Louw Erasmus, 3 Nov 1847 - 4 Nov 1847
Jan Frans Schutte, 15 Dec 1847 - 16 Dec 1847
Johannes Hermanus Grobler, 4 Apr 1848 - 21 Apr 1848
Jacob de Clercq, 7 Mar 1849 - 8 Mar 1849
Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius, 23 May 1849 - 25 May 1849
Jacob de Clercq, 19 Sep 1849 - 19 Sep 1849
Piet Ernst Kruger, 6 Dec 1849 - 12 Dec 1849
WC Swart, 22 Jan 1850 - 30 Jan 1850
Willem Hendrik Jacobsz, 26 May 1850 - 24 Aug 1850
Cornelis Potgieter, 10 Sep 1850 - 16 Oct 1850
Petrus Frans Jacobus Pretorius, 10 Dec 1850 - 10 Dec 1850
Cornelis Potgieter, 15 Jan 1851 - 15 Feb 1851
Willem Hendrik Jacobsz, 5 May 1851 - 9 May 1851
JNH Grobler, 11 Jun 1851 - 11 Jun 1851
Johannes Christoffel Steyn, 5 Jul 1851 - 5 Jul 1851
Cornelis Potgieter, 1 Sep 1851 - 3 Sep 1851
Willem Hendrik Jacobsz, 27 Nov 1851 - 29 Nov 1851
Joachim Prinsloo, 12 Feb 1852 - 12 Feb 1852
Pieter Ernst Kruger, 14 Feb 1852 - 14 Feb 1852
Cornelis Potgieter, 17 Mar 1852 - 20 Mar 1852
Cornelis Potgieter, 5 May 1852 - 6 May 1852
Andreas Theodorus Spies, 6 May 1852 - 6 May 1852
C Viljoen, 7 May 1852 - 7 May 1852
Cornelis Potgieter, 15 Jun 1852 - 12 Jul 1852
Joachim Prinsloo, 4 Oct 1852 - 4 Oct 1852
Cornelis Potgieter, 15 Nov 1852 - 15 Nov 1852
Joachim Prinsloo, 20 Nov 1852 - 20 Nov 1852
Cornelis Potgieter, 14 Mar 1853 - 22 Jun 1853
Henricus Albertus Pretorius, 9 Aug 1853 - 13 Aug 1853
Cornelis Potgieter, 19 Sep 1853 - 10 Apr 1854
Johannes Hermanus Grobler, 7 Jun 1854 - 15 Jun 1854
Cornelis Potgieter, 16 Oct 1854 - 5 Jul 1855
Henricus Albertus Pretorius, 10 Sep 1855 - 18 Sep 1855
Johannes Hermanus Grobler, 5 Nov 1855 - 20 Nov 1855
Cornelis Potgieter, 27 Nov 1855 - 27 Nov 1855
Johannes Hermanus Grobler, 4 Mar 1856 - 11 Mar 1856
Hendrik Teodor Bührmann, 11 Mar 1856 - 11 Mar 1856
Johannes Hermanus Grobler, 27 May 1856 - 30 May 1856
JP Furstenberg, 5 Jan 1857 - 6 Jan 1857
Johannes Hermanus Grobler, 1857-?
William Robinson (politician) , ?-1858-?
Maurits de Vries, 1867
Maurits de Vries, 1872-1873
Petrus Jacobus Joubert, 1873-1875
Cornelis Johannes Bodenstein, 1875-1877
British annexation as Transvaal Colony 1877-1880
Cornelis Johannes Bodenstein, 1880-1884
R. J. Smit, ?-1885-?
J. J. Hoffman, ?-1886-?
B. A. Kloppers, ?-1887-?
W. J. Jacobs, ?-1890-?
Chairmen of the First Volksraad 1890-1902
The chairmen of the First Volksraad (Voorzitter van den Eersten Volksraad).
Frederik Gerhardus Hendrik Wolmarans, 1890-1891
P. A. Klopper, ?-1891-?
Jacobus Marthinus Malan, ?-1894-?
Schalk Willem Burger, 1895-1896
T. N. de Villiers, ?-1897-?
Frederik Gerhardus Hendrik Wolmarans, 1898-1899
Lucas Johannes Meyer, 1899-1900-?
Chairmen of the Second Volksraad 1890-1902
The chairmen of the Second Volksraad (Voorzitter van den Tweede Volksraad).
Hendrik Vermaas, 1891-?
Jacobus Johannes Burger, ?-1892-1894-?
Nicolaas Samuel Malherbe, ?-1894-1898-?
References
^ a b Pratt, Edwin (1900). Leading points in South African history 1486 to March 30, 1900 arranged chronologically, with date index. John Murray, Albemarle Street, London. p. 31. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
^ Eybers, G. W. (1918). Select constitutional documents illustrating South African history, 1795-1910. George Routledge & Sons, Limited New York; E. P. Button & Co. p. 448-454. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ Eybers 1917, p. 456, 345. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEybers1917 (help)
^ Transvaal: The Golden Province, C. van Rensburg Publications, 1992, page 34
^ Eybers 1917, p. 349. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEybers1917 (help)
^ Pratt 1910, p. 44. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPratt1910 (help)
^ Papengus, F. H. (1889). The constitution ("grondwet") of the South African Republic. London, H. MacLeay. pp. 7–12. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
^ a b McCall Theal, George (1908). History of South Africa since September 1795 (PDF). SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ The Afrikaners: Biography of a People, Hermann Giliomee,
C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, page 238
^ Eybers 1917, p. 490. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEybers1917 (help)
^ The Anglo-Boer War: a Chronology, Pieter Gerhardus Cloete, J.P. van der Walt, 2000, page 13
^ Judge and be Judged,
Adrienne E. Van Blerk, Juta & Company, 1988, page 113
^ Martin, Frederick; Keltie, Sir John Scott; Renwick, Isaac Parker Anderson; Epstein, Mortimer; Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry (1894). "The Statesman's Year-book". Palgrave.
^ "An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord 1897". Joseph Whitaker. 1848.
^ "South African Republic: Chairman of the Volksraad: 1844 - Archontology.org". www.archontology.org.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "South African Republic: Chairmen of the Volksraad: 1845-1849 - Archontology.org". www.archontology.org.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "South African Republic: Chairmen of the Volksraad: 1849-1857 - Archontology.org". www.archontology.org.
^ Muller, Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas (1907). "Oude tijden in den Oranje-Vrijstaat" (in Dutch). Brill Archive.
^ Republic, South African; Jorissen, Eduard Johan Pieter (1894). "Codex van de locale wetten der Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek" (in Dutch). Van Der Kamp.
^ Andrews, Thomas Edmund; Ploeger, Jan (1989). "Straat- en Plekname Van Ou-Pretoria" (in Afrikaans). J.L. van Schaik.
^ "Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa". NASOU. 1970.
^ a b "Dictionary of South African biography". : Nasional Boekhandel Bpk. for National Council for Social Research, Dept. of Higher Education. 1968.
^ "Gothaischer Hof Kalender zum Nutzen und Vergnügen" (in German). J. Perthes.
^ Whitaker, Joseph. "An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ..." J. Whitaker.
^ "Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique" (in French). J. Perthes.
^ "Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique" (in French). J. Perthes.
^ "The Argus Annual and South African Directory". Argus Print. and Publishing Company. 1896.
^ Whitaker, Joseph (1891). "An Almanack...: By Joseph Whitaker, F.S.A., Containing an Account of the Astronomical and Other Phenomena ...information Respecting the Government, Finances, Population, Commerce, and General Statistics of the Various Nations of the World, with Special Reference to the British Empire and the United States". Whitaker's Almanack.
^ Prins, Antony Winkler (1906). "Winkler Prins' Geïllustreerde encyclopaedie" (in Dutch). Uitgevers-maatschappy "Elsevier".
^ Transvaal (South Africa) (1897). "Locale wetten der Z.A. Republiek" (in Dutch).
^ Phillips, Lionel; Fraser, Maryna; Jeeves, Alan (1977). "All that Glittered: Selected Correspondence of Lionel Phillips, 1890-1924". Oxford University Press.
^ "THE TRANSVAAL". Brisbane Courier. 4 October 1899.
^ "De Volksraadszitting in Pretoria. (7 Mei 1900.), De oorlog in Zuid-Afrika. De strijd tusschen Engeland en de verbonden Boeren-republieken Transvaal en Oranje-Vrijstaat in zijn verloop geschetst. Deel 2, Louwrens Penning". DBNL (in Dutch).
^ "Gothaischer Hof Kalender zum Nutzen und Vergnügen" (in German). J. Perthes. 1892.
^ "The Argus Annual and South African Directory". Argus Print. and Publishing Company. 1894.
^ Whitaker, Joseph (1898). "An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ..." J. Whitaker.
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National upper houses | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament"},{"link_name":"South African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pratt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eybers-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEybers1917456,_345-3"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Ou Raadsaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_Raadsaal"},{"link_name":"Church Square, Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Square,_Pretoria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Volksraad of the South African Republic (English: \"People's Council\" of the South African Republic, Afrikaans: Volksraad van die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) was the parliament of the former South African Republic (ZAR), it existed from 1840[1] to 1877,[2] and from 1881 to 1902[3] in part of what is now South Africa. The body ceased to exist after the British Empire's victory in the Second Anglo-Boer War. The Volksraad sat in session in Ou Raadsaal in Church Square, Pretoria.[4]","title":"Volksraad (South African Republic)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natalia Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Republic"},{"link_name":"Potchefstroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potchefstroom"},{"link_name":"Drakensberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakensberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pratt-1"},{"link_name":"British annexation of the Natalia Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Republic#Annexation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEybers1917349-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt191044-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"Potchefstroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potchefstroom"},{"link_name":"Lydenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydenburg"},{"link_name":"Rustenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustenburg"},{"link_name":"Zoutpansberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoutpansberg"},{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"},{"link_name":"Wakkerstroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakkerstroom"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht,_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Middelburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelburg,_Mpumalanga"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg,_Gauteng"},{"link_name":"Bloemhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemhof"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCall-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCall-8"}],"text":"In 1840, at the beginning of the Natalia Republic, an adjunct Volksraad was created in Potchefstroom for settlers west of the Drakensberg.[1] The Potchefstroom Volksraad continued despite the British annexation of the Natalia Republic in 1843.[5] It eventually passed the Thirty-three Articles, the precursor to the 1858 constitution (Grondwet), in 1849.[6] In 1858 the Grondwet permanently established the Volksraad as the supreme authority of the nation. [7]Volksraad was initially a unicameral body. It consisted of three members for each of the districts of Potchefstroom, Lydenburg, Rustenburg, Zoutpansberg, Pretoria, Wakkerstroom, Utrecht, Middelburg, Heidelberg, Waterberg, Marico, and Bloemhof, and one member for each of the towns of Potchefstroom, Lydenburg, Rustenburg, and Pretoria. \nThe members had to be of European origin, over thirty years old, possessed real estate, never convicted of crime, member of a Protestant church, and voters in the Republic of at least three years.[8]Before 1873 the members were elected for two years, and half of the members retired every two years. The Volksraad met once a year in ordinary session.[8]","title":"Unicameral body"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Africa_Pretoria_Old_Raadsaal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Kruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kruger"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"two chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giliomee-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEybers1917490-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"burghers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgher_(Boer_republics)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Volksraad receiving President Paul Kruger at the Ou Raadsaal, circa 1890Initially a unicameral body, the Volksraad was divided into two chambers in 1890 in order to keep Boer control over state matters while still giving Uitlanders (foreigners) — many of whom were temporarily employed in the mining industry — a say in local affairs, in order to fend off British complaints.[9]From 1890 the Volksraad consisted of two houses of 24 members each.[10] The \"Second Volksraad\" had suffrage for all white males above 16 years, and had limited legislative powers in the fields of mining, road construction, copyright and certain commercial affairs, all subject to ratification by the \"First Volksraad\".[11] This was the highest authority in charge of state policy, with preference being given to fully franchised burghers for appointment to government posts.[12]The members of the First Volkraad were elected for four years.[13] First Volksraad members had to be born in the state.The Second Volksraad, of the Uitlanders, was allegedly without power.[14]","title":"Bicameral body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. D. Van Coller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._D._Van_Coller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Casper Jan Hendrik Kruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casper_Jan_Hendrik_Kruger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Gerhardus Stephanus Bronkhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gerhardus_Stephanus_Bronkhorst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hermanus Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hermanus_Grobler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Andries Hendrik Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Hendrik_Potgieter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Gerhardus Stephanus Bronkhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gerhardus_Stephanus_Bronkhorst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hermanus Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hermanus_Grobler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Andries Hendrik Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Hendrik_Potgieter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Gerhardus Stephanus Bronkhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gerhardus_Stephanus_Bronkhorst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hermanus Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hermanus_Grobler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Joachim Prinsloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Prinsloo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Christiaan Klopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Christiaan_Klopper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hermanus Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hermanus_Grobler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Christiaan Klopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Christiaan_Klopper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Jan Frans Schutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Frans_Schutte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Christiaan Klopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Christiaan_Klopper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Joachim Prinsloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Prinsloo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hermanus Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hermanus_Grobler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes van Renseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_van_Renseburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Louw Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louw_Erasmus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Jan Frans Schutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Frans_Schutte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hermanus Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hermanus_Grobler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Jacob de Clercq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_de_Clercq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18451849-16"},{"link_name":"Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Wilhelmus_Jacobus_Pretorius"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Jacob de Clercq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_de_Clercq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Piet Ernst Kruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piet_Ernst_Kruger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"WC Swart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WC_Swart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Willem Hendrik Jacobsz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willem_Hendrik_Jacobsz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Petrus Frans Jacobus Pretorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petrus_Frans_Jacobus_Pretorius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Willem Hendrik Jacobsz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willem_Hendrik_Jacobsz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"JNH Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JNH_Grobler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Johannes Christoffel Steyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Christoffel_Steyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Willem Hendrik Jacobsz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willem_Hendrik_Jacobsz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Joachim Prinsloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Prinsloo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Pieter Ernst Kruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Ernst_Kruger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Andreas Theodorus Spies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Theodorus_Spies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"C Viljoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C_Viljoen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Joachim Prinsloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Prinsloo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Joachim Prinsloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Prinsloo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Henricus Albertus Pretorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henricus_Albertus_Pretorius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hermanus Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hermanus_Grobler"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Henricus Albertus Pretorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henricus_Albertus_Pretorius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hermanus Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hermanus_Grobler"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Potgieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Potgieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hermanus Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hermanus_Grobler"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Teodor Bührmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Teodor_B%C3%BChrmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hermanus Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hermanus_Grobler"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"JP Furstenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JP_Furstenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archontology18491857-17"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hermanus Grobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hermanus_Grobler"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"William Robinson (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Robinson_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robinson_(politicus)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Maurits de Vries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurits_de_Vries&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Maurits de Vries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurits_de_Vries&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Petrus Jacobus Joubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Jacobus_Joubert"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Johannes Bodenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Johannes_Bodenstein"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-safdic-22"},{"link_name":"Transvaal Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaal_Colony"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Johannes Bodenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Johannes_Bodenstein"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-safdic-22"},{"link_name":"R. J. Smit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._J._Smit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"J. J. Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._J._Hoffman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"B. A. Kloppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._A._Kloppers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"W. J. Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._J._Jacobs&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The chairmen of the unicameral Volksraad (Voorzitter van den Volksraad).J. D. Van Coller, 1844[15]\nCasper Jan Hendrik Kruger, 1 Aug 1845 - 8 Oct 1845[16]\nJohannes Gerhardus Stephanus Bronkhorst, 11 Dec 1845 - 11 Dec 1845[16]\nJohannes Hermanus Grobler, 20 Jan 1846 - 22 Jan 1846[16]\nAndries Hendrik Potgieter, 27 Jan 1846 - 27 Jan 1846[16]\nJohannes Gerhardus Stephanus Bronkhorst, 28 Feb 1846 - 28 Feb 1846[16]\nJohannes Hermanus Grobler, 17 Mar 1846 - 19 Mar 1846[16]\nAndries Hendrik Potgieter, 13 Apr 1846 - 16 May 1846[16]\nJohannes Gerhardus Stephanus Bronkhorst, 8 Jun 1846 - 8 Jun 1846[16]\nJohannes Hermanus Grobler, 1 Sep 1846 - 1 Sep 1846[16]\nJoachim Prinsloo, 5 Nov 1846 - 5 Nov 1846[16]\nJohannes Christiaan Klopper, 10 Dec 1846 - 10 Feb 1847[16]\nJohannes Hermanus Grobler, 12 Mar 1847 - 12 Mar 1847[16]\nJohannes Christiaan Klopper, 16 Mar 1847 - 16 Mar 1847[16]\nJan Frans Schutte, 29 Apr 1847 - 29 Apr 1847[16]\nJohannes Christiaan Klopper, 5 May 1847 - 5 May 1847[16]\nJoachim Prinsloo, 14 May 1847 - 14 May 1847[16]\nJohannes Hermanus Grobler, 17 Jun 1847 - 17 Jun 1847[16]\nJohannes van Renseburg, 21 Jun 1847 - 21 Jun 1847[16]\nLouw Erasmus, 3 Nov 1847 - 4 Nov 1847[16]\nJan Frans Schutte, 15 Dec 1847 - 16 Dec 1847[16]\nJohannes Hermanus Grobler, 4 Apr 1848 - 21 Apr 1848[16]\nJacob de Clercq, 7 Mar 1849 - 8 Mar 1849[16]\nAndries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius, 23 May 1849 - 25 May 1849[17]\nJacob de Clercq, 19 Sep 1849 - 19 Sep 1849[17]\nPiet Ernst Kruger, 6 Dec 1849 - 12 Dec 1849[17]\nWC Swart, 22 Jan 1850 - 30 Jan 1850[17]\nWillem Hendrik Jacobsz, 26 May 1850 - 24 Aug 1850[17]\nCornelis Potgieter, 10 Sep 1850 - 16 Oct 1850[17]\nPetrus Frans Jacobus Pretorius, 10 Dec 1850 - 10 Dec 1850[17]\nCornelis Potgieter, 15 Jan 1851 - 15 Feb 1851[17]\nWillem Hendrik Jacobsz, 5 May 1851 - 9 May 1851[17]\nJNH Grobler, 11 Jun 1851 - 11 Jun 1851[17]\nJohannes Christoffel Steyn, 5 Jul 1851 - 5 Jul 1851[17]\nCornelis Potgieter, 1 Sep 1851 - 3 Sep 1851[17]\nWillem Hendrik Jacobsz, 27 Nov 1851 - 29 Nov 1851[17]\nJoachim Prinsloo, 12 Feb 1852 - 12 Feb 1852[17]\nPieter Ernst Kruger, 14 Feb 1852 - 14 Feb 1852[17]\nCornelis Potgieter, 17 Mar 1852 - 20 Mar 1852[17]\nCornelis Potgieter, 5 May 1852 - 6 May 1852[17]\nAndreas Theodorus Spies, 6 May 1852 - 6 May 1852[17]\nC Viljoen, 7 May 1852 - 7 May 1852[17]\nCornelis Potgieter, 15 Jun 1852 - 12 Jul 1852[17]\nJoachim Prinsloo, 4 Oct 1852 - 4 Oct 1852[17]\nCornelis Potgieter, 15 Nov 1852 - 15 Nov 1852[17]\nJoachim Prinsloo, 20 Nov 1852 - 20 Nov 1852[17]\nCornelis Potgieter, 14 Mar 1853 - 22 Jun 1853[17]\nHenricus Albertus Pretorius, 9 Aug 1853 - 13 Aug 1853[17]\nCornelis Potgieter, 19 Sep 1853 - 10 Apr 1854[17]\nJohannes Hermanus Grobler, 7 Jun 1854 - 15 Jun 1854[17]\nCornelis Potgieter, 16 Oct 1854 - 5 Jul 1855[17]\nHenricus Albertus Pretorius, 10 Sep 1855 - 18 Sep 1855[17]\nJohannes Hermanus Grobler, 5 Nov 1855 - 20 Nov 1855[17]\nCornelis Potgieter, 27 Nov 1855 - 27 Nov 1855[17]\nJohannes Hermanus Grobler, 4 Mar 1856 - 11 Mar 1856[17]\nHendrik Teodor Bührmann, 11 Mar 1856 - 11 Mar 1856[17]\nJohannes Hermanus Grobler, 27 May 1856 - 30 May 1856[17]\nJP Furstenberg, 5 Jan 1857 - 6 Jan 1857[17]\nJohannes Hermanus Grobler, 1857-?[18]\nWilliam Robinson (politician) [nl], ?-1858-?[19]\nMaurits de Vries, 1867[20]\nMaurits de Vries, 1872-1873[21]\nPetrus Jacobus Joubert, 1873-1875\nCornelis Johannes Bodenstein, 1875-1877[22]\nBritish annexation as Transvaal Colony 1877-1880\nCornelis Johannes Bodenstein, 1880-1884[22]\nR. J. Smit, ?-1885-?[23]\nJ. J. Hoffman, ?-1886-?[24]\nB. A. Kloppers, ?-1887-?[25]\nW. J. Jacobs, ?-1890-?","title":"Chairmen of the Volksraad 1844–1890"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederik Gerhardus Hendrik Wolmarans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederik_Gerhardus_Hendrik_Wolmarans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"P. A. Klopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._A._Klopper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Jacobus Marthinus Malan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Marthinus_Malan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schalk Willem Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalk_Willem_Burger"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"T. N. de Villiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._N._de_Villiers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Frederik Gerhardus Hendrik Wolmarans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederik_Gerhardus_Hendrik_Wolmarans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Lucas Johannes Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Johannes_Meyer"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"The chairmen of the First Volksraad (Voorzitter van den Eersten Volksraad).Frederik Gerhardus Hendrik Wolmarans, 1890-1891[26][27]\nP. A. Klopper, ?-1891-?[28]\nJacobus Marthinus Malan, ?-1894-?\nSchalk Willem Burger, 1895-1896[29]\nT. N. de Villiers, ?-1897-?[30]\nFrederik Gerhardus Hendrik Wolmarans, 1898-1899[31]\nLucas Johannes Meyer, 1899[32]-1900-?[33]","title":"Chairmen of the First Volksraad 1890-1902"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hendrik Vermaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Vermaas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacobus Johannes Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Johannes_Burger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Nicolaas Samuel Malherbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Samuel_Malherbe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The chairmen of the Second Volksraad (Voorzitter van den Tweede Volksraad).Hendrik Vermaas, 1891-?\nJacobus Johannes Burger, ?-1892-1894-?[34][35]\nNicolaas Samuel Malherbe, ?-1894-1898-?[36]","title":"Chairmen of the Second Volksraad 1890-1902"}] | [{"image_text":"The Volksraad receiving President Paul Kruger at the Ou Raadsaal, circa 1890","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/South_Africa_Pretoria_Old_Raadsaal.jpg/220px-South_Africa_Pretoria_Old_Raadsaal.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Pratt, Edwin (1900). Leading points in South African history 1486 to March 30, 1900 arranged chronologically, with date index. John Murray, Albemarle Street, London. p. 31. Retrieved 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/leadingpointsin00pratgoog/page/n64/mode/2up?","url_text":"Leading points in South African history 1486 to March 30, 1900 arranged chronologically, with date index"}]},{"reference":"Eybers, G. W. (1918). Select constitutional documents illustrating South African history, 1795-1910. George Routledge & Sons, Limited New York; E. P. Button & Co. p. 448-454. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924030542165/page/n447/mode/2up","url_text":"Select constitutional documents illustrating South African history, 1795-1910"}]},{"reference":"Papengus, F. H. (1889). The constitution (\"grondwet\") of the South African Republic. London, H. MacLeay. pp. 7–12. Retrieved 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/constitutiongro00papegoog/page/n8/mode/2up","url_text":"The constitution (\"grondwet\") of the South African Republic"}]},{"reference":"McCall Theal, George (1908). History of South Africa since September 1795 (PDF). SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO.","urls":[{"url":"https://webcms.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/183/fhya_library/Theal,%20G.M.%20History%20of%20South%20Africa%20since%20September%201795%20vol%204.pdf","url_text":"History of South Africa since September 1795"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Frederick; Keltie, Sir John Scott; Renwick, Isaac Parker Anderson; Epstein, Mortimer; Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry (1894). \"The Statesman's Year-book\". Palgrave.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J286AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA801","url_text":"\"The Statesman's Year-book\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord 1897\". Joseph Whitaker. 1848.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TUMsAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord 1897\""}]},{"reference":"\"South African Republic: Chairman of the Volksraad: 1844 - Archontology.org\". www.archontology.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/transvaal/00_1844_vr.php","url_text":"\"South African Republic: Chairman of the Volksraad: 1844 - Archontology.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"South African Republic: Chairmen of the Volksraad: 1845-1849 - Archontology.org\". www.archontology.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/transvaal/00_1845_49_vr.php","url_text":"\"South African Republic: Chairmen of the Volksraad: 1845-1849 - Archontology.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"South African Republic: Chairmen of the Volksraad: 1849-1857 - Archontology.org\". www.archontology.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/transvaal/00_1849_57_vr.php","url_text":"\"South African Republic: Chairmen of the Volksraad: 1849-1857 - Archontology.org\""}]},{"reference":"Muller, Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas (1907). \"Oude tijden in den Oranje-Vrijstaat\" (in Dutch). Brill Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U8oUAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Oude tijden in den Oranje-Vrijstaat\""}]},{"reference":"Republic, South African; Jorissen, Eduard Johan Pieter (1894). \"Codex van de locale wetten der Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek\" (in Dutch). Van Der Kamp.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NfpVAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"\"Codex van de locale wetten der Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek\""}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Thomas Edmund; Ploeger, Jan (1989). \"Straat- en Plekname Van Ou-Pretoria\" (in Afrikaans). J.L. van Schaik.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YaxBAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Straat- en Plekname Van Ou-Pretoria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa\". NASOU. 1970.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uz3jAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary of South African biography\". [Pretoria] : Nasional Boekhandel Bpk. for National Council for Social Research, Dept. of Higher Education. 1968.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsout0000unse_x2g1/page/76/mode/2up?q=volksraad","url_text":"\"Dictionary of South African biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gothaischer Hof Kalender zum Nutzen und Vergnügen\" (in German). J. Perthes.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LzPl1l23p3QC","url_text":"\"Gothaischer Hof Kalender zum Nutzen und Vergnügen\""}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, Joseph. \"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ...\" J. Whitaker.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0MIMAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique\" (in French). J. Perthes.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jQdnTYtiCqIC","url_text":"\"Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique\""}]},{"reference":"\"Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique\" (in French). J. Perthes.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jYA-XQKY0agC","url_text":"\"Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Argus Annual and South African Directory\". Argus Print. and Publishing Company. 1896.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7lQMAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"The Argus Annual and South African Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, Joseph (1891). \"An Almanack...: By Joseph Whitaker, F.S.A., Containing an Account of the Astronomical and Other Phenomena ...information Respecting the Government, Finances, Population, Commerce, and General Statistics of the Various Nations of the World, with Special Reference to the British Empire and the United States\". Whitaker's Almanack.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MChLAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"An Almanack...: By Joseph Whitaker, F.S.A., Containing an Account of the Astronomical and Other Phenomena ...information Respecting the Government, Finances, Population, Commerce, and General Statistics of the Various Nations of the World, with Special Reference to the British Empire and the United States\""}]},{"reference":"Prins, Antony Winkler (1906). \"Winkler Prins' Geïllustreerde encyclopaedie\" (in Dutch). Uitgevers-maatschappy \"Elsevier\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KkIhAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Winkler Prins' Geïllustreerde encyclopaedie\""}]},{"reference":"Transvaal (South Africa) (1897). \"Locale wetten der Z.A. Republiek\" (in Dutch).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rgwbAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Locale wetten der Z.A. Republiek\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Lionel; Fraser, Maryna; Jeeves, Alan (1977). \"All that Glittered: Selected Correspondence of Lionel Phillips, 1890-1924\". Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GF41AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"All that Glittered: Selected Correspondence of Lionel Phillips, 1890-1924\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE TRANSVAAL\". Brisbane Courier. 4 October 1899.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3702859","url_text":"\"THE TRANSVAAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"De Volksraadszitting in Pretoria. (7 Mei 1900.), De oorlog in Zuid-Afrika. De strijd tusschen Engeland en de verbonden Boeren-republieken Transvaal en Oranje-Vrijstaat in zijn verloop geschetst. Deel 2, Louwrens Penning\". DBNL (in Dutch).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/penn006oorl03_01/penn006oorl03_01_0028.php","url_text":"\"De Volksraadszitting in Pretoria. (7 Mei 1900.), De oorlog in Zuid-Afrika. De strijd tusschen Engeland en de verbonden Boeren-republieken Transvaal en Oranje-Vrijstaat in zijn verloop geschetst. Deel 2, Louwrens Penning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gothaischer Hof Kalender zum Nutzen und Vergnügen\" (in German). J. Perthes. 1892.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ekfAFyFHCLQC","url_text":"\"Gothaischer Hof Kalender zum Nutzen und Vergnügen\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Argus Annual and South African Directory\". Argus Print. and Publishing Company. 1894.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hlYMAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"The Argus Annual and South African Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, Joseph (1898). \"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ...\" J. Whitaker.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M3w3AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ...\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/leadingpointsin00pratgoog/page/n64/mode/2up?","external_links_name":"Leading points in South African history 1486 to March 30, 1900 arranged chronologically, with date index"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924030542165/page/n447/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Select constitutional documents illustrating South African history, 1795-1910"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X21BAQAAIAAJ&q=%22raadsaal%22","external_links_name":"Transvaal: The Golden Province"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/constitutiongro00papegoog/page/n8/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The constitution (\"grondwet\") of the South African Republic"},{"Link":"https://webcms.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/183/fhya_library/Theal,%20G.M.%20History%20of%20South%20Africa%20since%20September%201795%20vol%204.pdf","external_links_name":"History of South Africa since September 1795"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=blgjhkGD0vgC&dq=%22zar%22+%22second+volksraad%22&pg=PA238","external_links_name":"The Afrikaners: Biography of a People"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=igkwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22zar%22+%22second+volksraad%22","external_links_name":"The Anglo-Boer War: a Chronology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ph8OAAAAYAAJ&q=%22zar%22+%22first+volksraad%22+%22burghers%22","external_links_name":"Judge and be Judged"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J286AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA801","external_links_name":"\"The Statesman's Year-book\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TUMsAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord 1897\""},{"Link":"http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/transvaal/00_1844_vr.php","external_links_name":"\"South African Republic: Chairman of the Volksraad: 1844 - Archontology.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/transvaal/00_1845_49_vr.php","external_links_name":"\"South African Republic: Chairmen of the Volksraad: 1845-1849 - Archontology.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/transvaal/00_1849_57_vr.php","external_links_name":"\"South African Republic: Chairmen of the Volksraad: 1849-1857 - Archontology.org\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U8oUAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Oude tijden in den Oranje-Vrijstaat\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NfpVAAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Codex van de locale wetten der Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YaxBAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Straat- en Plekname Van Ou-Pretoria\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uz3jAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsout0000unse_x2g1/page/76/mode/2up?q=volksraad","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of South African biography\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LzPl1l23p3QC","external_links_name":"\"Gothaischer Hof Kalender zum Nutzen und Vergnügen\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0MIMAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ...\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jQdnTYtiCqIC","external_links_name":"\"Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jYA-XQKY0agC","external_links_name":"\"Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7lQMAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"The Argus Annual and South African Directory\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MChLAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"An Almanack...: By Joseph Whitaker, F.S.A., Containing an Account of the Astronomical and Other Phenomena ...information Respecting the Government, Finances, Population, Commerce, and General Statistics of the Various Nations of the World, with Special Reference to the British Empire and the United States\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KkIhAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Winkler Prins' Geïllustreerde encyclopaedie\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rgwbAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Locale wetten der Z.A. 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Deel 2, Louwrens Penning\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ekfAFyFHCLQC","external_links_name":"\"Gothaischer Hof Kalender zum Nutzen und Vergnügen\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hlYMAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"The Argus Annual and South African Directory\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M3w3AAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ...\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Reynolds | Peter H. Reynolds | ["1 Life","2 References","3 External links"] | Canadian author and illustrator of children's books
Peter Hamilton Reynolds
Peter Hamilton Reynolds is a Canadian author and illustrator of children's books and is the founder of the educational media company FableVision.
Life
Reynolds was born in 1961 in Canada with his identical twin brother, Paul, who collaborates as author on several children's books (Going Places, Full STEAM Ahead), and also serves as CEO of the Reynolds educational media firm FableVision. He attended the Massachusetts College of Art and Fitchburg State College where he received the Communications Student of The Year Award in 1983, Alumni Recognition Award in 1999 and was awarded the title Litterarum Humanarum Doctor (L.H.D) in 2007 for his "substantial contributions to education and the arts".
Reynolds is best known for his children's books about "authentic learning, creativity and self-expression", including The North Star, Ish, The Dot, and So Few of Me. The Dot, published by Candlewick Press, has been published in over twenty languages, as well as in Braille, and has won a number of awards, including the Oppenheim Platinum Toy Award, Borders Books' Original Voices 2003 Award, and the Christopher Medal, as well as the American Library Association's 2005 Carnegie Medal of Excellence for the book's animated adaptation. Reynolds has also published a book series for young children, based on the character "SugarLoaf". Published by Simon & Schuster, the first two books in this series are titled My Very Big Little World and The Best Kid in the World.
Reynolds' award-winning publishing work also includes the best-selling Judy Moody series written by Megan McDonald, Eleanor Estes' The Alley and The Tunnel of Hugsy Goode, Judy Blume's Fudge series, and Ellen Potter's Olivia Kidney books. His collaboration with Alison McGhee called Someday spent two months on the New York Times Best Seller list for Children's Books.
In addition to his children's books, Reynolds also created the award-winning animated short films, The Blue Shoe and Living Forever, as well as the film adaptations of his books The Dot and Ish.
Together with the Burkinabe model and activist, Georgie Badiel, he has co-created "Water Princess" which tells the story of Badiel's homeland of Burkina Faso's need for aquifers. The book was released in the Spring of 2016.
Reynolds lives in Dedham, Massachusetts and is the co-owner of his family's book store, The Blue Bunny Bookstore, and is the founder of the civic-powered revitalization group Dedham Square Circle. He is a Distinguished Eagle Scout.
References
^ a b c Brody, Samantha (December 2007). "Inspire the Artist Within: Author, illustrator, and educator Peter H. Reynolds talks about motivating kids to do great things". Parent & Child/Scholastic. Archived from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ a b c d English, Bella (November 12, 2007). "Make way for Rose". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ Peter H. Reynolds
^ "Alumni Association: Awards". Fitchburg State College. Archived from the original on 2005-03-12. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
^ Graham, Jonathan. Hard Work Rewarded at FSC. Sentinel and Enterprise; Fitchburg, MA. May 20, 2007.
^ News About Peter H. Reynolds
^ Bookreporter.com - 2003 Borders Original Voices Award Finalists Archived 2008-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ Pub & Artists - Borders - Books, Music and Movies Archived 2007-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The 2004 Christopher Award Winners". The Christophers, Inc. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
^ a b "Past Recipients of the Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Children's Video". American Library Association. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
^ Simon & Schuster: My Very Big Little World: A SugarLoaf Book (Hardcover)
^ Simon & Schuster: The Best Kid in the World: A SugarLoaf Book (Hardcover)
^ Peter H. Reynolds
^ "Best Sellers: Children's Books". New York Times. April 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
^ "Best Sellers: Children's Books". New York Times. May 13, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
^ "Once Upon a Napkin...The Blue Shoe". Animation World Magazine. April 1, 1998. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
^ "Animation World News: Awards". Animation World Magazine. May 1999. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
^ "2006 Notable Children's Videos". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
^ "'The Water Princess' Relates Childhood of Burkina Faso-Born Model Georgie Badiel".
External links
Children's literature portal
Official Peter H. Reynolds Website
FableVision
FableVision Learning K12 Publishing
FableVision Studios multimedia development
The Blue Bunny Book Sh
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Latvia
Japan
Czech Republic
Korea
Netherlands
Poland
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_H._Reynolds_5212909.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brody-phr-1"},{"link_name":"FableVision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FableVision"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boston-rose-2"}],"text":"Peter Hamilton ReynoldsPeter Hamilton Reynolds is a Canadian author and illustrator of children's books[1] and is the founder of the educational media company FableVision.[2]","title":"Peter H. 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Reynolds has also published a book series for young children, based on the character \"SugarLoaf\". Published by Simon & Schuster, the first two books in this series are titled My Very Big Little World[11] and The Best Kid in the World.[12]\nReynolds' award-winning publishing work also includes the best-selling Judy Moody series written by Megan McDonald, Eleanor Estes' The Alley and The Tunnel of Hugsy Goode, Judy Blume's Fudge series, and Ellen Potter's Olivia Kidney books.[13] His collaboration with Alison McGhee called Someday spent two months on the New York Times Best Seller list for Children's Books.[14][15]In addition to his children's books, Reynolds also created the award-winning animated short films, The Blue Shoe[16] and Living Forever,[17] as well as the film adaptations of his books The Dot[10] and Ish.[18]Together with the Burkinabe model and activist, Georgie Badiel, he has co-created \"Water Princess\" which tells the story of Badiel's homeland of Burkina Faso's need for aquifers. The book was released in the Spring of 2016.[19]Reynolds lives in Dedham, Massachusetts and is the co-owner of his family's book store, The Blue Bunny Bookstore, and is the founder of the civic-powered revitalization group Dedham Square Circle.[2] He is a Distinguished Eagle Scout.","title":"Life"}] | [{"image_text":"Peter Hamilton Reynolds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Peter_H._Reynolds_5212909.jpg/220px-Peter_H._Reynolds_5212909.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Brody, Samantha (December 2007). \"Inspire the Artist Within: Author, illustrator, and educator Peter H. Reynolds talks about motivating kids to do great things\". Parent & Child/Scholastic. Archived from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2008-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130216180151/http://content.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3748399","url_text":"\"Inspire the Artist Within: Author, illustrator, and educator Peter H. 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Retrieved 2008-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christophers.org/NETCOMMUNITY/Page.aspx?pid=258&srcid=561","url_text":"\"The 2004 Christopher Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Recipients of the Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Children's Video\". American Library Association. Retrieved 2008-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/ala/alsc/awardsscholarships/literaryawds/carnegiemedal/carnegiepast/carnegiemedal.htm","url_text":"\"Past Recipients of the Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Children's Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Sellers: Children's Books\". New York Times. April 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/bestseller/0415bestchildren.html?scp=2&sq=Peter+H.+Reynolds","url_text":"\"Best Sellers: Children's Books\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Sellers: Children's Books\". New York Times. May 13, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/books/bestseller/0513bestchildren.html?scp=1&sq=Peter+H.+Reynolds","url_text":"\"Best Sellers: Children's Books\""}]},{"reference":"\"Once Upon a Napkin...The Blue Shoe\". Animation World Magazine. April 1, 1998. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071024130842/http://mag.awn.com/index.php","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Napkin...The Blue Shoe\""},{"url":"http://mag.awn.com/index.php?&article_no=529#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Animation World News: Awards\". Animation World Magazine. May 1999. Retrieved 2008-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awn.com/mag/issue4.02/4.02pages/4.02awards.php3","url_text":"\"Animation World News: Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Notable Children's Videos\". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_Sweden | 2013 in Sweden | ["1 Incumbents","2 Events","3 Deaths","4 See also","5 References"] | List of events
←
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2013 in Sweden
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Decades:
1990s
2000s
2010s
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See also:
Other events of 2013
Timeline of Swedish history
Events from the year 2013 in Sweden
Incumbents
Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf
Prime Minister - Fredrik Reinfeldt
Events
19 May 2013 Stockholm riots
May 14–18: The Eurovision Song Contest 2013 is held in the Malmö Arena in Malmö. The winner is Danish singer Emmelie de Forest with her song Only Teardrops.
July 10–28 - The UEFA Women's Euro 2013 was held. Germany won the tournament.
16 October – Antje Jackelén is appointed the first female Church of Sweden archbishop.
5 November - The leader of the Sweden Democrats Jimmie Åkesson is caked at a book signing on Nytorget, Södermalm in Stockholm.
Deaths
Anders Carlberg in 2007.
Eric Ericson in 2007.
Princess Lilian
5 January – Ann-Britt Leyman, athlete (b. 1922).
5 January – Anders Carlberg, politician (b. 1943).
8 February – Kjell Hjertsson, footballer (b. 1922).
16 February – Eric Ericson, conductor (b. 1918).
21 February –Hasse Jeppson, footballer (b. 1925).
10 March – Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland (b. 1915).
21 March – Jörgen Ohlin, footballer (b. 1937).
1 May – Dick Heinegård, biochemist (b. 1942).
10 June – Petrus Kastenman, equestrian (b. 1924).
See also
2013 in Swedish television
References
^ "Antje Jackelén becomes Sweden's first female archbishop after historic Church election". Radio Sweden. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
^ "Flera kända tårtningar i Sverige – från kungen till Ringholm" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
^ "Ann-Britt Leyman". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
^ "Anders Carlberg har avlidit". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 5 January 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
^ "Veteran youth worker Anders Carlberg dead". Retrieved 28 September 2014.
^ "Körledaren Eric Ericson död" (in Swedish). Mediehuset UNT. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
^ "External Awards". bsmb.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
^ "Petrus Kastenman". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
vte2013 in EuropeSovereign states
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This year in Sweden article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"text":"List of eventsEvents from the year 2013 in Sweden","title":"2013 in Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Carl XVI Gustaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Fredrik Reinfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Reinfeldt"}],"text":"Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf\nPrime Minister - Fredrik Reinfeldt","title":"Incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013 Stockholm riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2013_Stockholm_riots"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2013"},{"link_name":"Malmö Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Arena"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes"},{"link_name":"Emmelie de Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmelie_de_Forest"},{"link_name":"Only Teardrops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Teardrops"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2013"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Antje Jackelén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Jackel%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Church of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sweden Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Åkesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_%C3%85kesson"},{"link_name":"Nytorget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytorget"},{"link_name":"Södermalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dermalm_(borough)"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"19 May 2013 Stockholm riots\nMay 14–18: The Eurovision Song Contest 2013 is held in the Malmö Arena in Malmö. The winner is Danish singer Emmelie de Forest with her song Only Teardrops.\nJuly 10–28 - The UEFA Women's Euro 2013 was held. Germany won the tournament.\n16 October – Antje Jackelén is appointed the first female Church of Sweden archbishop.[1]\n5 November - The leader of the Sweden Democrats Jimmie Åkesson is caked at a book signing on Nytorget, Södermalm in Stockholm.[2]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anders_Carlberg_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Anders Carlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Carlberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eric_Ericsson,_grundare_av_Eric_Ericssons_kammarkor._Koren_fick_Nordiska_Radets_musikpris_vid_Nordiska_Radets_session_i_Oslo._2007-10-31._Foto-_Magnus_Froderberg-norden.org.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eric Ericson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ericson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lilian_of_Sweden_1940s_as_Mrs._Craig.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Lilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Lilian,_Duchess_of_Halland"},{"link_name":"Ann-Britt Leyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Britt_Leyman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Anders Carlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Carlberg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kjell Hjertsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell_Hjertsson"},{"link_name":"Eric Ericson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ericson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hasse Jeppson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse_Jeppson"},{"link_name":"Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Lilian,_Duchess_of_Halland"},{"link_name":"Jörgen Ohlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rgen_Ohlin"},{"link_name":"Dick Heinegård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Heineg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Petrus Kastenman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Kastenman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Anders Carlberg in 2007.Eric Ericson in 2007.Princess Lilian5 January – Ann-Britt Leyman, athlete (b. 1922).[3]\n5 January – Anders Carlberg, politician (b. 1943).[4][5]\n8 February – Kjell Hjertsson, footballer (b. 1922).\n16 February – Eric Ericson, conductor (b. 1918).[6]\n21 February –Hasse Jeppson, footballer (b. 1925).\n10 March – Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland (b. 1915).\n21 March – Jörgen Ohlin, footballer (b. 1937).\n1 May – Dick Heinegård, biochemist (b. 1942).[7]\n10 June – Petrus Kastenman, equestrian (b. 1924).[8]","title":"Deaths"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/90px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Anders Carlberg in 2007.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Anders_Carlberg_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Anders_Carlberg_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eric Ericson in 2007.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Eric_Ericsson%2C_grundare_av_Eric_Ericssons_kammarkor._Koren_fick_Nordiska_Radets_musikpris_vid_Nordiska_Radets_session_i_Oslo._2007-10-31._Foto-_Magnus_Froderberg-norden.org.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Princess Lilian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lilian_of_Sweden_1940s_as_Mrs._Craig.jpg/120px-Lilian_of_Sweden_1940s_as_Mrs._Craig.jpg"}] | [{"title":"2013 in Swedish television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_Swedish_television"}] | [{"reference":"\"Antje Jackelén becomes Sweden's first female archbishop after historic Church election\". Radio Sweden. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=5674768","url_text":"\"Antje Jackelén becomes Sweden's first female archbishop after historic Church election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flera kända tårtningar i Sverige – från kungen till Ringholm\" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/7ljqwv/flera-kanda-tartningar-i-sverige--fran-kungen-till-ringholm","url_text":"\"Flera kända tårtningar i Sverige – från kungen till Ringholm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftonbladet","url_text":"Aftonbladet"}]},{"reference":"\"Ann-Britt Leyman\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. 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Retrieved 28 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unt.se/kultur/korledaren-eric-ericson-dod-2279995.aspx","url_text":"\"Körledaren Eric Ericson död\""}]},{"reference":"\"External Awards\". bsmb.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bsmb.ac.uk/page/external-awards/","url_text":"\"External Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Petrus Kastenman\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sangm%C3%A9lima | Roman Catholic Diocese of Sangmélima | ["1 History","2 Leadership","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 2°55′50″N 11°58′52″E / 2.9306°N 11.9810°E / 2.9306; 11.9810Diocese of SangmélimaDioecesis SangmelimaensisLocationCountryCameroonEpiscopal conferenceEpiscopal Conference of CameroonEcclesiastical provinceYaoundéStatisticsArea7,823 sq mi (20,260 km2)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2020)216,075100,864 (46.7%)Parishes39InformationSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablished1963CathedralCathédrale Notre-Dame, SangmélimaSecular priests46Current leadershipPopeFrancisBishopChristophe ZoaWebsitewww.facebook.com/people/Diocèse-de-Sangmélima-officiel/100079961880851
Roman Catholic diocese in Cameroon
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sangmélima (Latin: Sangmelimaën(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of Sangmélima in the ecclesiastical province of Yaoundé in Cameroon.
History
On January 18, 1963, it was established as Diocese of Sangmélima from the Diocese of Douala.
On May 20, 1991, the Diocese lost territory to the newly-formed Roman Catholic Diocese of Ebolowa-Kribi.
Leadership
Bishops of Sangmélima (Roman rite), in reverse chronological order:
Bishop Christophe Zoa (December 4, 2008 – present), formerly auxiliary bishop of the archdiocese of Yaounde
Bishop Raphaël Marie Ze (January 23, 1992 – December 4, 2008)
Bishop Jean-Baptiste Ama (July 22, 1983 – May 20, 1991), appointed Bishop of Ebolowa-Kribi
Bishop Pierre-Célestin Nkou (January 18, 1963 – May 16, 1983)
See also
Roman Catholicism in Cameroon
References
^ a b "Diocese of Sangmélima, Cameroon 🇨🇲". GCatholic. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF) (in Latin). Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1964. pp. 241–243.
^ Paul II, John. "CONSTITUTIO APOSTOLICA EBOLOUANA-KRIBENSIS". www.vatican.va (in Latin). Retrieved March 13, 2024.
^ "Sangmélima (Diocese) ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
2°55′50″N 11°58′52″E / 2.9306°N 11.9810°E / 2.9306; 11.9810
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
This article on a Roman Catholic diocese in Africa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Sangmélima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangm%C3%A9lima"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province"},{"link_name":"Yaoundé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Yaound%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"}],"text":"Roman Catholic diocese in CameroonThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Sangmélima (Latin: Sangmelimaën(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of Sangmélima in the ecclesiastical province of Yaoundé in Cameroon.","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Sangmélima"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocese of Douala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Douala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Ebolowa-Kribi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ebolowa-Kribi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On January 18, 1963, it was established as Diocese of Sangmélima from the Diocese of Douala.[1][2]\nOn May 20, 1991, the Diocese lost territory to the newly-formed Roman Catholic Diocese of Ebolowa-Kribi.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Christophe Zoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christophe_Zoa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raphaël Marie Ze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Marie_Ze"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Ama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Ama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Célestin Nkou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-C%C3%A9lestin_Nkou"}],"text":"Bishops of Sangmélima (Roman rite), in reverse chronological order:[1][4]\nBishop Christophe Zoa (December 4, 2008 – present), formerly auxiliary bishop of the archdiocese of Yaounde\nBishop Raphaël Marie Ze (January 23, 1992 – December 4, 2008)\nBishop Jean-Baptiste Ama (July 22, 1983 – May 20, 1991), appointed Bishop of Ebolowa-Kribi\nBishop Pierre-Célestin Nkou (January 18, 1963 – May 16, 1983)","title":"Leadership"}] | [] | [{"title":"Roman Catholicism in Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Cameroon"}] | [{"reference":"\"Diocese of Sangmélima, Cameroon 🇨🇲\". 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Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsngm.html","url_text":"\"Sangmélima (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sangm%C3%A9lima¶ms=2.9306_N_11.9810_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"2°55′50″N 11°58′52″E / 2.9306°N 11.9810°E / 2.9306; 11.9810"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/people/Dioc%C3%A8se-de-Sangm%C3%A9lima-officiel/100079961880851","external_links_name":"www.facebook.com/people/Diocèse-de-Sangmélima-officiel/100079961880851"},{"Link":"https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/sang1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Sangmélima, Cameroon 🇨🇲\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-56-1964-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19900520_ebolouana-kribensis.html","external_links_name":"\"CONSTITUTIO APOSTOLICA EBOLOUANA-KRIBENSIS\""},{"Link":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsngm.html","external_links_name":"\"Sangmélima (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sangm%C3%A9lima¶ms=2.9306_N_11.9810_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"2°55′50″N 11°58′52″E / 2.9306°N 11.9810°E / 2.9306; 11.9810"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/307435736","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2014201179","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sangm%C3%A9lima&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangel_University | Evangel University | ["1 History","1.1 Consolidation","2 Academics","3 Accreditation","4 Student life","5 Athletics","5.1 Club sports","5.2 Facilities","6 Notable alumni","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°13′15″N 93°15′49″W / 37.22096°N 93.26367°W / 37.22096; -93.26367Christian university in Springfield, Missouri, US
"Evangel College" redirects here. For the school in Hong Kong, see Evangel College (Hong Kong).
Evangel UniversityFormer nameEvangel College (1955–1998)Motto"Your Calling. Our Passion."TypePrivate universityEstablished1955; 69 years ago (1955)Religious affiliationAssemblies of GodPresidentMike RakesAcademic staff100Students2,112Undergraduates1,631LocationSpringfield, Missouri, U.S.37°13′15″N 93°15′49″W / 37.22096°N 93.26367°W / 37.22096; -93.26367Campus80 acres (32.4 ha)ColorsMaroon and gray NicknameValorSporting affiliationsNAIA – HAACWebsitewww.evangel.edu
Evangel University is a private Christian university and seminary in Springfield, Missouri. It is affiliated with the Assemblies of God Christian denomination, which is also headquartered in Springfield. The campus sits on 80 acres (32 hectares) that were originally part of O'Reilly General Hospital.
History
Evangel College (later University) was founded by the General Council of the Assemblies of God on September 1, 1955, as the first national Pentecostal school of arts and sciences. The denomination, led at the time by the Rev. Ralph Riggs, already had several Bible schools, and wanted a college where students entering secular fields could study in a Pentecostal, faith-based environment.
The college was established on the property of the former O'Reilly General Hospital, which had been established during World War II by the U.S. Army. In its five-year history as an Army hospital, O'Reilly served more than 100,000 patients. After the war, it briefly served as a veteran's hospital before the Army declared it excess property. The property was acquired by the Assemblies of God in December 1954 for the use of Evangel College.
The first day of classes at Evangel was September 1, 1955. There were 87 students.
Evangel students lived and went to classes in the O'Reilly barracks for years. The first permanent structure built on campus was the Klaude Kendrick Library in 1963. In the decades since, Evangel has slowly replaced the barracks with permanent structures. The last Army barrack on campus was demolished in 2009.
Consolidation
In 2010, the Assemblies of God began an effort to consolidate Evangel University with Central Bible College and Assemblies of God Theological Seminary. All three institutions were owned by the Assemblies of God and located in Springfield, Missouri. A resolution for consolidation was passed at the Assembly of God's 2011 General Council in Phoenix, Arizona, following which efforts began to make a formal proposal to the Higher Learning Commission.
The consolidation was approved by the Higher Learning Commission in April 2013, making way for the official launch of the "new" Evangel University in August 2013. With the Higher Learning Commission's approval, the Assemblies of God also announced that Carol Taylor, president of Vanguard University in Costa Mesa, CA, had been named to lead the consolidated university. Taylor is an alumnus of Evangel University and the Assembly of God Theological Seminary. Mike Rakes became president of Evangel University in 2021.
Academics
Academic departments include Business, Behavioral and Social Sciences, Communication, Education, Humanities, Kinesiology, Music, Natural and Applied Sciences, and Theology and Church Ministries. In addition Evangel offers graduate degrees in Social Sciences, Kinesiology, and Education along with master's and doctoral degrees through Evangel's embedded seminary, the Assemblies of God Theological Seminary. This makes the total number of programs available 42 associate programs, 378 bachelors programs, 104 masters programs and 20 doctorates.
Evangel's School of Theology and Church Ministries was launched in 2013 to prepare students for vocational ministry. The new school was created with the 2013 consolidation of Evangel, Central Bible College, and Assemblies of God Theological Seminary. The three departments within the school are Bible & Theology, Church Ministries, and Intercultural Studies.
Accreditation
Evangel University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, whose predecessor the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools first accredited Evangel in 1965.
Evangel also has the following specialized/programmatic accreditations:
Social Work – Council on Social Work Education
Music – National Association of Schools of Music
Education – Initial Teacher Preparation and Advanced Preparation Levels – National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education
The Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education issues teaching certificates to graduates who successfully complete the Teacher Education program.
Student life
Approximately 2,350 students attend Evangel University from all 50 U.S. states and 20 countries. The university's gender distribution is 55% female and 45% male. There are more than 50 student clubs and organizations at Evangel. Each year more than 80% of Evangel students are involved in at least one campus activity outside of athletics and music. Evangel is primarily a residential campus, with most students living in one of six residence halls: Spence Hall, Walther Hall, Scott Hall, Krause Hall, Burgess Hall or Lewis Hall. The Perkin Apartments are available for married student housing.
Athletics
The Evangel athletic teams are called the Valor. The named was changed from the Crusaders in 2021. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Heart of America Athletic Conference (HAAC) from the 1987–88 academic year through the spring of 2023. In February 2022, Evangel accepted an invitation to join in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC) for all sports, effective beginning the 2023–24 academic year.
Evangel competes in 17 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading.
Club sports
The university offers club sports such as bass fishing, beach volleyball, bowling, crossfit and disc golf.
Facilities
Ashcroft Center – sports: basketball, volleyball, capacity 1,200
Baseball Complex – capacity 1,000.
Coryell Field – sports: football, men's and woman's soccer
Softball Complex – capacity 1,000
Tiger Stadium – sports: football, capacity 4,400
Baseball/Softball Fieldhouse
Rivercut Golf Course
Bill and Payne Stewart Golf Course
Notable alumni
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Barry Corey, academic administrator and minister
Derrick Clark, professional football player
Vern Clark, United States Navy Admiral who was 27th Chief of Naval Operations
Samuel Der-Yeghiayan, United States federal judge
Tony Dollinger, professional football player
Sara Groves, recording artist and author
Ted Dekker, author
Jonathan Kvanvig, philosopher
Beverly Lewis, author
Troy Paino, academic administrator
Todd Tiahrt, United States Congressman, R-Kan
George O. Wood, former General Superintendent of the Assemblies of God
References
^ "About".
^ a b c "College Navigator - Evangel University".
^ Evangel Valor Brand Guide (PDF). Retrieved August 29, 2022.
^ "EU Klaude Kendrick Library". Retrieved 27 March 2009.
^ "Evangel University History". Retrieved August 17, 2023.
^ a b "History". Evangel University. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
^ a b Glenn, Michael. "O'Reilly General Hospital of Springfield, Missouri". The Springfield-Greene County Library. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
^ Glenn, Michael. "About O'Reilly: A Brief Introduction". O'Reilly General Hospital of Springfield, Missouri. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
^ "History Video". Retrieved 14 November 2012.
^ a b "Assemblies of God Consolidation Update". Assemblies of God. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
^ a b "Evangel Consolidation Approved". SBJ Business Authority. SBJ Staff. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
^ "New President". Evangel University. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
^ "College Navigator". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
^ "Theology and Church Ministries". www.evangel.edu. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ "Higher Learning Commission". hlcommission.org. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^ "Evangel University Accreditation". 20 February 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^ "Evangel University | the Assemblies of God university of arts, sciences and professions". Archived from the original on 2009-11-30. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
^ "Evangel University Report". U. S. News & World Report. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
^ Redden, Elizabeth (March 31, 2021). "Evangel Drops Crusader Mascot". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
^ Wheeler, Wyatt D. (September 22, 2021). "Evangel University becomes Valor after dropping Crusaders mascot". Springfield News-Leader. Springfield, Missouri. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
^ "KCAC to Add Evangel University as 14th Member Institution in 2023". Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference. February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
^ "Evangel Athletics". Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ Evangel University
^ "Ashcroft Center". Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ "Baseball Complex". Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ "Coryell Field". Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ "Softball Complex". Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ "Tiger Stadium". Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ "Fieldhouse". Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ "Rivercut Golf Course". Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ "Bill and Payne Stesart Golf Course". Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ Silliman, Daniel (2022-01-12). "Died: George O. Wood, Who Led the Assemblies of God into Growth". News & Reporting. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
Further reading
Nelson, Lawrence J. "The Demise of O'Reilly Hospital and the Beginning of Evangel College, 1946-1955." Missouri Historical Review 81 (July 1987): 417–446. online
External links
Official website
Evangel Athletics website
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Authority control databases
ISNI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evangel College (Hong Kong)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangel_College_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Assemblies of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Assemblies_of_God_in_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evangel-4"}],"text":"Christian university in Springfield, Missouri, US\"Evangel College\" redirects here. For the school in Hong Kong, see Evangel College (Hong Kong).Evangel University is a private Christian university and seminary in Springfield, Missouri. It is affiliated with the Assemblies of God Christian denomination, which is also headquartered in Springfield. The campus sits on 80 acres (32 hectares) that were originally part of O'Reilly General Hospital.[4]","title":"Evangel University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Council of the Assemblies of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Assemblies_of_God"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-6"},{"link_name":"O'Reilly General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Reilly_General_Hospital_of_Springfield,_Missouri-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Reilly_General_Hospital_of_Springfield,_Missouri-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Evangel College (later University) was founded by the General Council of the Assemblies of God on September 1, 1955, as the first national Pentecostal school of arts and sciences.[5] The denomination, led at the time by the Rev. Ralph Riggs, already had several Bible schools, and wanted a college where students entering secular fields could study in a Pentecostal, faith-based environment.[6]\nThe college was established on the property of the former O'Reilly General Hospital, which had been established during World War II by the U.S. Army.[7] In its five-year history as an Army hospital, O'Reilly served more than 100,000 patients.[7] After the war, it briefly served as a veteran's hospital before the Army declared it excess property. The property was acquired by the Assemblies of God in December 1954 for the use of Evangel College.\n[8] The first day of classes at Evangel was September 1, 1955. There were 87 students.[6]\nEvangel students lived and went to classes in the O'Reilly barracks for years. The first permanent structure built on campus was the Klaude Kendrick Library in 1963. In the decades since, Evangel has slowly replaced the barracks with permanent structures. The last Army barrack on campus was demolished in 2009.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Bible College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bible_College"},{"link_name":"Assemblies of God Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consolidation_Update-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consolidation_Update-10"},{"link_name":"Vanguard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbj_approved-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbj_approved-11"},{"link_name":"Mike Rakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rakes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Consolidation","text":"In 2010, the Assemblies of God began an effort to consolidate Evangel University with Central Bible College and Assemblies of God Theological Seminary.[10] All three institutions were owned by the Assemblies of God and located in Springfield, Missouri. A resolution for consolidation was passed at the Assembly of God's 2011 General Council in Phoenix, Arizona, following which efforts began to make a formal proposal to the Higher Learning Commission.[10]The consolidation was approved by the Higher Learning Commission in April 2013, making way for the official launch of the \"new\" Evangel University in August 2013. With the Higher Learning Commission's approval, the Assemblies of God also announced that Carol Taylor, president of Vanguard University in Costa Mesa, CA, had been named to lead the consolidated university.[11] Taylor is an alumnus of Evangel University and the Assembly of God Theological Seminary.[11] Mike Rakes[12] became president of Evangel University in 2021.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assemblies of God Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Academic departments include Business, Behavioral and Social Sciences, Communication, Education, Humanities, Kinesiology, Music, Natural and Applied Sciences, and Theology and Church Ministries. In addition Evangel offers graduate degrees in Social Sciences, Kinesiology, and Education along with master's and doctoral degrees through Evangel's embedded seminary, the Assemblies of God Theological Seminary. This makes the total number of programs available 42 associate programs, 378 bachelors programs, 104 masters programs and 20 doctorates.[13]Evangel's School of Theology and Church Ministries was launched in 2013 to prepare students for vocational ministry. The new school was created with the 2013 consolidation of Evangel, Central Bible College, and Assemblies of God Theological Seminary. The three departments within the school are Bible & Theology, Church Ministries, and Intercultural Studies.[14]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accredited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Higher Learning Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Learning_Commission"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"North Central Association of Colleges and Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Council on Social Work Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Social_Work_Education"},{"link_name":"National Association of Schools of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Schools_of_Music"},{"link_name":"National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Accreditation_of_Teacher_Education"},{"link_name":"Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Department_of_Elementary_and_Secondary_Education"}],"text":"Evangel University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission,[15] whose predecessor the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools first accredited Evangel in 1965.Evangel also has the following specialized/programmatic accreditations:[16]Social Work – Council on Social Work Education\nMusic – National Association of Schools of Music\nEducation – Initial Teacher Preparation and Advanced Preparation Levels – National Council for Accreditation of Teacher EducationThe Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education issues teaching certificates to graduates who successfully complete the Teacher Education program.","title":"Accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Approximately 2,350 students attend Evangel University from all 50 U.S. states and 20 countries.[17] The university's gender distribution is 55% female and 45% male.[18] There are more than 50 student clubs and organizations at Evangel. Each year more than 80% of Evangel students are involved in at least one campus activity outside of athletics and music. Evangel is primarily a residential campus, with most students living in one of six residence halls: Spence Hall, Walther Hall, Scott Hall, Krause Hall, Burgess Hall or Lewis Hall. The Perkin Apartments are available for married student housing.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Heart of America Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_America_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Collegiate_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The Evangel athletic teams are called the Valor. The named was changed from the Crusaders in 2021.[19][20] The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Heart of America Athletic Conference (HAAC) from the 1987–88 academic year through the spring of 2023. In February 2022, Evangel accepted an invitation to join in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC) for all sports, effective beginning the 2023–24 academic year.[21]Evangel competes in 17 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading.[22]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Club sports","text":"The university offers club sports such as bass fishing, beach volleyball, bowling, crossfit and disc golf.[23]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashcroft-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coryell-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Softball_Complex-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiger_Stadium-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fieldhouse-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivercut-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_and_Payne-31"}],"sub_title":"Facilities","text":"Ashcroft Center – sports: basketball, volleyball, capacity 1,200[24]\nBaseball Complex – capacity 1,000.[25]\nCoryell Field – sports: football, men's and woman's soccer[26]\nSoftball Complex – capacity 1,000[27]\nTiger Stadium – sports: football, capacity 4,400[28]\nBaseball/Softball Fieldhouse[29]\nRivercut Golf Course[30]\nBill and Payne Stewart Golf Course[31]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Corey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Corey"},{"link_name":"Derrick Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Clark_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Vern Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Clark"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"},{"link_name":"Samuel Der-Yeghiayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Der-Yeghiayan"},{"link_name":"United States federal judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_judge"},{"link_name":"Tony Dollinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Dollinger"},{"link_name":"Sara Groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Groves"},{"link_name":"Ted Dekker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Dekker"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Kvanvig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Kvanvig"},{"link_name":"Beverly Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Troy Paino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Paino"},{"link_name":"Todd Tiahrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Tiahrt"},{"link_name":"United States Congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"George O. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_O._Wood"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Assemblies of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblies_of_God"}],"text":"Barry Corey, academic administrator and minister\nDerrick Clark, professional football player\nVern Clark, United States Navy Admiral who was 27th Chief of Naval Operations\nSamuel Der-Yeghiayan, United States federal judge\nTony Dollinger, professional football player\nSara Groves, recording artist and author\nTed Dekker, author\nJonathan Kvanvig, philosopher\nBeverly Lewis, author\nTroy Paino, academic administrator\nTodd Tiahrt, United States Congressman, R-Kan\nGeorge O. Wood,[32] former General Superintendent of the Assemblies of God","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digital.shsmo.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mhr/id/43266/rec/5?_gl=1*1nfpqoo*_ga*MTkyNjAzOTc5My4xNjk4NDYxMDM0*_ga_B5NXL6MKLP*MTY5ODY1MTgyMC40LjEuMTY5ODY1MTg5My4wLjAuMA.."}],"text":"Nelson, Lawrence J. \"The Demise of O'Reilly Hospital and the Beginning of Evangel College, 1946-1955.\" Missouri Historical Review 81 (July 1987): 417–446. online","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"About\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evangel.edu/about/about-evangel","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"College Navigator - Evangel University\".","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=evangel+university&s=all&id=177339","url_text":"\"College Navigator - Evangel University\""}]},{"reference":"Evangel Valor Brand Guide (PDF). Retrieved August 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://d2o2figo6ddd0g.cloudfront.net/j/2/o8bsc391qunvdn/Evangel_Valor_Brand_Guide.pdf","url_text":"Evangel Valor Brand Guide"}]},{"reference":"\"EU Klaude Kendrick Library\". Retrieved 27 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.evangel.edu/Library/Archives/FoundingOfEvangel.asp","url_text":"\"EU Klaude Kendrick Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evangel University History\". Retrieved August 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evangel.edu/about/university-overview/history/#:~:text=Evangel%20University%2C%20the%20first%20Pentecostal,life's%20calling%20could%20be%20discovered.","url_text":"\"Evangel University History\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Evangel University. Retrieved 13 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.evangel.edu/about/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"Glenn, Michael. \"O'Reilly General Hospital of Springfield, Missouri\". The Springfield-Greene County Library. Retrieved 13 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://thelibrary.org/lochist/oreilly/intro.cfm","url_text":"\"O'Reilly General Hospital of Springfield, Missouri\""}]},{"reference":"Glenn, Michael. \"About O'Reilly: A Brief Introduction\". O'Reilly General Hospital of Springfield, Missouri. Retrieved 13 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://thelibrary.org/lochist/oreilly/intro.cfm","url_text":"\"About O'Reilly: A Brief Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"History Video\". Retrieved 14 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.evangel.edu/about/history/","url_text":"\"History Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assemblies of God Consolidation Update\". Assemblies of God. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130123073432/http://ag.org/top/consolidation/faq.cfm","url_text":"\"Assemblies of God Consolidation Update\""},{"url":"http://ag.org/top/consolidation/faq.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Evangel Consolidation Approved\". SBJ Business Authority. SBJ Staff. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://sbj.net/stories/evangel-consolidation-approved,17446","url_text":"\"Evangel Consolidation Approved\""}]},{"reference":"\"New President\". Evangel University. Retrieved 2022-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evangel.edu/president/","url_text":"\"New President\""}]},{"reference":"\"College Navigator\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved 4 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=evangel+university&s=all&id=177339#programs","url_text":"\"College Navigator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theology and Church Ministries\". www.evangel.edu. Retrieved 20 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.evangel.edu/departments/school-of-theology-and-church-ministries/about-the-school/","url_text":"\"Theology and Church Ministries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Higher Learning Commission\". hlcommission.org. Retrieved 15 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://hlcommission.org/component/directory/?Action=ShowBasic&Itemid=&instid=1428&lang=en","url_text":"\"Higher Learning Commission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evangel University Accreditation\". 20 February 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collegefactual.com/colleges/evangel-university/academic-life/accreditation/","url_text":"\"Evangel University Accreditation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evangel University | the Assemblies of God university of arts, sciences and professions\". Archived from the original on 2009-11-30. Retrieved 2009-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091130233101/http://www.evangel.edu/About/index.asp","url_text":"\"Evangel University | the Assemblies of God university of arts, sciences and professions\""},{"url":"http://www.evangel.edu/About/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Evangel University Report\". U. S. News & World Report. Retrieved 4 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/evangel-university-2463","url_text":"\"Evangel University Report\""}]},{"reference":"Redden, Elizabeth (March 31, 2021). \"Evangel Drops Crusader Mascot\". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved April 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/03/31/evangel-drops-crusader-mascot","url_text":"\"Evangel Drops Crusader Mascot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed","url_text":"Inside Higher Ed"}]},{"reference":"Wheeler, Wyatt D. (September 22, 2021). \"Evangel University becomes Valor after dropping Crusaders mascot\". Springfield News-Leader. Springfield, Missouri. Retrieved August 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/education/2021/09/22/evangel-university-changes-nickname-valor-drops-crusader-mascot-horse-logo/5784833001/","url_text":"\"Evangel University becomes Valor after dropping Crusaders mascot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_News-Leader","url_text":"Springfield News-Leader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri","url_text":"Springfield, Missouri"}]},{"reference":"\"KCAC to Add Evangel University as 14th Member Institution in 2023\". Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference. February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcacsports.com/article/7695","url_text":"\"KCAC to Add Evangel University as 14th Member Institution in 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evangel Athletics\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Saint_Mary-of-the-Wasatch | College of Saint Mary-of-the-Wasatch | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°44′23″N 111°48′40″W / 40.7398°N 111.8112°W / 40.7398; -111.8112The College of Saint Mary-of-the-Wasatch was a private, Catholic women's college, later St. Mary of the Wasatch High School, located in Salt Lake City, Utah, from 1875 to 1969. It was operated by the Sisters of the Holy Cross primarily as a sisters' college.
The school was located in the eastern reaches of Salt Lake City, in the foothills of the Wasatch Range. In addition to being home to the college and high school, and later a high school only, it also housed a convent. Starting in 1931, it was affiliated with the Sisters-run Holy Cross Hospital nursing college, which itself closed in 1973, a year after the school was demolished in 1972 to make way for a housing subdivision. One of the stone gates of the entrance was incorporated into a house. It is the last place where teenager Reed Taylor Jeppson was seen in 1964.
Its records are held in the Sisters of the Holy Cross Archives in Notre Dame, Indiana.
References
^ "Catholic Diocese of Salt Lake". March 12, 2007. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007.
^ "Archived copy". history.utah.gov. Archived from the original on 18 July 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ 15 Bytes (2012-06-07). "Salt Lake Moderns Tour of St. Mary's". Artists of Utah's 15 Bytes. Retrieved 2024-02-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "St. Mary of the Wasatch p.2". collections.lib.utah.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
^ "Memorandum, Salt Lake City Planning Division Community & Economic Development Department" (PDF). Oct 2, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
External links
Sisters of the Holy Cross Colleges
Holy Cross Ministries: History
40°44′23″N 111°48′40″W / 40.7398°N 111.8112°W / 40.7398; -111.8112
This article about a university or college in Utah is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"women's college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"sisters' college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters%27_college"},{"link_name":"Wasatch Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasatch_Range"},{"link_name":"convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Holy Cross Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Cross_Hospital,_Salt_Lake_City&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nursing college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_school"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Reed Taylor Jeppson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Reed_Jeppson"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"}],"text":"The College of Saint Mary-of-the-Wasatch was a private, Catholic women's college, later St. Mary of the Wasatch High School, located in Salt Lake City, Utah, from 1875 to 1969. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emili_Sagi-Barba | Emili Sagi-Barba | ["1 Early life","2 FC Barcelona","3 International career","4 Honours","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Footballer (1900–1951)
Emili Sagi-Barba
Sagi-Barba in 1929Personal informationFull name
Emilio Sagi LiñánDate of birth
(1900-03-15)15 March 1900Place of birth
Bolívar, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDate of death
25 May 1951(1951-05-25) (aged 51)Place of death
Barcelona, SpainPosition(s)
ForwardYouth career
CatalòniaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1915–1932
Barcelona
25
(2)International career1927
Spain B
1
(0)1926
Spain
1
(0)1924–1931
Catalan XI
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Sagi and the second or maternal family name is Liñán.
Emilio "Emili" Sagi Liñán (15 March 1900 – 25 May 1951), was a footballer who played as a forward for FC Barcelona. Born in Argentina, he played for the Catalan XI and Spain national teams during the 1920s and 1930s. He was the son of Emilio Sagi Barba, the Catalan baritone singer, and Concepción Liñán Pelegrí, a dancer, and as a result, was widely referred to as Sagi-Barba (father's surnames together in a single surname).
During his playing career he played 455 games and scored 134 goals for FC Barcelona and is best remembered for forming a successful partnership with Paulino Alcántara. Together with Josep Samitier, Ricardo Zamora, Félix Sesúmaga and, later, Franz Platko they were prominent members of the successful FC Barcelona team coached by Jack Greenwell.
His younger brother, Luís Sagi Vela, followed in his father's footsteps and also became a successful baritone singer. His son, Victor Sagi, later ran one of the biggest advertising agencies in Spain and in 1978 announced his candidacy for the presidency of FC Barcelona, but withdrew before the election was held.
Early life
Sagi-Barba was born in Bolívar, Buenos Aires, Argentina, where his father regularly toured and performed, but returned to Catalonia when he was three. He was educated at the Colegio Condal and Colegio Bonanova and his childhood friends included Salvador Dalí and Josep Samitier. During holidays at the Catalan resort of Cadaqués, the trio played football together. He also played football at school and as a junior with FC Catalònia, before joining FC Barcelona in 1915.
FC Barcelona
FC Barcelona 1928-1929
In 1917, as a 17-year-old, Sagi-Barba made his senior debut with FC Barcelona and during the 1918–19 season he helped the team win the Championat de Catalunya. In 1919 he left FC Barcelona to study in Terrassa. After getting married, he briefly retired from the game. However in 1922 he rejoined FC Barcelona and embarked on a successful career which saw him win ten Championats de Catalunya, four Copa del Rey and the inaugural La Liga.
International career
Between 1922 and 1936 Sagi-Barba played at least 15 games and scored at least 5 goals for the Catalan XI. However, records from the era do not always include accurate statistics and he may have played and scored more. Together with Paulino Alcántara, Josep Samitier and Ricardo Zamora he helped the Catalan XI win an inter-regional competition, the Prince of Asturias Cup, twice during the 1920s. In the 1924 final, he scored a late equalizer in extra-time to salvage a 4–4 draw and force a replay, in which he helped the Catalan XI win 3–2. He also played once for Spain, in a 4–2 win over Hungary in 1926.
Honours
Barcelona
Spanish League: 1929
Spanish Cup: 1922, 1925, 1926, 1928
Catalan Champions: 1918–19, 1921–22, 1923–24, 1924–25, 1925–26, 1926–27, 1927–28, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1931–32
Catalan XI
Prince of Asturias Cup: 1923–24, 1926
See also
List of Spain international footballers born outside Spain
References
^ Martín Otín, José Antonio (2011). "Un tanguito de arrabal". El fútbol tiene música. Córner. ISBN 978-8415242000.
External links
Emili Sagi-Barba at BDFutbol
National team data (in Spanish)
FC Barcelona archives (in Spanish)
FC Barcelona profile | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Catalan XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Paulino Alcántara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulino_Alc%C3%A1ntara"},{"link_name":"Josep Samitier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Samitier"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Félix Sesúmaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Ses%C3%BAmaga"},{"link_name":"Franz Platko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Platko"},{"link_name":"Jack Greenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Greenwell"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Sagi and the second or maternal family name is Liñán.Emilio \"Emili\" Sagi Liñán (15 March 1900 – 25 May 1951), was a footballer who played as a forward for FC Barcelona. Born in Argentina, he played for the Catalan XI and Spain national teams during the 1920s and 1930s. He was the son of Emilio Sagi Barba, the Catalan baritone singer, and Concepción Liñán Pelegrí, a dancer, and as a result, was widely referred to as Sagi-Barba (father's surnames together in a single surname).During his playing career he played 455 games and scored 134 goals for FC Barcelona and is best remembered for forming a successful partnership with Paulino Alcántara. Together with Josep Samitier, Ricardo Zamora, Félix Sesúmaga and, later, Franz Platko they were prominent members of the successful FC Barcelona team coached by Jack Greenwell.His younger brother, Luís Sagi Vela, followed in his father's footsteps and also became a successful baritone singer. His son, Victor Sagi, later ran one of the biggest advertising agencies in Spain and in 1978 announced his candidacy for the presidency of FC Barcelona, but withdrew before the election was held.[citation needed]","title":"Emili Sagi-Barba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Partido"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Josep Samitier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Samitier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cadaqués","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadaqu%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"}],"text":"Sagi-Barba was born in Bolívar, Buenos Aires, Argentina, where his father regularly toured and performed, but returned to Catalonia when he was three. He was educated at the Colegio Condal and Colegio Bonanova and his childhood friends included Salvador Dalí and Josep Samitier.[1] During holidays at the Catalan resort of Cadaqués, the trio played football together. He also played football at school and as a junior with FC Catalònia, before joining FC Barcelona in 1915.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FC_Barcelona_1928-1929.JPG"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Championat de Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_football_championship"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrassa"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"}],"text":"FC Barcelona 1928-1929In 1917, as a 17-year-old, Sagi-Barba made his senior debut with FC Barcelona and during the 1918–19 season he helped the team win the Championat de Catalunya. In 1919 he left FC Barcelona to study in Terrassa. After getting married, he briefly retired from the game. However in 1922 he rejoined FC Barcelona and embarked on a successful career which saw him win ten Championats de Catalunya, four Copa del Rey and the inaugural La Liga.","title":"FC Barcelona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalan XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Paulino Alcántara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulino_Alc%C3%A1ntara"},{"link_name":"Josep Samitier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Samitier"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Prince of Asturias Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Cup"},{"link_name":"1924 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Prince_of_Asturias_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"}],"text":"Between 1922 and 1936 Sagi-Barba played at least 15 games and scored at least 5 goals for the Catalan XI. However, records from the era do not always include accurate statistics and he may have played and scored more. Together with Paulino Alcántara, Josep Samitier and Ricardo Zamora he helped the Catalan XI win an inter-regional competition, the Prince of Asturias Cup, twice during the 1920s. In the 1924 final, he scored a late equalizer in extra-time to salvage a 4–4 draw and force a replay, in which he helped the Catalan XI win 3–2. He also played once for Spain, in a 4–2 win over Hungary in 1926.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Spanish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Catalan Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_football_championship"},{"link_name":"Prince of Asturias Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Cup"},{"link_name":"1923–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_Prince_of_Asturias_Cup"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Cup#Prince_of_Asturias_Cup_VII"}],"text":"BarcelonaSpanish League: 1929\nSpanish Cup: 1922, 1925, 1926, 1928\nCatalan Champions: 1918–19, 1921–22, 1923–24, 1924–25, 1925–26, 1926–27, 1927–28, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1931–32Catalan XIPrince of Asturias Cup: 1923–24, 1926","title":"Honours"}] | [{"image_text":"FC Barcelona 1928-1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FC_Barcelona_1928-1929.JPG/220px-FC_Barcelona_1928-1929.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of Spain international footballers born outside Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spain_international_footballers_born_outside_Spain"}] | [{"reference":"Martín Otín, José Antonio (2011). \"Un tanguito de arrabal\". El fútbol tiene música. Córner. ISBN 978-8415242000.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C7zKauiqMG8C","url_text":"El fútbol tiene música"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8415242000","url_text":"978-8415242000"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C7zKauiqMG8C","external_links_name":"El fútbol tiene música"},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j11650.html","external_links_name":"Emili Sagi-Barba"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091223041651/http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_jugador.asp?j=578&n=sagibarba%2Femilio%2Fsagi%2Fli%C3%B1an","external_links_name":"National team data"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101202203849/http://www.fcbarcelonaonline.com/sagibarba.html","external_links_name":"FC Barcelona archives"},{"Link":"https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/card/648415/emili-sagi-barba","external_links_name":"FC Barcelona profile"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Walks_Into_a_Bar... | A Man Walks Into a Bar | ["1 See also"] | A Man Walks Into a Bar or A Guy Walks Into a Bar may refer to:
Bar joke, a joke template commonly beginning with "A man walks into a bar ..."
"A Man Walks Into a Bar..." (NCIS), 2011 television episode
"Guy Walks Into a Bar" (Justified), 2012 television episode
"A Guy Walks Into a Bar (song)", 2014 song by Tyler Farr
Guy Walks into a Bar... (album), 2019 album by Mini Mansions
See also
Girl Walks into a Bar, 2011 film
All pages with titles containing Walks into a Bar
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title A Man Walks Into a Bar.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bar joke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_joke"},{"link_name":"\"A Man Walks Into a Bar...\" (NCIS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Walks_Into_a_Bar..._(NCIS)"},{"link_name":"\"Guy Walks Into a Bar\" (Justified)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Walks_into_a_Bar_(Justified)"},{"link_name":"A Guy Walks Into a Bar (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guy_Walks_Into_a_Bar_(song)"},{"link_name":"Guy Walks into a Bar... (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Walks_into_a_Bar..._(album)"}],"text":"Bar joke, a joke template commonly beginning with \"A man walks into a bar ...\"\n\"A Man Walks Into a Bar...\" (NCIS), 2011 television episode\n\"Guy Walks Into a Bar\" (Justified), 2012 television episode\n\"A Guy Walks Into a Bar (song)\", 2014 song by Tyler Farr\nGuy Walks into a Bar... (album), 2019 album by Mini Mansions","title":"A Man Walks Into a Bar"}] | [] | [{"title":"Girl Walks into a Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Walks_into_a_Bar"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing Walks into a Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Walks_into_a_Bar%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/A_Man_Walks_Into_a_Bar&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/A_Man_Walks_Into_a_Bar&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaveer_Wildlife_Sanctuary | Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park | ["1 History","2 Flora and fauna","2.1 Plant diversity","2.2 Mammals","2.3 Birds","2.4 Butterflies","2.5 Reptiles","3 Attractions","3.1 Tambdi Surla Temple","3.2 Dudhsagar Falls","3.3 Devils Canyon","3.4 Tambdi Falls","3.5 Sunset Point","4 Threats","4.1 Three Infrastructural Projects: 2020","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 15°22′25″N 74°15′31″E / 15.37361°N 74.25861°E / 15.37361; 74.25861National Park in Goa, IndiaBhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park
Mollem wildlifeNational ParkMollem National ParkBhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National ParkLocation in Goa, IndiaShow map of GoaBhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National ParkBhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 15°22′25″N 74°15′31″E / 15.37361°N 74.25861°E / 15.37361; 74.25861CountryIndiaStateGoaDistrict South GoaEstablished1978Area • Total107 km2 (41 sq mi)Elevation890 m (2,920 ft)Languages • OfficialKonkaniTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Nearest cityMargaoIUCN categoryIIGoverning bodyGoa Forest DepartmentPrecipitation3,080 millimetres (121 in)
Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park is a 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi) protected area located in the Western Ghats of West India, in Dharbandora taluk, Goa State, along the eastern border with Karnataka. The area is situated near the town of Molem, 57 kilometres (35 mi) east of Panaji, the state capital of Goa. National Highway 4A divides it into two parts and the Mormugao - Londa railway line passes through the area. It is located between 15°15"30' to 15°29"30' N and 74°10"15' to 74°20"15' E. It contains several important temples dating to the Kadambas of Goa, and home to waterfalls, such as Dudhsagar Falls and Tambdi Falls. The parkland is also home to a community of nomadic buffalo herders known as the Dhangar.
History
This area was first known as Mollem Game Sanctuary. It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1969 and renamed as Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary. The core area of the sanctuary covering 107 square kilometres (41 sq mi) was notified as Mollem National Park in 1978.
Flora and fauna
This sanctuary contains pristine vegetation classified as West Coast tropical evergreen forests, West Coast semi-evergreen forests and moist deciduous forests. The evergreen forests are mainly seen at higher altitudes and along the river banks. The predominant species are Terminalia, Lagerstroemia, Xylia and Dalbergia. The forest canopy is almost closed and the availability of grass is very limited. There are several perennial water sources in the sanctuary and the availability of water is not a limiting factor for wildlife.
Plant diversity
Bhagwan Mahaveer National Park and surrounding area harbors 722 species of flowering plants in wild belonging to 492 genera and 122 families. 128 species of endemic plants either endemic to Western Ghats, Peninsular India or India occur in the National Park. Two recently described taxa viz. Glyphochloa veldkampii M. A. Fonseca et Janarth. and Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. var. anmodensis Sivad. & Jaleel are strictly restricted to the National Park. Additionally 37 species of Pteridophytes are also found in the National Park.
Mammals
Wild mammals recorded in the sanctuary include the leopard (particularly the black variant), barking deer, Bengal tiger, bonnet macaque, common langur, civet, flying squirrel, gaur, Malabar giant squirrel, mouse deer, pangolin, porcupine, slender loris, sambar, spotted deer, wild boar and wild dog.
In May 2019, two tigers from Karnataka were photographed by camera traps in the park, and a tigress and her cubs were photographed in Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary, the first sightings in Goa since 2013.
Birds
Popular birds which can be seen in the sanctuary include: drongo, emerald dove, fairy bluebird, golden oriole, greater Indian hornbill, Indian black woodpecker, Malabar grey hornbill, Malabar pied hornbill, grey-headed myna, grey jungle fowl, large green barbet, paradise flycatcher, racket-tailed drongo, ruby-throated yellow bulbul (the Goa state bird), shrikes, three-toed kingfisher, Sri Lanka frogmouth, wagtails. This sanctuary contains quite a few birds which are endemic to the Indian subcontinent, specifically southern India.
Butterflies
Some of the many interesting butterfly specimens in the area are: blue Mormon, common Jezebel, common Mormon, common mime, plum Judy, common wanderer, crimson rose, lime butterfly, plain tiger, southern birdwing and tailed jay and one of the most common is the Pygmy scrub-hopper. It also has endemic species like Malabar tree nymph and Tamil yoeman.
Reptiles
This sanctuary is famous for its snakes, particularly the king cobra. It is also home to bronzeback tree snake, cat snake, hump-nosed pit viper, Indian rock python, Malabar pit viper, rat snake, Russell's viper, Indian cobra and common krait,
Attractions
This sanctuary and national park contain several geological, cultural and visitor service attractions that make this largest protected area in Goa a popular visitor destination.
Tambdi Surla Temple
Main article: Mahadev Temple, Tambdi Surla
The Mahadev Temple, attributed to the Kadambas of Goa
This small but exquisite 12th-century Shiva temple of the Lord Mahadeva is an active place or worship, located 13 km (8.1 mi) east of Bolcornem village, past the end of a single lane paved road in the northern region of the park. The temple consists of garbhagriha, antarala and a pillared Nandi mandapa built of basalt. The four pillars, embellished with intricate carvings of elephants and chains support a stone ceiling decorated with finely carved lotus flowers of the Ashtoken variety.
Dudhsagar Falls
Main article: Dudhsagar Falls
Dudhsagar Falls (literally Sea of Milk) is a tiered waterfall located high up on the Mandovi River at the Karnataka border in the southwest part of the park, 10 km (6.2 mi) upstream from Collem Village. At 310 m (1,020 ft), it is Goa's tallest waterfall, India's fifth tallest, and is 227th in the world A viaduct of the South Western Railways passes spectacularly through the waterfalls. This popular destination may be reached by hiking along the 10 km one lane dirt road or hiring a 4-wheel drive vehicle at Collem. Access is dangerous and restricted during the monsoon season of June to September.
Dudhsagar Falls
Dudhsagar Waterfalls in August
Train passing next to the Dudhsagar Falls
Lower half of Dudhsagar Falls
Devils Canyon
This is an eerie canyon of water carved crevises downstream from Dudh Sagar Falls, created from solid rock by serpentine underwater currents. It is just off the main trail soon past the Collem entry point.
Tambdi Falls
Tambdi Waterfall
This waterfall, located about 2 km southwest of Tambdi Surla, at the Karnataka border, is equally spectacular and only slightly less tall than Dudsagar Falls, however it is rarely visited because of its difficult access by a steep, winding and irregular rocky path. A local guide is required.
Sunset Point
This point provides a scenic view of the park, revealing an expanse of closed canopy treetops. It can be reached by park vehicles, hired at Mollem check-point, driving along a zig-zagging road carved from the mountain.
Threats
This protected area is threatened by extensive surface mining and transport of manganese and iron ores. A serious threat is the deposit of toxic wastes. In 2006, nearly 13 truckloads of sponge iron by-products had been dumped in the Mollem Wildlife Sanctuary and at Anmod Ghat, The settlement of private rights and concessions has still not been done away with. Some private lands are still within the sanctuary and need to be acquired in due course of time.
Three Infrastructural Projects: 2020
In December 2019, a newly constituted State Wildlife Advisory Board (SWLAB) met for approximately an hour. They discussed many projects, including the doubling of the railway line, a transmission line and a highway expansion proposal that would affect the Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary.
The projects first came into public view when a wildlife scientist wrote a cover-story in The Hindu in May 2020 that pointed out that two of these projects- the transmission line and the highway, were cleared during the lockdown. These projects would require the felling of at least 91 hectares (9,10,000 square meters) of forest.
On World Environment Day (June 5) 2020, a group of around 150 scientists, academicians, conservationists and concerned citizens from across the country wrote to Union Minister of Forests and Environment Prakash Javadekar. They urged him to reconsider the approvals granted to the three projects that threatened the Bhagwan Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary and the Mollem National Park. By this time, the number of trees to be felled were pegged at 55,000.
During the one day Goa Legislative Assembly session in July 2020, the Chief Minister of Goa, Pramod Sawant, who also holds the forest portfolio admitted that almost 70,000 trees would be cut down for the three projects. A couple of days after the Assembly session, the Leader of Opposition, Digambar Kamat, wrote to the Central Empowered Committee (CEC) of the Supreme Court stating that he was not in favour of the “dubious forest clearances” given to the three projects. He lamented that the projects were being viewed in isolation, instead of as part of Goa's largest protected area.
In October 2020, on a visit to Goa, Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Prakash Javadekar said at a press conference that he was not aware about the opposition to the three controversial linear projects proposed in and around the protected forests at the Wildlife Sanctuary. He said that he had received no written objections to the projects, despite environmental activists and other various groups from the state sending the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change dozens of written representations digitally and by post.
A few days later, Curtorim MLA Aleixo Reginaldo Lourenco sent a letter to the Ministry of Environment, as well as the Goa Chief Minister saying that their feigning ignorance on the protests was disturbing to Goans. He reiterated that numerous Goans including students, teachers, architects, artists, scientists, and travel and tourism operators, had written to him over four months on the issue, and that he had written to the Centre over the issue of Mollem being stripped of its green cover.
Around the same time, noted Konkani writer Damodar Mauzo in a video on Mollem, urged Goans to unite and back the people of Mollem in their fight to save the forests from destruction. In the video, he also recited a poem on the ongoing struggle to save the forests penned by a Mollem local Sharaschandra Khandeparkar.
References
^ S.D. Gad; S.K. Shyama (2009). "Studies on the food and feeding habits of Gaur Bos gaurus H. Smith (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in two protected areas of Goa". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 1 (2): 128–130. doi:10.11609/jott.o1589.128-30.
^ The Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Saligao – Bardez, Goa WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES & NATIONAL PARKS Archived 2016-10-24 at the Wayback Machine
^ (9/10/2005) The Hindu, Bhagwan Mahavir Sanctuary
^ ATREE, Eco-Informatics Center, Bhagwan Mahavir or Mollem Wildlife Sanctuary Archived 2014-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, 2006
^ Datar Mandar & P. Lakshminarasimhan. 2013. Flora of Molem National Park and Surroundings, Goa. Botanical survey of India, Kolkata
^ Datar, M. N.; Lakshminarasimhan, P. (2013). "Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem) National Park, Goa, India". Check List. 9 (2): 186–207. doi:10.15560/9.2.186.
^ Black panther in India
^ a b Kamat, Prakesh (2019-05-19). "Tiger spotted at Goa's only national park". The Hindu. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
^ a b Sayed, Nida (2019-05-19). "Goa's new visitor: Big cat at Molem national park". The Times of India. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
^ "Tigress and cubs spotted at Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary". The Times of India. 2019-05-21. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
^ Forest Dept, Govt. of Goa, Pocket Guide Series to Bhagwan Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary & Mollem National Park
^ Archaeological Survey of India, Sign at location
^ Mahadev Temple, Tambdi Surla Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
^ "World's highest waterfalls". World Waterfall Database. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
^ Harish, Wildlife Institute of India, Case Studies, Status of mineral resources and developments in mining sector: National perspective
^ Protected Areas Update, Iron ore sludge dumped in PAs in Goa, June 2006, (61): 6.
^ Wildlife Division, Forest Dept, Govt. of Goa
^ Velho, Nandini (2020-05-23). "During lockdown, MoEFCC panels cleared or discussed 30 projects in biodiverse forests". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
^ "Scientists, conservationists urge Javadekar to reconsider forest felling for highway, railway expansion". Hindustan Times. 2020-06-06. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
^ "Page 1, The Goan Everyday". The Goan Everyday. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
^ "Kamat takes up Mollem projects with central panel". The Times of India. Aug 1, 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
^ "Javadekar feigns ignorance on protests against 3 controversial Mollem projects". The Goan EveryDay. 2020-10-05. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
^ "In a letter to the Centre, Curtorim MLA slams Javadekar on Mollem protests". O Heraldo. 2020-10-10. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
^ "Mauzo uploads video, recites poem to unite Goans, protect #Mollem". The Goan Everyday. 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
External links
Media related to Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park at Wikimedia Commons
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Authority control databases: National
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"West India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India"},{"link_name":"Dharbandora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharbandora"},{"link_name":"taluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taluk"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Molem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molem"},{"link_name":"Panaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaji"},{"link_name":"National Highway 4A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Highways_in_India_by_highway_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suman-1"},{"link_name":"Kadambas of Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadambas_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"Dudhsagar Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudhsagar_Falls"}],"text":"National Park in Goa, IndiaBhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park is a 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi) protected area located in the Western Ghats of West India, in Dharbandora taluk, Goa State, along the eastern border with Karnataka. The area is situated near the town of Molem, 57 kilometres (35 mi) east of Panaji, the state capital of Goa. National Highway 4A divides it into two parts and the Mormugao - Londa railway line passes through the area. It is located between 15°15\"30' to 15°29\"30' N and 74°10\"15' to 74°20\"15' E.[1] It contains several important temples dating to the Kadambas of Goa, and home to waterfalls, such as Dudhsagar Falls and Tambdi Falls. The parkland is also home to a community of nomadic buffalo herders known as the Dhangar.","title":"Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wildlife sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This area was first known as Mollem Game Sanctuary. It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1969 and renamed as Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary. The core area of the sanctuary covering 107 square kilometres (41 sq mi) was notified as Mollem National Park in 1978.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Coast tropical evergreen forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coast_moist_forests"},{"link_name":"West Coast semi-evergreen forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forests"},{"link_name":"moist deciduous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Ghats_moist_deciduous_forests"},{"link_name":"Terminalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Lagerstroemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerstroemia"},{"link_name":"Xylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylia"},{"link_name":"Dalbergia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalbergia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This sanctuary contains pristine vegetation classified as West Coast tropical evergreen forests, West Coast semi-evergreen forests and moist deciduous forests. The evergreen forests are mainly seen at higher altitudes and along the river banks. The predominant species are Terminalia, Lagerstroemia, Xylia and Dalbergia. The forest canopy is almost closed and the availability of grass is very limited. There are several perennial water sources in the sanctuary and the availability of water is not a limiting factor for wildlife.[4]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Peninsular India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_India"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Pteridophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophytes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandar-6"}],"sub_title":"Plant diversity","text":"Bhagwan Mahaveer National Park and surrounding area harbors 722 species of flowering plants in wild belonging to 492 genera and 122 families. 128 species of endemic plants either endemic to Western Ghats, Peninsular India or India occur in the National Park. Two recently described taxa viz. Glyphochloa veldkampii M. A. Fonseca et Janarth. and Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. var. anmodensis Sivad. & Jaleel are strictly restricted to the National Park. Additionally 37 species of Pteridophytes are also found in the National Park.[5][6]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_leopard"},{"link_name":"black variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_panther"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"barking deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barking_deer"},{"link_name":"Bengal tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tiger"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheHindu_Goa_05-2019-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI_Goa_05-2019-9"},{"link_name":"bonnet macaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnet_macaque"},{"link_name":"common langur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_langur"},{"link_name":"civet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civet"},{"link_name":"flying squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_squirrel"},{"link_name":"gaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaur"},{"link_name":"Malabar giant squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_giant_squirrel"},{"link_name":"mouse deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_deer"},{"link_name":"pangolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin"},{"link_name":"porcupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine"},{"link_name":"slender loris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slender_loris"},{"link_name":"sambar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_(deer)"},{"link_name":"spotted deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_deer"},{"link_name":"wild boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"wild dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhole"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"camera traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_trap"},{"link_name":"Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhadei_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheHindu_Goa_05-2019-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI_Goa_05-2019-9"}],"sub_title":"Mammals","text":"Wild mammals recorded in the sanctuary include the leopard (particularly the black variant),[7] barking deer, Bengal tiger,[8][9] bonnet macaque, common langur, civet, flying squirrel, gaur, Malabar giant squirrel, mouse deer, pangolin, porcupine, slender loris, sambar, spotted deer, wild boar and wild dog.[citation needed]In May 2019, two tigers from Karnataka were photographed by camera traps in the park, and a tigress and her cubs were photographed in Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary,[10] the first sightings in Goa since 2013.[8][9]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drongo"},{"link_name":"emerald dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_dove"},{"link_name":"fairy bluebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_bluebird"},{"link_name":"golden oriole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_golden_oriole"},{"link_name":"greater Indian hornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_hornbill"},{"link_name":"Indian black woodpecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_woodpecker"},{"link_name":"Malabar grey hornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_grey_hornbill"},{"link_name":"Malabar pied hornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_pied_hornbill"},{"link_name":"grey-headed myna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-tailed_starling"},{"link_name":"grey jungle fowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_jungle_fowl"},{"link_name":"barbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalaimidae"},{"link_name":"paradise flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_paradise_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"racket-tailed drongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket-tailed_drongo"},{"link_name":"ruby-throated yellow bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonotus_gularis"},{"link_name":"shrikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrike"},{"link_name":"three-toed kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyx_erithacus"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka frogmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_frogmouth"},{"link_name":"wagtails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagtail"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"southern India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_India"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Birds","text":"Popular birds which can be seen in the sanctuary include: drongo, emerald dove, fairy bluebird, golden oriole, greater Indian hornbill, Indian black woodpecker, Malabar grey hornbill, Malabar pied hornbill, grey-headed myna, grey jungle fowl, large green barbet, paradise flycatcher, racket-tailed drongo, ruby-throated yellow bulbul (the Goa state bird), shrikes, three-toed kingfisher, Sri Lanka frogmouth, wagtails. This sanctuary contains quite a few birds which are endemic to the Indian subcontinent, specifically southern India.[citation needed]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blue Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mormon"},{"link_name":"common Jezebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Jezebel"},{"link_name":"common Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Mormon"},{"link_name":"common mime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilasa_clytia"},{"link_name":"plum Judy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abisara_echerius"},{"link_name":"common wanderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wanderer"},{"link_name":"crimson rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_rose"},{"link_name":"lime butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_demoleus"},{"link_name":"plain tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_tiger"},{"link_name":"southern birdwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_birdwing"},{"link_name":"tailed jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailed_jay"},{"link_name":"Pygmy scrub-hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromachus_pygmaeus"},{"link_name":"Malabar tree nymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_malabarica"},{"link_name":"Tamil yoeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrochroa_thais"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Butterflies","text":"Some of the many interesting butterfly specimens in the area are: blue Mormon, common Jezebel, common Mormon, common mime, plum Judy, common wanderer, crimson rose, lime butterfly, plain tiger, southern birdwing and tailed jay and one of the most common is the Pygmy scrub-hopper. It also has endemic species like Malabar tree nymph and Tamil yoeman.[citation needed]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"king cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_cobra"},{"link_name":"bronzeback tree snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrelaphis"},{"link_name":"cat snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_snake"},{"link_name":"hump-nosed pit viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hump-nosed_pit_viper"},{"link_name":"Indian rock python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rock_python"},{"link_name":"Malabar pit viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_pit_viper"},{"link_name":"rat snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_snake"},{"link_name":"Russell's viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_viper"},{"link_name":"Indian cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cobra"},{"link_name":"common krait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_krait"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Reptiles","text":"This sanctuary is famous for its snakes, particularly the king cobra. It is also home to bronzeback tree snake, cat snake, hump-nosed pit viper, Indian rock python, Malabar pit viper, rat snake, Russell's viper, Indian cobra and common krait,[11]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This sanctuary and national park contain several geological, cultural and visitor service attractions that make this largest protected area in Goa a popular visitor destination.[citation needed]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shri_Mahadev_Temple,_Tambdi_Surla,_Goa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mahadev Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahadev_Temple,_Tambdi_Surla"},{"link_name":"Kadambas of Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadambas_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Mahadeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"garbhagriha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbhagriha"},{"link_name":"antarala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarala"},{"link_name":"Nandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_(bull)"},{"link_name":"mandapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandapa"},{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"Ashtoken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Tambdi Surla Temple","text":"The Mahadev Temple, attributed to the Kadambas of GoaThis small but exquisite 12th-century Shiva temple of the Lord Mahadeva is an active place or worship, located 13 km (8.1 mi) east of Bolcornem village, past the end of a single lane paved road in the northern region of the park. The temple consists of garbhagriha, antarala and a pillared Nandi mandapa built of basalt. The four pillars, embellished with intricate carvings of elephants and chains support a stone ceiling decorated with finely carved lotus flowers of the Ashtoken variety.[12][13]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dudhsagar Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudhsagar_Falls"},{"link_name":"Mandovi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandovi_River"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"viaduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaduct"},{"link_name":"Dudhsagar Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudhsagar_Falls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doodhsagar_Waterfalls.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dudhsagar_Falls_Triplet.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dudhsagar_Falls_triplet,_2009.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Dudhsagar Falls","text":"Dudhsagar Falls (literally Sea of Milk) is a tiered waterfall located high up on the Mandovi River at the Karnataka border in the southwest part of the park, 10 km (6.2 mi) upstream from Collem Village. At 310 m (1,020 ft), it is Goa's tallest waterfall, India's fifth tallest, and is 227th in the world [14] A viaduct of the South Western Railways passes spectacularly through the waterfalls. This popular destination may be reached by hiking along the 10 km one lane dirt road or hiring a 4-wheel drive vehicle at Collem. Access is dangerous and restricted during the monsoon season of June to September.Dudhsagar Falls\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDudhsagar Waterfalls in August\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrain passing next to the Dudhsagar Falls\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLower half of Dudhsagar Falls","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Devils Canyon","text":"This is an eerie canyon of water carved crevises downstream from Dudh Sagar Falls, created from solid rock by serpentine underwater currents. It is just off the main trail soon past the Collem entry point.[citation needed]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mollem_NP_-_Tamdi_Falls.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Tambdi Falls","text":"Tambdi WaterfallThis waterfall, located about 2 km southwest of Tambdi Surla, at the Karnataka border, is equally spectacular and only slightly less tall than Dudsagar Falls, however it is rarely visited because of its difficult access by a steep, winding and irregular rocky path. A local guide is required.[citation needed]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Sunset Point","text":"This point provides a scenic view of the park, revealing an expanse of closed canopy treetops. It can be reached by park vehicles, hired at Mollem check-point, driving along a zig-zagging road carved from the mountain.[citation needed]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manganese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"},{"link_name":"ores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"sponge iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_iron"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"This protected area is threatened by extensive surface mining and transport of manganese and iron ores.[15] A serious threat is the deposit of toxic wastes. In 2006, nearly 13 truckloads of sponge iron by-products had been dumped in the Mollem Wildlife Sanctuary and at Anmod Ghat,[16] The settlement of private rights and concessions has still not been done away with. Some private lands are still within the sanctuary and need to be acquired in due course of time.[17]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"Pramod Sawant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramod_Sawant"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Digambar Kamat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambar_Kamat"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Prakash Javadekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Javadekar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Aleixo Reginaldo Lourenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleixo_Reginaldo_Lourenco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Damodar Mauzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damodar_Mauzo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Three Infrastructural Projects: 2020","text":"In December 2019, a newly constituted State Wildlife Advisory Board (SWLAB) met for approximately an hour. They discussed many projects, including the doubling of the railway line, a transmission line and a highway expansion proposal that would affect the Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary.The projects first came into public view when a wildlife scientist wrote a cover-story in The Hindu in May 2020 that pointed out that two of these projects- the transmission line and the highway, were cleared during the lockdown. These projects would require the felling of at least 91 hectares (9,10,000 square meters) of forest.[18]On World Environment Day (June 5) 2020, a group of around 150 scientists, academicians, conservationists and concerned citizens from across the country wrote to Union Minister of Forests and Environment Prakash Javadekar. They urged him to reconsider the approvals granted to the three projects that threatened the Bhagwan Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary and the Mollem National Park. By this time, the number of trees to be felled were pegged at 55,000.[19]During the one day Goa Legislative Assembly session in July 2020, the Chief Minister of Goa, Pramod Sawant, who also holds the forest portfolio admitted that almost 70,000 trees would be cut down for the three projects.[20] A couple of days after the Assembly session, the Leader of Opposition, Digambar Kamat, wrote to the Central Empowered Committee (CEC) of the Supreme Court stating that he was not in favour of the “dubious forest clearances” given to the three projects. He lamented that the projects were being viewed in isolation, instead of as part of Goa's largest protected area.[21]In October 2020, on a visit to Goa, Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Prakash Javadekar said at a press conference that he was not aware about the opposition to the three controversial linear projects proposed in and around the protected forests at the Wildlife Sanctuary. He said that he had received no written objections to the projects, despite environmental activists and other various groups from the state sending the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change dozens of written representations digitally and by post.[22]A few days later, Curtorim MLA Aleixo Reginaldo Lourenco sent a letter to the Ministry of Environment, as well as the Goa Chief Minister saying that their feigning ignorance on the protests was disturbing to Goans. He reiterated that numerous Goans including students, teachers, architects, artists, scientists, and travel and tourism operators, had written to him over four months on the issue, and that he had written to the Centre over the issue of Mollem being stripped of its green cover.[23]Around the same time, noted Konkani writer Damodar Mauzo in a video on Mollem, urged Goans to unite and back the people of Mollem in their fight to save the forests from destruction. In the video, he also recited a poem on the ongoing struggle to save the forests penned by a Mollem local Sharaschandra Khandeparkar.[24]","title":"Threats"}] | [{"image_text":"The Mahadev Temple, attributed to the Kadambas of Goa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Shri_Mahadev_Temple%2C_Tambdi_Surla%2C_Goa.jpg/250px-Shri_Mahadev_Temple%2C_Tambdi_Surla%2C_Goa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tambdi Waterfall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mollem_NP_-_Tamdi_Falls.jpg/250px-Mollem_NP_-_Tamdi_Falls.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"S.D. Gad; S.K. Shyama (2009). \"Studies on the food and feeding habits of Gaur Bos gaurus H. Smith (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in two protected areas of Goa\". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 1 (2): 128–130. doi:10.11609/jott.o1589.128-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/323/497","url_text":"\"Studies on the food and feeding habits of Gaur Bos gaurus H. 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Retrieved 2019-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tiger-spotted-at-goas-only-national-park/article27175027.ece","url_text":"\"Tiger spotted at Goa's only national park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"Sayed, Nida (2019-05-19). \"Goa's new visitor: Big cat at Molem national park\". The Times of India. Retrieved 2019-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tiger-spotted-at-goas-only-national-park/article27175027.ece","url_text":"\"Goa's new visitor: Big cat at Molem national park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_India","url_text":"Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Tigress and cubs spotted at Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary\". The Times of India. 2019-05-21. Retrieved 2019-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tigress-and-cubs-spotted-at-mhadei-wildlife-sanctuary/articleshow/69419360.cms","url_text":"\"Tigress and cubs spotted at Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_India","url_text":"Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"World's highest waterfalls\". World Waterfall Database. Retrieved 2006-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.world-waterfalls.com/database.php?pageNum_wwdSearch=6&totalRows_wwdSearch=919&s=N&t=H&orderby=height&sortLimit=300","url_text":"\"World's highest waterfalls\""}]},{"reference":"Velho, Nandini (2020-05-23). \"During lockdown, MoEFCC panels cleared or discussed 30 projects in biodiverse forests\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/during-lockdown-moefcc-panels-cleared-or-discussed-30-projects-in-biodiverse-forests/article31649606.ece","url_text":"\"During lockdown, MoEFCC panels cleared or discussed 30 projects in biodiverse forests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Scientists, conservationists urge Javadekar to reconsider forest felling for highway, railway expansion\". Hindustan Times. 2020-06-06. Retrieved 2020-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/scientists-conservationists-urge-javadekar-to-reconsider-forest-felling-for-highway-railway-expansion/story-qtDKH5OCoLHNkNBx2o2EPP.html","url_text":"\"Scientists, conservationists urge Javadekar to reconsider forest felling for highway, railway expansion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Page 1, The Goan Everyday\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crush_(2001_film) | Crush (2001 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Debated title","4 References","5 External links"] | 2001 film by John McKay
CrushPromotional posterDirected byJohn McKayWritten byJohn McKayProduced byLee ThomasStarringAndie MacDowellImelda StauntonAnna ChancellorKenny DoughtyBill PatersonCinematographyHenry BrahamEdited byAnne SopelMusic byKevin SargentProductioncompaniesFilmFourUK Film CouncilSenator FilmIndustry EntertainmentPipedream PicturesDistributed bySenator Film (Germany)FilmFour Distributors (United Kingdom)Sony Pictures Classics (United States)Release dates
19 August 2001 (2001-08-19) (Edinburgh Film Festival)
7 June 2002 (2002-06-07) (United Kingdom)
5 September 2002 (2002-09-05) (Germany)
Running time112 minutesCountriesGermanyUnited KingdomUnited StatesLanguagesEnglishFrench
Crush is a 2001 romantic comedy film written and directed by John McKay and starring Andie MacDowell, Imelda Staunton, Anna Chancellor, Kenny Doughty, and Bill Paterson.
Plot
Forty-something schoolmistress Kate and her two best friends, police superintendent Janine and doctor Molly, live in rural Britain and share their single lives and dating exploits in weekly chats. Kate has recovered from ovarian cyst disease and fears a relapse; she hasn't been dating much. By chance, she meets Jed, a former student of hers, now a handsome twenty-something church organist. To her surprise, she ends up sleeping with him and the two embark on an unlikely relationship that's looked on with suspicion by Janine and Molly. Janine comes to believe in Kate and Jed's feelings for each other. But Molly is still dubious, showing Jed's criminal record and medical history to Kate, bringing adult dates to their dinner parties and taking her and Janine to Paris so that she will go off Jed. Conversely, this brings Kate and Jed closer together and they plan their wedding.
Molly eventually attempts to prove Jed's faithlessness by seducing him, which fails but angers Kate to the extreme. After an argument about how Kate has kept their engagement quiet, Jed is thrown out of Kate's house. He is struck and killed by a passing truck; this unexpected tragedy breaks the three women up, as Kate is inconsolable and Janine blames Molly. Repressed at her home, due to her inhability to continue her work as a schoolmistress Kate, repressed herself out of this world; but, still, is not even capable of using the bathroom without crying and thinking about Jed. Kate reluctantly embarks on a mild romance with a local vicar who has always been in love with her, but when she finally agrees to marry him, she becomes ill at the altar. Molly and Janine take her away, and discover that she is pregnant with Jed's child. She decides to have the baby and raise it on her own, while the vicar meets a woman who was actually excited about him. Also, Janine starts going out with Bill (a robbery suspect) and Molly falls for a pediatrician named Eleanor. The three friends reconcile and continue to share their lives and experiences.
Cast
Andie MacDowell - Kate Scales
Imelda Staunton - Janine
Anna Chancellor - Molly Cartwright
Kenny Doughty - Jed Willis
Bill Paterson - Rev. Gerald Marsden
Caroline Holdaway - Pam
Joe Roberts - Brendan
Josh Cole - PC Darren Blake
Gary Powell - Sergeant
Christian Burgess - Kate's Frenchman
Morris Perry - Bishop
Richenda Carey - Lady Governor
Roger Booth - Hearty Governor
Derek Deadman - Little Crematorium Man
Andrew Bicknell - Mr. Yacht
Matilda Thorpe - Stationer
Debated title
As told by John McKay, the film combines two plot lines which eventually came together. At first he wrote a play which was named "Crush" about an older woman and a younger man.
Later, he met "a set of women doctors who were working too hard to get a date on Friday nights and so would get together instead, drink cheap liquor, eat chocolate, smoke cigarettes and have a competition to decide who was the saddest fucker of the week". This influenced the original play as it "sprouted more female characters" and became a movie script.
McKay, who both wrote the screenplay and directed the film in 1999, wanted to name the film The Sad Fuckers Club, a name which he felt fit the plot line - and which, according to him, Andie MacDowell approved of when offered the role in the film. This, however, was changed after resistance from the financiers and distributors and uneasiness on the part of test audiences, eventually reverting to the original name, "Crush".
Crush met with generally mixed reviews, and has scored an average of 5 out of 10 on review aggregate site, Rotten Tomatoes.
References
^ a b c "Crush (2001)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
^ a b c d e f g "Crush (2001)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
^ a b "LUMIERE: FILM: CRUSH". Lumiere. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
^ "Crush (2001)". BBFC. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
^ a b McKay, John (24 May 2002). "Filming and f***ing". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
External links
Crush
Crush at AllMovie
Crush at IMDb
Crush at Rotten Tomatoes
Crush at Metacritic
Crush at Box Office Mojo
vteFilms directed by John McKay
Crush (2001)
Piccadilly Jim (2004)
Reichenbach Falls (2007)
We'll Take Manhattan (2012)
Not Another Happy Ending (2013) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-2"},{"link_name":"John McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McKay_(director)"},{"link_name":"Andie MacDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andie_MacDowell"},{"link_name":"Imelda Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_Staunton"},{"link_name":"Anna Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Kenny Doughty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Doughty"},{"link_name":"Bill Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Paterson_(actor)"}],"text":"Crush is a 2001 romantic comedy film[2] written and directed by John McKay and starring Andie MacDowell, Imelda Staunton, Anna Chancellor, Kenny Doughty, and Bill Paterson.","title":"Crush (2001 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ovarian cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cyst"}],"text":"Forty-something schoolmistress Kate and her two best friends, police superintendent Janine and doctor Molly, live in rural Britain and share their single lives and dating exploits in weekly chats. 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He is struck and killed by a passing truck; this unexpected tragedy breaks the three women up, as Kate is inconsolable and Janine blames Molly. Repressed at her home, due to her inhability to continue her work as a schoolmistress Kate, repressed herself out of this world; but, still, is not even capable of using the bathroom without crying and thinking about Jed. Kate reluctantly embarks on a mild romance with a local vicar who has always been in love with her, but when she finally agrees to marry him, she becomes ill at the altar. Molly and Janine take her away, and discover that she is pregnant with Jed's child. She decides to have the baby and raise it on her own, while the vicar meets a woman who was actually excited about him. Also, Janine starts going out with Bill (a robbery suspect) and Molly falls for a pediatrician named Eleanor. The three friends reconcile and continue to share their lives and experiences.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andie MacDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andie_MacDowell"},{"link_name":"Imelda Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_Staunton"},{"link_name":"Anna Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Kenny Doughty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Doughty"},{"link_name":"Bill Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Paterson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Gary Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Powell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Morris Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Perry"},{"link_name":"Richenda Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richenda_Carey"},{"link_name":"Derek Deadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Deadman"},{"link_name":"Matilda Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_Thorpe"}],"text":"Andie MacDowell - Kate Scales\nImelda Staunton - Janine\nAnna Chancellor - Molly Cartwright\nKenny Doughty - Jed Willis\nBill Paterson - Rev. Gerald Marsden\nCaroline Holdaway - Pam\nJoe Roberts - Brendan\nJosh Cole - PC Darren Blake\nGary Powell - Sergeant\nChristian Burgess - Kate's Frenchman\nMorris Perry - Bishop\nRichenda Carey - Lady Governor\nRoger Booth - Hearty Governor\nDerek Deadman - Little Crematorium Man\nAndrew Bicknell - Mr. Yacht\nMatilda Thorpe - Stationer","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian20020524-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian20020524-5"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"}],"text":"As told by John McKay,[5] the film combines two plot lines which eventually came together. 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This, however, was changed after resistance from the financiers and distributors and uneasiness on the part of test audiences, eventually reverting to the original name, \"Crush\".Crush met with generally mixed reviews, and has scored an average of 5 out of 10 on review aggregate site, Rotten Tomatoes.","title":"Debated title"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Crush (2001)\". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191018104415/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b85d20bfc","url_text":"\"Crush (2001)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute","url_text":"British Film Institute"},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b85d20bfc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crush (2001)\". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved 26 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/62343-CRUSH?sid=33328e59-e6e0-44f7-a5d4-dc2ad5a4ede6&sr=3.2345061&cp=1&pos=0","url_text":"\"Crush (2001)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films","url_text":"AFI Catalog of Feature Films"}]},{"reference":"\"LUMIERE: FILM: CRUSH\". Lumiere. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=17189","url_text":"\"LUMIERE: FILM: CRUSH\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumiere_(website)","url_text":"Lumiere"}]},{"reference":"\"Crush (2001)\". BBFC. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/crush-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndk1mdg","url_text":"\"Crush (2001)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBFC","url_text":"BBFC"}]},{"reference":"McKay, John (24 May 2002). \"Filming and f***ing\". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,720778,00.html","url_text":"\"Filming and f***ing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191018104415/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b85d20bfc","external_links_name":"\"Crush (2001)\""},{"Link":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b85d20bfc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/62343-CRUSH?sid=33328e59-e6e0-44f7-a5d4-dc2ad5a4ede6&sr=3.2345061&cp=1&pos=0","external_links_name":"\"Crush (2001)\""},{"Link":"http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=17189","external_links_name":"\"LUMIERE: FILM: CRUSH\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/crush-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndk1mdg","external_links_name":"\"Crush (2001)\""},{"Link":"http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,720778,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Filming and f***ing\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonyclassics.com/crush/","external_links_name":"Crush"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v246184","external_links_name":"Crush"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0245407/","external_links_name":"Crush"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/crush_2002","external_links_name":"Crush"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/crush","external_links_name":"Crush"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=crush.htm","external_links_name":"Crush"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Declaration_on_Place | Napa Declaration on Place | ["1 Joint Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin","2 Notes","3 External links"] | The Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin, commonly known as the Napa Declaration on Place, is a "declaration of joint principles stating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names."
The Declaration group brings together a diverse group of wine regions from multiple continents that compete with each other in the marketplace, yet agree that protecting wine place names worldwide is key to future of the quality wine world and to avoid consumer confusion. In 2011, the Declaration group released a poll of 1000 U.S. wine consumers with the following findings:
79 percent consider the region where a wine comes from an important factor when buying a bottle of wine;
75 percent report they would be less likely to buy a wine if they learned that it claimed to be from a place like Champagne, Napa Valley or Oregon, but in actuality was not;
84 percent think that the region a wine comes from is extremely important in determining its quality;
96 percent say that consumers deserve to know that the location where wine grapes are grown is accurately stated on wine labels; and
98 percent support establishing worldwide standards for all winemakers that would require that they accurately state the location where wine grapes are grown on wine labels.
Support for winegrowing place name protection has also been voiced by some of the world's preeminent names in food and wine. The declaration released an open letter on October 19, 2011 signed by chefs and sommeliers lending their support for truth in wine labeling. Signatories included Thomas Keller from Per Se and the French Laundry; Ferran Adrià from El Bulli; Daniel Boulud from Daniel; Gérard Margeon from Alain Ducasse; Wolfgang Puck from Wolfgang Puck Restaurants; Antoine Hernandez from Joël Robuchon; Michel Richard from Citronelle; José Andrés from Jaleo and minibar; Pontus Elofsson from Noma; Charlie Palmer from Charlie Palmer Restaurants and many others from around the globe.
The declaration was signed in July 2005 by five United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions.
The signatory regions from the US were:
Napa Valley
Washington
Oregon
Walla Walla Valley
Willamette Valley
The signatory regions from the EU were:
Champagne
Oporto (the region where Port wine is produced)
Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced)
All wine regions signing the declaration pledged to work together to educate consumers about the importance of place and to protect the integrity of these names worldwide. It is the first such agreement among EU and U.S. winemakers and is seen as a step toward breaking down the "Old World vs. New World" focus in wine, replacing it with one that highlights greater understanding of where wine comes from all over the world.
The list of signatories to the agreement expanded in March 2007 when Sonoma County, Paso Robles, Chianti Classico, Tokay, and the Australian states of Victoria and Western Australia signed the Declaration at a ceremony in Washington, D.C.
In 2010, Rioja and Long Island added their signature to this effort.
On March 26, 2014, Santa Barbara, Bordeaux, and Bourgogne/Chablis became the latest signatories to the movement.
In addition, an invitation has been extended for winemakers from other wine-producing regions to sign onto the agreement.
Joint Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin
The text of the declaration is as follows:
Whereas, it is generally acknowledged that there are a handful of truly extraordinary places on earth from which great wine is consistently produced.
Whereas, the names of these places are printed on labels side-by-side with the names of the producers to identify the origin of the wine.
Whereas, wine, more than any other beverage, is valued based on its association to its place of origin–and with good reason.
Whereas, even before modern technology allowed us to tie specific definitions to the soils, terrain, and climates of noted wine regions, winemakers were drawn to these special places.
Whereas, the names of these places are familiar, and synonymous with quality.
Whereas, we respectfully submit that the place where wine is grown plays a very important role in a consumer’s selection process.
Whereas, we are furthermore united in our belief that the geographic place names of wine regions are the sole birthright of the grapes that are grown there, and when these names appear on wines that do not contain fruit from that region, they lose their integrity and their relevance, becoming merely words.
Therefore, be it resolved that we, as some of the world’s leading wine regions, join together in supporting efforts to maintain and protect the integrity of these place names, which are fundamental tools for consumer identification of great winegrowing regions and the wines they produce.
Notes
^ http://www.protectplace.com/uploads/NAPA_Event_Press_Release_FINAL.pdf Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)
^ http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)
^ http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)
^ http://www.protectplace.com/uploads/sitecontent/March_DC_Press_Release_ABSOLUTE_FINAL.pdf Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)
^ http://protectplace.com.tempwebpage.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration_Release_2010_FINAL.pdf Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)
^ http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-Release-Three-New-Regions-Join-FINAL-3-26-2014.pdf Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)
^ "Ru-Center".
External links
Petition to Protect Wine Place & Origin | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Napa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_wine"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_wine"},{"link_name":"Walla Walla Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walla_Walla_Valley_AVA"},{"link_name":"Willamette Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valley_AVA"},{"link_name":"Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"Oporto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"Port wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine"},{"link_name":"Jerez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera"},{"link_name":"Sherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry"},{"link_name":"Sonoma County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Paso Robles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_Robles_AVA"},{"link_name":"Chianti Classico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianti_Classico"},{"link_name":"Tokay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokaj-Hegyalja"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_wine"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_wine"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rioja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rioja_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_AVA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Bourgogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Chablis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chablis_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Declaration group brings together a diverse group of wine regions from multiple continents that compete with each other in the marketplace, yet agree that protecting wine place names worldwide is key to future of the quality wine world and to avoid consumer confusion. In 2011, the Declaration group released a poll of 1000 U.S. wine consumers [2] with the following findings:79 percent consider the region where a wine comes from an important factor when buying a bottle of wine;\n75 percent report they would be less likely to buy a wine if they learned that it claimed to be from a place like Champagne, Napa Valley or Oregon, but in actuality was not;\n84 percent think that the region a wine comes from is extremely important in determining its quality;\n96 percent say that consumers deserve to know that the location where wine grapes are grown is accurately stated on wine labels; and\n98 percent support establishing worldwide standards for all winemakers that would require that they accurately state the location where wine grapes are grown on wine labels.Support for winegrowing place name protection has also been voiced by some of the world's preeminent names in food and wine. The declaration released an open letter on October 19, 2011 [3] signed by chefs and sommeliers lending their support for truth in wine labeling. Signatories included Thomas Keller from Per Se and the French Laundry; Ferran Adrià from El Bulli; Daniel Boulud from Daniel; Gérard Margeon from Alain Ducasse; Wolfgang Puck from Wolfgang Puck Restaurants; Antoine Hernandez from Joël Robuchon; Michel Richard from Citronelle; José Andrés from Jaleo and minibar; Pontus Elofsson from Noma; Charlie Palmer from Charlie Palmer Restaurants and many others from around the globe.The declaration was signed in July 2005 by five United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions.The signatory regions from the US were:Napa Valley\nWashington\nOregon\nWalla Walla Valley\nWillamette ValleyThe signatory regions from the EU were:Champagne\nOporto (the region where Port wine is produced)\nJerez (the region where Sherry is produced)All wine regions signing the declaration pledged to work together to educate consumers about the importance of place and to protect the integrity of these names worldwide. It is the first such agreement among EU and U.S. winemakers and is seen as a step toward breaking down the \"Old World vs. New World\" focus in wine, replacing it with one that highlights greater understanding of where wine comes from all over the world.The list of signatories to the agreement expanded in March 2007 when Sonoma County, Paso Robles, Chianti Classico, Tokay, and the Australian states of Victoria and Western Australia signed the Declaration at a ceremony in Washington, D.C.[4]In 2010, Rioja and Long Island added their signature to this effort.[5]On March 26, 2014, Santa Barbara, Bordeaux, and Bourgogne/Chablis became the latest signatories to the movement.[6]In addition, an invitation has been extended for winemakers from other wine-producing regions to sign onto the agreement.","title":"Napa Declaration on Place"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The text of the declaration is as follows:[7]Whereas, it is generally acknowledged that there are a handful of truly extraordinary places on earth from which great wine is consistently produced.\nWhereas, the names of these places are printed on labels side-by-side with the names of the producers to identify the origin of the wine.\nWhereas, wine, more than any other beverage, is valued based on its association to its place of origin–and with good reason.\nWhereas, even before modern technology allowed us to tie specific definitions to the soils, terrain, and climates of noted wine regions, winemakers were drawn to these special places.\nWhereas, the names of these places are familiar, and synonymous with quality.\nWhereas, we respectfully submit that the place where wine is grown plays a very important role in a consumer’s selection process.\nWhereas, we are furthermore united in our belief that the geographic place names of wine regions are the sole birthright of the grapes that are grown there, and when these names appear on wines that do not contain fruit from that region, they lose their integrity and their relevance, becoming merely words.\nTherefore, be it resolved that we, as some of the world’s leading wine regions, join together in supporting efforts to maintain and protect the integrity of these place names, which are fundamental tools for consumer identification of great winegrowing regions and the wines they produce.","title":"Joint Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"http://www.protectplace.com/uploads/NAPA_Event_Press_Release_FINAL.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.protectplace.com/uploads/NAPA_Event_Press_Release_FINAL.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"http://www.protectplace.com/uploads/sitecontent/March_DC_Press_Release_ABSOLUTE_FINAL.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.protectplace.com/uploads/sitecontent/March_DC_Press_Release_ABSOLUTE_FINAL.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"http://protectplace.com.tempwebpage.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration_Release_2010_FINAL.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//protectplace.com.tempwebpage.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration_Release_2010_FINAL.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-Release-Three-New-Regions-Join-FINAL-3-26-2014.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-Release-Three-New-Regions-Join-FINAL-3-26-2014.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Ru-Center\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.protectplace.com/page.cfm?pageID=9"}],"text":"^ http://www.protectplace.com/uploads/NAPA_Event_Press_Release_FINAL.pdf Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)\n\n^ http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)\n\n^ http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)\n\n^ http://www.protectplace.com/uploads/sitecontent/March_DC_Press_Release_ABSOLUTE_FINAL.pdf Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)\n\n^ http://protectplace.com.tempwebpage.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration_Release_2010_FINAL.pdf Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)\n\n^ http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-Release-Three-New-Regions-Join-FINAL-3-26-2014.pdf Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release)\n\n^ \"Ru-Center\".","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ru-Center\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.protectplace.com/page.cfm?pageID=9","url_text":"\"Ru-Center\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.protectplace.com/uploads/NAPA_Event_Press_Release_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.protectplace.com/uploads/NAPA_Event_Press_Release_FINAL.pdf"},{"Link":"http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf","external_links_name":"http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf"},{"Link":"http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf","external_links_name":"http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-to-Protect-Place-Press-Kit-October-2011.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.protectplace.com/uploads/sitecontent/March_DC_Press_Release_ABSOLUTE_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.protectplace.com/uploads/sitecontent/March_DC_Press_Release_ABSOLUTE_FINAL.pdf"},{"Link":"http://protectplace.com.tempwebpage.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration_Release_2010_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"http://protectplace.com.tempwebpage.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration_Release_2010_FINAL.pdf"},{"Link":"http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-Release-Three-New-Regions-Join-FINAL-3-26-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"http://protectplace.com/wp-content/uploads/Declaration-Release-Three-New-Regions-Join-FINAL-3-26-2014.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.protectplace.com/page.cfm?pageID=9","external_links_name":"\"Ru-Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.protectplace.com/","external_links_name":"Petition to Protect Wine Place & Origin"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_record | Court of record | ["1 India","2 United Kingdom","2.1 In England and Wales","2.2 In Scotland","3 United States","4 References"] | Trial or appellate court in which a record of the proceedings is kept for use in future appeals
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A court of record is a trial court or appellate court in which a record of the proceedings is captured and preserved, for the possibility of appeal. A court clerk or a court reporter takes down a record of oral proceedings. That written record (and all other evidence) is preserved at least long enough for all appeals to be exhausted, or for some further period of time provided by law (for example, in some U.S. states, death penalty statutes provide that all evidence must be preserved for an extended period of time).
Most courts of record have rules of procedure (see rules of evidence, rules of civil procedure, and rules of criminal procedure) and therefore they require that most parties be represented by counsel (specifically, attorneys holding a license to practice law before the specific tribunal).
In contrast, in courts not of record, oral proceedings are not recorded, and the judge makes his or her decision based on notes and memory. In most "not of record" proceedings, the parties may appear personally, without lawyers. For example, most small claims courts, traffic courts, justice courts presided over by justices of the peace, many administrative tribunals that make initial governmental administrative decisions such as government benefit determinations, and the like, are not courts of record.
India
The Constitution of India, under Article 129 states that the Supreme Court of India shall be a Court of record with powers to punish for contempt of itself. Similarly, Art 215 declares all High Courts of India to be a Court of Record.
United Kingdom
In England and Wales
Courts of record are loosely defined in English law. They have been defined as:
Courts that must keep records of proceedings under the Criminal Procedure Rules 2015
Courts that set precedent
Courts with inherent (ie not specifically given in statute) powers to charge contempt
As such, the following may be defined as courts of record:
Court of record
By which definition
Supreme Court
1, 2, 3
Court of Appeal of England and Wales
1, 2, 3
High Court of Justice
2, 3
Upper Tribunal
2
Employment Appeal Tribunal
2
Crown Court
1, 3
Magistrates' courts (in criminal proceedings only)
1
Under an alternative definition, courts or tribunals may be designated by statute as "courts of record" irrespective of any of the three above criteria, such as the County Court under section 1A of the County Courts Act 1984 or the First-Tier Tribunal pursuant to section 3 of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007.
Using a broader definition, the majority of courts in the UK keep records of proceedings. This includes the county court and most independent tribunals, e.g. the Investigatory Powers Tribunal.
In Scotland
Courts of record are not defined in Scots law.
However, both the High Court of Justiciary and Court of Session keep record of all proceedings and as such may be generally termed courts of record.
United States
"Of record" and "not of record" are two polar extremes of a spectrum, and there is a transition zone between them. Many proceedings have an intermediate character, with some "of record" characteristics but not others. For example, in some agencies of the U.S. government, oral arguments in intra-agency appeals are transcribed by a reporter as a matter of the agency's choice, but since the record is not required by statute, other guarantees of 5 U.S.C. §§ 554, 556, and 557 do not apply. For example, in proceedings before executive branch agencies of the U.S. federal government, fully-formal proceedings of record are governed by the "formal adjudication" or "on the record" provisions of §§ 554, 556, and 557, but informal proceedings or "not on the record" proceedings are governed by § 555.
However, powers available to the tribunal turn on the tribunal having full "of record" characteristics. For example, in many states, statutes provide that the power to fine or imprison lies only with courts of record. Similarly, for a court to punish for contempt, there must be a record of exactly what was said by whom and so the power to punish for contempt requires the tribunal have at least a court reporter taking down all proceedings. The rationale is that criminal penalties or contempt penalties may not be imposed unless there is a right of appeal, and an appeal is only meaningful if the trial-level court kept a record of its proceedings.
In some classes of cases, after a determination by an inferior or lower tribunal not of record, a party may take a first-level appeal to a tribunal that is of record. For example, many government administrative agencies delegate initial decisions to a single person who acts informally, typically with a title like "clerk" or "examiner," such as a Social Security claims examiner or a patent examiner. Then, the agency provides a first-level of intra-agency review before a board of appeals that conducts its proceedings on a more formal basis than the proceedings before the initial hearing officer. In most cases, the first level appeal is "trial de novo" (or a 'hearing de novo'). The intra-agency appeal may be of record or not or somewhere between, depending on the agency. That is not an appeal as such but a new proceeding, which completely supersedes the result of the prior agency determination. Often, the review tribunal will not permit introduction of new evidence, or may have evidentiary rules that are quite restrictive. When the first-level adjudication is made by an executive branch agency, and after all intra-agency procedures are exhausted, it is often possible to go to a court to seek judicial review of the judgment of the agency.
The primary function of the record is to serve as the basis for appellate review of the agency- or trial-level proceedings. The record from a trial court includes the evidence introduced by the parties and some form of record of the proceeding itself, which includes copies of all papers filed by the parties and a transcript of any trial, and it may include an audio or videotape of hearings, appearances, or arguments of motions. Exhibits introduced in evidence are maintained in the court record at least for a certain period of time after the case has been tried, when the evidence may be returned to the parties or destroyed. If either party takes an appeal, the lower court produces a copy certified by a unique seal to authenticate the formal record.
References
^ Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Ed. (1999) ("court of record. A court that is required to keep a record of its proceedings and that may fine and imprison people for contempt. The court's records are presumed accurate and cannot be collaterally impeached. See OF RECORD." In turn, "of record. 2. (of a court) that has proceedings taken down stenographically or otherwise documented <court of record>. See COURT OF RECORD.").
^ Hahn v. Kelly, 34 Cal. 39 (Cal. 1868) ("A Court of record is that where the acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled in parchment for a perpetual memorial and testimony, which rolls are called the records of the Court, and are of such high and supereminent authority that their truth is not to be called in question. In Courts not of record the proceedings are not enrolled. The privilege of having these enrolled memorials constitutes the great leading distinction in English and American law between Courts of record, and Courts not of record, or, as they are frequently designated, superior and inferior Courts.", citations and quotations omitted).
^ In the U.S. some right-wing anti-tax websites refer to an obsolete and imprecise definition of the term "court of record." This alternative definition is incorrect, and any party that relies on it in litigation may risk sanctions.
^ The Thomas Fletcher, 24 F. 481 (D. Ga. 1884) ("Blackstone says that a court of record is ‘a court where the acts and proceedings are enrolled ... for a perpetual memorial and testimony.");
^ For example, Rule 12(a)(1) of the Supreme Court of Delaware is typical of most courts of record: except in the case of a party appearing pro se, every paper must be signed by a member of the bar admitted to that court.
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20240314102333/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/927019/
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20240229011204/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/207538/
^ "The English legal system". ICLR. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
^ Head, Jacob Gifford. "The English Court System: A Complete Diagram". giffordhead.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
^ "Section 1A". legislation.gov.uk.
^ "Section 3". legislation.gov.uk.
^ "Memorandum by the Lord President of the Court of Session and the Senators of the College of Justice". publications.parliament.uk.
^ For example, in the U.S. Patent Office, a review by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board of an examiner's rejection is de novo as a matter of the burden of proof but on a closed record. 37 C.F.R. § 41.37(c)(2).
^ For example, judicial review of decisions of U.S. federal agencies is provided for by 5 U.S.C. §§ 702-706. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trial court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_court"},{"link_name":"appellate court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_court"},{"link_name":"proceedings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_case"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"court clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_clerk"},{"link_name":"court reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_reporter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"U.S. states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._states"},{"link_name":"death penalty statutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"rules of evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_evidence"},{"link_name":"civil procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure"},{"link_name":"criminal procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure"},{"link_name":"attorneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"practice law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_of_law"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"small claims courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_claims_court"},{"link_name":"traffic courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_court"},{"link_name":"justice courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_court"},{"link_name":"justices of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace"},{"link_name":"administrative tribunals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_court"}],"text":"A court of record is a trial court or appellate court in which a record of the proceedings is captured and preserved, for the possibility of appeal.[1][2][3] A court clerk or a court reporter takes down a record of oral proceedings.[4] That written record (and all other evidence) is preserved at least long enough for all appeals to be exhausted, or for some further period of time provided by law (for example, in some U.S. states, death penalty statutes provide that all evidence must be preserved for an extended period of time).Most courts of record have rules of procedure (see rules of evidence, rules of civil procedure, and rules of criminal procedure) and therefore they require that most parties be represented by counsel (specifically, attorneys holding a license to practice law before the specific tribunal).[5]In contrast, in courts not of record, oral proceedings are not recorded, and the judge makes his or her decision based on notes and memory. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope | Penelope | ["1 Etymology","2 Role in the Odyssey","3 Role in other myths","4 Iconography","5 Latin tradition","6 Notes","7 References","7.1 Primary sources","7.2 Secondary sources","8 External links"] | Wife of Odysseus in Greek mythology
For other uses, see Penelope (disambiguation).
Fictional character
PenelopePenelope by Leonidas Drosis, National Glyptotheque of GreeceIn-universe informationTitleQueen of IthacaSpouseOdysseusTelegonusChildrenTelemachusPoliporthes ArcesilausItalusPan (alternative versions)RelativesIcarius (father)Asterodia or Periboea (mother)
Iphthime (sister)NationalityGreek
Penelope. Drawing after Attic pottery figure.
Penelope encounters the returned Odysseus posing as a beggar. From a mural in the Macellum of Pompeii
Penelope (/pəˈnɛləpiː/ pə-NEL-ə-pee; Ancient Greek: Πηνελόπεια, Pēnelópeia, or Πηνελόπη, Pēnelópē) is a character in Homer's Odyssey. She was the queen of Ithaca and was the daughter of Spartan king Icarius and Asterodia. Penelope is known for her fidelity to her husband Odysseus, despite the attention of more than a hundred suitors during his absence. In one source, Penelope's original name was Arnacia or Arnaea.
Etymology
Glossed by Hesychius as "some kind of bird" (today arbitrarily identified with the Eurasian wigeon, to which Linnaeus gave the binomial Anas penelope), where -elōps (-έλωψ) is a common Pre-Greek suffix for predatory animals; however, the semantic relation between the proper name and the gloss is not clear. In folk etymology, Pēnelopē (Πηνελόπη) is usually understood to combine the Greek word pēnē (πήνη), "weft", and ōps (ὤψ), "face", which is considered the most appropriate for a cunning weaver whose motivation is hard to decipher. Robert S. P. Beekes believed the name to be Pre-Greek and related to pēnelops (πηνέλοψ) or pēnelōps (πηνέλωψ).
Role in the Odyssey
Penelope by Franklin Simmons (1896), marble. On display at the De Young Museum in San Francisco.
Penelope is married to the main character, the king of Ithaca, Odysseus (Ulysses in Roman mythology), and daughter of Icarius of Sparta and Periboea (or Polycaste). She only has one son with Odysseus, Telemachus, who was born just before Odysseus was called to fight in the Trojan War. She waits twenty years for Odysseus' return, during which time she devises various cunning strategies to delay marrying any of the 108 suitors (led by Antinous and including Agelaus, Amphinomus, Ctessippus, Demoptolemus, Elatus, Euryades, Eurymachus and Peisandros).
Penelope and the Suitors by John William Waterhouse (1911-1912)
On Odysseus's return, disguised as an old beggar, he finds that Penelope has remained faithful. She has devised cunning tricks to delay the suitors, one of which is to pretend to be weaving a burial shroud for Odysseus's elderly father Laertes and claiming that she will choose a suitor when she has finished. Every night for three years, she undoes part of the shroud, until Melantho, a slave, discovers her chicanery and reveals it to the suitors.
Penelope, bronze by Emile-Antoine Bourdelle
Penelope's efforts to delay remarriage is often seen as a symbol of marital fidelity to her husband, Odysseus. But because Athena wants her "to show herself to the wooers, that she might set their hearts a-flutter and win greater honor from her husband and her son than heretofore", Penelope does eventually appear before the suitors (xviii 160−162) Irene de Jong wrote
As so often, it is Athena who takes the initiative in giving the story a new direction ... Usually the motives of mortal and god coincide, here they do not: Athena wants Penelope to fan the Suitors’ desire for her and (thereby) make her more esteemed by her husband and son; Penelope has no real motive ... she simply feels an unprecedented impulse to meet the men she so loathes ... adding that she might take this opportunity to talk to Telemachus (which she will indeed do).
It is important to consider the alternate perspective of Penelope entertaining, and even enjoying the attention of, her suitors. Italian philosophy historian Giula Sissa offers a unique perspective which supports this idea. The Odyssey allows room for Penelope’s identity free of being Ulysses’ wife. As she awaits his return, she makes a plan to deal with her suitors while also responding to her desires. Sissa discusses how Penelope gives her suitors the opportunity to demonstrate themselves as the best candidate for her attention. Sissa writes,
"Penelope innovates. And she does so because she responds in the same register to the desires of the men who have been awaiting her verdict for three years. This is an erotic desire to which she reacts, first, with seductive wiles of messages and promises, and then by inviting them to demonstrate their excellence, not in terms of wealth and social prestige, but in terms of something extremely personal and physical. In order to please Penelope, they have to be on par with Ulysses in showing the might of their bodies."
She is ambivalent, variously asking Artemis to kill her and apparently considering marrying one of the suitors. When the disguised Odysseus returns, she announces in her long interview with him that whoever can string Odysseus's rigid bow and shoot an arrow through twelve axe heads may have her hand. "For the plot of the Odyssey, of course, her decision is the turning point, the move that makes possible the long-predicted triumph of the returning hero".
There is debate as to whether Penelope knows that it is Odysseus. Penelope and the suitors know that Odysseus (were he in fact present) would easily surpass them all in any test of masculine skill, so she may have started the contest as an opportunity for him to reveal his identity. On the other hand, because Odysseus seems to be the only person (except, perhaps, Telemachus) who can actually use the bow, she could just be further delaying her marriage to one of the suitors.
Gold intaglio ring, Syria, last quarter of the 5th century BC (Louvre Museum)
When the contest of the bow begins, none of the suitors are able to string the bow, except Odysseus who wins the contest. Having done so, he proceeds to slaughter the suitors – beginning with Antinous whom he finds drinking from his cup – with help from Telemachus, Athena and the slaves Eumaeus the swineherd and Philoetius the cowherd. Odysseus has now revealed himself in all his glory (with a little makeover by Athena); yet Penelope cannot believe that her husband has really returned – she fears that it is perhaps some god in disguise, as in the story of Alcmene – and tests him by ordering her slave Eurycleia to move the bed in their bridal-chamber. Odysseus protests that this cannot be done, since he made the bed himself and knows that one of its legs is a living olive tree. Penelope finally accepts that he truly is Odysseus, a moment that highlights their homophrosýnē (ὁμοφροσύνη, "like-mindedness"). Homer implies that from then on Odysseus would live a long and happy life together with Penelope and Telemachus, wisely ruling his kingdom, and enjoying wide respect and much success.
Role in other myths
Penelope also appears in the lost Greek epic Telegony. that does not survive except in a summary, but that was attributed to Eugamon or Eugammon of Cyrene and written as a sequel to the Odyssey. According to this epic, Odysseus had a son called Telegonus with Circe when he was in her island. When Telegonus had grown to manhood, Circe sent him in search of Odysseus. Shipwrecked on Ithaca by a storm, Telegonus misidentified the island and, assailed by hunger, began plundering it. Odysseus and his oldest son, Telemachus, defended their city and, in the ensuing melée, Telegonus accidentally killed his father with a lance tipped with the venomous spine of a stingray.After discovering the identity of his father, Telegonus brought Telemachus and Penelope to Circe's island. Here, Athena ordered the marriage of Telemachus to Telegonus' mother, the enchantress Circe, while Telegonus married the new widowed Penelope. After burying Odysseus, Circe made the other three immortal. According to Higinius, Penelope and Telegonus had a son called Italus who, according to some accounts, gave his name to Italy. This legend inspired Sophocles lost tragedy Odysseus Acanthoplex.
In some early sources such as Pindar, Pan's parents are Apollo and Penelope. Herodotus, Cicero, Apollodorus, and Hyginus all describe Hermes and Penelope as his parents. Pausanias records the story that Penelope had in fact been unfaithful to Odysseus, who banished her to Mantineia upon his return. In the 5th century AD Nonnus names Pan's mother as Penelope of Mantineia in Arcadia. Other sources report that Penelope had slept with all 108 suitors in Odysseus' absence, and gave birth to Pan as a result. This myth reflects the folk etymology that equates Pan's name (Πάν) with the Greek word for "all" (πᾶν). The Odyssey carefully suppresses this variant tradition.
Iconography
Drawing of a depiction on an Ancient Greek pottery vessel. Penelope sits before a tapestry on a warp-weighted loom
Penelope is recognizable in Greek and Roman works, from Attic vase-paintings—the Penelope Painter is recognized by his representations of her—to Roman sculptures copying or improvising upon classical Greek models, by her seated pose, by her reflective gesture of leaning her cheek on her hand, and by her protectively crossed legs, reflecting her long chastity in Odysseus' absence, an unusual pose in any other figure.
Latin tradition
Latin references to Penelope revolved around her sexual loyalty to the absent Odysseus. It suited the marital aspect of Roman society representing the tranquility of the worthy family. She is mentioned by various classical authors including Plautus, Propertius, Horace, Ovid, Martial and Statius. The use of Penelope in Latin texts provided a basis for her ongoing use in the Middle Ages and Renaissance as a representation of a chaste wife. This was reinforced by her being named by Saint Jerome among pagan women famed for their chastity.
Notes
^ Odysseus spends ten years in the Trojan War, and ten years travelling home.
^ The Homeric Hymn to Pan is the earliest known example of such wordplay: It suggests that Pan’s name was based on the fact that he delighted “all” of the gods.
References
^ "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Penelope". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
^ Dindorf, W. (1855). Scholia Graeca in Homeri Odysseam. Oxford Academic Press. 4.797.
^ Tzetzes on Lycophron, Alexandra 792
^ Γλῶσσαι.
^ Zeno.org lemma Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine relating πηνέλωψ (gen. πηνέλοπος) and <χην(ά)λοπες>· ὄρνεα (predators) ποιά. ὅπερ ἔνιοι <χηναλώπεκες> Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine.
^ For the mythology of weaving, see Weaving (mythology).
^ R. S. P. Beekes (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill. p. 1186.
^ Homer (2008). "The Odyssey". The Iliad & The Odyssey. Vol. Book XVI. Translated by Butler, Samuel. Penguin. p. 628. ISBN 978-1-4351-1043-4.
^ St. Clair, Kassia (2018). The Golden Thread: How fabric changed history. London, UK: John Murray. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-4736-5903-2. OCLC 1057250632.
^ a b Mackail, J.W. (1916). Penelope in the Odyssey. Cambridge University Press.
^ de Jong, Irene (2001). A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey. Cambridge University Press. p. 445. ISBN 0-521-46844-2.
^ Sissa, Giulia (2008). Eros tiranno: sessualità e sensualità nel mondo antico (in Italian). Translated by Staunton, George. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
^ Knox, B. (1996). "Introduction". The Odyssey. p. 55. translation by Robert Fagles
^ Reece, Steve (2011). "Penelope's 'early recognition' of Odysseus from a neoanalytic and oral perspective". College Literature. 38 (2): 101–117. doi:10.1353/lit.2011.0017. S2CID 170743678. Archived from the original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
^ Austin, Norman (1975). Archery at the Dark of the Moon: Poetic problems in Homer's Odyssey. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 231.
^ Lawall, Thalman; Patterson, James; Spacks (1984). The Odyssey. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. New York, NY / London, UK.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Apollodorus, Epitome 7.37
^ Hyginus, Fabulae 127 Archived 2019-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
^ Pindar. Bowra, Maurice (ed.). Fragment 90.
^ Herodotus. Historíai̯. 2.145.
^ Cicero. De Natura Deorum. 3.22.56.
^ Pseudo-Apollodorus. Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus). 7.38.
^ Gaius Julius Hyginus. Fabulae. 224.
^ Pausanias. Description of Greece. 8.12.5.
^ Nonnus. Dionysiaca. 14.92.
^ Duris of Samos;Maurus Servius Honoratus (commentator on Vergil)
^ Pseudo-Apollodorus. "". In Capps, E.; Page, T.E.; Rouse, W.H.D. (eds.). Bibliotheca . Webster Collection of Social Anthropology. p. 305 – via Google Books.
^ Nelson, Thomas J. (2021-11-30). "Intertextual Agōnes in Archaic Greek Epic: Penelope vs. the Catalogue of Women". Yearbook of Ancient Greek Epic Online. 5 (1): 42–43. doi:10.1163/24688487-00501002. ISSN 2405-450X. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
^ But compare, for an unusual exception, the seated aulos player on the "Ludovisi Throne.
^ Mactoux, Marie-Madeleine (1975). Pénélope: Légende et Mythe. Paris: Annales Litteraires de L'Universite de Basancon. pp. 129–30.
^ Nixon, Paul (1968). Plautus. London: William Heinemann Ltd. She is mentioned in the opening lines of the play Stychus
^ Propertius (2004). Complete Elegies of Propertius. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.see Elegies 2.6; 2.9 and 3.12. Propertius was one of the few Latin authors to mention Penelope's weaving ruse.
Primary sources
Homer, Odyssey
Ovid, Heroides I
Lactantius Placidus, Commentarii in Statii Thebaida
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Secondary sources
Amory, Anne (1963), ‘The reunion of Odysseus and Penelope’, in Charles H. Taylor (ed.) Essays on the Odyssey: Selected Modern Criticism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 100–36.
Clayton, Barbara (2004), A Penelopean Poetics: Reweaving the Feminine in Homer's Odyssey. Lanham, Maryland and Oxford: Lexington Books.
Cohen, Beth (1995, ed.), The Distaff Side: Representing the Female in Homer's Odyssey. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Doherty, Lillian E. (1995), Siren Songs: Gender, Audiences, and Narrators in the Odyssey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Felson, Nancy (1994). Regarding Penelope: From Character to Poetics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Finley, M.I. The World of Odysseus, London. Pelican Books (1962).
Hall, Edith (2008), The Return of Ulysses: A Cultural History of Homer's Odyssey. London and New York: I. B. Tauris.
Heilbrun, Carolyn G. (1991), ‘What was Penelope unweaving?’, in Heilbrun, Hamlet's Mother and Other Women: Feminist Essays on Literature. London: The Women's Press, pp. 103–11.
Heitman, Richard (2005), Taking her Seriously: Penelope and the Plot of Homer's Odyssey. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press. ISBN 0-472-11489-1.
Katz, Marylin Arthur (1991), Penelope's Renown: Meaning and Indeterminacy in the Odyssey. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Marquardt, Patricia A. (1985), ‘Penelope “ΠΟΛΥΤΡΟΠΟΣ”’, American Journal of Philology 106, 32-48.
Nelson, Thomas J. (2021), ‘Intertextual Agōnes in Archaic Greek Epic: Penelope vs. the Catalogue of Women’, Yearbook of Ancient Greek Epic 5, 25–57.
Reece, Steve, "Penelope's ‘Early Recognition’ of Odysseus from a Neoanalytic and Oral Perspective," College Literature 38.2 (2011) 101-117. Penelopes_Early_Recognition_of_Odysseus
Roisman, Hanna M. (1987), ‘Penelope's indignation’, Transactions of the American Philological Association 117, 59-68.
Schein, Seth L. (1996, ed.), Reading the Odyssey: Selected Interpretive Essays. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04440-6
Wohl, Victoria Josselyn (1993), ‘Standing by the stathmos: the creation of sexual ideology in the Odyssey’, Arethusa 26, 19-50.
Zeitlin, Froma (1996). 'Figuring fidelity in Homer's Odyssey in Froma Zeitlin, Playing the Other: Gender and Society in Classical Greek Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 19–52.
Zerba, Michelle (2009), ‘What Penelope knew: doubt and scepticism in the Odyssey’, Classical Quarterly 59, 295-316.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penelope (mythology).
Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Penelope.
Odyssey in English on the Perseus Project
Penelope Unravelling Her Web – a painting of Penelope by Joseph Wright of Derby (from the Getty Museum)
Penelope and the Suitors, a painting by John William Waterhouse; explore other paintings depicting Penelope
vteCharacters in the OdysseyHouse of Odysseus
Penelope (wife)
Telemachus (son)
Ctimene (sister)
Anticlea (mother)
Laertes (father of Odysseus) (father)
Autolycus (grandfather)
Eurycleia (chief servant)
Mentor (advisor)
Phemius (musician)
Eumaeus (swineherd)
Philoetius (cowherd)
Melanthius (goatherd)
Melantho (maid)
Medon (herald)
Argos (pet dog)
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Alcinous of Phaeacia
Antiphates, king of the Laestrygones
Aretus
Arete of Phaeacia
Deucalion of Crete
Echetus
Nestor of Pylos
Echephron
Perseus
Stratichus
Peisistratus
Menelaus of Sparta
Helen
Princess Nausicaa of Phaeacia
Laodamas
Agamemnon of Mycenae
Idomeneus
Mentes
Thrasymedes
Gods
Aeolus
Athena
Calypso
Circe
Helios
Hermes
Leucothea
Poseidon
Zeus
Oceanus
Old Man of the Sea
Suitors
Agelaus
Amphimedon
Amphinomus
Antinous
Ctesippus
Demoptolemus
Eurymachus
Leodes
Perimedes
Others
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Ajax
Anticlus
Antiphus
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penelope (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adolphe_Yvon_Penelope_(cropped_to_image).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fresco_Macellum_Pompeya_06_(cropped_to_scene).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"/pəˈnɛləpiː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"pə-NEL-ə-pee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Ithaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca"},{"link_name":"Icarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icarius_(Spartan)"},{"link_name":"Asterodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterodia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Odysseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus"},{"link_name":"suitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitors_of_Penelope"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Penelope (disambiguation).Fictional characterPenelope. Drawing after Attic pottery figure.Penelope encounters the returned Odysseus posing as a beggar. From a mural in the Macellum of PompeiiPenelope (/pəˈnɛləpiː/ pə-NEL-ə-pee; Ancient Greek: Πηνελόπεια, Pēnelópeia, or Πηνελόπη, Pēnelópē)[1] is a character in Homer's Odyssey. She was the queen of Ithaca and was the daughter of Spartan king Icarius and Asterodia.[2] Penelope is known for her fidelity to her husband Odysseus, despite the attention of more than a hundred suitors during his absence. In one source, Penelope's original name was Arnacia or Arnaea.[3]","title":"Penelope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glossed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)"},{"link_name":"Hesychius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Eurasian wigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wigeon"},{"link_name":"Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"folk etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology"},{"link_name":"weft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weft"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Robert S. P. Beekes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes"},{"link_name":"Pre-Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Greek"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Glossed by Hesychius as \"some kind of bird\"[4] (today arbitrarily identified with the Eurasian wigeon, to which Linnaeus gave the binomial Anas penelope), where -elōps (-έλωψ) is a common Pre-Greek suffix for predatory animals;[5] however, the semantic relation between the proper name and the gloss is not clear. In folk etymology, Pēnelopē (Πηνελόπη) is usually understood to combine the Greek word pēnē (πήνη), \"weft\", and ōps (ὤψ), \"face\", which is considered the most appropriate for a cunning weaver whose motivation is hard to decipher.[6] Robert S. P. Beekes believed the name to be Pre-Greek and related to pēnelops (πηνέλοψ)[7] or pēnelōps (πηνέλωψ).","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simmons_-_Penelope_De_Young_Museum_1991.68_left_side.JPG"},{"link_name":"De Young Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Young_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ithaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca"},{"link_name":"Odysseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus"},{"link_name":"Icarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icarius_(Spartan)"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta"},{"link_name":"Periboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periboea"},{"link_name":"Polycaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycaste"},{"link_name":"Telemachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemachus"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War"},{"link_name":"suitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitors_of_Penelope"},{"link_name":"Antinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinous_son_of_Eupeithes"},{"link_name":"Agelaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agelaus"},{"link_name":"Amphinomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphinomus"},{"link_name":"Demoptolemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoptolemus"},{"link_name":"Elatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elatus"},{"link_name":"Eurymachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurymachus"},{"link_name":"Peisandros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peisander_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penelope_and_the_Suitors_-_John_William_Waterhouse_-_ABDAG003035.jpg"},{"link_name":"John William Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"Laertes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)"},{"link_name":"Melantho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melantho"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine_Bourdelle_-_P%C3%A9n%C3%A9lope_1912_-_Montauban.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emile-Antoine Bourdelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile-Antoine_Bourdelle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackail-1916-11"},{"link_name":"Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackail-1916-11"},{"link_name":"Telemachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemachus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Artemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ring_Penelope_CdM_Luynes_515.jpg"},{"link_name":"intaglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaglio_(jewellery)"},{"link_name":"Louvre Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Museum"},{"link_name":"Eumaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumaeus"},{"link_name":"Philoetius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philoetius"},{"link_name":"Alcmene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcmene"},{"link_name":"Eurycleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryclea"},{"link_name":"olive tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_tree"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Penelope by Franklin Simmons (1896), marble. On display at the De Young Museum in San Francisco.Penelope is married to the main character, the king of Ithaca, Odysseus (Ulysses in Roman mythology), and daughter of Icarius of Sparta and Periboea (or Polycaste). She only has one son with Odysseus, Telemachus, who was born just before Odysseus was called to fight in the Trojan War. She waits twenty years for Odysseus' return, during which time she devises various cunning strategies to delay marrying any of the 108 suitors (led by Antinous and including Agelaus, Amphinomus, Ctessippus, Demoptolemus, Elatus, Euryades, Eurymachus and Peisandros).[8][a]Penelope and the Suitors by John William Waterhouse (1911-1912)On Odysseus's return, disguised as an old beggar, he finds that Penelope has remained faithful. She has devised cunning tricks to delay the suitors, one of which is to pretend to be weaving a burial shroud for Odysseus's elderly father Laertes and claiming that she will choose a suitor when she has finished. Every night for three years, she undoes part of the shroud, until Melantho, a slave, discovers her chicanery and reveals it to the suitors.[9]Penelope, bronze by Emile-Antoine BourdellePenelope's efforts to delay remarriage is often seen as a symbol of marital fidelity to her husband, Odysseus.[10] But because Athena wants her \"to show herself to the wooers, that she might set their hearts a-flutter and win greater honor from her husband and her son than heretofore\", Penelope does eventually appear before the suitors [10](xviii 160−162) Irene de Jong wroteAs so often, it is Athena who takes the initiative in giving the story a new direction ... Usually the motives of mortal and god coincide, here they do not: Athena wants Penelope to fan the Suitors’ desire for her and (thereby) make her more esteemed by her husband and son; Penelope has no real motive ... she simply feels an unprecedented impulse to meet the men she so loathes ... adding that she might take this opportunity to talk to Telemachus (which she will indeed do).[11]It is important to consider the alternate perspective of Penelope entertaining, and even enjoying the attention of, her suitors. Italian philosophy historian Giula Sissa offers a unique perspective which supports this idea. The Odyssey allows room for Penelope’s identity free of being Ulysses’ wife. As she awaits his return, she makes a plan to deal with her suitors while also responding to her desires. Sissa discusses how Penelope gives her suitors the opportunity to demonstrate themselves as the best candidate for her attention. Sissa writes,\"Penelope innovates. And she does so because she responds in the same register to the desires of the men who have been awaiting her verdict for three years. This is an erotic desire to which she reacts, first, with seductive wiles of messages and promises, and then by inviting them to demonstrate their excellence, not in terms of wealth and social prestige, but in terms of something extremely personal and physical. In order to please Penelope, they have to be on par with Ulysses in showing the might of their bodies.\"[12]She is ambivalent, variously asking Artemis to kill her and apparently considering marrying one of the suitors. When the disguised Odysseus returns, she announces in her long interview with him that whoever can string Odysseus's rigid bow and shoot an arrow through twelve axe heads may have her hand. \"For the plot of the Odyssey, of course, her decision is the turning point, the move that makes possible the long-predicted triumph of the returning hero\".[13]There is debate as to whether Penelope knows that it is Odysseus. Penelope and the suitors know that Odysseus (were he in fact present) would easily surpass them all in any test of masculine skill, so she may have started the contest as an opportunity for him to reveal his identity. On the other hand, because Odysseus seems to be the only person (except, perhaps, Telemachus) who can actually use the bow, she could just be further delaying her marriage to one of the suitors.[14]Gold intaglio ring, Syria, last quarter of the 5th century BC (Louvre Museum)When the contest of the bow begins, none of the suitors are able to string the bow, except Odysseus who wins the contest. Having done so, he proceeds to slaughter the suitors – beginning with Antinous whom he finds drinking from his cup – with help from Telemachus, Athena and the slaves Eumaeus the swineherd and Philoetius the cowherd. Odysseus has now revealed himself in all his glory (with a little makeover by Athena); yet Penelope cannot believe that her husband has really returned – she fears that it is perhaps some god in disguise, as in the story of Alcmene – and tests him by ordering her slave Eurycleia to move the bed in their bridal-chamber. Odysseus protests that this cannot be done, since he made the bed himself and knows that one of its legs is a living olive tree. Penelope finally accepts that he truly is Odysseus, a moment that highlights their homophrosýnē (ὁμοφροσύνη, \"like-mindedness\").[15] Homer implies that from then on Odysseus would live a long and happy life together with Penelope and Telemachus, wisely ruling his kingdom, and enjoying wide respect and much success.[16]","title":"Role in the Odyssey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telegony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegony"},{"link_name":"Eugamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugamon"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Circe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe"},{"link_name":"Telemachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemachus"},{"link_name":"stingray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_stingray"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Italus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italus"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"Sophocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles"},{"link_name":"Odysseus Acanthoplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus_Acanthoplex"},{"link_name":"Pindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar"},{"link_name":"Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(god)"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Hyginus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Nonnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonnus"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mantineia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantineia"},{"link_name":"Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_(region)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"folk etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Penelope also appears in the lost Greek epic Telegony. that does not survive except in a summary, but that was attributed to Eugamon or Eugammon of Cyrene and written as a sequel to the Odyssey. According to this epic, Odysseus had a son called Telegonus with Circe when he was in her island. When Telegonus had grown to manhood, Circe sent him in search of Odysseus. Shipwrecked on Ithaca by a storm, Telegonus misidentified the island and, assailed by hunger, began plundering it. Odysseus and his oldest son, Telemachus, defended their city and, in the ensuing melée, Telegonus accidentally killed his father with a lance tipped with the venomous spine of a stingray.After discovering the identity of his father, Telegonus brought Telemachus and Penelope to Circe's island. Here, Athena ordered the marriage of Telemachus to Telegonus' mother, the enchantress Circe, while Telegonus married the new widowed Penelope. After burying Odysseus, Circe made the other three immortal.[17] According to Higinius, Penelope and Telegonus had a son called Italus who, according to some accounts, gave his name to Italy.[18] This legend inspired Sophocles lost tragedy Odysseus Acanthoplex.In some early sources such as Pindar, Pan's parents are Apollo and Penelope.[19] Herodotus,[20] Cicero,[21] Apollodorus,[22] and Hyginus[23] all describe Hermes and Penelope as his parents. Pausanias[24] records the story that Penelope had in fact been unfaithful to Odysseus, who banished her to Mantineia upon his return. In the 5th century AD Nonnus[25] names Pan's mother as Penelope of Mantineia in Arcadia. Other sources[26] report that Penelope had slept with all 108 suitors in Odysseus' absence, and gave birth to Pan as a result.[27] This myth reflects the folk etymology that equates Pan's name (Πάν) with the Greek word for \"all\" (πᾶν).[b] The Odyssey carefully suppresses this variant tradition.[28]","title":"Role in other myths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EB1911_Tapestry_-_Fig._3.png"},{"link_name":"warp-weighted loom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp-weighted_loom"},{"link_name":"Penelope Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Painter"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Drawing of a depiction on an Ancient Greek pottery vessel. Penelope sits before a tapestry on a warp-weighted loomPenelope is recognizable in Greek and Roman works, from Attic vase-paintings—the Penelope Painter is recognized by his representations of her—to Roman sculptures copying or improvising upon classical Greek models, by her seated pose, by her reflective gesture of leaning her cheek on her hand, and by her protectively crossed legs, reflecting her long chastity in Odysseus' absence, an unusual pose in any other figure.[29]","title":"Iconography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Plautus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plautus"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Propertius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertius"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Horace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"Martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial"},{"link_name":"Statius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statius"},{"link_name":"Saint Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jerome"}],"text":"Latin references to Penelope revolved around her sexual loyalty to the absent Odysseus. It suited the marital aspect of Roman society representing the tranquility of the worthy family.[30] She is mentioned by various classical authors including Plautus,[31] Propertius,[32] Horace, Ovid, Martial and Statius. The use of Penelope in Latin texts provided a basis for her ongoing use in the Middle Ages and Renaissance as a representation of a chaste wife. This was reinforced by her being named by Saint Jerome among pagan women famed for their chastity.","title":"Latin tradition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"travelling home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostos"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Homeric Hymn to Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric_Hymns"},{"link_name":"Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(god)"}],"text":"^ Odysseus spends ten years in the Trojan War, and ten years travelling home.\n\n^ The Homeric Hymn to Pan is the earliest known example of such wordplay: It suggests that Pan’s name was based on the fact that he delighted “all” of the gods.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Penelope. Drawing after Attic pottery figure.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Adolphe_Yvon_Penelope_%28cropped_to_image%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Penelope encounters the returned Odysseus posing as a beggar. From a mural in the Macellum of Pompeii","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fresco_Macellum_Pompeya_06_%28cropped_to_scene%29.jpg/220px-Fresco_Macellum_Pompeya_06_%28cropped_to_scene%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Penelope by Franklin Simmons (1896), marble. On display at the De Young Museum in San Francisco.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Simmons_-_Penelope_De_Young_Museum_1991.68_left_side.JPG/170px-Simmons_-_Penelope_De_Young_Museum_1991.68_left_side.JPG"},{"image_text":"Penelope and the Suitors by John William Waterhouse (1911-1912)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Penelope_and_the_Suitors_-_John_William_Waterhouse_-_ABDAG003035.jpg/220px-Penelope_and_the_Suitors_-_John_William_Waterhouse_-_ABDAG003035.jpg"},{"image_text":"Penelope, bronze by Emile-Antoine Bourdelle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Antoine_Bourdelle_-_P%C3%A9n%C3%A9lope_1912_-_Montauban.jpg/170px-Antoine_Bourdelle_-_P%C3%A9n%C3%A9lope_1912_-_Montauban.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gold intaglio ring, Syria, last quarter of the 5th century BC (Louvre Museum)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ring_Penelope_CdM_Luynes_515.jpg/170px-Ring_Penelope_CdM_Luynes_515.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drawing of a depiction on an Ancient Greek pottery vessel. 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Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus). 7.38.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)","url_text":"Pseudo-Apollodorus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)","url_text":"Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)"}]},{"reference":"Gaius Julius Hyginus. Fabulae. 224.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus","url_text":"Gaius Julius Hyginus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabulae","url_text":"Fabulae"}]},{"reference":"Pausanias. Description of Greece. 8.12.5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)","url_text":"Pausanias"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_of_Greece","url_text":"Description of Greece"}]},{"reference":"Nonnus. Dionysiaca. 14.92.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonnus","url_text":"Nonnus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysiaca","url_text":"Dionysiaca"}]},{"reference":"Pseudo-Apollodorus. \"[footnote]\". 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Retrieved 2022-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/view/journals/yago/5/1/article-p25_2.xml","url_text":"\"Intertextual Agōnes in Archaic Greek Epic: Penelope vs. the Catalogue of Women\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F24688487-00501002","url_text":"10.1163/24688487-00501002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2405-450X","url_text":"2405-450X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220509195732/https://brill.com/view/journals/yago/5/1/article-p25_2.xml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mactoux, Marie-Madeleine (1975). Pénélope: Légende et Mythe. Paris: Annales Litteraires de L'Universite de Basancon. pp. 129–30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nixon, Paul (1968). Plautus. London: William Heinemann Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Propertius (2004). Complete Elegies of Propertius. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Method | Twisted Method | ["1 History","1.1 Formation and early years (1998–2001)","1.2 MCA/Geffen and Escape from Cape Coma (2002–2004)","1.3 Hiatus and the death of Andrew Howard (2005–2011)","1.4 Return from hiatus (2012–2014)","2 Members","3 Awards and nominations","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"] | American nu metal band
Twisted MethodOriginCape Coral, Florida, U.S.Genres
Nu metal
alternative metal
Years active1998–2005 (Reunions: 2012, 2014)LabelsMCAGeffenSpinoffsMakeshift RomeoPast members
Derrick "Tripp" Tribbett
Derek DeSantis
Virus
Tony Elchert
Andrew Howard
Ben Goins
Websitetwistedmethod.com
Twisted Method was an American nu metal band. It was formed in 1998 in Cape Coral, Florida, by Mariner High School students Derrick "Tripp" Tribbett, Ben Goins, Andrew Howard and Derek DeSantis. For the latter part of their existence, the band was based in Fort Myers, Florida.
After signing a million-dollar record deal with MCA Records, Twisted Method released their first and only album, Escape From Cape Coma, in 2003. The band subsequently promoted its release with extensive touring, including an appearance on the second stage of the 2003 Ozzfest tour. Twisted Method disbanded in June 2005, following the departure of guitarist Andrew Howard and drummer Ben Goins. On September 16, 2005, Howard was found dead. The band has since returned in 2012 and 2014 for two reunion shows.
History
Formation and early years (1998–2001)
Twisted Method was founded in 1998 after its band members met each other at Mariner High School. In the beginning, when both were 14 years old, Ben Goins ("13EN") met guitarist Andrew Howard, and after hearing about his ambitions to start a band, Goins decided to start jamming with him. Howard would jam with Goins at his house. Sometime after, Derek DeSantis, a friend of the two who hung out while they would jam, decided to become the band's bassist, and pawned off his PlayStation in order to buy a bass guitar. During their sophomore years, the band attempted to recruit a second guitarist, without much success. One of the people who auditioned told the band about Derrick "Tripp" Tribbett, whose parents owned a PA system, and they subsequently went to visit him to use their equipment. One day, Tribbett asked the band if he could become their vocalist, and the band's lineup solidified. The band performed their first show at a Halloween party, and spent the next four years performing locally.
MCA/Geffen and Escape from Cape Coma (2002–2004)
In early 2002, Twisted Method performed a show as an opener for another local band, Cinder, who were doing a label showcase. The band's performance at that show attracted the attention of Cinder's manager, Charlie Pennachio, who subsequently signed the band to his management company, 3Sixty Management. A clause in Pennachio's contract with Twisted Method stated that he would get the band signed within six months. He was able to do it in five, and after the band had performed a number of showcases for record labels, Twisted Method was able to sign a five-year, $5.5 million contract with MCA Records; MCA signed the band without a demo, and solely on the basis of live performance.
In August 2002, Twisted Method travelled to Los Angeles to record what would be their first album, Escape from Cape Coma, and worked on the album until September 2002. The title is a sarcastic reference to their home town, which they described as a place where "old people retire - it's like the walking dead". In preparation for the album's release, MCA bought the band a spot on the second stage of the 2003 Ozzfest tour for $75,000. The album was supposed to be released around May 2003, but owing to MCA's merger into Geffen Records that same month, the album was pushed back to July 15, 2003. Despite rumours suggesting that the band would be dropped, Twisted Method's contract was transferred over to Geffen. Things were looking up when Geffen indicated they would finance a second album, send the group on tour with Dope twice in 2004, and record demos in June with Edsel Dope. Twisted Method toured with Dope and Motograter in 2004 as part of the American Apathy tour.
Hiatus and the death of Andrew Howard (2005–2011)
In July 2005, Twisted Method went on an "indefinite hiatus" after guitarist Andrew Howard and drummer Ben Goins quit the band. Howard left because he wanted to be with his family after becoming a father, and Goins found Christianity.
Andrew Howard was found dead in his bed on Friday afternoon, September 16, 2005, aged 23. His exact cause of death remains unsolved, but a preliminary analysis of his body found traces of methadone, an enlarged heart from cocaine abuse and also a small injury in his larynx from unknown origin.
The remaining Twisted Method members, Derrick Tribbett and Derek DeSantis, quickly formed a new group named Makeshift Romeo. In addition to Makeshift Romeo, vocalist Derrick "Tripp" Tribbett fills in on bass for Dope, and bassist Derek DeSantis has joined the band EkoTren, which toured with Ill Niño. Tribbett also recorded solo material under the stage name Sinister and collaborated with John Rich.
Return from hiatus (2012–2014)
On October 28, 2012, Twisted Method performed a reunion show at the Dixie Roadhouse in Cape Coral, Florida. Tony Elchert of EkoTren and Virus of Dope both filled in for Andrew Howard on lead guitar.
On December 19, 2014, Twisted Method once again performed a reunion show. This time it was at The Buddha in Fort Myers, Florida.
Members
Derrick "Tripp" Tribbett – vocals (1998–2005, 2012, 2014)
Derek DeSantis – bass (1998–2005, 2012, 2014)
Andrew Howard – guitars (1998–2005; died 2005)
Ben Goins (13EN) – drums (1998–2005)
Virus – guitars (2012, 2014)
Tony Elchert – drums (2012, 2014)
Timeline
Awards and nominations
Online Metal Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2003
Escape from Cape Coma
Album of the Year
Nominated
Twisted Method
Artist of the Year
Nominated
Live Artist of the Year
Nominated
Best Newcomer
Won
TwistedMethod.com
Best Website
Nominated
Discography
Studio albums
Escape from Cape Coma (2003)
EPs
Twisted Method (1998)(2024)
Let Me Down
Postal
Get Up
Bombs
Pain
DVDs
Look Inside My Twisted World (2005)
References
^ a b c d e f Sharpe-Young, Garry (2005) "Twisted Method", in New Wave of American Heavy Metal, Zonda Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-9582684-0-0, p. 337-8
^ a b "Reunited TWISTED METHOD Plays First Show In Almost Eight Years; Video Footage, Photos Available", Blabbermouth.net, November 4, 2012, retrieved November 4, 2012
^ a b TwistedTaisha (April 25, 2003). "Metal Refuge Interview - Twisted Method". Archived from the original on December 30, 2003. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ a b c d e f g "Twisted Method / FEATURES : In the beginning..." twistedmethod.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2003. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
^ a b TwistedTaisha. "Metal Refuge Interview - Twisted Method". metalrefuge.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2003. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ a b c "Twisted Method (July 2003)". siN's metal news \m/. July 8, 2003. Archived from the original on August 31, 2003. Retrieved January 4, 2003.
^ a b c Gonshor, Adam (August 25, 2003). "ANDPOP | Interview: Success is Near for Twisted Method". ANDPOP. Archived from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
^ "Musician's mysterious death angers father, frustrates police". Cape Coral Daily Breeze. February 18, 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
^ ""Loud Rock Q&A: Twisted Method". CMJ New Music Report. June 2, 2003. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
^ "Upcoming Priorities for Loud Rock". CMJ New Music Report. CMJ Network, Inc. May 5, 2003. p. 30. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
^ "Upcoming At Retail". CMJ New Music Report. CMJ Network, Inc. July 21, 2003. p. 43. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
^ "Slaves on no Label". siN's metal news \m/. (scroll down). September 20, 2003. Archived from the original on September 21, 2003. Retrieved January 4, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ de Yampert, Rick (August 27, 2004). "Out of a 'Coma': Metal Band Escapes Hometown". Daytona Beach News-Journal.
^ "Bands excited about Apathy tour". Deseret News. October 8, 2004.
^ "For The Record: Quick News On Lil' Kim, Britney And Christina, Nine Inch Nails, Kanye West, Madonna & More". MTV. September 19, 2005. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
^ " "Former TWISTED METHOD Guitarist ANDY HOWARD Dead At 23". Blabbermouth.net. September 17, 2005. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
^ "Twisted Method Singer Leaves, Band Breaks Up". Metal Underground. Retrieved June 9, 2005.
^ Blabbermouth (February 18, 2007). "TWISTED METHOD Guitarist's Death Shrouded In Mystery". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
^ "Former TWISTED METHOD Frontman/DOPE Bassist Releases 'Club Criminal' Video]". Blabbermouth.net. March 7, 2010. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
^ "Concert: Twisted Method". 99xonline.com.
^ "Online Metal Awards 2003". onlinemetalawards.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2004. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
External links
Twisted Method at AllMusic
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nu metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_metal"},{"link_name":"Cape Coral, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coral,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Mariner High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_High_School_(Cape_Coral,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"Derrick \"Tripp\" Tribbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Tribbett"},{"link_name":"Fort Myers, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida"},{"link_name":"MCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Escape From Cape Coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Cape_Coma"},{"link_name":"Ozzfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzfest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SY-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reunion-2"}],"text":"Twisted Method was an American nu metal band. It was formed in 1998 in Cape Coral, Florida, by Mariner High School students Derrick \"Tripp\" Tribbett, Ben Goins, Andrew Howard and Derek DeSantis. For the latter part of their existence, the band was based in Fort Myers, Florida.After signing a million-dollar record deal with MCA Records, Twisted Method released their first and only album, Escape From Cape Coma, in 2003. The band subsequently promoted its release with extensive touring, including an appearance on the second stage of the 2003 Ozzfest tour. Twisted Method disbanded in June 2005, following the departure of guitarist Andrew Howard and drummer Ben Goins.[1] On September 16, 2005, Howard was found dead. The band has since returned in 2012 and 2014 for two reunion shows.[2]","title":"Twisted Method"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mariner High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_High_School_(Cape_Coral,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SY-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"pawned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnbroker"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-5"},{"link_name":"Derrick \"Tripp\" Tribbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Tribbett"},{"link_name":"PA system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA_system"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-5"}],"sub_title":"Formation and early years (1998–2001)","text":"Twisted Method was founded in 1998 after its band members met each other at Mariner High School.[1][3] In the beginning, when both were 14 years old, Ben Goins (\"13EN\") met guitarist Andrew Howard, and after hearing about his ambitions to start a band, Goins decided to start jamming with him. Howard would jam with Goins at his house.[4] Sometime after, Derek DeSantis, a friend of the two who hung out while they would jam, decided to become the band's bassist, and pawned off his PlayStation in order to buy a bass guitar.[4][5] During their sophomore years, the band attempted to recruit a second guitarist, without much success. One of the people who auditioned told the band about Derrick \"Tripp\" Tribbett, whose parents owned a PA system, and they subsequently went to visit him to use their equipment. One day, Tribbett asked the band if he could become their vocalist, and the band's lineup solidified.[4] The band performed their first show at a Halloween party, and spent the next four years performing locally.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"MCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records"},{"link_name":"demo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_(music)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Escape from Cape Coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Cape_Coma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SY-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cape-coral-daily-breeze.com-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMJ-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Ozzfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzfest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SY-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Geffen Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yampert-13"},{"link_name":"Dope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dope_(band)"},{"link_name":"Edsel Dope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsel_Dope"},{"link_name":"Motograter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motograter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Des-14"}],"sub_title":"MCA/Geffen and Escape from Cape Coma (2002–2004)","text":"In early 2002, Twisted Method performed a show as an opener for another local band, Cinder, who were doing a label showcase. The band's performance at that show attracted the attention of Cinder's manager, Charlie Pennachio, who subsequently signed the band to his management company, 3Sixty Management.[4][6][7] A clause in Pennachio's contract with Twisted Method stated that he would get the band signed within six months. He was able to do it in five, and after the band had performed a number of showcases for record labels, Twisted Method was able to sign a five-year, $5.5 million contract with MCA Records; MCA signed the band without a demo, and solely on the basis of live performance.[4][6][7]In August 2002, Twisted Method travelled to Los Angeles to record what would be their first album, Escape from Cape Coma, and worked on the album until September 2002.[4] The title is a sarcastic reference to their home town, which they described as a place where \"old people retire - it's like the walking dead\".[1][8][9][7] In preparation for the album's release, MCA bought the band a spot on the second stage of the 2003 Ozzfest tour for $75,000.[1][6] The album was supposed to be released around May 2003,[10] but owing to MCA's merger into Geffen Records that same month, the album was pushed back to July 15, 2003.[11] Despite rumours suggesting that the band would be dropped, Twisted Method's contract was transferred over to Geffen.[12][13] Things were looking up when Geffen indicated they would finance a second album, send the group on tour with Dope twice in 2004, and record demos in June with Edsel Dope. Twisted Method toured with Dope and Motograter in 2004 as part of the American Apathy tour.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BM2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SY-1"},{"link_name":"methadone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methadone"},{"link_name":"enlarged heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiomegaly"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SY-1"},{"link_name":"Ill Niño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill_Ni%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"John Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rich_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BM1-19"}],"sub_title":"Hiatus and the death of Andrew Howard (2005–2011)","text":"In July 2005, Twisted Method went on an \"indefinite hiatus\" after guitarist Andrew Howard and drummer Ben Goins quit the band.[15] Howard left because he wanted to be with his family after becoming a father,[16] and Goins found Christianity.[17]Andrew Howard was found dead in his bed on Friday afternoon, September 16, 2005, aged 23.[1] His exact cause of death remains unsolved, but a preliminary analysis of his body found traces of methadone, an enlarged heart from cocaine abuse and also a small injury in his larynx from unknown origin. [18]The remaining Twisted Method members, Derrick Tribbett and Derek DeSantis, quickly formed a new group named Makeshift Romeo.[1] In addition to Makeshift Romeo, vocalist Derrick \"Tripp\" Tribbett fills in on bass for Dope, and bassist Derek DeSantis has joined the band EkoTren, which toured with Ill Niño. Tribbett also recorded solo material under the stage name Sinister and collaborated with John Rich.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dope_(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reunion-2"},{"link_name":"Fort Myers, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Return from hiatus (2012–2014)","text":"On October 28, 2012, Twisted Method performed a reunion show at the Dixie Roadhouse in Cape Coral, Florida.[20] Tony Elchert of EkoTren and Virus of Dope both filled in for Andrew Howard on lead guitar.[2]On December 19, 2014, Twisted Method once again performed a reunion show. This time it was at The Buddha in Fort Myers, Florida.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derrick \"Tripp\" Tribbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Tribbett"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(musician)"}],"text":"Derrick \"Tripp\" Tribbett – vocals (1998–2005, 2012, 2014)\nDerek DeSantis – bass (1998–2005, 2012, 2014)Andrew Howard – guitars (1998–2005; died 2005)\nBen Goins (13EN)[3] – drums (1998–2005)\nVirus – guitars (2012, 2014)\nTony Elchert – drums (2012, 2014)Timeline","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Escape from Cape Coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Cape_Coma"}],"text":"Studio albumsEscape from Cape Coma (2003)EPsTwisted Method (1998)(2024)Let Me Down\nPostal\nGet Up\nBombs\nPainDVDsLook Inside My Twisted World (2005)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"TwistedTaisha (April 25, 2003). \"Metal Refuge Interview - Twisted Method\". Archived from the original on December 30, 2003. Retrieved January 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://metalrefuge.com/interviews/tm.html","url_text":"\"Metal Refuge Interview - Twisted Method\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031230204033/http://metalrefuge.com/interviews/tm.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Twisted Method / FEATURES : In the beginning...\" twistedmethod.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2003. Retrieved December 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030801144005/http://www.twistedmethod.com/about/features.asp","url_text":"\"Twisted Method / FEATURES : In the beginning...\""},{"url":"http://www.twistedmethod.com/about/features.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"TwistedTaisha. \"Metal Refuge Interview - Twisted Method\". metalrefuge.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2003. Retrieved January 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031230204033/http://metalrefuge.com/interviews/tm.html","url_text":"\"Metal Refuge Interview - Twisted Method\""},{"url":"http://metalrefuge.com/interviews/tm.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Twisted Method (July 2003)\". siN's metal news \\m/. July 8, 2003. Archived from the original on August 31, 2003. Retrieved January 4, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030831195943/http://www.smnnews.com/twistedmethod.html","url_text":"\"Twisted Method (July 2003)\""},{"url":"http://www.smnnews.com/twistedmethod.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gonshor, Adam (August 25, 2003). \"ANDPOP | Interview: Success is Near for Twisted Method\". ANDPOP. Archived from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171007221232/http://www.andpop.com/2003/08/25/interview-success-is-near-for-twisted-method/","url_text":"\"ANDPOP | Interview: Success is Near for Twisted Method\""},{"url":"http://www.andpop.com/2003/08/25/interview-success-is-near-for-twisted-method/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Musician's mysterious death angers father, frustrates police\". Cape Coral Daily Breeze. February 18, 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929193824/http://www.cape-coral-daily-breeze.com/include/articles.asp?articleID=8130","url_text":"\"Musician's mysterious death angers father, frustrates police\""},{"url":"http://www.cape-coral-daily-breeze.com/include/articles.asp?articleID=8130","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Loud Rock Q&A: Twisted Method\". CMJ New Music Report. June 2, 2003. Retrieved June 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QP0B-EHF5ZgC&q=%22twisted+method%22&pg=PA22","url_text":"\"Loud Rock Q&A: Twisted Method\""}]},{"reference":"\"Upcoming Priorities for Loud Rock\". CMJ New Music Report. CMJ Network, Inc. May 5, 2003. p. 30. Retrieved January 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FTbQBOdXnREC&dq=twisted+method&pg=PA30","url_text":"\"Upcoming Priorities for Loud Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMJ_New_Music_Report","url_text":"CMJ New Music Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Upcoming At Retail\". CMJ New Music Report. CMJ Network, Inc. July 21, 2003. p. 43. Retrieved January 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ghGxEXpetmAC&dq=twisted+method+escape+from+cape+coma&pg=PA43","url_text":"\"Upcoming At Retail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMJ_New_Music_Report","url_text":"CMJ New Music Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Slaves on no Label\". siN's metal news \\m/. (scroll down). September 20, 2003. Archived from the original on September 21, 2003. Retrieved January 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030921223705/http://www.smnnews.com:80/","url_text":"\"Slaves on no Label\""},{"url":"http://www.smnnews.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"de Yampert, Rick (August 27, 2004). \"Out of a 'Coma': Metal Band Escapes Hometown\". Daytona Beach News-Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_Beach_News-Journal","url_text":"Daytona Beach News-Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Bands excited about Apathy tour\". Deseret News. October 8, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"For The Record: Quick News On Lil' Kim, Britney And Christina, Nine Inch Nails, Kanye West, Madonna & More\". MTV. September 19, 2005. Retrieved June 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1509887/20050919/lil_kim.jhtml?headlines=truersspartner=unknown","url_text":"\"For The Record: Quick News On Lil' Kim, Britney And Christina, Nine Inch Nails, Kanye West, Madonna & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Former TWISTED METHOD Guitarist ANDY HOWARD Dead At 23\". Blabbermouth.net. September 17, 2005. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606140831/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=41838","url_text":"\"Former TWISTED METHOD Guitarist ANDY HOWARD Dead At 23\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"},{"url":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=41838","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Twisted Method Singer Leaves, Band Breaks Up\". Metal Underground. Retrieved June 9, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=13958","url_text":"\"Twisted Method Singer Leaves, Band Breaks Up\""}]},{"reference":"Blabbermouth (February 18, 2007). \"TWISTED METHOD Guitarist's Death Shrouded In Mystery\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved December 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/twisted-method-guitarist-s-death-shrouded-in-mystery/","url_text":"\"TWISTED METHOD Guitarist's Death Shrouded In Mystery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former TWISTED METHOD Frontman/DOPE Bassist Releases 'Club Criminal' Video]\". Blabbermouth.net. March 7, 2010. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606140612/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=136276","url_text":"\"Former TWISTED METHOD Frontman/DOPE Bassist Releases 'Club Criminal' Video]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"},{"url":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=136276","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Concert: Twisted Method\". 99xonline.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://99xonline.com/concert/twisted-method","url_text":"\"Concert: Twisted Method\""}]},{"reference":"\"Online Metal Awards 2003\". onlinemetalawards.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2004. Retrieved January 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040322115956/http://www.onlinemetalawards.com/","url_text":"\"Online Metal Awards 2003\""},{"url":"http://www.onlinemetalawards.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://twistedmethod.com/","external_links_name":"twistedmethod.com"},{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=181778","external_links_name":"Reunited TWISTED METHOD Plays First Show In Almost Eight Years; Video Footage, Photos Available"},{"Link":"http://metalrefuge.com/interviews/tm.html","external_links_name":"\"Metal Refuge Interview - Twisted Method\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031230204033/http://metalrefuge.com/interviews/tm.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030801144005/http://www.twistedmethod.com/about/features.asp","external_links_name":"\"Twisted Method / FEATURES : In the beginning...\""},{"Link":"http://www.twistedmethod.com/about/features.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031230204033/http://metalrefuge.com/interviews/tm.html","external_links_name":"\"Metal Refuge Interview - Twisted Method\""},{"Link":"http://metalrefuge.com/interviews/tm.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030831195943/http://www.smnnews.com/twistedmethod.html","external_links_name":"\"Twisted Method (July 2003)\""},{"Link":"http://www.smnnews.com/twistedmethod.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171007221232/http://www.andpop.com/2003/08/25/interview-success-is-near-for-twisted-method/","external_links_name":"\"ANDPOP | Interview: Success is Near for Twisted Method\""},{"Link":"http://www.andpop.com/2003/08/25/interview-success-is-near-for-twisted-method/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929193824/http://www.cape-coral-daily-breeze.com/include/articles.asp?articleID=8130","external_links_name":"\"Musician's mysterious death angers father, frustrates police\""},{"Link":"http://www.cape-coral-daily-breeze.com/include/articles.asp?articleID=8130","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QP0B-EHF5ZgC&q=%22twisted+method%22&pg=PA22","external_links_name":"\"Loud Rock Q&A: Twisted Method\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FTbQBOdXnREC&dq=twisted+method&pg=PA30","external_links_name":"\"Upcoming Priorities for Loud Rock\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ghGxEXpetmAC&dq=twisted+method+escape+from+cape+coma&pg=PA43","external_links_name":"\"Upcoming At Retail\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030921223705/http://www.smnnews.com:80/","external_links_name":"\"Slaves on no Label\""},{"Link":"http://www.smnnews.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1509887/20050919/lil_kim.jhtml?headlines=truersspartner=unknown","external_links_name":"\"For The Record: Quick News On Lil' Kim, Britney And Christina, Nine Inch Nails, Kanye West, Madonna & More\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606140831/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=41838","external_links_name":"\"Former TWISTED METHOD Guitarist ANDY HOWARD Dead At 23\""},{"Link":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=41838","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=13958","external_links_name":"\"Twisted Method Singer Leaves, Band Breaks Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/twisted-method-guitarist-s-death-shrouded-in-mystery/","external_links_name":"\"TWISTED METHOD Guitarist's Death Shrouded In Mystery\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606140612/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=136276","external_links_name":"\"Former TWISTED METHOD Frontman/DOPE Bassist Releases 'Club Criminal' Video]\""},{"Link":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=136276","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://99xonline.com/concert/twisted-method","external_links_name":"\"Concert: Twisted Method\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040322115956/http://www.onlinemetalawards.com/","external_links_name":"\"Online Metal Awards 2003\""},{"Link":"http://www.onlinemetalawards.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p561135","external_links_name":"Twisted Method"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/961e07f3-8e35-4df0-bcdd-14819d0a6a0d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aekjeot | Jeotgal | ["1 History","2 Types","2.1 Fish (fish innards and roe)","2.2 Shellfish and other marine animals","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References"] | Korean salted seafood category
JeotgalUpper: changnan-jeot (salted pollock tripe)Lower: pouring aekjeot (liquid jeot) on scallionsAlternative namesJeot, salted seafoodCourseBanchanPlace of originKoreaAssociated cuisineKorean cuisineMain ingredientsSeafood, saltSimilar dishesShiokara Media: Jeotgal
Korean nameHangul젓 / 젓갈Hanja(none)Revised Romanizationjeot / jeotgalMcCune–Reischauerchŏt / chŏtkalIPA / Liquid jeotgalHangul액젓Hanja液젓Revised RomanizationaekjeotMcCune–ReischaueraekchŏtIPA
This article is part of a series onKorean cuisine한국 요리조선 료리
Staples
Bap
Bibimbap
Bokkeum-bap
Gukbap
Juk
Mieum
Guksu
Naengmyeon
Mandu
AncillariesPickled dishes
Jangajji
Jeotgal
Kimchi
Baek-kimchi
Dongchimi
Kkakdugi
Nabak-kimchi
Soups & stews
Guk
Tang
Jeongol
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Banchan
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Jeon
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Gui
Hoe
Jjim
Jokpyeon
Jorim
Muk
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Po
Seon
Ssam
DessertsHangwa
Dasik
Gwapyeon
Jeonggwa
Kkultarae
Suksilgwa
Yakbap
Yeot
Yeotgangjeong
Yugwa
Gangjeong
Hangwa
Yumilgwa
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Taraegwa
Yakgwa
Tteok
Baekseolgi
Bupyeon
Gyeongdan
Injeolmi
Jeolpyeon
Jeungpyeon
Mujigae-tteok
Siru-tteok
Songpyeon
DrinksList of Korean drinks
Cha
Hwachae
Sikhye
Sul (alcoholic drinks)
Sujeonggwa
Condiments
Doenjang
Ganjang
Gukganjang
Eoganjang
Gochujang
Honey
Cheong
Mustard sauce
Oil
Perilla oil
Sesame oil
Ssamjang
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Jeotgal (Korean: 젓갈) or jeot (젓), translated as salted seafood, is a category of salted preserved dishes made with seafood such as shrimps, oysters, clams, fish, and roe. Depending on the ingredients, jeotgal can range from flabby, solid pieces to clear, broth-like liquid.
Solid jeotgal are usually eaten as banchan (side dishes). Liquid jeotgal, called aekjeot (액젓) or fish sauce, is popularly used in kimchi seasoning, as well as in various soups and stews (guk, jijimi, jjigae). As a condiment, jeotgal with smaller bits of solid ingredients such as saeu-jeot (shrimp jeotgal) is commonly served as a dipping sauce with pork dishes (bossam, jokbal, samgyeopsal), sundae (Korean sausage), hoe (raw fish), and a number of soups and stews.
History
Fermented foods were widely available in Three Kingdoms of Korea, as Sānguózhì, a Jin Chinese historical text published in 289, mentions that the Goguryeo Koreans are skilled in making fermented foods such as wine, soybean paste and salted and fermented fish in the section titled Dongyi in the Book of Wei. The first Korean record of jeotgal appeared in Samguk Sagi, with a reference that King Sinmun offered rice, wine, jerky, and jeotgal as wedding presents in 683. In 1124, a Song Chinese envoy wrote that jeotgal was enjoyed by high and low alike in Goryeo. Twenty-four types of jeotgal appear in Miam ilgi (眉巖日記), a 16th-century diary written by a 16th century Joseon literatus Yu Hui-chun, and over 180 types of jeotgal can be found in the coeval books Gosa chwaryo (고사촬요; 攷事撮要) and Swaemirok (쇄미록; 瑣尾錄), and in 17‒18th century books Eumsik dimibang, Sallim gyeongje, and Jeungbo sallim gyeongje.
Types
The types of jeotgal vary depending on main ingredients, regions, and family and personal preferences. In past times, due to the limited availability of transportation, regions near seas had more types of jeot compared to the inland areas.
Fish (fish innards and roe)
Baendaengi-jeot (밴댕이젓) – salted sardinella
Baengeo-jeot (뱅어젓) – salted baby Chirolophis Japonicus(East asian prickleback)
Biut-jeot (비웃젓) – salted herring
Bolak-jeot (볼락젓) – salted rockfish
Byeongeo-jeot (병어젓) – salted silver pomfret
Changnan-jeot (창난젓) – salted pollock innards
Cheongeo-al-jeot (청어알젓) – salted herring roe
Daegu-al-jeot (대구알젓) – salted cod roe
Daegu-iri-jeot (대구이리젓) – salted cod milt
Daechang-jeot (대창젓) – salted cod innards
Domi-jeot (도미젓) – salted sea bream
Dorumuk-jeot (도루묵젓) – salted sandfish
Euneo-al-jeot (은어알젓) – salted sweetfish roe
Gajami-jeot (가자미젓) – salted righteye flounder
Galchi-jeot (갈치젓) – salted hairtail
Galchi-sok-jeot (갈치속젓) – salted hairtail innards
Gangdari-jeot (강달이젓) – salted Collichthys niveatus(bighead croakerspecies under the family Sciaenidae)
Godeungeo-naejang-jeot (고등어내장젓젓) – salted chub mackerel innards
Goji-jeot (고지젓) – salted pollock milt
Gwangnan-jeot (광란젓) – salted olive flounder roe
Ingeo-jeot (잉어젓) – salted carp
Jangjae -jeot (장재젓) – salted cod gill
Jari-jeot (자리젓) – salted pearl-spot chromis
Jeoneo-bam-jeot (전어밤젓) – salted gizzard shad tripe
Jeoneo-jeot (전어젓) – salted gizzard shad
Jeongeori-jeot (정어리젓) – salted sardine
Jogi-agami-jeot (조기아가미젓) – salted yellow croaker gill
Jogi-al-jeot (조기알젓) – salted yellow croaker roe
Jogi-jeot (조기젓) – salted yellow croaker
Junchi-jeot (준치젓) – salted ilisha
kkongchi-jeot (꽁치젓) – salted saury
Maegari-jeot (매가리젓) – salted jack mackerel
Myeolchi-jeot (멸치젓) – salted anchovy
Myeongnan-jeot (명란젓) – salted pollock roe
Myeongtae-agami-jeot (명태아가미젓젓) – salted pollock gill
Nansa-jeot (난사젓) – salted baby sandlance
Neungseongeo-jeot (능성어젓) – salted grouper
Obunjagi-jeot (오분자기젓) – salted baby abalone
Sokjeot (속젓) – salted yellow croaker innards
Sungeo-al-jeot (숭어알젓) – salted mullet roe
Taean-jeot (태안젓) – salted pollock eye
Ttora-jeot (또라젓) – salted mullet innards
Ungeo-jeot (웅어젓) – salted grenadier anchovy
Yeoneo-al-jeot (연어알젓) – salted salmon roe
Yeopsak-jeot (엽삭젓) – salted gizzard shad tripe
Shellfish and other marine animals
Bajirak-jeot (바지락젓) – salted Manila clam
Bangge-jeot (방게젓) – salted thoracotrematan crab
Daeha-jeot (대하젓) – salted fleshy prawn
Daehap-jeot (대합젓) – salted oriental clam
Dongjuk-jeot (동죽젓) – salted astarte
Gaetgajae-jeot (갯가재젓) – salted mantis shrimp
Ge-al-jeot (게알젓) – salted crab roe
Gejang (게장) – salted crab
Geut-jeot (게웃젓) – salted abalone innards
Gonjaengi-jeot (곤쟁이젓) – salted mysid shrimp
Guljeot (굴젓) – salted oyster
Haesam-chang-jeot (해삼창젓) – salted sea cucumber innards
Haesam-jeot (해삼젓) – salted sea cucumber
Hanchi-jeot (한치젓) – salted mitre squid
Haran-jeot (하란젓) – salted shrimp roe
Honghap-jeot (홍합젓) – salted mussel
Jeonbok-jeot (전복젓) – salted abalone
Jogae-jeot (조개젓) – salted clam
Kkolttugi-jeot (꼴뚜기젓) – salted baby squid
Kkotge-jeot (꽃게젓) – salted blue crab
Matjeot (맛젓) – salted razor clam
Meongge-jeot (멍게젓) – salted sea pineapple
Mosijogae-jeot (모시조개젓) – salted venus clam
Nakji-jeot (낙지젓) – salted octopus
Ojingeo-jeot (오징어젓) – salted squid
Pijogae-jeot (피조개젓) – salted blood clam
Saengi-jeot (생이젓) – salted freshwater shrimp
Saeu-jeot (새우젓) – salted shrimp
Seha-jeot (세하젓) – salted glass shrimp
Seongge-al-jeot (성게알젓) – salted sea urchin roe
Seongge-jeot (성게젓) – salted sea urchin
Sora-jeot (소라젓) – salted horned turban
Tohwa-jeot (토화젓) – salted estuarine oyster
Gallery
changnan-jeot (salted pollock innards)
ganjang-gejang (marinated crab)
guljeot (salted oyster)
myeongnan-jeot (salted pollock roe)
ojingeo-jeot (salted squid)
saeu-jeot (salted shrimp)
myeolchi-jeot (salted anchovy)
jogi-jeot (salted yellow croaker)
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeotgal.
Sikhae – Salted fermented fish in Korean cuisine
Shiokara – Japanese snack made of salty seafood
References
^ "Jeotgal". Korea Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 2004-04-23. Archived 2004-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ "jeotgal" 젓갈 . Korean–English Learners' Dictionary. National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
^ "jeot" 젓 . Korean–English Learners' Dictionary. National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
^ "aekjeot" 액젓. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
^ Hui, Y. H.; Ghazala, Sue; Graham, Dee M.; Murrell, K. D.; Nip, Wai-Kit, eds. (2004). Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 190–191. ISBN 0824743016.
^ Chén, Shòu. "Wūwán Xiānbēi Dōngyí chuán 烏丸鮮卑東夷傳" 三國志/卷30. ] 三國志 (in Chinese). Jin China – via Wikisource.
^ Busik, Kim (1145). ] 삼국사기(三國史記) (in Korean). Goryeo Korea – via Wikisource.
^ Xú, Jīng (1124). ] 宣和奉使高麗圖經 (in Chinese). Song China – via Wikisource.
^ Yu, Huichun (1577). Miam ilgi 미암일기(미암일기; 眉巖日記) . Joseon Korea.
^ Eo, Sukgwon (1554). Gosa chwaryo 고사촬요(攷事撮要) . Joseon Korea.
^ O, Huimun (1601). Swaemirok 쇄미록(瑣尾錄) . Joseon Korea.
^ Jang, Gyehyang (1670). Eumsik dimibang 음식디미방 . (in Middle Korean). Andong, Joseon Korea.
^ Hong, Manseon. Sallim gyeongje 산림경제(山林經濟) (in Literary Chinese). Joseon Korea. Archived from the original on 2017-03-28. Retrieved 2020-02-02 – via DB of Korean classics by ITKC. Archived 2017-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
^ Yu, Jungrim; Hong, Manseon (1766). Jeungbo sallim gyeongje 증보산림경제(增補山林經濟) . Joseon Korea.
vteJeotgal
Gejang (crab)
Guljeot (oyster)
Jogi-jeot (yellow croaker)
Myeolchi-jeot (anchovy)
Myeongnan-jeot (pollock roe)
Ojingeo-jeot (squid)
Saeu-jeot (shrimp)
vteFish sauces and pastesFish sauce
Anchovy essence
Colatura di alici
Budu
Cincalok
Garum
Jeotgal
Mahyawa
Patis
Pla ra
Shottsuru
Worcestershire sauce
XO sauce
Fish paste
Anchovy paste
Balao-balao
Bagoong
Bagoong monamon
Bagoong terong
Bekasang
Burong isda
Dayok
Fish paste
Garum
Gentleman's Relish
Jakoten
Jeotgal
Kamaboko
Ngachin
Ngapi
Padaek
Pissalat
Pla ra
Prahok
Shiokara
Shrimp paste
Surimi
Taba ng talangka
Tomalley
List articles
Fish pastes
Fish sauces
Portal: Food | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"preserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservation"},{"link_name":"shrimps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food"},{"link_name":"oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"clams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_as_food"},{"link_name":"roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visitseoul-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BKD_jeotgal-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BKD_jeot-3"},{"link_name":"banchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banchan"},{"link_name":"kimchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi"},{"link_name":"guk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guk"},{"link_name":"jijimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jijimi"},{"link_name":"jjigae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jjigae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SKLD_aekjeot-4"},{"link_name":"condiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condiment"},{"link_name":"saeu-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeu-jeot"},{"link_name":"bossam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossam"},{"link_name":"jokbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokbal"},{"link_name":"samgyeopsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samgyeopsal"},{"link_name":"sundae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundae_(Korean_food)"},{"link_name":"hoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoe_(food)"}],"text":"Jeotgal (Korean: 젓갈) or jeot (젓), translated as salted seafood, is a category of salted preserved dishes made with seafood such as shrimps, oysters, clams, fish, and roe.[1][2][3] Depending on the ingredients, jeotgal can range from flabby, solid pieces to clear, broth-like liquid.Solid jeotgal are usually eaten as banchan (side dishes). Liquid jeotgal, called aekjeot (액젓) or fish sauce, is popularly used in kimchi seasoning, as well as in various soups and stews (guk, jijimi, jjigae).[4] As a condiment, jeotgal with smaller bits of solid ingredients such as saeu-jeot (shrimp jeotgal) is commonly served as a dipping sauce with pork dishes (bossam, jokbal, samgyeopsal), sundae (Korean sausage), hoe (raw fish), and a number of soups and stews.","title":"Jeotgal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Kingdoms of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Sānguózhì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81ngu%C3%B3zh%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"Jin Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"Goguryeo Koreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"Dongyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongyi"},{"link_name":"Book of Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Wei"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hui-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen-6"},{"link_name":"Samguk Sagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samguk_Sagi"},{"link_name":"King Sinmun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinmun_of_Silla"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-7"},{"link_name":"Song Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Goryeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xu-8"},{"link_name":"Yu Hui-chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%9D%AC%EC%B6%98"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yu-9"},{"link_name":"Gosa chwaryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gosa_chwaryo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swaemirok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swaemirok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eo-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O-11"},{"link_name":"Eumsik dimibang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumsik_dimibang"},{"link_name":"Sallim gyeongje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallim_gyeongje"},{"link_name":"Jeungbo sallim gyeongje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeungbo_sallim_gyeongje"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jang-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hong-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yu2-14"}],"text":"Fermented foods were widely available in Three Kingdoms of Korea, as Sānguózhì, a Jin Chinese historical text published in 289, mentions that the Goguryeo Koreans are skilled in making fermented foods such as wine, soybean paste and salted and fermented fish in the section titled Dongyi in the Book of Wei.[5][6] The first Korean record of jeotgal appeared in Samguk Sagi, with a reference that King Sinmun offered rice, wine, jerky, and jeotgal as wedding presents in 683.[7] In 1124, a Song Chinese envoy wrote that jeotgal was enjoyed by high and low alike in Goryeo.[8] Twenty-four types of jeotgal appear in Miam ilgi (眉巖日記), a 16th-century diary written by a 16th century Joseon literatus Yu Hui-chun,[9] and over 180 types of jeotgal can be found in the coeval books Gosa chwaryo (고사촬요; 攷事撮要) and Swaemirok (쇄미록; 瑣尾錄),[10][11] and in 17‒18th century books Eumsik dimibang, Sallim gyeongje, and Jeungbo sallim gyeongje.[12][13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The types of jeotgal vary depending on main ingredients, regions, and family and personal preferences. In past times, due to the limited availability of transportation, regions near seas had more types of jeot compared to the inland areas.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sardinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinella_zunasi"},{"link_name":"Chirolophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirolophis"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_herring"},{"link_name":"rockfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastes_inermis"},{"link_name":"silver pomfret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampus_argenteus"},{"link_name":"pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_pollock_as_food"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_herring"},{"link_name":"roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe"},{"link_name":"cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_cod"},{"link_name":"cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_cod"},{"link_name":"milt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt"},{"link_name":"cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_cod"},{"link_name":"sea bream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagrus_major"},{"link_name":"sandfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctoscopus_japonicus"},{"link_name":"sweetfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecoglossus_altivelis"},{"link_name":"righteye flounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectidae"},{"link_name":"hairtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichiurus_lepturus"},{"link_name":"hairtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichiurus_lepturus"},{"link_name":"Sciaenidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciaenidae"},{"link_name":"chub mackerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scomber_japonicus"},{"link_name":"pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_pollock_as_food"},{"link_name":"olive flounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralichthys_olivaceus"},{"link_name":"carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinus_carpio"},{"link_name":"cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_cod"},{"link_name":"gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill"},{"link_name":"pearl-spot chromis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromis_notata"},{"link_name":"gizzard shad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosirus_punctatus"},{"link_name":"gizzard shad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosirus_punctatus"},{"link_name":"sardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinops_sagax"},{"link_name":"yellow croaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larimichthys_polyactis"},{"link_name":"yellow croaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larimichthys_polyactis"},{"link_name":"Jogi-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogi-jeot"},{"link_name":"yellow croaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larimichthys_polyactis"},{"link_name":"ilisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilisha_elongata"},{"link_name":"saury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cololabis_saira"},{"link_name":"jack mackerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachurus_japonicus"},{"link_name":"Myeolchi-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeolchi-jeot"},{"link_name":"anchovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraulis_japonicus"},{"link_name":"Myeongnan-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeongnan-jeot"},{"link_name":"pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_pollock_as_food"},{"link_name":"pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_pollock_as_food"},{"link_name":"sandlance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoptychus_dybowskii"},{"link_name":"grouper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyporthodus_septemfasciatus"},{"link_name":"abalone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalone"},{"link_name":"yellow croaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larimichthys_polyactis"},{"link_name":"mullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugil_cephalus"},{"link_name":"pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_pollock_as_food"},{"link_name":"mullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugil_cephalus"},{"link_name":"grenadier anchovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coilia_nasus"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncorhynchus_keta"},{"link_name":"gizzard shad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosirus_punctatus"}],"sub_title":"Fish (fish innards and roe)","text":"Baendaengi-jeot (밴댕이젓) – salted sardinella\nBaengeo-jeot (뱅어젓) – salted baby Chirolophis Japonicus(East asian prickleback)\nBiut-jeot (비웃젓) – salted herring\nBolak-jeot (볼락젓) – salted rockfish\nByeongeo-jeot (병어젓) – salted silver pomfret\nChangnan-jeot (창난젓) – salted pollock innards\nCheongeo-al-jeot (청어알젓) – salted herring roe\nDaegu-al-jeot (대구알젓) – salted cod roe\nDaegu-iri-jeot (대구이리젓) – salted cod milt\nDaechang-jeot (대창젓) – salted cod innards\nDomi-jeot (도미젓) – salted sea bream\nDorumuk-jeot (도루묵젓) – salted sandfish\nEuneo-al-jeot (은어알젓) – salted sweetfish roe\nGajami-jeot (가자미젓) – salted righteye flounder\nGalchi-jeot (갈치젓) – salted hairtail\nGalchi-sok-jeot (갈치속젓) – salted hairtail innards\nGangdari-jeot (강달이젓) – salted Collichthys niveatus(bighead croakerspecies under the family Sciaenidae)\nGodeungeo-naejang-jeot (고등어내장젓젓) – salted chub mackerel innards\nGoji-jeot (고지젓) – salted pollock milt\nGwangnan-jeot (광란젓) – salted olive flounder roe\nIngeo-jeot (잉어젓) – salted carp\nJangjae -jeot (장재젓) – salted cod gill\nJari-jeot (자리젓) – salted pearl-spot chromis\nJeoneo-bam-jeot (전어밤젓) – salted gizzard shad tripe\nJeoneo-jeot (전어젓) – salted gizzard shad\nJeongeori-jeot (정어리젓) – salted sardine\nJogi-agami-jeot (조기아가미젓) – salted yellow croaker gill\nJogi-al-jeot (조기알젓) – salted yellow croaker roe\nJogi-jeot (조기젓) – salted yellow croaker\nJunchi-jeot (준치젓) – salted ilisha\nkkongchi-jeot (꽁치젓) – salted saury\nMaegari-jeot (매가리젓) – salted jack mackerel\nMyeolchi-jeot (멸치젓) – salted anchovy\nMyeongnan-jeot (명란젓) – salted pollock roe\nMyeongtae-agami-jeot (명태아가미젓젓) – salted pollock gill\nNansa-jeot (난사젓) – salted baby sandlance\nNeungseongeo-jeot (능성어젓) – salted grouper\nObunjagi-jeot (오분자기젓) – salted baby abalone\nSokjeot (속젓) – salted yellow croaker innards\nSungeo-al-jeot (숭어알젓) – salted mullet roe\nTaean-jeot (태안젓) – salted pollock eye\nTtora-jeot (또라젓) – salted mullet innards\nUngeo-jeot (웅어젓) – salted grenadier anchovy\nYeoneo-al-jeot (연어알젓) – salted salmon roe\nYeopsak-jeot (엽삭젓) – salted gizzard shad tripe","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bajirak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajirak"},{"link_name":"Manila clam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerupis_philippinarum"},{"link_name":"thoracotrematan crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helice_tridens"},{"link_name":"fleshy prawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penaeus_chinensis"},{"link_name":"oriental clam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meretrix_lusoria"},{"link_name":"astarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte_borealis"},{"link_name":"mantis shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratosquilla_oratoria"},{"link_name":"crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab"},{"link_name":"Gejang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gejang"},{"link_name":"crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_meat"},{"link_name":"abalone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalone"},{"link_name":"mysid shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysida"},{"link_name":"Guljeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guljeot"},{"link_name":"oyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"sea cucumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cucumber_as_food"},{"link_name":"sea cucumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cucumber_as_food"},{"link_name":"Hanchi-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanchi-jeot"},{"link_name":"mitre squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroteuthis_chinensis"},{"link_name":"shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food"},{"link_name":"mussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilus_coruscus"},{"link_name":"abalone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalone"},{"link_name":"clam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam"},{"link_name":"squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_as_food"},{"link_name":"blue crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portunus_trituberculatus"},{"link_name":"razor clam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solen_corneus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sea pineapple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_pineapple"},{"link_name":"venus clam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclina_sinensis"},{"link_name":"octopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_minor"},{"link_name":"Ojingeo-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojingeo-jeot"},{"link_name":"squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_as_food"},{"link_name":"blood clam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadara_broughtonii"},{"link_name":"freshwater shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paratya_compressa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saeu-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeu-jeot"},{"link_name":"shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food"},{"link_name":"glass shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasiphaea_japonica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sea urchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin"},{"link_name":"sea urchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin"},{"link_name":"horned turban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_sazae"},{"link_name":"estuarine oyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crassostrea_rivularis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Shellfish and other marine animals","text":"Bajirak-jeot (바지락젓) – salted Manila clam\nBangge-jeot (방게젓) – salted thoracotrematan crab\nDaeha-jeot (대하젓) – salted fleshy prawn\nDaehap-jeot (대합젓) – salted oriental clam\nDongjuk-jeot (동죽젓) – salted astarte\nGaetgajae-jeot (갯가재젓) – salted mantis shrimp\nGe-al-jeot (게알젓) – salted crab roe\nGejang (게장) – salted crab\nGeut-jeot (게웃젓) – salted abalone innards\nGonjaengi-jeot (곤쟁이젓) – salted mysid shrimp\nGuljeot (굴젓) – salted oyster\nHaesam-chang-jeot (해삼창젓) – salted sea cucumber innards\nHaesam-jeot (해삼젓) – salted sea cucumber\nHanchi-jeot (한치젓) – salted mitre squid\nHaran-jeot (하란젓) – salted shrimp roe\nHonghap-jeot (홍합젓) – salted mussel\nJeonbok-jeot (전복젓) – salted abalone\nJogae-jeot (조개젓) – salted clam\nKkolttugi-jeot (꼴뚜기젓) – salted baby squid\nKkotge-jeot (꽃게젓) – salted blue crab\nMatjeot (맛젓) – salted razor clam\nMeongge-jeot (멍게젓) – salted sea pineapple\nMosijogae-jeot (모시조개젓) – salted venus clam\nNakji-jeot (낙지젓) – salted octopus\nOjingeo-jeot (오징어젓) – salted squid\nPijogae-jeot (피조개젓) – salted blood clam\nSaengi-jeot (생이젓) – salted freshwater shrimp\nSaeu-jeot (새우젓) – salted shrimp\nSeha-jeot (세하젓) – salted glass shrimp\nSeongge-al-jeot (성게알젓) – salted sea urchin roe\nSeongge-jeot (성게젓) – salted sea urchin\nSora-jeot (소라젓) – salted horned turban\nTohwa-jeot (토화젓) – salted estuarine oyster","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Changnan-jeot_(salted_pollock_innards).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ganjanggejang_(marinated_crab).jpg"},{"link_name":"ganjang-gejang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganjang-gejang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guljeot_(oyster_jeotgal).jpg"},{"link_name":"guljeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guljeot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myeongnanjeot_(pollock_roe).jpg"},{"link_name":"myeongnan-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeongnan-jeot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ojingeojeot_(squid_jeotgal).jpg"},{"link_name":"ojingeo-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojingeo-jeot"},{"link_name":"squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_as_food"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saeujeot_(fermented_shrimp)_jeotgal_(Caridea)_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"saeu-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeu-jeot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myeolchijeot_(fermented_anchovies).jpg"},{"link_name":"myeolchi-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeolchi-jeot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korean_sea_food-Hwangsaegi_jeot-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"jogi-jeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogi-jeot"}],"text":"changnan-jeot (salted pollock innards)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tganjang-gejang (marinated crab)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tguljeot (salted oyster)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tmyeongnan-jeot (salted pollock roe)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tojingeo-jeot (salted squid)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tsaeu-jeot (salted shrimp)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tmyeolchi-jeot (salted anchovy)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tjogi-jeot (salted yellow croaker)","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Jeotgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jeotgal"},{"title":"Sikhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhae"},{"title":"Shiokara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiokara"}] | [{"reference":"\"Jeotgal\". Korea Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 2004-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040423060957/http://www.visitseoul.net/english_new/eat/cen_jeotggal.htm","url_text":"\"Jeotgal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Tourism_Organization","url_text":"Korea Tourism Organization"},{"url":"http://www.visitseoul.net/english_new/eat/cen_jeotggal.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"jeotgal\" 젓갈 [salted seafood]. Korean–English Learners' Dictionary. National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 29 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/SearchView?nation=eng&ParaWordNo=77503","url_text":"\"jeotgal\" 젓갈"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%E2%80%93English_Learners%27_Dictionary","url_text":"Korean–English Learners' Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language","url_text":"National Institute of Korean Language"}]},{"reference":"\"jeot\" 젓 [salted seafood]. Korean–English Learners' Dictionary. National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 29 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/SearchView?nation=eng&ParaWordNo=77499","url_text":"\"jeot\" 젓"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%E2%80%93English_Learners%27_Dictionary","url_text":"Korean–English Learners' Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language","url_text":"National Institute of Korean Language"}]},{"reference":"\"aekjeot\" 액젓. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330010521/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=515634","url_text":"\"aekjeot\" 액젓"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary","url_text":"Standard Korean Language Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language","url_text":"National Institute of Korean Language"},{"url":"http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=515634","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hui, Y. H.; Ghazala, Sue; Graham, Dee M.; Murrell, K. D.; Nip, Wai-Kit, eds. (2004). Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 190–191. ISBN 0824743016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dVpQVJ46C5gC&pg=PA190","url_text":"Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Dekker","url_text":"Marcel Dekker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824743016","url_text":"0824743016"}]},{"reference":"Chén, Shòu. \"Wūwán Xiānbēi Dōngyí chuán 烏丸鮮卑東夷傳\" 三國志/卷30. [[s:zh:|]] 三國志 [Records of the Three Kingdoms] (in Chinese). Jin China – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shou","url_text":"Chén, Shòu"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B730","url_text":"Wūwán Xiānbēi Dōngyí chuán 烏丸鮮卑東夷傳"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Busik, Kim (1145). [[s:ko:|]] 삼국사기(三國史記) [History of the Three Kingdoms] (in Korean). Goryeo Korea – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Bu-sik","url_text":"Busik, Kim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Xú, Jīng (1124). [[s:zh:|]] 宣和奉使高麗圖經 [Illustrated Account of Goryeo] (in Chinese). Song China – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Yu, Huichun (1577). Miam ilgi 미암일기(미암일기; 眉巖日記) [Diary of Miam]. Joseon Korea.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eo, Sukgwon (1554). Gosa chwaryo 고사촬요(攷事撮要) [Selected Essentials on Verified Facts]. Joseon Korea.","urls":[]},{"reference":"O, Huimun (1601). Swaemirok 쇄미록(瑣尾錄) [Records of a Refugee]. Joseon Korea.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jang, Gyehyang (1670). Eumsik dimibang 음식디미방 [Guidebook of Homemade Food and Drinks]. (in Middle Korean). Andong, Joseon Korea.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jang_Gye-hyang","url_text":"Jang, Gyehyang"},{"url":"http://www.davincimap.co.kr/davBase/Source/davSource.jsp?Job=Body&SourID=SOUR002198&Page=2","url_text":"Eumsik dimibang 음식디미방"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Korean","url_text":"Middle Korean"}]},{"reference":"Hong, Manseon. Sallim gyeongje 산림경제(山林經濟) [Farm Management] (in Literary Chinese). Joseon Korea. Archived from the original on 2017-03-28. Retrieved 2020-02-02 – via DB of Korean classics by ITKC.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021323/http://db.itkc.or.kr/index.jsp?bizName=KO&url=%2Fitkcdb%2Ftext%2FbookListIframe.jsp%3FbizName%3DKO&seojiId=kc_ko_g003&gunchaId=&NodeId=&setid=389232","url_text":"Sallim gyeongje 산림경제(山林經濟)"},{"url":"http://db.itkc.or.kr/index.jsp?bizName=KO&url=/itkcdb/text/bookListIframe.jsp?bizName=KO&seojiId=kc_ko_g003&gunchaId=&NodeId=&setid=389232","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DB_of_Korean_classics&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"DB of Korean classics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_the_Translation_of_Korean_Classics&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"ITKC"}]},{"reference":"Yu, Jungrim; Hong, Manseon (1766). Jeungbo sallim gyeongje 증보산림경제(增補山林經濟) [Revised and Augmented Farm Management]. Joseon Korea.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040423060957/http://www.visitseoul.net/english_new/eat/cen_jeotggal.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jeotgal\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitseoul.net/english_new/eat/cen_jeotggal.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040423060957/http://www.visitseoul.net/english_new/eat/cen_jeotggal.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/SearchView?nation=eng&ParaWordNo=77503","external_links_name":"\"jeotgal\" 젓갈"},{"Link":"https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/SearchView?nation=eng&ParaWordNo=77499","external_links_name":"\"jeot\" 젓"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330010521/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=515634","external_links_name":"\"aekjeot\" 액젓"},{"Link":"http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=515634","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dVpQVJ46C5gC&pg=PA190","external_links_name":"Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing"},{"Link":"http://www.davincimap.co.kr/davBase/Source/davSource.jsp?Job=Body&SourID=SOUR002198&Page=2","external_links_name":"Eumsik dimibang 음식디미방"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021323/http://db.itkc.or.kr/index.jsp?bizName=KO&url=%2Fitkcdb%2Ftext%2FbookListIframe.jsp%3FbizName%3DKO&seojiId=kc_ko_g003&gunchaId=&NodeId=&setid=389232","external_links_name":"Sallim gyeongje 산림경제(山林經濟)"},{"Link":"http://db.itkc.or.kr/index.jsp?bizName=KO&url=/itkcdb/text/bookListIframe.jsp?bizName=KO&seojiId=kc_ko_g003&gunchaId=&NodeId=&setid=389232","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021323/http://db.itkc.or.kr/index.jsp?bizName=KO&url=%2Fitkcdb%2Ftext%2FbookListIframe.jsp%3FbizName%3DKO&seojiId=kc_ko_g003&gunchaId=&NodeId=&setid=389232","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Way | Erin Way | ["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"] | American actress (born 1987)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Erin Way" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Erin WayBorn (1987-09-13) September 13, 1987 (age 36)Spokane, Washington, U.S.Alma materPortland State UniversityOccupationActressYears active2007–present
Erin Way (born September 13, 1987) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Kat in the Syfy drama series Alphas. She joined the show in the third episode of the second season.
A former ballet dancer, Erin Way started acting while in high school.
Filmography
Film and television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2007
Have Love, Will Travel
Beth
2007
Girlfriends
Episode: "Where Did Lynn-Digo?"
2008
Private Practice
Jenna
Episode: "Let It Go"
2009
Splatter
Fiona Crown
Eight episodes
2009–2010
I <3 Vampires
Lucy
Twenty-seven episodes
2010
Day One
Crystal
Episode: "Pilot"
2010
Sympathy for Delicious
Rianna Tevy (uncredited)
2010–2011
Detroit 1-8-7
Wendy Chapin-Lomeister
Six episodes
2011
Hawaii Five-0
Nikki Royce
Episode: "Ka Iwi Kapu"
2011
When You Find Me
Adult Lisie
Short film
2012
Not That Funny
Christine
2012
The Collection
Abby
2012
Alphas
Kat
2012
Doonby
Lucy Mae
2012
Castle
Audrey
Episode: "The Final Frontier"
2013
Grimm
Jocelyn
Episode: "Endangered"
2013
Absence
Liz
2013
Grey's Anatomy
Donna Woods
Episode: "I Bet It Stung"
2013
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
Petra Larsen
Episode: "The Well"
2014
The Mentalist
Avery Schultz
Episode: "The Golden Hammer"
2014
Warehouse 13
Katarina
Episode: "A Faire to Remember"
2016
Supernatural
Michelle Tilghman
Episode: "Red Meat"
2016–2017
Colony
Lindsey
Recurring role
2017-2018
NCIS: Los Angeles
Special Agent Zoe Morris
Two episodes: "Battle Scars" and "Where Everybody Knows Your Name"
2017
The Handmaid's Tale
Erin
Four episodes
2017
The Gifted
Shelia
Episode: "EXodus"
References
^ "Teachers". Acting Classes with Emily: Teacher. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016. Erin Way studied Shakespeare and theater at Portland State University, and vocal training in Vancouver, B.C. In Los Angeles she has continued her study with Joan Scheckel, Steppenwolf Theater West, and Will Wallace. In addition, she has taught for The Will Wallace Acting Company and SAG Conservatory.
^ Hinman, Michael. "Erin Way Joins 'Alphas' In Season 2". Retrieved August 14, 2012.
External links
Erin Way at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
This article about a United States film and television actor born in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syfy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"Alphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Erin Way (born September 13, 1987) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Kat in the Syfy drama series Alphas. She joined the show in the third episode of the second season.[2]A former ballet dancer, Erin Way started acting while in high school.","title":"Erin Way"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Teachers\". Acting Classes with Emily: Teacher. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016. Erin Way studied Shakespeare and theater at Portland State University, and vocal training in Vancouver, B.C. In Los Angeles she has continued her study with Joan Scheckel, Steppenwolf Theater West, and Will Wallace. In addition, she has taught for The Will Wallace Acting Company and SAG Conservatory.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161118162700/http://www.actingclasswithemilynelson.com/teachers.html#","url_text":"\"Teachers\""},{"url":"http://www.actingclasswithemilynelson.com/teachers.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hinman, Michael. \"Erin Way Joins 'Alphas' In Season 2\". Retrieved August 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://airlockalpha.com/node/9038/erin-way-joins-alphas-in-season-2.html","url_text":"\"Erin Way Joins 'Alphas' In Season 2\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Erin+Way%22","external_links_name":"\"Erin Way\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Erin+Way%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Erin+Way%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Erin+Way%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Erin+Way%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Erin+Way%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161118162700/http://www.actingclasswithemilynelson.com/teachers.html#","external_links_name":"\"Teachers\""},{"Link":"http://www.actingclasswithemilynelson.com/teachers.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://airlockalpha.com/node/9038/erin-way-joins-alphas-in-season-2.html","external_links_name":"\"Erin Way Joins 'Alphas' In Season 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2338525/","external_links_name":"Erin Way"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2720153532458948820006","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxqKMhY7MM9KtP7TVV4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018109404","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/R-emnFufb","external_links_name":"Deutsche Synchronkartei"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erin_Way&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Kolak | Sara Kolak | ["1 Career","2 International competitions","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"] | Croatian javelin thrower (born 1995)
Sara KolakKolak at the 2016 Summer OlympicsPersonal informationNationalityCroatianBorn (1995-06-22) 22 June 1995 (age 28)Ludbreg, CroatiaHeight1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)Weight74 kg (163 lb)SportCountry CroatiaSportTrack and fieldEventJavelin throwCoached byAndreas ThorkildsenAchievements and titlesPersonal bestsNR 68.43 (2017)
Medal record
Olympic Games
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Javelin throw
European Championships
2016 Amsterdam
Javelin throw
European U23 Championships
2017 Bydgoszcz
Javelin throw
World Junior Championships
2014 Eugene
Javelin throw
European Junior Championships
2013 Rieti
Javelin throw
European Winter Throwing Cup
2017 Gran Canaria
Javelin Throw
2016 Arad
Javelin Throw
2014 Leiria
Javelin Throw
Sara Kolak (born 22 June 1995) is a Croatian track and field athlete who competes in the javelin throw. She won gold at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Her personal best of 68.43 m, set in 2017, is the Croatian record. It also ranks her tenth on the overall list.
Career
Kolak won bronze medals at both the European and World Junior Championships. She qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics, where she won the gold medal, setting a new national record of 66.18 metres. She has since bested her own record, with a 68.43 m throw in 2017. She also won the 2017 European U23 Championship and placed fourth in the final at the 2017 World Championships in London.
Following the 2017 World Championships, Kolak struggled with an elbow injury. The Croatian Olympic Committee approved a $150,000 funding for her surgery, which was carried out in Minnesota, US. After the surgery, she underwent rehabilitation of the ligaments and returned to competition in the summer of 2019.
She has qualified to compete for Croatia at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
International competitions
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Event
Notes
Representing Croatia
2012
World Junior Championships
Barcelona, Spain
23rd (q)
Javelin throw
48.15 m
2013
European Junior Championships
Rieti, Italy
3rd
Javelin throw
57.79 m
2014
World Junior Championships
Eugene, United States
3rd
Javelin throw
55.74 m
European Championships
Zürich, Switzerland
21st (q)
Javelin throw
52.51 m
2016
European Championships
Amsterdam, Netherlands
3rd
Javelin throw
63.50 m
Olympic Games
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1st
Javelin throw
66.18 m
2017
European U23 Championships
Bydgoszcz, Poland
1st
Javelin throw
65.12 m
World Championships
London, United Kingdom
4th
Javelin throw
64.95 m
2019
World Championships
Doha, Qatar
7th
Javelin throw
62.28 m
2021
Olympic Games
Tokyo, Japan
–
Javelin throw
NM
2022
World Championships
Eugene, United States
–
Javelin throw
NM
European Championships
Munich, Germany
14th (q)
Javelin throw
57.31 m
2023
World Championships
Budapest, Hungary
23rd (q)
Javelin throw
55.89 m
2024
European Championships
Rome, Italy
11th
Javelin throw
55.90 m
(q) Indicates overall position in qualifying round
Awards
Order of Danica Hrvatska with face of Franjo Bučar - 2016
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Sara Kolak". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016.
^ "Profile of Sara KOLAK | All-Athletics.com". Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
^ "Sara Kolak ispunila normu za nastup na Olimpijskim igrama!".
^ a b "HOO plaća troškove operacije Sare Kolak i Sandra Sukna, evo i iznosa". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ Vijesti: Dodijeljena odlikovanja izraz su priznanja i zahvalnosti za rad i doprinos razvoju i napretku Republike Hrvatske(in Croatian)
External links
Sara Kolak at World Athletics
Sara Kolak at European Athletics (archive)
Sara Kolak at Olympedia
Sara Kolak at Olympics.com Sara Kolak at Olympic.org (archived)
Sara Kolak at the Croatian Olympic Committee (in Croatian) (archived, also available in English)
vteOlympic champions in women's javelin throw
1932: Babe Didrikson (USA)
1936: Tilly Fleischer (GER)
1948: Herma Bauma (AUT)
1952: Dana Zátopková (TCH)
1956: Inese Jaunzeme (URS)
1960: Elvīra Ozoliņa (URS)
1964: Mihaela Peneș (ROU)
1968: Angéla Németh (HUN)
1972: Ruth Fuchs (GDR)
1976: Ruth Fuchs (GDR)
1980: María Caridad Colón (CUB)
1984: Tessa Sanderson (GBR)
1988: Petra Felke (GDR)
1992: Silke Renk (GER)
1996: Heli Rantanen (FIN)
2000: Trine Hattestad (NOR)
2004: Osleidys Menéndez (CUB)
2008: Barbora Špotáková (CZE)
2012: Barbora Špotáková (CZE)
2016: Sara Kolak (CRO)
2020: Liu Shiying (CHN)
Authority control databases: People
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She has since bested her own record, with a 68.43 m throw in 2017. She also won the 2017 European U23 Championship and placed fourth in the final at the 2017 World Championships in London.Following the 2017 World Championships, Kolak struggled with an elbow injury. The Croatian Olympic Committee approved a $150,000 funding for her surgery,[4] which was carried out in Minnesota, US. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paddy_Lincoln_Gang | The Paddy Lincoln Gang | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Filming","4 Music","5 Release","6 Reception","7 References","8 External links"] | 2012 film directed by Ben Jagger
An editor has performed a search and found that sufficient sources exist to establish the subject's notability. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Paddy Lincoln Gang" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Paddy Lincoln GangDirected byBen JaggerWritten byAlistair AudsleyProduced byAlistair Audsley David Bainbridge Ben Jagger Graham Kentsley James RaynerStarringDean S. Jagger Joseph DiMasso Richard Wagner Demetri Watkins Stephen Bridgewater Amy LawhornGlen MatlockCinematographyRyan OvadiaEdited byAlex FennMusic byJulien Diaz Tim PalmerProductioncompaniesBelief Films Solus EntertainmentStealth Media GroupRelease dates
29 September 2012 (2012-09-29) (SoCal Film Festival)
3 May 2014 (2014-05-03) (United Kingdom)
Running time90 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish
The Paddy Lincoln Gang is a 2012 British drama film written and produced by Alistair Audsley, and directed by Ben Jagger. The film stars Dean S. Jagger, Joseph DiMasso, Stephen Bridgewater, Amy Lawhorn and Glen Matlock. Principal photography began on 2 November 2011. The film premiered in competition at the 2012 SoCal Film Festival.
Plot
The Paddy Lincoln Gang are an emerging rock band on the verge of huge success. But their complex and troubled Irish lead singer is haunted by his own paranoia and suspicions that something is not right with the band, his manager or his girlfriend.
Cast
Dean S. Jagger as Rob McAlister
Joseph DiMasso as 'Steady' Eddie
Richard Wagner as Rick
Demetri Watkins as Tom Dufresne
Stephen Bridgewater as Dan Craine
Amy Lawhorn as Leyla Dufresne
Glen Matlock as himself
Production
Development
It was adapted from a short film entitled A Night at Robert McAlister’s. In 2009, the film premiered on Hollywood Boulevard for an audience of music and film industry personnel, including cast members of American television series Heroes. The short went on to win several awards at the Hoboken International Film Festival, as well as featuring at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.
In November 2011, Screen Daily announced The Paddy Lincoln Gang alongside Anne Fontaine's Adore as upcoming 'hot projects'. While Variety were the first major outlet to reveal Sex Pistols founding-member Glen Matlock's involvement in the project.
Filming
The film was shot in various locations including Leeds and London, United Kingdom. Incorporating the original short film with new footage, the feature length draws non-sequential editing inspiration from Steven Soderbergh's crime film The Limey.
A docudrama scene was filmed backstage at a live festival performance from The Faces. Improvised between Sex Pistols bassist Glen Matlock and lead actor Dean S. Jagger.
Music
Musicians Matthew Steer and Colin 'Lizzard' McGuinness were brought into the project to shape the sound of the fictional Paddy Lincoln Gang band. Hot Press featured 'Give Anger a Name' and covered U2 and Pearl Jam producer Tim Palmer's involvement in the soundtrack.
Release
The film held its US premiere at the SoCal Film Festival in Huntington Beach, California on 29 September 2012. Executive producer Graham Kentsley played an ambassadorial role for the Russian premiere in Volgograd on 28 October 2013, gaining a further selection for The Paddy Lincoln Gang at the 2014 Artsloy Festival, where he served on the expert board. On 3 May 2014, the film held its European debut at the UK premiere in St Albans, Hertfordshire. Kentsley fulfilled both panel and media duties with the festival and Herts Advertiser respectively, promoting the film.
Reception
The Paddy Lincoln Gang received positive reviews from its debut at the 2012 SoCal Film Festival, winning multiple awards including the 'Best in Fest' prize. It received an Oregon International Film Festival 'Platinum Award' that year.
References
^ "Socal Roofing Company".
^ "The Paddy Lincoln Gang - Feature Film & Gig - UK Premier 3rd May St Albans 4pm St Albans Saint Albans Lincolnshire". Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
^ "Stealth greenlights The Paddy Lincoln Gang". Screen International. 2 November 2011.
^ "The Paddy Lincoln Gang". Stealth Media Group. 13 November 2009.
^ "'Belief' it or not – Island link to US film success". Isle News. 13 July 2010.
^ "Shaun V takes a successful first step into international music circles". Media Update. 13 November 2009.
^ "2010 Winners and Nominees Awards". Hoboken International Film Festival. September 2010.
^ "SA rockstar hits Hollywood". Music Industry Online. 18 November 2009.
^ "Dean Jagger (Lead – 'Robert McAlister')". Belief Films. August 2012.
^ "Hot projects on Screenbase". Screen International. 2 November 2011.
^ "Stealth, Solus team on 'Paddy Lincoln Gang'". Variety. 2 November 2011.
^ a b "Alistair Audsley Interview". RocknReelReviews. 24 July 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
^ "Writer/producer Alistair Audsley on his latest film 'The Paddy Lincoln Gang". Stage and Screen Insider. 11 August 2014.
^ "Music from new film, The Paddy Lincoln Gang". Hot Press. 14 August 2014.
^ "The Paddy Lincoln Gang – First Night in Volgograd". Sofia Solomennikova. 2 November 2014.
^ "Artsloy Festival Expert Board". Artsloy Festival. 5 September 2014. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014.
^ "St Albans Film Festival 2014: It's a wrap!". Herts Advertiser. 9 May 2014.
^ "St Albans Film Festival 2014: THE JUDGES". St Albans Film Festival. 9 May 2014.
^ "2012 Nominations and Award Categories (the 8th annual)". SoCal Film Festival. October 2012.
^ "2012 Oregon Film Awards – Winners". Oregon International Film Festival. October 2012.
^ "THE PADDY LINCOLN GANG". Show Film First. 12 August 2014.
External links
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In 2009, the film premiered on Hollywood Boulevard for an audience of music and film industry personnel,[5] including cast members of American television series Heroes.[6] The short went on to win several awards at the Hoboken International Film Festival,[7] as well as featuring at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[8][9]In November 2011, Screen Daily announced The Paddy Lincoln Gang alongside Anne Fontaine's Adore as upcoming 'hot projects'.[10] While Variety were the first major outlet to reveal Sex Pistols founding-member Glen Matlock's involvement in the project.[11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feature length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_length"},{"link_name":"Steven Soderbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh"},{"link_name":"The Limey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlistairAudsleyInterview-12"},{"link_name":"docudrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docudrama"},{"link_name":"The Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Faces"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlistairAudsleyInterview-12"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"The film was shot in various locations including Leeds and London, United Kingdom. Incorporating the original short film with new footage, the feature length draws non-sequential editing inspiration from Steven Soderbergh's crime film The Limey.[12]A docudrama scene was filmed backstage at a live festival performance from The Faces. Improvised between Sex Pistols bassist Glen Matlock and lead actor Dean S. Jagger.[12]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StageScreen-13"},{"link_name":"Hot Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Press"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"Tim Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Palmer_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HotPress-14"}],"text":"Musicians Matthew Steer and Colin 'Lizzard' McGuinness were brought into the project to shape the sound of the fictional Paddy Lincoln Gang band.[13] Hot Press featured 'Give Anger a Name' and covered U2 and Pearl Jam producer Tim Palmer's involvement in the soundtrack.[14]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntington Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Volgograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Herts Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archant"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The film held its US premiere at the SoCal Film Festival in Huntington Beach, California on 29 September 2012. Executive producer Graham Kentsley played an ambassadorial role for the Russian premiere in Volgograd on 28 October 2013,[15] gaining a further selection for The Paddy Lincoln Gang at the 2014 Artsloy Festival, where he served on the expert board.[16] On 3 May 2014, the film held its European debut at the UK premiere in St Albans, Hertfordshire. Kentsley fulfilled both panel and media duties with the festival and Herts Advertiser respectively, promoting the film.[17][18]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NominationsAndAwards-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OregonAwards-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShowFilmFirst-21"}],"text":"The Paddy Lincoln Gang received positive reviews from its debut at the 2012 SoCal Film Festival, winning multiple awards including the 'Best in Fest' prize.[19] It received an Oregon International Film Festival 'Platinum Award' that year.[20][21]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Socal Roofing Company\".","urls":[{"url":"http://socalfilmfest.com/about-the-socal/awards-selections/2012-2/","url_text":"\"Socal Roofing Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Paddy Lincoln Gang - Feature Film & Gig - UK Premier 3rd May St Albans 4pm St Albans Saint Albans Lincolnshire\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusi_Dinshaw | Rusi Dinshaw | ["1 References"] | Pakistani cricketer
Rusi DinshawPersonal informationFull nameRusi Nausherwan DinshawBorn(1928-02-07)7 February 1928Karachi, British IndiaDied24 March 2014(2014-03-24) (aged 86)Karachi, PakistanBattingLeft-handedRoleBatsmanDomestic team information
YearsTeam1948–1949Sind
Career statistics
Competition
First-class
Matches
9
Runs scored
171
Batting average
14.25
100s/50s
0/0
Top score
35
Balls bowled
0
Wickets
–
Bowling average
–
5 wickets in innings
–
10 wickets in match
–
Best bowling
–
Catches/stumpings
6/–Source: Cricinfo, 25 May 2019
Rusi Nausherwan Dinshaw (7 February 1928 – 24 March 2014) was a Pakistani cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1948 to 1952.
A left-handed batsman, Dinshaw played in both unofficial Tests when Ceylon toured Pakistan in 1949-50, without making a substantial score. Later he was a member of the first Pakistan Test squad, which toured India in 1952–53. He never played in a Test, but he is the only Parsi to have ever been selected in a Pakistan Test squad.
References
^ "Rusi Dinshaw". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
^ Wisden 2015, p. 186.
^ "The only Parsi to be in Pakistan Test squad passes away". The Times of India. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
This biographical article related to a Pakistani cricket person born in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cricinfo-1"},{"link_name":"Tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"1949-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylonese_cricket_team_in_Pakistan_in_1949%E2%80%9350"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"India in 1952–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_India_in_1952%E2%80%9353"},{"link_name":"Parsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rusi Nausherwan Dinshaw (7 February 1928 – 24 March 2014) was a Pakistani cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1948 to 1952.[1]A left-handed batsman, Dinshaw played in both unofficial Tests when Ceylon toured Pakistan in 1949-50, without making a substantial score.[2] Later he was a member of the first Pakistan Test squad, which toured India in 1952–53. He never played in a Test, but he is the only Parsi to have ever been selected in a Pakistan Test squad.[3]","title":"Rusi Dinshaw"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Rusi Dinshaw\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/player/40059.html","url_text":"\"Rusi Dinshaw\""}]},{"reference":"\"The only Parsi to be in Pakistan Test squad passes away\". The Times of India. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/The-only-Parsi-to-be-in-Pakistan-Test-squad-passes-away/articleshow/32646923.cms","url_text":"\"The only Parsi to be in Pakistan Test squad passes away\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/player/40059.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/player/40059.html","external_links_name":"\"Rusi Dinshaw\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/The-only-Parsi-to-be-in-Pakistan-Test-squad-passes-away/articleshow/32646923.cms","external_links_name":"\"The only Parsi to be in Pakistan Test squad passes away\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusi_Dinshaw&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Black_(congressman) | James Black (congressman) | ["1 References"] | American politician
For other people named James Black, see James Black (disambiguation).
James BlackMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom PennsylvaniaIn officeMarch 4, 1843 – March 3, 1847Preceded byJohn SnyderSucceeded byJasper E. BradyConstituency16th districtIn officeDecember 5, 1836 – March 3, 1837Preceded byJesse MillerSucceeded byCharles McClureConstituency13th districtMember of the Pennsylvania House of RepresentativesIn office1830-1831
Personal detailsBorn(1793-03-06)March 6, 1793Newport, PennsylvaniaDiedJune 21, 1872(1872-06-21) (aged 79)Political partyJacksonian Democratic
James Black (March 6, 1793 – June 21, 1872) was a Jacksonian and Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
James Black was born in Newport, Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1830 and 1831.
Black was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jesse Miller. He served as associate judge of Perry County, Pennsylvania, in 1842 and 1843.
He was again elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses. After his time in congress, he served as State collector of tolls on the Juniata Canal. He died in New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania, in 1872. Interment in New Bloomfield Cemetery.
References
United States Congress. "James Black (id: B000500)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byJesse Miller
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district 1836–1837
Succeeded byCharles McClure
Preceded byJohn Snyder
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district 1843–1847
Succeeded byJasper E. Brady
Authority control databases: People
US Congress
This article about a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biography of a state judge in Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Black (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Black_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jacksonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Newport, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Jacksonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy"},{"link_name":"Twenty-fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Jesse Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Miller_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Perry County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Twenty-eighth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Twenty-ninth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Juniata Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniata_Canal"},{"link_name":"New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bloomfield,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"For other people named James Black, see James Black (disambiguation).James Black (March 6, 1793 – June 21, 1872) was a Jacksonian and Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.James Black was born in Newport, Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1830 and 1831.Black was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jesse Miller. He served as associate judge of Perry County, Pennsylvania, in 1842 and 1843.He was again elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses. After his time in congress, he served as State collector of tolls on the Juniata Canal. He died in New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania, in 1872. Interment in New Bloomfield Cemetery.","title":"James Black (congressman)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"United States Congress. \"James Black (id: B000500)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000500","url_text":"\"James Black (id: B000500)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000500","external_links_name":"\"James Black (id: B000500)\""},{"Link":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/black.html","external_links_name":"The Political Graveyard"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000500","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Black_(congressman)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Black_(congressman)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hummer_(MSC(O)-20) | USS Hummer (AMS-20) | ["1 History","2 Military awards and honors","3 References","4 External links"] | Minesweeper of the United States Navy
For other ships with the same name, see USS Hummer.
A YMS-1-class minesweeper
History
United States
Orderedas USS YMS-372
Laid down11 December 1942
Launched23 December 1943
Commissioned28 March 1944
Decommissioned23 June 1946
In service3 November 1950
Out of service13 November 1953
Stricken12 February 1959
Fatetransferred to Japan, 29 January 1959
History
Japan
NameJDS Moroshima (MSC-663)
Acquired29 January 1959
General characteristics
Displacement215 tons
Length136 ft (41 m)
Beam24 ft 6 in (7.47 m)
Draught10 ft (3.0 m)
Speed13 knots
Complement50
Armamentone 3 in (76 mm) gun mount
USS Hummer (AMS-20/YMS-372) was a YMS-1-class minesweeper of the YMS-135 subclass acquired by the U.S. Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent ships from passing.
History
Hummer (YMS-372) was launched as YMS-372, 23 December 1943 by Weaver Shipyards, Orange, Texas; and commissioned 28 March 1944. She was named Hummer and reclassified AMS-20 on 17 February 1947.
After shakedown and operational training in early 1945, Hummer departed the United States to sweep mines and to patrol between Okinawa and Japan from 29 June to 31 July.
With the cessation of hostilities, the ship swept mines on the coasts of Japan and Korea until 21 February 1946 when she departed for the Western Seaboard of the United States.
Hummer decommissioned 23 June and joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet. She recommissioned 3 November 1950 to help support the United Nations commitment to containing aggression in Korea. Her training and readiness activities centered on the U.S. West Coast between San Diego, California, and San Francisco, California, until 13 November 1953 when she again decommissioned at Long Beach, California. Reclassified MSC(O)-20, 7 February 1955, the ship was transferred to the Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force 29 January 1959, serving as Moroshima.
Military awards and honors
Hummer received three battle stars for her service World War II.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
External links
Photo gallery of Hummer at NavSource Naval History
vteYMS-1-class minesweepers United States NavyYMS-1 subclass
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Free French Naval Forces ⁄ French Navy
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Gaula
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Royal Navy
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Other post-World War II operators Algerian National Navy
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Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Etajima
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Republic of Korea Navy
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List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy
This article about a specific ship or boat of the United States Armed Forces is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Hummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hummer"},{"link_name":"YMS-1-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMS-1-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"minesweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper"},{"link_name":"YMS-135 subclass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMS-135-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Hummer.USS Hummer (AMS-20/YMS-372) was a YMS-1-class minesweeper of the YMS-135 subclass acquired by the U.S. Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent ships from passing.","title":"USS Hummer (AMS-20)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weaver Shipyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_Shipyards"},{"link_name":"Orange, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_Texas"},{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Pacific Reserve Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Reserve_Fleet"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"U.S. West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._West_Coast"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Maritime_Self_Defense_Force"}],"text":"Hummer (YMS-372) was launched as YMS-372, 23 December 1943 by Weaver Shipyards, Orange, Texas; and commissioned 28 March 1944. She was named Hummer and reclassified AMS-20 on 17 February 1947.After shakedown and operational training in early 1945, Hummer departed the United States to sweep mines and to patrol between Okinawa and Japan from 29 June to 31 July.With the cessation of hostilities, the ship swept mines on the coasts of Japan and Korea until 21 February 1946 when she departed for the Western Seaboard of the United States.Hummer decommissioned 23 June and joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet. She recommissioned 3 November 1950 to help support the United Nations commitment to containing aggression in Korea. Her training and readiness activities centered on the U.S. West Coast between San Diego, California, and San Francisco, California, until 13 November 1953 when she again decommissioned at Long Beach, California. Reclassified MSC(O)-20, 7 February 1955, the ship was transferred to the Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force 29 January 1959, serving as Moroshima.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_stars"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Hummer received three battle stars for her service World War II.","title":"Military awards and honors"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/h9/hummer.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/19372.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Hummer_(AMS-20)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Hinan_tomb | Tin Hinan Tomb | ["1 History","1.1 Origin","1.2 Excavation","2 In popular culture","3 Notes","4 Bibliography","5 See also"] | Coordinates: 22°53′08″N 4°52′05″E / 22.885533°N 4.868080°E / 22.885533; 4.868080Tomb in Tamanrasset, Algeria
Tin Hinan TombTombeau de Tin HinanTomb of Tin Hinan miniature at the Bardo National Museum in Algiers.LocationAbalessa, AlgeriaTypemonumental tombBeginning datec. 4th-5th century ADCompletion date1,500 years agoDedicated toQueen Tin Hinan
The Tin Hinan Tomb (French: Tombeau de Tin Hinan, Arabic: ضريح الملكة تينهنان, lit. 'Mausoleum of Queen Tinhanan') is a monumental tomb located at Abalessa in the Sahara, in the Hoggar Mountains of southern Algeria. The sepulchre was built for Tin Hinan, the Tuareg ancient Queen of the Hoggar (Ahaggar).
History
Origin
The tomb's entrance, located in the Bardo National Museum.
Tin Hinan is the name given by the Tuareg to a 3rd- or 4th-century woman of prestige whose skeleton was found in a pre-Islamic tomb in the Ahaggar Mountains. Tin Hinan is sometimes referred to as "Queen of the Hoggar", and by the Tuareg as Tamenokalt which also means "queen". The name literally means "woman of the tents", but is sometimes translated as "Queen of the camp" (with the "camp" possibly referring to the group of tombs which surround hers) or more metaphorically as "Mother of us all".
The French explorer Henri Lhote argued that the Tin Hinan sepulcher is different from the surrounding tombs in southern Algeria, and is more typical of the architecture used by the Roman legionaries to create their fortifications in desert areas. He believed that the tomb was therefore likely built on top of an earlier Roman castrum, which was originally erected around 19 BC, when consul Lucius Cornelius Balbus conquered the Garamantian territories and sent a small expeditionary force to reach the Niger river. This hypothesis was discussed earnestly by James Wellard, but it is rejected by most scholars today.
Excavation
The tomb was opened by Byron Khun de Prorok with support from the French army in 1925, and other archaeologists made a more thorough investigation in 1933. It was found to contain the skeleton of a woman on a wooden litter, lying on her back with her head facing east. She was accompanied by heavy gold and silver jewellery, some of it adorned with pearls. On her right forearm, she wore 7 silver bracelets, and on her left, 7 gold bracelets. Another silver bracelet and a gold ring were placed with the body. Remains of a complex piecework necklace of gold and pearls (real and artificial) were also present. Furthermore, a number of funerary objects were also found. These included a "Venus" statue (similar in style to the Venus of Hohle Fels with exaggerated sexual organs), a glass goblet (lost during World War II), and gold foil which bore the imprint of a Roman coin of emperor Constantine I issued between 308 and 324 AD. A fourth century date is consistent with radiocarbon dating of the wooden bed, as well as with the style of pottery and other tomb furniture. The monument itself is constructed in an architectural style that was widespread in the Berber Sahara during classical times.
In the 1960s, the anthropologist E. Leblanc examined the skeleton within the Tin Hinan tomb. He observed that the remains were tall and lithe, with a narrow pelvis, broad shoulders and slender legs. Overall, the skeleton closely resembled those found in the pharaonic monuments of ancient Egypt. The body found in the tomb is now in the Bardo Museum in Algiers.
In popular culture
The Tomb of Tin Hinan is mentioned in the video game Amnesia: The Dark Descent and is visited in the 2020 sequel, Amnesia: Rebirth. According to documents found scattered throughout the game, the tomb supposedly contained two mythical orbs, which are important to the game's story.
Notes
^ a b Sorel, Jacqueline (May 9, 2012). "Femmes de l'ombre : Tin-Hinan, reine des Touaregs". Radio France Internationale. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
^ a b Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications". Man. 56: 20–23. doi:10.2307/2793877. JSTOR 2793877.
^ Huguenin-Gonon, N. (1973). Algeria. Nagel Publishers. p. 137. ISBN 978-2-8263-0604-7.
^ a b Wellard, James (1965). The Great Sahara. London: Hutchinson & Company. p. 47.
^ Glacier, Osire (2016). "Tin Hinana". Femmes politiques au Maroc d'hier à aujourd'hui: La résistance et le pouvoir au féminin (in French). Tarik Editions. ISBN 978-9954-419-82-3.
^ a b "The World & I". Vol. 2, no. 4. Washington Times Corporation. 1987. p. 490.
^ Camps, Gabriel. L'âge du Tombeau de Tin Hinan, ancêtre des Touareg du Hoggar, "Zephyrus" 25 (1974), pp. 497–516.
^ Frawsen, Ulbani Ait; Ukerdis, L'Hocine (2003). "The Origins of Amazigh Women's Power in North Africa: An Historical Overview". Al-Raida (100): 19.
^ Lhote, Henri. Alla scoperta del Tassili. B. Arthaud. pp. 180–183.
^ a b Sánchez, Jorge García (2016). "Regreso a la tumba de Tin Hinan: nuevas fuentes en torno a las excavaciones de Byron Khun de Prorok en Abalessa (Ahaggar, Argelia)". Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología (CuPAUAM). 42: 204. theory lacked foundation (La teoría carecía de fundamento).
^ McDougall, James; Scheele, Judith (2012-06-08). Saharan Frontiers: Space and Mobility in Northwest Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-0-253-00131-3. Several hypotheses have been proposed concerning the origins of the including that it was part of a Roman outpost fort (which it was not).
^ Baistrocchi, M. "eperti romani rinvenuti nella tomba di Tin Hinan and Abalessa". L'Africa Romana. 7 (1): 94, 98.
^ Mattingly, David J.; Gatto, Maria Carmela; Sterry, Martin; Ray, Nick (2019). "Burials, Migration and Identity: The view from the Sahara". In Gatto, M.C.; Mattingly, D.J.; Ray, N.; Sterry, M. (eds.). Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. p. 17-18. ISBN 9781108474085. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
^ Eydoux, Henri Paul (1966). The Buried Past: A Survey of Great Archaeological Discoveries. Praeger. p. 141. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
^ Ilahiane, Hsain (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-4422-8182-0.
Bibliography
Beltrami, Vanni. Il monumento di Abalessa e la tradizione dei Tuareg Kel Hoggar, "Africa" (Ist. Italo Africano). Roma, 1995 (p. 75-93)
Gautier, Émile Félix. Le monument de Tin Hinan (Annales de l'Académie des sciences coloniales) t VII. Paris, 1934.
Pandolfi, Paul. Les Touaregs de l'Ahaggar: Parenté et résidence chez les Dag-Ghâli. Ed. Karthala. Paris, 1998 ISBN 2-86537-821-7.
Reygasse, Maurice. Monuments funéraires préislamiques de l'Afrique du Nord. Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie, Arts et Métiers Graphiques. Paris, 1950
See also
Romans in Sub-Saharan Africa
Lucius Cornelius Balbus
22°53′08″N 4°52′05″E / 22.885533°N 4.868080°E / 22.885533; 4.868080 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"monumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument"},{"link_name":"tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"Abalessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalessa"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"Hoggar Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoggar_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-briggs-2"},{"link_name":"sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"Tin Hinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Hinan"},{"link_name":"Tuareg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people"}],"text":"Tomb in Tamanrasset, AlgeriaThe Tin Hinan Tomb (French: Tombeau de Tin Hinan, Arabic: ضريح الملكة تينهنان, lit. 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Radio France Internationale. Retrieved July 17, 2018.\n\n^ a b Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). \"A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications\". Man. 56: 20–23. doi:10.2307/2793877. JSTOR 2793877.\n\n^ Huguenin-Gonon, N. (1973). Algeria. Nagel Publishers. p. 137. ISBN 978-2-8263-0604-7.\n\n^ a b Wellard, James (1965). The Great Sahara. London: Hutchinson & Company. p. 47.\n\n^ Glacier, Osire (2016). \"Tin Hinana\". Femmes politiques au Maroc d'hier à aujourd'hui: La résistance et le pouvoir au féminin (in French). Tarik Editions. ISBN 978-9954-419-82-3.\n\n^ a b \"The World & I\". Vol. 2, no. 4. Washington Times Corporation. 1987. p. 490.\n\n^ Camps, Gabriel. L'âge du Tombeau de Tin Hinan, ancêtre des Touareg du Hoggar, \"Zephyrus\" 25 (1974), pp. 497–516.\n\n^ Frawsen, Ulbani Ait; Ukerdis, L'Hocine (2003). \"The Origins of Amazigh Women's Power in North Africa: An Historical Overview\". Al-Raida (100): 19.\n\n^ Lhote, Henri. Alla scoperta del Tassili. B. Arthaud. pp. 180–183.\n\n^ a b Sánchez, Jorge García (2016). \"Regreso a la tumba de Tin Hinan: nuevas fuentes en torno a las excavaciones de Byron Khun de Prorok en Abalessa (Ahaggar, Argelia)\". Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología (CuPAUAM). 42: 204. [Lhote's] theory lacked foundation (La teoría carecía de fundamento).\n\n^ McDougall, James; Scheele, Judith (2012-06-08). Saharan Frontiers: Space and Mobility in Northwest Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-0-253-00131-3. Several hypotheses have been proposed concerning the origins of the [tomb] including that it was part of a Roman outpost fort (which it was not).\n\n^ Baistrocchi, M. \"eperti romani rinvenuti nella tomba di Tin Hinan and Abalessa\". L'Africa Romana. 7 (1): 94, 98.\n\n^ Mattingly, David J.; Gatto, Maria Carmela; Sterry, Martin; Ray, Nick (2019). \"Burials, Migration and Identity: The view from the Sahara\". In Gatto, M.C.; Mattingly, D.J.; Ray, N.; Sterry, M. (eds.). Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. p. 17-18. ISBN 9781108474085. Retrieved 13 October 2019.\n\n^ Eydoux, Henri Paul (1966). The Buried Past: A Survey of Great Archaeological Discoveries. Praeger. p. 141. Retrieved 4 May 2017.\n\n^ Ilahiane, Hsain (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-4422-8182-0.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-86537-821-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86537-821-7"}],"text":"Beltrami, Vanni. Il monumento di Abalessa e la tradizione dei Tuareg Kel Hoggar, \"Africa\" (Ist. Italo Africano). Roma, 1995 (p. 75-93)\nGautier, Émile Félix. Le monument de Tin Hinan (Annales de l'Académie des sciences coloniales) t VII. Paris, 1934.\nPandolfi, Paul. Les Touaregs de l'Ahaggar: Parenté et résidence chez les Dag-Ghâli. Ed. Karthala. Paris, 1998 ISBN 2-86537-821-7.\nReygasse, Maurice. Monuments funéraires préislamiques de l'Afrique du Nord. Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie, Arts et Métiers Graphiques. Paris, 1950","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The tomb's entrance, located in the Bardo National Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/S%C3%A9pulture_de_Tin_Hinan_au_mus%C3%A9e_national_du_Bardo_%C3%A0_Alger.jpg/300px-S%C3%A9pulture_de_Tin_Hinan_au_mus%C3%A9e_national_du_Bardo_%C3%A0_Alger.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Romans in Sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romans_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"title":"Lucius Cornelius Balbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Balbus_the_Younger"},{"title":"22°53′08″N 4°52′05″E / 22.885533°N 4.868080°E / 22.885533; 4.868080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tin_Hinan_Tomb¶ms=22.885533_N_4.868080_E_"}] | [{"reference":"Sorel, Jacqueline (May 9, 2012). \"Femmes de l'ombre : Tin-Hinan, reine des Touaregs\". Radio France Internationale. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.rfi.fr/fichiers/MFI/CultureSociete/657.asp","url_text":"\"Femmes de l'ombre : Tin-Hinan, reine des Touaregs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale","url_text":"Radio France Internationale"}]},{"reference":"Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). \"A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications\". Man. 56: 20–23. doi:10.2307/2793877. JSTOR 2793877.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2793877","url_text":"10.2307/2793877"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2793877","url_text":"2793877"}]},{"reference":"Huguenin-Gonon, N. (1973). Algeria. Nagel Publishers. p. 137. ISBN 978-2-8263-0604-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8263-0604-7","url_text":"978-2-8263-0604-7"}]},{"reference":"Wellard, James (1965). The Great Sahara. London: Hutchinson & Company. p. 47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Glacier, Osire (2016). \"Tin Hinana\". Femmes politiques au Maroc d'hier à aujourd'hui: La résistance et le pouvoir au féminin (in French). Tarik Editions. ISBN 978-9954-419-82-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9954-419-82-3","url_text":"978-9954-419-82-3"}]},{"reference":"\"The World & I\". Vol. 2, no. 4. Washington Times Corporation. 1987. p. 490.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Frawsen, Ulbani Ait; Ukerdis, L'Hocine (2003). \"The Origins of Amazigh Women's Power in North Africa: An Historical Overview\". Al-Raida (100): 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lhote, Henri. Alla scoperta del Tassili. B. Arthaud. pp. 180–183.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sánchez, Jorge García (2016). \"Regreso a la tumba de Tin Hinan: nuevas fuentes en torno a las excavaciones de Byron Khun de Prorok en Abalessa (Ahaggar, Argelia)\". Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología (CuPAUAM). 42: 204. [Lhote's] theory lacked foundation (La teoría carecía de fundamento).","urls":[]},{"reference":"McDougall, James; Scheele, Judith (2012-06-08). Saharan Frontiers: Space and Mobility in Northwest Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-0-253-00131-3. Several hypotheses have been proposed concerning the origins of the [tomb] including that it was part of a Roman outpost fort (which it was not).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00131-3","url_text":"978-0-253-00131-3"}]},{"reference":"Baistrocchi, M. \"eperti romani rinvenuti nella tomba di Tin Hinan and Abalessa\". L'Africa Romana. 7 (1): 94, 98.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mattingly, David J.; Gatto, Maria Carmela; Sterry, Martin; Ray, Nick (2019). \"Burials, Migration and Identity: The view from the Sahara\". In Gatto, M.C.; Mattingly, D.J.; Ray, N.; Sterry, M. (eds.). Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. p. 17-18. ISBN 9781108474085. Retrieved 13 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mattingly_(archaeologist)","url_text":"Mattingly, David J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FOeADwAAQBAJ&q=Tin+Hinan&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"Burials, Migration and Identity: The view from the Sahara\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108474085","url_text":"9781108474085"}]},{"reference":"Eydoux, Henri Paul (1966). The Buried Past: A Survey of Great Archaeological Discoveries. Praeger. p. 141. Retrieved 4 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2OsZAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Buried Past: A Survey of Great Archaeological Discoveries"}]},{"reference":"Ilahiane, Hsain (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-4422-8182-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-8182-0","url_text":"978-1-4422-8182-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tin_Hinan_Tomb¶ms=22.885533_N_4.868080_E_","external_links_name":"22°53′08″N 4°52′05″E / 22.885533°N 4.868080°E / 22.885533; 4.868080"},{"Link":"http://www1.rfi.fr/fichiers/MFI/CultureSociete/657.asp","external_links_name":"\"Femmes de l'ombre : Tin-Hinan, reine des Touaregs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2793877","external_links_name":"10.2307/2793877"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2793877","external_links_name":"2793877"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FOeADwAAQBAJ&q=Tin+Hinan&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"\"Burials, Migration and Identity: The view from the Sahara\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2OsZAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Buried Past: A Survey of Great Archaeological Discoveries"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tin_Hinan_Tomb¶ms=22.885533_N_4.868080_E_","external_links_name":"22°53′08″N 4°52′05″E / 22.885533°N 4.868080°E / 22.885533; 4.868080"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Svenska_Cupen | 2017–18 Svenska Cupen | ["1 Round and draw dates","2 Teams","3 Round 1","4 Round 2","5 Group stage","5.1 Qualified teams","5.2 Group 1","5.3 Group 2","5.4 Group 3","5.5 Group 4","5.6 Group 5","5.7 Group 6","5.8 Group 7","5.9 Group 8","6 Knock-out stage","6.1 Qualified teams","6.2 Bracket","6.3 Quarter-finals","6.4 Semi-finals","6.5 Final","7 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2017–18 Svenska Cupen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Football tournament season
2017–18 Svenska CupenTournament detailsCountrySwedenDates7 June 2017 – 10 May 2018Teams96 (competition proper)Final positionsChampionsDjurgårdens IF (5th title)Runner-upMalmö FFTournament statisticsTop goal scorer(s)Edin Hamidović (7 goals)← 2016–172018–19 →
The 2017–18 Svenska Cupen was the 62nd season of the Svenska Cupen and the sixth season with the current format. The winners of the competition earned a place in the second qualifying round of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League, unless they had already qualified for European competition in the 2018–19 season, in which case the qualification spot went to fourth-placed team of the 2017 Allsvenskan. A total of 96 clubs entered the competition.
The first two rounds were played between 7 June and 10 October 2017 respectively. The first round draw was announced on 20 March 2017, and the draw for the second round was announced on 3 August 2017. The group stage was played on the last two weekends in February 2018, and the last group stage round was played on 3 and 4 March 2018. The following quarter-finals and semi-finals were played on the weekends of 10 March and 17 March 2018 respectively, before the tournament ended with the final on 10 May 2018. Times up to 28 October 2017 and from 25 March 2018 are CEST (UTC+2). Times from 29 October 2017 to 24 March 2018 are CET (UTC+1).
Djurgårdens IF won their fifth Svenska Cupen title on 10 May 2018 after defeating Malmö FF 3–0.
Round and draw dates
The schedule of the competition is as follows.
Phase
Round
Draw date and time
Match date
Initial rounds
Round 1
20 March 2017
7 June – 2 August 2017
Round 2
3 August 2017
16 August – 10 October 2017
Group stage
Matchday 1
20 November 2017
9–19 February 2018
Matchday 2
24 – 26 February 2018
Matchday 3
3 – 4 March 2018
Knockout stage
Quarter-finals
4 March 2018
10 – 13 March 2018
Semi-finals
4 March 2018
17 – 18 March 2018
Final
21 March 2018
10 May 2018
Teams
Round
Clubsremaining
Clubsinvolved
Winners fromprevious round
New entriesthis round
Leagues entering at this round
Qualifying Rounds
112
18
none
18
Division 1 (3 teams)Division 2 (4 teams)Division 3 (2 teams)Division 4 (8 teams)Division 5 (1 team)
Round 1
96
64
2
62
Division 1 (17 teams)Division 2 (25 teams)Division 3 (10 teams)Division 4 (10 teams)
Round 2
64
64
32
32
AllsvenskanSuperettan
Group stage
32
32
32
none
none
Quarter-finals
8
8
8
none
none
Semi-finals
4
4
4
none
none
Final
2
2
2
none
none
Round 1
64 teams from the third tier or lower of the Swedish league system competed in this round. The matches were played on 2 August 2017 at the latest.
Landvetter IS (5) v Assyriska BK (3)
7 June 2017 (2017-06-07) Landvetter IS (5) 1–1 (a.e.t.) (6–5 p)Assyriska BK (3)Landvetter13:00
Forsman 79'
Report
Selim 51'
Stadium: Landvetter IPAttendance: 350Referee: Fredrik Oppong
Vasalunds IF (3) v Västerås SK (3)
7 June 2017 (2017-06-07) Vasalunds IF (3) 4–3Västerås SK (3)Solna, Stockholm19:00
Pavey 8', 18', 58' Own goal 67'
Report
Johansson 42' D. Kosik Sulaiman 59' A. Kosik Sulaiman 87'
Stadium: Skytteholms IPAttendance: 206Referee: Viktor Dovresjö
Vänersborgs IF (4) v IK Oddevold (3)
7 June 2017 (2017-06-07) Vänersborgs IF (4)0–2 IK Oddevold (3) Vänersborg19:00
Report
Edvardsen 1' Niklasson 71'
Stadium: Vänersvallen NordAttendance: 255Referee: Kastriot Gerxhaliu
Tullinge TP FK (6) v IFK Haninge (4)
7 June 2017 (2017-06-07) Tullinge TP FK (6) 4–3IFK Haninge (4)Tullinge20:00
Bahrami 38' Akbas 57' Bjurholm 68' Dalawe 83'
Report
Ceric 2' Eminovic 71', 80'
Stadium: Brantbrinks IPAttendance: 312Referee: Augin Melki
Eskilsminne IF (4) v Landskrona BoIS (3)
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13) Eskilsminne IF (4)0–2 Landskrona BoIS (3) Helsingborg19:00
Report
Zahui 7' Tkacz 58'
Stadium: Harlyckans IPAttendance: 651Referee: Bobby Sjögren
Boo FK (4) v Arameiska-Syrianska IF (3)
14 June 2017 (2017-06-14) Boo FK (4)1–2 Arameiska-Syrianska IF (3) Nacka, Stockholm19:00
Sanneh 1'
Report
Borsali 36' Awrohum 55'
Stadium: BoovallenAttendance: 120Referee: Mohammad Dabestani
Torslanda IK (4) v Utsiktens BK (3)
14 June 2017 (2017-06-14) Torslanda IK (4)1–4 Utsiktens BK (3) Torslanda19:00
Salihu 58'
Report
Mogren 22' Book 56' Angelin 67' Lipovac 72'
Stadium: Torslandavallen 1 GrassAttendance: 180Referee: Denis Oppong
FC Arlanda (6) v Gamla Upsala SK (4)
14 June 2017 (2017-06-14) FC Arlanda (6)1–3 Gamla Upsala SK (4) Märsta19:30
Aslan 48'
Report
Lundin 13' Watson 19' Yaldir 28'
Stadium: Midgårdsvallen KonstgräsAttendance: 285Referee: Odai Alwani
BKV Norrtälje (4) v Sollentuna FK (3)
14 June 2017 (2017-06-14) BKV Norrtälje (4)0–5 Sollentuna FK (3) Norrtälje19:30
Report
Sonko 43', 47' Johansson 56' Gustafsson 75', 78'
Stadium: Norrtälje SportcentrumAttendance: 217Referee: Ejub Mehic
Borås AIK (6) v Husqvarna FF (3)
26 June 2017 (2017-06-26) Borås AIK (6)1–7 Husqvarna FF (3) Borås19:00
Nishada 85'
Report
Al-Ammari 12' Gwargis 30', 32' S. Dimitrijevic 40' Mawana 43' A. Dimitrijevic 60' Hamidovic 64'
Stadium: BodavallenAttendance: 80Referee: Christer Hallén
Ytterhogdals IK (5) v Härnösands FF (4)
22 July 2017 (2017-07-22) Ytterhogdals IK (5)1–4 Härnösands FF (4) Ytterhogdal15:00
Sama N´Gamb 5'
Report
Wiking 12' Toure 13', 15' Koidan 91'
Stadium: SvedjevallenAttendance: 125Referee: Robert Ahlman
Torstorps IF (5) v Assyriska Turabdin IK (4)
23 July 2017 (2017-07-23) Torstorps IF (5) 3–1Assyriska Turabdin IK (4)Finspång17:00
Skatka 49' Pynnönen 59' Halili 69'
Report
Strandsäter 83'
Stadium: AtlaslundenAttendance: 212Referee: Paul Shamoun
IFK Hässleholm (4) v Hittarps IK (4)
25 July 2017 (2017-07-25) IFK Hässleholm (4)1–5 Hittarps IK (4) Skåne County, Hässleholm19:00
D. Gunnarsson 67'
Report
A. Berisha 10', 29' A. Kopfinger 12', 38' E. Rosqvist 78'
Stadium: Österås IPAttendance: 78Referee: Fredrik Rönning
Kvibille BK (6) v Skrea IF (6)
25 July 2017 (2017-07-25) Kvibille BK (6) 4–1Skrea IF (6)Kvibille19:00
R. Larsson 12', 69' D. Gunnarsson 77', 90'
Report
Z. Hansson 46'
Stadium: BjörkeviReferee: Alexander Eriksson
Sävedalens IF (4) v Tvååkers IF (4)
25 July 2017 (2017-07-25) Sävedalens IF (4)1–2 Tvååkers IF (4) Sävedalen19:00
S. Aganspahic 78'
Report
A. Winbo 57' J. Barucic 93'
Stadium: VallhamraAttendance: Marcus Lundgren
Södertälje FK (4) v Assyriska IF (4)
25 July 2017 (2017-07-25) Södertälje FK (4)0–2 Assyriska IF (4) Södertälje19:30
Report
K. Moilo 22' R. Lönn 25'
Stadium: Östertälje IPReferee: Richard Holöien
Bollnäs GIF FF (4) v IFK Timrå (4)
26 July 2017 (2017-07-26) Bollnäs GIF FF (4) 4–2IFK Timrå (4)Bollnäs19:00
D. Ölander 28' J. Sköld 33' V. Roos 105' C. Brolin 122'
Report
Own Goal 17' O. Widahl 83'
Stadium: Sävstaås IPAttendance: 204Referee: Patrik Larsson
Dalhem IF (6) v IFK Aspudden-Tellus (4)
29 July 2017 (2017-07-29) Dalhem IF (6)0–1 IFK Aspudden-Tellus (4) Dalhem17:00
Report
F. Crona 37'
Stadium: Dalhem IPAttendance: 220Referee: Vedad Kestendzic
Sandvikens IF (3) v IK Brage (3)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Sandvikens IF (3)0–1 IK Brage (3) Sandviken18:00
Report
S. Ilic 9'
Stadium: JernvallenAttendance: 2,026Referee: Mohamed Nablsi
Kalmar AIK FK (5) v Nybro IF (4)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Kalmar AIK FK (5)0–2 Nybro IF (4) Kalmar18:00
Report
F. Berg 45', 72'
Stadium: FredriksskansAttendance: 67Referee: Yousef Issa
IFK Karlshamn (5) v Kristianstad FC (3)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) IFK Karlshamn (5)0–6 Kristianstad FC (3) Karlshamn18:00
Report
E. Åberg 7', 58' N. Girmai Netabay 29' A. Grahm 31', 90' B. Mark Antonsson 54'
Stadium: Vägga IPAttendance: 125Referee: Jakob Magnetorp
Karlbergs BK (4) v Akropolis IF (3)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Karlbergs BK (4)0–4 Akropolis IF (3) Stockholm19:00
Report
A. Rajamohan 26' K. Stavrothanasopoulos 58' K. Gezos 71' M. Haglind Sangré 74'
Stadium: Stadshagens IPReferee: Nino Baresso
Huddinge IF (4) v Enskede IK (3)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Huddinge IF (4)1–4 Enskede IK (3) Huddinge19:00
J. Andres Almendra Cifuentes 70'
Report
F. Sanneh 22', 29', 40' P Micic 54'
Stadium: Källbrinks IPAttendance: 101Referee: Tom Ghorbani
IK Sleipner (4) v Värmbols FC (4)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) IK Sleipner (4)3–3 (a.e.t.) (1–4 p) Värmbols FC (4) Norrköping19:00
M. Kemppainen 8' D. Andersson 83' J. Roxström 120'
Report
V. Benca 9' J. Juhlin 15' E. Lindgren 117'
Stadium: ÖstgötaportenAttendance: 105Referee: Håkan Söderman
Örebro Syrianska IF (4) v Karlstad BK (4)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Örebro Syrianska IF (4)2–2 (a.e.t.) (4–5 p) Karlstad BK (4) Örebro19:00
M. Abdulrahman Mohammad 8' B. Gorgis 63'
Report
V. Nikola 37' A. Beqiri 49'
Stadium: Örnsro IPReferee: Arian Chalak
Melleruds IF (6) v Carlstad United BK (3)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Melleruds IF (6)0–6 Carlstad United BK (3) Mellerud19:00
Report
U. Ike 30', 65' S. Carlsson 44', 85' C. Nyman 79' L. Haidar 81'
Stadium: RådavallenAttendance: 175Referee: Andreas Ekholm
Vimmerby IF (4) v Oskarshamns AIK (3)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Vimmerby IF (4)0–4 Oskarshamns AIK (3) Vimmerby19:00
Report
P. Eliassi 13', 82' C. Christensson 62' M. Karlsson 68'
Stadium: Skobes ArenaReferee: Almir Kadiric
BK Olympic (5) v Lunds BK (4)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) BK Olympic (5)2–3 Lunds BK (4) Lindängens19:00
G. Steven 90', 96'
Report
D. Sax 39' K. Mjörnman 109', 118'
Stadium: Lindängens IPReferee: Daniel Books
IFK Falköping FF (5) v FC Trollhättan (4)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) IFK Falköping FF (5)2–4 FC Trollhättan (4) Kinnarp19:00
F. Rushiti 26' F. Menxhiqi 66'
Report
R. Jansson 17' F. Sundström 1', 80' J. Emanuelsson 92'
Stadium: KinnemoAttendance: 125Referee: Daniel Särén
Skara FC (6) v Skövde AIK (3)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Skara FC (6)0–9 Skövde AIK (3) Lidköping19:00
Report
R. Örqvist 36', 55', 62' B. Yonakhir 51' I. Alushaj 52' B. Jobe 59' I. Alushaj 66' R. Masch 74', 87'
Stadium: Sparbanken ArenaReferee: Albert Mustafa
Torns IF (4) v FC Rosengård 1917 (3)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Torns IF (4) 1–0FC Rosengård 1917 (3)Stångby, Lund19:00
O. Ahlgren 65'
Report
Stadium: TornvallenReferee: Niklas Andersson
Morön BK (4) v Piteå IF FF (4)
2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Morön BK (4)0–1 Piteå IF FF (4) Skellefteå19:30
Report
S. Naiwo 79'
Stadium: Skogsvallen IPAttendance: 278Referee: Simon Svensson
Round 2
64 teams from all levels the Swedish league system competed in this round. The 32 match winners from Round 1 were joined by the 16 teams of the 2017 Superettan and the 16 teams of the top-flight 2017 Allsvenskan. The draw was held on August 3, 2017 and the matches were played on August 23 and 24, 2017.
Akropolis IF (3) v Hammarby IF (1)
16 August 2017 (2017-08-16) Akropolis IF (3)1–3 Hammarby IF (1) Stockholm18:30
Sosseh 6'
Report
Bengtsson 30'Tanković 44'Svendsen 90+2'
Stadium: Grimsta IPAttendance: 3,000Referee: Patrik Eriksson
Kristianstad FC (3) v Halmstads BK (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Kristianstad FC (3)1–3 Halmstads BK (1) Kristianstad17:30
Jawneh 53'
Report
Gunnlaugsson 19', 36'Alho 64'
Stadium: Kristianstads IPAttendance: 645Referee: Robert Daradic
Värmbols FC (4) v AIK (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Värmbols FC (4)0–1 AIK (1) Katrineholm18:00
Report
Stefanelli 53' (pen.)
Stadium: Värmbols IPAttendance: 3,123Referee: Johan Krantz
Torstorps IF (5) v GIF Sundsvall (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Torstorps IF (5)0–3 GIF Sundsvall (1) Finspång18:00
Report
Bahtijar 47'Gracia 51'Sigurðsson 78'
Stadium: AtlaslundenAttendance: 932Referee: Kastriot Gerxhaliu
Kvibille BK (6) v BK Häcken (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Kvibille BK (6)1–9 BK Häcken (1) Kvibille18:00
Gunnarsson 33'
Report
Ranégie 3' (pen.), 69'A. Andersson 4', 82'Egbuchulam 16', 51', 72'Lindgren 73'Hedlund 80'
Stadium: BjörkeviAttendance: 1,095Referee: Kristoffer Karlsson
Tvååkers IF (4) v Örgryte IS FF (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Tvååkers IF (4) 2–1Örgryte IS FF (2)Tvååker18:00
Syla 45'Winbo 55'
Report
Elmander 25'
Stadium: ÖvreviAttendance: 752Referee: Fredrik Oppong
Torns IF (4) v IFK Värnamo (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Torns IF (4)1–3 (a.e.t.) IFK Värnamo (2) Stångby18:00
Johansson 90' (pen.)
Report
Marcelo 80', 108'Citaku 120'
Stadium: TornvallenReferee: Adi Aganovic
IK Brage (3) v Åtvidabergs FF (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) IK Brage (3)1–4 Åtvidabergs FF (2) Borlänge18:30
Hjertstrand 90'
Report
Öhrn 26'Bellander 49'Helg 60' (pen.)Lidberg 78'
Stadium: DomnarvsvallenAttendance: 358Referee: Enzo Vesprini
Tullinge TP FK (6) v IK Frej Täby (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Tullinge TP FK (6)2–5 IK Frej Täby (2) Botkyrka18:30
Varga 15'Talonen 78' (pen.)
Report
Sunesson 19', 22'Ćatović 33', 76'Kuzmanović 80'
Stadium: Brantbrinks IPAttendance: 1,306Referee: Viktor Dovresjö
Vasalunds IF (3) v AFC Eskilstuna (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Vasalunds IF (3) 3–1 (a.e.t.)AFC Eskilstuna (1)Solna18:30
Björk 66', 112'Björnström 97' (pen.)
Report
Buya Turay 38'
Stadium: Skytteholms IPAttendance: 315Referee: Johan Hamlin
IFK Aspudden-Tellus (4) v Dalkurd FF (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) IFK Aspudden-Tellus (4)1–3 Dalkurd FF (2) Stockholm18:30
Abdulla 45'
Report
Awad 20', 42'Stadler 30'
Stadium: Aspuddens IPAttendance: 1,157Referee: Fredrik Hansson
Arameiska-Syrianska IF (3) v IF Brommapojkarna (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Arameiska-Syrianska IF (3)0–2 IF Brommapojkarna (2) Botkyrka18:30
Report
Khalili 30'Gerbino Polo 49'
Stadium: Brunna IPAttendance: 569Referee: Farouk Nehdi
Sollentuna FK (3) v Syrianska FC (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Sollentuna FK (3)1–2 Syrianska FC (2) Sollentuna18:30
Ramsell 5' (pen.)
Report
Gacesa 54'Hellberg 90+4'
Stadium: SollentunavallenAttendance: 300Referee: Adam Ladebäck
Bollnäs GIF (4) v IFK Norrköping (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Bollnäs GIF (4)0–5 IFK Norrköping (1) Bollnäs18:30
Report
Jakobsen 17'Dagerstål 26'Moberg Karlsson 37', 55'Vall 78'
Stadium: Sävstaås IPAttendance: 1,646Referee: Arian Chalak
Piteå IF FF (4) v Degerfors IF (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Piteå IF FF (4)0–0 (a.e.t.) (2–4 p) Degerfors IF (2) Piteå18:30
Report
Stadium: LF ArenaReferee: Alexander MilovanovicPenalties
Duckrell
Edström
Hammarstedt
Sundqvist
Ladan
Abraham
Mayambela
Zackrisson
Stankovic
Gamla Upsala SK (4) v Djurgårdens IF (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Gamla Upsala SK (4)1–4 Djurgårdens IF (1) Uppsala18:30
Englund 37'
Report
Bohlin 18' (o.g.)Badji 75', 89'Kristoffersen 83'
Stadium: Studenternas IPAttendance: 1,286Referee: Victor Wolf
Carlstad United BK (3) v IK Sirius (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Carlstad United BK (3)1–2 IK Sirius (1) Karlstad18:30
Lekiqi 24'
Report
Faour 19'Gustafsson 55'
Stadium: Tingvalla IPAttendance: 831Referee: Antti Kanerva
Landvetter IS (5) v IFK Göteborg (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Landvetter IS (5)0–5 IFK Göteborg (1) Landvetter18:30
Report
Ohlsson 27'Ómarsson 50', 57', 69'Nordström 55'
Stadium: Landvetter IPAttendance: 4,800Referee: Bojan Pandzic
Oskarshamns AIK (3) v Helsingborgs IF (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Oskarshamns AIK (3)1–3 Helsingborgs IF (2) Oskarshamn18:30
Eliassi 19' (pen.)
Report
Timossi Andersson 8', 58'Christensen 11'
Stadium: Arena OskarshamnAttendance: 1,082Referee: Andreas Johansson
Hittarps IK (4) v Varbergs BoIS (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Hittarps IK (4)0–3 Varbergs BoIS (2) Hittarp18:30
Report
Palmquist 16', 50'Arvidsson 55'
Stadium: Laröds IPReferee: Haris Memisevic
Lunds BK (4) v Norrby IF (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Lunds BK (4)0–2 Norrby IF (2) Lund18:30
Report
Ståhl 53', 86' (pen.)
Stadium: Klostergårdens IPReferee: Per Melin
Landskrona BoIS (3) v IF Elfsborg (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Landskrona BoIS (3)3–4 IF Elfsborg (1) Landskrona18:30
Zahui 20'Karim 36'Nalić 60'
Report
Karlsson 6'Bajrami 69', 114'Lundevall 80'
Stadium: Landskrona IPAttendance: 1,598Referee: Kaspar Sjöberg
Husqvarna FF (3) v Östers IF (2)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Husqvarna FF (3)2–5 (a.e.t.) Östers IF (2) Jönköping18:30
Hamidović 2'Bernholtz 68'
Report
Bajrović 24'Björkén 87'Kapčević 93'Vasilj 100'Crona 117'
Stadium: StadsparksvallenAttendance: 467Referee: Joakim Östling
Utsiktens BK (3) v Jönköpings Södra IF (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Utsiktens BK (3)2–3 (a.e.t.) Jönköpings Södra IF (1) Gothenburg18:30
Westermark 25'Book 80'
Report
Vilhjálmsson 57', 85', 115'
Stadium: Ruddalens IPAttendance: 200Referee: Magnus Lindgren
FC Trollhättan (4) v Malmö FF (1)
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) FC Trollhättan (4)1–4 Malmö FF (1) Trollhättan18:30
Kean 4'
Report
Jeremejeff 22'Brorsson 44'Berget 88' (pen.)Rakip 90'
Stadium: Edsborgs IPAttendance: 3,200Referee: Granit Maqedonci
Assyriska IF (4) v Trelleborgs FF (2)
24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) Assyriska IF (4)0–1 Trelleborgs FF (2) Norrköping17:30
Report
Nilsson 78'
Stadium: Mamre IPAttendance: 540Referee: Mohammed Al-Hakim
Enskede IK (3) v Gefle IF (2)
24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) Enskede IK (3)1–2 (a.e.t.) Gefle IF (2) Stockholm18:30
Alriksson 35'
Report
Ajeti 85'Johansson 115'
Stadium: Enskede IPAttendance: 305Referee: Jesper Ekwall
Karlstad BK (4) v Örebro SK (1)
24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) Karlstad BK (4)1–2 Örebro SK (1) Karlstad18:30
Moussally 5'
Report
Rogić 29'Hines-Ike 39'
Stadium: Tingvalla IPAttendance: 903Referee: Jim Petersson
Skövde AIK (3) v GAIS (2)
24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) Skövde AIK (3)0–1 GAIS (2) Skövde18:30
Report
Sinclair 73'
Stadium: Södermalms IPReferee: Alexander Pavlovic
Nybro IF (4) v Kalmar FF (1)
24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) Nybro IF (4)1–5 Kalmar FF (1) Nybro18:30
Sturresson 59'
Report
Mujkic 15' (o.g.)Edqvist 28', 43'Eid 64'Sachpekidis 70'
Stadium: VictoriavallenAttendance: 2,426Referee: Fredrik Klitte
IK Oddevold (3) v Falkenbergs FF (2)
24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) IK Oddevold (3) 2–1Falkenbergs FF (2)Uddevalla18:30
Mikaelsson 18'Karlsson 90'
Report
Chatto 16'
Stadium: RimnersvallenReferee: Nermin Cisic
Härnösand FF (4) v Östersunds FK (1)
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10) Härnösand FF (4)0–2 Östersunds FK (1) Härnösand19:00
Report
Bertilsson 53'Edwards 75'
Stadium: Högslättens IPAttendance: 1,466Referee: Niklas Abrahamsson
Group stage
The 32 winners from round 2 were divided into eight groups of four teams. The 16 highest ranked winners from the previous rounds were seeded to the top two positions in each groups and the 16 remaining winners were unseeded in the draw. The ranking of the 16 seeded teams were decided by league position in the 2017 season. All teams in the group stage played each other once, the highest ranked teams from the previous rounds and teams from tier three or lower had the right to play two home matches.
Qualified teams
Seeded
AIK (1)
BK Häcken (1)
Djurgårdens IF (1)
GIF Sundsvall (1)
Halmstads BK (1)
Hammarby IF (1)
IF Brommapojkarna (2)
IF Elfsborg (1)
IFK Göteborg (1)
IFK Norrköping (1)
IK Sirius (1)
Jönköpings Södra IF (1)
Kalmar FF (1)
Malmö FF (1)
Örebro SK (1)
Östersunds FK (1)
Unseeded
Dalkurd FF (2)
Degerfors IF (2)
GAIS (2)
Gefle IF (2)
Helsingborgs IF (2)
IFK Värnamo (2)
IK Frej Täby (2)
IK Oddevold (3)
Norrby IF (2)
Syrianska FC (2)
Trelleborgs FF (2)
Tvååkers IF (4)
Varbergs BoIS (2)
Vasalunds IF (3)
Åtvidabergs FF (2)
Östers IF (2)
Group 1
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
MFF
IFB
DFF
GEF
1
Malmö FF
3
3
0
0
7
1
+6
9
Advance to Knockout stage
—
3–1
1–0
—
2
IF Brommapojkarna
3
2
0
1
5
3
+2
6
—
—
2–0
2–0
3
Dalkurd FF
3
0
1
2
2
5
−3
1
—
—
—
2–2
4
Gefle IF
3
0
1
2
2
7
−5
1
0–3
—
—
—
Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked team
Malmö FF (1) v Dalkurd FF (1)
18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 Malmö FF (1) 1–0 Dalkurd FF (1) Malmö17:00
Rosenberg 87' (pen)
Report
Stadium: Malmö IPAttendance: 4,566Referee: Magnus Lindgren
IF Brommapojkarna (1) v Gefle IF (2)
18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 IF Brommapojkarna (1) 2–0 Gefle IF (2) Stockholm17:00
Sandberg Magnusson 56'Ajeti 87'
Report
Stadium: Grimsta IPAttendance: 110Referee: Fredrik Klitte
IF Brommapojkarna (1) v Dalkurd FF (1)
25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 IF Brommapojkarna (1) 2–0 Dalkurd FF (1) Stockholm15:00
Nikolić 30'Rauschenberg 51'
Report
Stadium: Grimsta IPAttendance: 600Referee: Victor Wolf
Gefle IF (2) v Malmö FF (1)
25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Gefle IF (2) 0–3 Malmö FF (1) Gävle19:00
Report
Jeremejeff 18'Bengtsson 24'Strandberg 89'
Stadium: GavlevallenAttendance: 283Referee: Glenn Nyberg
Dalkurd FF (1) v Gefle IF (2)
4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 Dalkurd FF (1) 2–2 Gefle IF (2) Gävle17:00
Ahmed 33' Sugita 57'
Report
Johansson 26' Sandlund 88'
Stadium: GavlevallenAttendance: 250Referee: Victor Wolf
Malmö FF (1) v IF Brommapojkarna (1)
4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 Malmö FF (1) 3–1 IF Brommapojkarna (1) Malmö17:00
Jeremejeff 32' Strandberg 47' Svanberg 65'
Report
Ajeti 60'
Stadium: Malmö IPAttendance: 3,155Referee: Kristoffer Karlsson
Group 2
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
AIK
HBK
SFC
IKO
1
AIK
3
3
0
0
7
3
+4
9
Advance to Knockout stage
—
3–1
2–1
—
2
Halmstads BK
3
1
1
1
7
4
+3
4
—
—
5–0
—
3
Syrianska FC
3
1
0
2
6
10
−4
3
—
—
—
5–3
4
IK Oddevold
3
0
1
2
5
8
−3
1
1–2
1–1
—
—
Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked team
AIK (1) v Syrianska FC (3)
17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 AIK (1) 2–1 Syrianska FC (3) Stockholm14:00
Goitom 13'Yasin 52'
Report
Ercan 30'
Stadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 8,000Referee: Johan Krantz
IK Oddevold (3) v Halmstads BK (2)
17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 IK Oddevold (3) 1–1 Halmstads BK (2) Uddevalla14:00
Krezić 29'
Report
Kinoshita 58'
Stadium: KamratgårdenAttendance: 408Referee: Granit Maqedonci
IK Oddevold (3) v AIK (1)
24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 IK Oddevold (3) 1–2 AIK (1) Uddevalla16:00
Selmani 43' (pen.)
Report
Elyounoussi 9'Bahoui 25'
Stadium: KamratgårdenAttendance: 1,118Referee: Mohammed Al-Hakim
Halmstads BK (2) v Syrianska FC (3)
24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 Halmstads BK (2) 5–0 Syrianska FC (3) Halmstad16:00
Silfwer 11'Kinoshita 33'Gudmundsson 45'Berntsson 54'Rashidi 71'
Report
Stadium: Skedalaheds IPAttendance: 288Referee: Antti Kanerva
Syrianska FC (3) v IK Oddevold (3)
4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 Syrianska FC (3) 5–3 IK Oddevold (3) Södertälje15:00
Hellberg 35'Ada 63', 75'Rajalakso 71', 84'
Report
Selmani 15', 82' (pen.)Alimi 90'
Stadium: Södertälje FotbollsarenaAttendance: 100Referee: Adam Ladebäck
AIK (1) v Halmstads BK (2)
4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 AIK (1) 3–1 Halmstads BK (2) Stockholm15:00
Elyounoussi 6' (pen.)Olsson 69'Lindkvist 88'
Report
Silfwer 60' (pen.)
Stadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 7,828Referee: Jonas Eriksson
Group 3
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
DIF
DEG
FRE
JSIF
1
Djurgårdens IF
3
3
0
0
8
0
+8
9
Advance to Knockout stage
—
6–0
—
1–0
2
Degerfors IF
3
1
1
1
4
8
−4
4
—
—
3–1
—
3
IK Frej Täby
3
1
0
2
3
5
−2
3
0–1
—
—
—
4
Jönköpings Södra IF
3
0
1
2
2
4
−2
1
—
1–1
1–2
—
Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked team
Jönköpings Södra IF (2) v IK Frej Täby (2)
18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 Jönköpings Södra IF (2) 1–2 IK Frej Täby (2) Jönköping15:00
Moberg 5'
Report
Gerbino Polo 10'Stavrothanasopoulos 42'
Stadium: Tipshallen ElmiaAttendance: 765Referee: Per Mellin
Djurgårdens IF (1) v Degerfors IF (2)
19 February 2018 (2018-02-19) Matchday 1 Djurgårdens IF (1) 6–0 Degerfors IF (2) Stockholm19:00
Radetinac 16', 90'Mrabti 33'Augustinsson 48'Kadewere 51', 55'
Report
Stadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 5,568Referee: Antti Kanerva
IK Frej Täby (2) v Djurgårdens IF (1)
24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 IK Frej Täby (2) 0–1 Djurgårdens IF (1) Täby12:00
Report
Gunnarsson 75'
Stadium: VikingavallenAttendance: 2,516Referee: Magnus Lindgren
Jönköpings Södra IF (2) v Degerfors IF (2)
25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Jönköpings Södra IF (2) 1–1 Degerfors IF (2) Jönköping17:00
Thelin 90+4'
Report
Nilsson 64'
Stadium: Tipshallen ElmiaAttendance: 512Referee: Fredrik Klitte
Degerfors IF (2) v IK Frej Täby (2)
3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 Degerfors IF (2) 3–1 IK Frej Täby (2) Degerfors14:00
Ekroth 42'Jansson 81'Abraham 89'
Report
Gerbino Polo 83'
Stadium: Stora VallaAttendance: 136Referee: Fredrik Hansson
Djurgårdens IF (1) v Jönköpings Södra IF (2)
3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 Djurgårdens IF (1) 1–0 Jönköpings Södra IF (2) Stockholm14:00
Walker 84'
Report
Stadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 4,005Referee: Stefan Johannesson
Group 4
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
BKH
SUN
VÄR
NBY
1
BK Häcken
3
2
1
0
7
1
+6
7
Advance to Knockout stage
—
1–1
2–0
—
2
GIF Sundsvall
3
2
1
0
7
4
+3
7
—
—
2–1
4–2
3
IFK Värnamo
3
1
0
2
2
4
−2
3
—
—
—
1–0
4
Norrby IF
3
0
0
3
2
9
−7
0
0–4
—
—
—
Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked team
GIF Sundsvall (1) v Norrby IF (2)
17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 GIF Sundsvall (1) 4–2 Norrby IF (2) Sundsvall16:00
Wilson 21', 48'Gall 55'Hallenius 74'
Report
Nilsson 63'Yarsuvat 88'
Stadium: NordichallenAttendance: 350Referee: Fredrik Hansson
BK Häcken (1) v IFK Värnamo (2)
18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 BK Häcken (1) 2–0 IFK Värnamo (2) Gothenburg17:00
Irandust 52'Paulinho 84' (pen.)
Report
Stadium: Bravida ArenaAttendance: 623Referee: Robert Daradić
GIF Sundsvall (1) v IFK Värnamo (2)
24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 GIF Sundsvall (1) 2–1 IFK Värnamo (2) Sundsvall14:00
Hallenius 4'Gall 75'
Report
Achinioti-Jönsson 23'
Stadium: NordichallenAttendance: 333Referee: Farouk Nehdi
Norrby IF (2) v BK Häcken (1)
25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Norrby IF (2) 0–4 BK Häcken (1) Borås15:00
Report
Irandust 7'Arkivuo 27'Paulinho 42'Friberg 67'
Stadium: Borås ArenaAttendance: 145Referee: Granit Maqedonci
IFK Värnamo (2) v Norrby IF (2)
3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 IFK Värnamo (2) 1–0 Norrby IF (2) Värnamo16:00
Ask 14'
Report
Stadium: FinnvedsvallenAttendance: 115Referee: Per Melin
BK Häcken (1) v GIF Sundsvall (1)
3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 BK Häcken (1) 1–1 GIF Sundsvall (1) Gothenburg16:00
Kamara 68'
Report
Skoglund 24'
Stadium: Bravida ArenaAttendance: 623Referee: Patrik Eriksson
Group 5
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
ÖFK
KFF
TFF
ÅFF
1
Östersunds FK
3
3
0
0
8
0
+8
9
Advance to Knockout stage
—
3–0
3–0
—
2
Kalmar FF
3
1
1
1
2
4
−2
4
—
—
2–1
0–0
3
Trelleborgs FF
3
1
0
2
4
5
−1
3
—
—
—
3–0
4
Åtvidabergs FF
3
0
1
2
0
5
−5
1
0–2
—
—
—
Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked team
Östersunds FK (1) v Trelleborgs FF (1)
9 February 2018 (2018-02-09) Matchday 1 Östersunds FK (1) 3–0 Trelleborgs FF (1) Östersund19:00
Islamović 9'Tekie 76'Pettersson 90+2'
Report
Stadium: Jämtkraft ArenaAttendance: 1,546Referee: Jonas Eriksson
Kalmar FF (1) v Åtvidabergs FF (3)
17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 Kalmar FF (1) 0–0 Åtvidabergs FF (3) Kalmar14:00
Report
Stadium: Gasten IPAttendance: 393Referee: Mirza Kazić
Kalmar FF (1) v Trelleborgs FF (1)
25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Kalmar FF (1) 2–1 Trelleborgs FF (1) Kalmar17:00
Romário 24', 45' (pen.)
Report
Hörberg 2'
Stadium: Gasten IPAttendance: 237Referee: Andreas Ekberg
Åtvidabergs FF (3) v Östersunds FK (1)
26 February 2018 (2018-02-26) Matchday 2 Åtvidabergs FF (3) 0–2 Östersunds FK (1) Åtvidaberg19:00
Report
Ghoddos 65'Hopcutt 89'
Stadium: KopparvallenAttendance: 508Referee: Johan Krantz
Trelleborgs FF (1) v Åtvidabergs FF (3)
3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 Trelleborgs FF (1) 3–0 Åtvidabergs FF (3) Trelleborg14:00
Jovanović 58'Hümmet 76'Christoffersson 86'
Report
Stadium: VångavallenAttendance: 112Referee: Mirza Kazić
Östersunds FK (1) v Kalmar FF (1)
3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 Östersunds FK (1) 3–0 Kalmar FF (1) Östersund14:00
Nouri 26' (pen.)Ghoddos 29'Islamović 77'
Report
Stadium: Jämtkraft ArenaAttendance: 1,729Referee: Kaspar Sjöberg
Group 6
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
ÖSK
HEL
NOR
TVÅ
1
Örebro SK
3
1
2
0
6
3
+3
5
Advance to Knockout stage
—
1–1
—
—
2
Helsingborgs IF
3
1
2
0
5
2
+3
5
—
—
—
3–0
3
IFK Norrköping
3
1
2
0
6
5
+1
5
2–2
1–1
—
—
4
Tvååkers IF
3
0
0
3
2
9
−7
0
0–3
—
2–3
—
Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked team
IFK Norrköping (1) v Helsingborgs IF (2)
17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 IFK Norrköping (1) 1–1 Helsingborgs IF (2) Norrköping16:00
Johansson 90+1'
Report
Johansson 27'
Stadium: ÖstgötaportenAttendance: 1,870Referee: Glenn Nyberg
Tvååkers IF (3) v Örebro SK (1)
18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 Tvååkers IF (3) 0–3 Örebro SK (1) Tvååker15:00
Report
Igboananike 42'Besara 82', 90+2'
Stadium: ÖvreviAttendance: 176Referee: Nermin Cisić
Tvååkers IF (3) v IFK Norrköping (1)
24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 Tvååkers IF (3) 2–3 IFK Norrköping (1) Tvååker14:00
Johansson 34'Nedanovski 45'
Report
Jakobsen 66'Thern 76'Fjóluson 90'
Stadium: ÖvreviAttendance: 213Referee: Mirza Kazić
Örebro SK (1) v Helsingborgs IF (2)
24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 Örebro SK (1) 1–1 Helsingborgs IF (2) Örebro14:00
Igboananike 90+4'
Report
Dahlberg 76'
Stadium: Behrn ArenaAttendance: 791Referee: Kaspar Sjöberg
Helsingborgs IF (2) v Tvååkers IF (3)
3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 Helsingborgs IF (2) 3–0 Tvååkers IF (3) Helsingborg16:00
Bjarnason 34', 44'Timossi Andersson 90+3'
Report
Stadium: OlympiafältetAttendance: 1,067Referee: Antti Kanerva
IFK Norrköping (1) v Örebro SK (1)
3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 IFK Norrköping (1) 2–2 Örebro SK (1) Norrköping16:00
Jakobsen 57'Holmberg 82'
Report
Besara 58'Rogić 90'
Stadium: ÖstgötaportenAttendance: 1,864Referee: Glenn Nyberg
Group 7
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
IFKG
ÖIF
VAR
IKS
1
IFK Göteborg
3
1
2
0
4
3
+1
5
Advance to Knockout stage
—
1–1
1–0
—
2
Östers IF
3
1
2
0
4
3
+1
5
—
—
2–1
—
3
Varbergs BoIS
3
1
0
2
3
4
−1
3
—
—
—
2–1
4
IK Sirius
3
0
2
1
4
5
−1
2
2–2
1–1
—
—
Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked team
IK Sirius (1) v Östers IF (2)
17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 IK Sirius (1) 1–1 Östers IF (2) Uppsala16:00
Vecchia 72'
Report
Helg 43'
Stadium: Lötens IPAttendance: 900Referee: Victor Wolf
IFK Göteborg (1) v Varbergs BoIS (2)
17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 IFK Göteborg (1) 1–0 Varbergs BoIS (2) Gothenburg16:00
Ómarsson 75'
Report
Stadium: Bravida ArenaAttendance: 2,410Referee: Kristoffer Karlsson
IFK Göteborg (1) v Östers IF (2)
24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 IFK Göteborg (1) 1–1 Östers IF (2) Gothenburg14:00
Diskerud 67'
Report
Helg 18'
Stadium: Bravida ArenaAttendance: 2,041Referee: Adam Ladebäck
Varbergs BoIS (2) v IK Sirius (1)
25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Varbergs BoIS (2) 2–1 IK Sirius (1) Tvååker15:00
Girmai Netabay 22'Beqaj 63'
Report
Vecchia 40'
Stadium: ÖvreviAttendance: 421Referee: Robert Daradić
Östers IF (2) v Varbergs BoIS (2)
4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 Östers IF (2) 2–1 Varbergs BoIS (2) Växjö17:00
Johannesson 58', 90+5'
Report
Bergman 90+3'
Stadium: Växjö TipshallAttendance: 953Referee: Magnus Lindgren
IK Sirius (1) v IFK Göteborg (1)
4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 IK Sirius (1) 2–2 IFK Göteborg (1) Uppsala17:00
Arvidsson 50'Nygren 90'
Report
Ómarsson 54'Ohlsson 84'
Stadium: Lötens IPAttendance: 571Referee: Mohammed Al-Hakim
Group 8
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
GAIS
IFE
HAM
VAS
1
GAIS
3
2
1
0
10
5
+5
7
Advance to Knockout stage
—
—
—
4–0
2
IF Elfsborg
3
2
0
1
8
4
+4
6
2–3
—
2–1
—
3
Hammarby IF
3
1
1
1
7
6
+1
4
3–3
—
—
3–1
4
Vasalunds IF
3
0
0
3
1
11
−10
0
—
0–4
1–3
—
Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked team
Vasalunds IF (4) v Hammarby IF (1)
18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 Vasalunds IF (4) 1–3 Hammarby IF (1) Stockholm15:00
Traore 75'
Report
Hamad 6', 27' (pen.)Martinsson Ngouali 52'
Stadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 5,207Referee: Farouk Nehdi
IF Elfsborg (1) v GAIS (2)
19 February 2018 (2018-02-19) Matchday 1 IF Elfsborg (1) 2–3 GAIS (2) Borås19:00
Nilsson 12'Jebali 23'
Report
Östling 12'Djuric 27'Hamidovic 52'
Stadium: Borås ArenaAttendance: 798Referee: Kaspar Sjöberg
Vasalunds IF (4) v IF Elfsborg (1)
25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Vasalunds IF (4) 0–4 IF Elfsborg (1) Solna17:00
Report
Nilsson 16'Drešević 45'Prodell 79'Jebali 80'
Stadium: Skytteholms IPAttendance: 162Referee: Nermin Cisić
Hammarby IF (1) v GAIS (2)
25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Hammarby IF (1) 3–3 GAIS (2) Stockholm17:00
Svendsen 17'Dibba 73'Khalili 90'
Report
Hamidović 19', 70'Wängberg 38'
Stadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 7,108Referee: Kristoffer Karlsson
GAIS (2) v Vasalunds IF (4)
4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 GAIS (2) 4–0 Vasalunds IF (4) Gothenburg15:00
Hamidović 5', 49'Barny 45'Zeljković 90'
Report
Stadium: Bravida ArenaAttendance: 581Referee: Nermin Cisić
IF Elfsborg (1) v Hammarby IF (1)
4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 IF Elfsborg (1) 2–1 Hammarby IF (1) Borås15:00
Frick 36'Holmén 79' (pen.)
Report
Bakirciouglu 87'
Stadium: Borås ArenaAttendance: 789Referee: Andreas Ekberg
Knock-out stage
Qualified teams
Pos
Grp
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
3
Djurgårdens IF
3
3
0
0
8
0
+8
9
Seeded in Quarter-final draw
2
5
Östersunds FK
3
3
0
0
8
0
+8
9
3
1
Malmö FF
3
3
0
0
7
1
+6
9
4
2
AIK
3
3
0
0
7
3
+4
9
5
4
BK Häcken
3
2
1
0
7
1
+6
7
Unseeded in Quarter-final draw
6
8
GAIS
3
2
1
0
10
5
+5
7
7
6
Örebro SK
3
1
2
0
6
3
+3
5
8
7
IFK Göteborg
3
1
2
0
4
3
+1
5
Source: Group resultsRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Ranking in 2017 season
Bracket
Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal 13 March – Solna AIK2 18 March – Solna Örebro SK0
AIK0 12 March – Stockholm Djurgårdens IF2
Djurgårdens IF1 10 May – Stockholm BK Häcken0
Djurgårdens IF3 11 March – Östersund Malmö FF0
Östersunds FK1 17 March – Östersund GAIS0
Östersunds FK0 10 March – Malmö Malmö FF1
Malmö FF1 IFK Göteborg0
Quarter-finals
The quarter-finals consisted of the eight teams that won their respective group in the previous round. The four best group winners were seeded and drawn against the other four group winners, with the seeded teams entitled to play the match at their home venue. GAIS was the lowest ranked team in the quarter-finals as they are playing in the second tier, Superettan, for the 2018 season, while the other teams are playing in the top tier, Allsvenskan.
The draw for the quarter-finals and semi-finals was held on 4 March 2018.Malmö FF (1) v IFK Göteborg (1)
10 March 2018 (2018-03-10) Malmö FF (1) 1–0IFK Göteborg (1)Malmö13:00
Nielsen 18'
Report
Stadium: Malmö IPAttendance: 4,135Referee: Glenn NybergÖstersunds FK (1) v GAIS (2)
11 March 2018 (2018-03-11) Östersunds FK (1) 1–0GAIS (2)Östersund17:00
Gero 86'
Report
Stadium: Jämtkraft ArenaAttendance: 2,620Referee: Patrik Eriksson
Djurgårdens IF (1) v BK Häcken (1)
12 March 2018 (2018-03-12) Djurgårdens IF (1) 1–0BK Häcken (1)Stockholm19:00
Kadewere 77'
Report
Stadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 6,697Referee: Mohammed Al-Hakim
AIK (1) v Örebro SK (1)
13 March 2018 (2018-03-13) AIK (1) 2–0Örebro SK (1)Solna18:30
Elyounoussi 12'Silva 90+1'
Report
Stadium: Friends ArenaAttendance: 7,679Referee: Kristofer Karlsson
Semi-finals
The semi-finals consisted of the four teams that won their respective quarter-finals in the previous round. All teams that qualified to this round are playing in the top tier, Allsvenskan, for the 2018 season.
The draw for the quarter-finals and semi-finals was held on 4 March 2018.
Östersunds FK (1) v Malmö FF (1)
17 March 2018 (2018-03-17) Östersunds FK (1)0–1 Malmö FF (1) Östersund18:15
Report
Traustason 79'
Stadium: Jämtkraft ArenaAttendance: 3,416Referee: Mohammed Al-Hakim
AIK (1) v Djurgårdens IF (1)
18 March 2018 (2018-03-18) AIK (1)0–2 Djurgårdens IF (1) Solna18:15
Report
Kadewere 46'Mrabti 67'
Stadium: Friends ArenaAttendance: 21,200Referee: Andreas Ekberg
Final
Main article: 2018 Svenska Cupen final
10 May 2018 (2018-05-10)15:00
Djurgårdens IF (1)3–0Malmö FF (1)
Une Larsson 17' Mrabti 47' Ring 81'
Report
Tele2 Arena, StockholmAttendance: 25,123Referee: Bojan Pandžić
References
^ "Swedish Cup Men 2017–18" (in Swedish). The Swedish Football Association.
^ "Second Round Draw on August 3" (in Swedish). The Swedish Football Association.
^ "Match program – Swedish Cup OMG. 1–2, gentlemen".
^ "Round 2 Lottery".
^ "Match program – Swedish Cup OMG. 1–2, gentlemen".
^ a b "Lottat och klart – så spelas kvartsfinalerna". expressen.se. Expressen. 4 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
^ "Östersunds FK vs. Malmö FF – 17 March 2018 – Soccerway". us.soccerway.com.
vteSvenska CupenSeasons
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1953
1967
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Qualifying rounds
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Finals
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1953
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991 (June)
1991 (November)
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Finals
vte2017 in Swedish football « 2016 2018 » League competitionsMen
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Club season articlesAllsvenskan
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vte2018 in Swedish football « 2017 2019 » League competitionsMen
Allsvenskan
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Damallsvenskan
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Club season articlesAllsvenskan
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IF Elfsborg
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vte2017–18 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues
Albania
Andorra
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Belarus '17 '18
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Iceland '17 '18
Israel
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Kazakhstan '17 '18
Kosovo
Latvia '17 '18
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Moldova '17 '18
Montenegro
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
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Poland
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Russia
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England
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Gibraltar
Greece
Hungary
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Israel
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Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '17 '18
Poland
Portugal
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Russia
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France
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Portugal
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Wales
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Andorra
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic & Slovakia
England
Estonia '17 '18
Faroe Islands
France
Georgia '17 '18
Germany
Gibraltar
Hungary
Iceland
Israel
Italy
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Malta
Moldova
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UEFA competitions
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International competitions
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qualification | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Svenska Cupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"2018–19 UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"2017 Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"},{"link_name":"CET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B01:00"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"}],"text":"Football tournament seasonThe 2017–18 Svenska Cupen was the 62nd season of the Svenska Cupen and the sixth season with the current format. The winners of the competition earned a place in the second qualifying round of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League, unless they had already qualified for European competition in the 2018–19 season, in which case the qualification spot went to fourth-placed team of the 2017 Allsvenskan. A total of 96 clubs entered the competition.[1]The first two rounds were played between 7 June and 10 October 2017 respectively. The first round draw was announced on 20 March 2017, and the draw for the second round was announced on 3 August 2017.[2] The group stage was played on the last two weekends in February 2018, and the last group stage round was played on 3 and 4 March 2018. The following quarter-finals and semi-finals were played on the weekends of 10 March and 17 March 2018 respectively, before the tournament ended with the final on 10 May 2018. Times up to 28 October 2017 and from 25 March 2018 are CEST (UTC+2). Times from 29 October 2017 to 24 March 2018 are CET (UTC+1).Djurgårdens IF won their fifth Svenska Cupen title on 10 May 2018 after defeating Malmö FF 3–0.","title":"2017–18 Svenska Cupen"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The schedule of the competition is as follows.","title":"Round and draw dates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Landvetter IS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landvetter_IS"},{"link_name":"Assyriska BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriska_BK"},{"link_name":"Landvetter IS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landvetter_IS"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Assyriska BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriska_BK"},{"link_name":"Landvetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landvetter"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3722004"},{"link_name":"Vasalunds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalunds_IF"},{"link_name":"Västerås SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_SK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Vasalunds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalunds_IF"},{"link_name":"Västerås SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_SK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Solna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solna"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Pavey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Pavey"},{"link_name":"Own goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721979"},{"link_name":"Skytteholms IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skytteholms_IP"},{"link_name":"Vänersborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4nersborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"Vänersborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4nersborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"Vänersborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4nersborg"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3722001"},{"link_name":"Edvardsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Edvardsen"},{"link_name":"Tullinge TP FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullinge_TP_FK"},{"link_name":"IFK Haninge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Haninge"},{"link_name":"Tullinge TP FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullinge_TP_FK"},{"link_name":"IFK Haninge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Haninge"},{"link_name":"Tullinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullinge"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721982"},{"link_name":"Eskilsminne IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskilsminne_IF"},{"link_name":"Landskrona BoIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona_BoIS"},{"link_name":"Eskilsminne IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskilsminne_IF"},{"link_name":"Landskrona BoIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona_BoIS"},{"link_name":"Helsingborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborg"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721996"},{"link_name":"Harlyckans IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlyckans_IP"},{"link_name":"Boo FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boo_FK"},{"link_name":"Arameiska-Syrianska IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameiska-Syrianska_IF"},{"link_name":"Boo FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boo_FK"},{"link_name":"Arameiska-Syrianska IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameiska-Syrianska_IF"},{"link_name":"Nacka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacka_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721983"},{"link_name":"Torslanda IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torslanda_IK"},{"link_name":"Utsiktens BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsiktens_BK"},{"link_name":"Torslanda IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torslanda_IK"},{"link_name":"Utsiktens BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsiktens_BK"},{"link_name":"Torslanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torslanda"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3722003"},{"link_name":"Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Book"},{"link_name":"Torslandavallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torslandavallen"},{"link_name":"FC Arlanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Arlanda"},{"link_name":"Gamla Upsala SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Upsala_SK"},{"link_name":"FC Arlanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Arlanda"},{"link_name":"Gamla Upsala SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Upsala_SK"},{"link_name":"Märsta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rsta"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721978"},{"link_name":"BKV Norrtälje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKV_Norrt%C3%A4lje"},{"link_name":"Sollentuna FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sollentuna_FK"},{"link_name":"BKV Norrtälje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKV_Norrt%C3%A4lje"},{"link_name":"Sollentuna FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sollentuna_FK"},{"link_name":"Norrtälje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrt%C3%A4lje"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721980"},{"link_name":"Norrtälje Sportcentrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrt%C3%A4lje_Sportcentrum"},{"link_name":"Borås AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s_AIK"},{"link_name":"Husqvarna FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husqvarna_FF"},{"link_name":"Borås AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s_AIK"},{"link_name":"Husqvarna FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husqvarna_FF"},{"link_name":"Borås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721997"},{"link_name":"Al-Ammari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Al-Ammari"},{"link_name":"Gwargis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gwargis"},{"link_name":"Ytterhogdals IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterhogdals_IK"},{"link_name":"Härnösands FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sands_FF"},{"link_name":"Ytterhogdals IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterhogdals_IK"},{"link_name":"Härnösands FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sands_FF"},{"link_name":"Ytterhogdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterhogdal"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721975"},{"link_name":"Torstorps IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torstorps_IF"},{"link_name":"Assyriska Turabdin IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriska_Turabdin_IK"},{"link_name":"Torstorps IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torstorps_IF"},{"link_name":"Assyriska Turabdin IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriska_Turabdin_IK"},{"link_name":"Finspång","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsp%C3%A5ng"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721988"},{"link_name":"IFK Hässleholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_H%C3%A4ssleholm"},{"link_name":"Hittarps IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittarps_IK"},{"link_name":"IFK Hässleholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_H%C3%A4ssleholm"},{"link_name":"Hittarps IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittarps_IK"},{"link_name":"Skåne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_County"},{"link_name":"Hässleholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ssleholm"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721995"},{"link_name":"Kvibille BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvibille_BK"},{"link_name":"Skrea IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrea_IF"},{"link_name":"Kvibille BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvibille_BK"},{"link_name":"Skrea IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrea_IF"},{"link_name":"Kvibille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvibille"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721998"},{"link_name":"Sävedalens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4vedalens_IF"},{"link_name":"Tvååkers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5kers_IF"},{"link_name":"Sävedalens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4vedalens_IF"},{"link_name":"Tvååkers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5kers_IF"},{"link_name":"Sävedalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4vedalen"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3722002"},{"link_name":"A. Winbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Winbo"},{"link_name":"Södertälje FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje_FK"},{"link_name":"Assyriska IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriska_F%C3%B6reningen_i_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Södertälje FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje_FK"},{"link_name":"Assyriska IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriska_F%C3%B6reningen_i_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Södertälje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721987"},{"link_name":"Bollnäs GIF FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolln%C3%A4s_GIF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"IFK Timrå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Timr%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Bollnäs GIF FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolln%C3%A4s_GIF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"IFK Timrå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Timr%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Bollnäs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolln%C3%A4s"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721976"},{"link_name":"Dalhem IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhem_IF"},{"link_name":"IFK Aspudden-Tellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Aspudden-Tellus"},{"link_name":"Dalhem IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhem_IF"},{"link_name":"IFK Aspudden-Tellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Aspudden-Tellus"},{"link_name":"Dalhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhem"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721984"},{"link_name":"Sandvikens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandvikens_IF"},{"link_name":"IK Brage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Brage"},{"link_name":"Sandvikens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandvikens_IF"},{"link_name":"IK Brage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Brage"},{"link_name":"Sandviken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandviken"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721977"},{"link_name":"Jernvallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernvallen"},{"link_name":"Kalmar AIK FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_AIK_FK"},{"link_name":"Nybro IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nybro_IF"},{"link_name":"Kalmar AIK FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_AIK_FK"},{"link_name":"Nybro IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nybro_IF"},{"link_name":"Kalmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721992"},{"link_name":"Fredriksskans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredriksskans"},{"link_name":"IFK Karlshamn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Karlshamn"},{"link_name":"Kristianstad FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianstad_FC"},{"link_name":"IFK Karlshamn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Karlshamn"},{"link_name":"Kristianstad FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianstad_FC"},{"link_name":"Karlshamn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlshamn"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721993"},{"link_name":"E. Åberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_%C3%85berg"},{"link_name":"N. Girmai Netabay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahom_Girmai"},{"link_name":"A. Grahm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9as_Grahm"},{"link_name":"B. Mark Antonsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarni_Mark_Antonsson"},{"link_name":"Vägga IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4gga_IP"},{"link_name":"Karlbergs BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlbergs_BK"},{"link_name":"Akropolis IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akropolis_IF"},{"link_name":"Karlbergs BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlbergs_BK"},{"link_name":"Akropolis IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akropolis_IF"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721981"},{"link_name":"A. Rajamohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhavan_Rajamohan"},{"link_name":"M. Haglind Sangré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Haglind_Sangr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Huddinge IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddinge_IF"},{"link_name":"Enskede IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enskede_IK"},{"link_name":"Huddinge IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddinge_IF"},{"link_name":"Enskede IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enskede_IK"},{"link_name":"Huddinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddinge"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721985"},{"link_name":"Källbrinks IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4llbrinks_IP"},{"link_name":"IK Sleipner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sleipner"},{"link_name":"Värmbols FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rmbols_FC"},{"link_name":"IK Sleipner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sleipner"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Värmbols FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rmbols_FC"},{"link_name":"Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721986"},{"link_name":"Östgötaporten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nya_Parken"},{"link_name":"Örebro Syrianska IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_Syrianska_IF"},{"link_name":"Karlstad BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlstad_BK"},{"link_name":"Örebro Syrianska IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_Syrianska_IF"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Karlstad BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlstad_BK"},{"link_name":"Örebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721989"},{"link_name":"Melleruds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melleruds_IF"},{"link_name":"Carlstad United BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlstad_United_BK"},{"link_name":"Melleruds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melleruds_IF"},{"link_name":"Carlstad United BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlstad_United_BK"},{"link_name":"Mellerud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellerud"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721990"},{"link_name":"Vimmerby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimmerby_IF"},{"link_name":"Oskarshamns AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskarshamns_AIK"},{"link_name":"Vimmerby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimmerby_IF"},{"link_name":"Oskarshamns AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskarshamns_AIK"},{"link_name":"Vimmerby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimmerby"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721991"},{"link_name":"BK Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_Olympic"},{"link_name":"Lunds BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunds_BK"},{"link_name":"BK Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_Olympic"},{"link_name":"Lunds BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunds_BK"},{"link_name":"Lindängens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lind%C3%A4ngens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721994"},{"link_name":"IFK Falköping FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Falk%C3%B6ping_FF"},{"link_name":"FC Trollhättan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Trollh%C3%A4ttan"},{"link_name":"IFK Falköping FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Falk%C3%B6ping_FF"},{"link_name":"FC Trollhättan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Trollh%C3%A4ttan"},{"link_name":"Kinnarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnarp"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721999"},{"link_name":"Skövde AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6vde_AIK"},{"link_name":"Skövde AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6vde_AIK"},{"link_name":"Lidköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3722000"},{"link_name":"R. Örqvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_%C3%96rqvist"},{"link_name":"B. Jobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubacarr_Jobe"},{"link_name":"Torns IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torns_IF"},{"link_name":"FC Rosengård 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Roseng%C3%A5rd_1917"},{"link_name":"Torns IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torns_IF"},{"link_name":"FC Rosengård 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Roseng%C3%A5rd_1917"},{"link_name":"Stångby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5ngby"},{"link_name":"Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3722005"},{"link_name":"Morön BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%B6n_BK"},{"link_name":"Piteå IF FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pite%C3%A5_IF_(men)"},{"link_name":"Morön BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%B6n_BK"},{"link_name":"Piteå IF FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pite%C3%A5_IF_(men)"},{"link_name":"Skellefteå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3721974"}],"text":"64 teams from the third tier or lower of the Swedish league system competed in this round. The matches were played on 2 August 2017 at the latest.[3]Landvetter IS (5) v Assyriska BK (3)\n7 June 2017 (2017-06-07) Landvetter IS (5) 1–1 (a.e.t.) (6–5 p)Assyriska BK (3)Landvetter13:00\nForsman 79'\nReport\nSelim 51'\nStadium: Landvetter IPAttendance: 350Referee: Fredrik OppongVasalunds IF (3) v Västerås SK (3)\n7 June 2017 (2017-06-07) Vasalunds IF (3) 4–3Västerås SK (3)Solna, Stockholm19:00\nPavey 8', 18', 58' Own goal 67'\nReport\nJohansson 42' D. Kosik Sulaiman 59' A. Kosik Sulaiman 87'\nStadium: Skytteholms IPAttendance: 206Referee: Viktor DovresjöVänersborgs IF (4) v IK Oddevold (3)\n7 June 2017 (2017-06-07) Vänersborgs IF (4)0–2 IK Oddevold (3) Vänersborg19:00\n\nReport\nEdvardsen 1' Niklasson 71'\nStadium: Vänersvallen NordAttendance: 255Referee: Kastriot GerxhaliuTullinge TP FK (6) v IFK Haninge (4)\n7 June 2017 (2017-06-07) Tullinge TP FK (6) 4–3IFK Haninge (4)Tullinge20:00\nBahrami 38' Akbas 57' Bjurholm 68' Dalawe 83'\nReport\nCeric 2' Eminovic 71', 80'\nStadium: Brantbrinks IPAttendance: 312Referee: Augin MelkiEskilsminne IF (4) v Landskrona BoIS (3)\n13 June 2017 (2017-06-13) Eskilsminne IF (4)0–2 Landskrona BoIS (3) Helsingborg19:00\n\nReport\nZahui 7' Tkacz 58'\nStadium: Harlyckans IPAttendance: 651Referee: Bobby SjögrenBoo FK (4) v Arameiska-Syrianska IF (3)\n14 June 2017 (2017-06-14) Boo FK (4)1–2 Arameiska-Syrianska IF (3) Nacka, Stockholm19:00\nSanneh 1'\nReport\nBorsali 36' Awrohum 55'\nStadium: BoovallenAttendance: 120Referee: Mohammad DabestaniTorslanda IK (4) v Utsiktens BK (3)\n14 June 2017 (2017-06-14) Torslanda IK (4)1–4 Utsiktens BK (3) Torslanda19:00\nSalihu 58'\nReport\nMogren 22' Book 56' Angelin 67' Lipovac 72'\nStadium: Torslandavallen 1 GrassAttendance: 180Referee: Denis OppongFC Arlanda (6) v Gamla Upsala SK (4)\n14 June 2017 (2017-06-14) FC Arlanda (6)1–3 Gamla Upsala SK (4) Märsta19:30\nAslan 48'\nReport\nLundin 13' Watson 19' Yaldir 28'\nStadium: Midgårdsvallen KonstgräsAttendance: 285Referee: Odai AlwaniBKV Norrtälje (4) v Sollentuna FK (3)\n14 June 2017 (2017-06-14) BKV Norrtälje (4)0–5 Sollentuna FK (3) Norrtälje19:30\n\nReport\nSonko 43', 47' Johansson 56' Gustafsson 75', 78'\nStadium: Norrtälje SportcentrumAttendance: 217Referee: Ejub MehicBorås AIK (6) v Husqvarna FF (3)\n26 June 2017 (2017-06-26) Borås AIK (6)1–7 Husqvarna FF (3) Borås19:00\nNishada 85'\nReport\nAl-Ammari 12' Gwargis 30', 32' S. Dimitrijevic 40' Mawana 43' A. Dimitrijevic 60' Hamidovic 64'\nStadium: BodavallenAttendance: 80Referee: Christer HallénYtterhogdals IK (5) v Härnösands FF (4)\n22 July 2017 (2017-07-22) Ytterhogdals IK (5)1–4 Härnösands FF (4) Ytterhogdal15:00\nSama N´Gamb 5'\nReport\nWiking 12' Toure 13', 15' Koidan 91'\nStadium: SvedjevallenAttendance: 125Referee: Robert AhlmanTorstorps IF (5) v Assyriska Turabdin IK (4)\n23 July 2017 (2017-07-23) Torstorps IF (5) 3–1Assyriska Turabdin IK (4)Finspång17:00\nSkatka 49' Pynnönen 59' Halili 69'\nReport\nStrandsäter 83'\nStadium: AtlaslundenAttendance: 212Referee: Paul ShamounIFK Hässleholm (4) v Hittarps IK (4)\n25 July 2017 (2017-07-25) IFK Hässleholm (4)1–5 Hittarps IK (4) Skåne County, Hässleholm19:00\nD. Gunnarsson 67'\nReport\nA. Berisha 10', 29' A. Kopfinger 12', 38' E. Rosqvist 78'\nStadium: Österås IPAttendance: 78Referee: Fredrik RönningKvibille BK (6) v Skrea IF (6)\n25 July 2017 (2017-07-25) Kvibille BK (6) 4–1Skrea IF (6)Kvibille19:00\nR. Larsson 12', 69' D. Gunnarsson 77', 90'\nReport\nZ. Hansson 46'\nStadium: BjörkeviReferee: Alexander ErikssonSävedalens IF (4) v Tvååkers IF (4)\n25 July 2017 (2017-07-25) Sävedalens IF (4)1–2 Tvååkers IF (4) Sävedalen19:00\nS. Aganspahic 78'\nReport\nA. Winbo 57' J. Barucic 93'\nStadium: VallhamraAttendance: Marcus LundgrenSödertälje FK (4) v Assyriska IF (4)\n25 July 2017 (2017-07-25) Södertälje FK (4)0–2 Assyriska IF (4) Södertälje19:30\n\nReport\nK. Moilo 22' R. Lönn 25'\nStadium: Östertälje IPReferee: Richard HolöienBollnäs GIF FF (4) v IFK Timrå (4)\n26 July 2017 (2017-07-26) Bollnäs GIF FF (4) 4–2IFK Timrå (4)Bollnäs19:00\nD. Ölander 28' J. Sköld 33' V. Roos 105' C. Brolin 122'\nReport\nOwn Goal 17' O. Widahl 83'\nStadium: Sävstaås IPAttendance: 204Referee: Patrik LarssonDalhem IF (6) v IFK Aspudden-Tellus (4)\n29 July 2017 (2017-07-29) Dalhem IF (6)0–1 IFK Aspudden-Tellus (4) Dalhem17:00\n\nReport\nF. Crona 37'\nStadium: Dalhem IPAttendance: 220Referee: Vedad KestendzicSandvikens IF (3) v IK Brage (3)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Sandvikens IF (3)0–1 IK Brage (3) Sandviken18:00\n\nReport\nS. Ilic 9'\nStadium: JernvallenAttendance: 2,026Referee: Mohamed NablsiKalmar AIK FK (5) v Nybro IF (4)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Kalmar AIK FK (5)0–2 Nybro IF (4) Kalmar18:00\n\nReport\nF. Berg 45', 72'\nStadium: FredriksskansAttendance: 67Referee: Yousef IssaIFK Karlshamn (5) v Kristianstad FC (3)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) IFK Karlshamn (5)0–6 Kristianstad FC (3) Karlshamn18:00\n\nReport\nE. Åberg 7', 58' N. Girmai Netabay 29' A. Grahm 31', 90' B. Mark Antonsson 54'\nStadium: Vägga IPAttendance: 125Referee: Jakob MagnetorpKarlbergs BK (4) v Akropolis IF (3)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Karlbergs BK (4)0–4 Akropolis IF (3) Stockholm19:00\n\nReport\nA. Rajamohan 26' K. Stavrothanasopoulos 58' K. Gezos 71' M. Haglind Sangré 74'\nStadium: Stadshagens IPReferee: Nino BaressoHuddinge IF (4) v Enskede IK (3)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Huddinge IF (4)1–4 Enskede IK (3) Huddinge19:00\nJ. Andres Almendra Cifuentes 70'\nReport\nF. Sanneh 22', 29', 40' P Micic 54'\nStadium: Källbrinks IPAttendance: 101Referee: Tom GhorbaniIK Sleipner (4) v Värmbols FC (4)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) IK Sleipner (4)3–3 (a.e.t.) (1–4 p) Värmbols FC (4) Norrköping19:00\nM. Kemppainen 8' D. Andersson 83' J. Roxström 120'\nReport\nV. Benca 9' J. Juhlin 15' E. Lindgren 117'\nStadium: ÖstgötaportenAttendance: 105Referee: Håkan SödermanÖrebro Syrianska IF (4) v Karlstad BK (4)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Örebro Syrianska IF (4)2–2 (a.e.t.) (4–5 p) Karlstad BK (4) Örebro19:00\nM. Abdulrahman Mohammad 8' B. Gorgis 63'\nReport\nV. Nikola 37' A. Beqiri 49'\nStadium: Örnsro IPReferee: Arian ChalakMelleruds IF (6) v Carlstad United BK (3)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Melleruds IF (6)0–6 Carlstad United BK (3) Mellerud19:00\n\nReport\nU. Ike 30', 65' S. Carlsson 44', 85' C. Nyman 79' L. Haidar 81'\nStadium: RådavallenAttendance: 175Referee: Andreas EkholmVimmerby IF (4) v Oskarshamns AIK (3)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Vimmerby IF (4)0–4 Oskarshamns AIK (3) Vimmerby19:00\n\nReport\nP. Eliassi 13', 82' C. Christensson 62' M. Karlsson 68'\nStadium: Skobes ArenaReferee: Almir KadiricBK Olympic (5) v Lunds BK (4)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) BK Olympic (5)2–3 Lunds BK (4) Lindängens19:00\nG. Steven 90', 96'\nReport\nD. Sax 39' K. Mjörnman 109', 118'\nStadium: Lindängens IPReferee: Daniel BooksIFK Falköping FF (5) v FC Trollhättan (4)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) IFK Falköping FF (5)2–4 FC Trollhättan (4) Kinnarp19:00\nF. Rushiti 26' F. Menxhiqi 66'\nReport\nR. Jansson 17' F. Sundström 1', 80' J. Emanuelsson 92'\nStadium: KinnemoAttendance: 125Referee: Daniel SärénSkara FC (6) v Skövde AIK (3)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Skara FC (6)0–9 Skövde AIK (3) Lidköping19:00\n\nReport\nR. Örqvist 36', 55', 62' B. Yonakhir 51' I. Alushaj 52' B. Jobe 59' I. Alushaj 66' R. Masch 74', 87'\nStadium: Sparbanken ArenaReferee: Albert MustafaTorns IF (4) v FC Rosengård 1917 (3)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Torns IF (4) 1–0FC Rosengård 1917 (3)Stångby, Lund19:00\nO. Ahlgren 65'\nReport\n\nStadium: TornvallenReferee: Niklas AnderssonMorön BK (4) v Piteå IF FF (4)\n2 August 2017 (2017-08-02) Morön BK (4)0–1 Piteå IF FF (4) Skellefteå19:30\n\nReport\nS. Naiwo 79'\nStadium: Skogsvallen IPAttendance: 278Referee: Simon Svensson","title":"Round 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 Superettan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Superettan"},{"link_name":"2017 Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Akropolis IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akropolis_IF"},{"link_name":"Hammarby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Akropolis IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akropolis_IF"},{"link_name":"Hammarby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sosseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagie_Sosseh"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771709"},{"link_name":"Bengtsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Bengtsson"},{"link_name":"Tanković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muamer_Tankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Svendsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sander_Svendsen"},{"link_name":"Grimsta IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsta_IP"},{"link_name":"Kristianstad FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianstad_FC"},{"link_name":"Halmstads BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstads_BK"},{"link_name":"Kristianstad FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianstad_FC"},{"link_name":"Halmstads BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstads_BK"},{"link_name":"Kristianstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianstad"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771731"},{"link_name":"Alho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Alho"},{"link_name":"Kristianstads IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianstads_IP"},{"link_name":"Värmbols FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rmbols_FC"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Värmbols FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rmbols_FC"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Katrineholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrineholm"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771710"},{"link_name":"Stefanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Stefanelli"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Torstorps IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torstorps_IF"},{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"Torstorps IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torstorps_IF"},{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"Finspång","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsp%C3%A5ng"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771715"},{"link_name":"Bahtijar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaro_Bahtijar"},{"link_name":"Sigurðsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristinn_Freyr_Sigur%C3%B0sson"},{"link_name":"Kvibille BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvibille_BK"},{"link_name":"BK Häcken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_H%C3%A4cken"},{"link_name":"Kvibille BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvibille_BK"},{"link_name":"BK Häcken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_H%C3%A4cken"},{"link_name":"Kvibille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvibille"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771723"},{"link_name":"Ranégie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Ran%C3%A9gie"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"A. Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Andersson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Egbuchulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisom_Egbuchulam"},{"link_name":"Lindgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Lindgren"},{"link_name":"Tvååkers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5kers_IF"},{"link_name":"Örgryte IS FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rgryte_IS"},{"link_name":"Tvååkers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5kers_IF"},{"link_name":"Örgryte IS FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rgryte_IS"},{"link_name":"Tvååker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5ker"},{"link_name":"Winbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Winbo"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771724"},{"link_name":"Elmander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Elmander"},{"link_name":"Torns IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torns_IF"},{"link_name":"IFK Värnamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_V%C3%A4rnamo"},{"link_name":"Torns IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torns_IF"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"IFK Värnamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_V%C3%A4rnamo"},{"link_name":"Stångby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5ngby"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771727"},{"link_name":"Marcelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Marcelo_Souza_Alves"},{"link_name":"Citaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrit_Citaku"},{"link_name":"IK Brage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Brage"},{"link_name":"Åtvidabergs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tvidabergs_FF"},{"link_name":"IK Brage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Brage"},{"link_name":"Åtvidabergs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tvidabergs_FF"},{"link_name":"Borlänge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borl%C3%A4nge"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771701"},{"link_name":"Bellander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Bellander"},{"link_name":"Helg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Helg"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Lidberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isac_Lidberg"},{"link_name":"Domnarvsvallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnarvsvallen"},{"link_name":"Tullinge TP FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullinge_TP_FK"},{"link_name":"IK Frej Täby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Frej_T%C3%A4by"},{"link_name":"Tullinge TP FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullinge_TP_FK"},{"link_name":"IK Frej Täby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Frej_T%C3%A4by"},{"link_name":"Botkyrka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botkyrka_Municipality"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771702"},{"link_name":"Ćatović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admir_%C4%86atovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Kuzmanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_Kuzmanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vasalunds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalunds_IF"},{"link_name":"AFC Eskilstuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Eskilstuna"},{"link_name":"Vasalunds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalunds_IF"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"AFC Eskilstuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Eskilstuna"},{"link_name":"Solna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solna_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bj%C3%B6rk_(footballer,_born_1992)"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771704"},{"link_name":"Buya Turay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Buya_Turay"},{"link_name":"Skytteholms IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skytteholms_IP"},{"link_name":"IFK Aspudden-Tellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Aspudden-Tellus"},{"link_name":"Dalkurd FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkurd_FF"},{"link_name":"IFK Aspudden-Tellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Aspudden-Tellus"},{"link_name":"Dalkurd FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkurd_FF"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771705"},{"link_name":"Awad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Awad_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Stadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stadler"},{"link_name":"Arameiska-Syrianska IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameiska-Syrianska_IF"},{"link_name":"IF Brommapojkarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna"},{"link_name":"Arameiska-Syrianska IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameiska-Syrianska_IF"},{"link_name":"IF Brommapojkarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna"},{"link_name":"Botkyrka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botkyrka_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771707"},{"link_name":"Khalili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_Khalili"},{"link_name":"Sollentuna FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sollentuna_FK"},{"link_name":"Syrianska FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrianska_FC"},{"link_name":"Sollentuna FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sollentuna_FK"},{"link_name":"Syrianska FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrianska_FC"},{"link_name":"Sollentuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sollentuna_Municipality"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771708"},{"link_name":"Hellberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Hellberg"},{"link_name":"Bollnäs GIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolln%C3%A4s_GIF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"IFK Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Bollnäs GIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolln%C3%A4s_GIF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"IFK Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Bollnäs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolln%C3%A4s"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771711"},{"link_name":"Jakobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jakobsen"},{"link_name":"Dagerstål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Dagerst%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"Moberg Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Moberg_Karlsson"},{"link_name":"Vall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vall"},{"link_name":"Piteå IF FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pite%C3%A5_IF_(men)"},{"link_name":"Degerfors IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degerfors_IF"},{"link_name":"Piteå IF FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pite%C3%A5_IF_(men)"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Degerfors IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degerfors_IF"},{"link_name":"Piteå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pite%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771712"},{"link_name":"LF Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LF_Arena"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Mayambela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihlali_Mayambela"},{"link_name":"Zackrisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampus_Zackrisson"},{"link_name":"Gamla Upsala SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Upsala_SK"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Gamla Upsala SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Upsala_SK"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771713"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Badji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliou_Badji"},{"link_name":"Kristoffersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Kristoffersen"},{"link_name":"Studenternas IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studenternas_IP"},{"link_name":"Carlstad United BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlstad_United_BK"},{"link_name":"IK Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sirius_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Carlstad United BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlstad_United_BK"},{"link_name":"IK Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sirius_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Karlstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlstad"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771714"},{"link_name":"Gustafsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christer_Gustafsson"},{"link_name":"Tingvalla IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingvalla_IP"},{"link_name":"Landvetter IS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landvetter_IS"},{"link_name":"IFK Göteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg"},{"link_name":"Landvetter IS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landvetter_IS"},{"link_name":"IFK Göteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg"},{"link_name":"Landvetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landvetter"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771718"},{"link_name":"Ómarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%ADas_M%C3%A1r_%C3%93marsson"},{"link_name":"Nordström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Nordstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Oskarshamns AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskarshamns_AIK"},{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"Oskarshamns AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskarshamns_AIK"},{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"Oskarshamn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskarshamn"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771720"},{"link_name":"Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Arena Oskarshamn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Oskarshamn_(football_venue)"},{"link_name":"Hittarps IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittarps_IK"},{"link_name":"Varbergs BoIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varbergs_BoIS"},{"link_name":"Hittarps IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittarps_IK"},{"link_name":"Varbergs BoIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varbergs_BoIS"},{"link_name":"Hittarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittarp"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771721"},{"link_name":"Lunds BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunds_BK"},{"link_name":"Norrby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrby_IF"},{"link_name":"Lunds BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunds_BK"},{"link_name":"Norrby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrby_IF"},{"link_name":"Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771722"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Klostergårdens IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klosterg%C3%A5rdens_IP"},{"link_name":"Landskrona BoIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona_BoIS"},{"link_name":"IF Elfsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Elfsborg"},{"link_name":"Landskrona BoIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona_BoIS"},{"link_name":"IF Elfsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Elfsborg"},{"link_name":"Landskrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona"},{"link_name":"Zahui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Zahui"},{"link_name":"Karim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadat_Karim"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771725"},{"link_name":"Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesper_Karlsson"},{"link_name":"Bajrami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Bajrami"},{"link_name":"Lundevall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Lundevall"},{"link_name":"Landskrona IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona_IP"},{"link_name":"Husqvarna FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husqvarna_FF"},{"link_name":"Östers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sters_IF"},{"link_name":"Husqvarna FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husqvarna_FF"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Östers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sters_IF"},{"link_name":"Jönköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771726"},{"link_name":"Kapčević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan_Kap%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vasilj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vasilj"},{"link_name":"Stadsparksvallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadsparksvallen"},{"link_name":"Utsiktens BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsiktens_BK"},{"link_name":"Jönköpings Södra IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6pings_S%C3%B6dra_IF"},{"link_name":"Utsiktens BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsiktens_BK"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Jönköpings Södra IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6pings_S%C3%B6dra_IF"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Westermark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesper_Westermark"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771728"},{"link_name":"Vilhjálmsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rni_Vilhj%C3%A1lmsson"},{"link_name":"Ruddalens IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddalens_IP"},{"link_name":"FC Trollhättan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Trollh%C3%A4ttan"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"FC Trollhättan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Trollh%C3%A4ttan"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"Trollhättan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trollh%C3%A4ttan"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771729"},{"link_name":"Jeremejeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jeremejeff"},{"link_name":"Brorsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brorsson"},{"link_name":"Berget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Inge_Berget"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Rakip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdal_Rakip"},{"link_name":"Edsborgs IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsborgs_IP"},{"link_name":"Assyriska IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriska_F%C3%B6reningen_i_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Trelleborgs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF"},{"link_name":"Assyriska IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriska_F%C3%B6reningen_i_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Trelleborgs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF"},{"link_name":"Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771716"},{"link_name":"Enskede IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enskede_IK"},{"link_name":"Gefle IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefle_IF"},{"link_name":"Enskede IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enskede_IK"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Gefle IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefle_IF"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Alriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joakim_Alriksson"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771703"},{"link_name":"Ajeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajram_Ajeti"},{"link_name":"Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Johansson"},{"link_name":"Karlstad BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlstad_BK"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"Karlstad BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlstad_BK"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"Karlstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlstad"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771706"},{"link_name":"Rogić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Rogi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Hines-Ike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Hines-Ike"},{"link_name":"Tingvalla IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingvalla_IP"},{"link_name":"Skövde AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6vde_AIK"},{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"Skövde AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6vde_AIK"},{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"Skövde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6vde"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771717"},{"link_name":"Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sinclair_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Södermalms IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dermalms_IP"},{"link_name":"Nybro IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nybro_IF"},{"link_name":"Kalmar FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_FF"},{"link_name":"Nybro IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nybro_IF"},{"link_name":"Kalmar FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_FF"},{"link_name":"Nybro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nybro"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771719"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Edqvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Edqvist"},{"link_name":"Eid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Eid"},{"link_name":"Sachpekidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Sachpekidis"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"Falkenbergs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkenbergs_FF"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"Falkenbergs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkenbergs_FF"},{"link_name":"Uddevalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uddevalla"},{"link_name":"Mikaelsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Mikaelsson"},{"link_name":"Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Karlsson"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771730"},{"link_name":"Chatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Chatto"},{"link_name":"Rimnersvallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimnersvallen"},{"link_name":"Härnösand FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sand_FF"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"Härnösand FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sand_FF"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"Härnösand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sand"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/spelprogram-omg-1-2-2017/?scr=result&fmid=3771700"},{"link_name":"Bertilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Bertilsson"},{"link_name":"Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Edwards"}],"text":"64 teams from all levels the Swedish league system competed in this round. The 32 match winners from Round 1 were joined by the 16 teams of the 2017 Superettan and the 16 teams of the top-flight 2017 Allsvenskan. The draw was held on August 3, 2017 [4] and the matches were played on August 23 and 24, 2017.[5]Akropolis IF (3) v Hammarby IF (1)\n16 August 2017 (2017-08-16) Akropolis IF (3)1–3 Hammarby IF (1) Stockholm18:30\nSosseh 6'\nReport\nBengtsson 30'Tanković 44'Svendsen 90+2'\nStadium: Grimsta IPAttendance: 3,000Referee: Patrik ErikssonKristianstad FC (3) v Halmstads BK (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Kristianstad FC (3)1–3 Halmstads BK (1) Kristianstad17:30\nJawneh 53'\nReport\nGunnlaugsson 19', 36'Alho 64'\nStadium: Kristianstads IPAttendance: 645Referee: Robert DaradicVärmbols FC (4) v AIK (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Värmbols FC (4)0–1 AIK (1) Katrineholm18:00\n\nReport\nStefanelli 53' (pen.)\nStadium: Värmbols IPAttendance: 3,123Referee: Johan KrantzTorstorps IF (5) v GIF Sundsvall (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Torstorps IF (5)0–3 GIF Sundsvall (1) Finspång18:00\n\nReport\nBahtijar 47'Gracia 51'Sigurðsson 78'\nStadium: AtlaslundenAttendance: 932Referee: Kastriot GerxhaliuKvibille BK (6) v BK Häcken (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Kvibille BK (6)1–9 BK Häcken (1) Kvibille18:00\nGunnarsson 33'\nReport\nRanégie 3' (pen.), 69'A. Andersson 4', 82'Egbuchulam 16', 51', 72'Lindgren 73'Hedlund 80'\nStadium: BjörkeviAttendance: 1,095Referee: Kristoffer KarlssonTvååkers IF (4) v Örgryte IS FF (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Tvååkers IF (4) 2–1Örgryte IS FF (2)Tvååker18:00\nSyla 45'Winbo 55'\nReport\nElmander 25'\nStadium: ÖvreviAttendance: 752Referee: Fredrik OppongTorns IF (4) v IFK Värnamo (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Torns IF (4)1–3 (a.e.t.) IFK Värnamo (2) Stångby18:00\nJohansson 90' (pen.)\nReport\nMarcelo 80', 108'Citaku 120'\nStadium: TornvallenReferee: Adi AganovicIK Brage (3) v Åtvidabergs FF (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) IK Brage (3)1–4 Åtvidabergs FF (2) Borlänge18:30\nHjertstrand 90'\nReport\nÖhrn 26'Bellander 49'Helg 60' (pen.)Lidberg 78'\nStadium: DomnarvsvallenAttendance: 358Referee: Enzo VespriniTullinge TP FK (6) v IK Frej Täby (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Tullinge TP FK (6)2–5 IK Frej Täby (2) Botkyrka18:30\nVarga 15'Talonen 78' (pen.)\nReport\nSunesson 19', 22'Ćatović 33', 76'Kuzmanović 80'\nStadium: Brantbrinks IPAttendance: 1,306Referee: Viktor DovresjöVasalunds IF (3) v AFC Eskilstuna (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Vasalunds IF (3) 3–1 (a.e.t.)AFC Eskilstuna (1)Solna18:30\nBjörk 66', 112'Björnström 97' (pen.)\nReport\nBuya Turay 38'\nStadium: Skytteholms IPAttendance: 315Referee: Johan HamlinIFK Aspudden-Tellus (4) v Dalkurd FF (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) IFK Aspudden-Tellus (4)1–3 Dalkurd FF (2) Stockholm18:30\nAbdulla 45'\nReport\nAwad 20', 42'Stadler 30'\nStadium: Aspuddens IPAttendance: 1,157Referee: Fredrik HanssonArameiska-Syrianska IF (3) v IF Brommapojkarna (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Arameiska-Syrianska IF (3)0–2 IF Brommapojkarna (2) Botkyrka18:30\n\nReport\nKhalili 30'Gerbino Polo 49'\nStadium: Brunna IPAttendance: 569Referee: Farouk NehdiSollentuna FK (3) v Syrianska FC (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Sollentuna FK (3)1–2 Syrianska FC (2) Sollentuna18:30\nRamsell 5' (pen.)\nReport\nGacesa 54'Hellberg 90+4'\nStadium: SollentunavallenAttendance: 300Referee: Adam LadebäckBollnäs GIF (4) v IFK Norrköping (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Bollnäs GIF (4)0–5 IFK Norrköping (1) Bollnäs18:30\n\nReport\nJakobsen 17'Dagerstål 26'Moberg Karlsson 37', 55'Vall 78'\nStadium: Sävstaås IPAttendance: 1,646Referee: Arian ChalakPiteå IF FF (4) v Degerfors IF (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Piteå IF FF (4)0–0 (a.e.t.) (2–4 p) Degerfors IF (2) Piteå18:30\n\nReport\n\nStadium: LF ArenaReferee: Alexander MilovanovicPenalties\n\nDuckrell \nEdström \nHammarstedt \nSundqvist \n\n\n Ladan\n Abraham\n Mayambela\n Zackrisson\n StankovicGamla Upsala SK (4) v Djurgårdens IF (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Gamla Upsala SK (4)1–4 Djurgårdens IF (1) Uppsala18:30\nEnglund 37'\nReport\nBohlin 18' (o.g.)Badji 75', 89'Kristoffersen 83'\nStadium: Studenternas IPAttendance: 1,286Referee: Victor WolfCarlstad United BK (3) v IK Sirius (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Carlstad United BK (3)1–2 IK Sirius (1) Karlstad18:30\nLekiqi 24'\nReport\nFaour 19'Gustafsson 55'\nStadium: Tingvalla IPAttendance: 831Referee: Antti KanervaLandvetter IS (5) v IFK Göteborg (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Landvetter IS (5)0–5 IFK Göteborg (1) Landvetter18:30\n\nReport\nOhlsson 27'Ómarsson 50', 57', 69'Nordström 55'\nStadium: Landvetter IPAttendance: 4,800Referee: Bojan PandzicOskarshamns AIK (3) v Helsingborgs IF (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Oskarshamns AIK (3)1–3 Helsingborgs IF (2) Oskarshamn18:30\nEliassi 19' (pen.)\nReport\nTimossi Andersson 8', 58'Christensen 11'\nStadium: Arena OskarshamnAttendance: 1,082Referee: Andreas JohanssonHittarps IK (4) v Varbergs BoIS (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Hittarps IK (4)0–3 Varbergs BoIS (2) Hittarp18:30\n\nReport\nPalmquist 16', 50'Arvidsson 55'\nStadium: Laröds IPReferee: Haris MemisevicLunds BK (4) v Norrby IF (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Lunds BK (4)0–2 Norrby IF (2) Lund18:30\n\nReport\nStåhl 53', 86' (pen.)\nStadium: Klostergårdens IPReferee: Per MelinLandskrona BoIS (3) v IF Elfsborg (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Landskrona BoIS (3)3–4 IF Elfsborg (1) Landskrona18:30\nZahui 20'Karim 36'Nalić 60'\nReport\nKarlsson 6'Bajrami 69', 114'Lundevall 80'\nStadium: Landskrona IPAttendance: 1,598Referee: Kaspar SjöbergHusqvarna FF (3) v Östers IF (2)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Husqvarna FF (3)2–5 (a.e.t.) Östers IF (2) Jönköping18:30\nHamidović 2'Bernholtz 68'\nReport\nBajrović 24'Björkén 87'Kapčević 93'Vasilj 100'Crona 117'\nStadium: StadsparksvallenAttendance: 467Referee: Joakim ÖstlingUtsiktens BK (3) v Jönköpings Södra IF (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) Utsiktens BK (3)2–3 (a.e.t.) Jönköpings Södra IF (1) Gothenburg18:30\nWestermark 25'Book 80'\nReport\nVilhjálmsson 57', 85', 115'\nStadium: Ruddalens IPAttendance: 200Referee: Magnus LindgrenFC Trollhättan (4) v Malmö FF (1)\n23 August 2017 (2017-08-23) FC Trollhättan (4)1–4 Malmö FF (1) Trollhättan18:30\nKean 4'\nReport\nJeremejeff 22'Brorsson 44'Berget 88' (pen.)Rakip 90'\nStadium: Edsborgs IPAttendance: 3,200Referee: Granit MaqedonciAssyriska IF (4) v Trelleborgs FF (2)\n24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) Assyriska IF (4)0–1 Trelleborgs FF (2) Norrköping17:30\n\nReport\nNilsson 78'\nStadium: Mamre IPAttendance: 540Referee: Mohammed Al-HakimEnskede IK (3) v Gefle IF (2)\n24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) Enskede IK (3)1–2 (a.e.t.) Gefle IF (2) Stockholm18:30\nAlriksson 35'\nReport\nAjeti 85'Johansson 115'\nStadium: Enskede IPAttendance: 305Referee: Jesper EkwallKarlstad BK (4) v Örebro SK (1)\n24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) Karlstad BK (4)1–2 Örebro SK (1) Karlstad18:30\nMoussally 5'\nReport\nRogić 29'Hines-Ike 39'\nStadium: Tingvalla IPAttendance: 903Referee: Jim PeterssonSkövde AIK (3) v GAIS (2)\n24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) Skövde AIK (3)0–1 GAIS (2) Skövde18:30\n\nReport\nSinclair 73'\nStadium: Södermalms IPReferee: Alexander PavlovicNybro IF (4) v Kalmar FF (1)\n24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) Nybro IF (4)1–5 Kalmar FF (1) Nybro18:30\nSturresson 59'\nReport\nMujkic 15' (o.g.)Edqvist 28', 43'Eid 64'Sachpekidis 70'\nStadium: VictoriavallenAttendance: 2,426Referee: Fredrik KlitteIK Oddevold (3) v Falkenbergs FF (2)\n24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) IK Oddevold (3) 2–1Falkenbergs FF (2)Uddevalla18:30\nMikaelsson 18'Karlsson 90'\nReport\nChatto 16'\nStadium: RimnersvallenReferee: Nermin CisicHärnösand FF (4) v Östersunds FK (1)\n10 October 2017 (2017-10-10) Härnösand FF (4)0–2 Östersunds FK (1) Härnösand19:00\n\nReport\nBertilsson 53'Edwards 75'\nStadium: Högslättens IPAttendance: 1,466Referee: Niklas Abrahamsson","title":"Round 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_Swedish_football"}],"text":"The 32 winners from round 2 were divided into eight groups of four teams. The 16 highest ranked winners from the previous rounds were seeded to the top two positions in each groups and the 16 remaining winners were unseeded in the draw. The ranking of the 16 seeded teams were decided by league position in the 2017 season. All teams in the group stage played each other once, the highest ranked teams from the previous rounds and teams from tier three or lower had the right to play two home matches.","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"BK Häcken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_H%C3%A4cken"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"Halmstads BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstads_BK"},{"link_name":"Hammarby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"IF Brommapojkarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna"},{"link_name":"IF Elfsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Elfsborg"},{"link_name":"IFK Göteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg"},{"link_name":"IFK Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"IK Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sirius_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Jönköpings Södra IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6pings_S%C3%B6dra_IF"},{"link_name":"Kalmar FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_FF"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"Dalkurd FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkurd_FF"},{"link_name":"Degerfors IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degerfors_IF"},{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"Gefle IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefle_IF"},{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"IFK Värnamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_V%C3%A4rnamo"},{"link_name":"IK Frej Täby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Frej_T%C3%A4by"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"Norrby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrby_IF"},{"link_name":"Syrianska FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrianska_FC"},{"link_name":"Trelleborgs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF"},{"link_name":"Tvååkers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5kers_IF"},{"link_name":"Varbergs BoIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varbergs_BoIS"},{"link_name":"Vasalunds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalunds_IF"},{"link_name":"Åtvidabergs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tvidabergs_FF"},{"link_name":"Östers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sters_IF"}],"sub_title":"Qualified teams","text":"Seeded\n\nAIK (1)\nBK Häcken (1)\nDjurgårdens IF (1)\nGIF Sundsvall (1)\nHalmstads BK (1)\nHammarby IF (1)\nIF Brommapojkarna (2)\nIF Elfsborg (1)\nIFK Göteborg (1)\nIFK Norrköping (1)\nIK Sirius (1)\nJönköpings Södra IF (1)\nKalmar FF (1)\nMalmö FF (1)\nÖrebro SK (1)\nÖstersunds FK (1)\n\n\nUnseeded\nDalkurd FF (2)\nDegerfors IF (2)\nGAIS (2)\nGefle IF (2)\nHelsingborgs IF (2)\nIFK Värnamo (2)\nIK Frej Täby (2)\nIK Oddevold (3)\nNorrby IF (2)\nSyrianska FC (2)\nTrelleborgs FF (2)\nTvååkers IF (4)\nVarbergs BoIS (2)\nVasalunds IF (3)\nÅtvidabergs FF (2)\nÖsters IF (2)","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"Dalkurd FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkurd_FF"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"Dalkurd FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkurd_FF"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-1/?scr=result&fmid=3791247"},{"link_name":"Malmö IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_IP"},{"link_name":"IF Brommapojkarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna"},{"link_name":"Gefle IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefle_IF"},{"link_name":"IF Brommapojkarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna"},{"link_name":"Gefle IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefle_IF"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sandberg Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Sandberg_Magnusson"},{"link_name":"Ajeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajram_Ajeti"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-1/?scr=result&fmid=3791248"},{"link_name":"Grimsta IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsta_IP"},{"link_name":"IF Brommapojkarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna"},{"link_name":"Dalkurd FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkurd_FF"},{"link_name":"IF Brommapojkarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna"},{"link_name":"Dalkurd FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkurd_FF"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Nikolić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Nikoli%C4%87_(footballer,_born_1997)"},{"link_name":"Rauschenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rauschenberg"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-1/?scr=result&fmid=3791250"},{"link_name":"Grimsta IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsta_IP"},{"link_name":"Gefle IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefle_IF"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"Gefle IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefle_IF"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"Gävle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vle"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-1/?scr=result&fmid=3791249"},{"link_name":"Jeremejeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jeremejeff"},{"link_name":"Bengtsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Bengtsson"},{"link_name":"Strandberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Strandberg"},{"link_name":"Gavlevallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavlevallen"},{"link_name":"Dalkurd FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkurd_FF"},{"link_name":"Gefle IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefle_IF"},{"link_name":"Dalkurd FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkurd_FF"},{"link_name":"Gefle IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefle_IF"},{"link_name":"Gävle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vle"},{"link_name":"Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammar_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Sugita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukiya_Sugita"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-1/?scr=result&fmid=3791251"},{"link_name":"Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Johansson"},{"link_name":"Gavlevallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavlevallen"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"IF Brommapojkarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"IF Brommapojkarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Jeremejeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jeremejeff"},{"link_name":"Strandberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Strandberg"},{"link_name":"Svanberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattias_Svanberg"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-1/?scr=result&fmid=3791252"},{"link_name":"Ajeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajram_Ajeti"},{"link_name":"Malmö IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_IP"}],"sub_title":"Group 1","text":"Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked teamMalmö FF (1) v Dalkurd FF (1)\n18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 Malmö FF (1) 1–0 Dalkurd FF (1) Malmö17:00\nRosenberg 87' (pen)\nReport\n\nStadium: Malmö IPAttendance: 4,566Referee: Magnus LindgrenIF Brommapojkarna (1) v Gefle IF (2)\n18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 IF Brommapojkarna (1) 2–0 Gefle IF (2) Stockholm17:00\nSandberg Magnusson 56'Ajeti 87'\nReport\n\nStadium: Grimsta IPAttendance: 110Referee: Fredrik KlitteIF Brommapojkarna (1) v Dalkurd FF (1)\n25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 IF Brommapojkarna (1) 2–0 Dalkurd FF (1) Stockholm15:00\nNikolić 30'Rauschenberg 51'\nReport\n\nStadium: Grimsta IPAttendance: 600Referee: Victor WolfGefle IF (2) v Malmö FF (1)\n25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Gefle IF (2) 0–3 Malmö FF (1) Gävle19:00\n\nReport\nJeremejeff 18'Bengtsson 24'Strandberg 89'\nStadium: GavlevallenAttendance: 283Referee: Glenn NybergDalkurd FF (1) v Gefle IF (2)\n4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 Dalkurd FF (1) 2–2 Gefle IF (2) Gävle17:00\nAhmed 33' Sugita 57'\nReport\nJohansson 26' Sandlund 88'\nStadium: GavlevallenAttendance: 250Referee: Victor WolfMalmö FF (1) v IF Brommapojkarna (1)\n4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 Malmö FF (1) 3–1 IF Brommapojkarna (1) Malmö17:00\nJeremejeff 32' Strandberg 47' Svanberg 65'\nReport\nAjeti 60'\nStadium: Malmö IPAttendance: 3,155Referee: Kristoffer Karlsson","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Syrianska FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrianska_FC"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Syrianska FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrianska_FC"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Goitom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henok_Goitom"},{"link_name":"Yasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Yasin_Ghani"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-2/?scr=result&fmid=3791253"},{"link_name":"Tele2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2_Arena"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"Halmstads BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstads_BK"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"Halmstads BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstads_BK"},{"link_name":"Uddevalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uddevalla"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-2/?scr=result&fmid=3791254"},{"link_name":"Kinoshita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosuke_Kinoshita"},{"link_name":"Kamratgården","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamratg%C3%A5rden_(Uddevalla)"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Uddevalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uddevalla"},{"link_name":"Selmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liridon_Selmani"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-2/?scr=result&fmid=3791255"},{"link_name":"Elyounoussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarik_Elyounoussi"},{"link_name":"Bahoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil_Bahoui"},{"link_name":"Kamratgården","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamratg%C3%A5rden_(Uddevalla)"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Al-Hakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Hakim"},{"link_name":"Halmstads BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstads_BK"},{"link_name":"Syrianska FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrianska_FC"},{"link_name":"Halmstads BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstads_BK"},{"link_name":"Syrianska FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrianska_FC"},{"link_name":"Halmstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstad"},{"link_name":"Kinoshita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosuke_Kinoshita"},{"link_name":"Gudmundsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Gudmundsson"},{"link_name":"Berntsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berntsson"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-2/?scr=result&fmid=3791256"},{"link_name":"Syrianska FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrianska_FC"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"Syrianska FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrianska_FC"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"Södertälje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje"},{"link_name":"Hellberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Hellberg"},{"link_name":"Rajalakso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Rajalakso"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-2/?scr=result&fmid=3791257"},{"link_name":"Selmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liridon_Selmani"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Södertälje Fotbollsarena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje_Fotbollsarena"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Halmstads BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstads_BK"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Halmstads BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstads_BK"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Elyounoussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarik_Elyounoussi"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Olsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffer_Olsson"},{"link_name":"Lindkvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Lindkvist"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-2/?scr=result&fmid=3791258"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Tele2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2_Arena"},{"link_name":"Jonas Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Eriksson_(referee)"}],"sub_title":"Group 2","text":"Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked teamAIK (1) v Syrianska FC (3)\n17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 AIK (1) 2–1 Syrianska FC (3) Stockholm14:00\nGoitom 13'Yasin 52'\nReport\nErcan 30'\nStadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 8,000Referee: Johan KrantzIK Oddevold (3) v Halmstads BK (2)\n17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 IK Oddevold (3) 1–1 Halmstads BK (2) Uddevalla14:00\nKrezić 29'\nReport\nKinoshita 58'\nStadium: KamratgårdenAttendance: 408Referee: Granit MaqedonciIK Oddevold (3) v AIK (1)\n24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 IK Oddevold (3) 1–2 AIK (1) Uddevalla16:00\nSelmani 43' (pen.)\nReport\nElyounoussi 9'Bahoui 25'\nStadium: KamratgårdenAttendance: 1,118Referee: Mohammed Al-HakimHalmstads BK (2) v Syrianska FC (3)\n24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 Halmstads BK (2) 5–0 Syrianska FC (3) Halmstad16:00\nSilfwer 11'Kinoshita 33'Gudmundsson 45'Berntsson 54'Rashidi 71'\nReport\n\nStadium: Skedalaheds IPAttendance: 288Referee: Antti KanervaSyrianska FC (3) v IK Oddevold (3)\n4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 Syrianska FC (3) 5–3 IK Oddevold (3) Södertälje15:00\nHellberg 35'Ada 63', 75'Rajalakso 71', 84'\nReport\nSelmani 15', 82' (pen.)Alimi 90'\nStadium: Södertälje FotbollsarenaAttendance: 100Referee: Adam LadebäckAIK (1) v Halmstads BK (2)\n4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 AIK (1) 3–1 Halmstads BK (2) Stockholm15:00\nElyounoussi 6' (pen.)Olsson 69'Lindkvist 88'\nReport\nSilfwer 60' (pen.)\nStadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 7,828Referee: Jonas Eriksson","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jönköpings Södra IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6pings_S%C3%B6dra_IF"},{"link_name":"IK Frej Täby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Frej_T%C3%A4by"},{"link_name":"Jönköpings Södra IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6pings_S%C3%B6dra_IF"},{"link_name":"IK Frej Täby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Frej_T%C3%A4by"},{"link_name":"Jönköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Moberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Moberg"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-3/?scr=result&fmid=3791260"},{"link_name":"Stavrothanasopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_Stavrothanasopoulos"},{"link_name":"Tipshallen Elmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmia"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Degerfors IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degerfors_IF"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Degerfors IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degerfors_IF"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Radetinac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haris_Radetinac"},{"link_name":"Mrabti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerim_Mrabti"},{"link_name":"Augustinsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Augustinsson"},{"link_name":"Kadewere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tino_Kadewere"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017%E2%80%9318_Svenska_Cupen&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"Tele2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2_Arena"},{"link_name":"IK Frej Täby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Frej_T%C3%A4by"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"IK Frej Täby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Frej_T%C3%A4by"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Täby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4by_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-3/?scr=result&fmid=3791261"},{"link_name":"Gunnarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Gunnarsson"},{"link_name":"Vikingavallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingavallen"},{"link_name":"Jönköpings Södra IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6pings_S%C3%B6dra_IF"},{"link_name":"Degerfors IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degerfors_IF"},{"link_name":"Jönköpings Södra IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6pings_S%C3%B6dra_IF"},{"link_name":"Degerfors IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degerfors_IF"},{"link_name":"Jönköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Thelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Thelin"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-3/?scr=result&fmid=3791262"},{"link_name":"Tipshallen Elmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmia"},{"link_name":"Degerfors IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degerfors_IF"},{"link_name":"IK Frej Täby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Frej_T%C3%A4by"},{"link_name":"Degerfors IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degerfors_IF"},{"link_name":"IK Frej Täby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Frej_T%C3%A4by"},{"link_name":"Degerfors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degerfors"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-3/?scr=result&fmid=3791263"},{"link_name":"Stora Valla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stora_Valla"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Jönköpings Södra IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6pings_S%C3%B6dra_IF"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Jönköpings Södra IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6pings_S%C3%B6dra_IF"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Walker_(Swedish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-3/?scr=result&fmid=3791264"},{"link_name":"Tele2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2_Arena"},{"link_name":"Stefan Johannesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Johannesson"}],"sub_title":"Group 3","text":"Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked teamJönköpings Södra IF (2) v IK Frej Täby (2)\n18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 Jönköpings Södra IF (2) 1–2 IK Frej Täby (2) Jönköping15:00\nMoberg 5'\nReport\nGerbino Polo 10'Stavrothanasopoulos 42'\nStadium: Tipshallen ElmiaAttendance: 765Referee: Per MellinDjurgårdens IF (1) v Degerfors IF (2)\n19 February 2018 (2018-02-19) Matchday 1 Djurgårdens IF (1) 6–0 Degerfors IF (2) Stockholm19:00\nRadetinac 16', 90'Mrabti 33'Augustinsson 48'Kadewere 51', 55'\nReport\n\nStadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 5,568Referee: Antti KanervaIK Frej Täby (2) v Djurgårdens IF (1)\n24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 IK Frej Täby (2) 0–1 Djurgårdens IF (1) Täby12:00\n\nReport\nGunnarsson 75'\nStadium: VikingavallenAttendance: 2,516Referee: Magnus LindgrenJönköpings Södra IF (2) v Degerfors IF (2)\n25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Jönköpings Södra IF (2) 1–1 Degerfors IF (2) Jönköping17:00\nThelin 90+4'\nReport\nNilsson 64'\nStadium: Tipshallen ElmiaAttendance: 512Referee: Fredrik KlitteDegerfors IF (2) v IK Frej Täby (2)\n3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 Degerfors IF (2) 3–1 IK Frej Täby (2) Degerfors14:00\nEkroth 42'Jansson 81'Abraham 89'\nReport\nGerbino Polo 83'\nStadium: Stora VallaAttendance: 136Referee: Fredrik HanssonDjurgårdens IF (1) v Jönköpings Södra IF (2)\n3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 Djurgårdens IF (1) 1–0 Jönköpings Södra IF (2) Stockholm14:00\nWalker 84'\nReport\n\nStadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 4,005Referee: Stefan Johannesson","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"Norrby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrby_IF"},{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"Norrby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrby_IF"},{"link_name":"Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wilson_(footballer,_born_1996)"},{"link_name":"Gall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Gall"},{"link_name":"Hallenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Hallenius"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-4/?scr=result&fmid=3791266"},{"link_name":"Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"Yarsuvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Yarsuvat"},{"link_name":"Nordichallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordichallen"},{"link_name":"BK Häcken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_H%C3%A4cken"},{"link_name":"IFK Värnamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_V%C3%A4rnamo"},{"link_name":"BK Häcken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_H%C3%A4cken"},{"link_name":"IFK Värnamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_V%C3%A4rnamo"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Irandust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daleho_Irandust"},{"link_name":"Paulinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinho_(footballer,_born_April_1986)"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-4/?scr=result&fmid=3791265"},{"link_name":"Bravida Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravida_Arena"},{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"IFK Värnamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_V%C3%A4rnamo"},{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"IFK Värnamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_V%C3%A4rnamo"},{"link_name":"Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"Hallenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Hallenius"},{"link_name":"Gall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Gall"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-4/?scr=result&fmid=3791268"},{"link_name":"Achinioti-Jönsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Achinioti-J%C3%B6nsson"},{"link_name":"Nordichallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordichallen"},{"link_name":"Norrby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrby_IF"},{"link_name":"BK Häcken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_H%C3%A4cken"},{"link_name":"Norrby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrby_IF"},{"link_name":"BK Häcken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_H%C3%A4cken"},{"link_name":"Borås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-4/?scr=result&fmid=3791267"},{"link_name":"Irandust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daleho_Irandust"},{"link_name":"Arkivuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Arkivuo"},{"link_name":"Paulinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinho_(footballer,_born_April_1986)"},{"link_name":"Friberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Friberg_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Borås Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s_Arena"},{"link_name":"IFK Värnamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_V%C3%A4rnamo"},{"link_name":"Norrby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrby_IF"},{"link_name":"IFK Värnamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_V%C3%A4rnamo"},{"link_name":"Norrby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrby_IF"},{"link_name":"Värnamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rnamo"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-4/?scr=result&fmid=3791269"},{"link_name":"Finnvedsvallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnvedsvallen"},{"link_name":"BK Häcken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_H%C3%A4cken"},{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"BK Häcken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_H%C3%A4cken"},{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Kamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhassan_Kamara"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-4/?scr=result&fmid=3791270"},{"link_name":"Skoglund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Skoglund"},{"link_name":"Bravida Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravida_Arena"}],"sub_title":"Group 4","text":"Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked teamGIF Sundsvall (1) v Norrby IF (2)\n17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 GIF Sundsvall (1) 4–2 Norrby IF (2) Sundsvall16:00\nWilson 21', 48'Gall 55'Hallenius 74'\nReport\nNilsson 63'Yarsuvat 88'\nStadium: NordichallenAttendance: 350Referee: Fredrik HanssonBK Häcken (1) v IFK Värnamo (2)\n18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 BK Häcken (1) 2–0 IFK Värnamo (2) Gothenburg17:00\nIrandust 52'Paulinho 84' (pen.)\nReport\n\nStadium: Bravida ArenaAttendance: 623Referee: Robert DaradićGIF Sundsvall (1) v IFK Värnamo (2)\n24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 GIF Sundsvall (1) 2–1 IFK Värnamo (2) Sundsvall14:00\nHallenius 4'Gall 75'\nReport\nAchinioti-Jönsson 23'\nStadium: NordichallenAttendance: 333Referee: Farouk NehdiNorrby IF (2) v BK Häcken (1)\n25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Norrby IF (2) 0–4 BK Häcken (1) Borås15:00\n\nReport\nIrandust 7'Arkivuo 27'Paulinho 42'Friberg 67'\nStadium: Borås ArenaAttendance: 145Referee: Granit MaqedonciIFK Värnamo (2) v Norrby IF (2)\n3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 IFK Värnamo (2) 1–0 Norrby IF (2) Värnamo16:00\nAsk 14'\nReport\n\nStadium: FinnvedsvallenAttendance: 115Referee: Per MelinBK Häcken (1) v GIF Sundsvall (1)\n3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 BK Häcken (1) 1–1 GIF Sundsvall (1) Gothenburg16:00\nKamara 68'\nReport\nSkoglund 24'\nStadium: Bravida ArenaAttendance: 623Referee: Patrik Eriksson","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"Trelleborgs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"Trelleborgs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF"},{"link_name":"Östersund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersund"},{"link_name":"Islamović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Islamovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tekie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesfaldet_Tekie"},{"link_name":"Pettersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pettersson"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-5/?scr=result&fmid=3791271"},{"link_name":"Jämtkraft Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtkraft_Arena"},{"link_name":"Jonas Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Eriksson_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Kalmar FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_FF"},{"link_name":"Åtvidabergs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tvidabergs_FF"},{"link_name":"Kalmar FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_FF"},{"link_name":"Åtvidabergs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tvidabergs_FF"},{"link_name":"Kalmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-5/?scr=result&fmid=3791272"},{"link_name":"Kalmar FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_FF"},{"link_name":"Trelleborgs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF"},{"link_name":"Kalmar FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_FF"},{"link_name":"Trelleborgs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF"},{"link_name":"Kalmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar"},{"link_name":"Romário","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1rio_(footballer,_born_1985)"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-5/?scr=result&fmid=3791274"},{"link_name":"Andreas Ekberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Ekberg"},{"link_name":"Åtvidabergs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tvidabergs_FF"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"Åtvidabergs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tvidabergs_FF"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"Åtvidaberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tvidaberg"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-5/?scr=result&fmid=3791273"},{"link_name":"Ghoddos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman_Ghoddos"},{"link_name":"Hopcutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Hopcutt"},{"link_name":"Kopparvallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopparvallen"},{"link_name":"Trelleborgs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF"},{"link_name":"Åtvidabergs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tvidabergs_FF"},{"link_name":"Trelleborgs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF"},{"link_name":"Åtvidabergs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tvidabergs_FF"},{"link_name":"Trelleborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborg"},{"link_name":"Jovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Jovanovi%C4%87_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Hümmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_H%C3%BCmmet"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-5/?scr=result&fmid=3791275"},{"link_name":"Vångavallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5ngavallen"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"Kalmar FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_FF"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"Kalmar FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_FF"},{"link_name":"Östersund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersund"},{"link_name":"Nouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwa_Nouri"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Ghoddos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman_Ghoddos"},{"link_name":"Islamović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Islamovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-5/?scr=result&fmid=3791276"},{"link_name":"Jämtkraft Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtkraft_Arena"}],"sub_title":"Group 5","text":"Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked teamÖstersunds FK (1) v Trelleborgs FF (1)\n9 February 2018 (2018-02-09) Matchday 1 Östersunds FK (1) 3–0 Trelleborgs FF (1) Östersund19:00\nIslamović 9'Tekie 76'Pettersson 90+2'\nReport\n\nStadium: Jämtkraft ArenaAttendance: 1,546Referee: Jonas ErikssonKalmar FF (1) v Åtvidabergs FF (3)\n17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 Kalmar FF (1) 0–0 Åtvidabergs FF (3) Kalmar14:00\n\nReport\n\nStadium: Gasten IPAttendance: 393Referee: Mirza KazićKalmar FF (1) v Trelleborgs FF (1)\n25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Kalmar FF (1) 2–1 Trelleborgs FF (1) Kalmar17:00\nRomário 24', 45' (pen.)\nReport\nHörberg 2'\nStadium: Gasten IPAttendance: 237Referee: Andreas EkbergÅtvidabergs FF (3) v Östersunds FK (1)\n26 February 2018 (2018-02-26) Matchday 2 Åtvidabergs FF (3) 0–2 Östersunds FK (1) Åtvidaberg19:00\n\nReport\nGhoddos 65'Hopcutt 89'\nStadium: KopparvallenAttendance: 508Referee: Johan KrantzTrelleborgs FF (1) v Åtvidabergs FF (3)\n3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 Trelleborgs FF (1) 3–0 Åtvidabergs FF (3) Trelleborg14:00\nJovanović 58'Hümmet 76'Christoffersson 86'\nReport\n\nStadium: VångavallenAttendance: 112Referee: Mirza KazićÖstersunds FK (1) v Kalmar FF (1)\n3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 Östersunds FK (1) 3–0 Kalmar FF (1) Östersund14:00\nNouri 26' (pen.)Ghoddos 29'Islamović 77'\nReport\n\nStadium: Jämtkraft ArenaAttendance: 1,729Referee: Kaspar Sjöberg","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IFK Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"IFK Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Johansson_(footballer,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-6/?scr=result&fmid=3791277"},{"link_name":"Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Johansson_(footballer,_born_1994)"},{"link_name":"Östgötaporten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stg%C3%B6taporten"},{"link_name":"Tvååkers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5kers_IF"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"Tvååkers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5kers_IF"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"Tvååker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5ker"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-6/?scr=result&fmid=3791278"},{"link_name":"Igboananike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Igboananike"},{"link_name":"Besara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahir_Besara"},{"link_name":"Tvååkers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5kers_IF"},{"link_name":"IFK Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Tvååkers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5kers_IF"},{"link_name":"IFK Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Tvååker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5ker"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-6/?scr=result&fmid=3791279"},{"link_name":"Jakobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jakobsen"},{"link_name":"Thern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Thern"},{"link_name":"Fjóluson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Gu%C3%B0ni_Fj%C3%B3luson"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"Örebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro"},{"link_name":"Igboananike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Igboananike"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-6/?scr=result&fmid=3791280"},{"link_name":"Dahlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Dahlberg"},{"link_name":"Behrn Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behrn_Arena"},{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"Tvååkers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5kers_IF"},{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"Tvååkers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5kers_IF"},{"link_name":"Helsingborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborg"},{"link_name":"Bjarnason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andri_R%C3%BAnar_Bjarnason"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-6/?scr=result&fmid=3791281"},{"link_name":"IFK Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"IFK Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Jakobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jakobsen"},{"link_name":"Holmberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Holmberg"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-6/?scr=result&fmid=3791282"},{"link_name":"Besara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahir_Besara"},{"link_name":"Rogić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Rogi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Östgötaporten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stg%C3%B6taporten"}],"sub_title":"Group 6","text":"Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked teamIFK Norrköping (1) v Helsingborgs IF (2)\n17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 IFK Norrköping (1) 1–1 Helsingborgs IF (2) Norrköping16:00\nJohansson 90+1'\nReport\nJohansson 27'\nStadium: ÖstgötaportenAttendance: 1,870Referee: Glenn NybergTvååkers IF (3) v Örebro SK (1)\n18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 Tvååkers IF (3) 0–3 Örebro SK (1) Tvååker15:00\n\nReport\nIgboananike 42'Besara 82', 90+2'\nStadium: ÖvreviAttendance: 176Referee: Nermin CisićTvååkers IF (3) v IFK Norrköping (1)\n24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 Tvååkers IF (3) 2–3 IFK Norrköping (1) Tvååker14:00\nJohansson 34'Nedanovski 45'\nReport\nJakobsen 66'Thern 76'Fjóluson 90'\nStadium: ÖvreviAttendance: 213Referee: Mirza KazićÖrebro SK (1) v Helsingborgs IF (2)\n24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 Örebro SK (1) 1–1 Helsingborgs IF (2) Örebro14:00\nIgboananike 90+4'\nReport\nDahlberg 76'\nStadium: Behrn ArenaAttendance: 791Referee: Kaspar SjöbergHelsingborgs IF (2) v Tvååkers IF (3)\n3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 Helsingborgs IF (2) 3–0 Tvååkers IF (3) Helsingborg16:00\nBjarnason 34', 44'Timossi Andersson 90+3'\nReport\n\nStadium: OlympiafältetAttendance: 1,067Referee: Antti KanervaIFK Norrköping (1) v Örebro SK (1)\n3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) Matchday 3 IFK Norrköping (1) 2–2 Örebro SK (1) Norrköping16:00\nJakobsen 57'Holmberg 82'\nReport\nBesara 58'Rogić 90'\nStadium: ÖstgötaportenAttendance: 1,864Referee: Glenn Nyberg","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IK Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sirius_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Östers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sters_IF"},{"link_name":"IK Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sirius_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Östers 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Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sirius_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Tvååker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5ker"},{"link_name":"Beqaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perparim_Beqaj"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-7/?scr=result&fmid=3791285"},{"link_name":"Vecchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Vecchia"},{"link_name":"Östers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sters_IF"},{"link_name":"Varbergs BoIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varbergs_BoIS"},{"link_name":"Östers IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sters_IF"},{"link_name":"Varbergs BoIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varbergs_BoIS"},{"link_name":"Växjö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-7/?scr=result&fmid=3791287"},{"link_name":"IK Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sirius_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"IFK Göteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg"},{"link_name":"IK Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sirius_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"IFK Göteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg"},{"link_name":"Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Arvidsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesper_Arvidsson"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-7/?scr=result&fmid=3791288"},{"link_name":"Ómarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%ADas_M%C3%A1r_%C3%93marsson"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Al-Hakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Hakim"}],"sub_title":"Group 7","text":"Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked teamIK Sirius (1) v Östers IF (2)\n17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 IK Sirius (1) 1–1 Östers IF (2) Uppsala16:00\nVecchia 72'\nReport\nHelg 43'\nStadium: Lötens IPAttendance: 900Referee: Victor WolfIFK Göteborg (1) v Varbergs BoIS (2)\n17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) Matchday 1 IFK Göteborg (1) 1–0 Varbergs BoIS (2) Gothenburg16:00\nÓmarsson 75'\nReport\n\nStadium: Bravida ArenaAttendance: 2,410Referee: Kristoffer KarlssonIFK Göteborg (1) v Östers IF (2)\n24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) Matchday 2 IFK Göteborg (1) 1–1 Östers IF (2) Gothenburg14:00\nDiskerud 67'\nReport\nHelg 18'\nStadium: Bravida ArenaAttendance: 2,041Referee: Adam LadebäckVarbergs BoIS (2) v IK Sirius (1)\n25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Varbergs BoIS (2) 2–1 IK Sirius (1) Tvååker15:00\nGirmai Netabay 22'Beqaj 63'\nReport\nVecchia 40'\nStadium: ÖvreviAttendance: 421Referee: Robert DaradićÖsters IF (2) v Varbergs BoIS (2)\n4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 Östers IF (2) 2–1 Varbergs BoIS (2) Växjö17:00\nJohannesson 58', 90+5'\nReport\nBergman 90+3'\nStadium: Växjö TipshallAttendance: 953Referee: Magnus LindgrenIK Sirius (1) v IFK Göteborg (1)\n4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 IK Sirius (1) 2–2 IFK Göteborg (1) Uppsala17:00\nArvidsson 50'Nygren 90'\nReport\nÓmarsson 54'Ohlsson 84'\nStadium: Lötens IPAttendance: 571Referee: Mohammed Al-Hakim","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasalunds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalunds_IF"},{"link_name":"Hammarby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Vasalunds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalunds_IF"},{"link_name":"Hammarby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Traore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Traore"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-8/?scr=result&fmid=3791290"},{"link_name":"Hamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiloan_Hamad"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Martinsson Ngouali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge-Junior_Martinsson_Ngouali"},{"link_name":"Tele2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2_Arena"},{"link_name":"IF Elfsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Elfsborg"},{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"IF Elfsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Elfsborg"},{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"Borås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joakim_Nilsson_(footballer,_born_1994)"},{"link_name":"Jebali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issam_Jebali"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-8/?scr=result&fmid=3791289"},{"link_name":"Djuric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusan_Djuric"},{"link_name":"Borås Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s_Arena"},{"link_name":"Vasalunds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalunds_IF"},{"link_name":"IF Elfsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Elfsborg"},{"link_name":"Vasalunds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalunds_IF"},{"link_name":"IF Elfsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Elfsborg"},{"link_name":"Solna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solna_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-8/?scr=result&fmid=3791291"},{"link_name":"Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joakim_Nilsson_(footballer,_born_1994)"},{"link_name":"Drešević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Dre%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Prodell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Prodell"},{"link_name":"Jebali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issam_Jebali"},{"link_name":"Skytteholms IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skytteholms_IP"},{"link_name":"Hammarby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"Hammarby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Svendsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sander_Svendsen"},{"link_name":"Dibba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_Dibba"},{"link_name":"Khalili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_Khalili"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-8/?scr=result&fmid=3791292"},{"link_name":"Tele2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2_Arena"},{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"Vasalunds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalunds_IF"},{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"Vasalunds IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalunds_IF"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Barny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junes_Barny"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-8/?scr=result&fmid=3791293"},{"link_name":"Bravida Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravida_Arena"},{"link_name":"IF Elfsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Elfsborg"},{"link_name":"Hammarby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"IF Elfsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Elfsborg"},{"link_name":"Hammarby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Borås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"Frick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Frick"},{"link_name":"Holmén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Holm%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/grupp-8/?scr=result&fmid=3791294"},{"link_name":"Bakirciouglu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Bakircioglu"},{"link_name":"Borås Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s_Arena"},{"link_name":"Andreas Ekberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Ekberg"}],"sub_title":"Group 8","text":"Source: Swedish Football AssociationRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head record; 5) Highest ranked teamVasalunds IF (4) v Hammarby IF (1)\n18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) Matchday 1 Vasalunds IF (4) 1–3 Hammarby IF (1) Stockholm15:00\nTraore 75'\nReport\nHamad 6', 27' (pen.)Martinsson Ngouali 52'\nStadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 5,207Referee: Farouk NehdiIF Elfsborg (1) v GAIS (2)\n19 February 2018 (2018-02-19) Matchday 1 IF Elfsborg (1) 2–3 GAIS (2) Borås19:00\nNilsson 12'Jebali 23'\nReport\nÖstling 12'Djuric 27'Hamidovic 52'\nStadium: Borås ArenaAttendance: 798Referee: Kaspar SjöbergVasalunds IF (4) v IF Elfsborg (1)\n25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Vasalunds IF (4) 0–4 IF Elfsborg (1) Solna17:00\n\nReport\nNilsson 16'Drešević 45'Prodell 79'Jebali 80'\nStadium: Skytteholms IPAttendance: 162Referee: Nermin CisićHammarby IF (1) v GAIS (2)\n25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) Matchday 2 Hammarby IF (1) 3–3 GAIS (2) Stockholm17:00\nSvendsen 17'Dibba 73'Khalili 90'\nReport\nHamidović 19', 70'Wängberg 38'\nStadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 7,108Referee: Kristoffer KarlssonGAIS (2) v Vasalunds IF (4)\n4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 GAIS (2) 4–0 Vasalunds IF (4) Gothenburg15:00\nHamidović 5', 49'Barny 45'Zeljković 90'\nReport\n\nStadium: Bravida ArenaAttendance: 581Referee: Nermin CisićIF Elfsborg (1) v Hammarby IF (1)\n4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) Matchday 3 IF Elfsborg (1) 2–1 Hammarby IF (1) Borås15:00\nFrick 36'Holmén 79' (pen.)\nReport\nBakirciouglu 87'\nStadium: Borås ArenaAttendance: 789Referee: Andreas Ekberg","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knock-out stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Group results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Svenska_Cupen#Group_stage"}],"sub_title":"Qualified teams","text":"Source: Group resultsRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Ranking in 2017 season","title":"Knock-out stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bracket","title":"Knock-out stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Superettan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"IFK Göteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"IFK Göteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Nielsen_(footballer,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/slutspel/?scr=result&fmid=3932250"},{"link_name":"Malmö IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_IP"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"GAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIS"},{"link_name":"Östersund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersund"},{"link_name":"Gero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaji_Gero"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/slutspel/?scr=result&fmid=3932045"},{"link_name":"Jämtkraft Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtkraft_Arena"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"BK Häcken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_H%C3%A4cken"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"BK Häcken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_H%C3%A4cken"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Kadewere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tino_Kadewere"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/slutspel/?scr=result&fmid=3932158"},{"link_name":"Tele2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2_Arena"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Al-Hakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Hakim"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"Solna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solna_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Elyounoussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarik_Elyounoussi"},{"link_name":"Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Silva"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/slutspel/?scr=result&fmid=3932204"},{"link_name":"Friends Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_Arena"}],"sub_title":"Quarter-finals","text":"The quarter-finals consisted of the eight teams that won their respective group in the previous round. The four best group winners were seeded and drawn against the other four group winners, with the seeded teams entitled to play the match at their home venue. GAIS was the lowest ranked team in the quarter-finals as they are playing in the second tier, Superettan, for the 2018 season, while the other teams are playing in the top tier, Allsvenskan.The draw for the quarter-finals and semi-finals was held on 4 March 2018.[6]Malmö FF (1) v IFK Göteborg (1)\n10 March 2018 (2018-03-10) Malmö FF (1) 1–0IFK Göteborg (1)Malmö13:00\nNielsen 18'\nReport\n\nStadium: Malmö IPAttendance: 4,135Referee: Glenn NybergÖstersunds FK (1) v GAIS (2)\n11 March 2018 (2018-03-11) Östersunds FK (1) 1–0GAIS (2)Östersund17:00\nGero 86'\nReport\n\nStadium: Jämtkraft ArenaAttendance: 2,620Referee: Patrik ErikssonDjurgårdens IF (1) v BK Häcken (1)\n12 March 2018 (2018-03-12) Djurgårdens IF (1) 1–0BK Häcken (1)Stockholm19:00\nKadewere 77'\nReport\n\nStadium: Tele2 ArenaAttendance: 6,697Referee: Mohammed Al-HakimAIK (1) v Örebro SK (1)\n13 March 2018 (2018-03-13) AIK (1) 2–0Örebro SK (1)Solna18:30\nElyounoussi 12'Silva 90+1'\nReport\n\nStadium: Friends ArenaAttendance: 7,679Referee: Kristofer Karlsson","title":"Knock-out stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"Östersunds FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersunds_FK"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"Östersund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersund"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/slutspel/?scr=result&fmid=3932509"},{"link_name":"Traustason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arn%C3%B3r_Ingvi_Traustason"},{"link_name":"Jämtkraft Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtkraft_Arena"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Al-Hakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Hakim"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Solna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solna_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/slutspel/?scr=result&fmid=3932510"},{"link_name":"Kadewere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tino_Kadewere"},{"link_name":"Mrabti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerim_Mrabti"},{"link_name":"Friends Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_Arena"},{"link_name":"Andreas Ekberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Ekberg"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"The semi-finals consisted of the four teams that won their respective quarter-finals in the previous round. All teams that qualified to this round are playing in the top tier, Allsvenskan, for the 2018 season.The draw for the quarter-finals and semi-finals was held on 4 March 2018.[6]Östersunds FK (1) v Malmö FF (1)\n17 March 2018 (2018-03-17) Östersunds FK (1)0–1 Malmö FF (1) Östersund18:15\n\nReport\nTraustason 79'\nStadium: Jämtkraft ArenaAttendance: 3,416[7]Referee: Mohammed Al-HakimAIK (1) v Djurgårdens IF (1)\n18 March 2018 (2018-03-18) AIK (1)0–2 Djurgårdens IF (1) Solna18:15\n\nReport\nKadewere 46'Mrabti 67'\nStadium: Friends ArenaAttendance: 21,200Referee: Andreas Ekberg","title":"Knock-out stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"Une Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Une_Larsson"},{"link_name":"Mrabti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerim_Mrabti"},{"link_name":"Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Ring"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/arkiv/cuper-serier/2018/05/djurgarden-cupmastare/"},{"link_name":"Tele2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2_Arena"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Bojan Pandžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojan_Pand%C5%BEi%C4%87"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"10 May 2018 (2018-05-10)15:00\nDjurgårdens IF (1)3–0Malmö FF (1)\nUne Larsson 17' Mrabti 47' Ring 81'\nReport\n\nTele2 Arena, StockholmAttendance: 25,123Referee: Bojan Pandžić","title":"Knock-out stage"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Swedish Cup Men 2017–18\" (in Swedish). The Swedish Football Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/","url_text":"\"Swedish Cup Men 2017–18\""}]},{"reference":"\"Second Round Draw on August 3\" (in Swedish). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Gornyak_Kushva | FC Gornyak Kushva | ["1 External links"] | Football clubFC Gornyak KushvaFull nameFootball Club Gornyak KushvaFounded1992Dissolved1997LeagueRussian Third League,Zone 6199610th
FC Gornyak Kushva (Russian: «Горняк» (Кушва)) was a Russian football team from Kushva. It played professionally in 1995 and 1996. Their best result was 7th place in Zone 6 of the Russian Third League in 1995.
External links
(in Russian) Team history at KLISF
This article about a Russian association football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Kushva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushva"},{"link_name":"Russian Third League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Third_League"}],"text":"FC Gornyak Kushva (Russian: «Горняк» (Кушва)) was a Russian football team from Kushva. It played professionally in 1995 and 1996. Their best result was 7th place in Zone 6 of the Russian Third League in 1995.","title":"FC Gornyak Kushva"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.klisf.info/numeric/index.app?cmd=comm&lang=ru&id=118260765492346803163918660814","external_links_name":"Team history at KLISF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC_Gornyak_Kushva&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_in_March_2011 | Deaths in March 2011 | [] | List of notable deaths in a month
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← February
March
April →
The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2011.
Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:
Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.
March 2011
1
Barklie Lakin, 96, British industrialist (Chairman of Vickers Armstrong) and naval officer.
Leonard Lomell, 91, American World War II veteran, recipient of the Silver Star and Purple Heart, natural causes.
John M. Lounge, 64, American NASA astronaut (1981–1991), complications from liver cancer.
Ion Monea, 70, Romanian Olympic silver (1968) and bronze (1960) medal-winning boxer.
Alina Paim, 91, Brazilian novelist.
Fateh Singh Rathore, 72, Indian wildlife conservationist.
Hazel Rowley, 59, British-born Australian writer (Tête-à-tête), cerebral haemorrhage.
2
Nicholas Alden, 25, American airman, shot.
Simeonie Amagoalik, 77, Canadian carver, cancer.
Louis Bazin, 90, French orientalist.
Shahbaz Bhatti, 42, Pakistani politician, Minister for Minorities (since 2008), shot.
Anthony Brooke, 98, British heir to the Sarawakan throne.
Bernard Cywinski, 70, American architect (Apple Store), partner and co-founder of Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, cancer.
John Haines, 86, American poet.
Erling Kroner, 67, Danish trombonist and bandleader, cancer.
Edward Barnes Leisenring, Jr., 85, American businessman.
Sir Allan Louisy, 94, Saint Lucian politician and judge, Prime Minister (1979–1981).
Luis Martínez Villicaña, 71, Mexican politician, Governor of Michoacán (1986–1988), Secretary of Agrarian Reform (1982–1986).
Ruby Muhammad, 103, American spiritual figure, lung cancer.
Art Statuto, 85, American football player (Los Angeles Rams).
Thor Vilhjálmsson, 85, Icelandic author, natural causes.
Wu Jieping, 94, Chinese medical scientist and politician.
3
Aldo Clementi, 85, Italian composer.
May Cutler, 87, Canadian author and publisher, founder of Tundra Books, first female Mayor of Westmount, Quebec (1987–1991).
Paquito Diaz, 73, Filipino actor, complications from a stroke.
James L. Elliot, 67, American astronomer, discovered rings of Uranus.
Lasse Eriksson, 61, Swedish comedian.
Goga Kapoor, 70, Indian actor.
Irena Kwiatkowska, 98, Polish actress.
Al Morgan, 91, American novelist and television producer (The Today Show), after long illness.
Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, 81, Indian astrophysicist, cardiac complications.
Theron Strinden, 91, American politician.
James Travers, 62, Canadian journalist, political correspondent (Toronto Star), editor in chief (Ottawa Citizen, 1991–1996), post-surgery complications.
4
Bertil Almgren, 92, Swedish archaeologist.
Charles F. Ashley, 74, American member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1982–1983).
Paul Baxley, 87, American actor and stunt coordinator (The Dukes of Hazzard, Star Trek, Kolchak: The Night Stalker).
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, 86, Nepali Prime Minister (1990–1991, 1999–2000), multiple organ failure.
Mary Bowermaster, 93, American masters athletics champion.
Frank Chirkinian, 84, American producer (CBS Sports), lung cancer.
Annie Fargue, 76, French actress and manager, cancer.
Vivienne Harris, 89, British businesswoman and newspaper publisher, co-founder of the Jewish Telegraph.
Charles Jarrott, 83, British film director (Anne of the Thousand Days, Mary, Queen of Scots, Condorman), prostate cancer.
Chester Kahapea, 65, American soil scientist, known as the "face of Hawaiian statehood", complications of Lou Gehrig's disease.
Ed Manning, 68, American basketball player (Baltimore Bullets) and coach (San Antonio Spurs), heart condition.
Johnny Preston, 71, American pop singer ("Running Bear"), heart failure.
Mikhail Simonov, 81, Russian aircraft designer, chief designer of the Sukhoi Design Bureau (1983–2011), after long illness.
Arjun Singh, 80, Indian politician, Minister of Human Resource Development (2004–2009), heart attack.
Alenush Terian, 90, Iranian astronomer and physicist.
María Ugarte, 97, Spanish-Dominican author, historian and journalist.
Simon van der Meer, 85, Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate.
5
Eivor Alm, 86, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier.
Jimmy Carnes, 76, American track and field athlete, coach and administrator, cancer.
Mario Coppola, 74, Italian nuclear physicist.
Alberto Granado, 88, Argentine-born Cuban biochemist and writer, travel companion of Che Guevara (The Motorcycle Diaries).
Oswald Georg Hirmer, 81, German-born South African Roman Catholic missionary, Bishop of Umtata (1997–2008).
Manolis Rasoulis, 65, Greek singer-songwriter, author and journalist.
Viktor Voroshilov, 84, Soviet footballer.
6
Jean Bartel, 87, American actress, Miss America 1943.
Marie Andrée Bertrand, 85, Canadian criminologist, feminist and anti-prohibitionist.
Patricia Brennan, 66, Australian feminist and clinician, advocate of women Anglican priests, cancer.
Rostislav Čtvrtlík, 47, Czech stage, television and voice actor, brain tumor.
Mike DeStefano, 44, American comedian (Last Comic Standing), heart attack.
Jaime Felipa, 66, Netherlands Antilles judoka.
Oddmund Jensen, 82, Norwegian Olympic cross-country skier.
John Morton, 86, New Zealand biologist and theologian.
Ján Popluhár, 75, Slovak footballer (1962 FIFA World Cup).
Louie Ramsay, 81, British actress (The Ruth Rendell Mysteries).
Reg Stewart, 85, English footballer (Colchester United), natural causes.
Edward Ullendorff, 91, British historian.
Frank Ziegler, 87, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles).
Sasao Gouland, 77, governor of Chuuk State, Micronesia
7
Cándido Bidó, 74, Dominican painter, cardio-respiratory failure.
Vladimir Brazhnikov, 69, Russian football coach, myocardial infarction.
Frank Dezelan, 80, American baseball umpire (1958–1970).
Adrián Escudero, 83, Spanish footballer.
Samuel Hazard Gillespie Jr., 100, American lawyer and politician, pancreatic cancer.
Rudy Salud, 72, Filipino sports executive, PBA Commissioner (1988–1992), complications from surgery.
8
Iraj Afshar, 85, Iranian bibliographer and historian.
Victor Manuel Blanco, 92, American astronomer, director of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory.
Masoud Boroumand, 83, Iranian football player.
Richard Campbell, 55, British player of cello and viola da gamba.
Herb Kawainui Kane, 82, American artist, Hawaiian cultural advocate, participant in the Hokulea voyage.
Moses Katjiuongua, 68, Namibian politician.
Jim Keane, 87, American football player (Chicago Bears, Green Bay Packers).
Steven Kroll, 69, American children's book author, surgical complications.
St. Clair Lee, 66, American musician (The Hues Corporation), natural causes.
Bronko Nagurski Jr., 73, American player of Canadian football (Hamilton Tiger-Cats).
John Olmsted, 73, American naturalist and conservationist, liver cancer.
Mike Starr, 44, American bassist (Alice in Chains, Sun Red Sun), drug overdose.
9
Muftah Anaqrat, Libyan general, shot.
Sona Aslanova, 86, Azerbaijani soprano.
Edward Bertels, 78, Belgian footballer
Jacques Brichant, 80, Belgian tennis player.
David S. Broder, 81, American journalist (The Washington Post), complications from diabetes.
Edward A. Burdick, 89, American civil servant.
Doris Burn, 87, American children's book author and illustrator.
Seán Cronin, 91, Irish journalist and republican, Irish Republican Army chief of staff (1957–1958, 1959–1960), after long illness.
Armando Goyena, 88, Filipino actor.
Valgerður Hafstað, 80, Icelandic painter.
Andrew Hao, 95, Chinese Roman Catholic underground Bishop of Xiwanzi (since 1984).
Bob Marcucci, 81, American talent agent, respiratory complications.
Bob McNamara, 94, American baseball player (Philadelphia Athletics).
Des Meagher, 67, Australian footballer (Hawthorn).
Lindy Pearson, 82, American football player (Detroit Lions).
Inge Sørensen, 86, Danish swimmer and Olympic bronze medalist (1936).
Toshiko Takaezu, 88, American ceramic artist.
10
Armand Bigot, 76, French Olympic equestrian.
Bill Blackbeard, 84, American comic strip writer and editor.
Bob Callahan, 87, American football player (Buffalo Bills).
Nick Harbaruk, 67, Polish-born Canadian ice hockey player, bone cancer.
Don Boven, 86, American basketball player and coach (Western Michigan University), heart disease.
Baliram Kashyap, 74, Indian politician, MP for Bastar (since 1998), after long illness.
Gabriel Laderman, 81, American painter, cancer,
Danny Paton, 75, Scottish footballer.
Emmett J. Rice, 91, American economist and banking official, heart failure.
Eddie Snyder, 92, American composer ("Strangers in the Night", "Spanish Eyes").
David Viñas, 83, Argentine dramatist, critic and novelist, pneumonic infection.
11
David Brown, 69, British cricketer, brain tumour.
Osvaldo Rodrigues da Cunha, 80, Brazilian paleontologist and herpetologist.
Val Ffrench Blake, 98, British army officer and author.
Alfred Genovese, 79, American oboist, complications from cardiac arrest.
Jack Hardy, 63, American singer-songwriter.
Nancy Kominsky, 95, American art teacher and broadcaster.
Hugh Martin, 96, American songwriter ("Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas") and film composer (Meet Me in St. Louis), natural causes.
Nick Mohammed, 85, Canadian Olympic wrestler.
Héctor Francisco Medina Polanco, 37, Honduran television journalist, shot.
Frank Neuhauser, 97, American patent attorney and spelling bee champion, winner of the 1925 National Spelling Bee by spelling the word "Gladiolus".
Valter Nyström, 95, Swedish Olympic track and field athlete.
Danny Stiles, 87, American radio host.
Donny George Youkhanna, 60, Iraqi archaeologist, anthropologist and author, heart attack.
Notable Japanese killed during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami:
Miki Endo, 25, voice warning and alarm agent.
Takashi Shimokawara, 104, masters athlete.
12
Ali Hassan al-Jaber, 56, Qatari photojournalist (Al Jazeera), shot.
Donald Brenner, 64, Canadian judge, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia (2000–2009).
Bruce Campbell, 87, Canadian politician.
Olive Dickason, 91, Canadian historian and author.
Juan García-Santacruz Ortiz, 77, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Guadix (1992–2009).
Indrajitsinhji, 73, Indian cricketer, cancer.
Shifra Lerer, 95, Argentinian-born American Yiddish theatre actress, stroke.
Joe Morello, 82, American drummer (The Dave Brubeck Quartet).
John Nettleship, 71, British teacher, inspiration for character of Severus Snape, cancer.
Mitchell Page, 59, American baseball player (Oakland Athletics), and coach (St. Louis Cardinals, Washington Nationals).
Nilla Pizzi, 91, Italian singer.
Tawfik Toubi, 88, Israeli Arab politician, last surviving member of the first Knesset.
13
Barbara Ball, 86, Bermudian physician, politician and social activist.
Roy Flatt, 63, Scottish Anglican priest.
Sir Michael Gray, 78, British army general.
Marko Horvatin, 91, Croatian Olympic rower.
Virginia Klinekole, 86, American politician, first female President of the Mescalero Apache.
Brian Lanker, 63, American photojournalist, pancreatic cancer.
Rick Martin, 59, Canadian ice hockey player (Buffalo Sabres, Los Angeles Kings), heart attack.
Ritchie Pickett, 56, New Zealand country singer.
David Rumelhart, 68, American psychologist, created computer simulations of neural processing, Pick's disease.
Nicholas Smisko, 75, American clergyman, Head of the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese (since 1984), cancer.
Jean Smith, 82, American baseball player (All-American Girls Professional Baseball League).
Owsley Stanley, 76, American-born Australian underground LSD chemist and sound engineer (Grateful Dead), traffic accident.
Leo Steinberg, 90, American art historian and critic.
Vitaly Vulf, 80, Russian theater critic and television host.
14
Gerald Barry, 63, Irish journalist and broadcaster, illness.
Alfred Baumeister, 76, American psychologist and professor.
Todd Cerney, 57, American country musician and producer, melanoma.
Leslie Collier, 90, British virologist.
José Pinto Correia, 80, Portuguese politician, Governor of Macau (1986–1987).
Bob Greaves, 76, British journalist and broadcaster, cancer.
Jülide Gülizar, 82, Turkish anchorwoman, one of the nation's first television presenters.
Eduard Gushchin, 70, Russian Olympic bronze medal-winning (1968) athlete.
Big Jack Johnson, 70, American guitarist and blues singer.
Giora Leshem, 71, Israeli poet and publisher.
G. Alan Marlatt, 69, American professor, kidney failure.
Larry Zolf, 76, Canadian journalist and humorist.
15
José Agdamag, 89, Filipino soldier and Olympic sports shooter.
Mirko Aksentijević, 88, Serbian journalist and basketball executive.
Julie Apap, 62, Maltese ceramicist.
Amos Bar, 79, Israeli author.
Keith Fordyce, 82, British radio and television presenter (Ready Steady Go!).
Frank Howard, 85, Canadian politician, member of the BC Legislative Assembly for Skeena (1953–1956; 1979–1986), MP for Skeena (1957–1974).
Musa Juma, 42, Kenyan musician, pneumonia.
Yakov Kreizberg, 51, Russian-born Austrian-American conductor.
Jean Liedloff, 84, American writer.
Peter Loader, 81, British cricketer.
Marty Marion, 94, American baseball player and manager, National League MVP (1944).
Nate Dogg, 41, American musician, stroke.
Fred Sanford, 91, American baseball player.
Robert Schoonjans, 85, Belgian Olympic athlete.
Smiley Culture, 48, British reggae singer and DJ, apparent suicide by stabbing.
Melvin Sparks, 64, American jazz and soul guitarist, heart attack.
16
Abdikadir Yusuf Aar, Somalian terrorist, shot.
Josefina Aldecoa, 85, Spanish writer and teacher, respiratory complications.
Sándor Arnóth, 51, Hungarian politician, car accident.
Sadiq Batcha, 47, Indian businessman and politician, suicide by hanging.
Carel Boshoff, 83, South African religious and cultural activist, cancer.
Betty Lowman Carey, 96, American rower.
Tom Dunbar, 51, American baseball player (Texas Rangers).
Al Israel, 75, American actor (Scarface, Carlito's Way, Drop Zone).
Thomas Nkuissi, 82, Cameroonian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Nkongsamba (1978–1992).
Lloyd Oliver, 88, American veteran, World War II code talker.
James Pritchett, 88, American actor (The Doctors).
Lorenda Starfelt, 56, American producer, cancer.
James C. Tyree, 53, American businessman, chairman and CEO of the Chicago Sun-Times, cancer.
Murray Warmath, 98, American college football coach (Minnesota Golden Gophers), natural causes.
Richard Wirthlin, 80, American political strategist and religious leader, renal failure.
17
Moisis Michail Bourlas, 92, Greek Resistance veteran.
Banny deBrum, 54, Marshallese diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (1996–2008, 2009–2011) and Canada (1999–2011).
Michael Gough, 94, British actor (Dracula, Batman, Sleepy Hollow), pneumonia.
Abdel Moneim El-Guindi, 74, Egyptian Olympic bronze medal-winning (1960) boxer.
Ferlin Husky, 85, American country music singer, heart failure.
Don Kennard, 81, American politician, Texas State Senator (1963–1973).
Murdoch Mitchison, 88, British zoologist.
J.B. Steane, 83, British music critic.
18
Robert Angeloch, 88, American artist.
Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy, 90, Monegasque princess.
George Bacon, 93, British physicist.
Ze'ev Boim, 67, Israeli Knesset member, cancer.
Enzo Cannavale, 82, Italian actor (Cinema Paradiso).
Warren Christopher, 85, American diplomat, Secretary of State (1993–1997), complications from kidney and bladder cancer.
Alphonse De Vreese, 89, French cyclist.
Arthur Charles Evans, 94, British author and police officer.
Jet Harris, 71, British musician (The Shadows), throat cancer.
Charlie Metro, 91, American baseball player and manager (Detroit Tigers, Philadelphia Athletics), mesothelioma.
Peter Weigand, 69, American Olympic sprint canoer.
Kirk Wipper, 87, Canadian founder of the Canadian Canoe Museum.
19
Patrick Ahern, 92, American Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of New York (1970–1994).
Kym Bonython, 90, Australian art, jazz and speedway entrepreneur.
Guillermo Ford, 74, Panamanian politician, Vice President of Panama (1989–1994).
Raymond Garlick, 84, British poet and editor.
Barrington Gaynor, 45, Jamaican footballer.
Drew Hill, 54, American football player (Los Angeles Rams, Houston Oilers, Atlanta Falcons), stroke.
Knut, 4, German-born polar bear, drowned.
Gustav Lantschner, 100, Austrian Olympic silver medal-winning (1936) alpine skier and actor.
Tom McAvoy, 74, American baseball player (Washington Senators).
Zew Wawa Morejno, 95, Polish-born American rabbi.
Mohammed Nabbous, 28, Libyan journalist, founder of Alhurra TV, shot.
Navin Nischol, 65, Indian actor, heart attack.
Jim Roslof, 64, American artist (Dungeons & Dragons), cancer.
Robert Ross, 92, American physician and medical school founder (Ross University School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine), cancer.
Bob Rush, 85, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, Milwaukee Braves, Chicago White Sox).
Leonard Webb, 89, British politician, Mayor of Thame (1975–1979).
20
John Apacible, 38, Filipino actor (Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin), shooting.
Don Canney, 80, American politician, Mayor of Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1969–1992), heart failure.
Bob Christo, 72, Australian-born Indian actor, heart attack.
Néstor de Vicente, 46, Argentine footballer, car crash.
Oliver Humperdink, 62, American professional wrestling manager, pneumonia and cancer.
Agostinho Januszewicz, 80, Polish-born Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Luziânia (1989–2004).
Giovanni Nesti, 88, Italian Olympic basketball player.
Johnny Pearson, 85, British composer, arranger and pianist.
Sara Ruddick, 76, American philosopher and author, pulmonary fibrosis.
Dorothy Young, 103, American actress, assistant to Harry Houdini.
21
Michael Abramson, 62, American artist and photographer, kidney cancer.
Barry Ackerley, 76, American businessman (Ackerley Group), former owner of the Seattle SuperSonics, stroke.
Nikolai Andrianov, 58, Russian gymnast, most medaled athlete at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
Jesús Aranguren, 66, Spanish footballer and manager.
Bruce W. Beatty, 88, Canadian graphic designer.
Hans Boskamp, 78, Dutch actor and footballer, stroke.
John L. Cashin, Jr., 82, American civil rights campaigner, kidney failure.
Ray Eden, 42, British cyclist, beaten.
Mayhew Foster, 99, American brigadier general, flew captured Hermann Göring to interrogation.
Loleatta Holloway, 64, American soul and disco musician, heart failure.
Hansl Krönauer, 78, German folk singer and composer.
Ladislav Novák, 79, Czech footballer.
Pinetop Perkins, 97, American blues musician, cardiac arrest.
Kjeld Tolstrup, 45, Danish radio disc jockey (DR P3).
Joe Wizan, 76, Mexican-born American film producer (Jeremiah Johnson, Dunston Checks In) and studio executive (20th Century Fox).
22
Artur Agostinho, 90, Portuguese sports journalist and actor.
Nadia Barentin, 74, French actress (Les Blessures assassines).
Victor Bouchard, 84, Canadian pianist, duettist with pianist Renée Morisset, respiratory disease.
Patrick Doeplah, 20, Liberian footballer.
Viljar Loor, 57, Estonian Olympic gold medal-winning (1980) volleyball player.
Jean-Guy Morissette, 73, Canadian ice hockey player.
Zoogz Rift, 57, American musician, painter and professional wrestler.
Normie Roy, 82, American baseball player (Boston Braves).
Reuven Shefer, 85, Israeli actor.
José Soriano, 93, Peruvian football player.
Helen Stenborg, 86, American actress (Doubt, The Bonfire of the Vanities, Isn't She Great), cancer.
George Alfred Walker, 81, British businessman, founder of Brent Walker.
23
Charles Joseph Adams, 86, American academic and professor of religion.
José Argüelles, 72, American New Age author.
Jean Bartik, 86, American computer programmer (ENIAC).
Henry Jerome, 93, American big band leader, trumpeter, arranger, and composer.
Živorad Kovačević, 80, Serbian diplomat.
Sir Frank Lampl, 84, British businessman.
Richard Leacock, 89, British documentary film maker (Louisiana Story, Primary, Monterey Pop, Janis).
Teodor Negoiţă, 63, Romanian polar explorer and scientist.
Trevor Storton, 61, English footballer.
Dame Elizabeth Taylor, 79, British-American actress (Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Giant, A Place in the Sun), Oscar winner (1961, 1967), heart failure.
Fred Titmus, 78, English test cricketer.
Fritz Tschannen, 90, Swiss accordion player and Olympic ski jumper.
Leonard Weinglass, 78, American civil rights lawyer, pancreatic cancer.
24
Helmy Afify Abd El-Bar, 88, Egyptian military commander.
Stig Berntsson, 80, Swedish Olympic sports shooter.
Bertrand Pernot du Breuil, 84, French Olympic equestrian.
Julian Gbur, 68, Polish-born Ukrainian Catholic hierarch, Bishop of Stryi (since 2000).
Hanni Gehring, 84, German Olympic cross-country skier.
William M. Greathouse, 91, American Nazarene minister, heart failure.
David Karimanzira, 63, Zimbabwean politician.
Robert Knights, 79, German Olympic water polo player
Dudley Laws, 76, Jamaican-born Canadian civil rights activist, kidney disease.
Anselmo Müller, 79, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Januária (1984–2008).
Gloria Valencia de Castaño, 83, Colombian television host, respiratory failure.
Lanford Wilson, 73, American playwright.
25
Floyd Bedbury, 73, American Olympic speed skater, cancer.
Thomas Eisner, 81, American biologist, Parkinson's disease.
Fred, South African baboon, lethal injection.
Luis María Estrada Paetau, 75, Guatemalan Roman Catholic prelate, Vicar Apostolic of Izabal (1977–2004).
Edwin Gaustad, 87, American religious historian.
Maria Isakova, 92, Soviet speed skater.
Pavel Leonov, 90, Russian naïve artist.
Almena Lomax, 95, American journalist and civil rights activist, founder of the Los Angeles Tribune, after short illness.
M. Blane Michael, 68, American federal judge.
Hugo Midón, 67, Argentine theatre director and actor, after long illness.
Thady Wyndham-Quin, 7th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, 71, Anglo-Irish aristocrat.
26
Roger Abbott, 64, Canadian actor and comedian (Royal Canadian Air Farce), chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Joe Bageant, 64, American writer, social critic and political commentator, cancer.
Paul Baran, 84, American Internet pioneer, complications from lung cancer.
Alexander Barykin, 59, Russian musician, heart attack.
Carl Bunch, 71, American drummer (Buddy Holly and the Crickets).
Greg Centauro, 34, French pornographic actor, cardiac arrest.
Harry Coover, 94, American inventor (Super Glue).
Lula Côrtes, 61, Brazilian musician (Paêbirú), throat cancer.
Cibele Dorsa, 36, Brazilian actress and writer, suicide by jumping.
Geraldine Ferraro, 75, American politician, U.S. Representative from New York (1979–1985) and 1984 vice presidential nominee, multiple myeloma.
František Havránek, 87, Czech football player and manager.
Yrjö Hietanen, 83, Finnish Olympic gold medal-winning (1952) canoeist, stroke.
Diana Wynne Jones, 76, British fantasy author (Howl's Moving Castle), lung cancer.
Enn Klooren, 70, Estonian actor.
Jean-Philippe Lecat, 75, French politician.
Kazimierz Macioch, 78, Polish Olympic wrestler
Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo, 90, Guinean Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Conakry (1962–1979).
Robert Underwood, 76, American Negro league baseball player.
Eric Zentner, 30, American male fashion model, traffic collision.
27
Jeff Andrus, 64, American screenwriter, congestive heart failure.
Sir Clement Arrindell, 79, Kittitian politician, Governor-General (1983–1995).
David E. Davis, 80, American automotive writer, editor and publisher (Car and Driver, Automobile), complications from bladder surgery.
Adolfo Donayre, 77, Peruvian footballer
Lawrence Elion, 93, British actor.
Farley Granger, 85, American actor (Strangers on a Train, Rope, The North Star).
H. R. F. Keating, 84, British crime fiction writer.
Ellen McCormack, 84, American anti-abortion activist and politician, two-time presidential candidate (1976, 1980).
DJ Megatron, 32, American disc jockey, shot.
Günther Mund, 76, German-born Chilean Olympic diver, plane crash.
Dorothea Puente, 82, American serial killer, natural causes.
George Tooker, 90, American painter, kidney failure.
28
Supyan Abdullayev, 54, Chechen field commander, airstrike.
Wenche Foss, 93, Norwegian actress, natural causes.
Lee Hoiby, 85, American composer, metastatic melanoma.
Sonia Osorio, 83, Colombian ballet dancer and choreographer, respiratory failure.
Esben Storm, 60, Danish-born Australian actor, director and producer, heart attack.
Guy M. Townsend, 90, American Air Force brigadier general and test pilot.
29
José Alencar, 79, Brazilian entrepreneur and politician, Vice-President (2003–2010), multiple organ failure.
Bob Benny, 84, Belgian singer.
Iakovos Kambanellis, 88, Greek author, playwright, poet, lyricist and journalist, kidney failure.
Edith Klestil, 78, Austrian first lady (1992–1998), first wife of President Thomas Klestil, cancer.
Neil Reimer, 89, Canadian politician, Leader of the Alberta New Democratic Party (1962–1968).
Jim Seymour, 64, American football player (Chicago Bears).
Ângelo de Sousa, 73, Portuguese painter, sculptor, draftsman and professor, cancer.
Alan Tang, 64, Hong Kong actor, film producer and director, stroke.
Robert Tear, 72, British opera singer, cancer.
Aarne Vehkonen, 83, Finnish Olympic weightlifter.
Endre Wolf, 97, Hungarian violinist.
30
Harley Allen, 55, American bluegrass and country singer, cancer.
Jacques Amir, 78, Israeli politician.
Roshan Atta, 71, Pakistani actress.
Ashurbanipal Babilla, 66, Assyrian-Iranian actor, theatre director, playwright and visual artist.
Jorge Camacho, 77, Cuban painter.
Jack Fulk, 78, American businessman, co-founder of Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits.
Tamar Golan, 76, Israeli journalist and diplomat.
Lyudmila Gurchenko, 75, Russian film actress and singer, People's Artist of the USSR.
Johnny Harra, 64, American actor, Elvis impersonator.
Denis McLean, 80, New Zealand diplomat, academic, author and civil servant.
Wally Peterson, 93, American actor, singer and stage manager.
Nutan Prasad, 65, Indian actor, after long illness.
Churyo Sato, 98, Japanese sculptor.
Liaquat Soldier, 59, Pakistani comedian, heart attack.
31
Sparky Adams, 93, American basketball player.
Tony Barrell, 70, British-born Australian broadcaster and writer.
Gil Clancy, 88, American Hall of Fame boxing trainer.
Alan Fitzgerald, 75, Australian journalist, cancer.
Oddvar Hansen, 89, Norwegian footballer and coach (SK Brann).
Claudia Heill, 29, Austrian judoka, silver medalist at the 2004 Summer Olympics, suspected suicide.
Tom Kelleher, 85, American football official (1960–1987), complications from pneumonia.
Vassili Kononov, 88, Russian military veteran and war criminal.
Ishbel MacAskill, 70, Scottish Gaelic singer and heritage campaigner.
Mel McDaniel, 68, American country music singer ("Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On"), cancer.
Boško Radonjić, 67, Serbian nationalist, after short illness.
Edward Stobart, 56, British haulage contractor and entrepreneur.
Henry Taub, 83, American entrepreneur, founder of Automatic Data Processing, leukemia.
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^ "Naive Artist Pavel Leonov Dies Aged 90". Russia-InfoCentre.
^ "Almena Lomax dies at 95; civil rights activist launched Los Angeles Tribune newspaper". Los Angeles Times. April 1, 2011. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013.
^ "Late Judge Michael's 'compass set hard for justice,' Jay says". The Charleston Gazette. March 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011.
^ "Falleció el escritor argentino Hugo Midón". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 14, 2012.
^ "The Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl". The Daily Telegraph. London.
^ "Air Farce actor Roger Abbott dies". CBC News. March 27, 2011.
^ "Joe Bageant, 1946-2011". JoeBageant.com. Archived from the original on June 30, 2011.
^ Hafner, Katie (March 27, 2011). "Paul Baran, 84, Dies; Helped Pave Way for Internet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
^ "Певец и композитор Александр Барыкин скончался после концерта". NEWSru.com (in Russian). March 26, 2011.
^ "PASSINGS: Zoogz Rift, Carl Bunch, David E. Davis Jr., James Pritchett, James M. Roberts, Pat Rowe". Los Angeles Times. March 31, 2011.
^ Lubben, Shelley (April 3, 2011). "Male Porn Star Greg Centauro Died". ShelleyLubben.com. Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (March 27, 2011). "Harry Wesley Coover Jr., 94, Inventor of Super Glue". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
^ "Morre o músico Lula Côrtes, desbravador da moderna música nordestina e autor do mítico álbum 'Pâebirú'". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 26, 2011.
^ "Atriz Cibele Dorsa morre ao cair do sétimo andar de prédio". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese).
^ "Geraldine Ferraro Dies at 75". HuffPost. March 26, 2011.
^ "Smutná zpráva: Zemřel trenér František Havránek". nv.fotbal.cz (in Czech).
^ "Helsingin olympialaisten suomalaissankari kuollut" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on April 5, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ Priest, Christopher (March 27, 2011). "Diana Wynne Jones obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
^ "Suri näitleja Enn Klooren". ERR Uudised (in Estonian). March 26, 2011. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012.
^ "Mort de Jean-Philippe Lecat, ministre de la Culture de Giscard". Le Point (in French). April 1, 2011.
^ "Kazimierz Macioch Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020.
^ "Archbishop Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney.
^ "Robert Lee Underwood: Obituary". Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
^ "Versace Model Killed". HuffPost. April 1, 2011.
^ "Obituaries - September/October 2011". Stanford Magazine. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
^ "St. Kitts and Nevis' First Governor General dies, PM Douglas expresses sadness". Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ "David E. Davis, Jr., Dean of automotive journalism, dead at 80". Autoblog. March 27, 2011.
^ "Lawrence Elion Obituary (2011) - Toronto Star". legacy.com.
^ "Film Legend Farley Granger Dead at 85". Movieline. Archived from the original on April 2, 2011.
^ Ripley, Mike (March 28, 2011). "HRF Keating obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
^ Durkin, Erin. "Two-time presidential candidate Ellen McCormack dies at 84". New York Daily News.
^ "DJ Megatron shot to death in New York City". Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ "Murio Clavadista Que Represento A Chile En 2 Juegos Olimpicos". El Comercial.com.ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 20, 2011.
^ "Dorothea Puente dies at 82; boarding house operator who killed tenants". Los Angeles Times. March 28, 2011.
^ "George Tooker, 1920-2011". Boston.com.
^ https://m.facebook.com/notes/islamic-media-network/emir-supyan-17-years-in-jihad/151682561562274/
^ "Wenche Foss (93) er død". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian Bokmål).
^ Woolfe, Zachary (March 29, 2011). "Lee Hoiby, Opera Composer Known for Lyricism, Dies at 85". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
^ "Murió Sonia Osorio, el alma de la danza colombiana". Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ "Vale: Esben Storm". TV Tonight. March 29, 2011.
^ "Guy M. Townsend III Obituary". Legacy.com. April 10, 2011.
^ "José Alencar obituary". The Guardian. April 1, 2011.
^ eurofire, Eingestellt von. "Belgien: Bob Benny mit 84 Jahren gestorben".
^ ""Έφυγε" από τη ζωή ο Ιάκωβος Καμπανέλλης". in.gr (in Greek). March 29, 2011.
^ "Ex-First Lady dies of cancer". Austrian Times. April 3, 2019. Archived from the original on April 5, 2011.
^ "Former Alta. NDP leader Neil Reimer dies". CBC News. March 30, 2011.
^ "Former Notre Dame WR Seymour dies at 64". ESPN. March 30, 2011.
^ "Morreu o pintor Ângelo de Sousa". Público (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on April 2, 2011.
^ "Entertainment giant Tang found dead at home". The Standard. March 30, 2011. Archived from the original on November 8, 2011.
^ "Tributes after tenor Tear's death". BBC News. March 29, 2011.
^ "Aarne Vehkonen Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com". April 17, 2020. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020.
^ Rosthorn, Andrew (May 12, 2011). "Endre Wolf obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
^ "Hit Country Songwriter Harley Allen Dead at 55". CMT News. March 30, 2011.
^ "ז'אק אמיר ז"ל" (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ Newspaper, the (March 31, 2011). "TV and film actress Roshan Atta passes away". Dawn. Pakistan.
^ "Ashurbanipal Babilla's biography".
^ "Jorge Camacho, el último gran pintor surrealista". El País (in Spanish). April 1, 2011. ISSN 1134-6582.
^ "Co-founder of Bojangles' dies at 78". The Herald. April 3, 2011. Archived from the original on April 6, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
^ "Tamar Golan, Israel's Queen of Africa, Dies at 76". Haaretz. March 31, 2011.
^ "Умерла Людмила Гурченко". Kommersant (in Russian). March 30, 2011.
^ "Johnny Harra Obituary - Death Notice and Service Information". Legacy.com. March 23, 2016.
^ "Our former man in Washington, Denis McLean, dies". Stuff. March 31, 2011.
^ "Actor-stage manager Wally Peterson dies". Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ "Nutan Prasad dies". Sify. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016.
^ "Sculptor Sato's works at Sagawa Art Museum". The Japan Times. June 2, 2012.
^ "Famous comedian Liaqat Soldier dies of a heart attack". SAMAA TV. April 1, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011.
^ Society, Peach Basket (September 17, 2015). "Peach Basket Society: Sparky Adams".
^ Colvin, Mark (April 1, 2011). "And so farewell then, to Tony Barrell... and Tug Scuffard". ABC News.
^ "Gil Clancy Obituary on Legacy.com". Legacy.com.
^ "Journalist Alan Fitzgerald dies of cancer". ABC News. March 31, 2011.
^ "Oddvar Hansen er gått bort". Sportsklubben Brann (in Norwegian). April 1, 2011. Archived from the original on April 4, 2011.
^ "Olympic silver medallist commits suicide". insidethegames.biz. March 31, 2011.
^ "NFL.com news: Hall of Fame NFL official Kelleher passes away at 85". NFL.com. April 4, 2011. Archived from the original on April 4, 2011.
^ "Miris par kara noziegumiem notiesātais Kononovs". Ir (in Latvian). April 1, 2011. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011.
^ "Obituary: Ishbel MacAskill, Gaelic singer and heritage campaigner". The Scotsman. April 4, 2011. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
^ "Grand Ole Opry Member Mel McDaniel Dies". Archived from the original on April 7, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ "Bosko Radonjic died in Belgrade". April 25, 2011. Archived from the original on April 25, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
^ "Lorry legend Stobart dies aged 56". BBC News. March 31, 2011.
^ Wilson, Duff (April 4, 2011). "Henry Taub, a Founder of Automatic Data Processing, Dies at 83". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
vteDeaths by month
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2023
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2022
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2021
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2020
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2019
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2018
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2016
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2015
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2014
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Dec
2013
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May
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Sep
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2012
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Apr
May
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Sep
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2011
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2010
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2009
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2008
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2007
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2006
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2005
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2004
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2003
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2002
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2001
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2000
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1999
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1998
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1997
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1996
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1995
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1994
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1993
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1992
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1991
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1990
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1989
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Lists of deaths by year | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#4"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#5"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#6"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#7"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#8"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#9"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#10"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#11"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#12"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#13"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#14"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#15"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#16"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#17"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#18"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#19"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#20"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#21"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#22"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#23"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#24"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#25"},{"link_name":"26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#26"},{"link_name":"27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#27"},{"link_name":"28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#28"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#29"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#30"},{"link_name":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#31"},{"link_name":"← February","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_in_February_2011"},{"link_name":"April →","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_in_April_2011"}],"text":"Contents \n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n29\n30\n31\n\n← February\nMarch\nApril →The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2011.Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.","title":"Deaths in March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barklie Lakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barklie_Lakin"},{"link_name":"Vickers Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leonard Lomell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Lomell"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John M. Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Lounge"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ion Monea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Monea"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alina Paim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina_Paim"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fateh Singh Rathore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh_Singh_Rathore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hazel Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Rowley"},{"link_name":"Tête-à-tête","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-t%C3%AAte_(book)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"1","text":"Barklie Lakin, 96, British industrialist (Chairman of Vickers Armstrong) and naval officer.[1]\nLeonard Lomell, 91, American World War II veteran, recipient of the Silver Star and Purple Heart, natural causes.[2]\nJohn M. Lounge, 64, American NASA astronaut (1981–1991), complications from liver cancer.[3]\nIon Monea, 70, Romanian Olympic silver (1968) and bronze (1960) medal-winning boxer.[4]\nAlina Paim, 91, Brazilian novelist.[5]\nFateh Singh Rathore, 72, Indian wildlife conservationist.[6]\nHazel Rowley, 59, British-born Australian writer (Tête-à-tête), cerebral haemorrhage.[7]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas Alden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Frankfurt_Airport_shooting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Simeonie Amagoalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeonie_Amagoalik"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Louis Bazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bazin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Shahbaz Bhatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahbaz_Bhatti"},{"link_name":"Minister for Minorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Minorities_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Anthony Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brooke"},{"link_name":"Sarawakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cywinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cywinski"},{"link_name":"Apple Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Store"},{"link_name":"Bohlin Cywinski Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohlin_Cywinski_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"John Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Haines"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Erling Kroner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling_Kroner"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Edward Barnes Leisenring, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Barnes_Leisenring,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sir Allan Louisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Louisy"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Luis Martínez Villicaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Mart%C3%ADnez_Villica%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Governor of Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ruby Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Art Statuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Statuto"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Thor Vilhjálmsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Vilhj%C3%A1lmsson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Wu Jieping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Jieping"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2","text":"Nicholas Alden, 25, American airman, shot.[8]\nSimeonie Amagoalik, 77, Canadian carver, cancer.[9]\nLouis Bazin, 90, French orientalist.[10]\nShahbaz Bhatti, 42, Pakistani politician, Minister for Minorities (since 2008), shot.[11]\nAnthony Brooke, 98, British heir to the Sarawakan throne.[12]\nBernard Cywinski, 70, American architect (Apple Store), partner and co-founder of Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, cancer.[13]\nJohn Haines, 86, American poet.[14]\nErling Kroner, 67, Danish trombonist and bandleader, cancer.[15]\nEdward Barnes Leisenring, Jr., 85, American businessman.[16]\nSir Allan Louisy, 94, Saint Lucian politician and judge, Prime Minister (1979–1981).[17]\nLuis Martínez Villicaña, 71, Mexican politician, Governor of Michoacán (1986–1988), Secretary of Agrarian Reform (1982–1986).[18]\nRuby Muhammad, 103, American spiritual figure, lung cancer.[19]\nArt Statuto, 85, American football player (Los Angeles Rams).[20]\nThor Vilhjálmsson, 85, Icelandic author, natural causes.[21]\nWu Jieping, 94, Chinese medical scientist and politician.[22]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldo Clementi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Clementi"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"May Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Cutler"},{"link_name":"Tundra Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_Books"},{"link_name":"Westmount, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmount,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Paquito Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquito_Diaz"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"James L. Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Elliot"},{"link_name":"rings of Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Lasse Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Eriksson"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Goga Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goga_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Irena Kwiatkowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Kwiatkowska"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Al Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Morgan"},{"link_name":"The Today Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Today_Show"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Venkatraman Radhakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkatraman_Radhakrishnan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Theron Strinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theron_Strinden"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"James Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Travers_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"3","text":"Aldo Clementi, 85, Italian composer.[23]\nMay Cutler, 87, Canadian author and publisher, founder of Tundra Books, first female Mayor of Westmount, Quebec (1987–1991).[24]\nPaquito Diaz, 73, Filipino actor, complications from a stroke.[25]\nJames L. Elliot, 67, American astronomer, discovered rings of Uranus.[26]\nLasse Eriksson, 61, Swedish comedian.[27]\nGoga Kapoor, 70, Indian actor.[28]\nIrena Kwiatkowska, 98, Polish actress.[29]\nAl Morgan, 91, American novelist and television producer (The Today Show), after long illness.[30]\nVenkatraman Radhakrishnan, 81, Indian astrophysicist, cardiac complications.[31]\nTheron Strinden, 91, American politician.[32]\nJames Travers, 62, Canadian journalist, political correspondent (Toronto Star), editor in chief (Ottawa Citizen, 1991–1996), post-surgery complications.[33]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bertil Almgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertil_Almgren"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Charles F. Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Ashley"},{"link_name":"Alabama House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Paul Baxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baxley"},{"link_name":"The Dukes of Hazzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series"},{"link_name":"Kolchak: The Night Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchak:_The_Night_Stalker"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Krishna Prasad Bhattarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Prasad_Bhattarai"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"multiple organ failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_organ_dysfunction_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Mary Bowermaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Bowermaster"},{"link_name":"masters athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_athletics"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Frank Chirkinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Chirkinian"},{"link_name":"CBS Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Annie Fargue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Fargue"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Vivienne Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Harris_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Jewish Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Charles Jarrott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jarrott"},{"link_name":"Anne of the Thousand Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_the_Thousand_Days"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Condorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorman"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Chester Kahapea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Kahapea"},{"link_name":"Lou Gehrig's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ed Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Manning"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Bullets_(1963%E2%80%9373)"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Johnny Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Preston"},{"link_name":"Running Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Bear"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Simonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Simonov"},{"link_name":"aircraft designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_designer"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Design Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Arjun Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(politician,_born_1930)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Human Resource Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Human_Resource_Development_(India)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Alenush Terian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alenush_Terian"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"María Ugarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Ugarte"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Simon van der Meer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"4","text":"Bertil Almgren, 92, Swedish archaeologist.[34]\nCharles F. Ashley, 74, American member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1982–1983).[35]\nPaul Baxley, 87, American actor and stunt coordinator (The Dukes of Hazzard, Star Trek, Kolchak: The Night Stalker).[36]\nKrishna Prasad Bhattarai, 86, Nepali Prime Minister (1990–1991, 1999–2000), multiple organ failure.[37]\nMary Bowermaster, 93, American masters athletics champion.[38]\nFrank Chirkinian, 84, American producer (CBS Sports), lung cancer.[39]\nAnnie Fargue, 76, French actress and manager, cancer.[40]\nVivienne Harris, 89, British businesswoman and newspaper publisher, co-founder of the Jewish Telegraph.[41]\nCharles Jarrott, 83, British film director (Anne of the Thousand Days, Mary, Queen of Scots, Condorman), prostate cancer.[42]\nChester Kahapea, 65, American soil scientist, known as the \"face of Hawaiian statehood\", complications of Lou Gehrig's disease.[43]\nEd Manning, 68, American basketball player (Baltimore Bullets) and coach (San Antonio Spurs), heart condition.[44]\nJohnny Preston, 71, American pop singer (\"Running Bear\"), heart failure.[45]\nMikhail Simonov, 81, Russian aircraft designer, chief designer of the Sukhoi Design Bureau (1983–2011), after long illness.[46]\nArjun Singh, 80, Indian politician, Minister of Human Resource Development (2004–2009), heart attack.[47]\nAlenush Terian, 90, Iranian astronomer and physicist.[48]\nMaría Ugarte, 97, Spanish-Dominican author, historian and journalist.[49]\nSimon van der Meer, 85, Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate.[50]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eivor Alm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eivor_Alm"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carnes"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Mario Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Coppola"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Alberto Granado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Granado"},{"link_name":"Che Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara"},{"link_name":"The Motorcycle Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motorcycle_Diaries_(book)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Oswald Georg Hirmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Georg_Hirmer"},{"link_name":"Umtata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Umtata"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Manolis Rasoulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolis_Rasoulis"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Viktor Voroshilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Voroshilov"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"5","text":"Eivor Alm, 86, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier.[51]\nJimmy Carnes, 76, American track and field athlete, coach and administrator, cancer.[52]\nMario Coppola, 74, Italian nuclear physicist.[53]\nAlberto Granado, 88, Argentine-born Cuban biochemist and writer, travel companion of Che Guevara (The Motorcycle Diaries).[54]\nOswald Georg Hirmer, 81, German-born South African Roman Catholic missionary, Bishop of Umtata (1997–2008).[55]\nManolis Rasoulis, 65, Greek singer-songwriter, author and journalist.[56]\nViktor Voroshilov, 84, Soviet footballer.[57]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Bartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bartel"},{"link_name":"Miss America 1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_1943"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Marie Andrée Bertrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Andr%C3%A9e_Bertrand"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Patricia Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Brennan"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Rostislav Čtvrtlík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostislav_%C4%8Ctvrtl%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Mike DeStefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_DeStefano"},{"link_name":"Last Comic Standing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Comic_Standing"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Jaime Felipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Felipa"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Oddmund Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddmund_Jensen"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"John Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morton_(zoologist)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Ján Popluhár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Popluh%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"1962 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Louie Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ruth_Rendell_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Reg Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Stewart_(footballer,_born_1925)"},{"link_name":"Colchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Edward Ullendorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Frank Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ziegler"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Sasao Gouland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_Gouland"},{"link_name":"Chuuk State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_State"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr_16-164-71"}],"sub_title":"6","text":"Jean Bartel, 87, American actress, Miss America 1943.[58]\nMarie Andrée Bertrand, 85, Canadian criminologist, feminist and anti-prohibitionist.[59]\nPatricia Brennan, 66, Australian feminist and clinician, advocate of women Anglican priests, cancer.[60]\nRostislav Čtvrtlík, 47, Czech stage, television and voice actor, brain tumor.[61]\nMike DeStefano, 44, American comedian (Last Comic Standing), heart attack.[62]\nJaime Felipa, 66, Netherlands Antilles judoka.[63]\nOddmund Jensen, 82, Norwegian Olympic cross-country skier.[64]\nJohn Morton, 86, New Zealand biologist and theologian.[65]\nJán Popluhár, 75, Slovak footballer (1962 FIFA World Cup).[66]\nLouie Ramsay, 81, British actress (The Ruth Rendell Mysteries).[67]\nReg Stewart, 85, English footballer (Colchester United), natural causes.[68]\nEdward Ullendorff, 91, British historian.[69]\nFrank Ziegler, 87, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles).[70]\nSasao Gouland, 77, governor of Chuuk State, Micronesia[71]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cándido Bidó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ndido_Bid%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Brazhnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Brazhnikov"},{"link_name":"myocardial infarction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Frank Dezelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dezelan"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Adrián Escudero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_Escudero"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Samuel Hazard Gillespie Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hazard_Gillespie_Jr."},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Rudy Salud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Salud"},{"link_name":"PBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"7","text":"Cándido Bidó, 74, Dominican painter, cardio-respiratory failure.[72]\nVladimir Brazhnikov, 69, Russian football coach, myocardial infarction.[73]\nFrank Dezelan, 80, American baseball umpire (1958–1970).[74]\nAdrián Escudero, 83, Spanish footballer.[75]\nSamuel Hazard Gillespie Jr., 100, American lawyer and politician, pancreatic cancer.[76]\nRudy Salud, 72, Filipino sports executive, PBA Commissioner (1988–1992), complications from surgery.[77]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraj Afshar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraj_Afshar"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Victor Manuel Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Manuel_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Tololo_Inter-American_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Masoud Boroumand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Boroumand"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Richard Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Campbell_(classical_musician)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Herb Kawainui Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Kawainui_Kane"},{"link_name":"Hokulea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokulea"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Moses Katjiuongua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Katjiuongua"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Jim Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Keane"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Steven Kroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Kroll"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"St. Clair Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_Lee"},{"link_name":"The Hues Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hues_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Bronko Nagurski Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronko_Nagurski_Jr."},{"link_name":"Canadian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Tiger-Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"John Olmsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Olmsted_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Mike Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Starr_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Alice in Chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Chains"},{"link_name":"Sun Red Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Red_Sun"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"8","text":"Iraj Afshar, 85, Iranian bibliographer and historian.[78]\nVictor Manuel Blanco, 92, American astronomer, director of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory.[79]\nMasoud Boroumand, 83, Iranian football player.[80]\nRichard Campbell, 55, British player of cello and viola da gamba.[81]\nHerb Kawainui Kane, 82, American artist, Hawaiian cultural advocate, participant in the Hokulea voyage.[82]\nMoses Katjiuongua, 68, Namibian politician.[83]\nJim Keane, 87, American football player (Chicago Bears, Green Bay Packers).[84]\nSteven Kroll, 69, American children's book author, surgical complications.[85]\nSt. Clair Lee, 66, American musician (The Hues Corporation), natural causes.[86]\nBronko Nagurski Jr., 73, American player of Canadian football (Hamilton Tiger-Cats).[87]\nJohn Olmsted, 73, American naturalist and conservationist, liver cancer.[88]\nMike Starr, 44, American bassist (Alice in Chains, Sun Red Sun), drug overdose.[89]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muftah Anaqrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muftah_Anaqrat"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Sona Aslanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sona_Aslanova"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Edward Bertels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bertels"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.national-football-teams.com/player/25808/Eddy_Bertels.html"},{"link_name":"Jacques Brichant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Brichant"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"David S. Broder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Broder"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Edward A. Burdick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Burdick"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Doris Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Burn"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Seán Cronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Cronin"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Army chief of staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_Republican_Army_chiefs_of_staff"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Armando Goyena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Goyena"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Valgerður Hafstað","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valger%C3%B0ur_Hafsta%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B02011P2-99"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hao"},{"link_name":"Xiwanzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Xiwanzi"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Bob Marcucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marcucci"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Bob McNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McNamara_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Des Meagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Meagher"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Lindy Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindy_Pearson"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Inge Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_S%C3%B8rensen"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Toshiko Takaezu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiko_Takaezu"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"sub_title":"9","text":"Muftah Anaqrat, Libyan general, shot.[90]\nSona Aslanova, 86, Azerbaijani soprano.[91]\nEdward Bertels, 78, Belgian footballer [1]\nJacques Brichant, 80, Belgian tennis player.[92]\nDavid S. Broder, 81, American journalist (The Washington Post), complications from diabetes.[93]\nEdward A. Burdick, 89, American civil servant.[94]\nDoris Burn, 87, American children's book author and illustrator.[95]\nSeán Cronin, 91, Irish journalist and republican, Irish Republican Army chief of staff (1957–1958, 1959–1960), after long illness.[96]\nArmando Goyena, 88, Filipino actor.[97]\nValgerður Hafstað, 80, Icelandic painter.[98][99]\nAndrew Hao, 95, Chinese Roman Catholic underground Bishop of Xiwanzi (since 1984).[100]\nBob Marcucci, 81, American talent agent, respiratory complications.[101]\nBob McNamara, 94, American baseball player (Philadelphia Athletics).[102]\nDes Meagher, 67, Australian footballer (Hawthorn).[103]\nLindy Pearson, 82, American football player (Detroit Lions).[104]\nInge Sørensen, 86, Danish swimmer and Olympic bronze medalist (1936).[105]\nToshiko Takaezu, 88, American ceramic artist.[106]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armand Bigot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Bigot"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Bill Blackbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Blackbeard"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Bob Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Callahan_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Nick Harbaruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Harbaruk"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Don Boven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Boven"},{"link_name":"Western Michigan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Michigan_University"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Baliram Kashyap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliram_Kashyap"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Bastar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Laderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Laderman"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Danny Paton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Paton"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Emmett J. Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_J._Rice"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Eddie Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Strangers in the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_in_the_Night"},{"link_name":"Spanish Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Eyes_(1966_song)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"David Viñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vi%C3%B1as"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"sub_title":"10","text":"Armand Bigot, 76, French Olympic equestrian.[107]\nBill Blackbeard, 84, American comic strip writer and editor.[108]\nBob Callahan, 87, American football player (Buffalo Bills).[109]\nNick Harbaruk, 67, Polish-born Canadian ice hockey player, bone cancer.[110]\nDon Boven, 86, American basketball player and coach (Western Michigan University), heart disease.[111]\nBaliram Kashyap, 74, Indian politician, MP for Bastar (since 1998), after long illness.[112]\nGabriel Laderman, 81, American painter, cancer,[113]\nDanny Paton, 75, Scottish footballer.[114]\nEmmett J. Rice, 91, American economist and banking official, heart failure.[115]\nEddie Snyder, 92, American composer (\"Strangers in the Night\", \"Spanish Eyes\").[116]\nDavid Viñas, 83, Argentine dramatist, critic and novelist, pneumonic infection.[117]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brown_(Scottish_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Osvaldo Rodrigues da Cunha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osvaldo_Rodrigues_da_Cunha"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Val Ffrench Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Ffrench_Blake"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Alfred Genovese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Genovese"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Jack Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hardy_(singer%E2%80%93songwriter)"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Nancy Kominsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kominsky"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Hugh Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Martin"},{"link_name":"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Yourself_a_Merry_Little_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Meet Me in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Nick Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Mohammed_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Héctor Francisco Medina Polanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Francisco_Medina_Polanco"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Frank Neuhauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Neuhauser"},{"link_name":"patent attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_attorney"},{"link_name":"National Spelling Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_National_Spelling_Bee"},{"link_name":"Gladiolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiolus"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Valter Nyström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valter_Nystr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Danny Stiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Stiles"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Donny George Youkhanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donny_George_Youkhanna"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"Miki Endo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miki_Endo"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Takashi Shimokawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Shimokawara"},{"link_name":"masters athlete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_athlete"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"sub_title":"11","text":"David Brown, 69, British cricketer, brain tumour.[118]\nOsvaldo Rodrigues da Cunha, 80, Brazilian paleontologist and herpetologist.[119]\nVal Ffrench Blake, 98, British army officer and author.[120]\nAlfred Genovese, 79, American oboist, complications from cardiac arrest.[121]\nJack Hardy, 63, American singer-songwriter.[122]\nNancy Kominsky, 95, American art teacher and broadcaster.[123]\nHugh Martin, 96, American songwriter (\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\") and film composer (Meet Me in St. Louis), natural causes.[124]\nNick Mohammed, 85, Canadian Olympic wrestler.[125]\nHéctor Francisco Medina Polanco, 37, Honduran television journalist, shot.[126]\nFrank Neuhauser, 97, American patent attorney and spelling bee champion, winner of the 1925 National Spelling Bee by spelling the word \"Gladiolus\".[127]\nValter Nyström, 95, Swedish Olympic track and field athlete.[128]\nDanny Stiles, 87, American radio host.[129]\nDonny George Youkhanna, 60, Iraqi archaeologist, anthropologist and author, heart attack.[130]\nNotable Japanese killed during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami:\nMiki Endo, 25, voice warning and alarm agent.[131]\nTakashi Shimokawara, 104, masters athlete.[132]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ali Hassan al-Jaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Jaber"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Donald Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Brenner"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Bruce Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Campbell_(Alberta_politician)"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Olive Dickason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Dickason"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Juan García-Santacruz Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa-Santacruz_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Guadix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Guadix"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Indrajitsinhji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrajitsinhji"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Shifra Lerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifra_Lerer"},{"link_name":"Yiddish theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_theatre"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Joe Morello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Morello"},{"link_name":"The Dave Brubeck Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dave_Brubeck_Quartet"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"John Nettleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nettleship"},{"link_name":"Severus Snape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Snape"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Page"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Nilla Pizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilla_Pizzi"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Tawfik Toubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawfik_Toubi"},{"link_name":"Israeli Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"first Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Israeli_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"}],"sub_title":"12","text":"Ali Hassan al-Jaber, 56, Qatari photojournalist (Al Jazeera), shot.[133]\nDonald Brenner, 64, Canadian judge, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia (2000–2009).[134]\nBruce Campbell, 87, Canadian politician.[135]\nOlive Dickason, 91, Canadian historian and author.[136]\nJuan García-Santacruz Ortiz, 77, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Guadix (1992–2009).[137]\nIndrajitsinhji, 73, Indian cricketer, cancer.[138]\nShifra Lerer, 95, Argentinian-born American Yiddish theatre actress, stroke.[139]\nJoe Morello, 82, American drummer (The Dave Brubeck Quartet).[140]\nJohn Nettleship, 71, British teacher, inspiration for character of Severus Snape, cancer.[141]\nMitchell Page, 59, American baseball player (Oakland Athletics), and coach (St. Louis Cardinals, Washington Nationals).[142]\nNilla Pizzi, 91, Italian singer.[143]\nTawfik Toubi, 88, Israeli Arab politician, last surviving member of the first Knesset.[144]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbara Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Ball"},{"link_name":"Roy Flatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Flatt"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Sir Michael Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gray_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Marko Horvatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Horvatin"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Virginia Klinekole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Klinekole"},{"link_name":"Mescalero Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero_Apache"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Brian Lanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lanker"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Rick Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Martin"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Sabres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Pickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Pickett"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"David Rumelhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rumelhart"},{"link_name":"Pick's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Smisko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Smisko"},{"link_name":"American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Diocese"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Jean Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Smith_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Owsley Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owsley_Stanley"},{"link_name":"LSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Leo Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Steinberg"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Vitaly Vulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Vulf"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"}],"sub_title":"13","text":"Barbara Ball, 86, Bermudian physician, politician and social activist.\nRoy Flatt, 63, Scottish Anglican priest.[145]\nSir Michael Gray, 78, British army general.[146]\nMarko Horvatin, 91, Croatian Olympic rower.[147]\nVirginia Klinekole, 86, American politician, first female President of the Mescalero Apache.[148]\nBrian Lanker, 63, American photojournalist, pancreatic cancer.[149]\nRick Martin, 59, Canadian ice hockey player (Buffalo Sabres, Los Angeles Kings), heart attack.[150]\nRitchie Pickett, 56, New Zealand country singer.[151]\nDavid Rumelhart, 68, American psychologist, created computer simulations of neural processing, Pick's disease.[152]\nNicholas Smisko, 75, American clergyman, Head of the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese (since 1984), cancer.[153]\nJean Smith, 82, American baseball player (All-American Girls Professional Baseball League).[154]\nOwsley Stanley, 76, American-born Australian underground LSD chemist and sound engineer (Grateful Dead), traffic accident.[155]\nLeo Steinberg, 90, American art historian and critic.[156]\nVitaly Vulf, 80, Russian theater critic and television host.[157]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerald Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Barry_(Irish_journalist)"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Alfred Baumeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Baumeister"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Todd Cerney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Cerney"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Leslie Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Collier"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"José Pinto Correia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pinto_Correia"},{"link_name":"Governor of Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Macau"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Bob Greaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Greaves"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Jülide Gülizar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BClide_G%C3%BClizar"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Eduard Gushchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Gushchin"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Big Jack Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Jack_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Giora Leshem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giora_Leshem"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"G. Alan Marlatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Alan_Marlatt"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Larry Zolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Zolf"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"}],"sub_title":"14","text":"Gerald Barry, 63, Irish journalist and broadcaster, illness.[158]\nAlfred Baumeister, 76, American psychologist and professor.[159]\nTodd Cerney, 57, American country musician and producer, melanoma.[160]\nLeslie Collier, 90, British virologist.[161]\nJosé Pinto Correia, 80, Portuguese politician, Governor of Macau (1986–1987).[162]\nBob Greaves, 76, British journalist and broadcaster, cancer.[163]\nJülide Gülizar, 82, Turkish anchorwoman, one of the nation's first television presenters.[164]\nEduard Gushchin, 70, Russian Olympic bronze medal-winning (1968) athlete.[165]\nBig Jack Johnson, 70, American guitarist and blues singer.[166]\nGiora Leshem, 71, Israeli poet and publisher.[167]\nG. Alan Marlatt, 69, American professor, kidney failure.[168]\nLarry Zolf, 76, Canadian journalist and humorist.[169]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Agdamag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Agdamag"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Mirko Aksentijević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirko_Aksentijevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Julie Apap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Apap"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Amos Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Bar"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Keith Fordyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Fordyce"},{"link_name":"Ready Steady Go!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_Steady_Go!"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Frank Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Howard_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"BC Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Skeena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeena_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Skeena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeena_(federal_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Musa Juma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Juma"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Yakov Kreizberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Kreizberg"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Jean Liedloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Liedloff"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Peter Loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Loader"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Marty Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Marion"},{"link_name":"National League MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Nate Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Dogg"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Fred Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sanford_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Robert Schoonjans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schoonjans"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Smiley Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiley_Culture"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Melvin Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Sparks"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"}],"sub_title":"15","text":"José Agdamag, 89, Filipino soldier and Olympic sports shooter.[170]\nMirko Aksentijević, 88, Serbian journalist and basketball executive.[171]\nJulie Apap, 62, Maltese ceramicist.[172]\nAmos Bar, 79, Israeli author.[173]\nKeith Fordyce, 82, British radio and television presenter (Ready Steady Go!).[174]\nFrank Howard, 85, Canadian politician, member of the BC Legislative Assembly for Skeena (1953–1956; 1979–1986), MP for Skeena (1957–1974).[175]\nMusa Juma, 42, Kenyan musician, pneumonia.[176]\nYakov Kreizberg, 51, Russian-born Austrian-American conductor.[177]\nJean Liedloff, 84, American writer.[178]\nPeter Loader, 81, British cricketer.[179]\nMarty Marion, 94, American baseball player and manager, National League MVP (1944).[180]\nNate Dogg, 41, American musician, stroke.[181]\nFred Sanford, 91, American baseball player.\nRobert Schoonjans, 85, Belgian Olympic athlete.[182]\nSmiley Culture, 48, British reggae singer and DJ, apparent suicide by stabbing.[183]\nMelvin Sparks, 64, American jazz and soul guitarist, heart attack.[184]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdikadir Yusuf Aar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikadir_Yusuf_Aar"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Josefina Aldecoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefina_Aldecoa"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Sándor Arnóth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Arn%C3%B3th"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Sadiq Batcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Batcha"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Carel Boshoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carel_Boshoff"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Betty Lowman Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Lowman_Carey"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Tom Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dunbar"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Al Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Israel"},{"link_name":"Scarface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarface_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Carlito's Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlito%27s_Way"},{"link_name":"Drop Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_Zone_(film)"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nkuissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nkuissi"},{"link_name":"Nkongsamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nkongsamba"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Oliver"},{"link_name":"code talker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_talker"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"James Pritchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Pritchett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctors_(soap_opera)"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Lorenda Starfelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenda_Starfelt"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"James C. Tyree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Tyree"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Murray Warmath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Warmath"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Golden Gophers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Richard Wirthlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wirthlin"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"}],"sub_title":"16","text":"Abdikadir Yusuf Aar, Somalian terrorist, shot.[185]\nJosefina Aldecoa, 85, Spanish writer and teacher, respiratory complications.[186]\nSándor Arnóth, 51, Hungarian politician, car accident.[187]\nSadiq Batcha, 47, Indian businessman and politician, suicide by hanging.[188]\nCarel Boshoff, 83, South African religious and cultural activist, cancer.[189]\nBetty Lowman Carey, 96, American rower.[190]\nTom Dunbar, 51, American baseball player (Texas Rangers).[191]\nAl Israel, 75, American actor (Scarface, Carlito's Way, Drop Zone).[192]\nThomas Nkuissi, 82, Cameroonian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Nkongsamba (1978–1992).[193]\nLloyd Oliver, 88, American veteran, World War II code talker.[194]\nJames Pritchett, 88, American actor (The Doctors).[195]\nLorenda Starfelt, 56, American producer, cancer.[196]\nJames C. Tyree, 53, American businessman, chairman and CEO of the Chicago Sun-Times, cancer.[197]\nMurray Warmath, 98, American college football coach (Minnesota Golden Gophers), natural causes.[198]\nRichard Wirthlin, 80, American political strategist and religious leader, renal failure.[199]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moisis Michail Bourlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisis_Michail_Bourlas"},{"link_name":"Greek Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Resistance"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Banny deBrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banny_deBrum"},{"link_name":"Marshallese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Michael Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gough"},{"link_name":"Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Sleepy Hollow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_(film)"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Abdel Moneim El-Guindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Moneim_El-Guindi"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Ferlin Husky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferlin_Husky"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Don Kennard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Kennard"},{"link_name":"Texas State Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Senate"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Murdoch Mitchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch_Mitchison"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"J.B. Steane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.B._Steane"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"}],"sub_title":"17","text":"Moisis Michail Bourlas, 92, Greek Resistance veteran.[200]\nBanny deBrum, 54, Marshallese diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (1996–2008, 2009–2011) and Canada (1999–2011).[201]\nMichael Gough, 94, British actor (Dracula, Batman, Sleepy Hollow), pneumonia.[202]\nAbdel Moneim El-Guindi, 74, Egyptian Olympic bronze medal-winning (1960) boxer.[203]\nFerlin Husky, 85, American country music singer, heart failure.[204]\nDon Kennard, 81, American politician, Texas State Senator (1963–1973).[205]\nMurdoch Mitchison, 88, British zoologist.[206]\nJ.B. Steane, 83, British music critic.[207]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Angeloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Angeloch"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Antoinette,_Baroness_of_Massy"},{"link_name":"Monegasque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"George Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bacon_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"Ze'ev Boim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze%27ev_Boim"},{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Enzo Cannavale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Cannavale"},{"link_name":"Cinema Paradiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Paradiso"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Warren Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Christopher"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Alphonse De Vreese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_De_Vreese"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Arthur Charles Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Evans"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Jet Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Harris"},{"link_name":"The Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadows"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Charlie Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Metro"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics"},{"link_name":"mesothelioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelioma"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Peter Weigand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Weigand"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Kirk Wipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Wipper"},{"link_name":"Canadian Canoe Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Canoe_Museum"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"}],"sub_title":"18","text":"Robert Angeloch, 88, American artist.[208]\nPrincess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy, 90, Monegasque princess.[209]\nGeorge Bacon, 93, British physicist.[210]\nZe'ev Boim, 67, Israeli Knesset member, cancer.[211]\nEnzo Cannavale, 82, Italian actor (Cinema Paradiso).[212]\nWarren Christopher, 85, American diplomat, Secretary of State (1993–1997), complications from kidney and bladder cancer.[213]\nAlphonse De Vreese, 89, French cyclist.[214]\nArthur Charles Evans, 94, British author and police officer.[215]\nJet Harris, 71, British musician (The Shadows), throat cancer.[216]\nCharlie Metro, 91, American baseball player and manager (Detroit Tigers, Philadelphia Athletics), mesothelioma.[217]\nPeter Weigand, 69, American Olympic sprint canoer.[218]\nKirk Wipper, 87, Canadian founder of the Canadian Canoe Museum.[219]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick Ahern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Ahern"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Kym Bonython","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kym_Bonython"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Ford"},{"link_name":"Vice President of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"Raymond Garlick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Garlick"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"Barrington Gaynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Gaynor"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"Drew Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Hill"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"Houston Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Knut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_(polar_bear)"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"Gustav Lantschner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Lantschner"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"Tom McAvoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McAvoy"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%9360)"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"Zew Wawa Morejno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zew_Wawa_Morejno"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Nabbous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous"},{"link_name":"Alhurra TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_Alhurra_TV"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"Navin Nischol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navin_Nischol"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Jim Roslof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Roslof"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"Robert Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ross_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"Ross University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"School of Veterinary Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_University_School_of_Veterinary_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"Bob Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rush_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Braves"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Leonard Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Webb_(veteran)"},{"link_name":"Thame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thame"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"}],"sub_title":"19","text":"Patrick Ahern, 92, American Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of New York (1970–1994).[220]\nKym Bonython, 90, Australian art, jazz and speedway entrepreneur.[221]\nGuillermo Ford, 74, Panamanian politician, Vice President of Panama (1989–1994).[222]\nRaymond Garlick, 84, British poet and editor.[223]\nBarrington Gaynor, 45, Jamaican footballer.[224]\nDrew Hill, 54, American football player (Los Angeles Rams, Houston Oilers, Atlanta Falcons), stroke.[225]\nKnut, 4, German-born polar bear, drowned.[226]\nGustav Lantschner, 100, Austrian Olympic silver medal-winning (1936) alpine skier and actor.[227]\nTom McAvoy, 74, American baseball player (Washington Senators).[228]\nZew Wawa Morejno, 95, Polish-born American rabbi.[229]\nMohammed Nabbous, 28, Libyan journalist, founder of Alhurra TV, shot.[230]\nNavin Nischol, 65, Indian actor, heart attack.[231]\nJim Roslof, 64, American artist (Dungeons & Dragons), cancer.[232]\nRobert Ross, 92, American physician and medical school founder (Ross University School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine), cancer.[233]\nBob Rush, 85, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, Milwaukee Braves, Chicago White Sox).[234]\nLeonard Webb, 89, British politician, Mayor of Thame (1975–1979).[235]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Apacible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Apacible"},{"link_name":"Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsan_Lang_Kita_Iibigin"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Don Canney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Canney"},{"link_name":"Cedar Rapids, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"Bob Christo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Christo"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"Néstor de Vicente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_de_Vicente"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"Oliver Humperdink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Humperdink"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"Agostinho Januszewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostinho_Januszewicz"},{"link_name":"Luziânia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Luzi%C3%A2nia"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Nesti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Nesti"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"Johnny Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Pearson"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"Sara Ruddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Ruddick"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Young"},{"link_name":"Harry Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"}],"sub_title":"20","text":"John Apacible, 38, Filipino actor (Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin), shooting.[236]\nDon Canney, 80, American politician, Mayor of Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1969–1992), heart failure.[237]\nBob Christo, 72, Australian-born Indian actor, heart attack.[238]\nNéstor de Vicente, 46, Argentine footballer, car crash.[239]\nOliver Humperdink, 62, American professional wrestling manager, pneumonia and cancer.[240]\nAgostinho Januszewicz, 80, Polish-born Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Luziânia (1989–2004).[241]\nGiovanni Nesti, 88, Italian Olympic basketball player.[242]\nJohnny Pearson, 85, British composer, arranger and pianist.[243]\nSara Ruddick, 76, American philosopher and author, pulmonary fibrosis.[244]\nDorothy Young, 103, American actress, assistant to Harry Houdini.[245]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Abramson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Abramson"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"Barry Ackerley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Ackerley"},{"link_name":"Ackerley Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackerley_Group"},{"link_name":"Seattle SuperSonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Andrianov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Andrianov"},{"link_name":"1976 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"Jesús Aranguren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Aranguren"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"Bruce W. Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_W._Beatty"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"Hans Boskamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Boskamp"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"John L. Cashin, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Cashin,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"Ray Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Eden"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"Mayhew Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhew_Foster"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"Loleatta Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loleatta_Holloway"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"Hansl Krönauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansl_Kr%C3%B6nauer"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"Ladislav Novák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav_Nov%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"Pinetop Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinetop_Perkins"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"Kjeld Tolstrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeld_Tolstrup"},{"link_name":"DR P3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_P3"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"Joe Wizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Wizan"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Johnson_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dunston Checks In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunston_Checks_In"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"}],"sub_title":"21","text":"Michael Abramson, 62, American artist and photographer, kidney cancer.[246]\nBarry Ackerley, 76, American businessman (Ackerley Group), former owner of the Seattle SuperSonics, stroke.[247]\nNikolai Andrianov, 58, Russian gymnast, most medaled athlete at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[248]\nJesús Aranguren, 66, Spanish footballer and manager.[249]\nBruce W. Beatty, 88, Canadian graphic designer.[250]\nHans Boskamp, 78, Dutch actor and footballer, stroke.[251]\nJohn L. Cashin, Jr., 82, American civil rights campaigner, kidney failure.[252]\nRay Eden, 42, British cyclist, beaten.[253]\nMayhew Foster, 99, American brigadier general, flew captured Hermann Göring to interrogation.[254]\nLoleatta Holloway, 64, American soul and disco musician, heart failure.[255]\nHansl Krönauer, 78, German folk singer and composer.[256]\nLadislav Novák, 79, Czech footballer.[257]\nPinetop Perkins, 97, American blues musician, cardiac arrest.[258]\nKjeld Tolstrup, 45, Danish radio disc jockey (DR P3).[259]\nJoe Wizan, 76, Mexican-born American film producer (Jeremiah Johnson, Dunston Checks In) and studio executive (20th Century Fox).[260]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artur Agostinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Agostinho"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"Nadia Barentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Barentin"},{"link_name":"Les Blessures assassines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Blessures_assassines"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"Victor Bouchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Bouchard"},{"link_name":"Renée Morisset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Morisset"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"Patrick Doeplah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Doeplah"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"Viljar Loor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljar_Loor"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"Jean-Guy Morissette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Guy_Morissette"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"Zoogz Rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogz_Rift"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"Normie Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normie_Roy"},{"link_name":"Boston Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"Reuven Shefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuven_Shefer"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"José Soriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Soriano_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"Helen Stenborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Stenborg"},{"link_name":"Doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubt_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"The Bonfire of the Vanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bonfire_of_the_Vanities_(film)"},{"link_name":"Isn't She Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isn%27t_She_Great"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"George Alfred Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alfred_Walker"},{"link_name":"Brent Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Walker"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"}],"sub_title":"22","text":"Artur Agostinho, 90, Portuguese sports journalist and actor.[261]\nNadia Barentin, 74, French actress (Les Blessures assassines).[262]\nVictor Bouchard, 84, Canadian pianist, duettist with pianist Renée Morisset, respiratory disease.[263]\nPatrick Doeplah, 20, Liberian footballer.[264]\nViljar Loor, 57, Estonian Olympic gold medal-winning (1980) volleyball player.[265]\nJean-Guy Morissette, 73, Canadian ice hockey player.[266]\nZoogz Rift, 57, American musician, painter and professional wrestler.[267]\nNormie Roy, 82, American baseball player (Boston Braves).[268]\nReuven Shefer, 85, Israeli actor.[269]\nJosé Soriano, 93, Peruvian football player.[270]\nHelen Stenborg, 86, American actress (Doubt, The Bonfire of the Vanities, Isn't She Great), cancer.[271]\nGeorge Alfred Walker, 81, British businessman, founder of Brent Walker.[272]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Joseph Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Adams"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"José Argüelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Arg%C3%BCelles"},{"link_name":"New Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"Jean Bartik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bartik"},{"link_name":"ENIAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"Henry Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jerome"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"Živorad Kovačević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivorad_Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"Sir Frank Lampl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lampl"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"Richard Leacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Leacock"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Story"},{"link_name":"Primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_(film)"},{"link_name":"Monterey Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Pop"},{"link_name":"Janis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_(film)"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"Teodor Negoiţă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_Negoi%C5%A3%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"Trevor Storton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Storton"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"Dame Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf%3F_(film)"},{"link_name":"Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"A Place in the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Place_in_the_Sun_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"Fred Titmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Titmus"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"Fritz Tschannen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Tschannen"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"Leonard Weinglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Weinglass"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"}],"sub_title":"23","text":"Charles Joseph Adams, 86, American academic and professor of religion.[273]\nJosé Argüelles, 72, American New Age author.[274]\nJean Bartik, 86, American computer programmer (ENIAC).[275]\nHenry Jerome, 93, American big band leader, trumpeter, arranger, and composer.[276]\nŽivorad Kovačević, 80, Serbian diplomat.[277]\nSir Frank Lampl, 84, British businessman.[278]\nRichard Leacock, 89, British documentary film maker (Louisiana Story, Primary, Monterey Pop, Janis).[279]\nTeodor Negoiţă, 63, Romanian polar explorer and scientist.[280]\nTrevor Storton, 61, English footballer.[281]\nDame Elizabeth Taylor, 79, British-American actress (Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Giant, A Place in the Sun), Oscar winner (1961, 1967), heart failure.[282]\nFred Titmus, 78, English test cricketer.[283]\nFritz Tschannen, 90, Swiss accordion player and Olympic ski jumper.[284]\nLeonard Weinglass, 78, American civil rights lawyer, pancreatic cancer.[285]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helmy Afify Abd El-Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmy_Afify_Abd_El-Bar"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"Stig Berntsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stig_Berntsson"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Pernot du Breuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Pernot_du_Breuil"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"Julian Gbur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Gbur"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"hierarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarch"},{"link_name":"Stryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Stryi"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"Hanni Gehring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanni_Gehring"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"William M. Greathouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Greathouse"},{"link_name":"Nazarene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"David Karimanzira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Karimanzira"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"Robert Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Knights_(water_polo)"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"Dudley Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Laws"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"Anselmo Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Januária","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Janu%C3%A1ria"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"Gloria Valencia de Castaño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Valencia_de_Casta%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"Lanford Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanford_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"}],"sub_title":"24","text":"Helmy Afify Abd El-Bar, 88, Egyptian military commander.[286]\nStig Berntsson, 80, Swedish Olympic sports shooter.[287]\nBertrand Pernot du Breuil, 84, French Olympic equestrian.[288]\nJulian Gbur, 68, Polish-born Ukrainian Catholic hierarch, Bishop of Stryi (since 2000).[289]\nHanni Gehring, 84, German Olympic cross-country skier.[290]\nWilliam M. Greathouse, 91, American Nazarene minister, heart failure.[291]\nDavid Karimanzira, 63, Zimbabwean politician.[292]\nRobert Knights, 79, German Olympic water polo player[293]\nDudley Laws, 76, Jamaican-born Canadian civil rights activist, kidney disease.[294]\nAnselmo Müller, 79, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Januária (1984–2008).[295]\nGloria Valencia de Castaño, 83, Colombian television host, respiratory failure.[296]\nLanford Wilson, 73, American playwright.[297]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Floyd Bedbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Bedbury"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"Thomas Eisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eisner"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"Fred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_(baboon)"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-300"},{"link_name":"Luis María Estrada Paetau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Estrada_Paetau"},{"link_name":"Izabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Vicariate_Apostolic_of_Izabal"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"Edwin Gaustad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Gaustad"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"Maria Isakova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Isakova"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"Pavel Leonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Leonov"},{"link_name":"naïve artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"},{"link_name":"Almena Lomax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almena_Lomax"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Tribune_(1941%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"},{"link_name":"M. Blane Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Blane_Michael"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"},{"link_name":"Hugo Midón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Mid%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-307"},{"link_name":"Thady Wyndham-Quin, 7th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thady_Wyndham-Quin,_7th_Earl_of_Dunraven_and_Mount-Earl"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"}],"sub_title":"25","text":"Floyd Bedbury, 73, American Olympic speed skater, cancer.[298]\nThomas Eisner, 81, American biologist, Parkinson's disease.[299]\nFred, South African baboon, lethal injection.[300]\nLuis María Estrada Paetau, 75, Guatemalan Roman Catholic prelate, Vicar Apostolic of Izabal (1977–2004).[301]\nEdwin Gaustad, 87, American religious historian.[302]\nMaria Isakova, 92, Soviet speed skater.[303]\nPavel Leonov, 90, Russian naïve artist.[304]\nAlmena Lomax, 95, American journalist and civil rights activist, founder of the Los Angeles Tribune, after short illness.[305]\nM. Blane Michael, 68, American federal judge.[306]\nHugo Midón, 67, Argentine theatre director and actor, after long illness.[307]\nThady Wyndham-Quin, 7th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, 71, Anglo-Irish aristocrat.[308]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Farce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Farce"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"Joe Bageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bageant"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310"},{"link_name":"Paul Baran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"Alexander Barykin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Barykin"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"Carl Bunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bunch"},{"link_name":"Buddy Holly and the Crickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly_and_the_Crickets"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"Greg Centauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Centauro"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"Harry Coover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Coover"},{"link_name":"Super Glue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoacrylate"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"Lula Côrtes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lula_C%C3%B4rtes"},{"link_name":"Paêbirú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AAbir%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"Cibele Dorsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibele_Dorsa"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Ferraro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"vice presidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"nominee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets"},{"link_name":"multiple myeloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-318"},{"link_name":"František Havránek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Havr%C3%A1nek"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-319"},{"link_name":"Yrjö Hietanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6_Hietanen"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-320"},{"link_name":"Diana Wynne Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Wynne_Jones"},{"link_name":"Howl's Moving Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl%27s_Moving_Castle_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-321"},{"link_name":"Enn Klooren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enn_Klooren"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-322"},{"link_name":"Jean-Philippe Lecat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Lecat"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Macioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Macioch"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"},{"link_name":"Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond-Marie_Tchidimbo"},{"link_name":"Conakry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Conakry"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"},{"link_name":"Robert Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Underwood_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"Eric Zentner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Zentner"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"}],"sub_title":"26","text":"Roger Abbott, 64, Canadian actor and comedian (Royal Canadian Air Farce), chronic lymphocytic leukemia.[309]\nJoe Bageant, 64, American writer, social critic and political commentator, cancer.[310]\nPaul Baran, 84, American Internet pioneer, complications from lung cancer.[311]\nAlexander Barykin, 59, Russian musician, heart attack.[312]\nCarl Bunch, 71, American drummer (Buddy Holly and the Crickets).[313]\nGreg Centauro, 34, French pornographic actor, cardiac arrest.[314]\nHarry Coover, 94, American inventor (Super Glue).[315]\nLula Côrtes, 61, Brazilian musician (Paêbirú), throat cancer.[316]\nCibele Dorsa, 36, Brazilian actress and writer, suicide by jumping.[317]\nGeraldine Ferraro, 75, American politician, U.S. Representative from New York (1979–1985) and 1984 vice presidential nominee, multiple myeloma.[318]\nFrantišek Havránek, 87, Czech football player and manager.[319]\nYrjö Hietanen, 83, Finnish Olympic gold medal-winning (1952) canoeist, stroke.[320]\nDiana Wynne Jones, 76, British fantasy author (Howl's Moving Castle), lung cancer.[321]\nEnn Klooren, 70, Estonian actor.[322]\nJean-Philippe Lecat, 75, French politician.[323]\nKazimierz Macioch, 78, Polish Olympic wrestler[324]\nRaymond-Marie Tchidimbo, 90, Guinean Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Conakry (1962–1979).[325]\nRobert Underwood, 76, American Negro league baseball player.[326]\nEric Zentner, 30, American male fashion model, traffic collision.[327]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Andrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Andrus"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-328"},{"link_name":"Sir Clement Arrindell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Arrindell"},{"link_name":"Kittitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-329"},{"link_name":"David E. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Davis"},{"link_name":"Car and Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_and_Driver"},{"link_name":"Automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Donayre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Donayre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/adolfo-donayre/"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Elion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Elion"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-331"},{"link_name":"Farley Granger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farley_Granger"},{"link_name":"Strangers on a Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_(film)"},{"link_name":"The North Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_North_Star_(1943_film)"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-332"},{"link_name":"H. R. F. Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._F._Keating"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-333"},{"link_name":"Ellen McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_McCormack"},{"link_name":"anti-abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-abortion"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-334"},{"link_name":"DJ Megatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Megatron"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-335"},{"link_name":"Günther Mund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Mund"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-336"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Puente"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-337"},{"link_name":"George Tooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tooker"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-338"}],"sub_title":"27","text":"Jeff Andrus, 64, American screenwriter, congestive heart failure.[328]\nSir Clement Arrindell, 79, Kittitian politician, Governor-General (1983–1995).[329]\nDavid E. Davis, 80, American automotive writer, editor and publisher (Car and Driver, Automobile), complications from bladder surgery.[330]\nAdolfo Donayre, 77, Peruvian footballer [2]\nLawrence Elion, 93, British actor.[331]\nFarley Granger, 85, American actor (Strangers on a Train, Rope, The North Star).[332]\nH. R. F. Keating, 84, British crime fiction writer.[333]\nEllen McCormack, 84, American anti-abortion activist and politician, two-time presidential candidate (1976, 1980).[334]\nDJ Megatron, 32, American disc jockey, shot.[335]\nGünther Mund, 76, German-born Chilean Olympic diver, plane crash.[336]\nDorothea Puente, 82, American serial killer, natural causes.[337]\nGeorge Tooker, 90, American painter, kidney failure.[338]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supyan Abdullayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supyan_Abdullayev"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-339"},{"link_name":"Wenche Foss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenche_Foss"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-340"},{"link_name":"Lee Hoiby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hoiby"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-341"},{"link_name":"Sonia Osorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Osorio"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-342"},{"link_name":"Esben Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esben_Storm"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-343"},{"link_name":"Guy M. Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_M._Townsend"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-344"}],"sub_title":"28","text":"Supyan Abdullayev, 54, Chechen field commander, airstrike.[339]\nWenche Foss, 93, Norwegian actress, natural causes.[340]\nLee Hoiby, 85, American composer, metastatic melanoma.[341]\nSonia Osorio, 83, Colombian ballet dancer and choreographer, respiratory failure.[342]\nEsben Storm, 60, Danish-born Australian actor, director and producer, heart attack.[343]\nGuy M. Townsend, 90, American Air Force brigadier general and test pilot.[344]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Alencar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alencar"},{"link_name":"Vice-President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-345"},{"link_name":"Bob Benny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Benny"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-346"},{"link_name":"Iakovos Kambanellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakovos_Kambanellis"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-347"},{"link_name":"Edith Klestil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Klestil"},{"link_name":"first lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Federal_Presidents_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Thomas Klestil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Klestil"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-348"},{"link_name":"Neil Reimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Reimer"},{"link_name":"Alberta New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_New_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"},{"link_name":"Jim Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Seymour_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-350"},{"link_name":"Ângelo de Sousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ngelo_de_Sousa"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-351"},{"link_name":"Alan Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Tang"},{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-352"},{"link_name":"Robert Tear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tear"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-353"},{"link_name":"Aarne Vehkonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarne_Vehkonen"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-354"},{"link_name":"Endre Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endre_Wolf"},{"link_name":"[355]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-355"}],"sub_title":"29","text":"José Alencar, 79, Brazilian entrepreneur and politician, Vice-President (2003–2010), multiple organ failure.[345]\nBob Benny, 84, Belgian singer.[346]\nIakovos Kambanellis, 88, Greek author, playwright, poet, lyricist and journalist, kidney failure.[347]\nEdith Klestil, 78, Austrian first lady (1992–1998), first wife of President Thomas Klestil, cancer.[348]\nNeil Reimer, 89, Canadian politician, Leader of the Alberta New Democratic Party (1962–1968).[349]\nJim Seymour, 64, American football player (Chicago Bears).[350]\nÂngelo de Sousa, 73, Portuguese painter, sculptor, draftsman and professor, cancer.[351]\nAlan Tang, 64, Hong Kong actor, film producer and director, stroke.[352]\nRobert Tear, 72, British opera singer, cancer.[353]\nAarne Vehkonen, 83, Finnish Olympic weightlifter.[354]\nEndre Wolf, 97, Hungarian violinist.[355]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harley Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Allen"},{"link_name":"[356]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-356"},{"link_name":"Jacques Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Amir"},{"link_name":"[357]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-357"},{"link_name":"Roshan Atta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshan_Atta"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-358"},{"link_name":"Ashurbanipal Babilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal_Babilla"},{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-359"},{"link_name":"Jorge Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Camacho_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[360]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-360"},{"link_name":"Jack Fulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Fulk"},{"link_name":"Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojangles%27_Famous_Chicken_%27n_Biscuits"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-361"},{"link_name":"Tamar Golan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_Golan"},{"link_name":"[362]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-362"},{"link_name":"Lyudmila Gurchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Gurchenko"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"[363]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-363"},{"link_name":"Johnny Harra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Harra"},{"link_name":"Elvis impersonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_impersonator"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-364"},{"link_name":"Denis McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_McLean"},{"link_name":"[365]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365"},{"link_name":"Wally Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Peterson"},{"link_name":"[366]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-366"},{"link_name":"Nutan Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutan_Prasad"},{"link_name":"[367]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-367"},{"link_name":"Churyo Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churyo_Sato"},{"link_name":"[368]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-368"},{"link_name":"Liaquat Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Soldier"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-369"}],"sub_title":"30","text":"Harley Allen, 55, American bluegrass and country singer, cancer.[356]\nJacques Amir, 78, Israeli politician.[357]\nRoshan Atta, 71, Pakistani actress.[358]\nAshurbanipal Babilla, 66, Assyrian-Iranian actor, theatre director, playwright and visual artist.[359]\nJorge Camacho, 77, Cuban painter.[360]\nJack Fulk, 78, American businessman, co-founder of Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits.[361]\nTamar Golan, 76, Israeli journalist and diplomat.[362]\nLyudmila Gurchenko, 75, Russian film actress and singer, People's Artist of the USSR.[363]\nJohnny Harra, 64, American actor, Elvis impersonator.[364]\nDenis McLean, 80, New Zealand diplomat, academic, author and civil servant.[365]\nWally Peterson, 93, American actor, singer and stage manager.[366]\nNutan Prasad, 65, Indian actor, after long illness.[367]\nChuryo Sato, 98, Japanese sculptor.[368]\nLiaquat Soldier, 59, Pakistani comedian, heart attack.[369]","title":"March 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sparky Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparky_Adams_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[370]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-370"},{"link_name":"Tony Barrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Barrell_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-371"},{"link_name":"Gil Clancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Clancy"},{"link_name":"[372]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-372"},{"link_name":"Alan Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Fitzgerald_(satirist)"},{"link_name":"[373]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-373"},{"link_name":"Oddvar Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddvar_Hansen"},{"link_name":"SK Brann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Brann"},{"link_name":"[374]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-374"},{"link_name":"Claudia Heill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Heill"},{"link_name":"judoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judoka"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[375]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-375"},{"link_name":"Tom Kelleher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kelleher_(American_football_official)"},{"link_name":"[376]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-376"},{"link_name":"Vassili Kononov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassili_Kononov"},{"link_name":"[377]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-377"},{"link_name":"Ishbel MacAskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishbel_MacAskill"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-378"},{"link_name":"Mel McDaniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_McDaniel"},{"link_name":"Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby%27s_Got_Her_Blue_Jeans_On"},{"link_name":"[379]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-379"},{"link_name":"Boško Radonjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%A1ko_Radonji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[380]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-380"},{"link_name":"Edward Stobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stobart"},{"link_name":"haulage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics"},{"link_name":"[381]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-381"},{"link_name":"Henry Taub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Taub"},{"link_name":"Automatic Data Processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Data_Processing"},{"link_name":"[382]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-382"}],"sub_title":"31","text":"Sparky Adams, 93, American basketball player.[370]\nTony Barrell, 70, British-born Australian broadcaster and writer.[371]\nGil Clancy, 88, American Hall of Fame boxing trainer.[372]\nAlan Fitzgerald, 75, Australian journalist, cancer.[373]\nOddvar Hansen, 89, Norwegian footballer and coach (SK Brann).[374]\nClaudia Heill, 29, Austrian judoka, silver medalist at the 2004 Summer Olympics, suspected suicide.[375]\nTom Kelleher, 85, American football official (1960–1987), complications from pneumonia.[376]\nVassili Kononov, 88, Russian military veteran and war criminal.[377]\nIshbel MacAskill, 70, Scottish Gaelic singer and heritage campaigner.[378]\nMel McDaniel, 68, American country music singer (\"Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On\"), cancer.[379]\nBoško Radonjić, 67, Serbian nationalist, after short illness.[380]\nEdward Stobart, 56, British haulage contractor and entrepreneur.[381]\nHenry Taub, 83, American entrepreneur, founder of Automatic Data Processing, leukemia.[382]","title":"March 2011"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lt-Cdr Barklie Lakin\". The Daily Telegraph. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/naval-obituaries/8404844/Lt-Cdr-Barklie-Lakin.html","url_text":"\"Lt-Cdr Barklie Lakin\""}]},{"reference":"Spoto, Maryann (March 3, 2011). \"Leonard Lomell, World War II hero from Toms River, dies at 91\". NJ.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nj.com/news/2011/03/leonard_lomell_d-day_hero_from.html","url_text":"\"Leonard Lomell, World War II hero from Toms River, dies at 91\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Lounge, three-time shuttle astronaut, dies at 64\". collectSPACE.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-030111a.html","url_text":"\"Mike Lounge, three-time shuttle astronaut, dies at 64\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former boxer Ion Monea dies at 70\". Nine O' Clock. March 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nineoclock.ro/2011/03/03/former-boxer-ion-monea-dies-at-70/","url_text":"\"Former boxer Ion Monea dies at 70\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sergipana, escritora, comunista e silenciada\". Destaque Noticias (in Brazilian Portuguese). October 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destaquenoticias.com.br/sergipana-escritora-comunista-e-silenciada/","url_text":"\"Sergipana, escritora, comunista e silenciada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fateh Singh Rathore\". The Daily Telegraph. London. March 3, 2011. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8360331/Fateh-Singh-Rathore.html","url_text":"\"Fateh Singh Rathore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"Renowned biographer Rowley dies\". ABC News. March 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-03-02/renowned-biographer-rowley-dies/1964352","url_text":"\"Renowned biographer Rowley dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"BMI - News -Federal Minister Friedrich presents two Americans with Cross of the Order of Merit\". July 14, 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223935/http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Kurzmeldungen/EN/2012/01/verdienstkreuz.html","url_text":"\"BMI - News -Federal Minister Friedrich presents two Americans with Cross of the Order of Merit\""},{"url":"http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Kurzmeldungen/EN/2012/01/verdienstkreuz.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ridlington, Emily (March 7, 2011). \"Resolute loses Simeonie Amagoalik\". Northern News Services Limited. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325162627/http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2011-03/mar7_11dea.html","url_text":"\"Resolute loses Simeonie Amagoalik\""},{"url":"http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2011-03/mar7_11dea.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BAZIN Louis, René, Pierre\". aibl.fr. February 9, 2011. Archived from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160918065541/http://www.aibl.fr/membres/academiciens-depuis-1663/article/bazin-louis-rene-pierre?lang=fr","url_text":"\"BAZIN Louis, René, Pierre\""},{"url":"https://www.aibl.fr/membres/academiciens-depuis-1663/article/bazin-louis-rene-pierre?lang=fr","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistani minister, a Christian, assassinated\". Albuquerque Express. March 2, 2011. Archived from the original on March 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110308082655/http://story.albuquerqueexpress.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/89d96798a39564bd/id/750615/cs/1/","url_text":"\"Pakistani minister, a Christian, assassinated\""},{"url":"http://story.albuquerqueexpress.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/89d96798a39564bd/id/750615/cs/1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anthony Walter Brooke Obituary\". The New Zealand Herald. March 3, 2011. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. 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ISSN 1170-0777.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/","url_text":"\"Obituary: Professor John Edward Morton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1170-0777","url_text":"1170-0777"}]},{"reference":"\"Slovak football great Jan Popluhar dies at 75\". USA Today. March 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2011-03-07-3822683558_x.htm","url_text":"\"Slovak football great Jan Popluhar dies at 75\""}]},{"reference":"Coveney, Michael (March 15, 2011). \"Louie Ramsay obituary\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2011/mar/15/louie-ramsay-obituary","url_text":"\"Louie Ramsay obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Former U's skipper Stewart passes away\". 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Diario Libre.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/artist-candido-bido-passes-away-FCdl282142","url_text":"\"Artist Candido Bido passes away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Умер Владимир Александрович БРАЖНИКОВ\". Официальный сайт болельщиков ФК КУБАНЬ (in Russian). March 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://greenmile.ru/news/2011/03/8/410/","url_text":"\"Умер Владимир Александрович БРАЖНИКОВ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank J. Dezelan\". Legacy.com. March 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/postgazette/obituary.aspx?n=frank-j-dezelan&pid=149154774","url_text":"\"Frank J. Dezelan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fallece Escudero, máximo goleador del Atleti\". El Mundo (in Spanish). March 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2011/03/07/futbol/1299528224.html","url_text":"\"Fallece Escudero, máximo goleador del Atleti\""}]},{"reference":"Grimes, William (March 8, 2011). \"S. Hazard Gillespie, Former U.S. Attorney, Dies at 100\". 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The Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/veteran-republican-and-first-irish-times-washington-correspondent-dies-aged-91-1.567608","url_text":"\"Veteran republican and first 'Irish Times' Washington correspondent dies aged 91\""}]},{"reference":"\"Actor Armando Goyena dies at 88\". ABS-CBN News. March 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/03/09/11/actor-armando-goyena-dies-88","url_text":"\"Actor Armando Goyena dies at 88\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valgerður Hafstað\". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). March 17, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbl.is/greinasafn/grein/1371383/","url_text":"\"Valgerður Hafstað\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0","url_text":"Morgunblaðið"}]},{"reference":"\"Valgerður Hafstað\". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). March 11, 2011. 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Boven\". Langeland Family Funeral Homes. July 13, 2011. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713183414/http://obit.langelands.com/obitdisplay.html?id=905655","url_text":"\"Donald E. Boven\""},{"url":"http://obit.langelands.com/obitdisplay.html?id=905655","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Veteran BJP leader passes away\". Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714125355/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5016244","url_text":"\"Veteran BJP leader passes away\""},{"url":"https://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5016244","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grimes, William (March 16, 2011). \"Gabriel Laderman, Painter of Figurative Art, Dies at 81\". The New York Times. 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Retrieved April 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811025832/http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20110314/NEWS03/303149958/1066/NEWS03","url_text":"\"Economics pioneer Rice dies; helped steer Fed\""},{"url":"http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20110314/NEWS03/303149958/1066/NEWS03","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eddie Snyder\". The Daily Telegraph. London. March 31, 2011. ISSN 0307-1235.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/8419821/Eddie-Snyder.html","url_text":"\"Eddie Snyder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"Argentine writer David Viñas passed away\". english.telam.com.ar. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. 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Archived from the original on April 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417182851/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ve/aarne-vehkonen-1.html","url_text":"\"Aarne Vehkonen Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ve/aarne-vehkonen-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosthorn, Andrew (May 12, 2011). \"Endre Wolf obituary\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/12/endre-wolf-obituary","url_text":"\"Endre Wolf obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Hit Country Songwriter Harley Allen Dead at 55\". CMT News. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_during_the_Siberian_Intervention | Japanese intervention in Siberia | ["1 Background","1.1 Japanese participation","2 Effects on Japanese politics","3 See also","4 Citations","5 References"] | Dispatch of Japanese military forces to the Russian Far East
Japanese intervention in SiberiaPart of the Russian Civil WarJapanese soldiers in SiberiaDate12 January 1918 — 24 June 1922(4 years, 5 months, 1 week and 5 days)LocationFormer Russian EmpireResult
Japanese military victory
Japanese withdraw from most occupied territories following internal political pressure
Japan occupies northern Sakhalin until 1925Belligerents
Russian SFSR Far Eastern Republic
Empire of Japan White MovementCommanders and leaders
Leon Trotsky Jukums Vacietis Sergey Kamenev A. Krasnoshchyokov
Yui Mitsue Otani Kikuzo Grigory SemyonovStrength
600,000 (peak)
70,000 (total)Casualties and losses
7,791 (1922 only)
698 killed or missing in action
2,189 died of disease
1,421 wounded
3,482 sick and frostbitten
3,116 (total)
1,399 killed
1,717 died of diseasevteMilitary campaigns of the Empire of JapanMeiji period
Taiwan (1874)
Ganghwa (1875)
Ryukyu (1879)
Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)
Liaodong Peninsula (1895)
China (1899–1901)
Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)
Korea (1910)
Taishō period
Tsingtao (1914)
Siberia (1918–1922)
Shōwa period
Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)
China (1937–45)
French Indochina (1940)
Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)
vteSiberian intervention
Japanese intervention
Razdolnoe
Novitskaya
Romanovka
Suchan Valley
Novo Litovoskaya
Posolskeya
Nikolayevsk
A Japanese propaganda lithograph rallying for occupation of the Russian Far East.
Japanese officers in Vladivostok with local commander Lieutenant-General Rozanov (1920).
The Japanese Siberian Intervention (シベリア出兵, Shiberia Shuppei) of 1918–1922 was a dispatch of Japanese military forces to the Russian Maritime Provinces, as part of a larger effort by western powers and Japan to support White Russian forces against the Bolshevik Red Army during the Russian Civil War. The Japanese suffered 1,399 killed and another 1,717 deaths from disease. Japanese military forces occupied Russian cities (largest city Vladivostok) and towns in the province of Primorsky Krai from 1918—1922.
Background
Main articles: Russian Civil War and Siberian intervention
On August 23, 1914, the Empire of Japan declared war on Germany, in part due to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, and Japan became a member of the Entente powers. The Imperial Japanese Navy made a considerable contribution to the Allied war effort; however, the Imperial Japanese Army was more sympathetic to Germany, and aside from the seizure of Qingdao, resisted attempts to become involved in combat. The overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a Bolshevik government in Russia led to a separate peace with Germany and the collapse of the Eastern Front. The spread of the anti-monarchist Bolshevik revolution eastward was of great concern to the Japanese government. Vladivostok, facing the Sea of Japan, was a major port with a massive stockpile of military stores and a large foreign merchant community.
Japanese participation
The Japanese were initially asked by the French in 1917 to intervene in Russia but declined. However, in February 1918, a "Siberia Planning Committee" was formed by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff and the Army Ministry with the aim of exploring the possibility that the Tsarist collapse was an opportunity to free Japan from any future threat from Russia by detaching Siberia and forming an independent buffer state. The Army proposed attacking on two fronts, from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk along the Amur River and also via the Chinese Eastern Railway to cut off the Russian Trans-Siberian Railway at Lake Baikal. The Japanese government, then under the civilian leadership of Prime Minister Hara Takashi, rejected the plan.
In late 1917, the Japanese government was alarmed to find that the British government, despite the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, had approached the United States about a possible joint intervention at Vladivostok without consulting Japan. In December 1917, the British agreed that such a force should include Japan, but before the details could be worked out, the British ordered HMS Suffolk from Hong Kong to Vladivostok. Japanese Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake was outraged and ordered the Imperial Japanese Navy to reach Vladivostok first. The task was assigned to Rear Admiral Katō Kanji with the battleships Iwami and Asahi. With crews working day-and-night over the new year holidays, Iwami was able to depart from Kure Naval District on January 9, 1918, and arrived at Vladivostok on January 12, only two days before HMS Suffolk. Asahi arrived on January 17, and became Katō's flagship. USS Brooklyn, which had been stationed at Vladivostok until December 1917, returned on March 1.
Lieut.-General Mitsue Yui and General Kikuzo Otani, the leaders of the Japanese Forces in Siberia
It was the original intent that this show of force by Allied warships would enhance the confidence of the local anti-Bolshevik forces and help restore public order; however, this proved to be overly optimistic. After an armed mob looted a Japanese-owned store, killing its owner, the Japanese government, without waiting for an investigation of the murder, permitted the landing of marines, who proceeded to occupy the entire city. The British also landed 100 Royal Marines to protect their consulate, but the Americans took no action. In July 1918, President Wilson asked the Japanese government to supply 7,000 troops as part of an international coalition of 25,000 troops, including an American expeditionary force, planned to support the rescue of the Czechoslovak Legion and securing of wartime supplies stockpiled at Vladivostok. After heated debate in the Diet, the administration of Prime Minister Terauchi agreed to send 12,000 troops, but under the command of Japan, rather than as part of an international coalition.
Once the political decision had been reached, the Imperial Japanese Army took over full control under Chief of Staff Yui Mitsue and extensive planning for the expedition was conducted. The Japanese eventually deployed 70,000 troops under the command of General Kikuzo Otani – far more than any of the other Allied powers had anticipated. Furthermore, although the Allies had envisioned operations only in the vicinity of Vladivostok, within months Japanese forces had penetrated as far west as Lake Baikal and Buryatia, and by 1920, zaibatsu such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui and others had opened offices in Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Nikolayevsk-on-Amur and Chita, bringing with them over 50,000 civilian settlers. After the international coalition withdrew its forces, the Japanese Army stayed on. However, political opposition prevented the Army from annexing the resource-rich region. Japan continued to support White Movement leader Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak until his defeat and capture in 1920, and also supported the regime of Ataman Semenov, who they intended to take control under the planned buffer state but whose unstable government collapsed by 1922. In March and April 1922, the Japanese Army repelled large Bolshevik offensives against Vladivostok. On June 24, 1922, Japan announced that it would unilaterally withdraw from all of Russian territory by October, with the exception of northern Sakhalin island, which had been seized in retaliation for the Nikolayevsk incident of 1920. The last Japanese soldiers left Vladivostok on October 25, 1922. On January 20, 1925, the Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention was signed in Beijing. Following this convention, Japan undertook to withdraw its troops from northern Sakhalin by May 15, 1925.
Effects on Japanese politics
Japan's motives in the Siberian Intervention were complex and poorly articulated. Overtly, Japan (as with the United States and the other international coalition forces) was in Siberia to safeguard stockpiled military supplies and to rescue the Czechoslovak Legion. However, the Japanese government's antipathy to communism and socialism, a determination to recoup historical losses to Russia, and the perceived opportunity to settle the "northern problem" to Japan's advantage by either creating a buffer state or through outright territorial acquisition were also factors. However, patronage of various White Movement leaders left Japan in a poor diplomatic position vis-à-vis the government of the Soviet Union, after the Red Army eventually emerged victorious from the Russian Civil War. The intervention tore Japan's wartime unity to shreds, leading to the army and government being involved in bitter controversy and renewed faction strife in the army itself. The official conduct of the Siberian Intervention was later bitterly attacked in the Japanese Diet, with the Army being accused of grossly misrepresenting the size of the forces sent, misappropriating secret funds, and supporting figures such as lieutenant general Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, rumors of whose atrocities had reached the press.
Japanese casualties from the Siberian Expedition included some 5,000 dead from combat or illness, and the expenses incurred were in excess of ¥900 million.
See also
Swedish intervention in Persia
Citations
^ "The March of the Japanese Army at Vladivostok City". 1919.
^ a b Harries 2001, p. 127.
^ General-Lieutenant G.F.Krivosheyev (1993). "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations Military Conflicts" (PDF). Moscow Military Publishing House. p. 46. Retrieved 2015-06-21.
^ a b Spencer, Tucker World War I: A Student Encyclopedia. p.969.
^ a b c d Gow 2004, pp. 55–61.
^ a b c d e Humphreys 1996, p. 25.
^ Harries 2001, p. 122.
^ Humphreys 1996, p. 26.
^ Harries 2001, pp. 123–124.
^ Dallin 2013, p. 158.
References
Dallin, David J. (May 31, 2013). The Rise Of Russia In Asia. Read Books Limited. ISBN 9781473382572. - Total pages: 304
Gow, Ian (2004). Military Intervention in Pre-War Japanese Politics: Admiral Kato Kanji and the 'Washington System'. Routledge. ISBN 0700713158.
Harries, Meirion and Susie (2001). Soldiers of the Sun. Random House. ISBN 0-679-75303-6.
Humphreys, Leonard A. (1996). The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2375-3.
Dunscomb, Paul E. (2011). Japan's Siberian Intervention 1918-1922. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4600-2.
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Political dissidence | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_in_Siberia_LCCN2014708766.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries2001127-2"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"White Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Jukums Vacietis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukums_Vacietis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sergey Kamenev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Kamenev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic"},{"link_name":"A. Krasnoshchyokov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Krasnoshchyokov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Yui Mitsue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_Mitsue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Otani Kikuzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otani_Kikuzo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Grigory Semyonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Mikhaylovich_Semyonov"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPENCER-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns"},{"link_name":"Empire of 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(1941–1945)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Siberian_Intervention"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Siberian_Intervention"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Siberian_Intervention"},{"link_name":"Siberian intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_intervention"},{"link_name":"Japanese intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Razdolnoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Razdolnoe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Novitskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Novitskaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Romanovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Romanovka"},{"link_name":"Suchan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchan_Valley_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Novo Litovoskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Novo_Litovoskaya"},{"link_name":"Posolskeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Posolskeya"},{"link_name":"Nikolayevsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolayevsk_incident"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khabarovsk_intervention.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rozanov_general.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Maritime Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"larger effort by western powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"White Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Movement"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPENCER-4"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Primorsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Krai"}],"text":"Japanese intervention in SiberiaPart of the Russian Civil WarJapanese soldiers in SiberiaDate12 January 1918[1] — 24 June 1922(4 years, 5 months, 1 week and 5 days)LocationFormer Russian EmpireResult\nJapanese military victory\n\nJapanese withdraw from most occupied territories following internal political pressure[2]\nJapan occupies northern Sakhalin until 1925Belligerents\n Russian SFSR Far Eastern Republic\n Empire of Japan White MovementCommanders and leaders\n Leon Trotsky Jukums Vacietis Sergey Kamenev A. Krasnoshchyokov\n Yui Mitsue Otani Kikuzo Grigory SemyonovStrength\n600,000 (peak)\n70,000 (total)Casualties and losses\n7,791 (1922 only) \n\n698 killed or missing in action\n2,189 died of disease\n1,421 wounded\n3,482 sick and frostbitten[3]\n3,116 (total)\n\n1,399 killed\n1,717 died of disease[4]vteMilitary campaigns of the Empire of JapanMeiji period\nTaiwan (1874)\nGanghwa (1875)\nRyukyu (1879)\nManchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)\nLiaodong Peninsula (1895)\nChina (1899–1901)\nManchuria and Korea (1904–1905)\nKorea (1910)\nTaishō period\n\nTsingtao (1914)\nSiberia (1918–1922)\nShōwa period\n\nManchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)\nChina (1937–45)\nFrench Indochina (1940)\nAsia-Pacific (1941–1945)\nvteSiberian intervention\nJapanese intervention\nRazdolnoe\nNovitskaya\nRomanovka\nSuchan Valley\nNovo Litovoskaya\nPosolskeya\nNikolayevskA Japanese propaganda lithograph rallying for occupation of the Russian Far East.Japanese officers in Vladivostok with local commander Lieutenant-General Rozanov (1920).The Japanese Siberian Intervention (シベリア出兵, Shiberia Shuppei) of 1918–1922 was a dispatch of Japanese military forces to the Russian Maritime Provinces, as part of a larger effort by western powers and Japan to support White Russian forces against the Bolshevik Red Army during the Russian Civil War. The Japanese suffered 1,399 killed and another 1,717 deaths from disease.[4] Japanese military forces occupied Russian cities (largest city Vladivostok) and towns in the province of Primorsky Krai from 1918—1922.","title":"Japanese intervention in Siberia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Japanese Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Entente powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"link_name":"Tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"separate peace with Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"monarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchist"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow200455%E2%80%9361-5"}],"text":"On August 23, 1914, the Empire of Japan declared war on Germany, in part due to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, and Japan became a member of the Entente powers. The Imperial Japanese Navy made a considerable contribution to the Allied war effort; however, the Imperial Japanese Army was more sympathetic to Germany, and aside from the seizure of Qingdao, resisted attempts to become involved in combat. The overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a Bolshevik government in Russia led to a separate peace with Germany and the collapse of the Eastern Front. The spread of the anti-monarchist Bolshevik revolution eastward was of great concern to the Japanese government. Vladivostok, facing the Sea of Japan, was a major port with a massive stockpile of military stores and a large foreign merchant community.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199625-6"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff"},{"link_name":"Army Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"buffer state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_state"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199625-6"},{"link_name":"Khabarovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabarovsk"},{"link_name":"Amur River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_River"},{"link_name":"Chinese Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Trans-Siberian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Lake Baikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries2001122-7"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Hara Takashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara_Takashi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199625-6"},{"link_name":"HMS Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Suffolk_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow200455%E2%80%9361-5"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Terauchi Masatake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Katō Kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Kanji"},{"link_name":"Iwami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Oryol"},{"link_name":"Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Asahi"},{"link_name":"Kure Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"USS Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Brooklyn_(ACR-3)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow200455%E2%80%9361-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(1919)_pic22_-_The_leaders_of_the_Japanese_Forces_in_Siberia,_General_Kikuyo_Otani_and_Lieut.-General_Mitsuya.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mitsue Yui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsue_Yui"},{"link_name":"Kikuzo Otani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikuzo_Otani"},{"link_name":"show of force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_of_force"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow200455%E2%80%9361-5"},{"link_name":"American expeditionary force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force_Siberia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion"},{"link_name":"Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Yui Mitsue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_Mitsue"},{"link_name":"Kikuzo Otani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikuzo_Otani"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199626-8"},{"link_name":"Buryatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Buryatia"},{"link_name":"zaibatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaibatsu"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi"},{"link_name":"Mitsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui"},{"link_name":"Nikolayevsk-on-Amur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolayevsk-on-Amur"},{"link_name":"Chita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"White Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Movement"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Kolchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kolchak"},{"link_name":"Ataman Semenov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataman_Semenov"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Nikolayevsk incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolayevsk_incident"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries2001123%E2%80%93124-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallin2013158-10"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Basic_Convention"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Japanese participation","text":"The Japanese were initially asked by the French in 1917 to intervene in Russia but declined.[6] However, in February 1918, a \"Siberia Planning Committee\" was formed by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff and the Army Ministry with the aim of exploring the possibility that the Tsarist collapse was an opportunity to free Japan from any future threat from Russia by detaching Siberia and forming an independent buffer state.[6] The Army proposed attacking on two fronts, from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk along the Amur River and also via the Chinese Eastern Railway to cut off the Russian Trans-Siberian Railway at Lake Baikal.[7] The Japanese government, then under the civilian leadership of Prime Minister Hara Takashi, rejected the plan.[6]In late 1917, the Japanese government was alarmed to find that the British government, despite the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, had approached the United States about a possible joint intervention at Vladivostok without consulting Japan. In December 1917, the British agreed that such a force should include Japan, but before the details could be worked out, the British ordered HMS Suffolk from Hong Kong to Vladivostok.[5] Japanese Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake was outraged and ordered the Imperial Japanese Navy to reach Vladivostok first. The task was assigned to Rear Admiral Katō Kanji with the battleships Iwami and Asahi. With crews working day-and-night over the new year holidays, Iwami was able to depart from Kure Naval District on January 9, 1918, and arrived at Vladivostok on January 12, only two days before HMS Suffolk. Asahi arrived on January 17, and became Katō's flagship. USS Brooklyn, which had been stationed at Vladivostok until December 1917, returned on March 1.[5]Lieut.-General Mitsue Yui and General Kikuzo Otani, the leaders of the Japanese Forces in SiberiaIt was the original intent that this show of force by Allied warships would enhance the confidence of the local anti-Bolshevik forces and help restore public order; however, this proved to be overly optimistic. After an armed mob looted a Japanese-owned store, killing its owner, the Japanese government, without waiting for an investigation of the murder, permitted the landing of marines, who proceeded to occupy the entire city. The British also landed 100 Royal Marines to protect their consulate, but the Americans took no action.[5] In July 1918, President Wilson asked the Japanese government to supply 7,000 troops as part of an international coalition of 25,000 troops, including an American expeditionary force, planned to support the rescue of the Czechoslovak Legion and securing of wartime supplies stockpiled at Vladivostok. After heated debate in the Diet, the administration of Prime Minister Terauchi agreed to send 12,000 troops, but under the command of Japan, rather than as part of an international coalition.[citation needed]Once the political decision had been reached, the Imperial Japanese Army took over full control under Chief of Staff Yui Mitsue and extensive planning for the expedition was conducted. The Japanese eventually deployed 70,000 troops under the command of General Kikuzo Otani – far more than any of the other Allied powers had anticipated.[8] Furthermore, although the Allies had envisioned operations only in the vicinity of Vladivostok, within months Japanese forces had penetrated as far west as Lake Baikal and Buryatia, and by 1920, zaibatsu such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui and others had opened offices in Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Nikolayevsk-on-Amur and Chita, bringing with them over 50,000 civilian settlers. After the international coalition withdrew its forces, the Japanese Army stayed on. However, political opposition prevented the Army from annexing the resource-rich region. Japan continued to support White Movement leader Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak until his defeat and capture in 1920, and also supported the regime of Ataman Semenov, who they intended to take control under the planned buffer state but whose unstable government collapsed by 1922. In March and April 1922, the Japanese Army repelled large Bolshevik offensives against Vladivostok. On June 24, 1922, Japan announced that it would unilaterally withdraw from all of Russian territory by October, with the exception of northern Sakhalin island, which had been seized in retaliation for the Nikolayevsk incident of 1920.[9] The last Japanese soldiers left Vladivostok on October 25, 1922.[10] On January 20, 1925, the Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention was signed in Beijing. Following this convention, Japan undertook to withdraw its troops from northern Sakhalin by May 15, 1925.[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siberian Intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Intervention"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"buffer state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_state"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199625-6"},{"link_name":"White Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Movement"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199625-6"},{"link_name":"Roman von Ungern-Sternberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_von_Ungern-Sternberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries2001127-2"},{"link_name":"¥","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Japan's motives in the Siberian Intervention were complex and poorly articulated. Overtly, Japan (as with the United States and the other international coalition forces) was in Siberia to safeguard stockpiled military supplies and to rescue the Czechoslovak Legion. However, the Japanese government's antipathy to communism and socialism, a determination to recoup historical losses to Russia, and the perceived opportunity to settle the \"northern problem\" to Japan's advantage by either creating a buffer state[6] or through outright territorial acquisition were also factors. However, patronage of various White Movement leaders left Japan in a poor diplomatic position vis-à-vis the government of the Soviet Union, after the Red Army eventually emerged victorious from the Russian Civil War. The intervention tore Japan's wartime unity to shreds, leading to the army and government being involved in bitter controversy and renewed faction strife in the army itself.[6] The official conduct of the Siberian Intervention was later bitterly attacked in the Japanese Diet, with the Army being accused of grossly misrepresenting the size of the forces sent, misappropriating secret funds, and supporting figures such as lieutenant general Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, rumors of whose atrocities had reached the press.[2]Japanese casualties from the Siberian Expedition included some 5,000 dead from combat or illness, and the expenses incurred were in excess of ¥900 million.[citation needed]","title":"Effects on Japanese politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The March of the Japanese Army at Vladivostok City\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wdl.org/en/item/18428/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries2001127_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries2001127_2-1"},{"link_name":"Harries 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarries2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations Military Conflicts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//documents.theblackvault.com/documents/SovietLosses.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPENCER_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPENCER_4-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow200455%E2%80%9361_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow200455%E2%80%9361_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow200455%E2%80%9361_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow200455%E2%80%9361_5-3"},{"link_name":"Gow 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGow2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199625_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199625_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199625_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199625_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199625_6-4"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries2001122_7-0"},{"link_name":"Harries 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarries2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys199626_8-0"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries2001123%E2%80%93124_9-0"},{"link_name":"Harries 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarries2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallin2013158_10-0"},{"link_name":"Dallin 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDallin2013"}],"text":"^ \"The March of the Japanese Army at Vladivostok City\". 1919.\n\n^ a b Harries 2001, p. 127.\n\n^ General-Lieutenant G.F.Krivosheyev (1993). \"Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations Military Conflicts\" (PDF). Moscow Military Publishing House. p. 46. Retrieved 2015-06-21.\n\n^ a b Spencer, Tucker World War I: A Student Encyclopedia. p.969.\n\n^ a b c d Gow 2004, pp. 55–61.\n\n^ a b c d e Humphreys 1996, p. 25.\n\n^ Harries 2001, p. 122.\n\n^ Humphreys 1996, p. 26.\n\n^ Harries 2001, pp. 123–124.\n\n^ Dallin 2013, p. 158.","title":"Citations"}] | [{"image_text":"A Japanese propaganda lithograph rallying for occupation of the Russian Far East.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Khabarovsk_intervention.jpg/260px-Khabarovsk_intervention.jpg"},{"image_text":"Japanese officers in Vladivostok with local commander Lieutenant-General Rozanov (1920).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rozanov_general.jpg/260px-Rozanov_general.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lieut.-General Mitsue Yui and General Kikuzo Otani, the leaders of the Japanese Forces in Siberia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%281919%29_pic22_-_The_leaders_of_the_Japanese_Forces_in_Siberia%2C_General_Kikuyo_Otani_and_Lieut.-General_Mitsuya.jpg/220px-%281919%29_pic22_-_The_leaders_of_the_Japanese_Forces_in_Siberia%2C_General_Kikuyo_Otani_and_Lieut.-General_Mitsuya.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Swedish intervention in Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_Persia"}] | [{"reference":"\"The March of the Japanese Army at Vladivostok City\". 1919.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wdl.org/en/item/18428/","url_text":"\"The March of the Japanese Army at Vladivostok City\""}]},{"reference":"General-Lieutenant G.F.Krivosheyev (1993). \"Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations Military Conflicts\" (PDF). Moscow Military Publishing House. p. 46. Retrieved 2015-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/SovietLosses.pdf","url_text":"\"Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations Military Conflicts\""}]},{"reference":"Dallin, David J. (May 31, 2013). The Rise Of Russia In Asia. Read Books Limited. ISBN 9781473382572.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473382572","url_text":"9781473382572"}]},{"reference":"Gow, Ian (2004). Military Intervention in Pre-War Japanese Politics: Admiral Kato Kanji and the 'Washington System'. Routledge. ISBN 0700713158.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700713158","url_text":"0700713158"}]},{"reference":"Harries, Meirion and Susie (2001). Soldiers of the Sun. Random House. ISBN 0-679-75303-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75303-6","url_text":"0-679-75303-6"}]},{"reference":"Humphreys, Leonard A. (1996). The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2375-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2375-3","url_text":"0-8047-2375-3"}]},{"reference":"Dunscomb, Paul E. (2011). Japan's Siberian Intervention 1918-1922. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4600-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4600-2","url_text":"978-0-7391-4600-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.wdl.org/en/item/18428/","external_links_name":"\"The March of the Japanese Army at Vladivostok City\""},{"Link":"http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/SovietLosses.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations Military Conflicts\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Weishi_Lun | Cheng Weishi Lun | ["1 Overview","1.1 Influence and commentaries","2 English translations","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"] | A 14th century Japanese scroll of the Cheng Weishi Lun (Jp:Jōyuishikiron)
Cheng Weishi Lun (Chinese: 成唯識論; pinyin: Chéng Wéishì Lùn, CWSL, Sanskrit reconstruction: *Vijñaptimātrāsiddhiśāstra, English: The Treatise on the Demonstration of Consciousness-only, Taisho Catalog number 1585), is a comprehensive treatise on the philosophy of Yogacara Buddhism and a commentary on Vasubandhu's seminal work, the Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā (Thirty Verses on Consciousness-only).
The CWSL was written by the early Tang dynasty monk Xuanzang (602–664), who drew on numerous Indian Yogacara sources and scholars as well as his experience of studying under Indian Yogacara masters like Nalanda's Śīlabhadra and Prasenajit.
Overview
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When Xuanzang was studying Buddhism in India at Nālandā University masters Śīlabhadra and Prasenajit, he is said to have studied ten commentaries on Vasubandhu's Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā, those of: Dharmapala, Sthiramati, Nanda, Citrabhanu, Bandhusri, Suddhacandra, Jinaputra, Gunamati, Jinamitra, and Jñanacandra.
Back in China, Xuanzang drew upon his studies in India to write a detailed explanation of Vasubandhu's Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā. This synthetic commentary became the Cheng Weishi Lun. Kuiji claimed that the interpretations of Dharmapāla were the only correct ones found in the CWSL and that Xuanzang follows the views of Dharmapāla. However, modern scholars have found that Kuiji often attributes to Dharmapāla certain interpretations which are actually found in the works of Sthiramati. Some modern scholars like Dan Lusthaus suggest that it is actually more likely that the CWSL reflects the views of Xuanzang's teacher Prasenajit, as well as Xuanzang's broad studies in other sources like the Yogacarabhumi.
According to Francis Cook,The theory of the Ch’eng wei-shih lun is that basic or fundamental consciousness (mula-vijñana) comes to appear naturally and spontaneously in the form of a seeing part (darsana-bhaga) and a seen part (nimitta-bhaga). The seeming reality of an inner self perceiving external events is nothing more than one aspect of consciousness perceiving itself in the form of images. A third part of consciousness, the manas, or thinking aspect, interprets the two parts as a self and an external world. This situation is also the basis for hatred, craving, fear, and other passions. In fact, the apparently real external world of things is nothing but internal images perceived by consciousness and grasped as a source of attachment by thought.
Influence and commentaries
The Chéng Wéishì Lùn became one of the key texts of East Asian Yogācāra, both by Chinese ("Faxiang") and Japanese ("Hossō") thinkers. It is a major doctrinal source and summa for this tradition, also known as the Consciousness Only School (Wéishí-zōng).
Kuiji, one of Xuanzang's key pupils, wrote a commentary on the CWSL, called the Chéng Wéishì Lùn Shuji (成唯識 論述記; Taishō no. 1830, vol. 43, 229a-606c). Kuiji's commentary relies on the epistemology of Dignāga and remains focused on an orthodox Yogacara interpretation.
The Korean monk Woncheuk, another influential pupil of Xuanzang, wrote his own commentary, the Chéng Wéishì Lùn Ceshu, which disagrees with several of Kuiji's positions. Woncheuk was a follower of the Shelun school (攝論宗) of Yogacara, which draws on the work of Paramārtha (499-569). This tradition defended Parāmartha's teaching that there was a ninth consciousness called the "pure consciousness" (amalavijñāna). This position had been rejected by Xuanzang and Kuiji.
Another student of Xuanzang, the Japanese monk Dōshō (道昭, 629–700 C.E.) brought the CWSL to Japan in 660, creating the doctrinal foundation for the Japanese Consciousness-only (Jp: Hossō) school at Nara's Gangōji Temple.
English translations
The Chinese scholar and philosopher Wei Tat translated the Chéng Wéishì Lùn into English for the first time in Hong Kong in 1973. He drew on various Chinese and Western sources for his research, especially the French translation of the CWSL by Louis de La Vallée Poussin. Poussin's translation also included numerous annotations and passages from Kuiji's commentary.
Francis Cook made a new English translation for the Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research's Taishō Tripiṭaka translation effort.
In 2017, a new translation closely based on Louis de La Vallée Poussin's French (along with many annotations) was published by Motilal Banarsidass as Vijñapti-mātratā-siddhi: A Commentary (Chéng Wéishì Lùn) on Vasubandhu's Triṃśikā by Xuanzang. It is the work of Lodrö Sangpo, Migme Chödrön and A. L. Mayer.
Peter Lunde Johnson has published a translation that is entitled "On Realizing There is Only The Virtual Nature of Consciousness" in 2019.
See also
East Asian Yogācāra
Kuiji
References
^ a b c Cook, Francis (1999). Three Texts on Consciousness Only, pp. 1-3. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research
^ a b c d Brunnholzl, Karl. A Compendium of the Mahayana: Asanga's Mahayanasamgraha and Its Indian and Tibetan Commentaries (Vol. I), pp. 28-30. Shambhala Publications, 2019.
^ Brunnholzl, Karl. A Compendium of the Mahayana: Asanga's Mahayanasamgraha and Its Indian and Tibetan Commentaries (Vol. I), p. 29. Shambhala Publications, 2019.
^ Cook, Francis (1999). Three Texts on Consciousness Only, p. 3. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research
^ Shoryu Katsura, "The Theory of Apoha in Kuiji’s Cheng weishi lun Shuji" pp. 101–120 in: Chen-kuo Lin / Michael Radich (eds.) A Distant Mirror Articulating Indic Ideas in Sixth and Seventh Century Chinese Buddhism Hamburg Buddhist Studies, 3 Hamburg: Hamburg University Press 2014.
^ a b Ronald S. Green, Chanju Mun (2018). Gyōnen’s Transmission of the Buddha Dharma in Three Countries, pp. 60-61. BRILL.
^ "Woncheuk 원측". The Treasury of Lives. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
^ Wei Tat, Ch'eng Wei-Shih Lun: The Doctrine of Mere-Consciousness, Hong Kong: The Ch'eng Wei-Shih Lun Translation Committee 1973, ASIN B0007CDXQE
^ a b Cook, Francis H. (1999), Three Texts on Consciousness Only, Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, ISBN 1-886439-04-4
^ Lodrö Sangpo, G., (TRANS.), Migme Chödrön, G., (TRANS.), & Mayer, A. L., (TRANS.) (2017). Vijñapti-mātratā-siddhi: A Commentary (Cheng Weishi Lun) on Vasubandhu's Triṃśikā by Xuanzang. (The Collected Works of Louis de La Vallée Poussin; Vol. 1-2). Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House.
^ Johnson, Peter Lunde (2019). "On Realizing There is Only The Virtual Nature of Consciousness", An Lac Publications, ISBN 978-0578530-680
Bibliography
Lusthaus, Dan (2003). Buddhist Phenomenology: A Philosophical Investigation of Yogacara Buddhism and the Ch'eng Wei-shih Lun, Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism, ISBN 0415406102
Schmithausen, Lambert (2015). On the Problem of the External World in the Ch’eng wei shih lun, International Institute for Buddhist Studies
Sharf, Robert (2016). Is Yogacara Phenomenology? Some Evidence from the Cheng Weishi Lun. Journal of Indian Philosophy 44 (4), 777–807
Jiang, Tao (2005). "Alayavijnana" and the problematic of continuity in the "Cheng Wei-shih Lun", Journal of Indian Philosophy 33 (3), 243-284 – via JSTOR (subscription required)
External links
Epstein, Ronald. 1985. The Transformation of Consciousness into Wisdom in the Chinese Consciousness-Only School According to the Cheng Wei-Shi Lun.
羅時憲 : 唯識方隅 Archived 2020-08-12 at the Wayback Machine
excerpt--The Treatise on the Establishment of the Doctrine of Consciousness-Only
Johnson, Peter Lunde, trans. (2018), The Discourse On Realizing There is Only The Virtual Nature of Consciousness (Vijñapti Matratā Siddhi, 成唯識論) ISBN 978-0578530-680 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Taisho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka"},{"link_name":"Yogacara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogachara"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Vasubandhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasubandhu"},{"link_name":"Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bik%C4%81-vij%C3%B1aptim%C4%81trat%C4%81"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Xuanzang (602–664)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanzang"},{"link_name":"Śīlabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABlabhadra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"}],"text":"Cheng Weishi Lun (Chinese: 成唯識論; pinyin: Chéng Wéishì Lùn, CWSL, Sanskrit reconstruction: *Vijñaptimātrāsiddhiśāstra, English: The Treatise on the Demonstration of Consciousness-only, Taisho Catalog number 1585), is a comprehensive treatise on the philosophy of Yogacara Buddhism and a commentary on Vasubandhu's seminal work, the Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā (Thirty Verses on Consciousness-only).[1]The CWSL was written by the early Tang dynasty monk Xuanzang (602–664), who drew on numerous Indian Yogacara sources and scholars as well as his experience of studying under Indian Yogacara masters like Nalanda's Śīlabhadra and Prasenajit.[1][2]","title":"Cheng Weishi Lun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Nālandā University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda"},{"link_name":"Śīlabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABlabhadra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Sthiramati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthiramati"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Yogacarabhumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81rabh%C5%ABmi-%C5%9A%C4%81stra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"When Xuanzang was studying Buddhism in India at Nālandā University masters Śīlabhadra and Prasenajit, he is said to have studied ten commentaries on Vasubandhu's Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā, those of: Dharmapala, Sthiramati, Nanda, Citrabhanu, Bandhusri, Suddhacandra, Jinaputra, Gunamati, Jinamitra, and Jñanacandra.[2]Back in China, Xuanzang drew upon his studies in India to write a detailed explanation of Vasubandhu's Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā. This synthetic commentary became the Cheng Weishi Lun.[1] Kuiji claimed that the interpretations of Dharmapāla were the only correct ones found in the CWSL and that Xuanzang follows the views of Dharmapāla. However, modern scholars have found that Kuiji often attributes to Dharmapāla certain interpretations which are actually found in the works of Sthiramati.[3] Some modern scholars like Dan Lusthaus suggest that it is actually more likely that the CWSL reflects the views of Xuanzang's teacher Prasenajit, as well as Xuanzang's broad studies in other sources like the Yogacarabhumi.[2]According to Francis Cook,The theory of the Ch’eng wei-shih lun is that basic or fundamental consciousness (mula-vijñana) comes to appear naturally and spontaneously in the form of a seeing part (darsana-bhaga) and a seen part (nimitta-bhaga). The seeming reality of an inner self perceiving external events is nothing more than one aspect of consciousness perceiving itself in the form of images. A third part of consciousness, the manas, or thinking aspect, interprets the two parts as a self and an external world. This situation is also the basis for hatred, craving, fear, and other passions. In fact, the apparently real external world of things is nothing but internal images perceived by consciousness and grasped as a source of attachment by thought.[4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Asian Yogācāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra"},{"link_name":"summa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"Kuiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiji"},{"link_name":"Dignāga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Woncheuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woncheuk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Paramārtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramartha"},{"link_name":"Kuiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiji"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dōshō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Nara's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_(city)"},{"link_name":"Gangōji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang%C5%8D-ji"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"sub_title":"Influence and commentaries","text":"The Chéng Wéishì Lùn became one of the key texts of East Asian Yogācāra, both by Chinese (\"Faxiang\") and Japanese (\"Hossō\") thinkers. It is a major doctrinal source and summa for this tradition, also known as the Consciousness Only School (Wéishí-zōng).[2]Kuiji, one of Xuanzang's key pupils, wrote a commentary on the CWSL, called the Chéng Wéishì Lùn Shuji (成唯識 論述記; Taishō no. 1830, vol. 43, 229a-606c). Kuiji's commentary relies on the epistemology of Dignāga and remains focused on an orthodox Yogacara interpretation.[5]The Korean monk Woncheuk, another influential pupil of Xuanzang, wrote his own commentary, the Chéng Wéishì Lùn Ceshu, which disagrees with several of Kuiji's positions.[6] Woncheuk was a follower of the Shelun school (攝論宗) of Yogacara, which draws on the work of Paramārtha (499-569). This tradition defended Parāmartha's teaching that there was a ninth consciousness called the \"pure consciousness\" (amalavijñāna). This position had been rejected by Xuanzang and Kuiji.[7]Another student of Xuanzang, the Japanese monk Dōshō (道昭, 629–700 C.E.) brought the CWSL to Japan in 660, creating the doctrinal foundation for the Japanese Consciousness-only (Jp: Hossō) school at Nara's Gangōji Temple.[6]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Louis de La Vallée Poussin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_La_Vall%C3%A9e-Poussin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Taishō Tripiṭaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Motilal Banarsidass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Chinese scholar and philosopher Wei Tat translated the Chéng Wéishì Lùn into English for the first time in Hong Kong in 1973. He drew on various Chinese and Western sources for his research, especially the French translation of the CWSL by Louis de La Vallée Poussin.[8] Poussin's translation also included numerous annotations and passages from Kuiji's commentary.[9]Francis Cook made a new English translation for the Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research's Taishō Tripiṭaka translation effort.[9]In 2017, a new translation closely based on Louis de La Vallée Poussin's French (along with many annotations) was published by Motilal Banarsidass as Vijñapti-mātratā-siddhi: A Commentary (Chéng Wéishì Lùn) on Vasubandhu's Triṃśikā by Xuanzang. It is the work of Lodrö Sangpo, Migme Chödrön and A. L. Mayer.[10]Peter Lunde Johnson has published a translation that is entitled \"On Realizing There is Only The Virtual Nature of Consciousness\" in 2019.[11]","title":"English translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lusthaus, Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Lusthaus"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0415406102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415406102"},{"link_name":"On the Problem of the External World in the Ch’eng wei shih lun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icabs.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=341&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=17"},{"link_name":"\"Alayavijnana\" and the problematic of continuity in the \"Cheng Wei-shih Lun\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23496968"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR"}],"text":"Lusthaus, Dan (2003). Buddhist Phenomenology: A Philosophical Investigation of Yogacara Buddhism and the Ch'eng Wei-shih Lun, Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism, ISBN 0415406102\nSchmithausen, Lambert (2015). On the Problem of the External World in the Ch’eng wei shih lun, International Institute for Buddhist Studies\nSharf, Robert (2016). Is Yogacara Phenomenology? Some Evidence from the Cheng Weishi Lun. Journal of Indian Philosophy 44 (4), 777–807\nJiang, Tao (2005). \"Alayavijnana\" and the problematic of continuity in the \"Cheng Wei-shih Lun\", Journal of Indian Philosophy 33 (3), 243-284 – via JSTOR (subscription required)","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"A 14th century Japanese scroll of the Cheng Weishi Lun (Jp:Jōyuishikiron)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Completion_of_Mere_Ideation_WDL11843.jpg/300px-The_Completion_of_Mere_Ideation_WDL11843.jpg"}] | [{"title":"East Asian Yogācāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra"},{"title":"Kuiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiji"}] | [{"reference":"\"Woncheuk 원측\". The Treasury of Lives. Retrieved 2022-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Woncheuk-%EC%9B%90%EC%B8%A1/13633","url_text":"\"Woncheuk 원측\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://bdkamerica.org/download/1861","external_links_name":"Three Texts on Consciousness Only"},{"Link":"https://bdkamerica.org/download/1861","external_links_name":"Three Texts on Consciousness Only"},{"Link":"http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Woncheuk-%EC%9B%90%EC%B8%A1/13633","external_links_name":"\"Woncheuk 원측\""},{"Link":"http://www.dhalbi.org/publ/journ1/wt_j1.pdf","external_links_name":"Ch'eng Wei-Shih Lun: The Doctrine of Mere-Consciousness"},{"Link":"https://bdkamerica.org/download/1861","external_links_name":"Three Texts on Consciousness Only"},{"Link":"https://icabs.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=341&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=17","external_links_name":"On the Problem of the External World in the Ch’eng wei shih lun"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496968","external_links_name":"\"Alayavijnana\" and the problematic of continuity in the \"Cheng Wei-shih Lun\""},{"Link":"http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Buddhism/Yogacara/TRANSFORMATION%20OF%20CONSCIOUSNESS.htm","external_links_name":"Epstein, Ronald. 1985. The Transformation of Consciousness into Wisdom in the Chinese Consciousness-Only School According to the Cheng Wei-Shi Lun."},{"Link":"http://59.188.0.185/lsx/books/wzfy_trad.pdf","external_links_name":"羅時憲 : 唯識方隅"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200812205644/http://59.188.0.185/lsx/books/wzfy_trad.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090904052131/http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/hkbj/01/hkbj0106.htm","external_links_name":"excerpt--The Treatise on the Establishment of the Doctrine of Consciousness-Only"},{"Link":"https://anlacpublications.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/nve-cwsl.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldus_de_Villa_Nova | Arnaldus de Villa Nova | ["1 Biography","2 Writings","3 See also","4 Footnotes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Physician and alchemist of Crown of Aragon
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Arnaldus de Villa NovaBornc.1240unknownDiedc.1311GenoaRegionMediterranean
Arnaldus de Villa Nova (also called Arnau de Vilanova in Catalan, his language, Arnaldus Villanovanus, Arnaud de Ville-Neuve or Arnaldo de Villanueva, c. 1240–1311) was a physician and a religious reformer.
He is credited with translating a number of medical texts from Arabic, including works by Ibn Sina Avicenna, Abu-l-Salt, and Galen.
Biography
Generic portrait of Arnald de villa noua, woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493
Thesoro de los pobres (1584).
Arnaldus' place and date of birth are debated: some historians believe he was born in Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone, a village near Montpellier; others are doubtful, because there are also towns of the same name in Aragon such as Villanueva de Jiloca, in the Kingdom of Valencia (now in Spain), in Catalonia, in Languedoc, or in the Provence. Regardless, he is known in Catalonia, Valencia, and Balearic Islands by the name "Arnau de Vilanova," and it is certain that he wrote most of his works in Catalan (Confessió de Barcelona, Raonament d'Avinyó). Whatever the reality, Arnaldus had a great reputation as a doctor, theologian and alchemist.
He studied medicine in Montpellier until 1260. He traveled through France, Catalonia, and Italy, as part doctor, part ambassador. He lived at the court of Aragon and was the personal doctor of the King of Aragon from 1281. At the death of Peter III of Aragon in 1285, he left Barcelona for Montpellier where he taught at the School of Medicine.
He was the master of the school of medicine of Paris between 1291 and 1299. His fame as a doctor was immense: among his patients were three popes and three kings. He was the first physician that used alcohol as an antiseptic.
Influenced by Joachim of Fiore, he claimed that in 1378 the world would end and the Antichrist would come (De adventu Antichristi, 1288). He was condemned by the University of Paris in 1299, accused of heresy, and imprisoned for his ideas of church reform. He was saved through the intervention of Boniface VIII, whom Arnaldus had cured of a painful illness. He was once again imprisoned in Paris around 1304, under pope Benedict XI. The Sorbonne ordered his philosophical works to be burned.
He became an ambassador for James II, king of Aragon and Sicily. He sought refuge from the Inquisition at the court of Frederick III in Sicily, and was later called to Avignon as a doctor for pope Clement V. He is certainly behind the papal bull of 8 September 1309, which required of medical students knowledge of some fifteen Greco-Arabic treatises, including ones by Galen and Avicenna.
In 1311 he was summoned to Avignon by Pope Clement V, but he died on the voyage off the coast of Genoa. The inquisitor of Tarragona condemned him, and fifteen of his propositions were censured. Arnaldus also bequeathed several of his books to the Carthusian monastery of Scala Dei to which he had already dedicated one of his books.
Writings
Arnaldus was also thought to be an alchemist: the door to his house in Montpellier, France, had carved depictions of a roaring lion and dragon biting its own tail (an Ouroboros), both alchemical symbols, and several renowned alchemists recognized him as an adept. He was also known as an astrologer.
Many alchemical writings, including Rosarius Philosophorum, Novum Lumen, or Flos Florum, are also ascribed to him, but they are not authentic. Collected editions of them were published at Lyon in 1504 and 1532 (with a biography by Symphorianus Campegius), at Basel in 1585, and at Lyon in 1686. He is also the reputed author of important medical works, such as Speculum medicinae and Regimen sanitatis ad regem Aragonum, but many others, such as Breviarium Practicae, were falsely attributed to him. In addition, he wrote many theological works for the reformation of Christianity in Latin and in Catalan, some of them including apocalyptical prophecies.
A list of writings is given by J. Ferguson in his Bibliotheca Chemica (1906). See also U. Chevalier, Repertoire des sources hist., &c., Bio-bibliographie (Paris, 1903).
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arnaldus de Villanova.
Brazen Head
Latin translations of the 12th century
Litmus
Footnotes
^ D. Campbell, Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages, p. 5.
^ a b c d Arnauld de VILLENEUVE (Arnau de Vilanova ou Arnaldus de Villanova). Médecin, théologien, diplomate, astrologue et alchimiste catalan Archived 3 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
^ Robert E. Lerner, “The Pope and the Doctor,” The Yale Review 78, no. 1 (Autumn 1988): 62–79.
^ Fernando Salmón (2010). Robert E. Bjork (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.
^ Arnaldus de Villanova (1981). Paniagua, Juan Antonio; García Ballester, Luis; Rogers McVaugh, Michael (eds.). Arnaldi de Villanova De esu carnium. Publicacions de la Universitat de Barcelona. p. 149. ISBN 9788479355630. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
References
Opere
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arnaldus de Villa Nova". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 625.
J. B. Haureau in the Histoire litteraire de la France (1881), vol. 28;
E. Lalande, Arnaud de Villeneuve, sa vie et ses oeuvres (Paris, 1896).
Further reading
McVaugh, Michael (1970). "Arnald of Villanova". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 289–291. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
External links
Who is Arnau de Vilanova, full presentation of Arnau de Vilanova and his works provided by the project Arnau DB at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
Arnaldus Villanovanus Catholic Encyclopedia
Juanita A. Daly, Arnald of Vilanova: Physician and Prophet
Works attributed to Arnaldus
Excerpta medica - Mscr.Dresd.C.278. 1500, Online-Ausgabe der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
Opus aureum. Frankfurt a. Mayn 1604, Online-Ausgabe der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
Hermetis Trismegisti Phoenicum Aegyptiorum Sed et aliarum Gentium Monarchae Conditoris ... sive Tabula Smaragdina. 1657, Online-Ausgabe der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
Hermetischer Rosenkrantz, Das ist: Vier schöne, außerlesene Chymische Tractätlein. 1682, Online-Ausgabe der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
Lewis E 18 Liber de vinis at OPenn
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Arnaldus de Villa Nova (also called Arnau de Vilanova in Catalan, his language, Arnaldus Villanovanus, Arnaud de Ville-Neuve or Arnaldo de Villanueva, c. 1240–1311) was a physician and a religious reformer.He is credited with translating a number of medical texts from Arabic, including works by Ibn Sina Avicenna, Abu-l-Salt, and Galen.[1]","title":"Arnaldus de Villa Nova"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Chronicle_f_224r_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arnau_de_Vilanova_(1584)_Libro_de_medicina_llamado_thesoro_de_pobres_con_un_regimiento_de_sanidad.png"},{"link_name":"Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeneuve-l%C3%A8s-Maguelone"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"Villanueva de Jiloca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanueva_de_Jiloca"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdV-2"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Peter III of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdV-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"Joachim of Fiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore"},{"link_name":"Antichrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"},{"link_name":"Boniface VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boniface_VIII"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lerner-4"},{"link_name":"Benedict XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_XI"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Frederick III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Clement V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_V"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdV-2"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"Avicenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_V"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdV-2"},{"link_name":"Carthusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthusians"},{"link_name":"monastery of Scala Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoixa_d%27Escaladei"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Generic portrait of Arnald[us] de villa noua, woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493Thesoro de los pobres (1584).Arnaldus' place and date of birth are debated: some historians believe he was born in Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone, a village near Montpellier; others are doubtful, because there are also towns of the same name in Aragon such as Villanueva de Jiloca, in the Kingdom of Valencia (now in Spain), in Catalonia, in Languedoc, or in the Provence. Regardless, he is known in Catalonia, Valencia, and Balearic Islands by the name \"Arnau de Vilanova,\" and it is certain that he wrote most of his works in Catalan (Confessió de Barcelona, Raonament d'Avinyó). Whatever the reality, Arnaldus had a great reputation as a doctor, theologian and alchemist.[2]He studied medicine in Montpellier until 1260. He traveled through France, Catalonia, and Italy, as part doctor, part ambassador. He lived at the court of Aragon and was the personal doctor of the King of Aragon from 1281. At the death of Peter III of Aragon in 1285, he left Barcelona for Montpellier where he taught at the School of Medicine.[2][3]He was the master of the school of medicine of Paris between 1291 and 1299. His fame as a doctor was immense: among his patients were three popes and three kings. He was the first physician that used alcohol as an antiseptic.Influenced by Joachim of Fiore, he claimed that in 1378 the world would end and the Antichrist would come (De adventu Antichristi, 1288). He was condemned by the University of Paris in 1299, accused of heresy, and imprisoned for his ideas of church reform.[3] He was saved through the intervention of Boniface VIII, whom Arnaldus had cured of a painful illness.[4] He was once again imprisoned in Paris around 1304, under pope Benedict XI. The Sorbonne ordered his philosophical works to be burned.He became an ambassador for James II, king of Aragon and Sicily. He sought refuge from the Inquisition at the court of Frederick III in Sicily, and was later called to Avignon as a doctor for pope Clement V.[2] He is certainly behind the papal bull of 8 September 1309, which required of medical students knowledge of some fifteen Greco-Arabic treatises, including ones by Galen and Avicenna.In 1311 he was summoned to Avignon by Pope Clement V, but he died on the voyage off the coast of Genoa.[5] The inquisitor of Tarragona condemned him, and fifteen of his propositions were censured.[2] Arnaldus also bequeathed several of his books to the Carthusian monastery of Scala Dei to which he had already dedicated one of his books.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alchemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier"},{"link_name":"Ouroboros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouroboros"},{"link_name":"adept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adept"},{"link_name":"astrologer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologer"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Symphorianus Campegius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphorien_Champier"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"}],"text":"Arnaldus was also thought to be an alchemist: the door to his house in Montpellier, France, had carved depictions of a roaring lion and dragon biting its own tail (an Ouroboros), both alchemical symbols, and several renowned alchemists recognized him as an adept. He was also known as an astrologer.Many alchemical writings, including Rosarius Philosophorum, Novum Lumen, or Flos Florum, are also ascribed to him, but they are not authentic. Collected editions of them were published at Lyon in 1504 and 1532 (with a biography by Symphorianus Campegius), at Basel in 1585, and at Lyon in 1686.[3] He is also the reputed author of important medical works, such as Speculum medicinae and Regimen sanitatis ad regem Aragonum, but many others, such as Breviarium Practicae, were falsely attributed to him. In addition, he wrote many theological works for the reformation of Christianity in Latin and in Catalan, some of them including apocalyptical prophecies.A list of writings is given by J. Ferguson in his Bibliotheca Chemica (1906). See also U. Chevalier, Repertoire des sources hist., &c., Bio-bibliographie (Paris, 1903).[3]","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AdV_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AdV_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AdV_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AdV_2-3"},{"link_name":"Arnauld de VILLENEUVE (Arnau de Vilanova ou Arnaldus de Villanova). Médecin, théologien, diplomate, astrologue et alchimiste catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.medarus.org/Medecins/MedecinsTextes/arnaud_dv.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140703205752/http://www.medarus.org/Medecins/MedecinsTextes/arnaud_dv.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-3"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lerner_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Fernando Salmón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Villanova,_Arnau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-866262-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866262-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Arnaldus de Villanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Arnaldi de Villanova De esu carnium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fdM38ekVaS0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788479355630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788479355630"}],"text":"^ D. Campbell, Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages, p. 5.\n\n^ a b c d Arnauld de VILLENEUVE (Arnau de Vilanova ou Arnaldus de Villanova). Médecin, théologien, diplomate, astrologue et alchimiste catalan Archived 3 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.\n\n^ Robert E. Lerner, “The Pope and the Doctor,” The Yale Review 78, no. 1 (Autumn 1988): 62–79.\n\n^ Fernando Salmón (2010). Robert E. Bjork (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.\n\n^ Arnaldus de Villanova (1981). Paniagua, Juan Antonio; García Ballester, Luis; Rogers McVaugh, Michael (eds.). Arnaldi de Villanova De esu carnium. Publicacions de la Universitat de Barcelona. p. 149. ISBN 9788479355630. Retrieved 27 November 2023.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dictionary of Scientific Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-684-10114-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9"}],"text":"McVaugh, Michael (1970). \"Arnald of Villanova\". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 289–291. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Generic portrait of Arnald[us] de villa noua, woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nuremberg_Chronicle_f_224r_2.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_Chronicle_f_224r_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thesoro de los pobres (1584).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Arnau_de_Vilanova_%281584%29_Libro_de_medicina_llamado_thesoro_de_pobres_con_un_regimiento_de_sanidad.png/220px-Arnau_de_Vilanova_%281584%29_Libro_de_medicina_llamado_thesoro_de_pobres_con_un_regimiento_de_sanidad.png"},{"image_text":"Opere","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Arnaldo_-_Opere_-_2991354.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Arnaldo_-_Opere_-_2991354.tif.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Arnaldus de Villanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arnaldus_de_Villanova"},{"title":"Brazen Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazen_Head"},{"title":"Latin translations of the 12th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century"},{"title":"Litmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litmus"}] | [{"reference":"Fernando Salmón (2010). Robert E. Bjork (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Villanova,_Arnau&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Fernando Salmón"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866262-4","url_text":"978-0-19-866262-4"}]},{"reference":"Arnaldus de Villanova (1981). Paniagua, Juan Antonio; García Ballester, Luis; Rogers McVaugh, Michael (eds.). Arnaldi de Villanova De esu carnium. Publicacions de la Universitat de Barcelona. p. 149. ISBN 9788479355630. Retrieved 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url_text":"Arnaldus de Villanova"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fdM38ekVaS0C","url_text":"Arnaldi de Villanova De esu carnium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788479355630","url_text":"9788479355630"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Arnaldus de Villa Nova\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 625.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova","url_text":"Arnaldus de Villa Nova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"McVaugh, Michael (1970). \"Arnald of Villanova\". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_King_Cobra | Colt King Cobra | ["1 Development and history","2 Features","3 References","4 External links"] | This article is about the Colt King Cobra. For other Colt Double Action firearms, see Colt Double Action.
Revolver Colt King Cobra TypeRevolverPlace of originUnited StatesProduction historyManufacturerColt's Manufacturing Co.Produced1986 –19921994 –19982019 – presentSpecificationsBarrel length2 inch (50.8 mm)2.5 inch (63.5 mm)3 inch (76.2 mm)4 inch (102 mm)4.25 inch (108 mm)6 inch (153 mm)8 inch (203 mm)Cartridge
.38 Special
.357 Magnum
ActionDouble-actionFeed systemSix round cylinderSightsIron, adjustable rear
First introduced in 1986, the Colt King Cobra is a medium frame double-action revolver featuring a six round cylinder which was designed and produced by the Colt's Manufacturing Company and marketed to law enforcement agencies and civilian firearms enthusiasts. Available in blued and stainless steel finishes in a variety of barrel lengths and chambered for centerfire .357 Magnum ammunition.
Development and history
Despite its outward similarity to the Colt Python, the King Cobra design is based upon that of an earlier Colt model, the venerable Trooper MK V, improved with the addition of a heavier-duty barrel, full barrel length cylinder ejection rod protection shroud, and a thicker solid rib on top of the barrel. The King Cobra was introduced in 1986, discontinued in 1992, and returned to Colt's product line in 1994. Dropped a second time in 1998, it was not reintroduced until 2019 as a .357 Magnum, three inch barrel variant of the 2017 Colt Cobra.
Features
Built on Colt's medium-size ‘V’ frame from 1986 to 1992, the King Cobra was offered in very hi-grade carbon steel with Colt's signature bright and highly-polished deep royal blued finish. From 1987 to 1992 and 1994-1998 matte stainless steel was offered, and from 1988 to 1992 the option of polished stainless steel became available as well. King Cobras are equipped with either oversized Walnut target-style or hard rubber black finger-grooved combat-style grips, and an enlarged target hammer. The Cobra's sighting system consists of a fixed iron red insert front sight and a fully adjustable iron white outline rear. Various barrel lengths were offered over time according to the finish option chosen.
In blued steel models, 4- and 6-inch barrels were available from 1986 until the blued guns were dropped from production in 1992, also a 2.5-inch length was offered with the blued finish from 1990 to 1992. In matte stainless, a 2.5-inch length was cataloged from 1987 to 1992, 2-inch barrels were offered from 1988 until King Cobra production ceased in 1992 and then again from 1994 to 1998. Barrel lengths of 4, 6, and 8 inches also were available on models with the matte stainless finish from 1990 to 1992; they returned to the product lineup from 1994 to 1998. In the mirror bright stainless finish, 4- and 6-inch lengths were offered from 1988 to 1992, a 2.5-inch was available from 1990 to 1992, and an 8-inch length was offered from 1989 to 1992. The King Cobra is chambered for the powerful .357 Magnum cartridge, but like all .357 revolvers will also fire .38 Special ammunition.
In 1998 the top strap was drilled and tapped for the mounting of scope rings.
Colt also produced a total of six King Cobras with three-inch barrels and fixed sights. These were made for the Montreal Police Department, which had expressed an interest in such a model for plain-clothes officers. The revolver was never adopted and the six samples were returned to the distributor. One surfaced in North Carolina in 2006, was lettered by Colt Archives, listed on Gunbroker.com, and is now in the hands of a private collector. The fate of the other five is unknown.
In 2019, the King Cobra was reintroduced with a three-inch barrel. The gun debuted at SHOT Show 2019.
Like all .357 Magnum revolvers, the Colt King Cobra can chamber and fire the shorter .38 Special cartridge.
References
^ a b c d e “Colt King Cobra” Archived 2007-04-28 at the Wayback Machine, Kitsune Reference Web site. Accessed November 18, 2008.
^ Fjestad, S.P. (August 18, 2015). "Colt's Snake Guns". American Rifleman.
^ a b c Tarr, James (18 November 2013). Standard Catalog of Colt Firearms. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-1-4402-3747-8.
^ "New for 2019: Colt King Cobra". shootingillustrated.com. Shooting Illustrated. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
External links
King Cobra - Colt's Manufacturing LLC
Colt's Manufacturing Cobra and Trooper official Safety and Instruction Manual(.pdf)
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Colt Canada | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colt Double Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Double_Action_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"double-action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-action"},{"link_name":"revolver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver"},{"link_name":"round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"Colt's Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt%27s_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"law enforcement agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agencies"},{"link_name":"blued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluing_(steel)"},{"link_name":"stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"link_name":"barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_barrel"},{"link_name":"chambered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"centerfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerfire_ammunition"},{"link_name":".357 Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.357_Magnum"},{"link_name":"ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kr-1"}],"text":"This article is about the Colt King Cobra. For other Colt Double Action firearms, see Colt Double Action.RevolverFirst introduced in 1986, the Colt King Cobra is a medium frame double-action revolver featuring a six round cylinder which was designed and produced by the Colt's Manufacturing Company and marketed to law enforcement agencies and civilian firearms enthusiasts. Available in blued and stainless steel finishes in a variety of barrel lengths and chambered for centerfire .357 Magnum ammunition.[1]","title":"Colt King Cobra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colt Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Python"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Trooper"},{"link_name":"discontinued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-of-life_(product)"},{"link_name":"product line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_lining"},{"link_name":".357 Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.357_Magnum"},{"link_name":"Colt Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Cobra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tarr2013-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Despite its outward similarity to the Colt Python,[2] the King Cobra design is based upon that of an earlier Colt model, the venerable Trooper MK V, improved with the addition of a heavier-duty barrel, full barrel length cylinder ejection rod protection shroud, and a thicker solid rib on top of the barrel. The King Cobra was introduced in 1986, discontinued in 1992, and returned to Colt's product line in 1994. Dropped a second time in 1998, it was not reintroduced until 2019 as a .357 Magnum, three inch barrel variant of the 2017 Colt Cobra.[3][4]","title":"Development and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hi-grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_steel_grades"},{"link_name":"carbon steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel"},{"link_name":"polished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_polishing"},{"link_name":"deep royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_blue"},{"link_name":"Walnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut"},{"link_name":"target-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accurizing#Handgun_grips"},{"link_name":"combat-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat"},{"link_name":"grips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_grip"},{"link_name":"target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullseye_(shooting_competition)"},{"link_name":"hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_(firearm)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kr-1"},{"link_name":"sighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight_(device)"},{"link_name":"red insert front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_sights#Contrast_enhancements"},{"link_name":"adjustable iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_sights#Adjustable_iron_sights"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kr-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tarr2013-3"},{"link_name":"Gunbroker.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunbroker.com"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"SHOT Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHOT_Show"},{"link_name":".38 Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.38_Special"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tarr2013-3"}],"text":"Built on Colt's medium-size ‘V’ frame from 1986 to 1992, the King Cobra was offered in very hi-grade carbon steel with Colt's signature bright and highly-polished deep royal blued finish. From 1987 to 1992 and 1994-1998 matte stainless steel was offered, and from 1988 to 1992 the option of polished stainless steel became available as well. King Cobras are equipped with either oversized Walnut target-style or hard rubber black finger-grooved combat-style grips, and an enlarged target hammer.[1] The Cobra's sighting system consists of a fixed iron red insert front sight and a fully adjustable iron white outline rear.[1] Various barrel lengths were offered over time according to the finish option chosen.[1]In blued steel models, 4- and 6-inch barrels were available from 1986 until the blued guns were dropped from production in 1992, also a 2.5-inch length was offered with the blued finish from 1990 to 1992. In matte stainless, a 2.5-inch length was cataloged from 1987 to 1992, 2-inch barrels were offered from 1988 until King Cobra production ceased in 1992 and then again from 1994 to 1998. Barrel lengths of 4, 6, and 8 inches also were available on models with the matte stainless finish from 1990 to 1992; they returned to the product lineup from 1994 to 1998. In the mirror bright stainless finish, 4- and 6-inch lengths were offered from 1988 to 1992, a 2.5-inch was available from 1990 to 1992, and an 8-inch length was offered from 1989 to 1992. The King Cobra is chambered for the powerful .357 Magnum cartridge, but like all .357 revolvers will also fire .38 Special ammunition.[1]In 1998 the top strap was drilled and tapped for the mounting of scope rings.[3]Colt also produced a total of six King Cobras with three-inch barrels and fixed sights. These were made for the Montreal Police Department, which had expressed an interest in such a model for plain-clothes officers. The revolver was never adopted and the six samples were returned to the distributor. One surfaced in North Carolina in 2006, was lettered by Colt Archives, listed on Gunbroker.com, and is now in the hands of a private collector. The fate of the other five is unknown.[citation needed]In 2019, the King Cobra was reintroduced with a three-inch barrel. The gun debuted at SHOT Show 2019.Like all .357 Magnum revolvers, the Colt King Cobra can chamber and fire the shorter .38 Special cartridge.[3]","title":"Features"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fjestad, S.P. (August 18, 2015). \"Colt's Snake Guns\". American Rifleman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2015/8/18/colt-s-snake-guns/","url_text":"\"Colt's Snake Guns\""}]},{"reference":"Tarr, James (18 November 2013). Standard Catalog of Colt Firearms. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 124–125. 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Retrieved 17 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shootingillustrated.com/articles/2019/1/15/new-for-2019-colt-king-cobra/","url_text":"\"New for 2019: Colt King Cobra\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.kitsune.addr.com/Firearms/Revolvers/Colt_King_Cobra.htm","external_links_name":"“Colt King Cobra”"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070428111109/http://www.kitsune.addr.com/Firearms/Revolvers/Colt_King_Cobra.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2015/8/18/colt-s-snake-guns/","external_links_name":"\"Colt's Snake Guns\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CaxuAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124","external_links_name":"Standard Catalog of Colt Firearms"},{"Link":"https://www.shootingillustrated.com/articles/2019/1/15/new-for-2019-colt-king-cobra/","external_links_name":"\"New for 2019: Colt King Cobra\""},{"Link":"https://www.colt.com/detail-page/king-cobra-357","external_links_name":"King Cobra - Colt's Manufacturing LLC"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928024649/http://www.coltsmfg.com/cmci/downloads/Manuals/LoRes/Double%20Action%20Revolver.pdf","external_links_name":"Colt's Manufacturing Cobra and Trooper official Safety and Instruction Manual"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Francis_Greville | Henry Francis Greville | ["1 Early life and military career","2 Theatrical career","3 Personal life","4 References"] | Lt-Col. Henry Francis Greville (10 August 1760 – 13 January 1816) was a British impresario.
Early life and military career
He was the son of Member of Parliament Fulke Greville and poet Frances Greville.
In 1777 he was appointed an ensign in the Coldstream Guards, and in 1781 was promoted to lieutenant. Deployed to North America during the American Revolutionary War, he became a prisoner of war (POW) following the British surrender at Yorktown. In May 1782, he was one of 13 POWs forced to draw lots to determine which one should be executed in retaliation for the execution of a patriot captain by Loyalists, in what became known as the Asgill Affair.
In 1790, he was appointed to the 4th Regiment of Dragoon Guards to serve in Ireland as lieutenant-colonel.
Theatrical career
The Pic-Nic Orchestra, watercolor, c. 1802, by Edward Francis Burney after the etching by James Gillray. Henry Francis Greville appears playing the violin. Lord Edgcumbe is on the cello, and Lord Cholmondeley is on the flute.
While in the army he became interested in theatricals, and after leaving the army tried to organize professional theatre shows. His first "theatrical fête" was in 1801, and included supper for his friends, intended to mean a picnic, which he intended as a potluck. Based on the success of this venture, he decided to form a Pic-Nic Society the next year, which lasted only one year, although an unsuccessful attempt was made to revive it the following year. In January 1803, he began a weekly newspaper, the Pic-Nic, to report theatrical affairs, which he handed over to William Combe in February.
In 1803, he purchased the lease on a mansion on Little Argyll Street from Hylton Jolliffe for £70. After making alterations and adding to it, in 1806 he gave two balls, the first of which was on 2 June and was attended by the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Cambridge and the Duchess of York. He then borrowed £2,000 from the banker Thomas Coutts and purchased the freehold on the house in July. At first he styled the house "The Fashionable Institution," but later changed the name to the Argyll Rooms.
In 1807, the Lord Chamberlain granted Greville an annual license to host music, dancing, burlettas, and dramatic performances at the Argyll Rooms. The license was renewed the next year, but afterwards, the license was confined to music and dancing. William Taylor, the manager of the King's Theatre in Haymarket, described the first two seasons as: "There was no Stage, beyond a small elevation for the Singers to stand upon, and … no more than four of these were employed in petit pices of one short Act merely introductory to assemblies and Balls, and … no Dancers were ever seen, confined alone to subscribers for only 12 nights the first year and but 8 the second and last experiment there, and … no money was even taken at the doors."
By 1811, Greville was ill and in deep debt. He tried to sell the Argyll Rooms in 1811. He went abroad in 1812, possibly as a condition of his family helping with his debts, and died on 13 January 1816 in Port Louis, Mauritius.
Personal life
He married Catherine Graham, daughter of Sir Bellingham Graham, in 1793. Following her death in 1803, he married Sophia Lambert, the daughter of James Francis Xavier Whyte, in 1805. Among his children was the admiral Henry Francis Greville.
References
^ "No. 11741". The London Gazette. 1 February 1777. p. 1.
^ Abel, Martha (2019). "'Unfortunate': Lancaster, Pennsylvania, May 26–28, 1782". The Journal of Lancaster County's Historical Society. 120 (3): 97–105. OCLC 2297909.
^ Mayo, Katherine (1938). "Appendix 2". General Washington's Dilemma. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 265–267 – via Wikisource, May 2021.
^ "No. 13262". The London Gazette. 12 April 1790. p. 730.
^ Julie L. Melby (October 28, 2008). "The Pic-Nic Orchestra". Graphic Arts: Exhibitions, acquisitions, and other highlights from the Graphic Arts Collection, Princeton University Library. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
^ a b c d "The Argyll Rooms, Little Argyll Street" in the Survey of London: Volumes 31 and 32, originally published by London County Council, London, 1963. Online through British History Online.
^ Leanne Langley, "A Place for Music: John Nash, Regent Street and the Philharmonic Society of London," Electronic British Library Journal (2013), 14.
^ O'Byrne, William R. (1849). "Greville, Henry Francis" . A Naval Biographical Dictionary. London: John Murray. p. 431. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Henry Francis Greville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Fulke Greville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulke_Greville_(1717%E2%80%931806)"},{"link_name":"Frances Greville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Greville"},{"link_name":"Coldstream Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldstream_Guards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"British surrender at Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown#British_surrender"},{"link_name":"patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"Asgill Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgill_Affair"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He was the son of Member of Parliament Fulke Greville and poet Frances Greville.In 1777 he was appointed an ensign in the Coldstream Guards,[1] and in 1781 was promoted to lieutenant. Deployed to North America during the American Revolutionary War, he became a prisoner of war (POW) following the British surrender at Yorktown. In May 1782, he was one of 13 POWs forced to draw lots to determine which one should be executed in retaliation for the execution of a patriot captain by Loyalists, in what became known as the Asgill Affair.[2][3]In 1790, he was appointed to the 4th Regiment of Dragoon Guards to serve in Ireland as lieutenant-colonel.[4]","title":"Early life and military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Pic-Nic_Orchestra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Francis Burney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Francis_Burney"},{"link_name":"James Gillray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gillray"},{"link_name":"Lord Edgcumbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Edgcumbe,_2nd_Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe"},{"link_name":"Lord Cholmondeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cholmondeley,_1st_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"picnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnic"},{"link_name":"potluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potluck"},{"link_name":"William Combe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Combe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOL-6"},{"link_name":"Little Argyll Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Argyll_Street"},{"link_name":"Hylton Jolliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylton_Jolliffe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOL-6"},{"link_name":"Thomas Coutts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Coutts"},{"link_name":"freehold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_(law)"},{"link_name":"Argyll Rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_Rooms"},{"link_name":"burlettas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burletta"},{"link_name":"King's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Haymarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket,_London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOL-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Port Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Louis"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOL-6"}],"text":"The Pic-Nic Orchestra, watercolor, c. 1802, by Edward Francis Burney after the etching by James Gillray. Henry Francis Greville appears playing the violin. Lord Edgcumbe is on the cello, and Lord Cholmondeley is on the flute.[5]While in the army he became interested in theatricals, and after leaving the army tried to organize professional theatre shows. His first \"theatrical fête\" was in 1801, and included supper for his friends, intended to mean a picnic, which he intended as a potluck. Based on the success of this venture, he decided to form a Pic-Nic Society the next year, which lasted only one year, although an unsuccessful attempt was made to revive it the following year. In January 1803, he began a weekly newspaper, the Pic-Nic, to report theatrical affairs, which he handed over to William Combe in February.[6]In 1803, he purchased the lease on a mansion on Little Argyll Street from Hylton Jolliffe for £70. After making alterations and adding to it, in 1806 he gave two balls, the first of which was on 2 June and was attended by the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Cambridge and the Duchess of York.[6] He then borrowed £2,000 from the banker Thomas Coutts and purchased the freehold on the house in July. At first he styled the house \"The Fashionable Institution,\" but later changed the name to the Argyll Rooms.In 1807, the Lord Chamberlain granted Greville an annual license to host music, dancing, burlettas, and dramatic performances at the Argyll Rooms. The license was renewed the next year, but afterwards, the license was confined to music and dancing. William Taylor, the manager of the King's Theatre in Haymarket, described the first two seasons as: \"There was no Stage, beyond a small elevation for the Singers to stand upon, and … no more than four of these were employed in petit pices [sic] of one short Act merely introductory to assemblies and Balls, and … no Dancers were ever seen, confined alone to subscribers for only 12 nights the first year and but 8 the second and last experiment there, and … no money was even taken at the doors.\"[6]By 1811, Greville was ill and in deep debt. He tried to sell the Argyll Rooms in 1811.[7] He went abroad in 1812, possibly as a condition of his family helping with his debts, and died on 13 January 1816 in Port Louis, Mauritius.[6]","title":"Theatrical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"He married Catherine Graham, daughter of Sir Bellingham Graham, in 1793. Following her death in 1803, he married Sophia Lambert, the daughter of James Francis Xavier Whyte, in 1805. Among his children was the admiral Henry Francis Greville.[8]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"The Pic-Nic Orchestra, watercolor, c. 1802, by Edward Francis Burney after the etching by James Gillray. Henry Francis Greville appears playing the violin. Lord Edgcumbe is on the cello, and Lord Cholmondeley is on the flute.[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Pic-Nic_Orchestra.jpg/300px-The_Pic-Nic_Orchestra.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"No. 11741\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1777. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11741/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 11741\""}]},{"reference":"Abel, Martha (2019). \"'Unfortunate': Lancaster, Pennsylvania, May 26–28, 1782\". The Journal of Lancaster County's Historical Society. 120 (3): 97–105. 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London: John Murray. p. 431.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Richard_O%27Byrne","url_text":"O'Byrne, William R."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary/Greville,_Henry_Francis","url_text":"\"Greville, Henry Francis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary","url_text":"A Naval Biographical Dictionary"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11741/page/1","external_links_name":"\"No. 11741\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2297909","external_links_name":"2297909"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:General_Washington%27s_Dilemma_-_Mayo_-_1938_-_Appendix_2.djvu","external_links_name":"\"Appendix 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13262/page/730","external_links_name":"\"No. 13262\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.princeton.edu/graphicarts/2008/10/","external_links_name":"\"The Pic-Nic Orchestra\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols31-2/pt2/pp284-307#h3-0014","external_links_name":"The Argyll Rooms, Little Argyll Street"},{"Link":"http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2013articles/pdf/ebljarticle122013.pdf","external_links_name":"A Place for Music: John Nash, Regent Street and the Philharmonic Society of London"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary/Greville,_Henry_Francis","external_links_name":"\"Greville, Henry Francis\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Anziku | Anziku Kingdom | ["1 Origins","2 Geography","3 Government","4 Economy","5 Customs","6 Warfare","7 Colonization","8 Fiction","9 References","10 See also"] | Pre-colonial West-Central African state
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The approximate location of Tio Kingdom, showing the Democratic Republic of the Congo in white.
The Anziku Kingdom, also called the Teke Kingdom, the Tyo Kingdom or Tio Kingdom, was a pre-colonial West Central African state of modern Republic of Congo, Gabon and Democratic Republic of Congo.
Origins
The word Anziku comes from the KiKongo phrase "Anziku Nziku" meaning "to run" referring to inhabitants who leave the interior to protect the border. The term was applied most famously to the Bateke, which is why the state is sometimes called the kingdom of Teke or Tiyo.
In the early 17th century, the Anziku population controlled the copper mines around Kongo's northeast border and may have been there specifically as a buffer. When the Anziku groups consolidated to form their own independent kingdom, Kongo proceeded to take over the mines personally. This process was complete by the 1620s. There was, however, fighting between the two states over the region throughout the 17th century.
Geography
The kingdom was centered on the Congo River around the Pool Malebo. It also controlled land directly north of that placing closer to the interior of its better known contemporaries such as Kongo and Loango. The BaTeke people, who dominated the kingdom, lived on the plateaus of the region from early times. By 1600, Anziku controlled the lower Congo River and extended northwest to the upper Kouilou-Niari basin.
Government
The kingdom was ruled by a king called a makoko. This led to the state sometimes being labeled "Great Makoko" on European maps. The capital was called Monsol, located slightly north of Stanley Pool. According to the account of one of the few visitors, the makoko ruled over 13 vassal kings.
Economy
The Anziku kingdom manufactured and sold fabrics made of leaves, which doubled as currency throughout the region. Their position closer to the interior also made ivory accessible. Along with these products, the Anziku sold slaves which they brought to the coast in return for cowries, salt, silk, linen and glass. The area was also rich in metals particularly copper. This led to conflict between Anziku and its southern neighbor Kongo.
Customs
The BaTeke and other Anziku groups practiced facial scarification. The people were also notable for elaborate dress and hairstyles including ornamented braids. Commoners of both sexes usually went bare chested, but those with money were covered "head to foot" according to European accounts. Nobles wore robes of silk imported from the coast.
Warfare
The Anzikus may have begun as a military class protecting the BaKongo border. They were famed as excellent warriors and courageous. They specialized in archery with poison arrows. In close combat, they relied on battle axes. No mention of shields occurs as with most peoples in this region with the exception of Kongo.
Colonization
The kingdom of Anziku survived well into the 19th century. This is likely in no little part due to its relative isolation from coastal powers. The French, from whom much of our information about Anziku derives, convinced the kingdom to become a vassal in return for protection. In 1880, the last independent Anziku king Makoko signed a treaty of vassalage with the French naval officer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza. The kingdom continued under French protection producing a line of kings that continues to this very day.
Fiction
At times the Anzikus have been described, probably falsely, as cannibals in the works of European authors. It was claimed that whole markets were dedicated to the sale of human flesh for consumption. A notable example is H. P. Lovecraft's The Picture in the House.
References
Volavkova, Zdenka. "Crown and Ritual: The Royal Insignia of Ngoyo". University of Toronto Publishing. 1998
Malte-Brun, Conrad. "Universal Geography: Or, A Description of the World, on a New Plan, According to the Great Natural Divisions of the World". J. Laval, 1829.
Vansina, Jan (1973). The Tio Kingdom of the Middle Congo, 1880-1892. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute. ISBN 9780429941399.
See also
History of the Republic of the Congo
Kingdom of Kongo | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congo_States.png"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"}],"text":"The approximate location of Tio Kingdom, showing the Democratic Republic of the Congo in white.The Anziku Kingdom, also called the Teke Kingdom, the Tyo Kingdom or Tio Kingdom, was a pre-colonial West Central African state of modern Republic of Congo, Gabon and Democratic Republic of Congo.","title":"Anziku Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KiKongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KiKongo"},{"link_name":"Bateke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateke"},{"link_name":"Kongo's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo"}],"text":"The word Anziku comes from the KiKongo phrase \"Anziku Nziku\" meaning \"to run\" referring to inhabitants who leave the interior to protect the border. The term was applied most famously to the Bateke, which is why the state is sometimes called the kingdom of Teke or Tiyo.In the early 17th century, the Anziku population controlled the copper mines around Kongo's northeast border and may have been there specifically as a buffer. When the Anziku groups consolidated to form their own independent kingdom, Kongo proceeded to take over the mines personally. This process was complete by the 1620s. 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By 1600, Anziku controlled the lower Congo River and extended northwest to the upper Kouilou-Niari basin.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monsol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monsol&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The kingdom was ruled by a king called a makoko. This led to the state sometimes being labeled \"Great Makoko\" on European maps. The capital was called Monsol, located slightly north of Stanley Pool. According to the account of one of the few visitors, the makoko ruled over 13 vassal kings.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"cowries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowries"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"}],"text":"The Anziku kingdom manufactured and sold fabrics made of leaves, which doubled as currency throughout the region. Their position closer to the interior also made ivory accessible. Along with these products, the Anziku sold slaves which they brought to the coast in return for cowries, salt, silk, linen and glass. The area was also rich in metals particularly copper. This led to conflict between Anziku and its southern neighbor Kongo.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"facial scarification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facial_scarification&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The BaTeke and other Anziku groups practiced facial scarification. The people were also notable for elaborate dress and hairstyles including ornamented braids. Commoners of both sexes usually went bare chested, but those with money were covered \"head to foot\" according to European accounts. Nobles wore robes of silk imported from the coast.","title":"Customs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Anzikus may have begun as a military class protecting the BaKongo border. They were famed as excellent warriors and courageous. They specialized in archery with poison arrows. In close combat, they relied on battle axes. No mention of shields occurs as with most peoples in this region with the exception of Kongo.","title":"Warfare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza"}],"text":"The kingdom of Anziku survived well into the 19th century. This is likely in no little part due to its relative isolation from coastal powers. The French, from whom much of our information about Anziku derives, convinced the kingdom to become a vassal in return for protection. In 1880, the last independent Anziku king Makoko signed a treaty of vassalage with the French naval officer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza. The kingdom continued under French protection producing a line of kings that continues to this very day.","title":"Colonization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cannibals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cannibalism"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"The Picture in the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Picture_in_the_House"}],"text":"At times the Anzikus have been described, probably falsely, as cannibals in the works of European authors. It was claimed that whole markets were dedicated to the sale of human flesh for consumption. A notable example is H. P. Lovecraft's The Picture in the House.","title":"Fiction"}] | [{"image_text":"The approximate location of Tio Kingdom, showing the Democratic Republic of the Congo in white.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Congo_States.png/220px-Congo_States.png"}] | [{"title":"History of the Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"title":"Kingdom of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo"}] | [{"reference":"Vansina, Jan (1973). The Tio Kingdom of the Middle Congo, 1880-1892. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute. ISBN 9780429941399.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Vansina","url_text":"Vansina, Jan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429941399","url_text":"9780429941399"}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GroundWorks_Theatre | Darkhorse Theater | ["1 History","1.1 Production history","2 Resident Theaters","3 Additional Theater Companies","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 36°09′09″N 86°50′36″W / 36.15245°N 86.84329°W / 36.15245; -86.84329Darkhorse Theater is a performing arts venue in Nashville, Tennessee, which hosts performances across different disciplines, including theater, music, and dance. Formerly a Presbyterian church, the facility seats 136 people.
History
Darkhorse Theater was established in 1989 by three couples: Shannon Wood and Peter Kurland, Myke Mueller and Mary Jane Harvill, and Denice Hicks and Bruce Arntson. Darkhorse Theater combines professional, incubator, and community theaters with eight member companies: ACT I, Sista Style, Destiny Theatre Experience, Actor's Bridge, KB Productions, Tennessee Playwrights Studio, Music City Theatre, and Humanity Theatre Project.
It merged with the Nashville Shakespeare Festival and produced the main stage season at Darkhorse Theater, and Shakespeare in Centennial Park. When Darkhorse Theater and the Nashville Shakespeare Festival restructured in 1995, Shannon and Peter continued to run the Theater.
Production history
2015 Broken Boys, Destiny Theatre Experience
2015 Daddy's Dying, Act 1
2015 For Colored Girls, SistaStyle
2015, Cultural Millennium, Dream 7
2015 Fifth of July, Act 1
2015 Extremities, KB Productions
2015 GRRRL's Night Out, Actors Bridge
2015 Cupidlicious, Real Life Players
2015 Take Me Out, Act 1
2015 Starlite Waltz, Groundworks
2015 Dog Sees God, Act 1
2015 2 South, Dream 7
2015 Ten Minute Plays, Rebekah Durham
2015 Trailer Trash Housewife, KB Productions
2015 Del Shores, Del Shores Productions
2015 Umbrella, New Modern Songs
2015 Husted Dance, Husted Dance
2015 Last Five Years, VWA Theatricals
2015 Face of Emmett Till, SistaStyle
2015 Music City Burlesque, Music City Burlesque
2015 Dreams Within a Dream 2, Dream 7
2015 Mandela, Darryl Van Leer
2015 Deathtrap, Act 1
2015 Stereo-type, Destiny Theatre Experience
2015 August: Osage County, Act 1
2016 The Flu Season, Act I
2016 Lysistrata, Act I
2016 Ten Minute Playground, TMPG
2016 4000 Miles, Music City Theatre Company
2016 Go From Here
2016 Coffeehouse, Darkhorse
2016 Come Back to the Five and Dime, Act I
2016 Trapped, Planned Parenthood
2016 Psycho Beach Party, Music City Theatre Company
2016 The Complete Word of God, Distraction Theater
2016 November, KB Productions
2016 Husted Dance,Husted Dance
2016 143, Destiny Theatre Experience
2016, Fringe Festival, Actors Bridge
2016 The World's a Stage, Jim Manning
2016 HUEmanity, Destiny Theatre Experience
2016, Shades of Black Festival, Shades of Black
2016 Arsenic and Old Lace, Act I
2016 PG13 Players
2016 Failure: A Love Story, Actors Bridge
2016 A Lie of the Mind, Act I
2016 Christmas Carol, SistaStyle
2017 Month of Outrage, Darkhorse and Actors Bridge
2017 Ten Minute Playground, TMPG
2017 Detroit 67, Actors Bridge
2017 Angels in America, Act I
2017 Yellow Man, Destiny Theatre Experience
2017 Crazy All These Years, Woodland
2017 Noises Off, Act I
2017 Goblin Market, Cabus/Jewell
2017 Reefer Madness, Act I
2017 Waters Edge, KB Productions
2017 Husted Dance, Husted Dance
2017 Motherfucker With The Hat, Destiny Theatre Experience
2017 Fringe Festival, Actors Bridge
2017 The Drowning Girls, Distraction
2017 Louie and Ophelia, SistaStyle
2017 Come Go With Me, Michael McClendon
2017 Sunset Baby, Kennie Playhouse Theatre
2017 Chasing Jeremy, SistaStyle
2017 Essays, Dream 7
2017 No Child, Destiny Theatre Experience
2017 Battered Not Broken, Berg and Rawlings
2017 Love Loss and What I Wore, Act I
2017 Snatched, Loree Gold and Darkhorse
2017 The Curious Picnic, Theatre Craft
2017 Laughter on the 23rd Floor, Act I
2017 Dolly's Wrap O Rama, Theatre Craft
2017 Christmas Bae, SistaStyle
2018 Sunset Baby, Kennie Playhouse Theatre
2018 Stick Fly, Destiny Theatre Experience
2018 Chasing Jeremy, SistaStyle
2018 Pillowman, Act I
2018 Pill Hill, Destiny Theatre Experience
2018 Almost Maine, Chaffins Barn
2018 Little Foxes, Act I
2018 Six Characters in Search of a Play, KB Productions and Darkhorse
2018 Measure For Measure, Act I
2018 The D, Destiny Theatre Experience
2018 Cry It Out, SistaStyle
2018 Shades of Black Festival,Shades of Black
2018 A Bella Noir, Patriq James
2018 Comedy Showcase, Renard Hirsch
2018 Shackled Feet, Shades of Black
2018 Terence Cirvant French, Shades of Black
2018 Hidden Voice, Shades of Black
2018 Stupid Fucking Bird, Act I
2018 Building The Wall, Darkhorse
2018 PG13 Players
2018 It Cant Happen Here, Humanity Theatre Project
2018 Fan Me With a Brick,Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2018 The Odd Evangelical, Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2018 NEC COMPUNCTI, Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2018 Black and Blue, Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2018 The Wolves, Actors Bridge
2018 Kingdom, Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2018 Holiday Bae, SistaStyle
2019 The Romancers, Act I
2019 Steal Away, SistaStyle
2019 Bomb-itty of Errors, Act I
2019 Sweat, Humanity Theatre Project
2019 Nowhere Next to Normal, Destiny Theatre Experience
2019 Jack and the Giant, Act I
2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum
2019 A Million Breaths, Sarkaut Taro
2019 Violent Delights, Act I
2019 Roe, Humanity Theatre Project
2019 Act Like a GRRRL, Actors Bridge
2019 Maidens, Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2019 23/1, Destiny Theatre Experience
2019 Papa Was, Destiny Theatre Experience
2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum
2019 Fringe Festival, Actors Bridge
2019 Holding The Man,KB Productions
2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum
2019 Shades of Black Festival, Shades of Black
2019 Anthology, Dream 7
2019 SistaSpeak, SistaStyle
2019 Shackled Feet, Shades of Black
2019 Papa Was, Destiny Theatre Experience
2019 Nightmarium Incident, Act I
2019 PG13 Players
2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum
2019 Distracted, Act I
2019 The Last Season, Kennie Playhouse Theatre
2019 One Last Song for Christmas, SistaStyle
2020 24 Hour Theater Project, Music City Theatre Company
2020 O The Lies We've Told, Act I
2020 Rosa and Leo, Act I
2020 The Ties That Bind, Act I
2020 The Interview, Act I
2020 Strumento, Act I
2020 The Waiting Room, Act I
2020 Thump in the Night, Act I
2020 Untethered, Act I
2020 The Dictators Daughter, Act I
2020 Boos Black History Blues, SistaStyle
2020 Six Triple-Eight, SistaStyle
2020 Who Will Sing For Lena, SistaStyle
2020 Keely and Due, Act I
Resident Theaters
Darkhorse resident performing groups include ACT I, Sista Style, Destiny Theatre Experience, Actor's Bridge, KB Productions, Tennessee Playwrights Studio, Music City Theater, Humanity Theatre Project, Dream 7 and Kennie Playhouse Theatre.
Additional Theater Companies
Many theater companies have performed at Darkhorse Theater:
The Nashville Shakespeare Festival
Groundworks
Mockingbird Public Theatre
The Eggplant Fairy Players
The Real Life Players
Tennessee Repertory Theatre
Bad Egg Productions
Theatre of Dreams
Willful Women
Carpetbag Theatre
Wood and Strings Puppet Theater
PG13 Player
Spontaneous Combustion
Western Eyes Productions
Blue Moves
Global Education Center
Theatre Craft
Green Room
People's Branch Theatre
Rhubarb Theatre
Circle Players
John Holleman
Music City Burlesque
Minton Sparks
Shining Light
Collards and Caviar
Village Cultural Arts
USN Theatre Guild
Husted Dance
Del Shores Productions
Distraction
Chaffins Barn
References
^ Fernandez, Clare. "The Darkhorse Theater: A Bright Spot in Nashville's Creative Community". 372wn. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ "Darkhorse Theater History". Darkhorse theater. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
External links
Darkhorse Theater website
36°09′09″N 86°50′36″W / 36.15245°N 86.84329°W / 36.15245; -86.84329 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"}],"text":"Darkhorse Theater is a performing arts venue in Nashville, Tennessee, which hosts performances across different disciplines, including theater, music, and dance. Formerly a Presbyterian church, the facility seats 136 people.","title":"Darkhorse Theater"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nashville Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"Nashville Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Shakespeare_Festival"}],"text":"Darkhorse Theater was established in 1989 by three couples: Shannon Wood and Peter Kurland, Myke Mueller and Mary Jane Harvill, and Denice Hicks and Bruce Arntson.[1] Darkhorse Theater combines professional, incubator, and community theaters with eight member companies: ACT I, Sista Style, Destiny Theatre Experience, Actor's Bridge, KB Productions, Tennessee Playwrights Studio, Music City Theatre, and Humanity Theatre Project.It merged with the Nashville Shakespeare Festival and produced the main stage season at Darkhorse Theater, and Shakespeare in Centennial Park. When Darkhorse Theater and the Nashville Shakespeare Festival restructured in 1995, Shannon and Peter continued to run the Theater.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Production history","text":"2015 Broken Boys, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2015 Daddy's Dying, Act 1\n2015 For Colored Girls, SistaStyle\n2015, Cultural Millennium, Dream 7\n2015 Fifth of July, Act 1\n2015 Extremities, KB Productions\n2015 GRRRL's Night Out, Actors Bridge\n2015 Cupidlicious, Real Life Players\n2015 Take Me Out, Act 1\n2015 Starlite Waltz, Groundworks\n2015 Dog Sees God, Act 1\n2015 2 South, Dream 7\n2015 Ten Minute Plays, Rebekah Durham\n2015 Trailer Trash Housewife, KB Productions\n2015 Del Shores, Del Shores Productions\n2015 Umbrella, New Modern Songs\n2015 Husted Dance, Husted Dance\n2015 Last Five Years, VWA Theatricals\n2015 Face of Emmett Till, SistaStyle\n2015 Music City Burlesque, Music City Burlesque\n2015 Dreams Within a Dream 2, Dream 7\n2015 Mandela, Darryl Van Leer\n2015 Deathtrap, Act 1\n2015 Stereo-type, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2015 August: Osage County, Act 1\n2016 The Flu Season, Act I\n2016 Lysistrata, Act I\n2016 Ten Minute Playground, TMPG\n2016 4000 Miles, Music City Theatre Company\n2016 Go From Here\n2016 Coffeehouse, Darkhorse\n2016 Come Back to the Five and Dime, Act I\n2016 Trapped, Planned Parenthood\n2016 Psycho Beach Party, Music City Theatre Company\n2016 The Complete Word of God, Distraction Theater\n2016 November, KB Productions\n2016 Husted Dance,Husted Dance\n2016 143, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2016, Fringe Festival, Actors Bridge\n2016 The World's a Stage, Jim Manning\n2016 HUEmanity, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2016, Shades of Black Festival, Shades of Black\n2016 Arsenic and Old Lace, Act I\n2016 PG13 Players\n2016 Failure: A Love Story, Actors Bridge\n2016 A Lie of the Mind, Act I\n2016 Christmas Carol, SistaStyle\n2017 Month of Outrage, Darkhorse and Actors Bridge\n2017 Ten Minute Playground, TMPG\n2017 Detroit 67, Actors Bridge\n2017 Angels in America, Act I\n2017 Yellow Man, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2017 Crazy All These Years, Woodland\n2017 Noises Off, Act I\n2017 Goblin Market, Cabus/Jewell\n2017 Reefer Madness, Act I\n2017 Waters Edge, KB Productions\n2017 Husted Dance, Husted Dance\n2017 Motherfucker With The Hat, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2017 Fringe Festival, Actors Bridge\n2017 The Drowning Girls, Distraction\n2017 Louie and Ophelia, SistaStyle\n2017 Come Go With Me, Michael McClendon\n2017 Sunset Baby, Kennie Playhouse Theatre\n2017 Chasing Jeremy, SistaStyle\n2017 Essays, Dream 7\n2017 No Child, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2017 Battered Not Broken, Berg and Rawlings\n2017 Love Loss and What I Wore, Act I\n2017 Snatched, Loree Gold and Darkhorse\n2017 The Curious Picnic, Theatre Craft\n2017 Laughter on the 23rd Floor, Act I\n2017 Dolly's Wrap O Rama, Theatre Craft\n2017 Christmas Bae, SistaStyle\n2018 Sunset Baby, Kennie Playhouse Theatre\n2018 Stick Fly, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2018 Chasing Jeremy, SistaStyle\n2018 Pillowman, Act I\n2018 Pill Hill, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2018 Almost Maine, Chaffins Barn\n2018 Little Foxes, Act I\n2018 Six Characters in Search of a Play, KB Productions and Darkhorse\n2018 Measure For Measure, Act I\n2018 The D, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2018 Cry It Out, SistaStyle\n2018 Shades of Black Festival,Shades of Black\n2018 A Bella Noir, Patriq James\n2018 Comedy Showcase, Renard Hirsch\n2018 Shackled Feet, Shades of Black\n2018 Terence Cirvant French, Shades of Black\n2018 Hidden Voice, Shades of Black\n2018 Stupid Fucking Bird, Act I\n2018 Building The Wall, Darkhorse\n2018 PG13 Players\n2018 It Cant Happen Here, Humanity Theatre Project\n2018 Fan Me With a Brick,Tennessee Playwrights Studio\n2018 The Odd Evangelical, Tennessee Playwrights Studio\n2018 NEC COMPUNCTI, Tennessee Playwrights Studio\n2018 Black and Blue, Tennessee Playwrights Studio\n2018 The Wolves, Actors Bridge\n2018 Kingdom, Tennessee Playwrights Studio\n2018 Holiday Bae, SistaStyle\n2019 The Romancers, Act I\n2019 Steal Away, SistaStyle\n2019 Bomb-itty of Errors, Act I\n2019 Sweat, Humanity Theatre Project\n2019 Nowhere Next to Normal, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2019 Jack and the Giant, Act I\n2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum\n2019 A Million Breaths, Sarkaut Taro\n2019 Violent Delights, Act I\n2019 Roe, Humanity Theatre Project\n2019 Act Like a GRRRL, Actors Bridge\n2019 Maidens, Tennessee Playwrights Studio\n2019 23/1, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2019 Papa Was, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum\n2019 Fringe Festival, Actors Bridge\n2019 Holding The Man,KB Productions\n2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum\n2019 Shades of Black Festival, Shades of Black\n2019 Anthology, Dream 7\n2019 SistaSpeak, SistaStyle\n2019 Shackled Feet, Shades of Black\n2019 Papa Was, Destiny Theatre Experience\n2019 Nightmarium Incident, Act I\n2019 PG13 Players\n2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum\n2019 Distracted, Act I\n2019 The Last Season, Kennie Playhouse Theatre\n2019 One Last Song for Christmas, SistaStyle\n2020 24 Hour Theater Project, Music City Theatre Company\n2020 O The Lies We've Told, Act I\n2020 Rosa and Leo, Act I\n2020 The Ties That Bind, Act I\n2020 The Interview, Act I\n2020 Strumento, Act I\n2020 The Waiting Room, Act I\n2020 Thump in the Night, Act I\n2020 Untethered, Act I\n2020 The Dictators Daughter, Act I\n2020 Boos Black History Blues, SistaStyle\n2020 Six Triple-Eight, SistaStyle\n2020 Who Will Sing For Lena, SistaStyle\n2020 Keely and Due, Act I\n[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Darkhorse resident performing groups include ACT I, Sista Style, Destiny Theatre Experience, Actor's Bridge, KB Productions, Tennessee Playwrights Studio, Music City Theater, Humanity Theatre Project, Dream 7 and Kennie Playhouse Theatre.","title":"Resident Theaters"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Many theater companies have performed at Darkhorse Theater:The Nashville Shakespeare Festival\nGroundworks\nMockingbird Public Theatre\nThe Eggplant Fairy Players\nThe Real Life Players\nTennessee Repertory Theatre\nBad Egg Productions\nTheatre of Dreams\nWillful Women\nCarpetbag Theatre\nWood and Strings Puppet Theater\nPG13 Player\nSpontaneous Combustion\nWestern Eyes Productions\nBlue Moves\nGlobal Education Center\nTheatre Craft\nGreen Room\nPeople's Branch Theatre\nRhubarb Theatre\nCircle Players\nJohn Holleman\nMusic City Burlesque\nMinton Sparks\nShining Light\nCollards and Caviar\nVillage Cultural Arts\nUSN Theatre Guild\nHusted Dance\nDel Shores Productions\nDistraction\nChaffins Barn","title":"Additional Theater Companies"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fernandez, Clare. \"The Darkhorse Theater: A Bright Spot in Nashville's Creative Community\". 372wn. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/372wn/docs/372wn_vol_i_issue4/8","url_text":"\"The Darkhorse Theater: A Bright Spot in Nashville's Creative Community\""}]},{"reference":"\"Darkhorse Theater History\". Darkhorse theater. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Roadburn_2018 | Live at Roadburn 2018 | ["1 Recording","2 Release and formats","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 References","6 External links"] | 2020 live album by Zola Jesus
Live at Roadburn 2018Live album by Zola JesusReleasedMay 1, 2020 (2020-05-01)RecordedApril 21, 2018 (2018-04-21)VenueRoadburn Festival, NetherlandsGenreElectronicgothic rockindie rockLength54:30LabelSacred BonesZola Jesus chronology
Okovi(2017)
Live at Roadburn 2018(2020)
Live at Roadburn 2018 is the first live album by American singer-songwriter Zola Jesus, recorded at the 2018 Roadburn Festival in Tilburg, Netherlands. It was made available to stream and purchase via Bandcamp on May 1, 2020, before expanding to other digital platforms on May 8, 2020. It is scheduled to be released in physical formats–including several variations of limited edition vinyl, as well as compact disc–on June 26, 2020, by Sacred Bones Records.
Recording
The album was recorded April 21, 2018 at the 2018 Roadburn Festival after Zola Jesus was invited to perform that as part of a day curated by Jacob Bannon of the band Converge.
Release and formats
On May 2, 2020, the album was made available to purchase and stream digitally via Bandcamp, before being made available on other digital formats on May 8, 2020
In the United States, the album will be released on June 26, 2020, as a limited double vinyl LP, featuring a black and white spatter pattern, as well as a CD version. In Europe, the album will be available as a double vinyl LP in four variations, each limited to 200 pressings. A digipak CD edition is also slated to be released, limited to 1000 pressings.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Nika Danilova, except where noted.No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Veka" 5:202."Soak" 3:543."Dangerous Days" 5:014."Hikikomori" 3:595."Witness" 5:276."Siphon" 4:007."Wiseblood" 4:528."Bound" 3:279."Remains" 5:2210."Night"DanilovaMivos QuartetJ. G. Thirlwell3:4711."Vessel"DanilovaQuartetThirlwell5:0412."Exhumed" 4:17Total length:54:30
Personnel
Band members
Nika Danilova – vocals, synthesizer
Alex DeGroot – guitar, electronics
Louise Woodward – viola
Technical
Marcel van de Vondervoort – recording
James Plotkin – mixing, mastering
Artwork
Oejerum – front cover
Maurice de Jong – sleeve design
References
^ a b c d e f "Live at Roadburn 2018 – Zola Jesus". Bandcamp. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
^ "Live at Roadburn 2018 by Zola Jesus". Apple Music. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
^ Bloom, Madison (May 2, 2020). "Zola Jesus Shares New Live Album: Listen". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
^ a b Graves, Wren (May 4, 2020). "Zola Jesus Shares New Live Album Roadburn 2018". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
^ "Zola Jesus". Roadburn Festival. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
^ "Live at Roadburn 2018 LP". District Lines. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
^ "Live at Roadburn 2018 CD". District Lines. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
External links
Live at Roadburn 2018 at Rate Your Music
vteZola JesusStudio albums
The Spoils (2009)
Stridulum II (2010)
Conatus (2011)
Taiga (2014)
Okovi (2017)
Compilation albums
Versions (2013)
EPs
Stridulum (2010)
Valusia (2010)
Live albums
Live at Roadburn 2018 (2020)
Former Ghosts
Fleurs (2009)
New Love (2010)
Jamie Stewart
Related
Discography
Authority control databases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Fitzsimons | Charles B. Fitzsimons | ["1 Life","2 Death","3 Selected filmography","3.1 Producer","3.2 Actor","4 References","5 External links"] | Irish actor and producer (1924–2001)
For the Australian politician, see Charles Fitzsimmons (politician).
Charles B. FitzsimonsFitzsimons in 1954Born(1924-05-08)8 May 1924Ranelagh, County Dublin, IrelandDied14 February 2001(2001-02-14) (aged 76)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Alma materNational University of IrelandOccupationsActorproducerattorneyYears active1949–1983Spouses
Consuelo Vaughn (divorced)
Cherie Bromley (m. 1978)
Children5RelativesMaureen O'Hara (sister)
Charles B. Fitzsimons (8 May 1924 – 14 February 2001) was an Irish actor who emigrated to the United States, where he became a film producer after ending his acting career. He was a younger brother of famed actress Maureen O'Hara. His name was sometimes spelled as FitzSimons.
Life
Fitzsimons, an actor and attorney, went to the US in 1951. His previous acting experience was with Dublin's Abbey Theatre. Fitzsimons also studied law in Ireland at the National University of Ireland and King's Inns. He completed his law degree at age 20 and was the youngest person to do so at the time. but had to wait until the age of 21 before being able to practice law.
Maureen O'Hara with brothers James O'Hara (left) and Charles Fitzsimons in 1954
Fitzsimons originally was hired by producer John Ford in a legal capacity, in preparation for the arrival of the cast and crew of the film The Quiet Man for filming in Ireland. Upon their first meeting, Ford believed Fitzsimons would be right for the film role of Forbes in addition to his legal duties. Ford then proceeded to hire O'Hara's brother, James, for the role of Father Paul in the film. James also worked at the Abbey in Dublin, but used his mother's maiden name of Lilburn as a professional name. Both brothers made their film debuts in The Quiet Man and both came to the United States upon completion of the film.
In 1957, Maureen O'Hara sued Confidential magazine because of false accusations made about her. Fitzsimons served as his sister's attorney during the trial.
He became a Hollywood film actor and later a supervising production executive before becoming a producer himself. He served as executive director of the Producers Guild of America from 1981 to 1999. In 1989, he received an Honorary Lifetime Membership Award from that organisation.
Death
Fitzsimons died from liver failure in 2001, aged 76. He was survived by his wife, Cherie Bromley, and daughter. By his first wife Consuelo Vaughn and their four children. As well as his three sisters: Maureen O'Hara, Mrs. Margot Edwards, and Sister Mary Margaret, R.S.C., a nun.
Selected filmography
Producer
Barry Fitzgerald, Fitzsimons, Sean McGlory, John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara in a scene from The Quiet Man
The Deadly Companions (1961; starring his elder sister, Maureen O'Hara)
Batman (1966) (assoc.)
Love American Style (1969 TV series)
Nanny and the Professor (1970 TV series)
The Red Badge of Courage (1974)
Matt Helm (1975 TV series)
Casablanca (1983 TV series)
Wonder Woman (TV series)
Actor
I Was a Male War Bride (1949) - Lt. Kelly (scenes deleted)
The Quiet Man (1952; alongside Maureen O'Hara, his elder sister) - Hugh Forbes
What Price Glory? (1952) - Capt. Wickham (uncredited)
Les Misérables (1952) - Noel - Student (uncredited)
Against All Flags (1952) - Flag Lieutenant (uncredited)
Titanic (1953) - Chief Officer Wilde (uncredited)
The Desert Rats (1953) - Fire Officer (uncredited)
The Black Shield of Falworth (1954) - Giles
Captain Lightfoot (1955) - Dan Shanley
The Last Hurrah (1958) - Kevin McCluskey (uncredited) (final film role)
References
^ Levy, Bell (2013). Lest We Forget: The John Ford Stock Company. BearManor Media. p. 104 – via Google Books.
^ "Brothers in Movie Debut". The Daily Chronicle. 4 November 1952. p. 5. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c "Producer excited over 'Helm' series". The Sedalia Democrat. 10 October 1975. p. 15. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d e Uslan, Rachel (17 February 2001). "Charles B. Fitzsimons; Producers Guild Executive". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
^ a b c d Stack, Vanessa (25 February 2001). "Charles B. Fitzsimons". Variety. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
^ a b c d Bacon, James R. (26 August 1951). "Hollywood Gossip". The Hutchinson News. p. 3. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Cast of the Quiet Man". TCM. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
^ Handsaker, Gene (25 February 1952). "Hollywood". The Pocono Record. p. 16. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Corby, Jane (24 August 1952). "'Quiet Man' Cast Members Report Some Fun in Ireland". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 26. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Filming of The Quiet Man Was Regular Family Affair". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 17 August 1952. p. 23 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Malone, Aubrey (12 September 2013). Maureen O'Hara: The Biography. University Press of Kentucky. p. 138. ISBN 9780813142401.
^ Thomas, Bob (24 August 1957). "Meade Gives Names of 10 Informants for Magazine". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 1. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Thomas, Bob (24 August 1957). "Meade Gives Names of 10 Informants for Confidential". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 2. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Connolly, Ceci (25 March 1992). "Tinseltown exhibiting ageism, sexism". Santa Cruz Sentinel. p. 38. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Photo from The Quiet Man". Cumberland Sunday Times. 19 October 1952. p. 27. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Magnates at Local Premiere See Tucson as Film Center". Tucson Daily Citizen. 5 June 1961. p. 19. Retrieved 21 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Television Listings". Biddeford-Saco Journal. 27 October 1973. p. 8. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Video Production Starts Again at 20th Century Lot". The Van Nuys News. 21 June 1970. p. 24. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Thomas Forsakes John-Boy Im age in Crane Classic". The Gallup Independent. 3 December 1974. p. 14. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Parsons, Louella O. (21 October 1952). "Louella's Movie-Go-Round". Albuquerque Journal. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles B. Fitzsimons.
Charles B. Fitzsimons at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
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James also worked at the Abbey in Dublin, but used his mother's maiden name of Lilburn as a professional name.[6][7][9] Both brothers made their film debuts in The Quiet Man and both came to the United States upon completion of the film.[6][10]\nIn 1957, Maureen O'Hara sued Confidential magazine because of false accusations made about her. Fitzsimons served as his sister's attorney during the trial.[11][12][13]He became a Hollywood film actor and later a supervising production executive before becoming a producer himself.[4] He served as executive director of the Producers Guild of America from 1981 to 1999.[5][4][14] In 1989, he received an Honorary Lifetime Membership Award from that organisation.[4][5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liver failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_failure"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-5"}],"text":"Fitzsimons died from liver failure in 2001, aged 76. He was survived by his wife, Cherie Bromley, and daughter. By his first wife Consuelo Vaughn and their four children. As well as his three sisters: Maureen O'Hara, Mrs. Margot Edwards, and Sister Mary Margaret, R.S.C., a nun.[4][5]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Wayne_Maureen_O%27Hara_from_lobby_card_6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barry Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Deadly Companions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deadly_Companions"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"Love American Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_American_Style"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nanny and the Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanny_and_the_Professor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Red Badge of Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Badge_of_Courage_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Matt Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Helm_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-helm-3"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_(1983_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Producer","text":"Barry Fitzgerald, Fitzsimons, Sean McGlory, John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara in a scene from The Quiet Man[15]The Deadly Companions (1961; starring his elder sister, Maureen O'Hara)[16]\nBatman (1966) (assoc.)\nLove American Style (1969 TV series)[17]\nNanny and the Professor (1970 TV series)[18]\nThe Red Badge of Courage (1974)[19]\nMatt Helm (1975 TV series)[3]\nCasablanca (1983 TV series)\nWonder Woman (TV series)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Was a Male War Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Was_a_Male_War_Bride"},{"link_name":"The Quiet Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quiet_Man"},{"link_name":"What Price Glory?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Price_Glory%3F_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quiet2-9"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Against All Flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_All_Flags"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Desert Rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desert_Rats_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Black Shield of Falworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Shield_of_Falworth"},{"link_name":"Captain Lightfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Lightfoot"},{"link_name":"The Last Hurrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Hurrah_(1958_film)"}],"sub_title":"Actor","text":"I Was a Male War Bride (1949) - Lt. Kelly (scenes deleted)\nThe Quiet Man (1952; alongside Maureen O'Hara, his elder sister) - Hugh Forbes\nWhat Price Glory? (1952)[9] - Capt. Wickham (uncredited)\nLes Misérables (1952) - Noel - Student (uncredited)\nAgainst All Flags (1952) - Flag Lieutenant (uncredited)\nTitanic (1953)[20] - Chief Officer Wilde (uncredited)\nThe Desert Rats (1953) - Fire Officer (uncredited)\nThe Black Shield of Falworth (1954) - Giles\nCaptain Lightfoot (1955) - Dan Shanley\nThe Last Hurrah (1958) - Kevin McCluskey (uncredited) (final film role)","title":"Selected filmography"}] | [{"image_text":"Maureen O'Hara with brothers James O'Hara (left) and Charles Fitzsimons in 1954","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Maureen_O%27Hara_and_brothers_James_and_Charles_1954.jpg/220px-Maureen_O%27Hara_and_brothers_James_and_Charles_1954.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barry Fitzgerald, Fitzsimons, Sean McGlory, John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara in a scene from The Quiet Man[15]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/John_Wayne_Maureen_O%27Hara_from_lobby_card_6.jpg/220px-John_Wayne_Maureen_O%27Hara_from_lobby_card_6.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Levy, Bell (2013). Lest We Forget: The John Ford Stock Company. BearManor Media. p. 104 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1dxJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104","url_text":"Lest We Forget: The John Ford Stock Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Brothers in Movie Debut\". The Daily Chronicle. 4 November 1952. p. 5. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5640799/brothers/","url_text":"\"Brothers in Movie Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Producer excited over 'Helm' series\". The Sedalia Democrat. 10 October 1975. p. 15. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1320870/about_charles/","url_text":"\"Producer excited over 'Helm' series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Uslan, Rachel (17 February 2001). \"Charles B. Fitzsimons; Producers Guild Executive\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/feb/17/local/me-26580","url_text":"\"Charles B. Fitzsimons; Producers Guild Executive\""}]},{"reference":"Stack, Vanessa (25 February 2001). \"Charles B. Fitzsimons\". Variety. Retrieved 20 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2001/scene/people-news/charles-b-fitzsimons-1117794278/","url_text":"\"Charles B. Fitzsimons\""}]},{"reference":"Bacon, James R. (26 August 1951). \"Hollywood Gossip\". The Hutchinson News. p. 3. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3149912/charlie_fitz/","url_text":"\"Hollywood Gossip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Cast of the Quiet Man\". TCM. Retrieved 20 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/24069/The-Quiet-Man/","url_text":"\"Cast of the Quiet Man\""}]},{"reference":"Handsaker, Gene (25 February 1952). \"Hollywood\". The Pocono Record. p. 16. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5640212/quiet3/","url_text":"\"Hollywood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Corby, Jane (24 August 1952). \"'Quiet Man' Cast Members Report Some Fun in Ireland\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 26. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5640142/quiet_man_2/","url_text":"\"'Quiet Man' Cast Members Report Some Fun in Ireland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Filming of The Quiet Man Was Regular Family Affair\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 17 August 1952. p. 23 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5639822/quiet_man_family_affair/","url_text":"\"Filming of The Quiet Man Was Regular Family Affair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Malone, Aubrey (12 September 2013). Maureen O'Hara: The Biography. University Press of Kentucky. p. 138. ISBN 9780813142401.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbi3AAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Maureen O'Hara: The Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813142401","url_text":"9780813142401"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Bob (24 August 1957). \"Meade Gives Names of 10 Informants for Magazine\". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 1. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5639648/confidential_1/","url_text":"\"Meade Gives Names of 10 Informants for Magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Bob (24 August 1957). \"Meade Gives Names of 10 Informants for Confidential\". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 2. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5639660/confidential_2/","url_text":"\"Meade Gives Names of 10 Informants for Confidential\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Connolly, Ceci (25 March 1992). \"Tinseltown exhibiting ageism, sexism\". Santa Cruz Sentinel. p. 38. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5639778/producers/","url_text":"\"Tinseltown exhibiting ageism, sexism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Photo from The Quiet Man\". Cumberland Sunday Times. 19 October 1952. p. 27. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5640301/characters/","url_text":"\"Photo from The Quiet Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Magnates at Local Premiere See Tucson as Film Center\". Tucson Daily Citizen. 5 June 1961. p. 19. Retrieved 21 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1320943/about_deadly_comp/","url_text":"\"Magnates at Local Premiere See Tucson as Film Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Television Listings\". Biddeford-Saco Journal. 27 October 1973. p. 8. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5640692/love_american_style/","url_text":"\"Television Listings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Production Starts Again at 20th Century Lot\". The Van Nuys News. 21 June 1970. p. 24. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5640731/nanny/","url_text":"\"Video Production Starts Again at 20th Century Lot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Forsakes John-Boy Im age in Crane Classic\". The Gallup Independent. 3 December 1974. p. 14. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5640074/red_badge_of_courage/","url_text":"\"Thomas Forsakes John-Boy Im age in Crane Classic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Parsons, Louella O. (21 October 1952). \"Louella's Movie-Go-Round\". Albuquerque Journal. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5642659/titanic/","url_text":"\"Louella's Movie-Go-Round\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1dxJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104","external_links_name":"Lest We Forget: The John Ford Stock Company"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5640799/brothers/","external_links_name":"\"Brothers in Movie Debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1320870/about_charles/","external_links_name":"\"Producer excited over 'Helm' series\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/feb/17/local/me-26580","external_links_name":"\"Charles B. Fitzsimons; Producers Guild Executive\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2001/scene/people-news/charles-b-fitzsimons-1117794278/","external_links_name":"\"Charles B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_125 | North Carolina Highway 125 | ["1 Route description","2 History","3 Junction list","4 References","5 External links"] | State highway in North Carolina, US
North Carolina Highway 125Route informationMaintained by NCDOTLength66.9 mi (107.7 km)Existed1922–presentMajor junctionsSouth endMartin County SR 1142 in WilliamstonMajor intersections
US 13 / US 64 in Williamston
NC 903
NC 11 / NC 42 in Oak City
US 258 in Scotland Neck
NC 903 in Scotland Neck
US 301 near Halifax
I-95 near Roanoke Rapids
US 158 in Roanoke Rapids
North end NC 48 in Roanoke Rapids
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateNorth CarolinaCountiesMartin, Halifax
Highway system
North Carolina Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Scenic
← NC 124→ NC 126
North Carolina Highway 125 (NC 125) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina that serves the communities of Williamston, Hamilton, Oak City, Hobgood, Scotland Neck, Halifax, and Roanoke Rapids.
Route description
The southern terminus of the route is Martin County SR 1142 (Prison Camp Road) in front of the Senator Bob Martin Eastern Agricultural Center. About 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) north of its interchange with US 13 and US 64, the highway proceeds into the Williamston city limits. After leaving Williamston, NC 125 continues north to serve the small communities of Hamilton, Oak City, Scotland Neck, and Halifax. The highway has an interchange with I-95 shortly before entering its destination town of Roanoke Rapids. The route terminates at NC 48 in the downtown area.
History
The route was created in 1922, running from Williamston to Rich Square. The section between Scotland Neck and Rich Square was rerouted in 1925; the northern terminus of NC 125 was moved near Halifax. In 1965 the route was expanded northwards, replacing several secondary routes, to end at US 158 in Roanoke Rapids. The current northern terminus was achieved in 1981, following East 10th Street to the NC 48 intersection. The 1990s saw the highway receive an interchange with I-95, and the southern terminus was extended to its current position.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
MartinWilliamston0.00.0Martin County SR 1142 (Prison Camp Road) – Greenville
0.4–0.60.64–0.97 US 13 / US 64 – Windsor, Plymouth, RobersonvilleExit 512 (US 64)
Williamston2.03.2 US 64 Alt. (West Main Street) / Greenville Avenue – EverettsSouth end of US 64 Alt. concurrency
3.45.5 US 17 Bus. south / US 64 Alt. east (East Boulevard) – Windsor, Plymouth, WashingtonNorth end of US 64 Alt. concurrency, south end of US 17 Bus. concurrency
4.47.1 US 17 Bus. north (Main Street)North end of US 17 Bus. concurrency
12.920.8 NC 903 south – RobersonvilleSouth end of NC 903 concurrency
14.122.7 NC 142 west – HassellEastern terminus of NC 142
Hamilton16.827.0 NC 903 north (North Front Street) / East Liberty Street – Scotland Neck, PalmyraNorth end of NC 903 concurrency
Oak City22.636.4 NC 11 / NC 42 – Greenville, Lewiston Woodville
HalifaxHobgood30.348.8 NC 122 south (Pine Street) to NC 97 – TarboroNorthern terminus of NC 122
Scotland Neck37.460.2 US 258 south – TarboroSouth end of US 258 concurrency
37.860.8 NC 903 south (9th Street) – HamiltonSouth end of NC 903 concurrency
38.161.3 US 258 north (Main Street) / East 12th Street – Rich SquareNorth end of US 258 concurrency
Crowells Crossroads48.377.7 NC 481 – Enfield, Tillery
Ruggles52.784.8 US 301 south – EnfieldSouth end of US 301 concurrency
Pender54.988.4 NC 561 east – TillerySouth end of NC 561 concurrency
55.389.0 NC 561 west to I-95North end of NC 561 concurrency
Halifax55.789.6 US 301 Bus. north (King Street)Southern terminus of US 301 Bus.
56.390.6 US 301 north / Pittsylvania Street – WeldonNorth end of US 301 concurrency
58.694.3 NC 903 north / J.S. Pope Road – LittletonNorth end of NC 903 concurrency
Roanoke Rapids62.0–62.399.8–100.3 I-95 – Rocky Mount, RichmondExit 171 (I-95)
65.1104.8 US 158 (Littleton Road) to I-95
66.9107.7 NC 48 (Roanoke Avenue) / West 10th Street
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
References
^ a b Google (April 7, 2016). "North Carolina Highway 125" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
^ a b "NCRoads.com N.C. 125". Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
^ "NC State Highway 125 Ends". Archived from the original on July 12, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/North Carolina Highway 125KML is from Wikidata
Media related to North Carolina Highway 125 at Wikimedia Commons
NCRoads.com: N.C. 125 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Williamston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamston,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Oak City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_City,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hobgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobgood,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Scotland Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Neck,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Roanoke Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Rapids,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"North Carolina Highway 125 (NC 125) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina that serves the communities of Williamston, Hamilton, Oak City, Hobgood, Scotland Neck, Halifax, and Roanoke Rapids.","title":"North Carolina Highway 125"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stateends-3"},{"link_name":"US 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"NC 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_48"}],"text":"The southern terminus of the route is Martin County SR 1142 (Prison Camp Road) in front of the Senator Bob Martin Eastern Agricultural Center.[3] About 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) north of its interchange with US 13 and US 64, the highway proceeds into the Williamston city limits. After leaving Williamston, NC 125 continues north to serve the small communities of Hamilton, Oak City, Scotland Neck, and Halifax. The highway has an interchange with I-95 shortly before entering its destination town of Roanoke Rapids. The route terminates at NC 48 in the downtown area.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rich Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Square,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_158"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncroads-2"}],"text":"The route was created in 1922, running from Williamston to Rich Square. The section between Scotland Neck and Rich Square was rerouted in 1925; the northern terminus of NC 125 was moved near Halifax. In 1965 the route was expanded northwards, replacing several secondary routes, to end at US 158 in Roanoke Rapids. The current northern terminus was achieved in 1981, following East 10th Street to the NC 48 intersection. The 1990s saw the highway receive an interchange with I-95, and the southern terminus was extended to its current position.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Junction list"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Google (April 7, 2016). \"North Carolina Highway 125\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Access_Point | Wireless access point | ["1 Connections","2 Wireless data standards","3 Wireless access point vs. ad hoc network","4 Limitations","5 Security","6 See also","7 References"] | Device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network
Not to be confused with Wireless Application Protocol.
See also: Wireless router
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Cisco Aironet wireless access point
In computer networking, a wireless access point, or more generally just access point (AP), is a networking hardware device that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network or wireless network. As a standalone device, the AP may have a wired or wireless connection to a router or router, but, in a wireless router, it can also be an integral component of the networking devices itself. An WAP & AP is differentiated from a Wi-Fi|Mi-Fi)|hotspot, which is a can be a physical location or digital location where Wi-Fi or WAP access is available.
Although WAP has been used correctly to describe an access point in Mobile telephony phones,which are managed by a "ISP" and can be modified while using a "SIM CARDS" OR "E-SIM" which act as an modem in mobile phone device also WAP refers to Wireless Access Point, protocol in Mobile telephony's like in a Mobile telephony device.
Connections
Linksys "WAP54G" 802.11g wireless router
Embedded RouterBoard 112, widely used by wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) across the world, with U.FL-RSMA pigtail and R52 mini PCI Wi-Fi card
An AP connects directly to a wired local area network, typically Ethernet, and the AP then provides wireless connections using wireless LAN technology, typically Wi-Fi, for other devices to use that wired connection. APs support the connection of multiple wireless devices through their one wired connection.
Wireless data standards
There are many wireless data standards that have been introduced for wireless access point and wireless router technology. New standards have been created to accommodate the increasing need for faster wireless connections. Access points can provide backward compatibility with older Wi-Fi protocols as many devices were manufactured for use with older standards.
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)
802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)
802.11ax, (Wi-Fi 6)
Wireless access point vs. ad hoc network
Some people confuse wireless access points with wireless ad hoc networks. An ad hoc network uses a connection between two or more devices without using a wireless access point; the devices communicate directly. Because setup is easy and does not require an access point, an ad hoc network is used in situations such as a quick data exchange or a multiplayer video game. Due to its peer-to-peer layout, ad hoc Wi-Fi connections are similar to connections available using Bluetooth.
Ad hoc connections are generally not recommended for a permanent installation. Internet access via ad hoc networks, using features like Windows' Internet Connection Sharing, may work well with a small number of devices that are close to each other, but ad hoc networks do not scale well. Internet traffic will converge to the nodes with direct internet connection, potentially congesting these nodes. For internet-enabled nodes, access points have a clear advantage, with the possibility of having a wired LAN.
Limitations
It is generally recommended that one IEEE 802.11 AP should have, at a maximum, 10–25 clients. However, the actual maximum number of clients that can be supported can vary significantly depending on several factors, such as type of APs in use, density of client environment, desired client throughput, etc. The range of communication can also vary significantly, depending on such variables as indoor or outdoor placement, height above ground, nearby obstructions, other electronic devices that might actively interfere with the signal by broadcasting on the same frequency, type of antenna, the current weather, operating radio frequency, and the power output of devices. Network designers can extend the range of APs through the use of repeaters, which amplify a radio signal, and reflectors, which only bounce it. In experimental conditions, wireless networking has operated over distances of several hundred kilometers.
Most jurisdictions have only a limited number of frequencies legally available for use by wireless networks. Usually, adjacent APs will use different frequencies (channels) to communicate with their clients in order to avoid interference between the two nearby systems. Wireless devices can "listen" for data traffic on other frequencies, and can rapidly switch from one frequency to another to achieve better reception. However, the limited number of frequencies becomes problematic in crowded downtown areas with tall buildings using multiple APs. In such an environment, signal overlap becomes an issue causing interference, which results in signal degradation and data errors.
Wireless networking lags wired networking in terms of increasing bandwidth and throughput. While (as of 2013) high-density 256-QAM modulation, 3-antenna wireless devices for the consumer market can reach sustained real-world speeds of some 240 Mbit/s at 13 m behind two standing walls (NLOS) depending on their nature or 360 Mbit/s at 10 m line of sight or 380 Mbit/s at 2 m line of sight (IEEE 802.11ac) or 20 to 25 Mbit/s at 2 m line of sight (IEEE 802.11g), wired hardware of similar cost reaches closer to 1000 Mbit/s up to specified distance of 100 m with twisted-pair cabling in optimal conditions (Category 5 (known as Cat-5) or better cabling with Gigabit Ethernet). One impediment to increasing the speed of wireless communications comes from Wi-Fi's use of a shared communications medium: Thus, two stations in infrastructure mode that are communicating with each other even over the same AP must have each and every frame transmitted twice: from the sender to the AP, then from the AP to the receiver. This approximately halves the effective bandwidth, so an AP is only able to use somewhat less than half the actual over-the-air rate for data throughput. Thus a typical 54 Mbit/s wireless connection actually carries TCP/IP data at 20 to 25 Mbit/s. Users of legacy wired networks expect faster speeds, and people using wireless connections keenly want to see the wireless networks catch up.
By 2012, 802.11n based access points and client devices have already taken a fair share of the marketplace and with the finalization of the 802.11n standard in 2009 inherent problems integrating products from different vendors are less prevalent.
Security
Main article: Wireless LAN security
Wireless access has special security considerations. Many wired networks base the security on physical access control, trusting all the users on the local network, but if wireless access points are connected to the network, anybody within range of the AP (which typically extends farther than the intended area) can attach to the network.
The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption. Modern access points come with built-in encryption. The first generation encryption scheme, WEP, proved easy to crack; the second and third generation schemes, WPA and WPA2, are considered secure if a strong enough password or passphrase is used.
Some APs support hotspot style authentication using RADIUS and other authentication servers.
Opinions about wireless network security vary widely. For example, in a 2008 article for Wired magazine, Bruce Schneier asserted the net benefits of open Wi-Fi without passwords outweigh the risks, a position supported in 2014 by Peter Eckersley of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. The opposite position was taken by Nick Mediati in an article for PC World, in which he advocates that every wireless access point should be protected with a password.
See also
Femtocell – a local-area base station using cellular network standards such as UMTS, rather than Wi-Fi
HomePlug – wired LAN technology that has a few elements in common with Wi-Fi
Lightweight Access Point Protocol – used to manage a large set of APs
List of router firmware projects
Wi-Fi Direct – a Wi-Fi standard that enables devices to connect with each other without requiring a (hardware) wireless access point and to communicate at typical Wi-Fi speeds
WiMAX – wide-area wireless standard that has a few elements in common with Wi-Fi
References
^ a b Chris Hoffman (2016-09-22). "What's the Difference Between Ad-Hoc and Infrastructure Mode Wi-Fi?". Retrieved 2017-12-16.
^ Ma, Hong (2012-06-05). "Google Refine – http://code.google.com/p/google-refine/". Technical Services Quarterly. 29 (3): 242–243. doi:10.1080/07317131.2012.682016. ISSN 0731-7131.
^ a b "Wireless Routers Guide: Everything You Need To Know". Breech.co. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
^ "Designing and Building a Campus Wireless Network" (PDF). MCNC. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-06-15. For areas that have high bandwidth and a concentrated area of users (i.e. classrooms in a 1:1 computing school), plan for approximately 15-25 data users per AP. When wireless devices are used for high bandwidth applications or concurrent use such as online testing, an even greater number of APs may be required to achieve a density closer to 10-15 users per AP.
^ Ermanno Pietrosemoli. "Setting Long Distance WiFi Records: Proofing Solutions for Rural Connectivity". Fundación Escuela Latinoamericana de Redes University of the Andes (Venezuela). Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
^ "The overlapping channel problem".
^ Zhang, Yan; Zheng, Jun; Ma, Miao (2008-01-01). Handbook of Research on Wireless Security. Idea Group Inc (IGI). ISBN 9781599048994.
^ Bruce Schneier (2008-01-10). "Steal This Wi-Fi". Wired Magazine.
^ "Why We Need An Open Wireless Movement". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 27 April 2011.
^ Nick Mediati (June 24, 2011). "How to Secure Your Home Wi-Fi Network". PC World. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wireless Application Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Wireless router","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_router"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cisco_Aironet_1131AG_-_Close.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"computer networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking_device"},{"link_name":"networking hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardware"},{"link_name":"router","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch"},{"link_name":"router","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Router(Device)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"wireless router","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_router"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi|Mi-Fi)|hotspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Wireless Application Protocol.See also: Wireless routerCisco Aironet wireless access point[1][2] In computer networking, a wireless access point, or more generally just access point (AP), is a networking hardware device that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network or wireless network. As a standalone device, the AP may have a wired or wireless connection to a router or router, but, in a wireless router, it can also be an integral component of the networking devices itself. An WAP & AP is differentiated from a Wi-Fi|Mi-Fi)|hotspot, which is a can be a physical location or digital location where Wi-Fi or WAP access is available.Although WAP has been used correctly to describe an access point in Mobile telephony phones,which are managed by a \"ISP\" and can be modified while using a \"SIM CARDS\" OR \"E-SIM\" which act as an modem in mobile phone device also WAP refers to Wireless Access Point, protocol in Mobile telephony's like [2G|3G|4G|5G|6G] in a Mobile telephony device.","title":"Wireless access point"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linksys_WAP54G.JPG"},{"link_name":"wireless router","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_router"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg"},{"link_name":"wireless Internet service providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"U.FL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.FL"},{"link_name":"RSMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMA_connector"},{"link_name":"mini PCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_PCI"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"area network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network"},{"link_name":"Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"},{"link_name":"wireless LAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN"}],"text":"Linksys \"WAP54G\" 802.11g wireless routerEmbedded RouterBoard 112, widely used by wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) across the world, with U.FL-RSMA pigtail and R52 mini PCI Wi-Fi cardAn AP connects directly to a wired local[3] area network, typically Ethernet, and the AP then provides wireless connections using wireless LAN technology, typically Wi-Fi, for other devices to use that wired connection. APs support the connection of multiple wireless devices through their one wired connection.","title":"Connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wireless data standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_wireless_data_standards"},{"link_name":"wireless router","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_router"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"802.11a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11a"},{"link_name":"802.11b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11b"},{"link_name":"802.11g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11g"},{"link_name":"802.11n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11n"},{"link_name":"802.11ac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11ac"},{"link_name":"802.11ax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11ax"}],"text":"There are many wireless data standards that have been introduced for wireless access point and wireless router technology. New standards have been created to accommodate the increasing need for faster wireless connections. Access points can provide backward compatibility with older Wi-Fi protocols as many devices were manufactured for use with older standards.[3]802.11a\n802.11b\n802.11g\n802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)\n802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)\n802.11ax, (Wi-Fi 6)","title":"Wireless data standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wireless ad hoc networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_ad_hoc_network"},{"link_name":"multiplayer video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"},{"link_name":"ad hoc networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc_network"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Internet Connection Sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Connection_Sharing"},{"link_name":"LAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN"}],"text":"Some people confuse wireless access points with wireless ad hoc networks. An ad hoc network uses a connection between two or more devices without using a wireless access point; the devices communicate directly. Because setup is easy and does not require an access point, an ad hoc network is used in situations such as a quick data exchange or a multiplayer video game. Due to its peer-to-peer layout, ad hoc Wi-Fi connections are similar to connections available using Bluetooth.Ad hoc connections are generally not recommended for a permanent installation.[1] Internet access via ad hoc networks, using features like Windows' Internet Connection Sharing, may work well with a small number of devices that are close to each other, but ad hoc networks do not scale well. Internet traffic will converge to the nodes with direct internet connection, potentially congesting these nodes. For internet-enabled nodes, access points have a clear advantage, with the possibility of having a wired LAN.","title":"Wireless access point vs. ad hoc network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IEEE 802.11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication"},{"link_name":"antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"radio frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"},{"link_name":"repeaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater"},{"link_name":"amplify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier"},{"link_name":"reflectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_repeater"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"limited number of frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#ChannelsAndFreqs"},{"link_name":"interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_(communication)"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_environment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)"},{"link_name":"throughput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughput"},{"link_name":"256-QAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/256-QAM#Quantized_QAM"},{"link_name":"NLOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-line-of-sight_propagation"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"},{"link_name":"802.11ac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11ac"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE"},{"link_name":"802.11g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11g"},{"link_name":"Category 5 (known as Cat-5)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%E2%80%915"},{"link_name":"Gigabit Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"TCP/IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP"},{"link_name":"finalization of the 802.11n standard in 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009"}],"text":"It is generally recommended that one IEEE 802.11 AP should have, at a maximum, 10–25 clients.[4] However, the actual maximum number of clients that can be supported can vary significantly depending on several factors, such as type of APs in use, density of client environment, desired client throughput, etc. The range of communication can also vary significantly, depending on such variables as indoor or outdoor placement, height above ground, nearby obstructions, other electronic devices that might actively interfere with the signal by broadcasting on the same frequency, type of antenna, the current weather, operating radio frequency, and the power output of devices. Network designers can extend the range of APs through the use of repeaters, which amplify a radio signal, and reflectors, which only bounce it. In experimental conditions, wireless networking has operated over distances of several hundred kilometers.[5]Most jurisdictions have only a limited number of frequencies legally available for use by wireless networks. Usually, adjacent APs will use different frequencies (channels) to communicate with their clients in order to avoid interference between the two nearby systems. Wireless devices can \"listen\" for data traffic on other frequencies, and can rapidly switch from one frequency to another to achieve better reception. However, the limited number of frequencies becomes problematic in crowded downtown areas with tall buildings using multiple APs. In such an environment, signal overlap becomes an issue causing interference, which results in signal degradation and data errors.[6]Wireless networking lags wired networking in terms of increasing bandwidth and throughput. While (as of 2013) high-density 256-QAM modulation, 3-antenna wireless devices for the consumer market can reach sustained real-world speeds of some 240 Mbit/s at 13 m behind two standing walls (NLOS) depending on their nature or 360 Mbit/s at 10 m line of sight or 380 Mbit/s at 2 m line of sight (IEEE 802.11ac) or 20 to 25 Mbit/s at 2 m line of sight (IEEE 802.11g), wired hardware of similar cost reaches closer to 1000 Mbit/s up to specified distance of 100 m with twisted-pair cabling in optimal conditions (Category 5 (known as Cat-5) or better cabling with Gigabit Ethernet). One impediment to increasing the speed of wireless communications comes from Wi-Fi's use of a shared communications medium: Thus, two stations in infrastructure mode that are communicating with each other even over the same AP must have each and every frame transmitted twice: from the sender to the AP, then from the AP to the receiver. This approximately halves the effective bandwidth, so an AP is only able to use somewhat less than half the actual over-the-air rate for data throughput. Thus a typical 54 Mbit/s wireless connection actually carries TCP/IP data at 20 to 25 Mbit/s. Users of legacy wired networks expect faster speeds, and people using wireless connections keenly want to see the wireless networks catch up.By 2012, 802.11n based access points and client devices have already taken a fair share of the marketplace and with the finalization of the 802.11n standard in 2009 inherent problems integrating products from different vendors are less prevalent.","title":"Limitations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security"},{"link_name":"WEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy"},{"link_name":"WPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access"},{"link_name":"WPA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11i"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"password","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking"},{"link_name":"passphrase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passphrase"},{"link_name":"RADIUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADIUS"},{"link_name":"authentication servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication_server"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Bruce Schneier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Electronic Frontier Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"PC World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Wireless access has special security considerations. Many wired networks base the security on physical access control, trusting all the users on the local network, but if wireless access points are connected to the network, anybody within range of the AP (which typically extends farther than the intended area) can attach to the network.The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption. Modern access points come with built-in encryption. The first generation encryption scheme, WEP, proved easy to crack; the second and third generation schemes, WPA and WPA2, are considered secure[7] if a strong enough password or passphrase is used.Some APs support hotspot style authentication using RADIUS and other authentication servers.Opinions about wireless network security vary widely. For example, in a 2008 article for Wired magazine, Bruce Schneier asserted the net benefits of open Wi-Fi without passwords outweigh the risks,[8] a position supported in 2014 by Peter Eckersley of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.[9] The opposite position was taken by Nick Mediati in an article for PC World, in which he advocates that every wireless access point should be protected with a password.[10]","title":"Security"}] | [{"image_text":"Cisco Aironet wireless access point","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cisco_Aironet_1131AG_-_Close.jpg/220px-Cisco_Aironet_1131AG_-_Close.jpg"},{"image_text":"Linksys \"WAP54G\" 802.11g wireless router","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Linksys_WAP54G.JPG/220px-Linksys_WAP54G.JPG"},{"image_text":"Embedded RouterBoard 112, widely used by wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) across the world, with U.FL-RSMA pigtail and R52 mini PCI Wi-Fi card","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg/220px-RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Femtocell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtocell"},{"title":"HomePlug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePlug"},{"title":"Lightweight Access Point Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Access_Point_Protocol"},{"title":"List of router firmware projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_router_firmware_projects"},{"title":"Wi-Fi Direct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Direct"},{"title":"WiMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX"}] | [{"reference":"Chris Hoffman (2016-09-22). \"What's the Difference Between Ad-Hoc and Infrastructure Mode Wi-Fi?\". Retrieved 2017-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.howtogeek.com/180649/htg-explains-whats-the-difference-between-ad-hoc-and-infrastructure-mode/","url_text":"\"What's the Difference Between Ad-Hoc and Infrastructure Mode Wi-Fi?\""}]},{"reference":"Ma, Hong (2012-06-05). \"Google Refine – http://code.google.com/p/google-refine/\". Technical Services Quarterly. 29 (3): 242–243. doi:10.1080/07317131.2012.682016. ISSN 0731-7131.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131.2012.682016","url_text":"\"Google Refine – http://code.google.com/p/google-refine/\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07317131.2012.682016","url_text":"10.1080/07317131.2012.682016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0731-7131","url_text":"0731-7131"}]},{"reference":"\"Wireless Routers Guide: Everything You Need To Know\". Breech.co. Retrieved 2018-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://breech.co/guides/wireless-routers/","url_text":"\"Wireless Routers Guide: Everything You Need To Know\""}]},{"reference":"\"Designing and Building a Campus Wireless Network\" (PDF). MCNC. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-06-15. For areas that have high bandwidth and a concentrated area of users (i.e. classrooms in a 1:1 computing school), plan for approximately 15-25 data users per AP. When wireless devices are used for high bandwidth applications or concurrent use such as online testing, an even greater number of APs may be required to achieve a density closer to 10-15 users per AP.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170731232127/https://www.mcnc.org/sites/default/files/Designing-and-Building-a-Campus-Wireless-Network-2012-v2.pdf","url_text":"\"Designing and Building a Campus Wireless Network\""},{"url":"https://www.mcnc.org/sites/default/files/Designing-and-Building-a-Campus-Wireless-Network-2012-v2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ermanno Pietrosemoli. \"Setting Long Distance WiFi Records: Proofing Solutions for Rural Connectivity\". Fundación Escuela Latinoamericana de Redes University of the Andes (Venezuela). Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000813/http://www.ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/487/420","url_text":"\"Setting Long Distance WiFi Records: Proofing Solutions for Rural Connectivity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Andes_(Venezuela)","url_text":"University of the Andes (Venezuela)"},{"url":"http://www.ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/487/420","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The overlapping channel problem\".","urls":[{"url":"https://community.jisc.ac.uk/library/advisory-services/overlapping-channel-problem","url_text":"\"The overlapping channel problem\""}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Yan; Zheng, Jun; Ma, Miao (2008-01-01). Handbook of Research on Wireless Security. Idea Group Inc (IGI). ISBN 9781599048994.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b3r81GCpOnYC&q=wpa+security+research&pg=PT108","url_text":"Handbook of Research on Wireless Security"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599048994","url_text":"9781599048994"}]},{"reference":"Bruce Schneier (2008-01-10). \"Steal This Wi-Fi\". Wired Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier","url_text":"Bruce Schneier"},{"url":"https://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2008/01/securitymatters_0110","url_text":"\"Steal This Wi-Fi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Magazine","url_text":"Wired Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Why We Need An Open Wireless Movement\". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/04/open-wireless-movement","url_text":"\"Why We Need An Open Wireless Movement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation","url_text":"Electronic Frontier Foundation"}]},{"reference":"Nick Mediati (June 24, 2011). \"How to Secure Your Home Wi-Fi Network\". PC World.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcworld.com/article/226784/secure_your_wifi.html","url_text":"\"How to Secure Your Home Wi-Fi Network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World","url_text":"PC World"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wireless+access+point%22","external_links_name":"\"Wireless access point\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wireless+access+point%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wireless+access+point%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wireless+access+point%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wireless+access+point%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wireless+access+point%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.howtogeek.com/180649/htg-explains-whats-the-difference-between-ad-hoc-and-infrastructure-mode/","external_links_name":"\"What's the Difference Between Ad-Hoc and Infrastructure Mode Wi-Fi?\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131.2012.682016","external_links_name":"\"Google Refine – http://code.google.com/p/google-refine/\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07317131.2012.682016","external_links_name":"10.1080/07317131.2012.682016"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0731-7131","external_links_name":"0731-7131"},{"Link":"https://breech.co/guides/wireless-routers/","external_links_name":"\"Wireless Routers Guide: Everything You Need To Know\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170731232127/https://www.mcnc.org/sites/default/files/Designing-and-Building-a-Campus-Wireless-Network-2012-v2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Designing and Building a Campus Wireless Network\""},{"Link":"https://www.mcnc.org/sites/default/files/Designing-and-Building-a-Campus-Wireless-Network-2012-v2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000813/http://www.ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/487/420","external_links_name":"\"Setting Long Distance WiFi Records: Proofing Solutions for Rural Connectivity\""},{"Link":"http://www.ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/487/420","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://community.jisc.ac.uk/library/advisory-services/overlapping-channel-problem","external_links_name":"\"The overlapping channel problem\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b3r81GCpOnYC&q=wpa+security+research&pg=PT108","external_links_name":"Handbook of Research on Wireless Security"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2008/01/securitymatters_0110","external_links_name":"\"Steal This Wi-Fi\""},{"Link":"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/04/open-wireless-movement","external_links_name":"\"Why We Need An Open Wireless Movement\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcworld.com/article/226784/secure_your_wifi.html","external_links_name":"\"How to Secure Your Home Wi-Fi Network\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Were_Meant_for_Me_(film) | You Were Meant for Me (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtracks","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | 1948 film by Lloyd Bacon
You Were Meant for MeDirected byLloyd BaconWritten byValentine DaviesElick MollProduced byFred KohlmarStarringDan DaileyJeanne CrainOscar LevantHerbert AndersonBarbara LawrenceCinematographyVictor MilnerEdited byWilliam H. ReynoldsMusic byAlfred NewmanLionel NewmanDistributed byTwentieth Century Fox Film CorporationRelease date
February 1, 1948 (1948-02-01) (U.S.)
Running time92 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$2 million (US rentals)
You Were Meant for Me is a 1948 musical film directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring Dan Dailey and Jeanne Crain as a bandleader and his wife. It was released by 20th Century Fox. The film includes performances of "You Were Meant for Me", "I'll Get By (As Long As I Have You)", and "Ain't Misbehavin'".
Marilyn Monroe may have worked on the film as an uncredited extra.
Plot
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Chuck Arnold is a bandleader during the 1920s. He meets hometown girl Peggy Mayhew, a flapper script girl, at one of the band's presentations, and the next day, they get married. Though she loves him, life on the road becomes increasingly difficult for her, and eventually, with the onset of the Great Depression, in 1929, she tires of it, and returns to her country home. Unable to find new bookings, he soon joins her, and brings with him Oscar Hoffman his acerbic, cynical manager. The bandleader finds the pastoral life a crashing bore, and so, he heads for the big city to find fortune. This time, he succeeds, and happiness is the result.
Cast
Jeanne Crain as Peggy Mayhew
Dan Dailey as Chuck Arnold
Oscar Levant as Oscar Hoffman
Barbara Lawrence as Louise Crane
Selena Royle as Mrs. Cora Mayhew
Percy Kilbride as Mr. Andrew Mayhew
Herbert Anderson as Eddie
Harry Barris as Harry, the pianist
Soundtracks
Concerto in F
Music by George Gershwin
Happy Days Are Here Again
Music by Milton Ager
Lyrics by Jack Yellen
Lilacs in the Rain
Music by Peter De Rose
You Were Meant for Me
Music by Nacio Herb Brown
Lyrics by Arthur Freed
If I Had You
Written by Ted Shapiro, Jimmy Campbell, and Reginald Connelly
Can't Sleep a Wink
Written by Charles Henderson
Crazy Rhythm
Music by Joseph Meyer and Roger Wolfe Kahn
Lyrics by Irving Caesar
I'll Get By
Music by Fred E. Ahlert
Lyrics by Roy Turk
Good Night, Sweetheart
Written by Ray Noble, Jimmy Campbell, and Reginald Connelly
Ain't Misbehavin'
Music by Fats Waller and Harry Brooks
Lyrics by Andy Razaf
Ain't She Sweet?
Music by Milton Ager
Lyrics by Jack Yellen
See also
"You Were Meant for Me" (1929 song), a pop standard written by Arthur Freed and Nacio Herb Brown.
"I'll Get By (As Long As I Have You)" (1928 song), a pop standard written by Fred E. Ahlert and Roy Turk.
"Ain't Misbehavin'" (1929 song), a slide/jazz standard written by Fats Waller, Harry Brooks, and Andy Razaf.
References
^ "Top Grossers of 1948", Variety 5 January 1949 p 46
^ Barry Monush (2003). Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the silent era to 1965. p. 156. ISBN 9781557835512. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
^ J. Randy Taraborrelli (August 25, 2009). The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe (eBook ed.). ISBN 9780446550956. Retrieved July 4, 2011. ...if you count You Were Made for Me, a Jeannie Crain-Dan Dailey musical, one that some sources maintain is a part of Monroe's filmography.
^ "You Were Meant for Me (1948) - Lloyd Bacon | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie".
External links
You Were Meant for Me at IMDb
You Were Meant for Me at AllMovie
You Were Meant for Me at the TCM Movie Database
You Were Meant for Me at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
vteFilms directed by Lloyd Bacon
Broken Hearts of Hollywood (1926)
Private Izzy Murphy (1926)
Finger Prints (1927)
White Flannels (1927)
The Heart of Maryland (1927)
A Sailor's Sweetheart (1927)
Brass Knuckles (1927)
Women They Talk About (1928)
The Singing Fool (1928)
Pay as You Enter (1928)
Stark Mad (1929)
No Defense (1929)
Say It with Songs (1929)
Honky Tonk (1929)
So Long Letty (1929)
The Other Tomorrow (1930)
She Couldn't Say No (1930)
A Notorious Affair (1930)
Moby Dick (1930)
The Office Wife (1930)
50 Million Frenchmen (1931)
Kept Husbands (1931)
Sit Tight (1931)
Gold Dust Gertie (1931)
Honor of the Family (1931)
Manhattan Parade (1931)
Crooner (1932)
Miss Pinkerton (1932)
The Famous Ferguson Case (1932)
You Said a Mouthful (1932)
42nd Street (1933)
Picture Snatcher (1933)
Footlight Parade (1933)
Son of a Sailor (1933)
Wonder Bar (1934)
A Very Honorable Guy (1934)
Here Comes the Navy (1934)
He Was Her Man (1934)
6 Day Bike Rider (1934)
In Caliente (1935)
Frisco Kid (1935)
Sons O' Guns (1936)
Cain and Mabel (1936)
Gold Diggers of 1937 (1936)
Marked Woman (1937)
Ever Since Eve (1937)
San Quentin (1937)
Boy Meets Girl (1938)
Racket Busters (1938)
A Slight Case of Murder (1938)
Cowboy from Brooklyn (1938)
Wings of the Navy (1939)
The Oklahoma Kid (1939)
Indianapolis Speedway (1939)
Espionage Agent (1939)
A Child Is Born (1939)
Invisible Stripes (1939)
Three Cheers for the Irish (1940)
Brother Orchid (1940)
Knute Rockne, All American (1940)
Honeymoon for Three (1941)
Footsteps in the Dark (1941)
Affectionately Yours (1941)
Navy Blues (1941)
Larceny, Inc. (1942)
Wings for the Eagle (1942)
Silver Queen (1942)
Action in the North Atlantic (1943)
The Fighting Sullivans (1944)
Sunday Dinner for a Soldier (1944)
Captain Eddie (1945)
Wake Up and Dream (1946)
Home Sweet Homicide (1946)
I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now (1947)
You Were Meant for Me (1948)
Give My Regards to Broadway (1948)
An Innocent Affair (1948)
Mother Is a Freshman (1949)
It Happens Every Spring (1949)
Miss Grant Takes Richmond (1949)
The Good Humor Man (1950)
Kill the Umpire (1950)
The Fuller Brush Girl (1950)
Golden Girl (1951)
Call Me Mister (1951)
The Frogmen (1951)
The Great Sioux Uprising (1953)
The French Line (1953)
She Couldn't Say No (1954) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Dan Dailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dailey"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Crain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Crain"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"\"You Were Meant for Me\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Were_Meant_for_Me_(1929_song)"},{"link_name":"\"I'll Get By (As Long As I Have You)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Get_By_(As_Long_as_I_Have_You)"},{"link_name":"\"Ain't Misbehavin'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_Misbehavin%27_(song)"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"You Were Meant for Me is a 1948 musical film directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring Dan Dailey and Jeanne Crain as a bandleader and his wife. It was released by 20th Century Fox.[2] The film includes performances of \"You Were Meant for Me\", \"I'll Get By (As Long As I Have You)\", and \"Ain't Misbehavin'\".Marilyn Monroe may have worked on the film as an uncredited extra.[3]","title":"You Were Meant for Me (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Chuck Arnold is a bandleader during the 1920s. He meets hometown girl Peggy Mayhew, a flapper script girl, at one of the band's presentations, and the next day, they get married. Though she loves him, life on the road becomes increasingly difficult for her, and eventually, with the onset of the Great Depression, in 1929, she tires of it, and returns to her country home. Unable to find new bookings, he soon joins her, and brings with him Oscar Hoffman his acerbic, cynical manager. The bandleader finds the pastoral life a crashing bore, and so, he heads for the big city to find fortune. This time, he succeeds, and happiness is the result.[4]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeanne Crain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Crain"},{"link_name":"Dan Dailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dailey"},{"link_name":"Oscar Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Levant"},{"link_name":"Barbara Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Selena Royle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Royle"},{"link_name":"Percy Kilbride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Kilbride"},{"link_name":"Herbert Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Harry Barris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Barris"}],"text":"Jeanne Crain as Peggy Mayhew\nDan Dailey as Chuck Arnold\nOscar Levant as Oscar Hoffman\nBarbara Lawrence as Louise Crane\nSelena Royle as Mrs. Cora Mayhew\nPercy Kilbride as Mr. Andrew Mayhew\nHerbert Anderson as Eddie\nHarry Barris as Harry, the pianist","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concerto in F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto_in_F_(Gershwin)"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Happy Days Are Here Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Days_Are_Here_Again"},{"link_name":"Milton Ager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Ager"},{"link_name":"Jack Yellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Yellen"},{"link_name":"Peter De Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_De_Rose"},{"link_name":"You Were Meant for Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Were_Meant_for_Me_(1929_song)"},{"link_name":"Nacio Herb Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacio_Herb_Brown"},{"link_name":"Arthur Freed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Freed"},{"link_name":"If I Had You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Had_You_(1928_song)"},{"link_name":"Ted Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shapiro"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Campbell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Reginald Connelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Connelly"},{"link_name":"Crazy Rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Rhythm"},{"link_name":"Joseph Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Meyer_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Roger Wolfe Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wolfe_Kahn"},{"link_name":"I'll Get By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Get_By_(As_Long_as_I_Have_You)"},{"link_name":"Fred E. Ahlert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_E._Ahlert"},{"link_name":"Roy Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Turk"},{"link_name":"Ain't Misbehavin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_Misbehavin%27_(song)"},{"link_name":"Fats Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fats_Waller"},{"link_name":"Harry Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Brooks_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Andy Razaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Razaf"},{"link_name":"Ain't She Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_She_Sweet"},{"link_name":"Milton Ager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Ager"},{"link_name":"Jack Yellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Yellen"}],"text":"Concerto in F\nMusic by George Gershwin\nHappy Days Are Here Again\nMusic by Milton Ager\nLyrics by Jack Yellen\nLilacs in the Rain\nMusic by Peter De Rose\nYou Were Meant for Me\nMusic by Nacio Herb Brown\nLyrics by Arthur Freed\nIf I Had You\nWritten by Ted Shapiro, Jimmy Campbell, and Reginald Connelly\nCan't Sleep a Wink\nWritten by Charles Henderson\nCrazy Rhythm\nMusic by Joseph Meyer and Roger Wolfe Kahn\nLyrics by Irving Caesar\nI'll Get By\nMusic by Fred E. Ahlert\nLyrics by Roy Turk\nGood Night, Sweetheart\nWritten by Ray Noble, Jimmy Campbell, and Reginald Connelly\nAin't Misbehavin'\nMusic by Fats Waller and Harry Brooks\nLyrics by Andy Razaf\nAin't She Sweet?\nMusic by Milton Ager\nLyrics by Jack Yellen","title":"Soundtracks"}] | [] | [{"title":"\"You Were Meant for Me\" (1929 song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Were_Meant_for_Me_(1929_song)"},{"title":"\"I'll Get By (As Long As I Have You)\" (1928 song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Get_By_(As_Long_as_I_Have_You)"},{"title":"\"Ain't Misbehavin'\" (1929 song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_Misbehavin%27_(song)"}] | [{"reference":"Barry Monush (2003). Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the silent era to 1965. p. 156. ISBN 9781557835512. Retrieved July 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=toTIb1Ek2WwC&pg=PA156","url_text":"Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the silent era to 1965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557835512","url_text":"9781557835512"}]},{"reference":"J. Randy Taraborrelli (August 25, 2009). The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe (eBook ed.). ISBN 9780446550956. Retrieved July 4, 2011. ...if you count You Were Made for Me, a Jeannie Crain-Dan Dailey musical, one that some sources maintain is a part of Monroe's filmography.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MlkKQf4Mt00C&pg=PT112","url_text":"The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780446550956","url_text":"9780446550956"}]},{"reference":"\"You Were Meant for Me (1948) - Lloyd Bacon | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmovie.com/movie/you-were-meant-for-me-v118014","url_text":"\"You Were Meant for Me (1948) - Lloyd Bacon | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Were_Meant_for_Me_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the plot summary"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/variety173-1949-01#page/n45/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Top Grossers of 1948\", Variety 5 January 1949 p 46"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=toTIb1Ek2WwC&pg=PA156","external_links_name":"Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the silent era to 1965"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MlkKQf4Mt00C&pg=PT112","external_links_name":"The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe"},{"Link":"http://www.allmovie.com/movie/you-were-meant-for-me-v118014","external_links_name":"\"You Were Meant for Me (1948) - Lloyd Bacon | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040983/","external_links_name":"You Were Meant for Me"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v118014","external_links_name":"You Were Meant for Me"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/53021/enwp","external_links_name":"You Were Meant for Me"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/25820","external_links_name":"You Were Meant for Me"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerbat_Mustang | Cerbat mustang | ["1 Characteristics","2 History","3 Uses","4 References","5 External links"] | Cerbat MustangCerbat mustangs on the Cerbat HMA, ArizonaCountry of originUnited StatesTraitsDistinguishing featuresBuild is similar to the classic Andalusian horse.Equus ferus caballus
The Cerbat mustang is a Wild Horse population of Arizona, found in the Cerbat Herd Management Area in that state. Their main coat colors are chestnut, bay, and roan. While their phenotype is similar to the classic Colonial Spanish horse, the actual origin of Cerbat mustangs is unclear, but they have been identified by DNA testing as of Colonial Spanish horse ancestry, and they are recognized by the Spanish Mustang registry as valid foundation stock for that standardized breed. Cerbats possess the ability to gait.
Characteristics
The Cerbat mustang is said to be similar to the classic Andalusian horse in conformation, and has characteristics consistent with Spanish horse type. They are 14 to 15 hands (56 to 60 inches, 142 to 152 cm) tall, and average 750 to 800 pounds in weight. The first generation in captivity, however, was said to stand only 13.2 hands (54 inches, 137 cm). Cerbats are most commonly bay and roan, but there are some grays, blacks, sorrels, and duns found on the Cerbat Herd Management Area (HMA) in Arizona. Those in private hands are said to only be bay, roan, or chestnut. White markings on legs and heads are common. Roan Cerbat foals are born roan, unlike some roan foals of other stock that are born a dark color and "roan out" as they get older, fading in color. They are considered calm, quiet, and intelligent. Some Cerbats can perform intermediate ambling gaits.
The feral horse bands today are found in Arizona. For this reason, they are accepted by the Spanish Mustang registry. There is no formal Cerbat horse registry at present and the variety is very rare in captivity, with a high number of 45 horses registered, and a stable number of about 70 feral individual still found in the Cerbat HMA.
History
The Colonial Spanish horse is believed to be an ancestor of the Cerbat mustang and the Andalusian horse, shown here
The Cerbat mustang is named for the Cerbat Mountains, where its herd is located. It is hypothesized that the animal is descended from Colonial Spanish horses brought to New Spain – today's Southwestern United States – in the 16th century. Other hypotheses are that they arrived in the area in the 18th century or were abandoned by ranchers in the early 19th. They have been blood-tested and determined to be of Colonial Spanish horse ancestry. The Cerbats are described as of "classic Andalusian" type. The Cerbat herds were documented as well-established by 1860. In 1971, numbers dropped dramatically during a drought when livestock ranchers shot many free-roaming horses, believing that they were competing with cattle for scarce water resources. At that time, about 18 Cerbats were captured and preserved in private herds. After the passage of time, about 20 horses were found to remain in the area. In 1990, another remnant feral population was discovered by the Bureau of Land Management and blood testing determined that they were related to the animals that had been preserved in private herds. Cerbat stallions in captivity have been bred to mares of other Spanish-ancestry mustangs to keep the bloodline alive without inbreeding.
Uses
Cerbat Mustangs are used in many ways, including endurance riding, eventing, trail classes, ranch and cattle work, team penning, roping, and other western competition.
References
^ Butler, Carol A.; Sellnow, Les (26 September 2012). Knowing horses: Q and As to Boost your Equine IQ. Storey Publishing, LLC. ISBN 9781603429115.
^ a b Dohner, Janet Vorwald (January 2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300138139.
^ a b Ryden, Hope (2005). America's Last Wild Horses. Globe Pequot. ISBN 9781592288731. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ a b c Dutson, Judith (7 May 2012). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing, LLC. ISBN 9781603429184. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
^ a b c d e f Hendricks, Bonnie L. (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806138848. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ a b c d e "Cerbat HA — BLM Arizona". 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-06-01. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ a b Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. pp. 217–219. ISBN 1580176135.
^ "Badlands new home for wild herd". Archived from the original on 2016-02-20.
^ Dutson, Judith (26 October 2012). Horse breeds. Storey Publishing, LLC. ISBN 9781612122106.
External links
http://lenjohnsonproductions.blogspot.com/2014/10/cerbat-spanish-mustang-history.html
https://www.angelfire.com/az/xochitl/Cerbats.html
vteHorse breeds of Canada and the United StatesThese are the horse breeds considered to originate wholly or partly in Canada and the United States. Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those countries.Contemporary
Alberta Wild Horse
American Bashkir Curly
American Belgian Draft
American Cream Draft
American Crème Horse
American Drum Horse
American Indian Horse
American Miniature Horse
American Paint Horse
American Quarter Horse
American Saddlebred
American Shetland Pony
American Sorraia Mustang
American Spotted
American Spotted Paso
American Walking Pony
American Warmblood
American White Horse
Appaloosa
Assateague Pony
Banker
Blazer
Camarillo White Horse
Canadian
Canadian Pinto
Canadian Rustic Pony
Canadian Sport Horse
Canadian Warmblood
Carolina Marsh Tacky
Cerbat mustang
Cherokee Horse
Chincoteague Pony
Choctaw Horse
Colonial Spanish
Colorado Ranger
Cumberland Island
Florida Cracker Horse
Kanata Pony
Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse
Kiger mustang
Lac La Croix Indian Pony
Missouri Fox Trotter
Morab
Morgan
Morocco Spotted
Mountain Pleasure Horse
Mustang
National Show Horse
Newfoundland
Nez Perce Horse
Nokota
North American Sportpony
Pony of the Americas
Pryor Mountain mustang
Quarab
Quarter Pony
Racking Horse
Rocky Mountain Horse
Sable Island
Spanish Jennet Horse
Spanish Barb
Spanish Mustang
Spanish Norman
Spotted Saddle Horse
Standardbred
Tennessee Walking Horse
Tiger
Virginia Highlander
Welara
Extinct
Canadian Pacer
Chickasaw
Conestoga Horse
Narragansett Pacer
List of horse breedsAmerican horse breed | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wild Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Horse"},{"link_name":"Herd Management Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BLM_Herd_Management_Areas"},{"link_name":"chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_(coat)"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(horse)"},{"link_name":"roan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roan_(color)"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"Colonial Spanish horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_horse"},{"link_name":"Spanish Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Mustang"},{"link_name":"foundation stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_stock"},{"link_name":"standardized breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_standard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Registry-1"},{"link_name":"gait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gait-2"}],"text":"The Cerbat mustang is a Wild Horse population of Arizona, found in the Cerbat Herd Management Area in that state. Their main coat colors are chestnut, bay, and roan. While their phenotype is similar to the classic Colonial Spanish horse, the actual origin of Cerbat mustangs is unclear, but they have been identified by DNA testing as of Colonial Spanish horse ancestry, and they are recognized by the Spanish Mustang registry as valid foundation stock for that standardized breed.[1] Cerbats possess the ability to gait.[2]","title":"Cerbat mustang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andalusian horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_horse"},{"link_name":"conformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_conformation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryden-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storey-4"},{"link_name":"hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendricks-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLM-6"},{"link_name":"hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dutson-7"},{"link_name":"grays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(horse)"},{"link_name":"blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_(horse)"},{"link_name":"sorrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_(coat)"},{"link_name":"duns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun_gene"},{"link_name":"Herd Management Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BLM_Herd_Management_Areas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLM-6"},{"link_name":"White markings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_markings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendricks-5"},{"link_name":"foals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storey-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendricks-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gait-2"},{"link_name":"feral horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_horse"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLM-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendricks-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storey-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLM-6"}],"text":"The Cerbat mustang is said to be similar to the classic Andalusian horse in conformation,[3] and has characteristics consistent with Spanish horse type.[4] They are 14 to 15 hands (56 to 60 inches, 142 to 152 cm) tall,[5] and average 750 to 800 pounds in weight.[6] The first generation in captivity, however, was said to stand only 13.2 hands (54 inches, 137 cm).[7] Cerbats are most commonly bay and roan, but there are some grays, blacks, sorrels, and duns found on the Cerbat Herd Management Area (HMA) in Arizona.[6] Those in private hands are said to only be bay, roan, or chestnut. White markings on legs and heads are common.[5] Roan Cerbat foals are born roan, unlike some roan foals of other stock that are born a dark color and \"roan out\" as they get older, fading in color.[4] They are considered calm, quiet, and intelligent.[5] Some Cerbats can perform intermediate ambling gaits.[2]The feral horse bands today are found in Arizona.[6] For this reason, they are accepted by the Spanish Mustang registry.[5] There is no formal Cerbat horse registry at present and the variety is very rare in captivity, with a high number of 45 horses registered,[4] and a stable number of about 70 feral individual still found in the Cerbat HMA.[6]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andalusian_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Colonial Spanish horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_horse"},{"link_name":"Andalusian horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_horse"},{"link_name":"Cerbat Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerbat_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendricks-5"},{"link_name":"Colonial Spanish horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_horse"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLM-6"},{"link_name":"Andalusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_horse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryden-3"},{"link_name":"ranchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancher"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendricks-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bureau-8"},{"link_name":"inbreeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dutson-7"}],"text":"The Colonial Spanish horse is believed to be an ancestor of the Cerbat mustang and the Andalusian horse, shown hereThe Cerbat mustang is named for the Cerbat Mountains, where its herd is located.[5] It is hypothesized that the animal is descended from Colonial Spanish horses brought to New Spain – today's Southwestern United States – in the 16th century. Other hypotheses are that they arrived in the area in the 18th century or were abandoned by ranchers in the early 19th.[6] They have been blood-tested and determined to be of Colonial Spanish horse ancestry. The Cerbats are described as of \"classic Andalusian\" type.[3] The Cerbat herds were documented as well-established by 1860. In 1971, numbers dropped dramatically during a drought when livestock ranchers shot many free-roaming horses, believing that they were competing with cattle for scarce water resources. At that time, about 18 Cerbats were captured and preserved in private herds. After the passage of time, about 20 horses were found to remain in the area. In 1990, another remnant feral population was discovered by the Bureau of Land Management and blood testing determined that they were related to the animals that had been preserved in private herds.[5][8] Cerbat stallions in captivity have been bred to mares of other Spanish-ancestry mustangs to keep the bloodline alive without inbreeding.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endurance riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_riding"},{"link_name":"eventing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventing"},{"link_name":"trail classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_(horse_show)"},{"link_name":"ranch and cattle work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch"},{"link_name":"team penning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_penning"},{"link_name":"roping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_roping"},{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_riding"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riding-9"}],"text":"Cerbat Mustangs are used in many ways, including endurance riding, eventing, trail classes, ranch and cattle work, team penning, roping, and other western competition.[9]","title":"Uses"}] | [{"image_text":"The Colonial Spanish horse is believed to be an ancestor of the Cerbat mustang and the Andalusian horse, shown here","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Andalusian_2.jpg/220px-Andalusian_2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Butler, Carol A.; Sellnow, Les (26 September 2012). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_A%C3%B1o_del_Tigre_(2023_film) | El Año del Tigre (2023 film) | ["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | 2023 Peruvian filmEl Año del TigreTheatrical release posterDirected byYasser MichelénWritten byJose Ramon AlamaProduced byJose Ramon AlamaVicente AlamaFior De ValdezHéctor ValdezStarringCarlos Alcántara VilarWendy RamosGonzalo TorresCinematographyJuan Carlos GómezEdited byGilberto AmadoMusic bySergio Jiménez LacimaProductioncompanyBou GroupDistributed byStar Distribution(through Cinecolor Films Peru)Release date
March 30, 2023 (2023-03-30)
CountriesPeruDominican RepublicLanguageSpanish
El Año del Tigre (lit. 'The Year of the Tiger') is a 2023 Peruvian-Dominican crime comedy film directed by Yasser Michelén and written by Jose Ramon Alama. It stars Carlos Alcántara, Wendy Ramos and Gonzalo Torres. It premiered on March 30, 2023, in Peruvian theaters by Star Distribution.
Synopsis
A restaurant is about to go bankrupt, so the owners will do everything possible to prevent it. They will go through many adventures, and they will have to face conflicts with people, between good and bad, gangsters and scammers.
Cast
The actors participating in this film are:
Carlos Alcántara as Samsa
Wendy Ramos as Teresa
Frank Perozo
Gonzalo Torres
Andrea Sofia Pimentel
Jossi Martínez
Salvador Perez Martinez
Nashla Bogaert
Luinis Olaverria
Vicente Santos
Ana Maria Arias
References
^ PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (2023-01-12). "Disney revela "El año del tigre", una comedia con sabor peruano y el elenco de Pataclaun | TRÁILER | LUCES". El Comercio Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ TROME, NOTICIAS (2023-01-13). "Carlos Alcántara, Wendy Ramos y Gonzalo Torres protagonizan "El Año del Tigre" | cuándo estrena nueva película peruana | estrenos 2023 | cine | ESPECTACULOS". Trome (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ "Película peruana 'El Año del Tigre' llega a los cines el 30 de marzo". LIMA VAGA. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ República, La. "Tráiler de "El año del tigre": 'Cachín' y elenco de "Pataclaun" reunidos en cinta de Disney". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ GrupoRPP (2023-01-12). "'El año del tigre': La nueva cinta en la que Carlos Alcántara, Wendy Ramos y Gonzalo Torres vuelven a compartir elenco". RPP (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ Vera, Gina (2023-01-12). "Disney revela el tráiler y el póster de "El Año del Tigre"". Enterados (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ "Reparto Completo de El Año del Tigre (Cine.com)". cine.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ CORREO, NOTICIAS (2023-01-13). "'El año del tigre': Una comedia protagonizada por el elenco de Pataclaun (TRAILER) | farándula-celebs-peru-carlos alcántara-gonzalo torres-wendy ramos-jossi martínez-cine-película | ESPECTACULOS". Correo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ "Reparto de El año del tigre (película 2023). Dirigida por Yasser Michelén". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2023-04-02. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
External links
El Año del Tigre at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Carlos Alcántara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Alc%C3%A1ntara_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Star Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Distribution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"El Año del Tigre (lit. 'The Year of the Tiger') is a 2023 Peruvian-Dominican crime comedy film directed by Yasser Michelén and written by Jose Ramon Alama.[1] It stars Carlos Alcántara, Wendy Ramos and Gonzalo Torres.[2] It premiered on March 30, 2023, in Peruvian theaters by Star Distribution.[3]","title":"El Año del Tigre (2023 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bankrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A restaurant is about to go bankrupt, so the owners will do everything possible to prevent it. They will go through many adventures, and they will have to face conflicts with people, between good and bad, gangsters and scammers.[4][5]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Carlos Alcántara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Alc%C3%A1ntara_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Frank Perozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Perozo"},{"link_name":"Nashla Bogaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashla_Bogaert"}],"text":"The actors participating in this film are:[6][7][8][9]Carlos Alcántara as Samsa\nWendy Ramos as Teresa\nFrank Perozo\nGonzalo Torres\nAndrea Sofia Pimentel\nJossi Martínez\nSalvador Perez Martinez\nNashla Bogaert\nLuinis Olaverria\nVicente Santos\nAna Maria Arias","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (2023-01-12). \"Disney revela \"El año del tigre\", una comedia con sabor peruano y el elenco de Pataclaun | TRÁILER | LUCES\". El Comercio Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://elcomercio.pe/luces/cine/disney-revela-el-ano-del-tigre-su-primera-pelicula-hecha-en-peru-y-con-el-elenco-de-pataclaun-trailer-noticia/","url_text":"\"Disney revela \"El año del tigre\", una comedia con sabor peruano y el elenco de Pataclaun | TRÁILER | LUCES\""}]},{"reference":"TROME, NOTICIAS (2023-01-13). \"Carlos Alcántara, Wendy Ramos y Gonzalo Torres protagonizan \"El Año del Tigre\" | cuándo estrena nueva película peruana | estrenos 2023 | cine | ESPECTACULOS\". Trome (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://trome.pe/espectaculos/cine/carlos-alcantara-wendy-ramos-y-gonzalo-torres-protagonizan-el-ano-del-tigre-cuando-estrena-nueva-pelicula-peruana-estrenos-2023-cine-noticia/","url_text":"\"Carlos Alcántara, Wendy Ramos y Gonzalo Torres protagonizan \"El Año del Tigre\" | cuándo estrena nueva película peruana | estrenos 2023 | cine | ESPECTACULOS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Película peruana 'El Año del Tigre' llega a los cines el 30 de marzo\". LIMA VAGA. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230210042351/https://www.limavaga.com/2023/01/pelicula-peruana-el-ano-del-tigre-llega.html","url_text":"\"Película peruana 'El Año del Tigre' llega a los cines el 30 de marzo\""},{"url":"https://www.limavaga.com/2023/01/pelicula-peruana-el-ano-del-tigre-llega.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"República, La. \"Tráiler de \"El año del tigre\": 'Cachín' y elenco de \"Pataclaun\" reunidos en cinta de Disney\". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://larepublica.pe/cine-series/2023/01/13/trailer-de-el-ano-del-tigre-pelicula-con-carlos-alcantara-wendy-ramos-y-gonzalo-torres","url_text":"\"Tráiler de \"El año del tigre\": 'Cachín' y elenco de \"Pataclaun\" reunidos en cinta de Disney\""}]},{"reference":"GrupoRPP (2023-01-12). \"'El año del tigre': La nueva cinta en la que Carlos Alcántara, Wendy Ramos y Gonzalo Torres vuelven a compartir elenco\". RPP (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://rpp.pe/cine/peru/el-ano-del-tigre-la-nueva-cinta-en-la-que-carlos-alcantara-wendy-ramos-y-gonzalo-torres-vuelven-a-compartir-elenco-noticia-1459787","url_text":"\"'El año del tigre': La nueva cinta en la que Carlos Alcántara, Wendy Ramos y Gonzalo Torres vuelven a compartir elenco\""}]},{"reference":"Vera, Gina (2023-01-12). \"Disney revela el tráiler y el póster de \"El Año del Tigre\"\". Enterados (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterados.pe/cultura/peliculas-series/disney-trailer-poster-el-anio-del-tigre/","url_text":"\"Disney revela el tráiler y el póster de \"El Año del Tigre\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reparto Completo de El Año del Tigre (Cine.com)\". cine.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cine.com/pelicula/el-ano-del-tigre-yasser-michelen/reparto","url_text":"\"Reparto Completo de El Año del Tigre (Cine.com)\""}]},{"reference":"CORREO, NOTICIAS (2023-01-13). \"'El año del tigre': Una comedia protagonizada por el elenco de Pataclaun (TRAILER) | farándula-celebs-peru-carlos alcántara-gonzalo torres-wendy ramos-jossi martínez-cine-película | ESPECTACULOS\". Correo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://diariocorreo.pe/espectaculos/el-ano-del-tigre-una-comedia-protagonizada-por-el-elenco-de-pataclaun-trailer-farandula-celebs-peru-carlos-alcantara-gonzalo-torres-wendy-ramos-jossi-martinez-cine-pelicula-noticia/","url_text":"\"'El año del tigre': Una comedia protagonizada por el elenco de Pataclaun (TRAILER) | farándula-celebs-peru-carlos alcántara-gonzalo torres-wendy ramos-jossi martínez-cine-película | ESPECTACULOS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reparto de El año del tigre (película 2023). Dirigida por Yasser Michelén\". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2023-04-02. Retrieved 2023-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/peliculas-series/peliculas/el-ano-del-tigre-1103873/actores","url_text":"\"Reparto de El año del tigre (película 2023). Dirigida por Yasser Michelén\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://elcomercio.pe/luces/cine/disney-revela-el-ano-del-tigre-su-primera-pelicula-hecha-en-peru-y-con-el-elenco-de-pataclaun-trailer-noticia/","external_links_name":"\"Disney revela \"El año del tigre\", una comedia con sabor peruano y el elenco de Pataclaun | TRÁILER | LUCES\""},{"Link":"https://trome.pe/espectaculos/cine/carlos-alcantara-wendy-ramos-y-gonzalo-torres-protagonizan-el-ano-del-tigre-cuando-estrena-nueva-pelicula-peruana-estrenos-2023-cine-noticia/","external_links_name":"\"Carlos Alcántara, Wendy Ramos y Gonzalo Torres protagonizan \"El Año del Tigre\" | cuándo estrena nueva película peruana | estrenos 2023 | cine | ESPECTACULOS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230210042351/https://www.limavaga.com/2023/01/pelicula-peruana-el-ano-del-tigre-llega.html","external_links_name":"\"Película peruana 'El Año del Tigre' llega a los cines el 30 de marzo\""},{"Link":"https://www.limavaga.com/2023/01/pelicula-peruana-el-ano-del-tigre-llega.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://larepublica.pe/cine-series/2023/01/13/trailer-de-el-ano-del-tigre-pelicula-con-carlos-alcantara-wendy-ramos-y-gonzalo-torres","external_links_name":"\"Tráiler de \"El año del tigre\": 'Cachín' y elenco de \"Pataclaun\" reunidos en cinta de Disney\""},{"Link":"https://rpp.pe/cine/peru/el-ano-del-tigre-la-nueva-cinta-en-la-que-carlos-alcantara-wendy-ramos-y-gonzalo-torres-vuelven-a-compartir-elenco-noticia-1459787","external_links_name":"\"'El año del tigre': La nueva cinta en la que Carlos Alcántara, Wendy Ramos y Gonzalo Torres vuelven a compartir elenco\""},{"Link":"https://enterados.pe/cultura/peliculas-series/disney-trailer-poster-el-anio-del-tigre/","external_links_name":"\"Disney revela el tráiler y el póster de \"El Año del Tigre\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.cine.com/pelicula/el-ano-del-tigre-yasser-michelen/reparto","external_links_name":"\"Reparto Completo de El Año del Tigre (Cine.com)\""},{"Link":"https://diariocorreo.pe/espectaculos/el-ano-del-tigre-una-comedia-protagonizada-por-el-elenco-de-pataclaun-trailer-farandula-celebs-peru-carlos-alcantara-gonzalo-torres-wendy-ramos-jossi-martinez-cine-pelicula-noticia/","external_links_name":"\"'El año del tigre': Una comedia protagonizada por el elenco de Pataclaun (TRAILER) | farándula-celebs-peru-carlos alcántara-gonzalo torres-wendy ramos-jossi martínez-cine-película | ESPECTACULOS\""},{"Link":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/peliculas-series/peliculas/el-ano-del-tigre-1103873/actores","external_links_name":"\"Reparto de El año del tigre (película 2023). Dirigida por Yasser Michelén\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22697078/","external_links_name":"El Año del Tigre"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Birmingham_City_F.C._season | 2007–08 Birmingham City F.C. season | ["1 Pre-season","1.1 Pre-season friendlies","2 Season review","2.1 August","2.2 September","2.3 October","2.4 November","2.5 December","2.6 January","2.7 February","2.8 March","2.9 April","2.10 May","3 Post-season","4 Premier League","4.1 Match details","4.2 League table","4.3 Results summary","5 FA Cup","6 Football League Cup","7 Transfers","7.1 In","7.2 Out","7.3 Loan in","7.4 Loan out","8 Appearances and goals","9 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2007–08 Birmingham City F.C. season" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Birmingham City F.C. 2007–08 football seasonBirmingham City F.C.2007–08 seasonChairmanDavid GoldManagerSteve Bruce (to November 2007)Alex McLeishGroundSt Andrew'sPremier League19th (relegated)FA CupThird round (eliminated by Huddersfield Town)League CupThird round (eliminated by Blackburn Rovers)Top goalscorerMikael Forssell (9)Highest home attendance29,252 vs Liverpool, 26 April 2008Lowest home attendance10,185 vs Hereford United, League Cup 2nd round, 28 August 2007Average home league attendance26,181← 2006–072008–09 →
The 2007–08 season was Birmingham City Football Club's 105th season in the English football league system since their admission to the Football League in 1892, their fifth season in the Premier League, and their 55th season in the top tier of English football. Birmingham finished 19th in the 20-team league, so were relegated back to the Championship after just one season at the higher level.
After Steve Bruce resigned as manager in November, Alex McLeish resigned his post as Scotland national team manager to take over.
Pre-season
After successfully returning to the Premier League at the first attempt, manager Steve Bruce started to look to add depth to his team ahead of the new season. On loan midfielder Fabrice Muamba became the first player to join the Blues, as he moved from Arsenal to the second city for an undisclosed fee. June saw the arrivals of Stuart Parnaby who signed on a free transfer from Middlesbrough, Scottish striker Garry O'Connor who signed for £2.7 million from Lokomotiv Moscow, and French midfielder Olivier Kapo who was signed from Juventus for £3m. July saw even more players arrive at St Andrew's: midfielder Daniël de Ridder signed on a free transfer from Celta Vigo, Ghana goalkeeper Richard Kingson also on a free transfer, from Antalyaspor, and Brazilian defender Rafael Schmitz on loan from Lille.
The Blues were also ready to spend £3m on Tottenham Hotspur and Egypt midfielder Hossam Ghaly, but the deal was cancelled only days into his Blues career due to a training ground incident that resulted in Bruce sending him back to the London side before a work permit had been granted.
Four players were allowed to leave the club: defender Bruno Ngotty left on a free transfer to sign for Leicester City, midfielder Julian Gray also left on a free transfer for Coventry City, midfielder Stephen Clemence joined Leicester City for £1m, and striker DJ Campbell also joining Leicester City for £2.1m.
July also saw the Blues become the latest English club to be involved in a take over bid by a foreign millionaire. Hong Kong businessman Carson Yeung brought a 29.9% stake from the club's directors for a reported £15m. The Gold brothers (David and Ralph) and David Sullivan each sold 14.81% of the club's shares.
Pre-season friendlies
Date
Opponents
Venue
Result
ScoreF–A
Scorers
Attendance
Report
16 July 2007
Hollenbach/Hohenlohe Auswahl
A
W
2–0
Forssell, Danns 87' pen.
2,000
18 July 2007
1. FC Heidenheim
A
W
2–0
Forssell 29'
23 July 2007
FC Schweinfurt 05
A
W
5–2
Forssell (2) 10', 34' pen., McSheffrey 13', Jerome 42', 52'
28 July 2007
Walsall
A
W
2–0
Forssell 4', Jerome 33'
31 July 2007
Peterborough United
A
W
3–0
Kapo 50', Jerome, 54' Larsson 57'
4 August 2007
Sheffield Wednesday
A
W
3–0
Ridgewell 3', O'Connor 66'
5,689
Season review
August
The new season started with a tough away trip to Stamford Bridge to play last season's runners-up Chelsea. But it was the Blues that struck first with former Chelsea forward Mikael Forssell scoring a header from a Gary McSheffrey free kick just 15 minutes in. Chelsea fought back: goals from Claudio Pizarro and Florent Malouda gave them a 2–1 lead before new signing Olivier Kapo struck an unstoppable shot past Petr Čech to leave the scores level at half time. The only goal of the second half, from Michael Essien, gave Chelsea all three points. The Blues' first home game of the season was against Sunderland who had beaten the Blues to the Championship title the previous season. An own goal from Paul McShane was enough to give the Blues the lead at half time, but Sunderland fought back with a goal from Michael Chopra before a Garry O'Connor goal seemed to have given Blues their first win of the season. However, a late Stern John goal was enough to earn Sunderland a point. West Ham United were the next team to visit St Andrew's, where a Mark Noble penalty was the only goal of the game that gave the London club all three points. The last league game of the month saw the side visit Pride Park where two Cameron Jerome goals were enough to defeat Derby who scored a goal of their own from Matt Oakley.
August also saw the close of the transfer window. Before the season had begun, Steve Bruce continued to strengthen his side with the signings of defender Franck Queudrue for £2m from Fulham, centre back Liam Ridgewell for £2m from local rivals Aston Villa, and Swiss defender Johan Djourou on loan from Arsenal. The final day of the transfer window also saw some activity as Spanish midfielder Borja Oubiña joined on loan from Celta Vigo and highly rated Honduras midfielder Wilson Palacios also joined on loan from Deportivo Olimpia.
September
On 1 September Birmingham travelled to the Riverside Stadium to take on Middlesbrough. Two first half goals from David Wheater and Stewart Downing were enough to see off the Blues, who rarely threatened the Middlesbrough goal. The next game saw Bolton Wanderers visit St Andrew's. A free kick from Queudrue was flicked on for Kapo to secure his second goal of the season, and more importantly, Blues' first three points at home. A difficult trip to Liverpool followed, where the Blues were able to secure a valuable point in a 0–0 draw. The downside to the game was a 13th-minute injury to Borja Oubiña that would see him injured until the end of the season. The final game of the month saw the side take on Manchester United. Although the Blues bossed large parts of the game, it was the Manchester side that finished with the points. Bad play from the Blues defence allowed Manchester United to score the only goal of the game from Cristiano Ronaldo.
October
Blues' first game in October saw them return to Ewood Park for the second time in eleven days. Goals from David Bentley and Benni McCarthy saw Blackburn take a two-goal lead, before Cameron Jerome struck to give the Blues a lifeline, but there was to be no comeback. It ended in a 2–1 win for Blackburn Rovers, leaving Birmingham 13th in the league table after nine games played. Thirteen days later a trip to Manchester City was next on the agenda for the Blues, where a 37th-minute goal from Elano saw the points stay in Manchester. The last game of the month was a crucial bottom of the table clash with Wigan Athletic at St Andrew's. A Marcus Bent goal in the 23rd minute was cancelled out three minutes later when Kapo scored from a penalty. After half time, Bent was able to recover Wigan's lead before they were pegged back again, this time by a goal scored by Birmingham defender Liam Ridgewell. The game could have gone either way before Kapo struck again, this time in the 81st minute leaving Wigan no chance to come back. It was Birmingham's third win of the season, and at the end of the month they were in 13th position with 11 points.
November
November started with an away game at Goodison Park against Everton. An early Yakubu goal was cancelled out in the 80th minute by Kapo, only for two injury-time goals from Lee Carsley and James Vaughan saw Everton snatch all three points. Next up was the Second City derby against Aston Villa at St Andrew's. An early Ridgewell own goal gave Villa a first-half lead. Forssell tied the game early in the second half, but Gabriel Agbonlahor gave Villa all three points. The Villa game was to be the last game in charge of the Blues for Steve Bruce, who left the club to join Wigan Athletic on 20 November 2007. This left Bruce's assistant Eric Black in charge for the game against Portsmouth at St Andrew's. Debutant goalkeeper Richard Kingson was at fault for Portsmouth's first goal as Sulley Muntari's shot rolled under the arms of the keeper. Niko Kranjčar added a late second as Portsmouth strolled to victory. Black's short reign as Blues manager ended on 26 November as he left to join Bruce at Wigan. The following day, former Scotland manager Alex McLeish was appointed manager of the club. McLeish had quit Scotland the day before to take over at the midlands club, and brought his two Scottish assistants, Andy Watson and former Villa caretaker manager Roy Aitken.
December
McLeish's first game in charge was a tricky visit to Tottenham Hotspur. Gary McSheffrey was able to give the Blues a first-half lead from a penalty given away by Younès Kaboul. It all changed in the early stages of the second half, as Robbie Keane scored twice, the first from another penalty that was won by Dimitar Berbatov, the second due to bad defending from a corner. The game changed again as Phil Dowd sent Keane off and Jerome scored an equaliser. In the final minutes, Sebastian Larsson scored a 35-yard (32 m) screamer that secured McLeish his first victory. Next up was a trip to St James' Park to play Newcastle United. Jerome gave the Blues an early lead, but a controversial penalty was put away by Obafemi Martins, and a late Habib Beye goal gave Newcastle the three points. McLeish's first home game in charge was against Reading. A fourth-minute goal from Mikael Forssell was cancelled out again by another penalty, this time scored by Stephen Hunt. An away trip to Bolton Wanderers failed to gain any points for the Blues, as a goal from El Hadji Diouf and two from Nicolas Anelka gave Bolton an easy 3–0 win. Boxing Day saw Middlesbrough visit St Andrew's. An own goal by Stewart Downing and a Forssell goal gave the Blues a 2–0 lead at half time, and McSheffrey converted a penalty to finish off Middlesbrough's resistance. The last game of 2007 saw Fulham entertained at St Andrew's. An early Carlos Bocanegra goal was not enough to give Fulham a win as a 55th-minute Larsson goal shared the points.
December also saw the collapse of Carson Yeung's attempted takeover of the club. The board decided to terminate talks, as Yeung had failed to come up with the reported £35m to buy the remaining 70.1% shares of the club. David Gold also confirmed that there would be no chance of another takeover bid until summer 2008.
January
January would see the Blues play three of the "big four" in English football. First up was a trip to Old Trafford to play Manchester United. Carlos Tevez struck the only goal of the game for the Manchester side 25 minutes in. Next up in the league for the Blues was their first ever trip to the Emirates Stadium to take on Arsenal. A penalty from Emmanuel Adebayor had given Arsenal a first half lead, but the Blues fought back to earn a point just after half time through O'Connor's header from a Larsson corner. The third of the "big four" were Chelsea, who visited St Andrew's. It took a late goal from Claudio Pizarro to beat Blues, as Chelsea took all three points from the encounter. The last game of the month was a must-win tie in the north east as the Blues took on Sunderland. But it was not to be as Sunderland won a one sided encounter with goals from Daryl Murphy and Rade Prica.
January also saw the opening of the transfer window. McLeish was able to strengthen his side with the signings of left back David Murphy for £1.5m from Hibernian, striker James McFadden for £5m from Everton and the loan signing of striker Mauro Zárate from Qatari side Al-Sadd. McLeish also allowed some fringe players to leave the club: Neil Kilkenny joining Leeds United for £150,000, Rowan Vine joined Queens Park Rangers for £1n, Neil Danns joined Crystal Palace for £600,000, and Mat Sadler joined Watford for £750,000. Defender Olivier Tébily was also allowed to leave the club after not featuring in the side since the start of the previous season.
February
February featured three Premier League encounters. Derby County were in real trouble in the Premier League, occupying 20th position, with 19th-place Fulham well out of reach for the East Midlands club. Their visit to St Andrew's also saw the return of Robbie Savage who left the Blues back in 2005. A Larsson goal looked like it had secured a valuable three points for the Blues before an 89th-minute Emanuel Villa goal secured a point for Derby. A trip to West Ham was next up for the Blues. Freddie Ljungberg scored in the opening encounters for the Hammers, but a penalty from new signing McFadden made sure that the Blues would at least leave with a point. The last game of the month was a home match between the Blues and Arsenal. A 28th-minute free kick from McFadden opened the scoring, before two Theo Walcott goals within five minutes looked to have given the points to Arsenal, before an injury time McFadden penalty stole a point for the Blues. The game became highly controversial as within minutes of the kick off, a badly timed challenge by centre-back Martin Taylor broke the leg of Arsenal striker Eduardo. No one could complain about the automatic red card that referee Mike Dean showed Taylor, but comments after the game by Arsène Wenger campaigned for a much longer ban than the traditional three-match ban. Although Wenger later retracted his comments, his idea gained support with Sepp Blatter in particular, who campaigned for Taylor to be punished with a season-long ban. The defender also received death threats from supporters of the Croatia national team, as Eduardo would miss Euro 2008 in the summer.
March
March started with the newly crowned League Cup winners visiting St Andrew's. It was not to be Tottenham's day, however, as the Blues emphatically won 4–1. A Forssell hat-trick and a free kick from Larsson saw the Blues lead 4–0 before a late Jermaine Jenas goal in second half injury time saw Maik Taylor fail to get his clean sheet. Next up for the Blues was a tricky away tie to another team going well in a domestic cup. Portsmouth, who had just qualified for the semi-final of the FA Cup, went into an early two-goal lead thanks to Jermain Defoe, before goals from Fabrice Muamba and another Larsson free kick saw Blues complete a first-half comeback. Second-half goals from Hermann Hreiðarsson and Nwankwo Kanu saw the Blues fail to get anything from the south coast.
The next two Blues games would see the team go head to head with other Premier League teams in trouble at the foot of the table. Newcastle were first up at St Andrew's, where a James McFadden goal in the first half was cancelled out by an early goal in the second half by Michael Owen. Then it was a trip to the Madejski Stadium, where Reading were able to capitalise on poor defending from set plays to earn a 2–1 victory, leaving the Blues only a point from 18th placed Bolton. The only highlight of the game was a goal for Mauro Zárate. The last game of the month saw Manchester City visit St Andrew's. Two Zárate goals and a penalty by Gary McSheffrey were enough to overcome the Manchester team, who scored with a penalty of their own from Elano.
April
The first game in April came on the 5th, an away trip to Wigan. Former Birmingham boss Steve Bruce managed his side to a 2–0 win over Birmingham, with Ryan Taylor scoring both the goals. Also in that match, club captain Damien Johnson was sent off for two-footed foul on Kevin Kilbane. A week later, Birmingham were at home against Everton. Zárate rescued a point for the Blues with a 25-yard (23 m) free kick in the 83rd minute, after defender Joleon Lescott put Everton in front. The game ended in a 1–1 draw. At this time Birmingham were 17th in the table. The Birmingham Derby took place eight days later as Birmingham were beaten 5–1 by Aston Villa away at Villa Park. Ashley Young and John Carew each scored twice. Forssell got a consolation goal for Blues, then Agbonlahor finished it off for Aston Villa.
With other teams' results around them not going their way, Blues dropped to 18th in the league table. Birmingham's final game of April came on the 26th against Liverpool at St Andrew's. Birmingham went into this game having drawn four and won two of their last six meetings against Liverpool in the Premier League. Birmingham opened the scoring through Forssell on the 34th minute, were looking comfortable throughout most of the game, and Larsson scored a 30-yard free kick to make it 2–0. Birmingham, however, let their lead slip, after Peter Crouch and Yossi Benayoun both scored for Liverpool to share the points. Birmingham remained in 18th position.
May
At the end of season awards ceremony, held at the International Convention Centre, Birmingham, Sebastian Larsson swept the board of player-of-the-season honours, and also won the goal-of-the-season and "magic moment" awards for his stoppage-time goal at Tottenham in December. Jordon Mutch was Academy player of the season, and Stephen Kelly received an outstanding achievement award for playing every minute of the Premier League season.
A must-win game for Birmingham against relegation rivals Fulham followed, described by McLeish as "the most important game of the season". The first half ended goalless, but Fulham took the lead through Brian McBride. Erik Nevland then doubled Fulham's tally in the 87th minute, and the game ended 2–0. It took Fulham out of the relegation zone, while Birmingham fell to 19th. Birmingham's final game of the season saw them score four goals against Blackburn. A first-half goal from David Murphy was cancelled out by Blackburn's Morten Gamst Pedersen early in the second half. After a miss from close range by Cameron Jerome, the striker responded by scoring two goals, and Muamba got a late goal. It turned out not to be enough, as both Fulham and Reading secured wins, which left Birmingham to be relegated back to the Championship in 19th place. In Birmingham's last game in the 2007–08 Premier League season, they beat Blackburn 4–1. The game saw the Birmingham fans calling for the board to resign after the club was relegated.
Post-season
Birmingham issued a statement confirming that CCTV footage of the pitch invasion had been given to the police and recommended the courts impose banning orders on anyone found guilty. They announced a profit of about £32.6m, which was up from £14.3m the previous year. Sammy Yu, speaking on behalf of major shareholder Carson Yeung, released a statement saying that Yeung still wanted to buy the club.
David Sullivan blamed former manager Steve Bruce for the club's relegation, accusing him of buying poorly the previous summer, and singled out Franck Queudrue and Richard Kingson as particularly poor, calling Kingson a "waste of space". Queudrue hit back, saying that he had not played enough to be judged so harshly. Sullivan apologised to Queudrue for his outburst, but not to Kingson, who expressed his sadness at the incident, which he described as a "slap in the face". Kingson was released: McLeish said, "It's about opinions and we have other plans, so for the sake of his first-team future, we have let Richard move on."
Birmingham also decided to release youth players Asa Hall, David Howland, Adam Legzdins and Stefan Milojević, McLeish chose not to pursue the purchase of loanee Rafael Schmitz, and Daniël de Ridder's contract was cancelled by mutual consent at the end of June; he joined Wigan the following day. The club were unable to agree a new contract with top scorer Mikael Forssell, and chose not to take up their two-year option, so he left for Hannover 96 on a free transfer under the Bosman ruling. Fabrice Muamba, the club's Young Player of the Year in 2006–07, signed for Bolton Wanderers for an initial £5m fee, with an extra £750,000 potentially payable in add-ons.
Two members of the backroom staff also left the club: fitness coach Dan Harris joined West Bromwich Albion and physiotherapist Neil McDiarmid ended a 14-year connection with the club to concentrate on private practice.
McLeish said that he would not rush into signing new players, but that he would take time to make sure he buys quality players to help the club achieve promotion back to the Premier league at the first time of asking. He urged fans to be patient, as most signings would happen during July. He was aiming for a minimum squad size of 23, and expected to retain Larsson and McFadden. The club decided to activate the one-year option on Tunisian midfielder Mehdi Nafti's contract, which had been due to expire in June. McLeish told Maik Taylor he would remain as first-choice goalkeeper if he agreed a new contract; Taylor signed a two-year deal a few weeks later. It was confirmed that Everton midfielder Lee Carsley would join Birmingham on a free transfer when his contract expired.
Aberdeen University announced the award of an honorary degree to Alex McLeish in recognition of his distinguished service to football.
Premier League
Main article: 2007–08 Premier League
Match details
General sources (match reports): Match content not verifiable from these sources is referenced individually.
Date
Leagueposition
Opponents
Venue
Result
ScoreF–A
Scorers
Attendance
Refs
12 August 2007
13th
Chelsea
A
L
2–3
Forssell 15', Kapo 36'
41,590
15 August 2007
13th
Sunderland
H
D
2–2
Paul McShane 28', o.g., O'Connor 82'
24,898
18 August 2007
18th
West Ham United
H
L
0–1
24,961
25 August 2007
11th
Derby County
A
W
2–1
Jerome (2) 1', 63'
31,117
1 September 2007
16th
Middlesbrough
A
L
0–2
22,920
15 September 2007
12th
Bolton Wanderers
H
W
1–0
Kapo 37'
28,124
22 September 2007
12th
Liverpool
A
D
0–0
44,215
29 September 2007
14th
Manchester United
H
L
0–1
26,526
7 October 2007
13th
Blackburn Rovers
A
L
1–2
Jerome 68'
19,316
20 October 2007
14th
Manchester City
A
L
0–1
45,688
27 October 2007
13th
Wigan Athletic
H
W
3–2
Kapo (2) 26' pen., 81', Liam Ridgewell 67'
27,661
3 November 2007
14th
Everton
A
L
1–3
Kapo 80'
35,155
11 November 2007
15th
Aston Villa
H
L
1–2
Forssell 62'
26,539
24 November 2007
16th
Portsmouth
H
L
0–2
22,089
2 December 2007
12th
Tottenham Hotspur
A
W
3–2
McSheffrey 24' pen., Jerome 62', Larsson 90+2'
35,635
8 December 2007
13th
Newcastle United
A
L
1–2
Jerome 9'
49,948
15 December 2007
15th
Reading
H
D
1–1
Forssell 4'
27,300
22 December 2007
16th
Bolton Wanderers
A
L
0–3
19,111
26 December 2007
14th
Middlesbrough
H
W
3–0
Downing 22' o.g., Forssell 45', McSheffrey 90' pen.
24,094
29 December 2007
15th
Fulham
H
D
1–1
Forssell 55'
28,293
1 January 2008
15th
Manchester United
A
L
0–1
75,459
12 January 2008
16th
Arsenal
A
D
1–1
O'Connor 48'
60,037
19 January 2008
16th
Chelsea
H
L
0–1
26,567
29 January 2008
17th
Sunderland
A
L
0–2
37,674
2 February 2008
18th
Derby County
H
D
1–1
Larsson 68'
25,924
9 February 2008
17th
West Ham United
A
D
1–1
McFadden 16' pen.
34,884
23 February 2008
17th
Arsenal
H
D
2–2
McFadden (2) 28', 90+5' pen.
27,195
1 March 2008
16th
Tottenham Hotspur
H
W
4–1
Forssell (3) 7', 59', 81', Larsson 55'
26,055
12 March 2008
17th
Portsmouth
A
L
2–4
Muamba 10', Larsson 40'
20,138
17 March 2008
16th
Newcastle United
H
D
1–1
McFadden 33'
25,777
22 March 2008
17th
Reading
A
L
1–2
Zárate 64'
24,085
29 March 2008
17th
Manchester City
H
W
3–1
Zárate (2) 40', 54', McSheffrey 77' pen.
22,962
5 April 2008
17th
Wigan Athletic
A
L
0–2
17,926
12 April 2008
17th
Everton
H
D
1–1
Zárate 83'
25,923
20 April 2008
18th
Aston Villa
A
L
1–5
Forssell 67'
42,584
25 April 2008
18th
Liverpool
H
D
2–2
Forssell 34', Larsson 55'
29,252
3 May 2008
19th
Fulham
A
L
0–2
25,308
11 May 2008
19th
Blackburn Rovers
H
W
4–1
Murphy 31', Jerome (2) 73', 89', Muamba 90+3'
26,668
League table
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
16
Bolton Wanderers
38
9
10
19
36
54
−18
37
17
Fulham
38
8
12
18
38
60
−22
36
18
Reading (R)
38
10
6
22
41
66
−25
36
Relegation to Football League Championship
19
Birmingham City (R)
38
8
11
19
46
62
−16
35
20
Derby County (R)
38
1
8
29
20
89
−69
11
Source: Premier LeagueRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.For further information on European qualification see Premier League – Competition(R) Relegated
Results summary
Overall
Home
Away
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
38
8
11
19
46
62
−16
35
6
8
5
30
23
+7
2
3
14
16
39
−23
Source:
FA Cup
Main article: 2007–08 FA Cup
Birmingham's third round encounter pitted them against League One opponents Huddersfield Town at the Galpharm Stadium. Huddersfield took an early lead thanks to Luke Beckett, but the Blues struck back with Garry O'Connor on target to take the game into half time at 1–1. But it was to be Huddersfield's day as a late goal from Chris Brandon saw them advance into the fourth round.
Round
Date
Opponents
Venue
Result
ScoreF–A
Scorers
Attendance
Report
Third round
5 January 2008
Huddersfield Town
A
L
1–2
O'Connor 19'
13,410
Football League Cup
Main article: 2007–08 Football League Cup
The last game in August saw League Two Hereford United visit St Andrew's in the second round of the League Cup. Two first half goals from Garry O'Connor and Gary McSheffrey saw Blues lead at half time, only for Hereford to fight back in the second half to score through Theo Robinson. But it was too little too late from the Herefordshire side as Blues dumped them out of the cup. Blues' exploits in the League Cup came to an undramatic end as they bowed out to Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park. Goals from David Bentley, Matt Derbyshire and Roque Santa Cruz were enough to see off a much weakened Blues team.
Round
Date
Opponents
Venue
Result
ScoreF–A
Scorers
Attendance
Report
Second round
28 August 2007
Hereford United
H
W
2–1
O'Connor 27', McSheffrey 38'
10,185
Third round
26 September 2007
Blackburn Rovers
A
L
0–3
9,205
Transfers
In
Date
Player
Club†
Fee
Ref
11 May 2007
Fabrice Muamba
Arsenal
Undisclosed
28 June 2007
Garry O'Connor
Lokomotiv Moscow
£2,700,000
29 June 2007
Olivier Kapo
Juventus
Free
1 July 2007
Stuart Parnaby
(Middlesbrough)
Free
3 July 2007
Daniël de Ridder
(Celta Vigo)
Free
4 July 2007
Richard Kingson
Antalyaspor
Undisclosed
3 August 2007
Franck Queudrue
Fulham
£2,500,000
3 August 2007
Liam Ridgewell
Aston Villa
£2,000,000
16 January 2008
David Murphy
Hibernian
£1,500,000
18 January 2008
James McFadden
Everton
£4,750,000
† Brackets round club names denote the player's contract with that club expired before he joined Birmingham City.
Out
Date
Player
Fee
Joined†
Ref
1 July 2007
Bruno Ngotty
Free
(Leicester City)
10 July 2007
Julian Gray
Free
(Coventry City)
13 July 2007
Stephen Clemence
£1,000,000
Leicester City
20 July 2007
DJ Campbell
£2,100,000
Leicester City
7 January 2008
Neil Kilkenny
Undisclosed
Leeds United
8 January 2008
Sam Oji
Free
(Leyton Orient)
8 January 2008
Rowan Vine
£1,000,000
Queens Park Rangers
14 January 2008
Olivier Tébily
Released
(Toronto FC)
22 January 2008
Neil Danns
£600,000
Crystal Palace
24 January 2008
Mat Sadler
£750,000
Watford
16 May 2008
Richard Kingson
Released
(Wigan Athletic)
16 June 2008
Fabrice Muamba
£5,000,000
Bolton Wanderers
30 June 2008
Daniël de Ridder
Released
(Wigan Athletic)
30 June 2008
Mikael Forssell
Released
(Hannover 96)
30 June 2008
Asa Hall
Released
(Luton Town)
30 June 2008
David Howland
Released
(Port Vale)
30 June 2008
Adam Legzdins
Released
(Crewe Alexandra)
30 June 2008
Stefan Milojević
Released
(Chênois)
† Brackets round club names denote the player joined that club after his Birmingham City contract expired.
Loan in
Date
Player
Club
Return
Ref
6 July 2007
Rafael Schmitz
Lille
End of season
10 August 2007
Johan Djourou
Arsenal
January 2008
31 August 2007
Borja Oubiña
Celta Vigo
11 February 2008
31 August 2007
Wilson Palacios
Deportivo Olimpia
2 January 2008
21 January 2008
Mauro Zárate
Al-Sadd
End of season
Loan out
Date
Player
Club
Return
Ref
10 August 2007
Neil Kilkenny
Oldham Athletic
1 January 2008
28 August 2007
Sam Oji
Leyton Orient
Three months
31 August 2007
Sone Aluko
Aberdeen
End of season
1 October 2007
Adam Legzdins
Halifax Town
End of season
2 October 2007
Rowan Vine
Queens Park Rangers
January 2008
1 November 2007
Martin Taylor
Sheffield United
8 December 2007
8 November 2007
Krystian Pearce
Notts County
Two months
16 January 2008
Asa Hall
Shrewsbury Town
End of season
23 January 2008
David Howland
Port Vale
End of season
31 January 2008
Artur Krysiak
Gretna
End of season
31 January 2008
Krystian Pearce
Port Vale
Three months
Appearances and goals
Sources:
Numbers in parentheses denote appearances made as a substitute.
Players marked † left the club during the playing season.
Players with names in italics and marked * were on loan from another club for the whole of their season with Birmingham.
Players listed with no appearances have been in the matchday squad but only as unused substitutes.
Key to positions: GK – Goalkeeper; DF – Defender; MF – Midfielder; FW – Forward
Players' appearances and goals by competition
No.
Pos.
Nat.
Name
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Total
Discipline
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
1
GK
NIR
Maik Taylor
34
0
1
0
0
0
35
0
1
0
2
DF
IRE
Stephen Kelly
38
0
1
0
1
0
40
0
2
0
3
DF
ENG
Mat Sadler †
3 (2)
0
0
0
2
0
5 (2)
0
0
0
4
DF
ENG
Martin Taylor
4
0
0
0
1
0
5
0
0
1
5
DF
BRA
Rafael Schmitz *
12 (3)
0
0
0
0 (1)
0
12 (4)
0
2
0
6
DF
ENG
Liam Ridgewell
35
1
1
0
1
0
37
1
11
0
7
MF
SWE
Sebastian Larsson
32 (3)
6
1
0
1
0
34 (3)
6
5
0
8
FW
SCO
Garry O'Connor
5 (18)
2
1
1
2
1
8 (18)
4
0
0
9
FW
FIN
Mikael Forssell
21 (9)
9
1
0
1
0
23 (9)
9
0
0
10
FW
ENG
Cameron Jerome
21 (12)
7
0 (1)
0
0
0
21 (13)
7
3
0
11
MF
ENG
Gary McSheffrey
24 (8)
3
1
0
1
1
26 (8)
4
4
0
12
MF
TUN
Mehdi Nafti
19 (7)
0
0
0
1
0
20 (7)
0
8
0
13
GK
IRE
Colin Doyle
3
0
0 (1)
0
0 (1)
0
3 (2)
0
1
0
14
DF
ENG
David Murphy
14
1
0
0
0
0
14
1
2
0
15
DF
FRA
Franck Queudrue
14 (2)
0
1
0
0
0
15 (2)
0
4
1
16
DF
SUI
Johan Djourou * †
13
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
16
FW
SCO
James McFadden
10 (2)
4
0
0
0
0
10 (2)
4
2
0
17
MF
ENG
Neil Danns †
0 (2)
0
0
0
2
0
2 (2)
0
0
0
18
GK
GHA
Richard Kingson
1
0
0
0
2
0
3
0
0
0
19
FW
ENG
Rowan Vine †
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
19
FW
ARG
Mauro Zárate *
6 (8)
4
0
0
0
0
6 (8)
4
1
0
20
MF
NED
Daniël de Ridder
6 (4)
0
1
0
1
0
8 (4)
0
1
0
21
DF
ENG
Stuart Parnaby
4 (9)
0
0
0
2
0
6 (9)
0
2
0
22
MF
NIR
Damien Johnson
17
0
0
0
1
0
18
0
5
1
23
FW
FRA
Olivier Kapo
22 (4)
5
0
0
0
0
22 (4)
5
5
0
24
DF
TUN
Radhi Jaïdi
18
0
1
0
1
0
20
0
6
0
25
MF
ENG
Sone Aluko
0
0
0
0
0 (1)
0
0 (1)
0
0
0
26
MF
ENG
Fabrice Muamba
37
2
1
0
0
0
38
2
5
0
28
MF
HON
Wilson Palacios * †
4 (3)
0
0
0
0 (1)
0
4 (4)
0
2
0
29
MF
ESP
Borja Oubiña * †
1 (1)
0
0
0
0
0
1 (1)
0
0
0
30
DF
ENG
Krystian Pearce
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31
MF
ENG
Jordon Mutch
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
MF
NIR
David Howland
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
^ Birmingham had originally selected the 15-year-old Jordon Mutch for the League Cup fourth round tie against Blackburn Rovers in September 2007, having obtained confirmation from the Premier League that it was within the rules for a boy of that age to play, but were informed less than two hours before kick-off that under the Football Association's child protection policy Mutch would not be eligible. Special dispensation was granted for Howland, who had not been allocated a squad number, to take his place on the bench wearing a numberless shirt.
Players not included in matchday squads
No.
Pos.
Nat.
Name
14
MF
AUS
Neil Kilkenny †
27
MF
CIV
Olivier Tébily †
References
General
Matthews, Tony (1995). Birmingham City: A Complete Record. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-010-9.
Matthews, Tony (2010). Birmingham City: The Complete Record. Derby: DB Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85983-853-2.
Source for match dates, league positions and results: "Birmingham City 2007–2008: Results". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Source for lineups, appearances, goalscorers and attendances: Matthews (2010), Complete Record, pp. 450–51.
Source for goal times: "Birmingham Results 2007/08". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Source for transfers: "Birmingham Transfers 2007/08". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Specific
^ "Barclays Premier League 2007–2008 Season Attendance Table". Football365.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
^ "Bruce criticises Ghaly attitude". BBC Sport. 4 August 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Yeung takes stake in Birmingham". BBC Sport. 16 August 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
^ Tattum, Colin (17 July 2007). "Hollenbach/Hohenlohe Auswahl 0 Blues 2". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ Tattum, Colin (19 July 2007). "1. FC Heidenheim 0 Blues 1". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ "FC Schweinfurt 05 (2) Blues (5)". Birmingham City F.C. 23 July 2007. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.Tattum, Colin (24 July 2007). "1FC Schweinfurt 2 Blues 5". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ "Walsall 0 Blues 2". Birmingham City F.C. 28 July 2007. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
^ Tattum, Colin (31 July 2007). "Peterborough 0 Blues 3". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ "Sheffield Wednesday 0 Blues 2". Birmingham City F.C. 4 August 2007. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
^ "Bruce leaves Birmingham for Wigan". BBC Sport. 20 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "McLeish leaves Scotland for Blues". BBC Sport. 27 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Birmingham terminate Yeung talks". BBC Sport. 12 December 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Wenger fury at Eduardo injury". BBC Sport. 23 February 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "Wenger retracts Taylor criticism". BBC Sport. 24 February 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "Blatter slams Taylor tackle". BBC Sport. 7 March 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "Gold disgust at threat 'cowards'". BBC Sport. 2 March 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ Tattum, Colin (13 May 2008). "Sebastian Larsson scoops six awards". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
^ "Fulham v Blues preview". Birmingham City F.C. 2 May 2008. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012.
^ "Abuse may force out Blues chief". BBC Sport. 11 May 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "Club statement regarding goal damage". Birmingham City F.C. 14 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.
^ "Birmingham City PLC half-year result". Birmingham City F.C. 19 May 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012.
^ "Yeung still keen on Blues buy-out". BBC Sport. 26 May 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "Sullivan slams Bruce's buys". Sky Sports. 12 May 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "Queudrue hits back at Sullivan". Sky Sports. 12 May 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ Collins, Ben (13 May 2008). "Blues' pair clear the air". Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "Keeper blasts Sullivan". Sky Sports. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ a b "Keeper Kingson leaves Birmingham". BBC Sport. 16 May 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
^ a b c d e "Young quartet released". Birmingham City F.C. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.
^ "Schmitz's Blues stint ends". Birmingham City F.C. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
^ a b Tattum, Colin (1 July 2008). "Daniel de Ridder quits Birmingham City for Wigan". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
^ Paterson, Hayley (17 May 2008). "Forssell future in doubt". Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ a b "Forssell a great asset – McLeish". BBC Sport. 2 June 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
^ a b "Muamba joins Bolton". Birmingham City F.C. 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.
^ "Backroom duo depart". Birmingham City F.C. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.
^ "McLeish – We'll be selective". Birmingham City F.C. 20 May 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012.
^ "McLeish urges patience". Birmingham City F.C. 4 June 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.
^ "McLeish targets 23-man squad". Birmingham City F.C. 10 June 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.
^ "McLeish: Seb is happy here". Birmingham City F.C. 10 June 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.
^ "Forssell talks ongoing". Birmingham City F.C. 23 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.
^ "Blues exercise Nafti option". Birmingham City F.C. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.
^ "Taylor to keep number one spot". Birmingham City F.C. 23 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.
^ "Taylor agrees new deal". Birmingham City F.C. 13 June 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.
^ "Lee Carsley agrees to sign for Birmingham City". Birmingham Mail. 19 May 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
^ "Alex McLeish to receive honorary degree" (Press release). University of Aberdeen. 5 June 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
^ a b c d "Birmingham City Reports – 2007–2008". Sporting Life. UK. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Individual match reports are linked from this page."Fixtures & Results 2007/2008". Birmingham City F.C. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008.
^ "Birmingham City 2007–2008: English Premier League Table". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
^ "Muamba signs deal with Birmingham". BBC Sport. 11 May 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Birmingham complete O'Connor deal". BBC Sport. 23 June 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Birmingham sign midfielder Kapo". BBC Sport. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Parnaby makes Birmingham switch". BBC Sport. 1 June 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Birmingham sign winger De Ridder". BBC Sport. 3 July 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ Sannie, Ibrahim (4 July 2007). "Birmingham complete Kingson deal". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ a b "Birmingham complete double swoop". BBC Sport. 3 August 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ a b "Blake's Birmingham move completed". BBC Sport. 18 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Foxes recruit N'Gotty and Nielsen". BBC Sport. 4 June 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Coventry sign Birmingham's Gray". BBC Sport. 10 July 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Leicester complete Clemence deal". BBC Sport. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Leicester win race for Campbell". BBC Sport. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Leeds get Kilkenny but not Morgan". BBC Sport. 7 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "O's get Oji as Chambers pens deal". BBC Sport. 8 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Vine completes £1m switch to QPR". BBC Sport. 8 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Tebily gets paid up by Birmingham". BBC Sport. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Midfielder Danns signs for Palace". BBC Sport. 22 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Watford complete deal for Sadler". BBC Sport. 24 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Interview with new signing, Stefan Milojevic!". Geylang International Football Club. 20 June 2012. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ "Birmingham seal Schmitz loan deal". BBC Sport. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Djourou completes Birmingham move". BBC Sport. 10 August 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Birmingham sign midfielder Oubina". BBC Sport. 31 August 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011."Oubina's loan at Blues cancelled". BBC Sport. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Birmingham sign Honduran Palacios". BBC Sport. 31 August 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Blues land Argentine star on loan". BBC Sport. 21 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Kilkenny switch is finally sealed". BBC Sport. 10 August 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Orient sign Birmingham defender". BBC Sport. 28 August 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011."Oji extends loan deal at Orient". BBC Sport. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Dons bring in two young strikers". BBC Sport. 31 August 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011."Aberdeen extend Aluko loan deal". BBC Sport. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Halifax bag Birmingham goalkeeper". BBC Sport. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011."Pair end spell with Halifax Town". BBC Sport. 4 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Striker Vine moves to QPR on loan". BBC Sport. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011."QPR extend Vine loan from Blues". BBC Sport. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Roeder swoops for defender Taylor". BBC Sport. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Blues defender joins Notts County". BBC Sport. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011."Notts County extend Pearce loan". BBC Sport. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Blues youngster loaned to Shrews". BBC Sport. 16 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Birmingham youngster joins Vale". BBC Sport. 23 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Gretna lose Caig, add Wilkinson". BBC Sport. 31 January 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ "Birmingham defender is Vale bound". BBC Sport. 1 February 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2011."Krystian Pearce". Port Vale F.C. 8 April 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012.
^ "Birmingham City: 2007/08". FootballSquads. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
^ "Statement regarding Jordon Mutch". Birmingham City F.C. 26 September 2007. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2011.Tattum, Colin (27 September 2007). "Howland comes to the rescue for Blues". Birmingham Mail. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
vteBirmingham City F.C. seasons
1889–90
1890–91
1891–92
1892–93
1893–94
1894–95
1895–96
1896–97
1897–98
1898–99
1899–1900
1900–01
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1902–03
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1904–05
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1906–07
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1908–09
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–19
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1920–21
1921–22
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1923–24
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1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
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1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte2007–08 in English football « 2006–07 2008–09 » National teams
UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying (Group E)
Steve McClaren
Fabio Capello
LeaguecompetitionsLevel 1
Premier League
Levels 2–4
Football League (Championship, League One, League Two, play-offs)
Levels 5–6
Football Conference (Premier, North, South)
Levels 7–8
Isthmian League (Premier, North, South)
Northern Premier League (Premier, North, South)
Southern Football League (Premier, Midlands, South & West)
Levels 9–10
Combined Counties League (Premier, One)
Eastern Counties League (Premier, One)
Essex Senior League (level 9 only)
Hellenic League (Premier, One East, One West)
Kent League (level 9 only)
Midland Alliance (level 9 only)
Midland Football Combination (level 10 only)
North West Counties League (One, Two)
Northern Counties East League (Premier, One)
Northern League (One, Two)
South West Peninsula League (level 10 only)
Spartan South Midlands League (Premier, One)
Sussex County League (One, Two)
United Counties League (Premier, One)
Wessex League (Premier, One)
West Midlands (Regional) League (level 10 only)
Western League (Premier, One)
CupcompetitionsFA cups
FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final)
Community Shield
FA Trophy (Final)
FA Vase (Final)
Football League cups
League Cup (Final)
Football League Trophy (Final)
Other
Portsmouth F.C. 7–4 Reading F.C.
Club seasonsPremierLeague
Arsenal
Aston Villa
Birmingham City
Blackburn Rovers
Bolton Wanderers
Chelsea
Derby County
Everton
Fulham
Liverpool
Manchester City
Manchester United
Middlesbrough
Newcastle United
Portsmouth
Reading
Sunderland
Tottenham Hotspur
West Ham United
Wigan Athletic
Championship
Barnsley
Blackpool
Bristol City
Burnley
Cardiff City
Charlton Athletic
Colchester United
Coventry City
Crystal Palace
Hull City
Ipswich Town
Leicester City
Norwich City
Plymouth Argyle
Preston North End
Queens Park Rangers
Scunthorpe United
Sheffield United
Sheffield Wednesday
Southampton
Stoke City
Watford
West Bromwich Albion
Wolverhampton Wanderers
League One
Bournemouth
Brighton & Hove Albion
Bristol Rovers
Carlisle United
Cheltenham Town
Crewe Alexandra
Doncaster Rovers
Gillingham
Hartlepool United
Huddersfield Town
Leeds United
Leyton Orient
Luton Town
Millwall
Northampton Town
Nottingham Forest
Oldham Athletic
Port Vale
Southend United
Swansea City
Swindon Town
Tranmere Rovers
Walsall
Yeovil Town
League Two
Accrington Stanley
Barnet
Bradford City
Brentford
Bury
Chester City
Chesterfield
Dagenham & Redbridge
Darlington
Grimsby Town
Hereford United
Lincoln City
Macclesfield Town
Mansfield Town
Milton Keynes Dons
Morecambe
Notts County
Peterborough United
Rochdale
Rotherham United
Shrewsbury Town
Stockport County
Wrexham
Wycombe Wanderers
Non-League
Torquay United
York City
Summer 2007 transfers
Winter 2007–08 transfers
Summer 2008 transfers | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007–08 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"English football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"relegated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relegated"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Steve Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Alex McLeish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_McLeish"},{"link_name":"Scotland national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"}],"text":"Birmingham City F.C. 2007–08 football seasonThe 2007–08 season was Birmingham City Football Club's 105th season in the English football league system since their admission to the Football League in 1892, their fifth season in the Premier League, and their 55th season in the top tier of English football. Birmingham finished 19th in the 20-team league, so were relegated back to the Championship after just one season at the higher level.After Steve Bruce resigned as manager in November, Alex McLeish resigned his post as Scotland national team manager to take over.","title":"2007–08 Birmingham City F.C. season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fabrice Muamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrice_Muamba"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stuart Parnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Parnaby"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"Garry O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Olivier Kapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Kapo"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Daniël de Ridder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_de_Ridder"},{"link_name":"Celta Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celta_Vigo"},{"link_name":"Richard Kingson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kingson"},{"link_name":"Antalyaspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalyaspor"},{"link_name":"Rafael Schmitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Schmitz"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_OSC"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur"},{"link_name":"Hossam Ghaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossam_Ghaly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bruno Ngotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Ngotty"},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Julian Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Gray"},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stephen Clemence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Clemence"},{"link_name":"DJ Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Carson Yeung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Yeung"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gold_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Gold"},{"link_name":"David Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sullivan_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"After successfully returning to the Premier League at the first attempt, manager Steve Bruce started to look to add depth to his team ahead of the new season. On loan midfielder Fabrice Muamba became the first player to join the Blues, as he moved from Arsenal to the second city for an undisclosed fee. June saw the arrivals of Stuart Parnaby who signed on a free transfer from Middlesbrough, Scottish striker Garry O'Connor who signed for £2.7 million from Lokomotiv Moscow, and French midfielder Olivier Kapo who was signed from Juventus for £3m. July saw even more players arrive at St Andrew's: midfielder Daniël de Ridder signed on a free transfer from Celta Vigo, Ghana goalkeeper Richard Kingson also on a free transfer, from Antalyaspor, and Brazilian defender Rafael Schmitz on loan from Lille.The Blues were also ready to spend £3m on Tottenham Hotspur and Egypt midfielder Hossam Ghaly, but the deal was cancelled only days into his Blues career due to a training ground incident that resulted in Bruce sending him back to the London side before a work permit had been granted.[2]Four players were allowed to leave the club: defender Bruno Ngotty left on a free transfer to sign for Leicester City, midfielder Julian Gray also left on a free transfer for Coventry City, midfielder Stephen Clemence joined Leicester City for £1m, and striker DJ Campbell also joining Leicester City for £2.1m.July also saw the Blues become the latest English club to be involved in a take over bid by a foreign millionaire. Hong Kong businessman Carson Yeung brought a 29.9% stake from the club's directors for a reported £15m. The Gold brothers (David and Ralph) and David Sullivan each sold 14.81% of the club's shares.[3]","title":"Pre-season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pre-season friendlies","title":"Pre-season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stamford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mikael Forssell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Forssell"},{"link_name":"Gary McSheffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_McSheffrey"},{"link_name":"Claudio Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"Florent Malouda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_Malouda"},{"link_name":"Petr Čech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_%C4%8Cech"},{"link_name":"Michael Essien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Essien"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Paul McShane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McShane_(Irish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Michael Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chopra"},{"link_name":"Stern John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_John"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United"},{"link_name":"Mark Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Noble"},{"link_name":"Pride Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Park_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cameron Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Jerome"},{"link_name":"Matt Oakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Oakley"},{"link_name":"Franck Queudrue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Queudrue"},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Liam Ridgewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Ridgewell"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa"},{"link_name":"Johan Djourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Djourou"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Borja Oubiña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borja_Oubi%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Celta Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celta_Vigo"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Wilson Palacios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Palacios"},{"link_name":"Deportivo Olimpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Olimpia"}],"sub_title":"August","text":"The new season started with a tough away trip to Stamford Bridge to play last season's runners-up Chelsea. But it was the Blues that struck first with former Chelsea forward Mikael Forssell scoring a header from a Gary McSheffrey free kick just 15 minutes in. Chelsea fought back: goals from Claudio Pizarro and Florent Malouda gave them a 2–1 lead before new signing Olivier Kapo struck an unstoppable shot past Petr Čech to leave the scores level at half time. The only goal of the second half, from Michael Essien, gave Chelsea all three points. The Blues' first home game of the season was against Sunderland who had beaten the Blues to the Championship title the previous season. An own goal from Paul McShane was enough to give the Blues the lead at half time, but Sunderland fought back with a goal from Michael Chopra before a Garry O'Connor goal seemed to have given Blues their first win of the season. However, a late Stern John goal was enough to earn Sunderland a point. West Ham United were the next team to visit St Andrew's, where a Mark Noble penalty was the only goal of the game that gave the London club all three points. The last league game of the month saw the side visit Pride Park where two Cameron Jerome goals were enough to defeat Derby who scored a goal of their own from Matt Oakley.August also saw the close of the transfer window. Before the season had begun, Steve Bruce continued to strengthen his side with the signings of defender Franck Queudrue for £2m from Fulham, centre back Liam Ridgewell for £2m from local rivals Aston Villa, and Swiss defender Johan Djourou on loan from Arsenal. The final day of the transfer window also saw some activity as Spanish midfielder Borja Oubiña joined on loan from Celta Vigo and highly rated Honduras midfielder Wilson Palacios also joined on loan from Deportivo Olimpia.","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riverside Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"David Wheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wheater"},{"link_name":"Stewart Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Downing"},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"}],"sub_title":"September","text":"On 1 September Birmingham travelled to the Riverside Stadium to take on Middlesbrough. Two first half goals from David Wheater and Stewart Downing were enough to see off the Blues, who rarely threatened the Middlesbrough goal. The next game saw Bolton Wanderers visit St Andrew's. A free kick from Queudrue was flicked on for Kapo to secure his second goal of the season, and more importantly, Blues' first three points at home. A difficult trip to Liverpool followed, where the Blues were able to secure a valuable point in a 0–0 draw. The downside to the game was a 13th-minute injury to Borja Oubiña that would see him injured until the end of the season. The final game of the month saw the side take on Manchester United. Although the Blues bossed large parts of the game, it was the Manchester side that finished with the points. Bad play from the Blues defence allowed Manchester United to score the only goal of the game from Cristiano Ronaldo.","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benni McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benni_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Elano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elano"},{"link_name":"Wigan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Athletic"},{"link_name":"Marcus Bent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Bent"}],"sub_title":"October","text":"Blues' first game in October saw them return to Ewood Park for the second time in eleven days. Goals from David Bentley and Benni McCarthy saw Blackburn take a two-goal lead, before Cameron Jerome struck to give the Blues a lifeline, but there was to be no comeback. It ended in a 2–1 win for Blackburn Rovers, leaving Birmingham 13th in the league table after nine games played. Thirteen days later a trip to Manchester City was next on the agenda for the Blues, where a 37th-minute goal from Elano saw the points stay in Manchester. The last game of the month was a crucial bottom of the table clash with Wigan Athletic at St Andrew's. A Marcus Bent goal in the 23rd minute was cancelled out three minutes later when Kapo scored from a penalty. After half time, Bent was able to recover Wigan's lead before they were pegged back again, this time by a goal scored by Birmingham defender Liam Ridgewell. The game could have gone either way before Kapo struck again, this time in the 81st minute leaving Wigan no chance to come back. It was Birmingham's third win of the season, and at the end of the month they were in 13th position with 11 points.","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goodison Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodison_Park"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Yakubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakubu_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Lee Carsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Carsley"},{"link_name":"James Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Vaughan_(footballer,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"Second City derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_derby"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Agbonlahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Agbonlahor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eric Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Black"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Richard Kingson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kingson"},{"link_name":"Sulley Muntari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulley_Muntari"},{"link_name":"Niko Kranjčar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niko_Kranj%C4%8Dar"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Alex McLeish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_McLeish"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Andy Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Watson_(footballer,_born_1959)"},{"link_name":"Roy Aitken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Aitken"}],"sub_title":"November","text":"November started with an away game at Goodison Park against Everton. An early Yakubu goal was cancelled out in the 80th minute by Kapo, only for two injury-time goals from Lee Carsley and James Vaughan saw Everton snatch all three points. Next up was the Second City derby against Aston Villa at St Andrew's. An early Ridgewell own goal gave Villa a first-half lead. Forssell tied the game early in the second half, but Gabriel Agbonlahor gave Villa all three points. The Villa game was to be the last game in charge of the Blues for Steve Bruce, who left the club to join Wigan Athletic on 20 November 2007.[10] This left Bruce's assistant Eric Black in charge for the game against Portsmouth at St Andrew's. Debutant goalkeeper Richard Kingson was at fault for Portsmouth's first goal as Sulley Muntari's shot rolled under the arms of the keeper. Niko Kranjčar added a late second as Portsmouth strolled to victory. Black's short reign as Blues manager ended on 26 November as he left to join Bruce at Wigan. The following day, former Scotland manager Alex McLeish was appointed manager of the club.[11] McLeish had quit Scotland the day before to take over at the midlands club, and brought his two Scottish assistants, Andy Watson and former Villa caretaker manager Roy Aitken.","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur"},{"link_name":"Younès Kaboul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youn%C3%A8s_Kaboul"},{"link_name":"Robbie Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Keane"},{"link_name":"Dimitar Berbatov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar_Berbatov"},{"link_name":"Phil Dowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Dowd"},{"link_name":"St James' Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27_Park"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United"},{"link_name":"Obafemi Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obafemi_Martins"},{"link_name":"Habib Beye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Beye"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hunt_(Irish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"El Hadji Diouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hadji_Diouf"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Anelka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Anelka"},{"link_name":"Boxing Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day"},{"link_name":"Carlos Bocanegra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Bocanegra"},{"link_name":"Carson Yeung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Yeung"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"December","text":"McLeish's first game in charge was a tricky visit to Tottenham Hotspur. Gary McSheffrey was able to give the Blues a first-half lead from a penalty given away by Younès Kaboul. It all changed in the early stages of the second half, as Robbie Keane scored twice, the first from another penalty that was won by Dimitar Berbatov, the second due to bad defending from a corner. The game changed again as Phil Dowd sent Keane off and Jerome scored an equaliser. In the final minutes, Sebastian Larsson scored a 35-yard (32 m) screamer that secured McLeish his first victory. Next up was a trip to St James' Park to play Newcastle United. Jerome gave the Blues an early lead, but a controversial penalty was put away by Obafemi Martins, and a late Habib Beye goal gave Newcastle the three points. McLeish's first home game in charge was against Reading. A fourth-minute goal from Mikael Forssell was cancelled out again by another penalty, this time scored by Stephen Hunt. An away trip to Bolton Wanderers failed to gain any points for the Blues, as a goal from El Hadji Diouf and two from Nicolas Anelka gave Bolton an easy 3–0 win. Boxing Day saw Middlesbrough visit St Andrew's. An own goal by Stewart Downing and a Forssell goal gave the Blues a 2–0 lead at half time, and McSheffrey converted a penalty to finish off Middlesbrough's resistance. The last game of 2007 saw Fulham entertained at St Andrew's. An early Carlos Bocanegra goal was not enough to give Fulham a win as a 55th-minute Larsson goal shared the points.December also saw the collapse of Carson Yeung's attempted takeover of the club. The board decided to terminate talks, as Yeung had failed to come up with the reported £35m to buy the remaining 70.1% shares of the club. David Gold also confirmed that there would be no chance of another takeover bid until summer 2008.[12]","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"Carlos Tevez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Tevez"},{"link_name":"Emirates Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Adebayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Adebayor"},{"link_name":"Claudio Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"Daryl Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Rade Prica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rade_Prica"},{"link_name":"David Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Murphy_(footballer,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"James McFadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McFadden"},{"link_name":"Mauro Zárate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Z%C3%A1rate"},{"link_name":"Qatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Al-Sadd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sadd_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Neil Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United"},{"link_name":"Rowan Vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Vine"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Neil Danns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Danns"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mat Sadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Sadler"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Olivier Tébily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_T%C3%A9bily"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"January would see the Blues play three of the \"big four\" in English football. First up was a trip to Old Trafford to play Manchester United. Carlos Tevez struck the only goal of the game for the Manchester side 25 minutes in. Next up in the league for the Blues was their first ever trip to the Emirates Stadium to take on Arsenal. A penalty from Emmanuel Adebayor had given Arsenal a first half lead, but the Blues fought back to earn a point just after half time through O'Connor's header from a Larsson corner. The third of the \"big four\" were Chelsea, who visited St Andrew's. It took a late goal from Claudio Pizarro to beat Blues, as Chelsea took all three points from the encounter. The last game of the month was a must-win tie in the north east as the Blues took on Sunderland. But it was not to be as Sunderland won a one sided encounter with goals from Daryl Murphy and Rade Prica.January also saw the opening of the transfer window. McLeish was able to strengthen his side with the signings of left back David Murphy for £1.5m from Hibernian, striker James McFadden for £5m from Everton and the loan signing of striker Mauro Zárate from Qatari side Al-Sadd. McLeish also allowed some fringe players to leave the club: Neil Kilkenny joining Leeds United for £150,000, Rowan Vine joined Queens Park Rangers for £1n, Neil Danns joined Crystal Palace for £600,000, and Mat Sadler joined Watford for £750,000. Defender Olivier Tébily was also allowed to leave the club after not featuring in the side since the start of the previous season.","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robbie Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Savage"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Villa"},{"link_name":"Freddie Ljungberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Ljungberg"},{"link_name":"Theo Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Walcott"},{"link_name":"Martin Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Taylor_(footballer,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Eduardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"Mike Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dean_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Arsène Wenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Wenger"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sepp Blatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Blatter"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Croatia national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Euro 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_2008"}],"sub_title":"February","text":"February featured three Premier League encounters. Derby County were in real trouble in the Premier League, occupying 20th position, with 19th-place Fulham well out of reach for the East Midlands club. Their visit to St Andrew's also saw the return of Robbie Savage who left the Blues back in 2005. A Larsson goal looked like it had secured a valuable three points for the Blues before an 89th-minute Emanuel Villa goal secured a point for Derby. A trip to West Ham was next up for the Blues. Freddie Ljungberg scored in the opening encounters for the Hammers, but a penalty from new signing McFadden made sure that the Blues would at least leave with a point. The last game of the month was a home match between the Blues and Arsenal. A 28th-minute free kick from McFadden opened the scoring, before two Theo Walcott goals within five minutes looked to have given the points to Arsenal, before an injury time McFadden penalty stole a point for the Blues. The game became highly controversial as within minutes of the kick off, a badly timed challenge by centre-back Martin Taylor broke the leg of Arsenal striker Eduardo. No one could complain about the automatic red card that referee Mike Dean showed Taylor, but comments after the game by Arsène Wenger campaigned for a much longer ban than the traditional three-match ban.[13] Although Wenger later retracted his comments,[14] his idea gained support with Sepp Blatter in particular, who campaigned for Taylor to be punished with a season-long ban.[15] The defender also received death threats from supporters of the Croatia national team,[16] as Eduardo would miss Euro 2008 in the summer.","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jermaine Jenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Jenas"},{"link_name":"Jermain Defoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermain_Defoe"},{"link_name":"Hermann Hreiðarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hrei%C3%B0arsson"},{"link_name":"Nwankwo Kanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwankwo_Kanu"},{"link_name":"Michael Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Owen"},{"link_name":"Madejski Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madejski_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"March started with the newly crowned League Cup winners visiting St Andrew's. It was not to be Tottenham's day, however, as the Blues emphatically won 4–1. A Forssell hat-trick and a free kick from Larsson saw the Blues lead 4–0 before a late Jermaine Jenas goal in second half injury time saw Maik Taylor fail to get his clean sheet. Next up for the Blues was a tricky away tie to another team going well in a domestic cup. Portsmouth, who had just qualified for the semi-final of the FA Cup, went into an early two-goal lead thanks to Jermain Defoe, before goals from Fabrice Muamba and another Larsson free kick saw Blues complete a first-half comeback. Second-half goals from Hermann Hreiðarsson and Nwankwo Kanu saw the Blues fail to get anything from the south coast.The next two Blues games would see the team go head to head with other Premier League teams in trouble at the foot of the table. Newcastle were first up at St Andrew's, where a James McFadden goal in the first half was cancelled out by an early goal in the second half by Michael Owen. Then it was a trip to the Madejski Stadium, where Reading were able to capitalise on poor defending from set plays to earn a 2–1 victory, leaving the Blues only a point from 18th placed Bolton. The only highlight of the game was a goal for Mauro Zárate. The last game of the month saw Manchester City visit St Andrew's. Two Zárate goals and a penalty by Gary McSheffrey were enough to overcome the Manchester team, who scored with a penalty of their own from Elano.","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryan Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Taylor_(footballer,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"Damien Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Kevin Kilbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Kilbane"},{"link_name":"Joleon Lescott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joleon_Lescott"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Derby"},{"link_name":"Villa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Park"},{"link_name":"Ashley Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Young"},{"link_name":"John Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carew"},{"link_name":"Peter Crouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Crouch"},{"link_name":"Yossi Benayoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yossi_Benayoun"}],"sub_title":"April","text":"The first game in April came on the 5th, an away trip to Wigan. Former Birmingham boss Steve Bruce managed his side to a 2–0 win over Birmingham, with Ryan Taylor scoring both the goals. Also in that match, club captain Damien Johnson was sent off for two-footed foul on Kevin Kilbane. A week later, Birmingham were at home against Everton. Zárate rescued a point for the Blues with a 25-yard (23 m) free kick in the 83rd minute, after defender Joleon Lescott put Everton in front. The game ended in a 1–1 draw. At this time Birmingham were 17th in the table. The Birmingham Derby took place eight days later as Birmingham were beaten 5–1 by Aston Villa away at Villa Park. Ashley Young and John Carew each scored twice. Forssell got a consolation goal for Blues, then Agbonlahor finished it off for Aston Villa.With other teams' results around them not going their way, Blues dropped to 18th in the league table. Birmingham's final game of April came on the 26th against Liverpool at St Andrew's. Birmingham went into this game having drawn four and won two of their last six meetings against Liverpool in the Premier League. Birmingham opened the scoring through Forssell on the 34th minute, were looking comfortable throughout most of the game, and Larsson scored a 30-yard free kick to make it 2–0. Birmingham, however, let their lead slip, after Peter Crouch and Yossi Benayoun both scored for Liverpool to share the points. Birmingham remained in 18th position.","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Convention Centre, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_Centre,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Jordon Mutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordon_Mutch"},{"link_name":"Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy"},{"link_name":"Stephen Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kelly_(Irish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Brian McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McBride"},{"link_name":"Erik Nevland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Nevland"},{"link_name":"Morten Gamst Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_Gamst_Pedersen"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"At the end of season awards ceremony, held at the International Convention Centre, Birmingham, Sebastian Larsson swept the board of player-of-the-season honours, and also won the goal-of-the-season and \"magic moment\" awards for his stoppage-time goal at Tottenham in December. Jordon Mutch was Academy player of the season, and Stephen Kelly received an outstanding achievement award for playing every minute of the Premier League season.[17]A must-win game for Birmingham against relegation rivals Fulham followed, described by McLeish as \"the most important game of the season\".[18] The first half ended goalless, but Fulham took the lead through Brian McBride. Erik Nevland then doubled Fulham's tally in the 87th minute, and the game ended 2–0. It took Fulham out of the relegation zone, while Birmingham fell to 19th. Birmingham's final game of the season saw them score four goals against Blackburn. A first-half goal from David Murphy was cancelled out by Blackburn's Morten Gamst Pedersen early in the second half. After a miss from close range by Cameron Jerome, the striker responded by scoring two goals, and Muamba got a late goal. It turned out not to be enough, as both Fulham and Reading secured wins, which left Birmingham to be relegated back to the Championship in 19th place. In Birmingham's last game in the 2007–08 Premier League season, they beat Blackburn 4–1. The game saw the Birmingham fans calling for the board to resign after the club was relegated.[19]","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CCTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"David Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sullivan_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KingsonOut-27"},{"link_name":"Asa Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Hall"},{"link_name":"David Howland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Howland"},{"link_name":"Adam Legzdins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Legzdins"},{"link_name":"Stefan Milojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Milojevi%C4%87_(footballer,_born_February_1989)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Released-28"},{"link_name":"Rafael Schmitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Schmitz"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Daniël de Ridder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_de_Ridder"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeRidderOut-30"},{"link_name":"Hannover 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_96"},{"link_name":"Bosman ruling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosman_ruling"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForssellOut-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MuambaOut-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Mehdi Nafti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Nafti"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Lee Carsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Carsley"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_University"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Birmingham issued a statement confirming that CCTV footage of the pitch invasion had been given to the police and recommended the courts impose banning orders on anyone found guilty.[20] They announced a profit of about £32.6m, which was up from £14.3m the previous year.[21] Sammy Yu, speaking on behalf of major shareholder Carson Yeung, released a statement saying that Yeung still wanted to buy the club.[22]David Sullivan blamed former manager Steve Bruce for the club's relegation, accusing him of buying poorly the previous summer, and singled out Franck Queudrue and Richard Kingson as particularly poor, calling Kingson a \"waste of space\".[23] Queudrue hit back, saying that he had not played enough to be judged so harshly.[24] Sullivan apologised to Queudrue for his outburst,[25] but not to Kingson, who expressed his sadness at the incident, which he described as a \"slap in the face\".[26] Kingson was released: McLeish said, \"It's about opinions and we have other plans, so for the sake of his first-team future, we have let Richard move on.\"[27]Birmingham also decided to release youth players Asa Hall, David Howland, Adam Legzdins and Stefan Milojević,[28] McLeish chose not to pursue the purchase of loanee Rafael Schmitz,[29] and Daniël de Ridder's contract was cancelled by mutual consent at the end of June; he joined Wigan the following day.[30] The club were unable to agree a new contract with top scorer Mikael Forssell, and chose not to take up their two-year option, so he left for Hannover 96 on a free transfer under the Bosman ruling.[31][32] Fabrice Muamba, the club's Young Player of the Year in 2006–07, signed for Bolton Wanderers for an initial £5m fee, with an extra £750,000 potentially payable in add-ons.[33]Two members of the backroom staff also left the club: fitness coach Dan Harris joined West Bromwich Albion and physiotherapist Neil McDiarmid ended a 14-year connection with the club to concentrate on private practice.[34]McLeish said that he would not rush into signing new players, but that he would take time to make sure he buys quality players to help the club achieve promotion back to the Premier league at the first time of asking.[35] He urged fans to be patient, as most signings would happen during July.[36] He was aiming for a minimum squad size of 23,[37] and expected to retain Larsson[38] and McFadden.[39] The club decided to activate the one-year option on Tunisian midfielder Mehdi Nafti's contract, which had been due to expire in June.[40] McLeish told Maik Taylor he would remain as first-choice goalkeeper if he agreed a new contract;[41] Taylor signed a two-year deal a few weeks later.[42] It was confirmed that Everton midfielder Lee Carsley would join Birmingham on a free transfer when his contract expired.[43]Aberdeen University announced the award of an honorary degree to Alex McLeish in recognition of his distinguished service to football.[44]","title":"Post-season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Premier League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reports-45"}],"sub_title":"Match details","text":"General sources (match reports):[45] Match content not verifiable from these sources is referenced individually.","title":"Premier League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=16&mw=-1&ha=-1"},{"link_name":"Premier League – Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League#Competition"}],"sub_title":"League table","text":"Source: Premier LeagueRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.For further information on European qualification see Premier League – Competition(R) Relegated","title":"Premier League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FinalTable-46"}],"sub_title":"Results summary","text":"Source: [46]","title":"Premier League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Galpharm Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galpharm_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Luke Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Chris Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brandon"}],"text":"Birmingham's third round encounter pitted them against League One opponents Huddersfield Town at the Galpharm Stadium. Huddersfield took an early lead thanks to Luke Beckett, but the Blues struck back with Garry O'Connor on target to take the game into half time at 1–1. But it was to be Huddersfield's day as a late goal from Chris Brandon saw them advance into the fourth round.","title":"FA Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Hereford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Theo Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ewood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewood_Park"},{"link_name":"David Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bentley"},{"link_name":"Matt Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Roque Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roque_Santa_Cruz"}],"text":"The last game in August saw League Two Hereford United visit St Andrew's in the second round of the League Cup. Two first half goals from Garry O'Connor and Gary McSheffrey saw Blues lead at half time, only for Hereford to fight back in the second half to score through Theo Robinson. But it was too little too late from the Herefordshire side as Blues dumped them out of the cup. Blues' exploits in the League Cup came to an undramatic end as they bowed out to Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park. Goals from David Bentley, Matt Derbyshire and Roque Santa Cruz were enough to see off a much weakened Blues team.","title":"Football League Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transfers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"In","text":"† Brackets round club names denote the player's contract with that club expired before he joined Birmingham City.","title":"Transfers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Out","text":"† Brackets round club names denote the player joined that club after his Birmingham City contract expired.","title":"Transfers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Loan in","title":"Transfers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Loan out","title":"Transfers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SquadNumbers-82"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"Jordon Mutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordon_Mutch"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"the Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"Sources: [82]Numbers in parentheses denote appearances made as a substitute.\nPlayers marked † left the club during the playing season.\nPlayers with names in italics and marked * were on loan from another club for the whole of their season with Birmingham.\nPlayers listed with no appearances have been in the matchday squad but only as unused substitutes.\nKey to positions: GK – Goalkeeper; DF – Defender; MF – Midfielder; FW – Forward^ Birmingham had originally selected the 15-year-old Jordon Mutch for the League Cup fourth round tie against Blackburn Rovers in September 2007, having obtained confirmation from the Premier League that it was within the rules for a boy of that age to play, but were informed less than two hours before kick-off that under the Football Association's child protection policy Mutch would not be eligible. Special dispensation was granted for Howland, who had not been allocated a squad number, to take his place on the bench wearing a numberless shirt.[83]","title":"Appearances and goals"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (1995). Birmingham City: A Complete Record. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-010-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-010-9","url_text":"978-1-85983-010-9"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (2010). Birmingham City: The Complete Record. Derby: DB Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85983-853-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-853-2","url_text":"978-1-85983-853-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham City 2007–2008: Results\". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. 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Retrieved 15 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/hollenbachhohenlohe-auswahl-0-blues-2-42913","url_text":"\"Hollenbach/Hohenlohe Auswahl 0 Blues 2\""}]},{"reference":"Tattum, Colin (19 July 2007). \"1. FC Heidenheim 0 Blues 1\". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 15 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/1-fc-heidenheim-0-blues-42980","url_text":"\"1. FC Heidenheim 0 Blues 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"FC Schweinfurt 05 (2) Blues (5)\". Birmingham City F.C. 23 July 2007. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120523182315/http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10412~1077598%2C00.html","url_text":"\"FC Schweinfurt 05 (2) Blues (5)\""},{"url":"http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0,,10412~1077598,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tattum, Colin (24 July 2007). \"1FC Schweinfurt 2 Blues 5\". Birmingham Mail. 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Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120523182514/http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10412~1084936%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Sheffield Wednesday 0 Blues 2\""},{"url":"http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0,,10412~1084936,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruce leaves Birmingham for Wigan\". BBC Sport. 20 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7100525.stm","url_text":"\"Bruce leaves Birmingham for Wigan\""}]},{"reference":"\"McLeish leaves Scotland for Blues\". BBC Sport. 27 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7114028.stm","url_text":"\"McLeish leaves Scotland for Blues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham terminate Yeung talks\". BBC Sport. 12 December 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7150357.stm","url_text":"\"Birmingham terminate Yeung talks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wenger fury at Eduardo injury\". BBC Sport. 23 February 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7260564.stm","url_text":"\"Wenger fury at Eduardo injury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wenger retracts Taylor criticism\". BBC Sport. 24 February 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7261153.stm","url_text":"\"Wenger retracts Taylor criticism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blatter slams Taylor tackle\". BBC Sport. 7 March 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11694_3257884,00.html","url_text":"\"Blatter slams Taylor tackle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold disgust at threat 'cowards'\". BBC Sport. 2 March 2008. 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Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11694_3557015,00.html","url_text":"\"Queudrue hits back at Sullivan\""}]},{"reference":"Collins, Ben (13 May 2008). \"Blues' pair clear the air\". Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11694_3559975,00.html","url_text":"\"Blues' pair clear the air\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keeper blasts Sullivan\". Sky Sports. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11694_3563075,00.html","url_text":"\"Keeper blasts Sullivan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keeper Kingson leaves Birmingham\". BBC Sport. 16 May 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7404802.stm","url_text":"\"Keeper Kingson leaves Birmingham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young quartet released\". Birmingham City F.C. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722091525/http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10412~1311708%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Young quartet released\""},{"url":"http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0,,10412~1311708,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Schmitz's Blues stint ends\". Birmingham City F.C. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120523183046/http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10412~1311760%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Schmitz's Blues stint ends\""},{"url":"http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0,,10412~1311760,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tattum, Colin (1 July 2008). \"Daniel de Ridder quits Birmingham City for Wigan\". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/daniel-de-ridder-quits-birmingham-65614","url_text":"\"Daniel de Ridder quits Birmingham City for Wigan\""}]},{"reference":"Paterson, Hayley (17 May 2008). \"Forssell future in doubt\". Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11694_3576111,00.html","url_text":"\"Forssell future in doubt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forssell a great asset – McLeish\". BBC Sport. 2 June 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7431188.stm","url_text":"\"Forssell a great asset – McLeish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muamba joins Bolton\". Birmingham City F.C. 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722091815/http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10412~1329192%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Muamba joins Bolton\""},{"url":"http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0,,10412~1329192,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Backroom duo depart\". Birmingham City F.C. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120806210027/http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10412~1311875%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Backroom duo depart\""},{"url":"http://www.bcfc.com/page/News/NewsDetail/0,,10412~1311875,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"McLeish – We'll be selective\". Birmingham City F.C. 20 May 2008. 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Birmingham City F.C. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215162609/http://www.blues.premiumtv.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0%2C%2C10412~2007%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Fixtures & Results 2007/2008\""},{"url":"http://www.blues.premiumtv.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0,,10412~2007,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham City 2007–2008: English Premier League Table\". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018143234/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/birmingham-city/2007-2008/table#","url_text":"\"Birmingham City 2007–2008: English Premier League Table\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/birmingham-city/2007-2008/table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Muamba signs deal with Birmingham\". BBC Sport. 11 May 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/6647977.stm","url_text":"\"Muamba signs deal with Birmingham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham complete O'Connor deal\". BBC Sport. 23 June 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/6231588.stm","url_text":"\"Birmingham complete O'Connor deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham sign midfielder Kapo\". BBC Sport. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/6255568.stm","url_text":"\"Birmingham sign midfielder Kapo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parnaby makes Birmingham switch\". BBC Sport. 1 June 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/6711829.stm","url_text":"\"Parnaby makes Birmingham switch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham sign winger De Ridder\". BBC Sport. 3 July 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Administrative_Law_(Iraq) | Transitional Administrative Law (Iraq) | ["1 Preamble and articles","2 Rights","3 Political structure","4 Transitional period","5 Judiciary","6 Kurdistan and local government","7 Role of Shariah","8 De-Ba'athification","9 Revenue from oil","10 Enforcement of Coalition-created laws","11 References","12 External links"] | 2004–2006 provisional constitution of Iraq
The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period (Arabic: قانون إدارة الدولة للفترة الانتقالية), also called the Transitional Administrative Law or TAL, was Iraq's provisional constitution following the 2003 Iraq War. It was signed on March 8, 2004 by the Iraqi Governing Council. It came into effect on June 28, 2004 following the official transfer of power from the Coalition Provisional Authority (a division of the United States Department of Defense) to a sovereign Iraqi government. The law remained in effect until the formation of the government in May 2006, when it was superseded by the permanent constitution that had been approved by referendum on October 15, 2005.
The TAL was principally drafted by a ten-man committee appointed by the Bush Administration with advice from the United States and United Nations personnel.
Preamble and articles
The preamble begins:
The people of Iraq, striving to reclaim their freedom, which was usurped by the previous tyrannical regime, rejecting violence and coercion in all their forms, and particularly when used as instruments of governance, have determined that they shall hereafter remain a free people governed under the rule of law.
And contains further,
...affirming today their respect for international law, ... working to reclaim their legitimate place among nations,... have endeavored at the same time to preserve the unity of their homeland.
Article 2 provides for an Annex to this document, which was issued by the interim Governing Council on 1 June 2004, before the beginning of the transitional period. The Annex forms an integral part of this Law, and for the most part clarifies aspects of the transitional and interim administration.
Rights
Supporters lauded the constitution's guarantees of "fundamental rights":
equality before the law (Article 12), guaranteeing the equality of all without regard to "gender, sect, opinion, belief, nationality, religion, or origin";
freedom of religion, though Islam is stated as the state's official religion and is to be considered a source of legislation;
freedom of speech;
freedom of the press;
right to privacy;
right to a "fair, speedy, and open trial" for all accused of crimes;
no unlawful arrest or detention;
torture and cruel and unusual punishment are banned "under all circumstances";
right to private property is protected.
A lengthy provision emphasizes that police, investigators, or other governmental authorities may not violate the "sanctity of private residences."
Iraqis are also guaranteed the right to "education, health care, and social security." The right to possess, bear, buy, or sell arms is subject to "licensure issued in accordance with the law."
The right to citizenship is detailed and prominent within the chapter on fundamental rights. Eight provisions govern who is and isn't a citizen. Any Iraqi whose citizenship was withdrawn for political, religious, racial, or sectarian reasons has the right to reclaim his Iraqi citizenship, and each Iraqi is guaranteed the right to carry more than one citizenship. Revolutionary Command Council Decree 666, which in 1980 banned citizenship in Iraq for Ajam, Iraqis of Persian origin, is explicitly annulled.
Part of the Law of Administration's explicit rejection of Iraq's former racist policy (also explicitly referenced) is embodied in the wording "The federal system shall be based upon geographic and historical realities and the separation of powers, and not upon origin, race, ethnicity, nationality, or confession."
The Law stipulates that both Arabic and Kurdish be the official languages of Iraq.
Political structure
The constitution provides for a transitional National Assembly, elected on January 30, 2005.
The government under the Transitional Law is a democratic republic, with three separate branches of government.
The elected National Assembly is a unicameral legislature with 275 elected members. Members selected a President of the Assembly, who serves as a non-voting speaker, and two deputies. The Assembly is the chief lawmaking organ, and is required to propose and pass bills in order to make law for the country.
The Assembly also elected a President of State who along with two deputies formed a Presidency Council to "represent the sovereignty of Iraq and oversee the higher affairs of the country." The council represents the executive branch of government and has the right to veto laws passed by the Assembly. The Assembly can then over-rule the Council with a two-thirds majority vote.
The Presidency Council appoints the Prime Minister of Iraq and cabinet (Council of Ministers of Iraq), all who must be approved by the Assembly. The Prime Minister and his cabinet exercise most of the day-to-day runnings of government, including control over the armed forces. The Assembly has a right to remove the Prime Minister with a vote of no confidence.
Transitional period
The Transitional Administrative Law spelled out the steps to be taken after the transfer of sovereignty to the writing and enactment of a permanent constitution.
Article 2 stated that elections for the National Assembly should take place no later than January 31, 2005.
Article 61 stated that the Assembly should write a permanent constitution by no later than 15 August 2005. The draft permanent constitution would be presented in a referendum to the Iraqi people by 15 October 2005.
According to the TAL, the permanent constitution would be adopted if a majority of Iraqi voters approve it, and no more than 2/3 of the voters in any three governorates disapprove it. This provision was criticized by Ayatollah Al-Sistani on the grounds that it could lead to civil war if voters in the three majority Sunni Muslim governorates reject it.
Article 61 also provided for an extension to the constitution drafting process for up to six months. If the constitution were to be rejected or if the National Assembly failed to come to agreement, the National Assembly was to be dissolved and new elections were to be held.
Judiciary
Local court justices are appointed by local governments and their "juridical councils", the Supreme Court being appointed by the Federal Government. The Supreme Court has nine members and possesses the ability to overturn legislation it finds unconstitutional.
The constitution also establishes several "National Commissions" to investigate and address recent concerns such as human rights and war crimes.
Kurdistan and local government
The transitional constitution recognizes the current government of Iraqi Kurdistan as the legitimate government of the Kurds, and allows it to continue to exist within the new federal state.
Iraq elected Governors and Governorate councils for each of its 18 governorates, as well as elected mayors and city councils for each city. Elections were held at the same time as National Assembly elections.
Role of Shariah
Shariah is addressed in two ways:
"Islam is the official religion of the State and is to be considered a source of legislation." But decisions according to Shariah may not abrogate articles or guarantees:
"Any legal provision that conflicts with this Law is null and void." Thus the Law of Administration circumscribes Shariah.
De-Ba'athification
Main article: De-Ba'athification
Former Ba'ath Party members who want to run for office are required to sign documents explicitly denouncing the party and denying they possess any continuing ties to the organization or its principles.
Revenue from oil
The natural resources of Iraq are explicitly declared to belong to all the people of all the regions and governorates of Iraq. Their management is required to involve consultation with the governments of the regions and the administrations of the governorates. Revenue resulting from their sale through the national budget is required to be distributed in an equitable manner proportional to the distribution of population throughout the country, and with "due regard for areas that were unjustly deprived of these revenues by the previous regime."
Enforcement of Coalition-created laws
Section A of Article 26 of the Law of Administration reads:
Except as otherwise provided in this Law, the laws in force in Iraq on 30 June 2004 shall remain in effect unless and until rescinded or amended by the Iraqi Transitional Government in accordance with this Law.
This appears to permit the Transitional Government to modify coalition legislation or parts of the Law of Administration "by a three-fourths majority of the members of the National Assembly and the unanimous approval of the Presidency Council". The Transitional Government, however, may not change the transitional period or remove human rights, nor may they delay the next elections by more than six months.
Significantly, the elected Transitional Government is not bound by the clause in the Annex to the Law of Administration which prevented the appointed Interim Government from "taking any actions affecting Iraq's destiny beyond the limited interim period".
References
^ L. Paul Bremer; Malcolm McConnell (2006). My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope. Simon & Schuster. p. 307-308. ISBN 978-0-7432-7389-3.
External links
International Center for Transitional Justice, Iraq
Full translation into English
Translation of Annex to the Law of Administration
Iraq's transitional law under attack
Full text of Iraqi Interim Constitution (1970–2004) translated to English
vteIraq War (2003–2011)Beginning of the Iraqi conflictPreludeBackgroundPre-1990
17 July Revolution
Iranian Revolution
1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
Iran–Iraq War
British / U.S. support for Iraq
Chemical attacks against Iran
Anfal campaign
Iran–Contra affair
1990–2003
Gulf War
Invasion of Kuwait
Nayirah testimony
Sanctions against Iraq
No-fly zones
1991 uprisings
UNSCOM
Arms-to-Iraq affair
Oil-for-Food Programme
Investigations
September 11 attacks
Aftermath
War on terror
2001 anthrax attacks
U.S. War in Afghanistan
Invasion
Rationale
WMD claims
Yellowcake uranium
Aluminum tubes
Biological weapons
Chemical weapons
"Curveball"
Mobile weapon labs
Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory
Anthrax claims
Prague
Ricin claims
Oil as a possible rationale
Issues
American imperialism
Bush Doctrine
Wolfowitz Doctrine
Colin Powell's UN presentation
Disarmament crisis
UNMOVIC
Failed peace initiatives
Iraq resolution / UK parliament's support for invasion
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
Legality
Legitimacy of the invasion
Media coverage
Military analyst program
Rapid response operation
Saddam's alleged shredder
Preemptive war
Saddam Hussein and human rights
Dossiersand memos
Habbush letter
Downing Street memo
September Dossier
Vilnius letter
Letter of the eight
Bush–Blair 2003 memo
February Dossier
Bush–Aznar memo
OverviewKey events
Invasion (2003)
Occupation (2003–2011)
Insurgency
2003–06 period
Anbar campaign
Fallujah
Capture of Saddam Hussein
Interrogation
Trial
Execution / Reactions
2006 al-Askari mosque bombing
Civil war (2006–08)
2007 U.S. troop surge
timeline
U.S. withdrawal
Status of forces agreement
Invasion(2003)
Timeline
Preparations for invasion
Multi-National Force
Battle of Nasiriyah
Fall of Baghdad
Battle of Debecka Pass
Firdos Square statue
Mission Accomplished speech
US public opinion
Occupation(2003–2011)
Occupation of Ramadi
De-Ba'athification
100 Orders
CPA Order 2
CPA Order 17
U.S. military bases
Blackwater
Reconstruction
Development Fund
Economic reform
UNAMI
Al Qa'qaa high explosives
U.S. kill or capture strategy
Replacementgovernments
Coalition Provisional Authority
Iraqi Governing Council
Interim Government
2005 parliamentary elections
Transitional Government
Constitution
Ratification
ParticipantsCountries
Australia
Ba'athist Iraq
Denmark
Georgia
Iran
Italy
Japan
Poland
South Korea
Thailand
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
InsurgentgroupsSunnigroups
Islamic Army in Iraq
1920 Revolution Brigades
Jaish al-Rashideen
Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance
Hamas of Iraq
Jeish Muhammad
Mujahideen Shura Council
Islamic State of Iraq
Al-Qaeda in Iraq
Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna
Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
Black Banner Organization
Wakefulness and Holy War
Abu Theeb's group
Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army
Mujahideen Army
Shiagroups
Mahdi Army
Abu Deraa's militia
Badr Organization
Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
Sheibani Network
Soldiers of Heaven
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Promised Day Brigade
Kata'ib Hezbollah
Ba'athloyalists
Fedayeen Saddam
Al-Awda
Popular Army
Al-Abud Network
Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
Battles and operationsOperations2003
Ancient Babylon
Bayonet Lightning
Bulldog Mammoth
Catalyst
Desert Scorpion
Desert Thrust
Falconer
Iron Hammer
Iron Justice
Ivy Blizzard
Northern Delay
Airborne Dragon
Panther Squeeze
Peninsula Strike
Planet X
Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn)
Telic
2004
Baton Rouge
Bulldog Mammoth
Iron Saber
New Dawn (Al Fajr)
Phantom Fury
Phantom Linebacker
Plymouth Rock
Vigilant Resolve
Warrior's Rage
2005
Able Rising Force
Able Warrior
Badlands
Cyclone
Dagger
Iron Hammer
Matador
New Market
Spear (Romhe)
Squeeze Play
Steel Curtain
2006
Al Majid
Gaugamela
Guardian Tiger
Iron Triangle
River Falcon
Scorpion
Sinbad
Swarmer
Together Forward
2007
Alljah
Arbead II
Ardennes
Black Eagle
Commando Eagle
Forsythe Park
Imposing Law
Leyte Gulf
Marne Avalanche
Marne Torch
Mawtini
Phantom Strike
Phantom Thunder
Polar Tempest
Purple Haze
Saber Guardian
Sledgehammer
Stampede 3
Tiger Hammer
Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil)
2008
Defeat Al Qaeda in the North
Augurs of Prosperity
Phantom Phoenix
2009–2011
New Dawn
Battles2003Invasion
Umm Qasr
Al Faw
Basra I
Nasiriyah
Karbala I
Haditha Dam
Najaf I
Samawah I
Karbala II
Al Kut
Hillah
Karbala Gap
Debecka Pass
Baghdad I
Majar al-Kabir
Ramadan Offensive2004
Spring fighting
Karbala City Hall
Fallujah I
Siege of Sadr City
Ramadi I
Good Friday ambush
Baghdad International Airport
Husaybah
Danny Boy
Najaf II
CIMIC House
Samarra
Fallujah II
Mosul
2005
Lake Tharthar
Abu Ghraib
Al-Qa'im
Hit convoy
Haditha
Tal Afar
2006
Baghdad II
Ramadi II
Diwaniya
Al Rumaythah
Amarah
Turki
2007
Haifa Street
Karbala provincial HQ
Najaf III
Shurta Nasir
Basra II
Baqubah
Route Bismarck
Donkey Island
Karbala III
2008
Spring fighting
Iraqi Day of Ashura
Nineveh
Basra III
Al-Qaeda offensive
2009–2011
Palm Grove (2010)
Related events
Turkish incursions into northern Iraq
2007
2008
Abu Kamal raid
War crimesOccupation forcesKillings andmassacres
During the 2003 invasion
U.S. killings of journalists
Fallujah killings
Killing of Nadhem Abdullah (2003)
Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir
Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre (2004)
Haifa Street helicopter incident (2005)
Tal Afar shootings (2005)
Basra prison incident (2005)
Haditha massacre (2005)
Mahmudiyah rape and killings (2006)
Ishaqi massacre (2006)
Baghdad detainee killings (2006)
Hamdania incident (2006)
Iraqi bodyguard killing (2006)
Iron Triangle Murders (2006)
Baghdad airstrike (2007)
Nisour Square massacre (2007)
Iraq War Logs (2010)
Chemicalweapons
Use of white phosphorus by the United States (2004–05)
Tortureand abuse
Abu Ghraib prison (2003–06)
Camp Bucca (2003–09)
Camp Nama (2003–04)
Balad Air Base (2003–2011)
Death of Nagem Hatab (2003)
Killing of Baha Mousa (2003)
Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush (2003)
Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi (2003)
Death of Fashad Mohamed (2004)
§ Other killingsand bombings2003
Jordanian embassy
Canal Hotel
Imam Ali mosque bombing
Baghdad October 2003
2004
Erbil 2004
Ashura massacre
Basra 2004
Mosul 2004
2004 church bombings
Baghdad bombings
14 September
30 September
Karbala and Najaf bombings
Baqubah 2004
Kufa mosque bombing
2005
Al Hillah 2005
Erbil 2005
Musayyib bombing
Baghdad bombings
August
September
Balad 2005
Khanaqin bombings
2006
Karbala and Ramadi
Al-Askari mosque 2006
Buratha mosque bombing
Sadr City bombings
July
November
Hayy Al-Jihad massacre
2007
Mustansiriya University
Baghdad bombings
22 January
3 February
12 February
18 February
29 March
18 April
26 July
1 August
Al Hillah 2007
Tal Afar 2007
Iraqi Parliament
2007 Karbala mosque bombings
Massacres of Yazidis
April massacre
Qahtaniyah bombings
Makhmour
Abu Sayda
Al-Askari mosque 2007
Al-Khilani mosque bombing
Amirli bombing
Kirkuk 2007
Al Amarah bombings
2008
Bagdad bombings
February
March
June
Balad 2008
Karbala 2008
Al-Karmah
Dujail bombing
Balad Ruz bombing
Attacks on Christians in Mosul
2009
Bagdad bombings
March
6 April
June
August
October
December
Baghdad–Miqdadiyah
Taza bombing
Kirkuk 2009
Tal Afar 2009
2010
Nationwide attacks
10 May
25 August
Bagdad bombings
January
February
April
August
September
November
Baqubah 2010
Baghdad church massacre
2011
Nationwide attacks
January
August
Bagdad bombings
January
August
October
Arba'een bombings
Tikrit assault
Al Hillah 2011
Samarra bombing
Al Diwaniyah bombing
Taji bombings
Karbala 2011
Basra 2011
Other war crimes
Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011)
Archaeological looting
Chlorine bombings
Torture by the Wolf Brigade (2004–2011)
Prosecution
United States and the International Criminal Court
Hague Invasion Act
Prosecution for the 2003 invasion
Abtan v. Blackwater
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
Saleh v. Bush
Taguba Report
§ All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetratorsImpactGeneral
Casualties
Iraq Body Count
Iraq Family Health Survey
Lancet surveys
ORB survey
Damage to Baghdad
Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster
Human rights
Humanitarian crisis
2007 cholera outbreak
Financial cost
Refugees
Iraqi Christians
Mandaeans
Violence against Iraqi academics
Politicalcontroversies
Post-invasion WMD conjecture
Iraq scandal in Finland
Dixie Chicks comments
Plame affair
Hood event
Death of David Kelly
Hutton Inquiry
Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz
2004 document leak
Al Jazeera bombing memo
Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy
MoveOn.org ad controversy
Six Days in Fallujah
Role of Canada
War resisters
Investigations
Senate Report on WMD Intelligence
Duelfer Report
Chilcot Inquiry
ReactionsPre-war
Pre-war international reactions
Khuy Voyne!
Saddam Hussein interview
Views on the invasion
U.S. public opinion
Opposition
Criticism
United Nations
Oprah's Anti-war series
Iraqi map pendant
Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan
Photo Op
A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq
Bush shoeing incidentProtests
Halloween 2002
February 15, 2003
March 20, 2003
Bring Them Home Now Tour
January 20, 2005
September 24, 2005
January 27, 2007
March 17, 2007
2007 Port of Tacoma
September 15, 2007
March 19, 2008
Aftermath in Iraq
The rise of ISIL
Insurgency (2011–13)
War in Iraq (2013–17)
War against ISIL (2014–present)
U.S.-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)
Insurgency (2017–present)
MiscellaneousTerminology
Axis of evil
Outposts of tyranny
"Baghdad Bob"
"Chemical Ali"
Coalition of the willing
Dead checking
Embedded journalism
Freedom fries
Friedman Unit
"Mother of All Bombs"
"Mrs. Anthrax"
Old Europe and New Europe
Regime change
Shock and awe
"Sixteen Words"
"Smoking gun / mushroom cloud"
Star Spangled Ice Cream
Strategic reset
"There are unknown unknowns"
Triangle of Death
"Yo, Blair"
Critical
Global arrogance
Inverted totalitarianism
"The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time"
Memorials
Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon)
Al-Shaheed Monument
Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London)
Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial
Old North Memorial Garden
Saving Iraqi Culture
Lists
Assassinations
Aviation shootdowns and accidents
Bombings
Coalition military operations
Documentaries
Iraqi security forces fatality reports
Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards
Private contractor deaths
Timeline
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Related
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Chelsea Manning
CIA black sites
Efforts to impeach George W. Bush
"Enhanced interrogation techniques"
Torture in the United States
Extraordinary rendition
Green Zone
Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Gulf of Tonkin incident
Resolution
Military–industrial complex
Neoconservatism
Patriot Act
Petrodollar warfare theory
Post-9/11
Special Relationship
The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs
Unilateralism
Unitary executive theory
U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East
WikiLeaks
Ba'ath Party archives
Outline / Category / Wikinews / Multimedia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Governing Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BremerMcConnell2006-1"},{"link_name":"Coalition Provisional Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority"},{"link_name":"permanent constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum"},{"link_name":"Bush Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"}],"text":"The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period (Arabic: قانون إدارة الدولة للفترة الانتقالية), also called the Transitional Administrative Law or TAL, was Iraq's provisional constitution following the 2003 Iraq War. It was signed on March 8, 2004 by the Iraqi Governing Council.[1] It came into effect on June 28, 2004 following the official transfer of power from the Coalition Provisional Authority (a division of the United States Department of Defense) to a sovereign Iraqi government. The law remained in effect until the formation of the government in May 2006, when it was superseded by the permanent constitution that had been approved by referendum on October 15, 2005.The TAL was principally drafted by a ten-man committee appointed by the Bush Administration with advice from the United States and United Nations personnel.","title":"Transitional Administrative Law (Iraq)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governing Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council"}],"text":"The preamble begins:The people of Iraq, striving to reclaim their freedom, which was usurped by the previous tyrannical regime, rejecting violence and coercion in all their forms, and particularly when used as instruments of governance, have determined that they shall hereafter remain a free people governed under the rule of law.And contains further,...affirming today their respect for international law, ... working to reclaim their legitimate place among nations,... have endeavored at the same time to preserve the unity of their homeland.Article 2 provides for an Annex to this document, which was issued by the interim Governing Council on 1 June 2004, before the beginning of the transitional period. The Annex forms an integral part of this Law, and for the most part clarifies aspects of the transitional and interim administration.","title":"Preamble and articles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equality before the law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_before_the_law"},{"link_name":"freedom of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"official religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion"},{"link_name":"freedom of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech"},{"link_name":"freedom of the press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press"},{"link_name":"right to privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_privacy"},{"link_name":"trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"cruel and unusual punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment"},{"link_name":"private property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_property"},{"link_name":"right to citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"Ajam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"}],"text":"Supporters lauded the constitution's guarantees of \"fundamental rights\":equality before the law (Article 12), guaranteeing the equality of all without regard to \"gender, sect, opinion, belief, nationality, religion, or origin\";\nfreedom of religion, though Islam is stated as the state's official religion and is to be considered a source of legislation;\nfreedom of speech;\nfreedom of the press;\nright to privacy;\nright to a \"fair, speedy, and open trial\" for all accused of crimes;\nno unlawful arrest or detention;\ntorture and cruel and unusual punishment are banned \"under all circumstances\";\nright to private property is protected.A lengthy provision emphasizes that police, investigators, or other governmental authorities may not violate the \"sanctity of private residences.\"Iraqis are also guaranteed the right to \"education, health care, and social security.\" The right to possess, bear, buy, or sell arms is subject to \"licensure issued in accordance with the law.\"The right to citizenship is detailed and prominent within the chapter on fundamental rights. Eight provisions govern who is and isn't a citizen. Any Iraqi whose citizenship was withdrawn for political, religious, racial, or sectarian reasons has the right to reclaim his Iraqi citizenship, and each Iraqi is guaranteed the right to carry more than one citizenship. Revolutionary Command Council Decree 666, which in 1980 banned citizenship in Iraq for Ajam, Iraqis of Persian origin, is explicitly annulled.Part of the Law of Administration's explicit rejection of Iraq's former racist policy (also explicitly referenced) is embodied in the wording \"The federal system shall be based upon geographic and historical realities and the separation of powers, and not upon origin, race, ethnicity, nationality, or confession.\"The Law stipulates that both Arabic and Kurdish be the official languages of Iraq.","title":"Rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)"},{"link_name":"President of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Presidency Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government)"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"vote of no confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence"}],"text":"The constitution provides for a transitional National Assembly, elected on January 30, 2005.The government under the Transitional Law is a democratic republic, with three separate branches of government.The elected National Assembly is a unicameral legislature with 275 elected members. Members selected a President of the Assembly, who serves as a non-voting speaker, and two deputies. The Assembly is the chief lawmaking organ, and is required to propose and pass bills in order to make law for the country.The Assembly also elected a President of State who along with two deputies formed a Presidency Council to \"represent the sovereignty of Iraq and oversee the higher affairs of the country.\" The council represents the executive branch of government and has the right to veto laws passed by the Assembly. The Assembly can then over-rule the Council with a two-thirds majority vote.The Presidency Council appoints the Prime Minister of Iraq and cabinet (Council of Ministers of Iraq), all who must be approved by the Assembly. The Prime Minister and his cabinet exercise most of the day-to-day runnings of government, including control over the armed forces. The Assembly has a right to remove the Prime Minister with a vote of no confidence.","title":"Political structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayatollah Al-Sistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah_Ali_al-Sistani"}],"text":"The Transitional Administrative Law spelled out the steps to be taken after the transfer of sovereignty to the writing and enactment of a permanent constitution.Article 2 stated that elections for the National Assembly should take place no later than January 31, 2005.Article 61 stated that the Assembly should write a permanent constitution by no later than 15 August 2005. The draft permanent constitution would be presented in a referendum to the Iraqi people by 15 October 2005.According to the TAL, the permanent constitution would be adopted if a majority of Iraqi voters approve it, and no more than 2/3 of the voters in any three governorates disapprove it. This provision was criticized by Ayatollah Al-Sistani on the grounds that it could lead to civil war if voters in the three majority Sunni Muslim governorates reject it.Article 61 also provided for an extension to the constitution drafting process for up to six months. If the constitution were to be rejected or if the National Assembly failed to come to agreement, the National Assembly was to be dissolved and new elections were to be held.","title":"Transitional period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iraq"}],"text":"Local court justices are appointed by local governments and their \"juridical councils\", the Supreme Court being appointed by the Federal Government. The Supreme Court has nine members and possesses the ability to overturn legislation it finds unconstitutional.The constitution also establishes several \"National Commissions\" to investigate and address recent concerns such as human rights and war crimes.","title":"Judiciary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"link_name":"Governorate councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governorate_councils_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"governorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"}],"text":"The transitional constitution recognizes the current government of Iraqi Kurdistan as the legitimate government of the Kurds, and allows it to continue to exist within the new federal state.Iraq elected Governors and Governorate councils for each of its 18 governorates, as well as elected mayors and city councils for each city. Elections were held at the same time as National Assembly elections.","title":"Kurdistan and local government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariah"}],"text":"Shariah is addressed in two ways:\"Islam is the official religion of the State and is to be considered a source of legislation.\" But decisions according to Shariah may not abrogate articles or guarantees:\n\"Any legal provision that conflicts with this Law is null and void.\" Thus the Law of Administration circumscribes Shariah.","title":"Role of Shariah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ba'ath Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party"}],"text":"Former Ba'ath Party members who want to run for office are required to sign documents explicitly denouncing the party and denying they possess any continuing ties to the organization or its principles.","title":"De-Ba'athification"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The natural resources of Iraq are explicitly declared to belong to all the people of all the regions and governorates of Iraq. Their management is required to involve consultation with the governments of the regions and the administrations of the governorates. Revenue resulting from their sale through the national budget is required to be distributed in an equitable manner proportional to the distribution of population throughout the country, and with \"due regard for areas that were unjustly deprived of these revenues by the previous regime.\"","title":"Revenue from oil"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Section A of Article 26 of the Law of Administration reads:Except as otherwise provided in this Law, the laws in force in Iraq on 30 June 2004 shall remain in effect unless and until rescinded or amended by the Iraqi Transitional Government in accordance with this Law.This appears to permit the Transitional Government to modify coalition legislation or parts of the Law of Administration \"by a three-fourths majority of the members of the National Assembly and the unanimous approval of the Presidency Council\". The Transitional Government, however, may not change the transitional period or remove human rights, nor may they delay the next elections by more than six months.Significantly, the elected Transitional Government is not bound by the clause in the Annex to the Law of Administration which prevented the appointed Interim Government from \"taking any actions affecting Iraq's destiny beyond the limited interim period\".","title":"Enforcement of Coalition-created laws"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"L. Paul Bremer; Malcolm McConnell (2006). My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope. Simon & Schuster. p. 307-308. ISBN 978-0-7432-7389-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/myyeariniraqstru00brem","url_text":"My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/myyeariniraqstru00brem/page/307","url_text":"307"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7389-3","url_text":"978-0-7432-7389-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/myyeariniraqstru00brem","external_links_name":"My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/myyeariniraqstru00brem/page/307","external_links_name":"307"},{"Link":"https://www.ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/iraq","external_links_name":"International Center for Transitional Justice, Iraq"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090423064920/http://www.cpa-iraq.org/government/TAL.html","external_links_name":"Full translation into English"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090427185730/http://cpa-iraq.org/government/TAL_Annex.html","external_links_name":"Translation of Annex to the Law of Administration"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4359559.stm","external_links_name":"Iraq's transitional law under attack"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929101911/http://www.mallat.com/iraq%20const%201970.htm","external_links_name":"Full text of Iraqi Interim Constitution (1970–2004) translated to English"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fant%C3%B4me_(album) | Fantôme (album) | ["1 Background and recording","2 Critical reception","3 Commercial performance","3.1 Japan and Asia","3.2 Other territories","4 Promotion","4.1 Singles","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","6.1 Vocals","6.2 Instrumentation","6.3 Production","6.4 Technical","6.5 Artwork","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Sales and certifications","9 References","10 External links"] | 2016 studio album by Hikaru UtadaFantômeStandard cover, the background shows it faces black and white with a distance control fading.Studio album by Hikaru UtadaReleasedSeptember 28, 2016Recorded2012–2016Genre
J-pop
alt-rock
electronica
acoustic
R&B
Length49:45Label
Virgin
Universal Japan
ProducerHikaru UtadaUtada TeruzaneMiyake AkiraHikaru Utada chronology
Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol. 2(2010)
Fantôme(2016)
Hatsukoi(2018)
Singles from Fantôme
"Sakura Nagashi"Released: November 17, 2012
"Hanataba o Kimi ni" / "Manatsu no Tōriame"Released: April 15, 2016
"Michi"Released: September 16, 2016
Fantôme is the sixth Japanese studio album (ninth overall) by Japanese-American singer-songwriter Hikaru Utada. Although Utada announced an indefinite hiatus from the public eye in August 2010, she continued writing and composing material with her father, Utada Teruzane, and long-term collaborator, Miyake Akira. Musically, Fantôme contains a collection of tracks that utilizes acoustic and stripped-down instrumentations, alongside influences of pop, electronic, and R&B music. The lyrical content delves into themes of grief, sadness, love, and death—mostly influenced by the death of her mother, her second marriage, and the birth of her son in 2015.
Commercially, Fantôme experienced success in Japan, reaching number one on the weekly Oricon Albums Chart with sales of over 253,000 units, becoming her eighth consecutive number-one album in the country. It additionally topped the US World Albums chart and has sold over a million copies worldwide. It won various awards, including Album of the Year at the Japan Record Awards and the Grand Prix prize at the CD Shop Awards. The singles "Sakura Nagashi", "Hanataba o Kimi ni", and "Manatsu no Tōriame" were released prior to the album's announcement, while "Michi" and "Nijikan Dake no Vacance" were dropped shortly before its release.
Background and recording
In July 2015, Utada announced on her blog that she had given birth to a baby boy and was working on a new album during the pregnancy. In March 2016, it was revealed by her team that she had returned from her five-year hiatus with two new digital singles, "Hanataba o Kimi ni" and "Manatsu no Tōriame", and a campaign called "New-Turn", with songs downloaded by Japanese fans via digital music services having part of their sales donated to planting cherry trees in areas damaged by the by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.
On July 12, 2016, Utada posted on her Instagram account that she had finished recording for a new album. On August 8, the cover and track listing were revealed on Utada's web site. For the first time, Utada used Japanese titles for all the songs on the album. Fantôme was released physically in Japan and digitally worldwide on September 28, 2016, through Virgin Music and Universal Music Japan. This was her first record released following the 2013 merger of EMI Music Japan with Universal Music Japan. The album was released in two formats: a physical SHM-CD; and a digital download.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingJpopAsia9.5/10MuuMuse(positive)Unrecorded.mu70/100
Upon its release, Fantôme received critical acclaim. Ryo Miyauchi of Unrecorded.mu rated the album with 70 points out of 100, commending the singer's songwriting and vulnerability, especially highlighted in the album tracks "Ningyo", "Tomodachi", and "Kōya no Ōkami". Miyauchi added that he believed the record's sound was similar to her previous albums: "Though Fantôme shows no sign from Utada of being nostalgic for who she once was, the album still sounds undoubtedly her. Fantôme creates an odd sense of time where it has one foot in the past and another slightly pointed to what’s next."
Commercial performance
Japan and Asia
In Japan, Fantôme debuted at number one on the Daily Oricon Albums Chart, selling 87,088 units. For its first week on the Weekly Oricon Albums Chart, it entered atop the chart with over 252,581 copies sold; It sold more copies than its competitor of the week, Exile's greatest hits album Extreme Best (2016). Fantôme became her ninth number one album, her first studio album since Heart Station (2008) to debut at the top position, but also resulted in becoming her lowest first week sales for one of her Japanese-language albums.
In its second week, it stayed at number 1 with 103,854 physical units sold, again outselling the nearest competitor by a wide margin. The next week, it stayed at number one, selling 63,207 units, thus becoming her only studio album besides her debut First Love to chart at the pole position for more than two weeks, and then further extending this feat by one more week. Likewise, Fantôme debuted at the top spot on the Japan Hot Albums and the Top Albums Sales charts, both hosted by Billboard Japan.
Alongside this, Utada's digital single "Michi" placed atop of the Radio Songs chart during the week of October 10, 2016. On November 9, 2016, Oricon revealed its new weekly Digital Albums Chart. Fantôme ranked at number one on the chart, selling 6,537 digital downloads. It topped the chart a second week, shifting an additional 3,993 downloads. According to Billboard Japan, Fantôme was the best-selling digital album of the year, as well as the third-best-selling physical album, according to Oricon. Overall, it thus became the top-selling album of the year in Japan. The album sold 569,963 physical units in 2016 and 117,259 in 2017, according to Oricon's respective yearly sales ranking, thus totalling 687,222 physical units sold by December 2017.
Other territories
Upon its overseas release on the iTunes Store, Fantôme debuted at number one in Japan, Finland, Slovenia and 7 other Asian territories. It reached the top ten in the United States, Australia, Canada, Sweden, New Zealand and a further 6 countries. Additionally, it entered the top 20 in the United Kingdom and 5 further countries. According to online publications, it was labelled as her most successful release internationally, and had beaten previous positions that her English records: Exodus (2004) and This Is The One (2009) experienced.
The album opened at number two on the US Billboard World Albums chart. It marked her first record to enter the World Albums chart, her first Japanese release to enter the US charts, and her first album to obtain a position in the US since This Is The One in 2009; it sold approximately 1,992 units in its first two days of sale. The following week, it reached number one and had sold over 3,500 units.
Promotion
Utada's website listed a schedule of magazine reviews and interviews about the album, internet interviews and TV appearances with performances with songs from the album, on shows like Music Station (where she performed "Sakura Nagashi" for the first time live), NHK's SONGS (where she performed "Michi", "Tomodachi" and "Hanataba o Kimi ni"), CX's Love Music and NTV's News Zero. An Internet live stream event was scheduled to happen on December 9, 2016, called Sanjudai wa Hodo-Hodo, where Utada answered fan questions and performed the songs "Boukyaku" and "Ningyo" live. Two guests had been announced, the rapper Kohh and the DJ Punpee.
Singles
Fantome is Utada's first Japanese-language studio album not to have any physical singles released. All the songs released as singles were distributed on online platforms exclusively. The first one was "Sakura Nagashi", the theme song of Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo, which was released on November 17, 2012, while she was still officially on hiatus. On April 15, 2016, "Hanataba o Kimi ni" and "Manatsu no Tōriame" were released, marking her official return to the music scene. The former became a big success for her, being certified double platinum for over 500,000 digital downloads and staying on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 over the course of the rest of the year, peaking at number 2. The latter received the award for "Video of The Year" at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards Japan.
On September 13, 2016, shortly before the album's release, "Michi" was released to radio stations, and three days later as a digital download, while "Nijikan Dake no Vacance", a duet with Sheena Ringo, received a music video release. On January 19, 2017, the singer's 34th birthday, a music video for "Bōkyaku" (sung with Kohh) was also released.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Hikaru Utada except where notedFantôme track listingNo.TitleLength1."Michi (道, Road)"3:362."Ore no Kanojo (俺の彼女, My Girlfriend)"5:043."Hanataba o Kimi ni (花束を君に, A Bouquet for You)"4:384."Nijikan Dake no Vacance (二時間だけのバカンス, Two Hour Only Vacation)" (featuring Sheena Ringo)4:425."Ningyo (人魚, Mermaid)"4:166."Tomodachi (ともだち, Friends)" (with Nariaki Obukuro)4:227."Manatsu no Tōriame (真夏の通り雨, Midsummer Shower)"5:388."Kōya no Ōkami (荒野の狼, Wolves in the Wilderness)"4:349."Bōkyaku (忘却, Oblivion)" (featuring KOHH) (written by Utada, KOHH)5:0510."Jinsei Saikō no Hi (人生最高の日, The Best Day of My Life)"3:1011."Sakura Nagashi (桜流し, Flowing Cherry Blossoms)" (written by Utada, Paul Carter)4:40
Personnel
Credits adapted from the album’s liner notes.
Vocals
Hikaru Utada – lead vocals (all tracks)
Ringo Sheena – featured vocals (track 4)
Nariaki Obukuro – featured vocals (track 6)
Kohh – featured vocals (track 9)
Instrumentation
Hikaru Utada – string arrangement (tracks 2-4, 7-8), brass arrangement (tracks 6, 8, 11)
Nick Meier – guitars (track 1)
Ian Thomas – drums (tracks 2-3, 5)
Andy Waterworth – double bass (track 2)
Ben Parker – guitars (tracks 2-4, 10), electric bass (tracks 3, 10), electric guitar (track 8)
Simon Hale – acoustic piano (tracks 2-3, 8), conductor, string arrangement (tracks 2-4, 8), wurlitzer (track 8)
Everton Nelson – strings leader (tracks 2-4, 8)
Steve Price – strings recording (track 3)
Sylvester Earl Harvin – drums (tracks 4-5, 8-10), drum machine (track 4)
Jodi Milliner – electric bass (tracks 4, 8)
Tanaka Yoshito – guitars (track 4), acoustic guitar (track 6)
Asakawa Tomoyuki – harp (track 5)
Francis Hylton – electric bass (track 6)
Will Fry – percussion (track 6)
Sid Gauld – brass leader, trumpet (tracks 6, 8)
Andy Panayi – tenor saxophone (tracks 6, 8)
Mark Nightingale – trombone (tracks 6, 8)
Tamada Tom – drums (track 7)
Yamaguchi Hiroo – electric bass (tracks 7, 9)
Kawano Kei – band leader, conductor (tracks 7, 11), acoustic piano (track 7), string arrangement (track 11)
Suhara Anzu – strings leader (track 7)
Ogasawara Takumi – drums (track 11)
Taneda Takeshi – electric bass (track 11)
Kon Tsuyoshi – electric guitar (track 11)
Amemiya Mamiko – strings leader (track 11)
Steve Fitzmaurice – percussion (track 3)
Darren Heelis – percussion (track 3), synth bass (tracks 7, 10)
Paul Carter – piano, synth arrangement (track 11)
Production
Hikaru Utada – executive producer, production, songwriting (all tracks)
KOHH – songwriting (track 9)
Komori Masahito – vocal editing (track 9)
Paul Carter – production (track 11)
Utada Sking Teruzane – executive producer
Miyake Akiro – executive producer
Technical
Hikaru Utada – programming (tracks 1-2, 4, 6-11)
Tom Coyne – mastering (all tracks)
Steve Fitzmaurice – recording, mixing (tracks 1-10), additional drum programming (tracks 3-4, 6-8, 10)
Komori Masahito – vocal recording (tracks 1-8, 10), additional vocal recording (track 4)
Inoue Uni – vocal recording (track 4)
Darren Heelis – additional engineering (tracks 1-10), additional drum programming (tracks 3-4, 6-8, 10)
Alexis Smith – additional programming (track 1)
Joe Henson – additional programming (track 1)
Matsui Atushi – recording (tracks 4-7, 9, 11)
Mike Horner – recording (tracks 9-10)
Paul Carter – programming (track 11)
Goetz B. – mixing (track 11)
Jeremy Murphy – strings recording assistance (track 3)
Artwork
Seida Yu – art direction
Julien Mignot – photography
Ogawa Kyohei – styling
Inagaki Ryoji – hair, make-up
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2016)
Peak position
French Digital Albums (SNEP)
64
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
1
Japanese Digital Albums (Oricon)
1
Japanese Hot Albums (Billboard)
1
South Korean Albums (Gaon)
47
South Korean International Albums (Gaon)
5
US World Albums (Billboard)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (2016)
Peakposition
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
3
Japanese Hot Albums (Billboard)
1
US World Albums (Billboard)
12
Chart (2017)
Position
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
34
Japanese Hot Albums (Billboard)
11
Japanese Digital Albums (Billboard)
5
Chart (2018)
Position
Japanese Hot Albums (Billboard)
86
Japanese Digital Albums (Billboard)
89
Sales and certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Japan (RIAJ) Physical
3× Platinum
750,000^
Japan (RIAJ) Digital
Gold
100,000*
United States
—
3,500
Summaries
Worldwide
—
1,000,000
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ a b "Utada Hikaru Releases Her 6th Original Full Album, First in 8 Years, on Sep. 28!!". Utada Hikaru Official Website. Utada Hikaru Official Website. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
^ "第58回 日本レコード大賞" . Japan Composer's Association (in Japanese). December 30, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
^ "第9回 全日本CDショップ店員組合". CD Shop (in Japanese). Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ "Utada Hikaru Teases "Nijikan Dake no Vacance" Featuring Shiina Ringo". AramaJapan. September 15, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ Hikaru Utada (July 3, 2015). "ファンのみんなにお知らせ" (in Japanese). U3 Music. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
^ "宇多田 ヒカル NEW-turn Project". Utadahikaru.jp. Universal Music. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
^ Stern, Bradley. "Welcome Back Hikki: Utada Hikaru Officially Resumes Artist Activities". Pop Crush. Pop Crush. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
^ Natalie. "Hikaru Utada Launches 'New-Turn Project' to Mark Her Return to Music". Anime News Network. Anime News Network. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
^ "Instagram photo by Hikaru Utada • Jul 12, 2016 at 1:08pm UTC". July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021.
^ Stern, Bradley. "Utada Hikaru Reveals Cover, Track Listing for Upcoming Album, "Fantome"". Pop Crush. Pop Crush. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
^ Gatmaitan, James (September 28, 2016). " Utada Hikaru's "Fantôme"". JpopAsia. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
^ Stern, Bradley (September 28, 2016). "'Fantome': Utada Hikaru Returns from Her Hiatus Heartbroken, But Hopeful (Album Review)". MuuMuse. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
^ a b Miyauchi, Ryo (October 6, 2016). "Utada Hikaru – Fantôme". Unrecorded. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
^ "Oricon Daily Albums Chart". Oricon Style. September 29, 2016. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
^ "【オリコン】宇多田ヒカル、8年半ぶり新作"貫禄"1位 通常盤1形態で". Oricon Style. October 4, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
^ a b "宇多田ヒカル、『Fantôme』がオリコン1位獲得！". Rockin' On. October 4, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
^ "週間 CDアルバムランキング". Oricon Style. October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
^ "週間 CDアルバムランキング". Oricon Style. October 24, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
^ "週間 CDアルバムランキング". Oricon Style. October 31, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
^ a b "Japan Hot Albums Chart" (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
^ "Japan Top Albums Sales Chart" (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
^ "Japan Top Radio Songs CHart" (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
^ "ja:オリコン 新ランキング発表 アルバムDL数を集計…初回首位は宇多田ヒカル". Oricon Style (in Japanese). Oricon. November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
^ a b "ja:オリコン週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2016年10月31日～2016年11月06日". Oricon Style (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
^ "ja:オリコン週間 デジタルアルバムランキング 2016年11月07日～2016年11月13日". Oricon Style (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
^ "AKB48 and Justin Bieber Top Billboard Japan's Year-End Charts". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
^ a b "Oricon Yearly CD Albums Chart (2016)" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
^ "Oricon unveils their Yearly Sales Rankings for 2016". arama! Japan. arama! Japan. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
^ "Oricon unveils their Yearly Sales Rankings for 2017". arama! Japan. arama! Japan. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
^ "全米6位！ 宇多田ヒカル『Fantome』日本人女性ソロアーティストとして初の快挙". Yahoo! Japan. September 29, 2016. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
^ Arama! Japan Staff (September 30, 2016). "Utada is shook Fantôme is charting better in the US than her English albums ever did". Arama! Japan. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
^ Anime News Network Staff (September 30, 2016). "Hikaru Utada's New Fantôme Album Debuts at #6 on U.S. iTunes Chart". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
^ a b "Billboard World Albums (October 22, 2016)". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
^ a b Benjamin, Jeff (October 11, 2016). "Japanese Megastar Utada Hikaru Returns to the Charts as 'Fantome' Tops World Albums". Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
^ " 雑誌/WEB掲載情報". Utada Hikaru Official Website. Utada Hikaru Official Website. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
^ " メディア出演情報". Utada Hikaru Official Website. Utada Hikaru Official Website. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
^ "30 Dai wa Hodo-Hodo". Utada Hikaru Official Website. Utada Hikaru Official Website. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
^ "有料音楽配信認定". RIAJ. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
^ "Japan Billboard Hot 100". Billboard Japan. January 21, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
^ "MTV Video Music Awards Japan 2016 Winners Announced: Utada Hikaru, Beyonce, Ariana Grande, And More". iTech Post. October 27, 2016. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
^ "First Listen: Utada Hikaru's New Single "Michi" Premieres on the Radio". Arama! Japan. September 13, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
^ "Utada Hikaru and Shiina Ringo Ecscape in Intergalactic '2 Hour Vacation' Video". PopCrush. September 16, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
^ "Utada Hikaru Debuts 'Boukyaku (feat. KOHH)' Music Video on Her Birthday". PopCrush. January 18, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
^ Fantôme (booklet). Hikaru Utada. Virgin. 2016. TYCT-60101.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Le Top de la semaine Top Albums Téléchargés - SNEP (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
^ "국내 대표 음악 차트 가온차트!".
^ "국내 대표 음악 차트 가온차트!".
^ "2016年 年間 JAPAN Charts - Billboard JAPAN" (in Japanese). Billboard. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
^ "Billboard World Albums Yearly Chart(December 29, 2016)". Billboard. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
^ "Oricon Yearly CD Albums Chart (2017)" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
^ "Billboard Japan Hot Albums Year End" (in Japanese). Retrieved January 1, 2018.
^ "Billboard Japan Top Download Albums Year End" (in Japanese). Retrieved December 7, 2018.
^ "Billboard Japan Hot Albums Year End" (in Japanese). Retrieved December 7, 2018.
^ "Billboard Japan Top Download Albums Year End" (in Japanese). Retrieved December 7, 2018.
^ "Japanese album certifications – 宇多田 ヒカル – Fantôme" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved January 31, 2021. Select 2016年11月 on the drop-down menu
^ "Japanese digital album certifications – 宇多田 ヒカル – Fantôme" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved January 31, 2021. Select 2016年11月 on the drop-down menu
^ "Anuario SGAE 2016 (Musica Grabada)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Sociedad General de Autores y Editores. September 24, 2017. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
External links
Fantôme on Hikaru Utada's official web site
Preceded byBudou(Southern All Stars)
Japan Record Award for the Best Album 2016
Succeeded byThe Kids(Suchmos)
vteHikaru Utada
Discography
Songs
Awards
Studio albumsJapanese
First Love
Distance
Deep River
Ultra Blue
Heart Station
Fantôme
Hatsukoi
Bad Mode
English
Precious
Exodus
This Is the One
Compilation albums
Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol. 1
Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol. 2
Utada the Best
Science Fiction
Extended plays
Hymne à L'amour
One Last Kiss
Tours
Utada United 2006
Utada: In the Flesh 2010
Wild Life
Hikaru Utada Laughter in the Dark Tour 2018
Related articles
Teruzane Utada
Keiko Fuji
First Love
vteHikaru Utada songs
Discography
1990s
"Automatic"
"Time Will Tell"
"Movin' On Without You"
"First Love"
"Addicted to You"
2000s
"Wait & See (Risk)"
"For You"
"Time Limit"
"Can You Keep a Secret?"
"Final Distance"
"Traveling"
"Hikari"
"Sakura Drops"
"Letters"
"Colors"
"Easy Breezy"
"Devil Inside"
"Exodus '04"
"Be My Last"
"You Make Me Want to Be a Man"
"Passion / Sanctuary"
"Keep Tryin'"
"This Is Love"
"Boku wa Kuma"
"Flavor of Life"
"Kiss & Cry"
"Beautiful World"
"Stay Gold"
"Heart Station"
"Prisoner of Love"
"Come Back to Me"
"Dirty Desire"
2010s
"Hymne à l'amour (Ai no Anthem)"
"Goodbye Happiness"
"Sakura Nagashi"
"Hanataba o Kimi ni"
"Manatsu no Tōriame"
"Michi"
"Ōzora de Dakishimete"
"Forevermore"
"Anata"
"Play a Love Song"
"Hatsukoi"
"Chikai / Don't Think Twice"
"Face My Fears"
2020s
"Time"
"One Last Kiss"
"Kimi ni Muchū"
"Somewhere Near Marseilles"
Promotional releases
"Fight the Blues"
"Eternally"
"Can't Wait 'Til Christmas"
"Show Me Love (Not a Dream)"
"Nijikan Dake no Vacance"
Collaborations
"Do You"
"Lonely One"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hikaru Utada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Utada"},{"link_name":"Utada Teruzane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruzane_Utada"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"her mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiko_Fuji"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oricon Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"World Albums chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Albums"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Record_Award_for_the_Best_Album"},{"link_name":"Japan Record Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Record_Award"},{"link_name":"CD Shop Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Shop_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sakura Nagashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Nagashi"},{"link_name":"Hanataba o Kimi ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanataba_o_Kimi_ni"},{"link_name":"Manatsu no Tōriame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatsu_no_T%C5%8Driame"},{"link_name":"Michi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michi_(Hikaru_Utada_song)"},{"link_name":"Nijikan Dake no Vacance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijikan_Dake_no_Vacance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MuuMuse-4"}],"text":"2016 studio album by Hikaru UtadaFantôme is the sixth Japanese studio album (ninth overall) by Japanese-American singer-songwriter Hikaru Utada. Although Utada announced an indefinite hiatus from the public eye in August 2010, she continued writing and composing material with her father, Utada Teruzane, and long-term collaborator, Miyake Akira.[citation needed] Musically, Fantôme contains a collection of tracks that utilizes acoustic and stripped-down instrumentations, alongside influences of pop, electronic, and R&B music. The lyrical content delves into themes of grief, sadness, love, and death—mostly influenced by the death of her mother, her second marriage, and the birth of her son in 2015.[citation needed]Commercially, Fantôme experienced success in Japan, reaching number one on the weekly Oricon Albums Chart with sales of over 253,000 units, becoming her eighth consecutive number-one album in the country. It additionally topped the US World Albums chart and has sold over a million copies worldwide. It won various awards, including Album of the Year at the Japan Record Awards and the Grand Prix prize at the CD Shop Awards.[2][3] The singles \"Sakura Nagashi\", \"Hanataba o Kimi ni\", and \"Manatsu no Tōriame\" were released prior to the album's announcement, while \"Michi\" and \"Nijikan Dake no Vacance\" were dropped shortly before its release.[4]","title":"Fantôme (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnnouncementBlog-5"},{"link_name":"Hanataba o Kimi ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanataba_o_Kimi_ni"},{"link_name":"Manatsu no Tōriame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatsu_no_T%C5%8Driame"},{"link_name":"Tōhoku earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Utada_Hikaru_Official_Website-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Virgin Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Japan"},{"link_name":"EMI Music Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Music_Japan"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In July 2015, Utada announced on her blog that she had given birth to a baby boy and was working on a new album during the pregnancy.[5] In March 2016, it was revealed by her team that she had returned from her five-year hiatus with two new digital singles, \"Hanataba o Kimi ni\" and \"Manatsu no Tōriame\", and a campaign called \"New-Turn\", with songs downloaded by Japanese fans via digital music services having part of their sales donated to planting cherry trees in areas damaged by the by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.[6][7][8]On July 12, 2016, Utada posted on her Instagram account that she had finished recording for a new album.[9] On August 8, the cover and track listing were revealed on Utada's web site. For the first time, Utada used Japanese titles for all the songs on the album.[1][10] Fantôme was released physically in Japan and digitally worldwide on September 28, 2016, through Virgin Music and Universal Music Japan. This was her first record released following the 2013 merger of EMI Music Japan with Universal Music Japan. The album was released in two formats: a physical SHM-CD; and a digital download.[citation needed]","title":"Background and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unrecorded-13"}],"text":"Upon its release, Fantôme received critical acclaim. Ryo Miyauchi of Unrecorded.mu rated the album with 70 points out of 100, commending the singer's songwriting and vulnerability, especially highlighted in the album tracks \"Ningyo\", \"Tomodachi\", and \"Kōya no Ōkami\". Miyauchi added that he believed the record's sound was similar to her previous albums:\"Though Fantôme shows no sign from Utada of being nostalgic for who she once was, the album still sounds undoubtedly her. Fantôme creates an odd sense of time where it has one foot in the past and another slightly pointed to what’s next.\"[13]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oricon Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daily-14"},{"link_name":"Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile_(Japanese_band)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Heart Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Station"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weekly-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"First Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Love_(Hikaru_Utada_album)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Billboard Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-japan100-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-japantopalbums-21"},{"link_name":"Michi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michi_(Hikaru_Utada_song)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"digital downloads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dac-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Billboard Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-japan_yearly_albums_chart-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Japan and Asia","text":"In Japan, Fantôme debuted at number one on the Daily Oricon Albums Chart, selling 87,088 units.[14] For its first week on the Weekly Oricon Albums Chart, it entered atop the chart with over 252,581 copies sold; It sold more copies than its competitor of the week, Exile's greatest hits album Extreme Best (2016).[15] Fantôme became her ninth number one album, her first studio album since Heart Station (2008) to debut at the top position, but also resulted in becoming her lowest first week sales for one of her Japanese-language albums.[16]In its second week, it stayed at number 1 with 103,854 physical units sold, again outselling the nearest competitor by a wide margin.[17] The next week, it stayed at number one, selling 63,207 units, thus becoming her only studio album besides her debut First Love to chart at the pole position for more than two weeks, and then further extending this feat by one more week.[18][19] Likewise, Fantôme debuted at the top spot on the Japan Hot Albums and the Top Albums Sales charts, both hosted by Billboard Japan.[20][21]Alongside this, Utada's digital single \"Michi\" placed atop of the Radio Songs chart during the week of October 10, 2016.[22] On November 9, 2016, Oricon revealed its new weekly Digital Albums Chart.[23] Fantôme ranked at number one on the chart, selling 6,537 digital downloads.[24] It topped the chart a second week, shifting an additional 3,993 downloads.[25] According to Billboard Japan, Fantôme was the best-selling digital album of the year, as well as the third-best-selling physical album, according to Oricon. Overall, it thus became the top-selling album of the year in Japan.[26][27] The album sold 569,963 physical units in 2016 and 117,259 in 2017, according to Oricon's respective yearly sales ranking, thus totalling 687,222 physical units sold by December 2017.[28][29]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_(Hikaru_Utada_album)"},{"link_name":"This Is The One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_The_One"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Billboard World Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-united_states-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ussales-34"}],"sub_title":"Other territories","text":"Upon its overseas release on the iTunes Store, Fantôme debuted at number one in Japan, Finland, Slovenia and 7 other Asian territories. It reached the top ten in the United States, Australia, Canada, Sweden, New Zealand and a further 6 countries. Additionally, it entered the top 20 in the United Kingdom and 5 further countries. According to online publications, it was labelled as her most successful release internationally, and had beaten previous positions that her English records: Exodus (2004) and This Is The One (2009) experienced.[30][31][32]The album opened at number two on the US Billboard World Albums chart. It marked her first record to enter the World Albums chart, her first Japanese release to enter the US charts, and her first album to obtain a position in the US since This Is The One in 2009; it sold approximately 1,992 units in its first two days of sale.[33] The following week, it reached number one and had sold over 3,500 units.[34]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Station"},{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"CX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Television"},{"link_name":"NTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_TV"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Kohh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohh"},{"link_name":"Punpee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUNPEE"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Utada's website listed a schedule of magazine reviews and interviews about the album, internet interviews and TV appearances with performances with songs from the album, on shows like Music Station (where she performed \"Sakura Nagashi\" for the first time live), NHK's SONGS (where she performed \"Michi\", \"Tomodachi\" and \"Hanataba o Kimi ni\"), CX's Love Music and NTV's News Zero.[35][36] An Internet live stream event was scheduled to happen on December 9, 2016, called Sanjudai wa Hodo-Hodo, where Utada answered fan questions and performed the songs \"Boukyaku\" and \"Ningyo\" live. Two guests had been announced, the rapper Kohh and the DJ Punpee.[37]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sakura Nagashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Nagashi"},{"link_name":"Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelion:_3.0_You_Can_(Not)_Redo"},{"link_name":"Hanataba o Kimi ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanataba_o_Kimi_ni"},{"link_name":"Manatsu no Tōriame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatsu_no_T%C5%8Driame"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Billboard Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"2016 MTV Video Music Awards Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_Japan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Michi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michi_(Hikaru_Utada_song)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Nijikan Dake no Vacance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijikan_Dake_no_Vacance"},{"link_name":"Sheena Ringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheena_Ringo"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Kohh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohh"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Fantome is Utada's first Japanese-language studio album not to have any physical singles released. All the songs released as singles were distributed on online platforms exclusively. The first one was \"Sakura Nagashi\", the theme song of Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo, which was released on November 17, 2012, while she was still officially on hiatus. On April 15, 2016, \"Hanataba o Kimi ni\" and \"Manatsu no Tōriame\" were released, marking her official return to the music scene. The former became a big success for her, being certified double platinum for over 500,000 digital downloads[38] and staying on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 over the course of the rest of the year, peaking at number 2.[39] The latter received the award for \"Video of The Year\" at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards Japan.[40]On September 13, 2016, shortly before the album's release, \"Michi\" was released to radio stations, and three days later as a digital download,[41] while \"Nijikan Dake no Vacance\", a duet with Sheena Ringo, received a music video release.[42] On January 19, 2017, the singer's 34th birthday, a music video for \"Bōkyaku\" (sung with Kohh) was also released.[43]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michi_(Hikaru_Utada_song)"},{"link_name":"Hanataba o Kimi ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanataba_o_Kimi_ni"},{"link_name":"Nijikan Dake no Vacance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijikan_Dake_no_Vacance"},{"link_name":"Sheena Ringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheena_Ringo"},{"link_name":"Nariaki Obukuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariaki_Obukuro"},{"link_name":"Manatsu no Tōriame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatsu_no_T%C5%8Driame"},{"link_name":"KOHH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOHH"},{"link_name":"Sakura Nagashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Nagashi"},{"link_name":"Paul Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Carter_(songwriter)"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Hikaru Utada except where notedFantôme track listingNo.TitleLength1.\"Michi (道, Road)\"3:362.\"Ore no Kanojo (俺の彼女, My Girlfriend)\"5:043.\"Hanataba o Kimi ni (花束を君に, A Bouquet for You)\"4:384.\"Nijikan Dake no Vacance (二時間だけのバカンス, Two Hour Only Vacation)\" (featuring Sheena Ringo)4:425.\"Ningyo (人魚, Mermaid)\"4:166.\"Tomodachi (ともだち, Friends)\" (with Nariaki Obukuro)4:227.\"Manatsu no Tōriame (真夏の通り雨, Midsummer Shower)\"5:388.\"Kōya no Ōkami (荒野の狼, Wolves in the Wilderness)\"4:349.\"Bōkyaku (忘却, Oblivion)\" (featuring KOHH) (written by Utada, KOHH)5:0510.\"Jinsei Saikō no Hi (人生最高の日, The Best Day of My Life)\"3:1011.\"Sakura Nagashi (桜流し, Flowing Cherry Blossoms)\" (written by Utada, Paul Carter)4:40","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liner notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liner_notes"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the album’s liner notes.[44]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hikaru Utada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Utada"},{"link_name":"Ringo Sheena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Sheena"},{"link_name":"Nariaki Obukuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariaki_Obukuro"},{"link_name":"Kohh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohh"}],"sub_title":"Vocals","text":"Hikaru Utada – lead vocals (all tracks)\nRingo Sheena – featured vocals (track 4)\nNariaki Obukuro – featured vocals (track 6)\nKohh – featured vocals (track 9)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Instrumentation","text":"Hikaru Utada – string arrangement (tracks 2-4, 7-8), brass arrangement (tracks 6, 8, 11)\nNick Meier – guitars (track 1)\nIan Thomas – drums (tracks 2-3, 5)\nAndy Waterworth – double bass (track 2)\nBen Parker – guitars (tracks 2-4, 10), electric bass (tracks 3, 10), electric guitar (track 8)\nSimon Hale – acoustic piano (tracks 2-3, 8), conductor, string arrangement (tracks 2-4, 8), wurlitzer (track 8)\nEverton Nelson – strings leader (tracks 2-4, 8)\nSteve Price – strings recording (track 3)\nSylvester Earl Harvin – drums (tracks 4-5, 8-10), drum machine (track 4)\nJodi Milliner – electric bass (tracks 4, 8)\nTanaka Yoshito – guitars (track 4), acoustic guitar (track 6)\nAsakawa Tomoyuki – harp (track 5)\nFrancis Hylton – electric bass (track 6)\nWill Fry – percussion (track 6)\nSid Gauld – brass leader, trumpet (tracks 6, 8)\nAndy Panayi – tenor saxophone (tracks 6, 8)\nMark Nightingale – trombone (tracks 6, 8)\nTamada Tom – drums (track 7)\nYamaguchi Hiroo – electric bass (tracks 7, 9)\nKawano Kei – band leader, conductor (tracks 7, 11), acoustic piano (track 7), string arrangement (track 11)\nSuhara Anzu – strings leader (track 7)\nOgasawara Takumi – drums (track 11)\nTaneda Takeshi – electric bass (track 11)\nKon Tsuyoshi – electric guitar (track 11)\nAmemiya Mamiko – strings leader (track 11)\nSteve Fitzmaurice – percussion (track 3)\nDarren Heelis – percussion (track 3), synth bass (tracks 7, 10)\nPaul Carter – piano, synth arrangement (track 11)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Carter_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Utada Sking Teruzane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruzane_Utada"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Hikaru Utada – executive producer, production, songwriting (all tracks)\nKOHH – songwriting (track 9)\nKomori Masahito – vocal editing (track 9)\nPaul Carter – production (track 11)\nUtada Sking Teruzane – executive producer\nMiyake Akiro – executive producer","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Technical","text":"Hikaru Utada – programming (tracks 1-2, 4, 6-11)\nTom Coyne – mastering (all tracks)\nSteve Fitzmaurice – recording, mixing (tracks 1-10), additional drum programming (tracks 3-4, 6-8, 10)\nKomori Masahito – vocal recording (tracks 1-8, 10), additional vocal recording (track 4)\nInoue Uni – vocal recording (track 4)\nDarren Heelis – additional engineering (tracks 1-10), additional drum programming (tracks 3-4, 6-8, 10)\nAlexis Smith – additional programming (track 1)\nJoe Henson – additional programming (track 1)\nMatsui Atushi – recording (tracks 4-7, 9, 11)\nMike Horner – recording (tracks 9-10)\nPaul Carter – programming (track 11)\nGoetz B. – mixing (track 11)\nJeremy Murphy – strings recording assistance (track 3)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Artwork","text":"Seida Yu – art direction\nJulien Mignot – photography\nOgawa Kyohei – styling\nInagaki Ryoji – hair, make-up","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fant%C3%B4me_(album)&action=edit§ion=16"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weekly-16"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dac-24"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-japan100-20"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-united_states-33"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fant%C3%B4me_(album)&action=edit§ion=17"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-japan_yearly_albums_chart-27"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_hot_Albums_Yearly-48"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Yearly_Chart-49"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPeak position\n\n\nFrench Digital Albums (SNEP)[45]\n\n64\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[16]\n\n1\n\n\nJapanese Digital Albums (Oricon)[24]\n\n1\n\n\nJapanese Hot Albums (Billboard)[20]\n\n1\n\n\nSouth Korean Albums (Gaon)[46]\n\n47\n\n\nSouth Korean International Albums (Gaon)[47]\n\n5\n\n\nUS World Albums (Billboard)[33]\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[27]\n\n3\n\n\nJapanese Hot Albums (Billboard)[48]\n\n1\n\n\nUS World Albums (Billboard)[49]\n\n12\n\n\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPosition\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[50]\n\n34\n\n\nJapanese Hot Albums (Billboard)[51]\n\n11\n\n\nJapanese Digital Albums (Billboard)[52]\n\n5\n\n\n\n\nChart (2018)\n\nPosition\n\n\nJapanese Hot Albums (Billboard)[53]\n\n86\n\n\nJapanese Digital Albums (Billboard)[54]\n\n89","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sales and certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Utada Hikaru Releases Her 6th Original Full Album, First in 8 Years, on Sep. 28!!\". Utada Hikaru Official Website. Utada Hikaru Official Website. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160501220505/http://www.utadahikaru.jp/news-e/","url_text":"\"Utada Hikaru Releases Her 6th Original Full Album, First in 8 Years, on Sep. 28!!\""},{"url":"http://www.utadahikaru.jp/news-e/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"第58回 日本レコード大賞\" [58th Japan Record Awards]. Japan Composer's Association (in Japanese). December 30, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jacompa.or.jp/reco58.html","url_text":"\"第58回 日本レコード大賞\""}]},{"reference":"\"第9回 全日本CDショップ店員組合\". CD Shop (in Japanese). Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161124152739/http://www.cdshop-kumiai.jp/?page_id=8196","url_text":"\"第9回 全日本CDショップ店員組合\""},{"url":"http://www.cdshop-kumiai.jp/?page_id=8196","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Utada Hikaru Teases \"Nijikan Dake no Vacance\" Featuring Shiina Ringo\". AramaJapan. September 15, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://aramajapan.com/news/utada-hikaru-teases-2-hour-vacation-featuring-shiina-ringo/64039/","url_text":"\"Utada Hikaru Teases \"Nijikan Dake no Vacance\" Featuring Shiina Ringo\""}]},{"reference":"Hikaru Utada (July 3, 2015). \"ファンのみんなにお知らせ\" (in Japanese). U3 Music. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170211025813/http://www.utadahikaru.jp/from-hikki/both/","url_text":"\"ファンのみんなにお知らせ\""},{"url":"http://www.utadahikaru.jp/from-hikki/both/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"宇多田 ヒカル NEW-turn Project\". Utadahikaru.jp. Universal Music. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313234818/http://www.utadahikaru.jp/sakura/","url_text":"\"宇多田 ヒカル NEW-turn Project\""},{"url":"http://www.utadahikaru.jp/sakura/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stern, Bradley. \"Welcome Back Hikki: Utada Hikaru Officially Resumes Artist Activities\". Pop Crush. Pop Crush. Retrieved March 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://popcrush.com/utada-hikaru-resume-artist-activities-new-turn-project-welcome-back/?trackback=tsmclip","url_text":"\"Welcome Back Hikki: Utada Hikaru Officially Resumes Artist Activities\""}]},{"reference":"Natalie. \"Hikaru Utada Launches 'New-Turn Project' to Mark Her Return to Music\". Anime News Network. Anime News Network. Retrieved September 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-09/hikaru-utada-launches-new-turn-project-to-mark-her-return-to-music/.99583","url_text":"\"Hikaru Utada Launches 'New-Turn Project' to Mark Her Return to Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram photo by Hikaru Utada • Jul 12, 2016 at 1:08pm UTC\". July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BHwzY15jw2t","url_text":"\"Instagram photo by Hikaru Utada • Jul 12, 2016 at 1:08pm UTC\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BHwzY15jw2t/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stern, Bradley. \"Utada Hikaru Reveals Cover, Track Listing for Upcoming Album, \"Fantome\"\". Pop Crush. Pop Crush. Retrieved August 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://popcrush.com/utada-hikaru-reveals-title-cover-track-listing-for-upcoming-album-fantome/","url_text":"\"Utada Hikaru Reveals Cover, Track Listing for Upcoming Album, \"Fantome\"\""}]},{"reference":"Gatmaitan, James (September 28, 2016). \"[Album Review] Utada Hikaru's \"Fantôme\"\". JpopAsia. Retrieved October 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpopasia.com/feed/18694/album-review-utada-hikarus-fant%C3%94me/","url_text":"\"[Album Review] Utada Hikaru's \"Fantôme\"\""}]},{"reference":"Stern, Bradley (September 28, 2016). \"'Fantome': Utada Hikaru Returns from Her Hiatus Heartbroken, But Hopeful (Album Review)\". MuuMuse. Retrieved October 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muumuse.com/2016/09/utada-hikaru-fantome-album-review.html/","url_text":"\"'Fantome': Utada Hikaru Returns from Her Hiatus Heartbroken, But Hopeful (Album Review)\""}]},{"reference":"Miyauchi, Ryo (October 6, 2016). \"Utada Hikaru – Fantôme\". Unrecorded. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010051653/http://www.unrecorded.mu/reviews/utada-hikaru-fantome/","url_text":"\"Utada Hikaru – Fantôme\""},{"url":"http://www.unrecorded.mu/reviews/utada-hikaru-fantome/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oricon Daily Albums Chart\". Oricon Style. September 29, 2016. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160929033049/http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/d/2016-09-27/","url_text":"\"Oricon Daily Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_Style","url_text":"Oricon Style"},{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/d/2016-09-27/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"【オリコン】宇多田ヒカル、8年半ぶり新作\"貫禄\"1位 通常盤1形態で\". Oricon Style. October 4, 2016. 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October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&year=2016&month=10&day=10","url_text":"\"Japan Hot Albums Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Top Albums Sales Chart\" (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=top_albums&year=2016&month=10&day=10","url_text":"\"Japan Top Albums Sales Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Top Radio Songs CHart\" (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=radio_songs&year=2016&month=10&day=10","url_text":"\"Japan Top Radio Songs CHart\""}]},{"reference":"\"ja:オリコン 新ランキング発表 アルバムDL数を集計…初回首位は宇多田ヒカル\". Oricon Style (in Japanese). Oricon. November 16, 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Constantine_(Rome) | Baths of Constantine (Rome) | ["1 History","1.1 Construction and plan","1.2 5th century","1.3 Rediscovery","2 Art works","3 See also","4 Sources","5 References"] | Coordinates: 41°53′54″N 12°29′14″E / 41.8983°N 12.4873°E / 41.8983; 12.4873Baths of ConstantineRemains of the Baths of Constantine in the 16th centuryBaths of ConstantineShown in ancient RomeClick on the map for a fullscreen viewLocationRome, ItalyCoordinates41°53′54″N 12°29′14″E / 41.8983°N 12.4873°E / 41.8983; 12.4873
Baths of Constantine (Latin, Thermae Constantinianae) was a public bathing complex built on Rome's Quirinal Hill, beside the Tiber River, by Constantine I, probably before 315.
Ancient Constantinople and Arles also had complexes known as Baths of Constantine.
History
Construction and plan
The last of Rome's bath complexes, they were constructed in the irregular space enclosed by the vicus Longus, the Alta Semita, the clivus Salutis and the vicus laci Fundani. And as this was on a side-hill, it was necessary to demolish the 4th-century houses then on the site (beneath which are ruins of second- and third-century houses) and make an artificial level over their ruins. Because of these peculiar conditions, these thermae differed in plan from all others in the city – no anterooms were provided on either side of the caldarium, for instance, since the building was too narrow. The building was oriented north–south so as to heat it using the sun, with principal entrances on the west side, where there was a flight of steps down from the hill's summit to the Campus Martius, and on the middle of the north side.
As the main structure occupied all the space between the streets on the east and west, the ordinary peribolus was replaced by an enclosure across the front which was bounded on the north by a curved line, an area now occupied by the Palazzo della Consulta. The frigidarium seems to have had its longer axis aligned north and south instead of east and west, and behind it were tepidarium and caldarium, both circular in shape.
The only reference to these baths in ancient literature is in Ammianus Marcellinus, though they are mentioned in the Einsiedeln Itinerary (1.10; 3.6; 7.11).
5th century
The baths suffered greatly from fire and earthquake in the century after their construction. They were restored in 443 by the city prefect Petronius Perpenna Magnus Quadratinus, at which time it is probable that the colossal statues of the Dioscuri and horses, now in the Piazza del Quirinale, were set up within them. The Baths of Constantine probably remained in use until the Gothic War (535–554), when all but one of the aqueducts to the city of Rome were cut by the Ostrogoths.
Rediscovery
Enough of the structure was standing at the beginning of the sixteenth century to permit plans and drawings by architects of that period; these are the chief sources of our knowledge of the building. The remains were almost entirely destroyed in 1605–1621 during the construction of the Palazzo Rospigliosi, but some traces were found a century later, and since 1870. Some of these can now be seen beneath the Casino dell'Aurora.
Art works
Notable art works were found on the site of these thermae, among them:
The bronze statues of a boxer and an unidentified Hellenistic Prince now in the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme of the National Roman Museum.
Two statues of Constantine, one now housed in the narthex of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, and the other in the Capitoline Museums with a statue of his son Constantius II.
Frescoes, in the Palazzo Rospigliosi until c.1929 and now in the Museo delle Terme - these belong to an earlier building, perhaps the Domus Claudiorum.
The allegorical statues of the Nile and Tiber rivers flanking the staircase leading to the Palazzo Senatorio in the Piazza del Campidoglio.
The oversized statues of Castor and Pollux known as the "Horse Tamers" which decorate the Fontana di Monte Cavallo in Piazza del Quirinale.
Castor & Pollux with their horses in Piazza del Quirinale
Boxer at Rest
Hellenistic Prince
The "Tiber" in the Campidoglio
The "Nile" in the Campidoglio
Constantine in the Lateran Basilica
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baths of Constantine.
List of Roman public baths
List of ancient monuments in Rome
Sources
For the thermae in general, see H. Jordan, Topographie der Stadt Rom, pp. 438‑441; Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie, Neue Folge, 1894, 389‑392; Jord. II.526‑528; O. Gilbert, Geschichte und Topographie der Stadt Rom in Altertum (Leipzig 1883–1890), vol. III p. 300; Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. IV, 962‑963; Reber, Die Ruinen Roms, 2nd ed. (Leipzig, 1879), pp. 496‑500; Canina Ed. iv. pls. 220‑222; Memorie della Classe di Scienze Morali, Storiche e Philologiche della R. Accademia dei Lincei, series 5, 17 (1909), pp. 534, 535.
, from Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
References
^ Aurelius Victor Caes. 40: a quo ad lavandum institutum opus ceteris haud multo dispar; Not. Reg. VI
^ Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 1876, pp. 102‑106
^ xxvii.3.8: cum collecta plebs infima domum prope Constantinianum lavacrum iniectis facibus incenderat
^ CIL VI, 1750
^ Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Romische Abteilung, 1898, pp. 273‑274; 1900, pp. 309‑310
^ See especially Serlio, Architettura iii.92; Palladio, Le Terme, pl. XIV.; Dupérac, Vestigii, pl. 32; R. Lanciani, Storia degli Scavidi Roma (Rome, 1902-12), Vol. III, pp.196‑197; Ant. van den Wyngaerde, Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 1895, pls. VI.-xiii.; H. Jordan, Topographie der Stadt Rom in Altertum (Berlin: 1906), Vol. I Part 3, p. 439 n 131
^ Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma, 1895, p. 88; H. Jordan, Topographie der Stadt Rom, Vol. I, Part 3, p. 440, n133
^ Notizie degli Scavi di Antichita comunicate alla R. Accademia dei Lincei 1876, 55, 99; 1877, 204, 267; 1878, 233, 340
^ Lawrence Richardson (1992). A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 390–391.
^ CIL VI, 1148, CIL VI, 1149, CIL VI, 1150; F. Matz and F. von Duhn, Antike Bildwerke in Rom (1881-1882), p. 1346; W. Helbig, Fuhrer durch die offentlichen Sammlungen Roms, Third edition 3 (revised by Amelung), Vol. I p. 411
^ Matz-Duhn, p. 4110; Papers of the British School at Rome Vol. VII, pp. 40‑44; Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Romische Abteilung, 1911, p. 149
^ a b "Baths of Constantine". archive1.village.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Geographic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Hudiburg | Tara Hudiburg | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career and research","2.1 Publications","3 Awards and honors","4 References"] | American forest scientist
Tara HudiburgAlma materPh.D, M.S. Oregon State University. B.S. Pacific Lutheran UniversityAwardsPECASE 2019, NSF CAREER 2018Scientific careerFieldsForestry and Ecosystem ModelingInstitutionsUniversity of Idaho College of Natural Resources
Websitehttps://www.uidaho.edu/cnr/faculty/hudiburg
Tara W. Hudiburg is an American forest scientist who specializes in ecosystem modeling. She is an associate professor at the University of Idaho in the department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences. Hudiburg was honored with the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 2019.
Early life and education
Hudiburg attended Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington, graduating in 1998 with a bachelor's degree in biology. Following that, she attended Oregon State University where she graduated in 2008 with a M.S. in Forest Science. She then continued at Oregon State University earning a Ph.D. in Forest Science in 2012. Hudiburg's Ph.D. work centered on biofuel production from forests in the pacific northwest. She measured the greenhouse gas emissions from harnessing certain biofuels. This work was completed with Oregon State University professor Beverly Law. Hudiburg credits some of her early interest in forestry to her love of climbing trees as a child.
Career and research
Hudiburg began her post-doctoral research at the University of Illinois where she focused on the impact of global warming on forests. She was then hired by the University of Idaho in 2014 where she still resides as an associate professor in the department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences in the College of Natural Resources. The National Science Foundation awarded Hudiburg with a career award and research grant of roughly $650,000 in 2016. With this grant, Hudiburg will research the relationship between forests and the atmosphere in our changing climate, specifically relating to droughts and fires. This research has a planned timeline of five years. In 2018, Hudiburg received a $750,000 grant in order to conduct a study on biofuel sustainability. The study focuses on three crops and their viability as a source of fuel in comparison to fossil fuels. The study uses a process called biogeochemical modeling. Hudiburg conducts much of her forestry research on Moscow mountain as well as in the University of Idaho's experimental forest. This research is then often used in Hudiburg's ecosystem modeling lab at the university which works to understand the relationships between changing environments.
Hudiburg is also a researcher for the MILES (Managing Idaho's Landscapes for Ecosystem Services) program. This project measures human impact on the environment, and how it alters ecosystem services and their value. Hudiburg's official title in this project is Social Ecological Systems Researcher.
Hudiburg also takes her knowledge of forestry to undergraduate students as well as high school teachers in order to educate more on the topic and gain data for her research.
In 2019, the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) was awarded to Hudiburg. This award is earned by scientists who are beginning their individual science careers with exceptional work. She earned this award through her study of forestry and the relationships between forests and their carbon intake. Hudiburg found links between forest type and residence time of carbon in these forests, which are critical in understanding future carbon sequestration tactics to reduce climate change. Hudiburg works to increase information available to the general public and governments, so that educated climate-related decisions can be made at all levels.
Publications
The following are Hudiburg's highest cited publications on google scholar.
Carbon dynamics of Oregon and Northern California forests and potential land‐based carbon storage
Regional carbon dioxide implications of forest bioenergy production
Altered dynamics of forest recovery under a changing climate
Impacts of a 32-billion-gallon bioenergy landscape on land and fossil fuel use in the US
Cost of abating greenhouse gas emissions with cellulosic ethanol
Awards and honors
Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers
National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development Award
References
^ "NSF Award Search: Award#1553049 - CAREER: Forest-atmosphere interactions in an era of fire and drought". www.nsf.gov. U.S.: NSF, United States government agency. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
^ a b c d "Forests: Guests (Science Trek: Idaho Public Television)". idahoptv.org. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
^ a b c d "U of I Researcher Tara Hudiburg Honored with Presidential Early Career Award". www.uidaho.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
^ a b c "Production of biofuel from forests will increase greenhouse emissions". Life at OSU. 2011-10-24. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
^ Ask a CABBI Scientist: What did you want to be when you grew up?, 6 September 2018, retrieved 2019-09-11
^ "Report: Warming bringing big changes to forests". MPR News. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
^ a b c "CAREER: Forest-atmosphere interactions in an era of fire and drought". vivo.nkn.uidaho.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
^ a b Fisher, Sharon (2018-06-01). "Grant aids University of Idaho biofuel program". Idaho Business Review. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
^ a b "Tara Hudiburg | MILES". www.idahoecosystems.org. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
^ a b "Program Overview | MILES". www.idahoecosystems.org. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
^ "Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers | NSF - National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
^ Frederick, Brady (2019-07-22). "University of Idaho professor to receive presidential award". KXLY. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
^ a b Duane, Maureen; Donato, Dan; Campbell, John; Turner, David P.; Law, Beverly; Hudiburg, Tara (2009-01-01). "Carbon dynamics of Oregon and Northern California forests and potential land-based carbon storage". Ecological Applications. 19 (1): 163–180. doi:10.1890/07-2006.1. ISSN 1939-5582. PMID 19323181. S2CID 2789347.
^ Spokesman-Review, Eli Francovich / The (7 June 2019). "Forest Fires Release Less CO2 Than Previously Thought, Challenging Some Forest Management Practices, Study Says". The Chronicle. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
^ "Tara Hudiburg - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
^ Luyssaert, Sebastiaan; Christian Wirth; Law, Beverly E.; Hudiburg, Tara W. (2011). "Regional carbon dioxide implications of forest bioenergy production". Nature Climate Change. 1 (8): 419–423. Bibcode:2011NatCC...1..419H. doi:10.1038/nclimate1264. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 3652566.
^ Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J.; Miller, Adam D.; Mohan, Jacqueline E.; Hudiburg, Tara W.; Duval, Benjamin D.; DeLucia, Evan H. (2013). "Altered dynamics of forest recovery under a changing climate". Global Change Biology. 19 (7): 2001–2021. Bibcode:2013GCBio..19.2001A. doi:10.1111/gcb.12194. ISSN 1365-2486. PMID 23529980. S2CID 3015027.
^ DeLucia, Evan H.; Hartman, Melannie; Parton, William J.; Puneet Dwivedi; Long, Stephen P.; Khanna, Madhu; Wang, WeiWei; Hudiburg, Tara W. (2016). "Impacts of a 32-billion-gallon bioenergy landscape on land and fossil fuel use in the US". Nature Energy. 1 (1): 15005. Bibcode:2016NatEn...115005H. doi:10.1038/nenergy.2015.5. ISSN 2058-7546. S2CID 18986129.
^ Dwivedi, Puneet; Wang, Weiwei; Hudiburg, Tara; Jaiswal, Deepak; Parton, William; Long, Stephen; DeLucia, Evan; Khanna, Madhu (2015-02-17). "Cost of Abating Greenhouse Gas Emissions with Cellulosic Ethanol". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (4): 2512–2522. Bibcode:2015EnST...49.2512D. doi:10.1021/es5052588. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 25588032. S2CID 8532194.
^ "NSF CAREER Awards Support Four Unique Projects". www.uidaho.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
Authority control databases: Academics
Google Scholar
ORCID | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ecosystem modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_modeling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Early_Career_Award_for_Scientists_and_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"Tara W. Hudiburg is an American forest scientist who specializes in ecosystem modeling.[1] She is an associate professor at the University of Idaho in the department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences.[2] Hudiburg was honored with the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 2019.[3]","title":"Tara Hudiburg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Lutheran University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Lutheran_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Oregon State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-4"},{"link_name":"Beverly Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Law"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hudiburg attended Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington, graduating in 1998 with a bachelor's degree in biology.[2] Following that, she attended Oregon State University where she graduated in 2008 with a M.S. in Forest Science.[2] She then continued at Oregon State University earning a Ph.D. in Forest Science in 2012.[2] Hudiburg's Ph.D. work centered on biofuel production from forests in the pacific northwest.[4] She measured the greenhouse gas emissions from harnessing certain biofuels.[4] This work was completed with Oregon State University professor Beverly Law.[4] Hudiburg credits some of her early interest in forestry to her love of climbing trees as a child.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Idaho"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"fossil fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-10"},{"link_name":"human impact on the environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment"},{"link_name":"ecosystem services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_services"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Early_Career_Award_for_Scientists_and_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"carbon sequestration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestration"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Hudiburg began her post-doctoral research at the University of Illinois where she focused on the impact of global warming on forests.[6] She was then hired by the University of Idaho in 2014 where she still resides as an associate professor in the department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences in the College of Natural Resources. The National Science Foundation awarded Hudiburg with a career award and research grant of roughly $650,000 in 2016.[7] With this grant, Hudiburg will research the relationship between forests and the atmosphere in our changing climate, specifically relating to droughts and fires.[7] This research has a planned timeline of five years.[7] In 2018, Hudiburg received a $750,000 grant in order to conduct a study on biofuel sustainability.[8] The study focuses on three crops and their viability as a source of fuel in comparison to fossil fuels. The study uses a process called biogeochemical modeling.[8] Hudiburg conducts much of her forestry research on Moscow mountain as well as in the University of Idaho's experimental forest.[3] This research is then often used in Hudiburg's ecosystem modeling lab at the university which works to understand the relationships between changing environments.[9]Hudiburg is also a researcher for the MILES (Managing Idaho's Landscapes for Ecosystem Services) program.[10] This project measures human impact on the environment, and how it alters ecosystem services and their value.[10] Hudiburg's official title in this project is Social Ecological Systems Researcher.[9]Hudiburg also takes her knowledge of forestry to undergraduate students as well as high school teachers in order to educate more on the topic and gain data for her research.[3]In 2019, the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) was awarded to Hudiburg. This award is earned by scientists who are beginning their individual science careers with exceptional work.[11] She earned this award through her study of forestry and the relationships between forests and their carbon intake.[12] Hudiburg found links between forest type and residence time of carbon in these forests, which are critical in understanding future carbon sequestration tactics to reduce climate change.[13] Hudiburg works to increase information available to the general public and governments, so that educated climate-related decisions can be made at all levels.[14]","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"The following are Hudiburg's highest cited publications on google scholar.[15]Carbon dynamics of Oregon and Northern California forests and potential land‐based carbon storage[13]\nRegional carbon dioxide implications of forest bioenergy production[16]\nAltered dynamics of forest recovery under a changing climate[17]\nImpacts of a 32-billion-gallon bioenergy landscape on land and fossil fuel use in the US[18]\nCost of abating greenhouse gas emissions with cellulosic ethanol[19]","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Early_Career_Award_for_Scientists_and_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers[3]\nNational Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development Award[20]","title":"Awards and honors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NSF Award Search: Award#1553049 - CAREER: Forest-atmosphere interactions in an era of fire and drought\". www.nsf.gov. U.S.: NSF, United States government agency. Retrieved 2019-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1553049","url_text":"\"NSF Award Search: Award#1553049 - CAREER: Forest-atmosphere interactions in an era of fire and drought\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation","url_text":"NSF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government","url_text":"United States government agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Forests: Guests (Science Trek: Idaho Public Television)\". idahoptv.org. Retrieved 2019-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://idahoptv.org/sciencetrek/topics/forests/guests.cfm","url_text":"\"Forests: Guests (Science Trek: Idaho Public Television)\""}]},{"reference":"\"U of I Researcher Tara Hudiburg Honored with Presidential Early Career Award\". www.uidaho.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uidaho.edu/news/news-articles/news-releases/2019-july/071119-tarahudiburg","url_text":"\"U of I Researcher Tara Hudiburg Honored with Presidential Early Career Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Production of biofuel from forests will increase greenhouse emissions\". Life at OSU. 2011-10-24. Retrieved 2019-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2011/oct/production-biofuel-forests-will-increase-greenhouse-emissions","url_text":"\"Production of biofuel from forests will increase greenhouse emissions\""}]},{"reference":"Ask a CABBI Scientist: What did you want to be when you grew up?, 6 September 2018, retrieved 2019-09-11","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CdY5RsiJPY","url_text":"Ask a CABBI Scientist: What did you want to be when you grew up?"}]},{"reference":"\"Report: Warming bringing big changes to forests\". MPR News. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 2019-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2013/02/05/report-warming-bringing-big-changes-to-forests","url_text":"\"Report: Warming bringing big changes to forests\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAREER: Forest-atmosphere interactions in an era of fire and drought\". vivo.nkn.uidaho.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://vivo.nkn.uidaho.edu/vivo/display/n95609","url_text":"\"CAREER: Forest-atmosphere interactions in an era of fire and drought\""}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Sharon (2018-06-01). \"Grant aids University of Idaho biofuel program\". Idaho Business Review. Retrieved 2019-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://idahobusinessreview.com/2018/06/01/grant-aids-university-of-idaho-biofuel-program/","url_text":"\"Grant aids University of Idaho biofuel program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tara Hudiburg | MILES\". www.idahoecosystems.org. Retrieved 2019-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idahoecosystems.org/tara-hudiburg","url_text":"\"Tara Hudiburg | MILES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Program Overview | MILES\". www.idahoecosystems.org. Retrieved 2019-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idahoecosystems.org/program-overview","url_text":"\"Program Overview | MILES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers | NSF - National Science Foundation\". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2019-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awards/pecase.jsp","url_text":"\"Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers | NSF - National Science Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Frederick, Brady (2019-07-22). \"University of Idaho professor to receive presidential award\". KXLY. 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S2CID 3652566.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NatCC...1..419H","url_text":"2011NatCC...1..419H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnclimate1264","url_text":"10.1038/nclimate1264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6798","url_text":"1758-6798"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3652566","url_text":"3652566"}]},{"reference":"Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J.; Miller, Adam D.; Mohan, Jacqueline E.; Hudiburg, Tara W.; Duval, Benjamin D.; DeLucia, Evan H. (2013). \"Altered dynamics of forest recovery under a changing climate\". Global Change Biology. 19 (7): 2001–2021. Bibcode:2013GCBio..19.2001A. doi:10.1111/gcb.12194. ISSN 1365-2486. PMID 23529980. S2CID 3015027.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GCBio..19.2001A","url_text":"2013GCBio..19.2001A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.12194","url_text":"10.1111/gcb.12194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2486","url_text":"1365-2486"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23529980","url_text":"23529980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3015027","url_text":"3015027"}]},{"reference":"DeLucia, Evan H.; Hartman, Melannie; Parton, William J.; Puneet Dwivedi; Long, Stephen P.; Khanna, Madhu; Wang, WeiWei; Hudiburg, Tara W. (2016). \"Impacts of a 32-billion-gallon bioenergy landscape on land and fossil fuel use in the US\". Nature Energy. 1 (1): 15005. Bibcode:2016NatEn...115005H. doi:10.1038/nenergy.2015.5. ISSN 2058-7546. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabham_BT49 | Brabham BT49 | ["1 Concept","2 Chassis and suspension","3 Engine and transmission","4 Variants","5 Racing history","6 Historic racing","7 Complete Formula One World Championship results","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"] | Formula One racing car
Racing car model
Brabham BT49Brabham BT49CBrabham BT49DThe BT49C being driven by Piquet at Monaco in 1981CategoryFormula OneConstructorBrabhamDesigner(s)Gordon Murray (Technical Director) David North (Chief Designer)PredecessorBT48SuccessorBT50Technical specificationsChassisAluminium alloy monocoqueSuspension (front)Double wishbone pullrodSuspension (rear)Double wishbone pullrodor Rocker armAxle trackFront: 1,702 mm (67.0 in) Rear: 1,626 mm (64.0 in)Wheelbase2,718 mm (107.0 in)EngineCosworth DFV, 2,993 cc (182.6 cu in), 90° V8, NA, mid-engine, longitudinally mountedTransmissionHewland FGA 400 / Alfa Romeo 6-speed manualWeight580 kg (1,278.7 lb)Fuel1979: Agip 1980–1981: Elf 1981–1982: ValvolineTyresGoodyear / MichelinCompetition historyNotable entrantsParmalat Racing BrabhamNotable drivers Nelson Piquet Ricardo Zunino Héctor Rebaque Riccardo PatreseDebut1979 Canadian Grand Prix
RacesWinsPolesF/Laps
38 36 F1 WC 2 F1 other77 F1 WC0 F1 other76 F1 WC 1 F1 other44 F1 WC0 F1 otherConstructors' Championships0Drivers' Championships1 (1981, Nelson Piquet)
The Brabham BT49 /ˈbræbəm/ is a Formula One racing car designed by South African Gordon Murray for the British Brabham team. The BT49 competed in the 1979 to 1982 Formula One World Championships and was used by Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet to win his first World Championship in 1981.
The car was initially designed in 1979 as a short notice replacement for the team's Alfa Romeo-engined BT48, after Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone decided to end his relationship with the Italian engine manufacturer. The BT49 was created in only six weeks using elements of the BT48 chassis together with the widely used Cosworth DFV engine. The monocoque chassis is made from aluminium alloy and carbon fibre composites. The car was fitted with controversial hydropneumatic suspension and water-cooled brakes at different points in its life.
The BT49 was updated over four seasons taking a total of seven wins, six poles and 135 points. Seventeen were eventually built, most of which survive today. Some are used successfully in historic motorsport; Christian Glaesel won the 2005 FIA Historic Formula One Championship driving a BT49D.
Concept
The BT49 was created by South African designer Gordon Murray for the Brabham team during the 1979 season of the Formula One motor racing World Championship. The Brabham team had been competing in partnership with engine supplier Alfa Romeo since 1976 and won races in the 1978 season. However, the team's 1979 car, the BT48, was not a great success. Alfa Romeo entered their own Type 177 and Type 179 cars in Formula One Grands Prix that summer, helping to convince the Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone that the partnership was over. Motorsport author Alan Henry writes that Ecclestone did not want his team to take second place to an Alfa Romeo works team, and that the team designing Alfa Romeo's cars was drawing on Brabham knowledge.
Alfa's engines were powerful, but had proved troublesome and according to Henry, "the days during which pure power was the main criterion had temporarily vanished by the start of 1979". Instead aerodynamic ground effect, as brought to Formula One by the Lotus 78 two years earlier, was the most important factor. To allow them to focus on this, the Brabham team reverted to a known quantity, the reliable and widely used Ford Cosworth DFV engine that it had last used in 1975. Three BT49s were designed and built in only six weeks for the Canadian Grand Prix on 30 September 1979; two of them were converted BT48 chassis and one was newly built.
Chassis and suspension
BT49C without its aerodynamic bodywork, which can be seen sitting on the ground behind the chassis
Like all of its Formula One contemporaries, the BT49 chassis is a monocoque structure. It is built from sheet aluminium alloy with reinforcement from carbon fibre composite panels and is one of the first Formula One chassis to incorporate this material structurally. The chassis is slightly longer than that of the BT48, and is new from the cockpit back with revised sidepods and a structural fuel tank reduced from 45 to 38 imperial gallons (205 to 173 L) capacity to match the reduced fuel consumption requirements of the DFV compared to the Alfa Romeo. This allowed a reduction in dry weight over the BT48 of 35 pounds (15.9 kg) and of 95 lb (43.1 kg) when fully fuelled.
The underside of the BT49 is shaped to create downforce through ground effect: air is accelerated under the car, reducing the air pressure beneath it and pushing the tyres down harder onto the track. This provides more grip and thus higher cornering speeds, but compared to conventional wings creates less of the drag that slows the car in a straight line. In its original form, the reduced pressure area under the car was sealed off with sliding skirts which rose and fell with the movement of the car to ensure no air could leak under it. According to Murray, the aerodynamics were the car's great strength: "It had more than any other car and it all came from the ground effect. We ran the car with no front wing at all and scarcely any at the back."
The suspension, which controls the relative motion of the chassis and the wheels, is similar to that of the BT48: it features double wishbones front and rear, with the springs and dampers mounted on the chassis out of the airflow and activated by pullrods. Anti-roll bars are fitted front and rear. The BT49's disc brakes are mounted outboard, within the wheel hubs, and are activated by a single four piston brake caliper for each wheel. For most of the BT49's career, it used conventional steel brakes. Lighter reinforced carbon-carbon discs and pads, a technology that Brabham had introduced to Formula One in 1976, were used in 1981 and 1982; The wheels are of 13-inch (330 mm) diameter, although occasionally 15 in (381 mm) wheels were used at the front. The car initially raced on Goodyear tyres, but the team had to adapt the BT49 to Michelin's new radial tyres for part of the 1981 season when Goodyear temporarily withdrew from Formula One. Slick tyres were used in dry conditions and treaded tyres in the wet.
Three chassis, included the two modified BT48 units, were built for the end of the 1979 season. Two of these were re-used during the 1980 Formula One season, alongside seven new chassis.
Engine and transmission
Cosworth DFV engine mounted in BT49C. The curved underside of the car can be seen beneath it.
The Ford Cosworth DFV was produced by Cosworth in Northampton and had been used in Formula One since 1967. It is a 2,993 cc (183 cu in) normally aspirated four-stroke engine with two banks of four cylinders at 90 degrees to each other in a 'V8' configuration. It has an aluminium alloy engine block with cylinder liners. Each of its crossflow cylinder heads has a single spark plug and four valves, activated by gear-driven double overhead camshafts. This, combined with the flat-plane crankshaft, provides a relatively simple exhaust layout, in which the exhaust pipes exit on the outer side of the block. The engine is water-cooled, with water and oil radiators mounted in the left and right sidepods respectively. In 1980, a revised version of the DFV was introduced in which ancillaries such as the water and oil pumps were reduced in size and grouped further forwards on the flanks of the engine to provide more clearance for ground effect tunnels under the cars.
Like its contemporaries, the BT49 uses the engine as a fully stressed structural component, carrying all loads between the front and rear of the car: the front of the engine bolts directly to the integral fuel tank and the back of the engine attaches to the car's rear suspension and gearbox. The Ford Cosworth engine integrated into the car much more easily than Alfa Romeo's large, heavy and inconsistently sized units: Murray described returning to the DFV as being "like having a holiday".
By the time the DFV was used in the BT49, it weighed roughly 340 lb (154 kg) and produced around 500 brake horsepower (373 kW) at about 11,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). Peak torque was 270 pound-feet (366 N⋅m) at 9,000 rpm. After his first test session with the car, Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet commented that he had always believed "that the DFV was quite a rough, coarse engine, but it felt quite the opposite to me. After those Alfa V12s it felt smooth and willing to rev." In 1979, when the BT49 first raced, all but three teams – Ferrari, Alfa Romeo and Renault – used the DFV, and the most powerful alternative (Alfa Romeo's V12) produced 525 bhp (391 kW). By 1982, most teams still used the DFV, but BMW, Ferrari and Hart had joined Renault in employing turbocharged engines: Ferrari's 1982 turbocharged V6 engine produced around 580 bhp (433 kW), while the DFV's output had remained at around 500 bhp.
Realising just how competitive the BT49 was on its debut at the Canadian Grand Prix in 1979, Cosworth would supply Brabham, along with Williams special "evolution" DFV engines which had a slightly shorter stroke and higher revving capacity than a standard DFV, producing around 500 to 510 BHP at over 11,000 RPM for the 1980 season. Throughout 1980 the BT49 was regularly one of the quickest naturally aspirated cars timed on the speed-traps (meaning only the turbocharged Renaults were usually faster in a straight-line), a combination of the low drag aerodynamically slippery bodywork and the development Cosworth engine. With Williams taking the decision from the 1980 French Grand Prix to effectively sub-contract "in house" to John Judd to modify the DFVs used by Alan Jones and Carlos Reutemann, Brabham effectively become the favoured runner in 1980 of development Cosworth engines, a situation which would continue throughout the rest of the 1980 season and the entire 1981 season, which effectively promoted Nelson Piquet to the status as the favoured "works" driver for Cosworth, a relationship that ultimately concluded in triumph with the 1981 Drivers World Championship.
The BT49 was initially fitted with the same gearbox the team had been using since 1977: a six-speed unit designed by Brabham using internal components from Hewland and a casing cast by Alfa Romeo.
Variants
BT49B
A BT49B specification appeared early in the 1980 season; it was conceived around a new transverse gearbox designed by American gearbox specialist Pete Weismann. The new unit could be fitted with five or six gears and was tall and narrow, allowing a clearer airflow from under the car to the rear, with the intent of improving the ground effect. An alternative rear suspension layout was designed to go with this gearbox. It replaced the standard pullrods with rocker arms that activated vertical coil springs mounted behind the gearbox. The Weismann unit proved difficult to make reliable and was used alongside the original gearbox, mainly on a spare chassis, until the Dutch Grand Prix, after which it was put to one side.
BT49T
A modified BT49, dubbed BT49T, was used to test the earliest versions of BMW's turbocharged Formula One engine between the 1980 and 1981 Formula One seasons. This was a 1,499 cc (92 cu in) inline four-cylinder engine, with a single KKK turbocharger mounted in the left hand sidepod of the car. The first version of the engine was said to produce 557 bhp (415 kW).
BT49C
For the 1981 season, a BT49C specification was produced with a chassis lightened through increased use of carbon composite materials. Five of this variant were built and two of the previous year's cars converted to this specification. That year a minimum ride height of 60 millimetres (2.4 in) was introduced and sliding skirts were banned, with the intention of limiting ground effect and slowing the cars. The BT49C regained its front wings to compensate in part for the downforce lost. More significantly, Murray devised a hydropneumatic suspension system for the BT49C in which soft air springs supported the car at the regulation height for checks while stationary. At speed, where the ride height could not be measured, downforce compressed the air and the car settled to a much lower height, creating more downforce. Because the skirts now had to be fixed, the suspension had to be very stiff to allow them to consistently seal around the sides of the car: by the end of the 1981 season, total suspension movement was only 1.5 inches (38 mm), half of which came from the compression of the tyres. A lightweight qualifying chassis was produced, featuring a small fuel tank and lighter reinforced carbon-carbon brake discs and pads.
Rebaque in the BT49C at 1981 Argentine GP, Carlos Reutemann, behind.
BT49D
Three new BT49D chassis were built for the 1982 season, featuring a still lighter chassis and one-piece bodywork. By this stage, the cars had to be ballasted to bring them up to the minimum weight limit of 580 kg (1,279 lb) specified in the rules. The BT49D used the carbon-carbon brakes as standard and was one of several DFV-powered cars to be fitted with large water tanks, ostensibly for "water-cooled brakes". In practice, the water was dumped early in the race, allowing the cars to race as much as 50 kg (110 lb) under the weight limit; the regulations stated coolant could be topped up at the end of the race before the weight was checked. In the view of the DFV teams, this practice met the letter of the regulations and equalised their performance with that of the more powerful turbocharged cars. The 60 mm ground clearance rule was removed for the 1982 season, but the fixed skirts and very stiff suspension remained.
Racing history
The BT49's racing career got off to an unsettled start when Brabham's lead driver, Niki Lauda, abruptly quit the sport after 10 laps of the first practice session at the penultimate race of the 1979 season, the Canadian Grand Prix. The car soon showed promise: Piquet ran third in the race on the high speed Circuit Île Notre-Dame before retiring with a broken gearbox. Lauda's replacement, Argentine novice Ricardo Zunino, was seventh of the nine who completed the race. At the season finale in wet conditions at the Watkins Glen International circuit, Zunino spun off although Piquet set the fastest lap before a driveshaft failed, putting his car out of the race.
Early in the 1980 season, Piquet's car scored points finishes at the Argentine and South African Grands Prix, behind Alan Jones' Williams FW07-DFV and the turbocharged Renault RE20 of René Arnoux. At the fourth race of the season, the United States Grand Prix West, Piquet qualified on pole by over a second in a BT49 featuring some updates to the sidepods, bodywork and suspension, before leading the race, held on the streets of Long Beach, California, from start to finish. BT49s in Piquet's hands scored in seven of the ten remaining rounds of the championship. Towards the end of the season, the suspension was reworked for the Dutch Grand Prix on the high speed Circuit Park Zandvoort, lengthening the wheelbase by three inches and allowing the car to run in a lower drag configuration. Piquet won after Jones destroyed his FW07's skirts on kerbs. Piquet also won the next race, the Italian Grand Prix to give himself a one-point lead over Williams driver Jones. By the end of the season the BT49 was "arguably the fastest Cosworth-powered car", but Piquet lost the title to Jones at the penultimate race of the year, the Canadian Grand Prix, when a development engine failed while he was leading the race. The BT49s driven by the team's second drivers—Zunino and then from mid-season Mexican Héctor Rebaque—either retired or finished outside the points, with the exception of Rebaque's sixth place at the Canadian race. The team finished third in the constructors' championship behind Williams and Ligier, unable to compete with only one car scoring points.
In December 1980, Indycar driver Rick Mears tested the BT49 at Circuit Paul Ricard and was half a second behind Piquet but was faster than him at Riverside International Raceway in southern California, Mears was offered a contract to drive for Brabham in 1981 but he declined the offer and stayed with Team Penske in IndyCar.
Nelson Piquet driving the BT49 at Zandvoort in 1980
Disagreement between the teams and the sport's administrators over the technical regulations for the 1981 Formula One season contributed to Goodyear's temporary withdrawal from Formula One and meant that the 1981 South African Grand Prix was run by the teams to 1980 regulations using cars with sliding skirts. Piquet finished second in a BT49B, but the race did not count towards the championship. The season proper opened with the United States Grand Prix West, at which the BT49C was introduced. To the team's surprise, it was the only car to exploit the "obvious" loophole in the new ground clearance regulation by lowering itself, but the BT49Cs raced with conventional suspension after the hydropneumatic system repeatedly jammed. The team revised the system continuously over the next three races and used it to set pole position at the Brazilian and Argentine Grands Prix and win the Argentine and San Marino races while continuing to suffer from the system not rising or lowering correctly.
The Cosworth-powered Williams FW07 had a similarly lengthy competitive career and was the BT49's main rival in 1980 and 1981.
Frank Williams led an abortive protest against the car at the Argentine Grand Prix, objecting to the flexibility of the fixed skirts used to seal the underside of the car, which allowed them to replicate the effect of a sliding skirt. At the following race, the scrutineers rejected the flexible skirts. Brabham replaced them with stiffer material from one of the other teams for the race, which Piquet won. As the season progressed, other teams developed their own lowering systems—a front spring and cylinder were stolen from the Brabham garage in Argentina— but after a rule clarification from FISA many cars were lowered by the driver pressing a switch, a development that Murray found frustrating in light of Brabham's efforts to develop a system that he considered legal. The cars ran on Goodyear tyres again from the sixth round of the championship; motorsport author Doug Nye believes this cost the BT49s good results at several races while the American company adapted to the latest Formula One developments. Despite the virtually solid suspension now required to maintain a consistent ride height, which put components under greater strain, Piquet built a championship challenge on the back of consistent reliability: by the end of the season, his BT49Cs had finished 10 of 15 races, with only one mechanical failure. Piquet finished fifth at the final race of the season—the Caesars Palace Grand Prix—to take the title from Carlos Reutemann in a Williams FW07 by one point.
Brabham had been working with the German engine manufacturer BMW since 1980 on the development of a turbocharged engine for Formula One. The BMW-powered BT50 made its debut at the start of the 1982 season, taking advantage of the high-altitude Kyalami circuit in South Africa, which favoured turbocharged cars. However, the as yet unreliable BMW-powered cars were dropped for the next two races. Piquet finished first at the Brazilian Grand Prix in a BT49D, but was disqualified after a protest from Renault and Ferrari on the grounds that the car had raced underweight due to its water-cooled brakes. FISA ruled that in future all cars must be weighed before coolants were topped up, resulting in a boycott of the fourth race of the season by most of the DFV-powered teams, including Brabham. Under threat from BMW, Brabham did not use its Ford-powered BT49s again until the sixth race of the season, the Monaco Grand Prix, where one was entered for Riccardo Patrese alongside Piquet in a BT50. Patrese won the race after a chaotic final lap on which several other cars stopped. Patrese used the BT49 for the next two races, taking a second place behind Piquet's BMW-powered car in the BT49's final Formula One race, the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix.
Historic racing
Christian Glaesel driving the BT49D in which he won the 2005 Thoroughbred Grand Prix championship
Since 1995, BT49s have competed regularly in the FIA Historic Formula One Championship. The championship is open to cars that competed in Formula One in the DFV era, between 1967 and 1985, in several classes to allow for equal competition. The BT49 competes in class C, for post 1971 ground effects cars. In 1999, Motor Sport magazine tested a BT49D from the series featuring 530 bhp (395 kW) from its developed DFV at 11,200 rpm, but the championship has since introduced rules to restrict engines to 10,500 rpm to keep costs down. While the cars' original skirts can be kept, they must be set up such that there is 40 mm (1.6 in) clearance beneath the car, a rule that removes most of the advantage of ground effect. The hydropneumatic suspension employed during 1981 is not permitted. The carbon-carbon brakes originally used in 1981 and 1982 are also banned and the cars must run with conventional brake pads and steel brakes. The cars use Avon slick tyres. Christian Glaesel won the 2005 FIA Historic Formula One Championship driving a BT49D and Joaquin Folch won the 2012 championship in a BT49C.
Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year
Team
Engine
Tyres
Drivers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Points
WCC
1979
Parmalat Racing Brabham
Ford DFV V8
G
ARG
BRA
RSA
USW
ESP
BEL
MON
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
CAN
USE
01
NC1
Niki Lauda
WD
Nelson Piquet
Ret
Ret
Ricardo Zunino
7
Ret
1980
Parmalat Racing Brabham
Ford DFV V8
G
ARG
BRA
RSA
USW
BEL
MON
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
CAN
USE
55
3rd
Nelson Piquet
2
Ret
4
1
Ret
3
4
2
4
5
1
1
Ret
Ret
Ricardo Zunino
7
8
10
Ret
Ret
DNQ
Ret
Héctor Rebaque
7
Ret
10
Ret
Ret
6
Ret
1981
Parmalat Racing Brabham
Ford DFV V8
GM
USW
BRA
ARG
SMR
BEL
MON
ESP
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
CAN
CPL
61
2nd
Nelson Piquet
3
12
1
1
Ret
Ret
Ret
3
Ret
1
3
2
6
5
5
Héctor Rebaque
Ret
Ret
Ret
4
Ret
DNQ
Ret
9
5
4
Ret
4
Ret
Ret
Ret
1982
Parmalat Racing Brabham
Ford DFV V8
G
RSA
BRA
USW
SMR
BEL
MON
DET
CAN
NED
GBR
FRA
GER
AUT
SUI
ITA
CPL
192
9th2
Nelson Piquet
DSQ
Ret
Riccardo Patrese
Ret
3
1
Ret
2
Sources:
^1 Placings in the constructors' championship are for chassis-engine combinations. Brabham used both Alfa Romeo and Ford-powered cars during this season: the BT49-Fords scored no points and Brabham-Ford was not classified.
^2 Brabham used both Ford and BMW-powered cars during this season: Brabham-Ford was classified 9th.
See also
Williams FW07
Lotus 88
Notes
^ Henry (1985) p.160 & p.281
^ Henry (1985) pp.210–213
^ a b c d e f Henry (1985) p.215
^ a b c d e f g h Nye (1986) p.110
^ a b Hodges (1990) p.42
^ Henry (1985) p.216
^ Haney, Braun (1995) p.17
^ a b c Frankel (May 1999) pp.46–49
^ Henry (1985) pp.215–218
^ a b Henry (1985) p.225
^ a b c Nye (1986) p.111
^ Nye (1986) p.49
^ Blunsden (1983) p.62
^ Blunsden (1983) pp.229 & 231
^ Nye (1986) p.147
^ Nye (1986) p.152
^ Henry (1985) pp.165–167 and p.215
^ a b Henry (1985) p.219
^ Jenkinson, Denis (May 1980). "Notes on the cars at Long Beach". Motor Sport. LVI (5). Motor Sport Magazine Ltd.: 662. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
^ Jenkinson, Denis (October 1980). "Notes on the cars at Zandvoort". Motor Sport. LVI (10). Motor Sport Magazine Ltd.: 1488. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
^ Henry (1985) pp.243–244
^ a b Henry (1985) p.222
^ a b c d Nye (1986) p.112
^ Lang (1992) p.12
^ a b Henry (1985) pp.223–225
^ a b c d Henry (1985) p.232
^ Jenkinson, Denis (May 1982). "The Formula One scene". Motor Sport. LVIII (5). Motor Sport Magazine Ltd.: 555. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
^ Henry (1985) pp.216–217
^ Henry (1985) pp.220–221
^ Henry (1985) p.223
^ Nye (1986) pp.111–112
^ Henry (1985) pp.233–236
^ Henry (1985) pp.236–237
^ Bunston, Smith (2011) p.16–17
^ Noakes (2007) pp.177–180
^ Bunston, Smith (2011) p.129
^ Miranda, Robson (24 October 2012). "F1 Historic: Joaquin Folch é o Campeão de 2012" (in Portuguese). SpeedRacing. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
^ "All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
^ "All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49C". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
^ "All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49D". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
References
Books
Blunsden, John (1983). The Power to Win. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-900549-77-7.
Haney, Paul; Braun, Jeff (1995). Inside Racing Technology. TV Motorsports. ISBN 0-9646414-0-2.
Henry, Alan (1985). Brabham, the Grand Prix Cars. Osprey. ISBN 0-905138-36-8.
Hodges, David (1998). A-Z of Formula Racing Cars 1945–1990. Bay View books. ISBN 1-901432-17-3.
Lang, Mike (1992). Grand Prix!. Vol. 4. Sparkford: Foulis. ISBN 0-85429-733-2.
Noakes, Andrew (2007). The Ford Cosworth DFV. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-1-84425-337-1.
Nye, Doug (1986). Autocourse history of the Grand Prix car 1966–85. Hazleton publishing. ISBN 0-905138-37-6.
Bunston, John; Smith, David, eds. (2011). FIA Historic Formula One Championship Review 2011 Yearbook. Great Somerford, England: Butler Tanner Dennis Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9570868-0-7.
Magazines
Frankel, Andrew (May 1999). "Simply the best". Motor Sport. LXXV (5). Motor Sport Magazine Ltd: 46–49.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brabham BT49.
Brabham BT49 in spherical 360° image Archived 13 February 2013 at archive.today
vte« previous Cars that competed in the 1979 Formula One season next »
Alfa Romeo 177
Alfa Romeo 179
Arrows A1
Arrows A2
ATS D2
ATS D3
Brabham BT46
Brabham BT48
Brabham BT49
Ensign N177
Ensign N179
Ferrari 312T3/312T4/312T4B
Fittipaldi F5A
Fittipaldi F6/F6A
Kauhsen WK
Ligier JS11
Lotus 79
Lotus 80
McLaren M26
McLaren M28/M28B/M28C
McLaren M29
Merzario A1B
Merzario A2
Merzario A4
Rebaque HR100
Renault RS01
Renault RS10
Shadow DN9
Tyrrell 009
Williams FW06
Williams FW07
Wolf WR7-9
vte« previous Cars that competed in the 1980 Formula One season next »
Alfa Romeo 179
Arrows A3
ATS D3
ATS D4
Brabham BT49
Ensign N180
Ferrari 312T5
Fittipaldi F7
Fittipaldi F8
Ligier JS11/15
Lotus 81/81B
McLaren M29B/M29C
McLaren M30
Osella FA1/FA1B
Renault RE20
Shadow DN11
Shadow DN12
Tyrrell 009
Tyrrell 010
Williams FW07/FW07B
vte« previous Cars that competed in the 1981 Formula One World Championship next »
Alfa Romeo 179B/179C/179D
Arrows A3
ATS D4
ATS HGS
Brabham BT49C
Ensign N180B
Ferrari 126CK
Fittipaldi F8C
Lotus 81
Lotus 87
Lotus 88/88B
Ligier JS17
March 811
McLaren M29C/M29F
McLaren MP4 (MP4/1)
Osella FA1B/FA1C
Renault RE20B
Renault RE30
Theodore TY01
Toleman TG181
Tyrrell 010
Tyrrell 011
Williams FW07B/FW07C
vte« previous Cars that competed in the 1982 Formula One World Championship next »
Alfa Romeo 179D
Alfa Romeo 182/182B
Arrows A4
Arrows A5
ATS D5
Brabham BT49D
Brabham BT50
Ensign N180B
Ensign N181
Ferrari 126C2
Fittipaldi F8D
Fittipaldi F9
Ligier JS17/JS17B
Ligier JS19
Lotus 87B
Lotus 91
March 821
McLaren MP4B
Osella FA1C
Osella FA1D
Renault RE30B
Theodore TY01
Theodore TY02
Toleman TG181B/TG181C
Toleman TG183
Tyrrell 011
Williams FW07C
Williams FW08
vte Motor Racing Developments
Founders
Jack Brabham
Ron Tauranac
Personnel
Bernie Ecclestone
Gordon Murray
Herbie Blash
Sergio Rinland
Colin Seeley
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World Champions
Jack Brabham
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Other drivers
See category
Drivers' titles
1966
1967
1981
1983
Constructors' titles
1966
1967
Cars:
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BT44
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BT45
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BT45C
BT46
BT46B
BT46C
BT47
BT48
BT49
BT49B
BT49T
BT49C
BT49D
BT50
BT51
BT52
BT52B
BT53
BT54
BT55
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BT59Y
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BT61
Indianapolis 500/USAC
BT12
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BT10
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BT29
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BT40
Formula Three
BT9
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BT18A
BT21
BT21B
BT21X
BT28
BT35C
BT38C
BT41
Formula Junior
BT1
BT2
BT6
Other single-seaters
BT4
BT7A
BT11A
BT14
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BT21A
BT21C
BT22
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BT23D
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BT23G
BT30X
BT31
BT35X
BT36X
BT43
Sportscars
BT5
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BT17 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈbræbəm/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Gordon Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Murray"},{"link_name":"Brabham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabham"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Nelson Piquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Piquet"},{"link_name":"World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers%27_Champions"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Bernie Ecclestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Ecclestone"},{"link_name":"Cosworth DFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosworth_DFV"},{"link_name":"monocoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque"},{"link_name":"chassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis"},{"link_name":"aluminium alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy"},{"link_name":"carbon fibre composites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiber_reinforced_polymer"},{"link_name":"hydropneumatic suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension"},{"link_name":"historic motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_motorsport"},{"link_name":"Historic Formula One Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Formula_One_Championship"}],"text":"Formula One racing carRacing car modelThe Brabham BT49 /ˈbræbəm/ is a Formula One racing car designed by South African Gordon Murray for the British Brabham team. The BT49 competed in the 1979 to 1982 Formula One World Championships and was used by Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet to win his first World Championship in 1981.The car was initially designed in 1979 as a short notice replacement for the team's Alfa Romeo-engined BT48, after Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone decided to end his relationship with the Italian engine manufacturer. The BT49 was created in only six weeks using elements of the BT48 chassis together with the widely used Cosworth DFV engine. The monocoque chassis is made from aluminium alloy and carbon fibre composites. The car was fitted with controversial hydropneumatic suspension and water-cooled brakes at different points in its life.The BT49 was updated over four seasons taking a total of seven wins, six poles and 135 points. Seventeen were eventually built, most of which survive today. Some are used successfully in historic motorsport; Christian Glaesel won the 2005 FIA Historic Formula One Championship driving a BT49D.","title":"Brabham BT49"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Murray"},{"link_name":"Brabham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabham"},{"link_name":"1979 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"1978 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"BT48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabham_BT48"},{"link_name":"Type 177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_177"},{"link_name":"Type 179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_179"},{"link_name":"Bernie Ecclestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Ecclestone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alan Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Henry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry215-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry215-3"},{"link_name":"aerodynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic"},{"link_name":"ground effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_effect_in_cars"},{"link_name":"Lotus 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_78"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Cosworth DFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosworth_DFV"},{"link_name":"Canadian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry215-3"}],"text":"The BT49 was created by South African designer Gordon Murray for the Brabham team during the 1979 season of the Formula One motor racing World Championship. The Brabham team had been competing in partnership with engine supplier Alfa Romeo since 1976 and won races in the 1978 season.[1] However, the team's 1979 car, the BT48, was not a great success. Alfa Romeo entered their own Type 177 and Type 179 cars in Formula One Grands Prix that summer, helping to convince the Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone that the partnership was over.[2] Motorsport author Alan Henry writes that Ecclestone did not want his team to take second place to an Alfa Romeo works team, and that the team designing Alfa Romeo's cars was drawing on Brabham knowledge.[3]Alfa's engines were powerful, but had proved troublesome and according to Henry, \"the days during which pure power was the main criterion had temporarily vanished by the start of 1979\".[3] Instead aerodynamic ground effect, as brought to Formula One by the Lotus 78 two years earlier, was the most important factor. To allow them to focus on this, the Brabham team reverted to a known quantity, the reliable and widely used Ford Cosworth DFV engine that it had last used in 1975. Three BT49s were designed and built in only six weeks for the Canadian Grand Prix on 30 September 1979; two of them were converted BT48 chassis and one was newly built.[3]","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brabham_BT49C-10_without_bodywork.jpg"},{"link_name":"chassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis"},{"link_name":"monocoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque"},{"link_name":"aluminium alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy"},{"link_name":"carbon fibre composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiber-reinforced_polymer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye110-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodges_1990_p.42-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"dry weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_weight_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye110-4"},{"link_name":"downforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downforce"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracktest-8"},{"link_name":"suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"double wishbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension"},{"link_name":"dampers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"link_name":"Anti-roll bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-roll_bar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"disc brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brakes"},{"link_name":"brake caliper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_caliper"},{"link_name":"reinforced carbon-carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_carbon-carbon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry_1985_p.225-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye110-4"},{"link_name":"Goodyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"Michelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin"},{"link_name":"radial tyres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_tyre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye111-11"},{"link_name":"Slick tyres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slick_tyre"},{"link_name":"1980 Formula One season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye110-4"}],"text":"BT49C without its aerodynamic bodywork, which can be seen sitting on the ground behind the chassisLike all of its Formula One contemporaries, the BT49 chassis is a monocoque structure. It is built from sheet aluminium alloy with reinforcement from carbon fibre composite panels and is one of the first Formula One chassis to incorporate this material structurally.[4] The chassis is slightly longer than that of the BT48, and is new from the cockpit back with revised sidepods and a structural fuel tank reduced from 45 to 38 imperial gallons (205 to 173 L) capacity to match the reduced fuel consumption requirements of the DFV compared to the Alfa Romeo.[5][6] This allowed a reduction in dry weight over the BT48 of 35 pounds (15.9 kg) and of 95 lb (43.1 kg) when fully fuelled.[4]The underside of the BT49 is shaped to create downforce through ground effect: air is accelerated under the car, reducing the air pressure beneath it and pushing the tyres down harder onto the track. This provides more grip and thus higher cornering speeds, but compared to conventional wings creates less of the drag that slows the car in a straight line.[7] In its original form, the reduced pressure area under the car was sealed off with sliding skirts which rose and fell with the movement of the car to ensure no air could leak under it. According to Murray, the aerodynamics were the car's great strength: \"It had more [downforce] than any other car and it all came from the ground effect. We ran the car with no front wing at all and scarcely any at the back.\"[8]The suspension, which controls the relative motion of the chassis and the wheels, is similar to that of the BT48: it features double wishbones front and rear, with the springs and dampers mounted on the chassis out of the airflow and activated by pullrods. Anti-roll bars are fitted front and rear.[9] The BT49's disc brakes are mounted outboard, within the wheel hubs, and are activated by a single four piston brake caliper for each wheel. For most of the BT49's career, it used conventional steel brakes. Lighter reinforced carbon-carbon discs and pads, a technology that Brabham had introduced to Formula One in 1976, were used in 1981 and 1982;[10] The wheels are of 13-inch (330 mm) diameter, although occasionally 15 in (381 mm) wheels were used at the front.[4] The car initially raced on Goodyear tyres, but the team had to adapt the BT49 to Michelin's new radial tyres for part of the 1981 season when Goodyear temporarily withdrew from Formula One.[11] Slick tyres were used in dry conditions and treaded tyres in the wet.Three chassis, included the two modified BT48 units, were built for the end of the 1979 season. Two of these were re-used during the 1980 Formula One season, alongside seven new chassis.[4]","title":"Chassis and suspension"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cosworth_V8_F1_engine_Brabham_BT49.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosworth"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"normally aspirated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normally_aspirated"},{"link_name":"four-stroke engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"engine block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_block"},{"link_name":"crossflow cylinder heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossflow_cylinder_head"},{"link_name":"spark plug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plug"},{"link_name":"double overhead camshafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_overhead_camshaft"},{"link_name":"flat-plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine#Design"},{"link_name":"crankshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshaft"},{"link_name":"exhaust pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_pipe"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"water-cooled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry215-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry215-3"},{"link_name":"brake horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Brake_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"revolutions per minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"pound-feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound-foot_(torque)"},{"link_name":"N⋅m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton-metre"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Nelson Piquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Piquet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry215-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"V6 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6_engine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"gearbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"Hewland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewland"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Cosworth DFV engine mounted in BT49C. The curved underside of the car can be seen beneath it.The Ford Cosworth DFV was produced by Cosworth in Northampton and had been used in Formula One since 1967. It is a 2,993 cc (183 cu in) normally aspirated four-stroke engine with two banks of four cylinders at 90 degrees to each other in a 'V8' configuration. It has an aluminium alloy engine block with cylinder liners. Each of its crossflow cylinder heads has a single spark plug and four valves, activated by gear-driven double overhead camshafts. This, combined with the flat-plane crankshaft, provides a relatively simple exhaust layout, in which the exhaust pipes exit on the outer side of the block.[12] The engine is water-cooled, with water and oil radiators mounted in the left and right sidepods respectively.[3] In 1980, a revised version of the DFV was introduced in which ancillaries such as the water and oil pumps were reduced in size and grouped further forwards on the flanks of the engine to provide more clearance for ground effect tunnels under the cars.[13]Like its contemporaries, the BT49 uses the engine as a fully stressed structural component, carrying all loads between the front and rear of the car: the front of the engine bolts directly to the integral fuel tank and the back of the engine attaches to the car's rear suspension and gearbox. The Ford Cosworth engine integrated into the car much more easily than Alfa Romeo's large, heavy and inconsistently sized units: Murray described returning to the DFV as being \"like having a holiday\".[3]By the time the DFV was used in the BT49, it weighed roughly 340 lb (154 kg) and produced around 500 brake horsepower (373 kW) at about 11,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). Peak torque was 270 pound-feet (366 N⋅m) at 9,000 rpm.[14] After his first test session with the car, Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet commented that he had always believed \"that the DFV was quite a rough, coarse engine, but it felt quite the opposite to me. After those Alfa V12s it felt smooth and willing to rev.\"[3] In 1979, when the BT49 first raced, all but three teams – Ferrari, Alfa Romeo and Renault – used the DFV, and the most powerful alternative (Alfa Romeo's V12) produced 525 bhp (391 kW).[15] By 1982, most teams still used the DFV, but BMW, Ferrari and Hart had joined Renault in employing turbocharged engines: Ferrari's 1982 turbocharged V6 engine produced around 580 bhp (433 kW), while the DFV's output had remained at around 500 bhp.[16]Realising just how competitive the BT49 was on its debut at the Canadian Grand Prix in 1979, Cosworth would supply Brabham, along with Williams special \"evolution\" DFV engines which had a slightly shorter stroke and higher revving capacity than a standard DFV, producing around 500 to 510 BHP at over 11,000 RPM for the 1980 season. Throughout 1980 the BT49 was regularly one of the quickest naturally aspirated cars timed on the speed-traps (meaning only the turbocharged Renaults were usually faster in a straight-line), a combination of the low drag aerodynamically slippery bodywork and the development Cosworth engine. With Williams taking the decision from the 1980 French Grand Prix to effectively sub-contract \"in house\" to John Judd to modify the DFVs used by Alan Jones and Carlos Reutemann, Brabham effectively become the favoured runner in 1980 of development Cosworth engines, a situation which would continue throughout the rest of the 1980 season and the entire 1981 season, which effectively promoted Nelson Piquet to the status as the favoured \"works\" driver for Cosworth, a relationship that ultimately concluded in triumph with the 1981 Drivers World Championship.The BT49 was initially fitted with the same gearbox the team had been using since 1977: a six-speed unit designed by Brabham using internal components from Hewland and a casing cast by Alfa Romeo.[17]","title":"Engine and transmission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry219-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dutch Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye110-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"turbocharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger"},{"link_name":"1981 Formula One seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"inline four-cylinder engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_four_engine"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry222-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye112-23"},{"link_name":"ride height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_height"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"hydropneumatic suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry223225-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye112-23"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry_1985_p.225-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1981_Argentine_Grand_Prix,_Piquet_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"1981 Argentine GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Carlos Reutemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Reutemann"},{"link_name":"1982 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye112-23"},{"link_name":"ballasted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_weight"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry_1985_p.232-26"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodges_1990_p.42-5"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry_1985_p.232-26"}],"text":"BT49BA BT49B specification appeared early in the 1980 season; it was conceived around a new transverse gearbox designed by American gearbox specialist Pete Weismann. The new unit could be fitted with five or six gears and was tall and narrow, allowing a clearer airflow from under the car to the rear, with the intent of improving the ground effect.[18] An alternative rear suspension layout was designed to go with this gearbox. It replaced the standard pullrods with rocker arms that activated vertical coil springs mounted behind the gearbox.[19] The Weismann unit proved difficult to make reliable and was used alongside the original gearbox, mainly on a spare chassis, until the Dutch Grand Prix, after which it was put to one side.[4][20]BT49TA modified BT49, dubbed BT49T, was used to test the earliest versions of BMW's turbocharged Formula One engine between the 1980 and 1981 Formula One seasons. This was a 1,499 cc (92 cu in) inline four-cylinder engine, with a single KKK turbocharger mounted in the left hand sidepod of the car. The first version of the engine was said to produce 557 bhp (415 kW).[21]BT49CFor the 1981 season, a BT49C specification was produced with a chassis lightened through increased use of carbon composite materials.[22] Five of this variant were built and two of the previous year's cars converted to this specification.[23] That year a minimum ride height of 60 millimetres (2.4 in) was introduced and sliding skirts were banned, with the intention of limiting ground effect and slowing the cars. The BT49C regained its front wings to compensate in part for the downforce lost.[24] More significantly, Murray devised a hydropneumatic suspension system for the BT49C in which soft air springs supported the car at the regulation height for checks while stationary. At speed, where the ride height could not be measured, downforce compressed the air and the car settled to a much lower height, creating more downforce.[25] Because the skirts now had to be fixed, the suspension had to be very stiff to allow them to consistently seal around the sides of the car: by the end of the 1981 season, total suspension movement was only 1.5 inches (38 mm), half of which came from the compression of the tyres.[23] A lightweight qualifying chassis was produced, featuring a small fuel tank and lighter reinforced carbon-carbon brake discs and pads.[10]Rebaque in the BT49C at 1981 Argentine GP, Carlos Reutemann, behind.BT49DThree new BT49D chassis were built for the 1982 season,[23] featuring a still lighter chassis and one-piece bodywork. By this stage, the cars had to be ballasted to bring them up to the minimum weight limit of 580 kg (1,279 lb) specified in the rules.[26] The BT49D used the carbon-carbon brakes as standard and was one of several DFV-powered cars to be fitted with large water tanks, ostensibly for \"water-cooled brakes\".[5] In practice, the water was dumped early in the race, allowing the cars to race as much as 50 kg (110 lb) under the weight limit; the regulations stated coolant could be topped up at the end of the race before the weight was checked. In the view of the DFV teams, this practice met the letter of the regulations and equalised their performance with that of the more powerful turbocharged cars.[27] The 60 mm ground clearance rule was removed for the 1982 season, but the fixed skirts and very stiff suspension remained.[26]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niki Lauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Lauda"},{"link_name":"Circuit Île Notre-Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Gilles_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Zunino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Zunino"},{"link_name":"Watkins Glen International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International"},{"link_name":"driveshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driveshaft"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"South African Grands Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Alan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jones_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Williams FW07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_FW07"},{"link_name":"Renault RE20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_RE20"},{"link_name":"René Arnoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Arnoux"},{"link_name":"United States Grand Prix West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry219-18"},{"link_name":"Circuit Park Zandvoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Park_Zandvoort"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye110-4"},{"link_name":"Italian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye110-4"},{"link_name":"Canadian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Héctor Rebaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Rebaque"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye110-4"},{"link_name":"Rick Mears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Mears"},{"link_name":"Circuit Paul Ricard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Paul_Ricard"},{"link_name":"Riverside International Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_International_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Team Penske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Penske"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piquet_at_1980_Dutch_Grand_Prix.jpg"},{"link_name":"1981 South African Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry222-22"},{"link_name":"United States Grand Prix West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"pole position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_position"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"San Marino races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_San_Marino_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye111-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Williams_FW07C,_Peter_Sowerby,_GB_(17.06.2007).jpg"},{"link_name":"Williams FW07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_FW07"},{"link_name":"Frank Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Williams_(Formula_One)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry223225-25"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye111-11"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Doug Nye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Nye"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nye112-23"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracktest-8"},{"link_name":"Caesars Palace Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Caesars_Palace_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Carlos Reutemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Reutemann"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry_1985_p.232-26"},{"link_name":"Kyalami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyalami"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry_1985_p.232-26"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Monaco Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Patrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Patrese"},{"link_name":"1982 Canadian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"The BT49's racing career got off to an unsettled start when Brabham's lead driver, Niki Lauda, abruptly quit the sport after 10 laps of the first practice session at the penultimate race of the 1979 season, the Canadian Grand Prix. The car soon showed promise: Piquet ran third in the race on the high speed Circuit Île Notre-Dame before retiring with a broken gearbox. Lauda's replacement, Argentine novice Ricardo Zunino, was seventh of the nine who completed the race. At the season finale in wet conditions at the Watkins Glen International circuit, Zunino spun off although Piquet set the fastest lap before a driveshaft failed, putting his car out of the race.[28]Early in the 1980 season, Piquet's car scored points finishes at the Argentine and South African Grands Prix, behind Alan Jones' Williams FW07-DFV and the turbocharged Renault RE20 of René Arnoux. At the fourth race of the season, the United States Grand Prix West, Piquet qualified on pole by over a second in a BT49 featuring some updates to the sidepods, bodywork and suspension, before leading the race, held on the streets of Long Beach, California, from start to finish.[18] BT49s in Piquet's hands scored in seven of the ten remaining rounds of the championship. Towards the end of the season, the suspension was reworked for the Dutch Grand Prix on the high speed Circuit Park Zandvoort, lengthening the wheelbase by three inches and allowing the car to run in a lower drag configuration. Piquet won after Jones destroyed his FW07's skirts on kerbs.[4] Piquet also won the next race, the Italian Grand Prix to give himself a one-point lead over Williams driver Jones. By the end of the season the BT49 was \"arguably the fastest Cosworth-powered car\",[4] but Piquet lost the title to Jones at the penultimate race of the year, the Canadian Grand Prix, when a development engine failed while he was leading the race.[29] The BT49s driven by the team's second drivers—Zunino and then from mid-season Mexican Héctor Rebaque—either retired or finished outside the points, with the exception of Rebaque's sixth place at the Canadian race. The team finished third in the constructors' championship behind Williams and Ligier, unable to compete with only one car scoring points.[4]In December 1980, Indycar driver Rick Mears tested the BT49 at Circuit Paul Ricard and was half a second behind Piquet but was faster than him at Riverside International Raceway in southern California, Mears was offered a contract to drive for Brabham in 1981 but he declined the offer and stayed with Team Penske in IndyCar.Nelson Piquet driving the BT49 at Zandvoort in 1980Disagreement between the teams and the sport's administrators over the technical regulations for the 1981 Formula One season contributed to Goodyear's temporary withdrawal from Formula One and meant that the 1981 South African Grand Prix was run by the teams to 1980 regulations using cars with sliding skirts. Piquet finished second in a BT49B, but the race did not count towards the championship.[22] The season proper opened with the United States Grand Prix West, at which the BT49C was introduced. To the team's surprise, it was the only car to exploit the \"obvious\" loophole in the new ground clearance regulation by lowering itself, but the BT49Cs raced with conventional suspension after the hydropneumatic system repeatedly jammed. The team revised the system continuously over the next three races and used it to set pole position at the Brazilian and Argentine Grands Prix and win the Argentine and San Marino races while continuing to suffer from the system not rising or lowering correctly.[11]The Cosworth-powered Williams FW07 had a similarly lengthy competitive career and was the BT49's main rival in 1980 and 1981.Frank Williams led an abortive protest against the car at the Argentine Grand Prix, objecting to the flexibility of the fixed skirts used to seal the underside of the car, which allowed them to replicate the effect of a sliding skirt. At the following race, the scrutineers rejected the flexible skirts. Brabham replaced them with stiffer material from one of the other teams for the race, which Piquet won.[25] As the season progressed, other teams developed their own lowering systems—a front spring and cylinder were stolen from the Brabham garage in Argentina—[11] but after a rule clarification from FISA many cars were lowered by the driver pressing a switch, a development that Murray found frustrating in light of Brabham's efforts to develop a system that he considered legal.[30] The cars ran on Goodyear tyres again from the sixth round of the championship; motorsport author Doug Nye believes this cost the BT49s good results at several races while the American company adapted to the latest Formula One developments.[23] Despite the virtually solid suspension now required to maintain a consistent ride height, which put components under greater strain,[31] Piquet built a championship challenge on the back of consistent reliability: by the end of the season, his BT49Cs had finished 10 of 15 races, with only one mechanical failure.[8] Piquet finished fifth at the final race of the season—the Caesars Palace Grand Prix—to take the title from Carlos Reutemann in a Williams FW07 by one point.[26]Brabham had been working with the German engine manufacturer BMW since 1980 on the development of a turbocharged engine for Formula One. The BMW-powered BT50 made its debut at the start of the 1982 season, taking advantage of the high-altitude Kyalami circuit in South Africa, which favoured turbocharged cars.[26] However, the as yet unreliable BMW-powered cars were dropped for the next two races. Piquet finished first at the Brazilian Grand Prix in a BT49D, but was disqualified after a protest from Renault and Ferrari on the grounds that the car had raced underweight due to its water-cooled brakes. FISA ruled that in future all cars must be weighed before coolants were topped up, resulting in a boycott of the fourth race of the season by most of the DFV-powered teams, including Brabham.[32] Under threat from BMW, Brabham did not use its Ford-powered BT49s again until the sixth race of the season, the Monaco Grand Prix, where one was entered for Riccardo Patrese alongside Piquet in a BT50. Patrese won the race after a chaotic final lap on which several other cars stopped. Patrese used the BT49 for the next two races, taking a second place behind Piquet's BMW-powered car in the BT49's final Formula One race, the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix.[33]","title":"Racing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2005_Brands_Hatch_A1GP_25_Sept_Christian_Glaesel_Brabham_BT49D.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Historic Formula One Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Formula_One_Championship"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Motor Sport magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Sport_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracktest-8"},{"link_name":"Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Tire_%26_Rubber_Company#Avon_Rubber_PLC"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Christian Glaesel driving the BT49D in which he won the 2005 Thoroughbred Grand Prix championshipSince 1995, BT49s have competed regularly in the FIA Historic Formula One Championship. The championship is open to cars that competed in Formula One in the DFV era, between 1967 and 1985, in several classes to allow for equal competition. The BT49 competes in class C, for post 1971 ground effects cars.[34] In 1999, Motor Sport magazine tested a BT49D from the series featuring 530 bhp (395 kW) from its developed DFV at 11,200 rpm,[8] but the championship has since introduced rules to restrict engines to 10,500 rpm to keep costs down. While the cars' original skirts can be kept, they must be set up such that there is 40 mm (1.6 in) clearance beneath the car, a rule that removes most of the advantage of ground effect. The hydropneumatic suspension employed during 1981 is not permitted. The carbon-carbon brakes originally used in 1981 and 1982 are also banned and the cars must run with conventional brake pads and steel brakes. The cars use Avon slick tyres.[35] Christian Glaesel won the 2005 FIA Historic Formula One Championship driving a BT49D and Joaquin Folch won the 2012 championship in a BT49C.[36][37]","title":"Historic racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:F1_driver_results_legend_2"},{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_A"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_A"}],"text":"(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)^1 Placings in the constructors' championship are for chassis-engine combinations. Brabham used both Alfa Romeo and Ford-powered cars during this season: the BT49-Fords scored no points and Brabham-Ford was not classified.^2 Brabham used both Ford and BMW-powered cars during this season: Brabham-Ford was classified 9th.","title":"Complete Formula One World Championship results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henry215_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henry215_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henry215_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henry215_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henry215_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henry215_3-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nye110_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nye110_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nye110_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nye110_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nye110_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nye110_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nye110_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nye110_4-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hodges_1990_p.42_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hodges_1990_p.42_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tracktest_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tracktest_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tracktest_8-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henry_1985_p.225_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henry_1985_p.225_10-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nye111_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nye111_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nye111_11-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henry219_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Henry219_18-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Notes on the cars at Long Beach\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-1980/63/notes-cars-long-beach"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210730205213/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-1980/63/notes-cars-long-beach"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Notes on the cars at 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Campeão de 2012\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.speedracing.com.br/f1-historic-joaquin-folch-e-o-campeao-de-2012/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210730202304/https://www.speedracing.com.br/f1-historic-joaquin-folch-e-o-campeao-de-2012/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210730200255/https://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49C\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49C&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210730200253/https://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49C&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49D\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49D&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210730200253/https://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49D&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display"}],"text":"^ Henry (1985) p.160 & p.281\n\n^ Henry (1985) pp.210–213\n\n^ a b c d e f Henry (1985) p.215\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Nye (1986) p.110\n\n^ a b Hodges (1990) p.42\n\n^ Henry (1985) p.216\n\n^ Haney, Braun (1995) p.17\n\n^ a b c Frankel (May 1999) pp.46–49\n\n^ Henry (1985) pp.215–218\n\n^ a b Henry (1985) p.225\n\n^ a b c Nye (1986) p.111\n\n^ Nye (1986) p.49\n\n^ Blunsden (1983) p.62\n\n^ Blunsden (1983) pp.229 & 231\n\n^ Nye (1986) p.147\n\n^ Nye (1986) p.152\n\n^ Henry (1985) pp.165–167 and p.215\n\n^ a b Henry (1985) p.219\n\n^ Jenkinson, Denis (May 1980). \"Notes on the cars at Long Beach\". Motor Sport. LVI (5). Motor Sport Magazine Ltd.: 662. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.\n\n^ Jenkinson, Denis (October 1980). \"Notes on the cars at Zandvoort\". Motor Sport. LVI (10). Motor Sport Magazine Ltd.: 1488. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.\n\n^ Henry (1985) pp.243–244\n\n^ a b Henry (1985) p.222\n\n^ a b c d Nye (1986) p.112\n\n^ Lang (1992) p.12\n\n^ a b Henry (1985) pp.223–225\n\n^ a b c d Henry (1985) p.232\n\n^ Jenkinson, Denis (May 1982). \"The Formula One scene\". Motor Sport. LVIII (5). Motor Sport Magazine Ltd.: 555. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.\n\n^ Henry (1985) pp.216–217\n\n^ Henry (1985) pp.220–221\n\n^ Henry (1985) p.223\n\n^ Nye (1986) pp.111–112\n\n^ Henry (1985) pp.233–236\n\n^ Henry (1985) pp.236–237\n\n^ Bunston, Smith (2011) p.16–17\n\n^ Noakes (2007) pp.177–180\n\n^ Bunston, Smith (2011) p.129\n\n^ Miranda, Robson (24 October 2012). \"F1 Historic: Joaquin Folch é o Campeão de 2012\" [F1 Historic: Joaquin Folch is the 2012 Champion] (in Portuguese). SpeedRacing. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.\n\n^ \"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49\". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.\n\n^ \"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49C\". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.\n\n^ \"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49D\". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"BT49C without its aerodynamic bodywork, which can be seen sitting on the ground behind the chassis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Brabham_BT49C-10_without_bodywork.jpg/220px-Brabham_BT49C-10_without_bodywork.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cosworth DFV engine mounted in BT49C. The curved underside of the car can be seen beneath it.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cosworth_V8_F1_engine_Brabham_BT49.jpg/220px-Cosworth_V8_F1_engine_Brabham_BT49.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rebaque in the BT49C at 1981 Argentine GP, Carlos Reutemann, behind.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1981_Argentine_Grand_Prix%2C_Piquet_%283%29.jpg/275px-1981_Argentine_Grand_Prix%2C_Piquet_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nelson Piquet driving the BT49 at Zandvoort in 1980","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Piquet_at_1980_Dutch_Grand_Prix.jpg/220px-Piquet_at_1980_Dutch_Grand_Prix.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cosworth-powered Williams FW07 had a similarly lengthy competitive career and was the BT49's main rival in 1980 and 1981.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Williams_FW07C%2C_Peter_Sowerby%2C_GB_%2817.06.2007%29.jpg/220px-Williams_FW07C%2C_Peter_Sowerby%2C_GB_%2817.06.2007%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Christian Glaesel driving the BT49D in which he won the 2005 Thoroughbred Grand Prix championship","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2005_Brands_Hatch_A1GP_25_Sept_Christian_Glaesel_Brabham_BT49D.jpg/220px-2005_Brands_Hatch_A1GP_25_Sept_Christian_Glaesel_Brabham_BT49D.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Williams FW07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_FW07"},{"title":"Lotus 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_88"}] | [{"reference":"Jenkinson, Denis (May 1980). \"Notes on the cars at Long Beach\". Motor Sport. LVI (5). Motor Sport Magazine Ltd.: 662. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-1980/63/notes-cars-long-beach","url_text":"\"Notes on the cars at Long Beach\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730205213/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-1980/63/notes-cars-long-beach","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jenkinson, Denis (October 1980). \"Notes on the cars at Zandvoort\". Motor Sport. LVI (10). Motor Sport Magazine Ltd.: 1488. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/october-1980/50/notes-on-the-cars-at-zandvoort-2","url_text":"\"Notes on the cars at Zandvoort\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730205208/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/october-1980/50/notes-on-the-cars-at-zandvoort-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jenkinson, Denis (May 1982). \"The Formula One scene\". Motor Sport. LVIII (5). Motor Sport Magazine Ltd.: 555. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-1982/45/formula-one-scene","url_text":"\"The Formula One scene\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730205211/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-1982/45/formula-one-scene","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miranda, Robson (24 October 2012). \"F1 Historic: Joaquin Folch é o Campeão de 2012\" [F1 Historic: Joaquin Folch is the 2012 Champion] (in Portuguese). SpeedRacing. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speedracing.com.br/f1-historic-joaquin-folch-e-o-campeao-de-2012/","url_text":"\"F1 Historic: Joaquin Folch é o Campeão de 2012\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730202304/https://www.speedracing.com.br/f1-historic-joaquin-folch-e-o-campeao-de-2012/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49\". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display","url_text":"\"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730200255/https://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49C\". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49C&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display","url_text":"\"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49C\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730200253/https://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49C&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49D\". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49D&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display","url_text":"\"All championship race entries, in a Brabham BT49D\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730200253/https://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?nc=0&exact=on&carmodel=Brabham+BT49D&sh_year=on&sh_gp=on&sh_carno=on&sh_driver=on&sh_entrant=on&sh_team=on&sh_car=on&sh_eng=on&sh_tyres=on&sh_qualpos=on&sh_gridpos=on&sh_racepos=on&sh_dpts=on&sh_cpts=on&action=Display","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blunsden, John (1983). The Power to Win. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-900549-77-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900549-77-7","url_text":"0-900549-77-7"}]},{"reference":"Haney, Paul; Braun, Jeff (1995). Inside Racing Technology. TV Motorsports. ISBN 0-9646414-0-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9646414-0-2","url_text":"0-9646414-0-2"}]},{"reference":"Henry, Alan (1985). Brabham, the Grand Prix Cars. Osprey. ISBN 0-905138-36-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905138-36-8","url_text":"0-905138-36-8"}]},{"reference":"Hodges, David (1998). A-Z of Formula Racing Cars 1945–1990. Bay View books. ISBN 1-901432-17-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azofformularacin0000hodg","url_text":"A-Z of Formula Racing Cars 1945–1990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901432-17-3","url_text":"1-901432-17-3"}]},{"reference":"Lang, Mike (1992). Grand Prix!. Vol. 4. Sparkford: Foulis. ISBN 0-85429-733-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85429-733-2","url_text":"0-85429-733-2"}]},{"reference":"Noakes, Andrew (2007). The Ford Cosworth DFV. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-1-84425-337-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84425-337-1","url_text":"978-1-84425-337-1"}]},{"reference":"Nye, Doug (1986). Autocourse history of the Grand Prix car 1966–85. Hazleton publishing. ISBN 0-905138-37-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905138-37-6","url_text":"0-905138-37-6"}]},{"reference":"Bunston, John; Smith, David, eds. (2011). FIA Historic Formula One Championship Review 2011 Yearbook. Great Somerford, England: Butler Tanner Dennis Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9570868-0-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/jonbunston/docs/hfo2011_ebook","url_text":"FIA Historic Formula One Championship Review 2011 Yearbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9570868-0-7","url_text":"978-0-9570868-0-7"}]},{"reference":"Frankel, Andrew (May 1999). \"Simply the best\". Motor Sport. LXXV (5). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Z_181 | Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann | ["1 Development","2 Design","3 Operational history","4 Variants","5 Surviving aircraft","6 Cinema","7 Military operators","8 Specifications","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Citations","10.2 Bibliography","11 External links"] | Bü 181 Bestmann
A restored Bü 181 performing at the Shoreham Airshow 2012
Role
trainerType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Bücker
First flight
February 1939
Primary users
LuftwaffeCzechoslovakia Egypt Sweden
Number built
3,400
The Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann is a twin-seat single-engine aerobatic monoplane trainer aircraft designed and built by the German aviation company Bücker Flugzeugbau. It was extensively operated by the Luftwaffe throughout the Second World War. The Bü 181 was named Bestmann after a German maritime term designating a member of the deck crew on coastal or fishing vessels.
The Bü 181 is closely related to the Bü 180 Student, sharing numerous technologies and manufacturing techniques. Unlike prior aircraft by the company, it featured a cabin with side-by-side seating. The Bü 181 had been designed to perform sports and touring flights, being suitable for performing aerobatics, although its primary role became that of a trainer. During February 1939, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight. Following the completion of flight testing and an official evaluation by the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM/Reich Aviation Ministry), the Bü 181 was selected to be the standard primary trainer of the Luftwaffe.
Series production of the Bü 181 commenced during 1940. Several different production models, including the Bü 181B and Bü 181C, were produced, although there were only slight variations between then. Germany's wartime demands for aircraft exceeded Bücker Flugzeugbau's capacity, thus the aircraft was manufactured under license by numerous other companies, including Fokker Company, Hägglund & Söner AB, and the Zlin Aviation Works. Thousands of aircraft were operated by the Luftwaffe and other operators, typically as a trainer aircraft. In German wartime service, the Bü 181 would also be used for several roles beyond training, such as a liaison aircraft, a glider tow and even (when crudely armed with Panzerfaust anti-tank grenade launchers) as a ground-attack aircraft.
Development
The origins of the Bü 181 are closely associated with that of the Bü 180 Student, a tandem twin-seat aircraft that was also Bücker Flugzeugbau's first low-wing monoplane design. Many of the construction techniques developed for the Bü 180 were shared with the company's next undertaking, the Bü 181. Unlike the Bü 180, this newer aircraft made use of a side-by-side seating arrangement that was considered to be more well suited for training purposes that the traditional tandem arrangements. Despite this, as well as the company's established primary market being in the trainer sector, the Bü 181 had actually been designed with the intention of promoting it for sports and touring purposes instead.
During February 1939, the first prototype, baring the civil registry D-ERBV, performed its maiden flight; it was flown by Chief Pilot Arthur Benitz. It received a favourable official review, which promptly led to the Bü 181 being selected to become the next standard primary trainer of the Luftwaffe. Quantity production of the initial model, the Bü 181a, commenced during late 1940; the company produced many of these aircraft at its Rangsdorf facility outside Berlin.
Due to the heavy wartime demands imposed upon the company, it became clear that Bücker Flugzeugbau could not produce the aircraft at a sufficiently high rate on its own. Accordingly, the company was directed to issue production licenses for the Bü 181 to other aircraft manufacturers. One such company was the Netherlands-based Fokker Company, which commenced production of the type in 1942; by the end of the conflict, it has completed a total of 708 aircraft, having produced a combination of both the Bü 181B and the slightly modified Bü 181C. Between 1943 and 1945, the Swedish manufacturing concern Hägglund & Söner AB produced 120 Bü 181s under license; these aircraft are often referred to using the Swedish military designation Sk 25.
The Bü 181D was also built by Zlin Aviation Works plant in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia; production was established only just prior to the German withdrawal from Czechoslovakia. For several years following the end of the conflict, production of the aircraft continued at the Zlin Aviation Works; denominated as the C.6 and C.106, numerous examples were taken on by the re-established Czechoslovak Air Force, while various other versions, such as the Zlín Z.281 and Z.381, were also produced for civil purposes, such as flight clubs.
During the 1950s, the Heliopolis Aircraft Works of Egypt acquired a Czechoslovakian licence to produce the Zlin Z.381 with a 105 hp (78 kW) Walter Minor engine. It was produced for the Egyptian Air Force as the Heliopolis Gomhouria (meaning "Republic") and subsequent versions were supplied to other Arab air forces. At least 300 Gomhourias were built. Overall, 3,400 aircraft were built, but only a handful survived into the twenty-first century.
Design
Flight instruments of a Gomhouria 181 Mk6
Egyptian Air Force Gomhouria Mk.6 285 at Gilze-Rijen Air Base, the Netherlands
The Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann was a single-engine low-wing monoplane with a compact cabin that accommodated a pair of adjustable seats in a side-by-side arrangement. Both positions were provided with flight controls and seat-type parachutes. Behind the cockpit was a sizable baggage compartment; tanks for both the oil and fuel were also housed within the fuselage. The Bü 181 was powered by a four-cylinder Hirth HM 500A or B four-cylinder inline air-cooled piston engine, capable of providing up to 78 kW (105 hp).
The low-mounted wings of the Bü 181, which tapered sharply in both chord and thickness, had a structure entirely composed of wood. The area between the leading edge and the rear spar was covered with plywood while the remaining area from the rear spar to the trailing edge had a fabric covering instead. Over half of the area of the trailing edge of was occupied by the aircraft's narrow-chord ailerons; in between the ailerons and the fuselage was a set of split flaps. The flaps were metallic on the B types and wood on the C types.
The forward section of the fuselage was of a tubular steel frame construction covered by metal panels while the rear section was a wooden monocoque instead; a wooden framework was also used for the tail unit. The elevators featured trim tabs that could be adjusted mid-flight; while the rudder was also provisioned with trim tabs, these could only be adjusted on the ground. The Bü 181 was furnished with a fixed cantilever-style undercarriage, the single legs of which were furnished with both spring and oil-based shock absorbers.
Its strength corresponded to Stress Group 5 with a limited load (single occupancy) and Stress Group 4 fully laden.
Operational history
Although flown by the Luftwaffe primarily in the trainer role, the type often used to perform various other duties, including as a liaison aircraft and as a glider tow.
From March 1945, an order was issued to concentrate all available Bü 181s for conversion either to the "tank busting" role, for which each aircraft would carry four Panzerfaust anti-tank grenade launchers from wing-mounted remotely operated launchers (C-3 subtype) mounted on short pylons around halfway out from the wing roots (one below and one above the wing panel on each side anchoring the launchers' firing tubes near their forward ends), or to the night harassment role, where they would carry up to three 50-kilogram (110 lb) bombs (B-3 subtype). These units saw very limited use in the final days of the war due to Germany's rapidly declining military situation. However, some missions were carried out, during which moderate success was occasionally accomplished, but almost always at the price of severe losses. One restored Bestmann in the tank buster configuration is on display at the Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin.
Test pilot and sister-in-law of Claus von Stauffenberg, Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, was flying a Bücker Bü 181 when she was shot down and fatally wounded in 1945.
Variants
The Bü 181 evolved very little during the war, the differences between the B type and the C types were minimal, the most important being the increased autonomy of the C types. The main difference between the B-1 & C-1 and the B-2 and C-2 sub-types was the presence of pitot heating and position & cabin lights while the B-2 and C-2 types lacked any electrical system.
Bu 181V Prototype.
Bü 181B-0 Pre-production series with Hirth HM 504 A-2 engine
Bü 181B-1 With Hirth HM 500 A engine
Bü 181B-2 As B-1 but no electrics
Bü 181B-3 (Schlachtflugzeug): Night harassment version made from converted B-1s and C-1s carrying improved instrumentation, Revi gunsights and three ETC 50 bomb racks. Bomb loads; either three SC50 or three SD50 or three SD70 or three AB70 droppable clusters. Max. Bomb load 210 kilograms (463 lb).
Bü 181C-1 Increased range and Hirth HM 500B engine.
Bü 181C-2 As C-1 but no electrics
Bü 181C-3 (Panzerjäger): B-2 or C-2 subtypes modified for the antitank role carrying four wing mounted Panzerfaust 100 single-use antitank grenade launchers in pairs, two on each wing.
Post war license built & developments
Zlín Z.181
Two-seat primary trainer aircraft. Czech production version of the Bu 181, built by Zlín in Czechoslovakia after the war.
Zlín Z.281
Two-seat primary trainer aircraft, powered by a Toma 4 piston engine.
Zlín Z.381
Two-seat primary trainer aircraft, powered by a 78 kW (105 hp) Walter Minor piston engine. Czech Air Force designation C-106.
Gomhouria Mk 1
Two-seat primary trainer aircraft, powered by a Walter Minor piston engine. Egyptian production version of the Zlín 381, built under licence in Egypt by the Heliopolis Aircraft Works.
Gomhouria Mk 2
Two-seat primary trainer aircraft, powered by a 145 hp (108 kW) Continental C-145 piston engine.
Gomhouria Mk 3
As Mk. 2, but with improved undercarriage.
Gomhouria Mk 4
Increased fuel capacity.
Gomhouria Mk 5
Similar to Mk 1, powered by Walter Minor, but with different engine mounting.
Gomhouria Mk 6
Continental O-300 engine.
Sk 25
Swedish Air Force designation of the license-built Bestmann.
Surviving aircraft
Of the over 4,000 Bü 181s originally built, only about 10 examples remain. One restored example of a Gomhouria 181 MK6 in Luftwaffe markings, registration G-TPWX, is known to be airworthy and in flying condition and can regularly be seen airborne over the Welland Valley in South Leicestershire, UK, usually with a chase plane. However a good number of license-built Sk 25s fly still today, as well as some Zlin examples and an increasing number of Egyptian Gomhouria. In January 2024 a batch of around 20 Gomhourias, plus engines and spares, was delivered from Egypt to a dealer in Germany.
Cinema
A Bücker Bü 181 'Bestmann' was used in the movie The Great Escape. It was flown in the movie by James Garner with Donald Pleasence as his passenger.
Military operators
Algeria
Algerian Air Force – 12 Gomhourias delivered, starting in 1962
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Air Force
Croatia
Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak Air Force – postwar
Czechoslovakian National Security Guard – postwar
Egypt
Egyptian Air Force – 150 Gomhourias
Germany
Luftwaffe
Hungary
Hungarian Air Force – postwar.
Jordan
Royal Jordanian Air Force – Gomhouria
Libya
Libyan Air Force (1951-2011) – two Gomhourias donated by Egypt in 1962
Morocco
Royal Moroccan Air Force - several Gomhourias donated by Egypt in the early 1960s.
Poland
– Postwar.
Slovakia
Slovak Air Force (1939–45)
Romania
Royal Romanian Air Force
Somalia
Somali Air Force - two Gomhourias received in 1960
Sudan
Sudanese Air Force – four Gomhourias
Sweden
Swedish Air Force
Switzerland
Swiss Air Force – 1 + 6 Bü-181B-1 from German Luftwaffe landed and were interned in 1944.
Yugoslavia
SFR Yugoslav Air Force – postwar
Specifications
Data from The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II General characteristics
Crew: 2
Length: 7.85 m (25 ft 9 in)
Wingspan: 10.6 m (34 ft 9 in)
Height: 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in)
Wing area: 13.5 m2 (145 sq ft)
Airfoil: root: NACA 23017; tip: NACA 4412
Empty weight: 480 kg (1,058 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 750 kg (1,653 lb)
Powerplant: 1 × Hirth HM 500A or 500B four-cylinder inverted air-cooled in-line piston engine, 78 kW (105 hp)
Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
Maximum speed: 215 km/h (134 mph, 116 kn) at sea level
Cruise speed: 195 km/h (121 mph, 105 kn)
Never exceed speed: 440 km/h (270 mph, 240 kn)
Range: 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi)
Service ceiling: 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
See also
Related lists
List of military aircraft of Germany
References
Citations
^ a b c d e f g h i Smith and Kay 1972, p. 95.
^ a b c d e f g h Smith and Kay 1972, p. 94.
^ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 94-95.
^ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 95-96.
^ Mark Felton (23 March 2019). Last Ditch German Tank Busters 1945 (YouTube) (YouTube). Mark Felton Productions. Event occurs at 2:15 to 3:00. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
^ Christian, Möller (2010). Das letzte Aufgebot der deutschen Luftwaffe (in German). Helios Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86933-030-3.
^ url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/schiller.html
^ Gerhard, Bracke (2012). Melitta Gräfin Stauffenberg, das Leben einer Fliegerin (in German). F.A. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung. ISBN 9783776681574.
^ Based on the Bü 181 B & C parts list of April 1944 and other primary sources
^ "Luftwaffe USAAF bomber rammers - April 1945 missions | Key Aero". key.aero.
^ a b c d e f Taylor 1965, p.29.
^ "Egyptian Bestmann cache arrives in Germany". Aeroplane Monthly. 52 (612): 10. April 2024.
^ Cooper & Grandolini 2018, p. 34
^ "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
^ Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert; Delalande, Arnaud (2015). Libyan Air Wars, Part 1: 1973-1985. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-909982-39-0.
^ Cooper & Grandolini 2018, p. 30
^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 95
^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 111
^ Mondey 1996, p.30.
^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
Bibliography
Bénichou, Michel (August 1985). "La restauration d'un Bücker 181" . Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (189): 13–16. ISSN 0757-4169.
Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert (2018). Showdown in Western Sahara, Volume 1: Air Warfare Over the Last African Colony, 1945-1975. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-912390-35-9.
Cooper, Tom; Weinert, Peter; Hinz, Fabian; Lepko, Mark (2011). African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe. Houston, US: Harpia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9825539-8-5.
Donald, David; Lake, Jon (1996). Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft (Single ed.). London, UK: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-874023-95-6.
König, Erwin. Bücker Bü 181 "Bestmann" (Flugzeug Profile 30) D-86669 (in German). Stengelheim, Germany: Unitec Medienvertrieb e.K.
König, Erwin (1987). Die Bücker-Flugzeuge (The Bücker Aircraft) (in German). Martinsried, Germany: Nara Verlag. ISBN 3-925671-00-5.
König, Erwin (1979). Die Bückers, Die Geschichte der ehemaligen Bücker-Flugzeugbau-GmbH und ihrer Flugzeuge (in German).
Meurillon, Louis (March 1980). "Les merveilleuses machines volantes d'un drôle de promoteur (1)" . Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (124): 20–23. ISSN 0757-4169.
Mondey, David (1996). The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London, UK: Chancellor Press Ltd. ISBN 1-85152-966-7.
Munson, Kenneth (1978). German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour. Poole, Dorsett, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0860-3.
Smith, John Richard; Kay, Anthony L.; Creek, Eddie J. (1972). German Aircraft of the Second World War. London, UK: Putnam and Company Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55750-010-6.
Taylor, John W. R. (1965). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London, UK: Samson Low.
Wietstruk, Siegfried (1999). Bücker-Flugzeugbau, Die Geschichte eines Flugzeugwerkes D-82041 (in German). Oberhaching, Germany: Aviatik Verlag. ISBN 3-925505-28-8.
Wood, Tony; Gunston, Bill (1977). Hitler's Luftwaffe: A pictorial history and technical encyclopedia of Hitler's air power in World War II. London, UK: Salamander Books Ltd. p. 140. ISBN 0-86101-005-1.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bücker Bü 181.
Aviation Fans
"Net-Maquettes" Bücker Bestmann walk around
Account of Bü 181s used as Panzerknacker tankbusters, armed with Panzerfaust anti-tank grenade launchers
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Do 24
Do 253/Kl 25
Do 26/Kl 26
8-27/Do 273/Kl 275
8-281
8-29/Do 29
Fw 30
Kl 31
Kl 32
Ju 33
Ju 34
Kl 35
Kl 36
He 373
He 38/Ju 38
DFS 39
BV 40/DFS 40
He 413
Fw 42/He 42
Fw 43
Fw 44
He 45
He 46/Ju 46
Fw 47/He 47
Ju 48
He 49/Ju 49
He 50/Ju 50
He 51
He 52/Ju 52
Ju 53
DFS 54/NR 54
Fw 55/NR 55
Fw 56
8-574/Fw 57
Fw 58/He 58
He 59
He 60/Ju 60
Fa 61/Fw 61/He 61
Fw 62/He 62
8-634/He 63
Ar 64/He 64
Ar 65/He 65
Ar 66/He 66
Ar 67
Ar 68
Ar 69
He 70
8-714/He 71
He 72
He 733
He 74
Al 75
Ar 76/FZG 766
Ar 77
Ar 783
Ar 79
Ar 80
Ar 81
8-824
8-831
Al 84
Ju 85
Ju 86
Ju 87
Ju 88
Ju 89
Ju 90
Ju 913
Ju 92
Ju 933
Ju 943
Ar 95
Ar 96
Fi 97
Fi 98
Fi 99
Fi 1003/He 100
101 to 200
Al 101
Al 102
Al 103/Fi 103
R
Fh 104
Kl 105
Kl 106
Kl 107
Bf 108
Bf 109/Bf 109R6
Bf 110
He 111/He 111U6
He 112
He 1136
He 114
He 115
He 116
He 1173/Hs 117
He 118
He 119
He 120
Hs 121
Hs 122
Hs 123
Hs 124
Hs 125
Hs 126
Hs 127
Hs 128
Hs 129
Hs 130
Bü 131
Bü 1323/Hs 132
Bü 133
Bü 134
Ha 135
Ha 136/Hü 136
Ha 137
BV 138
Ha 139
Ha 140
BV 141
BV 142
BV 143
BV 144
Go 145
Go 146
Go 147/Ju 147
Go 1483
Go 149
Go 150
Kl 151
Kl 152/Ta 152
Kl 1533/Ta 153
Kl 1543/Ta 154
BV 155/Kl 1553/Me 155
Fi 156
Fi 157
Fi 158
Fw 159
Ju 160
Bf 161
Bf 162/He 162
Bf 163/Li 163/Me 163
Me 164/MeC 164
Bf 165
Fi 166/FK 166
Fi 167
Fi 168
Fi 1693
He 170
He 1713
He 172
He 1733
He 1743
8-1754
He 176
He 177
He 178
He 1795
Bü 180/He 180
Bü 181
Bü 182
Bü 1833/Ta 183
Fl 184
Fl 185
Fw 186/Ju 186
Fw 187/Ju 1872
Fw 1883/Ju 188
Fw 189
Fw 190
Fw 191
Ao 192
Ao 1933/DFS 193
DFS 194/Me 194
Ar 195
Ar 196
Ar 197
Ar 198
Ar 199
Do 2004,6/Fw 200
201 to 300
Si 201
Si 202
DFS 203
Si 204
8-2051
Fw 206
8-2071
Me 208
Me 209 (I)/Me 209 (II)
Me 210
Hü 211
8-2124/Do 212
8-2131
Do 214
Do 215
Do 216
Do 217/Hs 217
Do 2183
He 219
He 220
Do 2213
BV 222
Fa 223
Fa 224
Ao 225/Fa 225
BV 226/Ho 226
FGP 227
DFS 228
Go 229/Ho 229
8-230/DFS 230
Ar 231
Ar 232
Ar 233
Ar 234
Do 2355
Fa 2363
BV 237
BV 238
8-2391
Ar 240
Go 241
Go 242
Me 2433
Go 244
Go 2453
BV 246
8-2471
Ju 248
BV 250/Ho 250
Ho 251
Ho 252
Ju 252
Fi 253/Ho 253
Ho 254/Ta 254
8-2551
Fi 256
SK 257
8-2581
Fw 259
8-2601
Me 261/Me 261w
Me 262
Me 263 (1941)/Me 263 (1942)/Me 263 (1945)
Me 264
Fl 265/Me 265
Fa 266/Go 2663
Ho 267
Ju 268
Fa 269
He 270
We 271
He 2723
He 2733
He 274
He 2755
He 2763
He 277
He 278
He 2793
He 280
He 2813
Fl 282
Fa 283
Fa 284
Fl 285
Ju 286
Ju 287
Do 2884,6/Ju 288
Ju 2893
Ju 290
Hs 291
As 292/Hs 2923
Hs 293
Hs 294
Hs 295
Ar 296/Hs 296
Hs 297
Hs 298
Ju 2993
Fw 300
301 to 349
DFS 301
8-3021
8-3031
8-3041
8-3051
8-3061
8-3071
8-3081
Me 309
Zwilling
Me 310
8-3111
8-3121
8-3134
8-3141
Hs 315
8-3161
Do 317
Do 318
He 319
Me 3203
Me 321
Ju 322
Me 323/ZMe 323
8-3241
Fa 325/Fw 3253
8-3261
Me 327
Me 328
Me 329
Fa 330
DFS 331
DFS 332
Fi 333
Ar 3343/Me 334
Do 335
Fa 336
Ju 3373
8-3381
Fl 339
Ar 340
8-341
WNF 342
He 343
Rk 344/So 3445
Go 345
DFS 346
Rk 347
8-3481
Ba 349
Post-349 (non-sequential)
Ju 352
Fi 356/Ju 356
Me 362
Me 3642
Me 3683
Ju 388
Ju 390
Fw 391
Ar 3933
Ar 396
Ta 400
Me 409
Me 410
Do 417
He 419
ZMe 423
Ar 430/Ka 430
Ar 432
Do 435
Ar 440
8-4454
DFS 446
Ju 452
Me 4622
DFS 468
Ju 488
Fw 491
He 500
Me 509
Me 510
He 519
8-5204
ZSO 523
Ar 532
8-5344
Do 535/He 535
Me 6002
Me 609
Ar 632
Do 635/He 635/Ju 635
1 Not assigned
2 Unofficial/proposed
3 Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved
4 Assigned to captured aircraft
5 Unconfirmed
6 Propaganda/cover designation
Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix.
vteSwedish military aircraft designations 1926–currentAttack aircraft (A)
A 1
A 28
A 29
A 32
A 36
AJ 37
A 38
JAS 39
Bombers (B)
B 1
B 2
B 3
B 4
B 5
B 6
B 7
B 8
B 16
B 17
B 18
B 24
B 26
Army aeroplanes (Fpl)
Fpl 51
Fpl 53
Fpl 54
Fpl 61
Gliders (G/Lg/Se)
G 101
Se 102
Se 103
Se 104
Lg 105
Helicopter (Hkp)
Hkp 1
Hkp 2
Hkp 3
Hkp 4
Hkp 5
HKP 6
HKP 9
HKP 10
HKP 11
HKP 14
HKP 15
HKP 16
Fighters (J)
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
J 6
J 7
J 8
J 9
J 10
J 11
J 12
J 19
J 20
J 21/21R
J 22
J 23
J 24
J 26
J 27
J 28
J 29
J 30
J 31
J 32
J 33
J 34
J 35
JA 37
JAS 39
Advanced trainers (Ö)
Ö 1
Ö 2
Ö 3
Ö 4
Ö 5
Ö 6
Ö 7
Ö 8
Ö 9
Trials aircraft (P)
P 1
P 2
P 3
P 4
P 5
P 6
P 7
P 8/P 8A/P 8B
P 9A/P 9B
Reconnaissance (S)
S 1
S 2
S 3
S 4
S 5
S 6
S 7
S 8
S 9
S 10
S 11
S 12
S 13
S 14
S 15
S 16
S 17
S 18
S 22
S 26
S 29
S 31
S 32
S 35
SF 37/SH 37
JAS 39
S 100
Trainers (Sk)
Sk 1
Sk 2
Sk 3
Sk 4
Sk 5
Sk 6
Sk 7
Sk 8
Sk 9
Sk 10
Sk 11
Sk 12
Sk 14
Sk 15
Sk 16
Sk 25
Sk 26
Sk 28
Sk 35
Sk 38
Sk 40
Sk 50
Sk 60
Sk 61
Torpedo bombers (T)
T 1
T 2
T 16
T 18
Transports (Trp/Tp)
Trp 1
Trp 2/2A
Trp 3
Trp 4
Tp 5
Tp 6
Tp 7
Tp 8/8A
Tp 9
Tp 10
Tp 16
Tp 24
Tp 45
Tp 46
Tp 47
Tp 52
Tp 53
Tp 54
Tp 55
Tp 78
Tp 79
Tp 80
Tp 81
Tp 82
Tp 83
Tp 84
Tp 85
Tp 86
Tp 87
Tp 88
Tp 89
Tp 91
Tp 100
Tp 101
Tp 102
Tp 103
vteCzechoslovak Air Force trainer aircraft designations, 1945–1958Trainer(Cvičný)
C-1
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6
C-7
C-8
C-9
C-10
C-11
C-12
C-13
C-14
C-15
C-16
C-19
C-23
C-25
C-26
C-30
C-103
C-104
C-105
C-106
C-110
C-112
C-205
C-206
C-210
Bomber Trainer(Cvičný Bombardovací)
CB-31
CB-32
CB-33
CB-36
Liaison Trainer(Cvičný Kurýři)
CK-62
Fighter Trainer(Cvičný Stíhací)
CS-92
CS-95
CS-99
CS-102
CS-103
CS-199 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bü 180 Student","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_180_Student"},{"link_name":"sports and touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"aerobatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics"},{"link_name":"maiden flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_flight"},{"link_name":"Reichsluftfahrtministerium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsluftfahrtministerium"},{"link_name":"manufactured under license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed_production"},{"link_name":"Fokker Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker"},{"link_name":"Hägglund & Söner AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4gglund_%26_S%C3%B6ner"},{"link_name":"Zlin Aviation Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlin_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"liaison aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaison_aircraft"},{"link_name":"glider tow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliding#Aerotowing"},{"link_name":"Panzerfaust anti-tank grenade launchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerfaust"},{"link_name":"ground-attack aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_95-1"}],"text":"The Bü 181 is closely related to the Bü 180 Student, sharing numerous technologies and manufacturing techniques. Unlike prior aircraft by the company, it featured a cabin with side-by-side seating. The Bü 181 had been designed to perform sports and touring flights, being suitable for performing aerobatics, although its primary role became that of a trainer. During February 1939, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight. Following the completion of flight testing and an official evaluation by the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM/Reich Aviation Ministry), the Bü 181 was selected to be the standard primary trainer of the Luftwaffe.Series production of the Bü 181 commenced during 1940. Several different production models, including the Bü 181B and Bü 181C, were produced, although there were only slight variations between then. Germany's wartime demands for aircraft exceeded Bücker Flugzeugbau's capacity, thus the aircraft was manufactured under license by numerous other companies, including Fokker Company, Hägglund & Söner AB, and the Zlin Aviation Works. Thousands of aircraft were operated by the Luftwaffe and other operators, typically as a trainer aircraft. In German wartime service, the Bü 181 would also be used for several roles beyond training, such as a liaison aircraft, a glider tow and even (when crudely armed with Panzerfaust anti-tank grenade launchers) as a ground-attack aircraft.[1]","title":"Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bü 180 Student","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_180_Student"},{"link_name":"tandem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem"},{"link_name":"monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_94-2"},{"link_name":"sports and touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_94-2"},{"link_name":"maiden flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_flight"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_9495-3"},{"link_name":"Rangsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangsdorf"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_95-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_95-1"},{"link_name":"production licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed_production"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Fokker Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_95-1"},{"link_name":"Hägglund & Söner AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4gglund_%26_S%C3%B6ner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_95-1"},{"link_name":"Zlin Aviation Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlin_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"German withdrawal from Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)#Liberation_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Zlín Z.281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Z-281"},{"link_name":"Z.381","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Z-381"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_95-1"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Zlin Z.381","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Z-381"},{"link_name":"Walter Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Minor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_95-1"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The origins of the Bü 181 are closely associated with that of the Bü 180 Student, a tandem twin-seat aircraft that was also Bücker Flugzeugbau's first low-wing monoplane design. Many of the construction techniques developed for the Bü 180 were shared with the company's next undertaking, the Bü 181.[2] Unlike the Bü 180, this newer aircraft made use of a side-by-side seating arrangement that was considered to be more well suited for training purposes that the traditional tandem arrangements. Despite this, as well as the company's established primary market being in the trainer sector, the Bü 181 had actually been designed with the intention of promoting it for sports and touring purposes instead.[2]During February 1939, the first prototype, baring the civil registry D-ERBV, performed its maiden flight; it was flown by Chief Pilot Arthur Benitz.[3] It received a favourable official review, which promptly led to the Bü 181 being selected to become the next standard primary trainer of the Luftwaffe. Quantity production of the initial model, the Bü 181a, commenced during late 1940; the company produced many of these aircraft at its Rangsdorf facility outside Berlin.[1]Due to the heavy wartime demands imposed upon the company, it became clear that Bücker Flugzeugbau could not produce the aircraft at a sufficiently high rate on its own.[1] Accordingly, the company was directed to issue production licenses for the Bü 181 to other aircraft manufacturers. One such company was the Netherlands-based Fokker Company, which commenced production of the type in 1942; by the end of the conflict, it has completed a total of 708 aircraft, having produced a combination of both the Bü 181B and the slightly modified Bü 181C.[1] Between 1943 and 1945, the Swedish manufacturing concern Hägglund & Söner AB produced 120 Bü 181s under license; these aircraft are often referred to using the Swedish military designation Sk 25.[1]The Bü 181D was also built by Zlin Aviation Works plant in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia; production was established only just prior to the German withdrawal from Czechoslovakia. For several years following the end of the conflict, production of the aircraft continued at the Zlin Aviation Works; denominated as the C.6 and C.106, numerous examples were taken on by the re-established Czechoslovak Air Force, while various other versions, such as the Zlín Z.281 and Z.381, were also produced for civil purposes, such as flight clubs.[1]During the 1950s, the Heliopolis Aircraft Works of Egypt acquired a Czechoslovakian licence to produce the Zlin Z.381 with a 105 hp (78 kW) Walter Minor engine.[1] It was produced for the Egyptian Air Force as the Heliopolis Gomhouria (meaning \"Republic\") and subsequent versions were supplied to other Arab air forces. At least 300 Gomhourias were built. Overall, 3,400 aircraft were built, but only a handful survived into the twenty-first century.[citation needed]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gomhouria_181_Mk6_G-TPWX_OTT_2013_01_Cockpit.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gomhouria_mk6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Gilze-Rijen Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilze-Rijen_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_94-2"},{"link_name":"parachutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute"},{"link_name":"baggage compartment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggage_hold"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_94-2"},{"link_name":"Hirth HM 500A or B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirth_HM_500"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_9596-4"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_94-2"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"plywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood"},{"link_name":"trailing edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_edge"},{"link_name":"fabric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabric"},{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"split flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_94-2"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"monocoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_94-2"},{"link_name":"elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"trim tabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_tab"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"cantilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever"},{"link_name":"undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"shock absorbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_94-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"Flight instruments of a Gomhouria 181 Mk6Egyptian Air Force Gomhouria Mk.6 285 at Gilze-Rijen Air Base, the NetherlandsThe Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann was a single-engine low-wing monoplane with a compact cabin that accommodated a pair of adjustable seats in a side-by-side arrangement.[2] Both positions were provided with flight controls and seat-type parachutes. Behind the cockpit was a sizable baggage compartment; tanks for both the oil and fuel were also housed within the fuselage.[2] The Bü 181 was powered by a four-cylinder Hirth HM 500A or B four-cylinder inline air-cooled piston engine, capable of providing up to 78 kW (105 hp).[4]The low-mounted wings of the Bü 181, which tapered sharply in both chord and thickness, had a structure entirely composed of wood.[2] The area between the leading edge and the rear spar was covered with plywood while the remaining area from the rear spar to the trailing edge had a fabric covering instead. Over half of the area of the trailing edge of was occupied by the aircraft's narrow-chord ailerons; in between the ailerons and the fuselage was a set of split flaps.[2] The flaps were metallic on the B types and wood on the C types.The forward section of the fuselage was of a tubular steel frame construction covered by metal panels while the rear section was a wooden monocoque instead; a wooden framework was also used for the tail unit.[2] The elevators featured trim tabs that could be adjusted mid-flight; while the rudder was also provisioned with trim tabs, these could only be adjusted on the ground. The Bü 181 was furnished with a fixed cantilever-style undercarriage, the single legs of which were furnished with both spring and oil-based shock absorbers.[2]Its strength corresponded to Stress Group 5 with a limited load (single occupancy) and Stress Group 4 fully laden.[citation needed][clarification needed]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"liaison aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaison_aircraft"},{"link_name":"glider tow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliding#Aerotowing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_95-1"},{"link_name":"Panzerfaust anti-tank grenade launchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerfaust"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithkay_95-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Technikmuseum_Berlin"},{"link_name":"sister-in-law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister-in-law"},{"link_name":"Claus von Stauffenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg"},{"link_name":"Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitta_Schenk_Gr%C3%A4fin_von_Stauffenberg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Although flown by the Luftwaffe primarily in the trainer role, the type often used to perform various other duties, including as a liaison aircraft and as a glider tow.[1]From March 1945, an order was issued to concentrate all available Bü 181s for conversion either to the \"tank busting\" role, for which each aircraft would carry four Panzerfaust anti-tank grenade launchers from wing-mounted remotely operated launchers (C-3 subtype) mounted on short pylons around halfway out from the wing roots (one below and one above the wing panel on each side anchoring the launchers' firing tubes near their forward ends),[5][1] or to the night harassment role, where they would carry up to three 50-kilogram (110 lb) bombs (B-3 subtype). These units saw very limited use in the final days of the war due to Germany's rapidly declining military situation. However, some missions were carried out, during which moderate success was occasionally accomplished, but almost always at the price of severe losses.[6] One restored Bestmann in the tank buster configuration is on display at the Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin.Test pilot and sister-in-law of Claus von Stauffenberg, Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg,[7] was flying a Bücker Bü 181 when she was shot down and fatally wounded in 1945.[8]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_65_p29-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_65_p29-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_65_p29-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_65_p29-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_65_p29-11"},{"link_name":"Continental O-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-300"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_65_p29-11"}],"text":"[9][unreliable source?]\nThe Bü 181 evolved very little during the war, the differences between the B type and the C types were minimal, the most important being the increased autonomy of the C types. The main difference between the B-1 & C-1 and the B-2 and C-2 sub-types was the presence of pitot heating and position & cabin lights while the B-2 and C-2 types lacked any electrical system.Bu 181V Prototype.Bü 181B-0\t Pre-production series with Hirth HM 504 A-2 engineBü 181B-1\tWith Hirth HM 500 A engineBü 181B-2\tAs B-1 but no electricsBü 181B-3 (Schlachtflugzeug): Night harassment version made from converted B-1s and C-1s carrying improved instrumentation, Revi gunsights and three ETC 50 bomb racks. Bomb loads; either three SC50 or three SD50 or three SD70 or three AB70 droppable clusters. Max. Bomb load 210 kilograms (463 lb).Bü 181C-1 Increased range and Hirth HM 500B engine.Bü 181C-2 As C-1 but no electricsBü 181C-3 (Panzerjäger): B-2 or C-2 subtypes modified for the antitank role carrying four wing mounted Panzerfaust 100 single-use antitank grenade launchers in pairs, two on each wing.[10]Post war license built & developmentsZlín Z.181\nTwo-seat primary trainer aircraft. Czech production version of the Bu 181, built by Zlín in Czechoslovakia after the war.Zlín Z.281\nTwo-seat primary trainer aircraft, powered by a Toma 4 piston engine.Zlín Z.381\nTwo-seat primary trainer aircraft, powered by a 78 kW (105 hp) Walter Minor piston engine. Czech Air Force designation C-106.Gomhouria Mk 1\nTwo-seat primary trainer aircraft, powered by a Walter Minor piston engine. Egyptian production version of the Zlín 381, built under licence in Egypt by the Heliopolis Aircraft Works.[11]Gomhouria Mk 2\nTwo-seat primary trainer aircraft, powered by a 145 hp (108 kW) Continental C-145 piston engine.[11]\nGomhouria Mk 3\nAs Mk. 2, but with improved undercarriage.[11]Gomhouria Mk 4\nIncreased fuel capacity.[11]Gomhouria Mk 5\nSimilar to Mk 1, powered by Walter Minor, but with different engine mounting.[11]Gomhouria Mk 6\nContinental O-300 engine.[11]Sk 25\nSwedish Air Force designation of the license-built Bestmann.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Of the over 4,000 Bü 181s originally built, only about 10 examples remain. One restored example of a Gomhouria 181 MK6 in Luftwaffe markings, registration G-TPWX, is known to be airworthy and in flying condition and can regularly be seen airborne over the Welland Valley in South Leicestershire, UK, usually with a chase plane. However a good number of license-built Sk 25s fly still today, as well as some Zlin examples and an increasing number of Egyptian Gomhouria. In January 2024 a batch of around 20 Gomhourias, plus engines and spares, was delivered from Egypt to a dealer in Germany.[12]","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(film)"},{"link_name":"James Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garner"},{"link_name":"Donald Pleasence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Pleasence"}],"text":"A Bücker Bü 181 'Bestmann' was used in the movie The Great Escape. It was flown in the movie by James Garner with Donald Pleasence as his passenger.","title":"Cinema"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Algerian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trade-14"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Royal Jordanian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jordanian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Libyan Air Force (1951-2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force_(1951-2011)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Royal Moroccan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovak Air Force (1939–45)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Air_Force_(1939%E2%80%9345)"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Royal Romanian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Romanian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Somali Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Swedish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslav Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_Air_Force"}],"text":"AlgeriaAlgerian Air Force – 12 Gomhourias delivered, starting in 1962[13]BulgariaBulgarian Air ForceCroatiaAir Force of the Independent State of CroatiaCzechoslovakiaCzechoslovak Air Force – postwar\nCzechoslovakian National Security Guard – postwarEgyptEgyptian Air Force – 150 Gomhourias[14]GermanyLuftwaffeHungaryHungarian Air Force – postwar.JordanRoyal Jordanian Air Force – GomhouriaLibyaLibyan Air Force (1951-2011) – two Gomhourias donated by Egypt in 1962[15]MoroccoRoyal Moroccan Air Force - several Gomhourias donated by Egypt in the early 1960s.[16]Poland– Postwar.SlovakiaSlovak Air Force (1939–45)RomaniaRoyal Romanian Air ForceSomaliaSomali Air Force - two Gomhourias received in 1960[17]SudanSudanese Air Force – four Gomhourias[18]SwedenSwedish Air ForceSwitzerlandSwiss Air Force – 1 + 6 Bü-181B-1 from German Luftwaffe landed and were interned in 1944.YugoslaviaSFR Yugoslav Air Force – postwar","title":"Military operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mondey_Axis_p30-19"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 23017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 4412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-20"},{"link_name":"Hirth HM 500A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirth_HM_500A"},{"link_name":"Never exceed speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VNE"}],"text":"Data from The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II [19]General characteristicsCrew: 2\nLength: 7.85 m (25 ft 9 in)\nWingspan: 10.6 m (34 ft 9 in)\nHeight: 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in)\nWing area: 13.5 m2 (145 sq ft)\nAirfoil: root: NACA 23017; tip: NACA 4412[20]\nEmpty weight: 480 kg (1,058 lb)\nMax takeoff weight: 750 kg (1,653 lb)\nPowerplant: 1 × Hirth HM 500A or 500B four-cylinder inverted air-cooled in-line piston engine, 78 kW (105 hp)\nPropellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 215 km/h (134 mph, 116 kn) at sea level\nCruise speed: 195 km/h (121 mph, 105 kn)\nNever exceed speed: 440 km/h (270 mph, 240 kn)\nRange: 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi)\nService ceiling: 5,000 m (16,000 ft)","title":"Specifications"}] | [{"image_text":"Flight instruments of a Gomhouria 181 Mk6","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gomhouria_181_Mk6_G-TPWX_OTT_2013_01_Cockpit.jpg/220px-Gomhouria_181_Mk6_G-TPWX_OTT_2013_01_Cockpit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Egyptian Air Force Gomhouria Mk.6 285 at Gilze-Rijen Air Base, the Netherlands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gomhouria_mk6.jpg/220px-Gomhouria_mk6.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of military aircraft of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Germany"}] | [{"reference":"Mark Felton (23 March 2019). Last Ditch German Tank Busters 1945 (YouTube) (YouTube). Mark Felton Productions. Event occurs at 2:15 to 3:00. Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNwnPA_lMfU","url_text":"Last Ditch German Tank Busters 1945"}]},{"reference":"Christian, Möller (2010). Das letzte Aufgebot der deutschen Luftwaffe (in German). Helios Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86933-030-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86933-030-3","url_text":"978-3-86933-030-3"}]},{"reference":"Gerhard, Bracke (2012). Melitta Gräfin Stauffenberg, das Leben einer Fliegerin (in German). F.A. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung. ISBN 9783776681574.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783776681574","url_text":"9783776681574"}]},{"reference":"\"Luftwaffe USAAF bomber rammers - April 1945 missions | Key Aero\". key.aero.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.key.aero/forum/historic-aviation/122787-luftwaffe-usaaf-bomber-rammers-april-1945-missions","url_text":"\"Luftwaffe USAAF bomber rammers - April 1945 missions | Key Aero\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egyptian Bestmann cache arrives in Germany\". Aeroplane Monthly. 52 (612): 10. April 2024.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Trade Registers\". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 2013-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php","url_text":"\"Trade Registers\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert; Delalande, Arnaud (2015). Libyan Air Wars, Part 1: 1973-1985. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-909982-39-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909982-39-0","url_text":"978-1-909982-39-0"}]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]},{"reference":"Bénichou, Michel (August 1985). \"La restauration d'un Bücker 181\" [Restoration of a Bücker 181]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (189): 13–16. ISSN 0757-4169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","url_text":"0757-4169"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert (2018). Showdown in Western Sahara, Volume 1: Air Warfare Over the Last African Colony, 1945-1975. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-912390-35-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912390-35-9","url_text":"978-1-912390-35-9"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Tom; Weinert, Peter; Hinz, Fabian; Lepko, Mark (2011). African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe. Houston, US: Harpia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9825539-8-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9825539-8-5","url_text":"978-0-9825539-8-5"}]},{"reference":"Donald, David; Lake, Jon (1996). Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft (Single ed.). London, UK: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-874023-95-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874023-95-6","url_text":"1-874023-95-6"}]},{"reference":"König, Erwin. Bücker Bü 181 \"Bestmann\" (Flugzeug Profile 30) D-86669 (in German). Stengelheim, Germany: Unitec Medienvertrieb e.K.","urls":[]},{"reference":"König, Erwin (1987). Die Bücker-Flugzeuge (The Bücker Aircraft) (in German). Martinsried, Germany: Nara Verlag. ISBN 3-925671-00-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-925671-00-5","url_text":"3-925671-00-5"}]},{"reference":"König, Erwin (1979). Die Bückers, Die Geschichte der ehemaligen Bücker-Flugzeugbau-GmbH und ihrer Flugzeuge (in German).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Meurillon, Louis (March 1980). \"Les merveilleuses machines volantes d'un drôle de promoteur (1)\" [The Marvelous Flying Machines and Their Strange Promoter, Part 1]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (124): 20–23. ISSN 0757-4169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","url_text":"0757-4169"}]},{"reference":"Mondey, David (1996). The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London, UK: Chancellor Press Ltd. ISBN 1-85152-966-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85152-966-7","url_text":"1-85152-966-7"}]},{"reference":"Munson, Kenneth (1978). German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour. Poole, Dorsett, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0860-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-0860-3","url_text":"0-7137-0860-3"}]},{"reference":"Smith, John Richard; Kay, Anthony L.; Creek, Eddie J. (1972). German Aircraft of the Second World War. London, UK: Putnam and Company Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55750-010-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-010-6","url_text":"978-1-55750-010-6"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, John W. R. (1965). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London, UK: Samson Low.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wietstruk, Siegfried (1999). Bücker-Flugzeugbau, Die Geschichte eines Flugzeugwerkes D-82041 (in German). Oberhaching, Germany: Aviatik Verlag. ISBN 3-925505-28-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-925505-28-8","url_text":"3-925505-28-8"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Tony; Gunston, Bill (1977). Hitler's Luftwaffe: A pictorial history and technical encyclopedia of Hitler's air power in World War II. London, UK: Salamander Books Ltd. p. 140. ISBN 0-86101-005-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86101-005-1","url_text":"0-86101-005-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNwnPA_lMfU","external_links_name":"Last Ditch German Tank Busters 1945"},{"Link":"http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/schiller.html","external_links_name":"http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/schiller.html"},{"Link":"https://www.key.aero/forum/historic-aviation/122787-luftwaffe-usaaf-bomber-rammers-april-1945-missions","external_links_name":"\"Luftwaffe USAAF bomber rammers - April 1945 missions | Key Aero\""},{"Link":"http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php","external_links_name":"\"Trade Registers\""},{"Link":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","external_links_name":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","external_links_name":"0757-4169"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","external_links_name":"0757-4169"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707193447/http://www.aviationfans.com/?q=node%2F16","external_links_name":"Aviation Fans"},{"Link":"https://www.net-maquettes.com/pictures/bucker-bu-181-walk/","external_links_name":"\"Net-Maquettes\" Bücker Bestmann walk around"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNwnPA_lMfU","external_links_name":"Account of Bü 181s used as Panzerknacker tankbusters, armed with Panzerfaust anti-tank grenade launchers"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Entomologist | The Florida Entomologist | ["1 References","2 Bibliography","3 External links"] | The Florida Entomologist is an quarterly open access scientific journal published by the Florida Entomological Society. Founded in 1917 as The Florida Buggist and in 1920 was renamed, into The Florida Entomologist. Manuscripts from all disciplines of entomology are accepted for consideration. The chief editor is James Nation of the University of Florida. According to the 2013 Journal Citation Reports, the impact factor of The Florida Entomologist is 0.975 which ranks it 50/94 in "Entomology".
It is notable as the first journal to experiment with a hybrid open access business model.
References
^ John L. Capinera. 2017. A Short History of Florida Entomologist in Recognition of 100 Years of Publication. Florida Entomologist 100(1):1-4. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.100.0101
^ "The Florida Entomologist". BioOne. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ Walker, Thomas (1998). "Free Internet Access to Traditional Journals". American Scientist. 86 (5): 463. Bibcode:1998AmSci..86..463W. doi:10.1511/1998.5.463.
Bibliography
Denmark H. A. 1993. An overview of the history of the Florida Entomological Society on its diamond or seventy-fifth anniversary (1916–1992). Florida Entomologist 76: 407–416.
Tissot A.N., Murphey Jr. M., Waites R.E. 1954. A brief history of entomology in Florida. Florida Entomologist 37: 51–71.
External links
Official website
This article about a zoology journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hybrid open access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_open_access"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"It is notable as the first journal to experiment with a hybrid open access business model.[3]","title":"The Florida Entomologist"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Denmark H. A. 1993. An overview of the history of the Florida Entomological Society on its diamond or seventy-fifth anniversary (1916–1992). Florida Entomologist 76: 407–416.\nTissot A.N., Murphey Jr. M., Waites R.E. 1954. A brief history of entomology in Florida. Florida Entomologist 37: 51–71.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Florida Entomologist\". BioOne. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bioone.org/toc/flen/99/sp1","url_text":"\"The Florida Entomologist\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Thomas (1998). \"Free Internet Access to Traditional Journals\". American Scientist. 86 (5): 463. Bibcode:1998AmSci..86..463W. doi:10.1511/1998.5.463.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AmSci..86..463W","url_text":"1998AmSci..86..463W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1511%2F1998.5.463","url_text":"10.1511/1998.5.463"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1653/024.100.0101","external_links_name":"A Short History of Florida Entomologist in Recognition of 100 Years of Publication"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1653/024.100.0101","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1653/024.100.0101"},{"Link":"http://www.bioone.org/toc/flen/99/sp1","external_links_name":"\"The Florida Entomologist\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AmSci..86..463W","external_links_name":"1998AmSci..86..463W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1511%2F1998.5.463","external_links_name":"10.1511/1998.5.463"},{"Link":"https://journals.flvc.org/flaent","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Florida_Entomologist&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierceron | Lierne (vault) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Plan of lierne vault at Ely Cathedral, (with liernes shaded black)
In Gothic architecture, a lierne is a tertiary rib connecting one rib to another, as opposed to connecting to a springer, or to the central boss. The resulting construction is called a lierne vault or stellar vault (named after the star shape generated by connecting liernes). The term lierne comes from the French lier (to bind).
In England, the lierne came into use during the 14th-century Decorated period of architecture. Gloucester Cathedral offers a good example of lierne vaulting. In France, examples occur in Flamboyant architecture, such as in the Church of Saint-Pierre in Caen.
The vault-plan diagram of Ely Choir shows the ribs as double lines. The main longitudinal ridge rib (middle vertical lines) and transverse ridge ribs (alternate horizontal lines) intersect each other at the central bosses (large circles). The longitudinal ridge rib runs down the centre of the choir, and the transverse ridge ribs span from the apex of each window at the sides of the choir. Arched diagonal ribs span from piers between the windows, from springers to the central bosses, and arched transverse ribs (alternate horizontal lines) span from the springers to the main longitudinal ridge rib. Secondary arched diagonal ribs, called tiercerons, span from the springers to the transverse ridge ribs. Liernes (shaded black) span between the other ribs, forming intricate patterning.
Note: in French terminology relating to architecture, a lierne is a ridge rib, and hence has a different meaning.
Lierne vault in the nave of Chester Cathedral
Lady chapel of Ely Cathedral in Ely, Cambridgeshire
Gloucester Cathedral east end with perpendicular lierne vaulting
See also
Look up lierne rib in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Vault
List of architectural vaults
References
Bond, Francis (1906) Gothic Architecture in England, Batsford, London. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Decorated period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorated_Period"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Flamboyant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamboyant"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint-Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Pierre,_Caen"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"},{"link_name":"Ely Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_(architecture)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chester_cathedral_nave.jpg"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"Chester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel,_Cambridgeshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ely Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Ely, Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perpendicular_Vaulting.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral"}],"text":"In Gothic architecture, a lierne is a tertiary rib connecting one rib to another, as opposed to connecting to a springer, or to the central boss. The resulting construction is called a lierne vault or stellar vault (named after the star shape generated by connecting liernes). The term lierne comes from the French lier (to bind).In England, the lierne came into use during the 14th-century Decorated period of architecture. Gloucester Cathedral offers a good example of lierne vaulting. In France, examples occur in Flamboyant architecture, such as in the Church of Saint-Pierre in Caen.The vault-plan diagram of Ely Choir shows the ribs as double lines. The main longitudinal ridge rib (middle vertical lines) and transverse ridge ribs (alternate horizontal lines) intersect each other at the central bosses (large circles). The longitudinal ridge rib runs down the centre of the choir, and the transverse ridge ribs span from the apex of each window at the sides of the choir. Arched diagonal ribs span from piers between the windows, from springers to the central bosses, and arched transverse ribs (alternate horizontal lines) span from the springers to the main longitudinal ridge rib. Secondary arched diagonal ribs, called tiercerons, span from the springers to the transverse ridge ribs. Liernes (shaded black) span between the other ribs, forming intricate patterning.Note: in French terminology relating to architecture, a lierne is a ridge rib, and hence has a different meaning.Lierne vault in the nave of Chester Cathedral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLady chapel of Ely Cathedral in Ely, Cambridgeshire\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGloucester Cathedral east end with perpendicular lierne vaulting","title":"Lierne (vault)"}] | [{"image_text":"Plan of lierne vault at Ely Cathedral, (with liernes shaded black)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lierne_vault.jpg/220px-Lierne_vault.jpg"}] | [{"title":"lierne rib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lierne_rib"},{"title":"Vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(architecture)"},{"title":"List of architectural vaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_architectural_vaults"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Zimbabwe) | Ministry of Defence (Zimbabwe) | ["1 Ministers","1.1 Air","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Ministry of DefenceFlag of the Zimbabwe Defence ForcesDepartment overviewFormed18 April 1980 (1980-04-18) (of Zimbabwe)1994 (integrated Ministry of Defence)12 September 2023 (2023-09-12) (present form)Preceding DepartmentMinistry of Defence and War VeteransJurisdictionGovernment of ZimbabweHeadquartersDefence House, Corner Kwame Nkuruma / 3rd Street, HarareMinister responsibleOppah Muchinguri, Minister of DefenceDeputy Minister responsibleLevi Mayihlome, Deputy Minister of DefenceChild DepartmentJoint Operations CommandKey documentConstitution of ZimbabweWebsitewww.defence.gov.zw
Minister of Defence of ZimbabweCoat of arms of ZimbabweIncumbentOppah Muchingurisince 10 September 2018StyleDefence Minister(informal)HonourableReports toPresident of ZimbabweAppointerPresident of ZimbabweTerm lengthFive yearsConstituting instrumentConstitution of ZimbabwePrecursorMinister of Defence of Zimbabwe RhodesiaFormation18 April 1980First holderRobert MugabeDeputyLevi MayihlomeWebsitewww.defence.gov.zw
The Ministry of Defence is a Zimbabwe Government ministry, responsible for defence and national defence policy. The current incumbent minister is Oppah Muchinguri. Levi Mayihlome holds the portfolio of Deputy Minister of Defence.The Ministry is located in the capital of Harare.
It oversees the following uniformed services:
Zimbabwe Defence Forces
Zimbabwe National Army
Air Force of Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Republic Police (joint with Ministry of Home Affairs)
It was established in July 1994 as the combined Zimbabwe Defence Forces Headquarters.
Ministers
No.
Name
Tenure
Title
Southern Rhodesia (1923–1954)
1
Robert James Hudson
1 October 1923 – 5 July 1933
Minister of Defence
5 July 1933 – 12 September 1933
Minister of Justice and Defence
2
Stephen Martin Lanigan O'Keeffe
12 September 1933 – 14 November 1934
Minister of Defence
3
Vernon Arthur Lewis
14 November 1934 – 6 October 1936
Minister of Justice and Defence
4
Robert Clarkson Tredgold
6 October 1936 – 12 January 1940
Minister of Defence
12 January 1940 – 28 March 1940
Minister of Justice, Defence and Air
28 March 1940 – 1 March 1943
Minister of Justice and Defence
5
Sir Godfrey Huggins
1 March 1943 – 2 February 1944
Minister of Defence
6
Frank Ernest Harris
2 February 1944 – 1 July 1945
7
William Henry Ralston
1 July 1945 – 7 June 1946
8
Sir Ernest Lucas Guest
7 June 1946 – 15 September 1948
Minister of Defence and Air
–
Sir Godfrey Huggins
19 November 1948 – 7 September 1953
Minister of Defence
9
George Arthur Davenport
7 September 1953 – 1 July 1954
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963)
1
Sir Godfrey Huggins
7 September 1953 – 18 December 1953
Minister of External Affairs and Defence
18 December 1953 – 2 November 1956
Minister of Defence
2
Sir Roy Welensky
2 November 1956 – 12 June 1959
3
John Moore Caldicott
12 June 1959 – 7 May 1962
4
Sir Malcolm Palliser Barrow
7 May 1962 – 31 December 1963
Southern Rhodesia (1964–1965)
10
Winston Field
1 January 1964 – 14 April 1964
Minister of External Affairs and Defence
11
Ian Smith
14 April 1964 – 8 May 1964
8 May 1964 – 28 August 1964
Minister of Defence
12
Clifford Dupont
28 August 1964 – 17 November 1965
Rhodesia (UDI period, 1965–1979)
–
Ian Smith
17 November 1965 – 1966
Minister of Defence
13
The Duke of Montrose
1966 – 1968
14
Jack Howman
1968 – 1974
15
P. K. van der Byl
1974 – 1976
16
Reginald Cowper
1976 – 1977
17
Mark Partridge
1977 – 1977
18
Roger Hawkins
1977 – 11 December 1979
19
John Kadzviti
1978 – 11 December 1979
Zimbabwe Rhodesia (Internal Settlement period, 1979)
1
Abel Muzorewa
1 June 1979 – 11 December 1979
Minister of Defence
Zimbabwe (since 1980)
1
Robert Mugabe
1980 – 1985
Minister of Defence
2
Enos Nkala
1985 – 1990
3
Richard Hove
1990 – 1992
4
Moven Mahachi
1992 – 26 May 2001
5
Sydney Sekeramayi
2001 – 13 February 2009
6
Emmerson Mnangagwa
13 February 2009 – 11 September 2013
–
Sydney Sekeramayi
11 September 2013 – 27 November 2017
7
Kembo Mohadi
30 November 2017 – 29 December 2017
Minister of Defence, Security and War Veterans
8
Constantino Chiwenga
29 December 2017 – 11 September 2018
Minister of Defence and War Veterans
9
Oppah Muchinguri
11 September 2018 – 4 September 2023
12 September 2023 – present
Minister of Defence
Air
No.
Name
Tenure
Title
Southern Rhodesia
1
Robert Clarkson Tredgold
12 January 1940 – 28 March 1940
Minister of Justice, Defence and Air
2
Ernest Lucas Guest
28 March 1940 – 7 June 1946
Minister of Air
7 June 1946 – 15 September 1948
Minister of Defence and Air
See also
Zimbabwe Defence Forces
Zimbabwe National Army
Air Force of Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Republic Police
Ministry of Home Affairs (Zimbabwe)
References
^ "Mnangagwa names his new cabinet after controversial election win". Zimbabwe News Now. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
External links
Zimbabwe Ministry of Defence official site
vteMinisters of Defence of Zimbabwe and its antecedentsSouthern Rhodesia (1923 – 1954)
Hudson
O'Keeffe
Lewis
Tredgold
Huggins
Harris
Ralston
Guest
Huggins
Davenport
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953 – 1963)
Huggins
Welensky
Caldicott
Barrow
Southern Rhodesia (1964 – 1965)
Field
Smith
Dupont
Rhodesia under UDI (1965 – 1979)
Smith
Montrose
Howman
van der Byl
Cowper
Partridge
Hawkins
Kadzviti
Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979)
Muzorewa
Zimbabwe (1980 – present)
Mugabe
Nkala
Hove
Mahachi
Sekeramayi
Mnangagwa
Sekeramayi
Mohadi
Chiwenga
Muchinguri
vteSecurity forces of ZimbabweNational Security Council (NSC)Joint Operations Command (JOC)President's Office
Minister for National Security
Central Intelligence Organisation
Ministry of Defence
Defence Forces
Army
Special Forces
Fifth Brigade
Air Force
Ministry of Home Affairs
Police
This article about government in Zimbabwe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zimbabwe Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_ministry"},{"link_name":"defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(military)"},{"link_name":"national defence policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_defence_policy"},{"link_name":"Oppah Muchinguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppah_Muchinguri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_National_Army"},{"link_name":"Air Force of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe Republic Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Republic_Police"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Zimbabwe)"}],"text":"The Ministry of Defence is a Zimbabwe Government ministry, responsible for defence and national defence policy. The current incumbent minister is Oppah Muchinguri.[1] Levi Mayihlome holds the portfolio of Deputy Minister of Defence.The Ministry is located in the capital of Harare.It oversees the following uniformed services:Zimbabwe Defence Forces\nZimbabwe National Army\nAir Force of Zimbabwe\nZimbabwe Republic Police (joint with Ministry of Home Affairs)It was established in July 1994 as the combined Zimbabwe Defence Forces Headquarters.","title":"Ministry of Defence (Zimbabwe)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Air","title":"Ministers"}] | [] | [{"title":"Zimbabwe Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces"},{"title":"Zimbabwe National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_National_Army"},{"title":"Air Force of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_of_Zimbabwe"},{"title":"Zimbabwe Republic Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Republic_Police"},{"title":"Ministry of Home Affairs (Zimbabwe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Zimbabwe)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Mnangagwa names his new cabinet after controversial election win\". Zimbabwe News Now. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zimlive.com/mnangagwa-names-his-new-cabinet-after-controversial-election-win/","url_text":"\"Mnangagwa names his new cabinet after controversial election win\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.defence.gov.zw/","external_links_name":"www.defence.gov.zw"},{"Link":"https://www.defence.gov.zw/","external_links_name":"www.defence.gov.zw"},{"Link":"https://www.zimlive.com/mnangagwa-names-his-new-cabinet-after-controversial-election-win/","external_links_name":"\"Mnangagwa names his new cabinet after controversial election win\""},{"Link":"http://www.mod.gov.zw/","external_links_name":"Zimbabwe Ministry of Defence official site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Defence_(Zimbabwe)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventichthys | East-Pacific ventbrotula | ["1 References"] | Species of fish
East-Pacific ventbrotula
Conservation status
Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Ophidiiformes
Family:
Ophidiidae
Subfamily:
Neobythitinae
Genus:
Ventichthys
Species:
V. biospeedoi
Binomial name
Ventichthys biospeedoiNeilsen, Møller & Segonzac, 2006
The East Pacific ventbrotula (Ventichthys biospeedoi) is a species of cusk-eel found around thermal vents on the southern East Pacific Rise at depths of about 2,586 metres (8,484 ft). This species grows to a length of 28.2 centimetres (11.1 in) SL. It is the only known member of its genus. The generic name is a compound of vent, for the Oasis hydrothermal vent on the south East Pacific Rise (at a depth of 2,586 metres (8,484 ft)) and the Greek ichthys meaning "fish", while the specific name refers to the French BIOSPEEDO expedition to the south East Pacific Rise which collected the type specimen in 2004.
References
^ Uiblein, F.; Everett, B.; Matiku, P. & Sithole, Y. (2020). "Ventichthys biospeedoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T141360898A141807608. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T141360898A141807608.en. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Ventichthys biospeedoi" in FishBase. June 2012 version.
^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). Species of Ventichthys in FishBase. June 2012 version.
^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (30 November 2023). "Order OPHIDIIFORMES: Families CARAPIDAE and OPHIDIIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. v. 10.0. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ Nielsen, J.G.; P.R. Møller & M. Segonzac (2006). "Ventichthys biospeedoi n. gen. et sp. (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) from a hydrothermal vent in the South East Pacific" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1247: 13–24.
Taxon identifiersVentichthys biospeedoi
Wikidata: Q3278488
Wikispecies: Ventichthys biospeedoi
CoL: 7FLD9
FishBase: 63300
GBIF: 2345628
iNaturalist: 618792
IRMNG: 11845464
IUCN: 141360898
NCBI: 1428776
OBIS: 283140
Open Tree of Life: 4134350
Plazi: C3B306BC-46ED-4EA5-4B51-E97CCC2E2ED8
WoRMS: 283140
ZooBank: 59150A49-A454-4D14-ABE6-96DECE8BED93
This Ophidiidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cusk-eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusk-eel"},{"link_name":"thermal vents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_vent"},{"link_name":"East Pacific Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise"},{"link_name":"SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_measurement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FishBase-2"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"hydrothermal vent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent"},{"link_name":"East Pacific Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_(language)"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"type specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETYFish-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neilsen-5"}],"text":"The East Pacific ventbrotula (Ventichthys biospeedoi) is a species of cusk-eel found around thermal vents on the southern East Pacific Rise at depths of about 2,586 metres (8,484 ft). This species grows to a length of 28.2 centimetres (11.1 in) SL.[2] It is the only known member of its genus.[3] The generic name is a compound of vent, for the Oasis hydrothermal vent on the south East Pacific Rise (at a depth of 2,586 metres (8,484 ft)) and the Greek ichthys meaning \"fish\", while the specific name refers to the French BIOSPEEDO expedition to the south East Pacific Rise which collected the type specimen[4] in 2004.[5]","title":"East-Pacific ventbrotula"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Uiblein, F.; Everett, B.; Matiku, P. & Sithole, Y. (2020). \"Ventichthys biospeedoi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T141360898A141807608. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T141360898A141807608.en. Retrieved 19 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/141360898/141807608","url_text":"\"Ventichthys biospeedoi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T141360898A141807608.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T141360898A141807608.en"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (30 November 2023). \"Order OPHIDIIFORMES: Families CARAPIDAE and OPHIDIIDAE\". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. v. 10.0. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 19 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etyfish.org/ophidiiformes1/","url_text":"\"Order OPHIDIIFORMES: Families CARAPIDAE and OPHIDIIDAE\""}]},{"reference":"Nielsen, J.G.; P.R. Møller & M. Segonzac (2006). \"Ventichthys biospeedoi n. gen. et sp. (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) from a hydrothermal vent in the South East Pacific\" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1247: 13–24.","urls":[{"url":"http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1732.pdf","url_text":"\"Ventichthys biospeedoi n. gen. et sp. (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) from a hydrothermal vent in the South East Pacific\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/141360898/141807608","external_links_name":"\"Ventichthys biospeedoi\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T141360898A141807608.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T141360898A141807608.en"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Ventichthys&speciesname=biospeedoi","external_links_name":"\"Ventichthys biospeedoi\""},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Ventichthys","external_links_name":"Species of Ventichthys"},{"Link":"http://www.etyfish.org/ophidiiformes1/","external_links_name":"\"Order OPHIDIIFORMES: Families CARAPIDAE and OPHIDIIDAE\""},{"Link":"http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1732.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ventichthys biospeedoi n. gen. et sp. (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) from a hydrothermal vent in the South East Pacific\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7FLD9","external_links_name":"7FLD9"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/63300","external_links_name":"63300"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2345628","external_links_name":"2345628"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/618792","external_links_name":"618792"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11845464","external_links_name":"11845464"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/141360898","external_links_name":"141360898"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1428776","external_links_name":"1428776"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/283140","external_links_name":"283140"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4134350","external_links_name":"4134350"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C3B306BC-46ED-4EA5-4B51-E97CCC2E2ED8","external_links_name":"C3B306BC-46ED-4EA5-4B51-E97CCC2E2ED8"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=283140","external_links_name":"283140"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/59150A49-A454-4D14-ABE6-96DECE8BED93","external_links_name":"59150A49-A454-4D14-ABE6-96DECE8BED93"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East-Pacific_ventbrotula&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyonpyaw | Kyonpyaw | ["1 Wards","2 In popular culture","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 17°18′N 95°12′E / 17.300°N 95.200°E / 17.300; 95.200Town in Ayeyarwady Region, MyanmarKyonpyaw
ကျုံပျော်မြို့TownKyonpyawLocation in BurmaCoordinates: 17°18′N 95°12′E / 17.300°N 95.200°E / 17.300; 95.200Country MyanmarRegion Ayeyarwady RegionDistrictPathein DistrictTownshipKyonpyaw TownshipPopulation (2014)23,966 • ReligionsBuddhismTime zoneUTC+6.30 (MST)
Kyonpyaw (Burmese: ကျုံပျော်မြို့) is a town in the Ayeyawady Division of Myanmar. It is the seat of Kyonpyaw Township. As of 2014 the population was 23,966.
Wards
Kyonpyaw consists 4 wards and they are:
Taza Ward
Myawady Ward
Panglong Ward
Aung San Ward
In popular culture
Kenneth Sein's book The Great Po Sein chronicling the famous Burmese dance actor Po Sein, the character of a young Po Sein lives in Kyonpyaw when a dance troupe passes through the town, prompting his interest.
References
^ "Myanmar: Regions, States, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
^ Sein, Kenneth (1965). The Great Po Sein: A Chronicle of the Burmese Theater. Bloomington, IN: Praeger. ISBN 978-0837187372.
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
vteAyeyarwady RegionCapital: PatheinHinthada District
Hinthada Township
Lemyethna Township
Zalun Township
Kyonpyaw District
Kyaunggon Township
Kyonpyaw Township
Yekyi Township (Ngathinechaung Subtownship)
Labutta District
Labutta Township (Pyinsalu Subtownship)
Mawlamyinegyun Township
Maubin District
Danubyu Township
Maubin Township
Nyaungdon Township
Pantanaw Township
Myaungmya District
Einme Township
Myaungmya Township
Wakema Township
Myanaung District
Ingapu Township
Kyangin Township
Myanaung Township
Pathein District
Kangyidaunt Township
Ngapudaw Township (Hainggyikyun Subtownship ⸱ Ngayokaung Subtownship)
Pathein Township (Ngwesaung Subtownship ⸱ Shwethaungyan Subtownship)
Thabaung Township (Shwethaungyan Subtownship)
Pyapon District
Bogale Township
Dedaye Township
Kyaiklat Township
Pyapon Township (Ahmar Subtownship)
Main cities and towns
Pathein
Ahmar
Ahtaung
Aingthapyu
Bogale
Chaungtha
Danubyu
Dedaye
Einme
Hainggyi Island
Hinthada
Ingapu
Kanaung
Kangyidaut
Kyaiklat
Kyangin
Kyaunggon
Kyonmanage
Kyonpyaw
Labutta
Lemyethna
Maubin
Mawlamyinegyun
Myan Aung
Myaungmya
Ngapudaw
Ngathaingchaung
Ngayokaung
Ngwesaung
Nyaungdon
Pantanaw
Pyapon
Pyinsalu
Shwelaung
Thabaung
Wakema
Yekyi
Zalun
This Ayeyarwady Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"Ayeyawady Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayeyawady_Division"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Kyonpyaw Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyonpyaw_Township"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Town in Ayeyarwady Region, MyanmarKyonpyaw (Burmese: ကျုံပျော်မြို့) is a town in the Ayeyawady Division of Myanmar. It is the seat of Kyonpyaw Township. As of 2014 the population was 23,966.[1]","title":"Kyonpyaw"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kyonpyaw consists 4 wards and they are:Taza Ward\nMyawady Ward\nPanglong Ward\nAung San Ward","title":"Wards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Po Sein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_Sein"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kenneth Sein's book The Great Po Sein chronicling the famous Burmese dance actor Po Sein, the character of a young Po Sein lives in Kyonpyaw when a dance troupe passes through the town, prompting his interest.[2]","title":"In popular culture"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Myanmar: Regions, States, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information\". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2021-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/myanmar/cities/?cityid=34250","url_text":"\"Myanmar: Regions, States, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information\""}]},{"reference":"Sein, Kenneth (1965). The Great Po Sein: A Chronicle of the Burmese Theater. Bloomington, IN: Praeger. ISBN 978-0837187372.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Sein","url_text":"Sein, Kenneth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0837187372","url_text":"978-0837187372"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kyonpyaw¶ms=17_18_N_95_12_E_region:MM_type:city","external_links_name":"17°18′N 95°12′E / 17.300°N 95.200°E / 17.300; 95.200"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kyonpyaw¶ms=17_18_N_95_12_E_region:MM_type:city","external_links_name":"17°18′N 95°12′E / 17.300°N 95.200°E / 17.300; 95.200"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/myanmar/cities/?cityid=34250","external_links_name":"\"Myanmar: Regions, States, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.maplandia.com/burma/irrawaddy/kyonpyaw/","external_links_name":"Satellite map at Maplandia.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyonpyaw&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Cancer | Cancer Research (journal) | ["1 Abstracting and indexing","2 References","3 External links"] | "Journal of Cancer Research" redirects here. For the journal abbreviated 'J. Cancer Res. (Cairo)' published by Hindawi, see Journal of Cancer Research (Hindawi journal).
Academic journalCancer ResearchCover of Volume 62, Issue 23DisciplineCancer, oncologyLanguageEnglishEdited byChi Van DangPublication detailsFormer name(s)Journal of Cancer Research, American Journal of CancerHistory1916–presentPublisherAmerican Association for Cancer Research (United States)FrequencyBiweeklyImpact factor12.701 (2020)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Cancer Res.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusCODENCNREA8ISSN0008-5472 (print)1538-7445 (web)LCCN44002733OCLC no.1553285Links
Journal homepage
Online access
Online archive
Cancer Research is a biweekly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the American Association for Cancer Research. It covers research on all aspects of cancer and cancer-related biomedical sciences and was established in 1941. The editor-in-chief is Chi Van Dang.
The journal was established in 1916 as the Journal of Cancer Research, was renamed American Journal of Cancer in 1931, and obtained its current name in 1941.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Biological Abstracts
BIOSIS Previews
Chemical Abstracts
Current Contents/Life Sciences
Current Contents/Clinical Medicine
Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed
Science Citation Index
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 12.701.
References
^ Dang, Chi Van (December 1, 2017). "Convergence to Cure Cancer through Research: A Message from the New Editor-in-Chief". Cancer Research. 78 (1). American Association for Cancer Research (AACR): 3–4. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3771.
^ a b c d "Master Journal List". Intellectual Property & Science. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
^ "CAS Source Index". Chemical Abstracts Service. American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
^ "Cancer Research". NLM Catalog. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
^ "Content overview". Scopus. Elsevier. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
^ "Cancer Research". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2021.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Cancer Research (Hindawi journal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Cancer_Research_(Hindawi_journal)"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed"},{"link_name":"medical journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_journal"},{"link_name":"American Association for Cancer Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_Cancer_Research"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Chi Van Dang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Van_Dang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dang_pp._3%E2%80%934-1"}],"text":"\"Journal of Cancer Research\" redirects here. For the journal abbreviated 'J. Cancer Res. (Cairo)' published by Hindawi, see Journal of Cancer Research (Hindawi journal).Academic journalCancer Research is a biweekly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the American Association for Cancer Research. It covers research on all aspects of cancer and cancer-related biomedical sciences and was established in 1941. The editor-in-chief is Chi Van Dang.[1]The journal was established in 1916 as the Journal of Cancer Research, was renamed American Journal of Cancer in 1931, and obtained its current name in 1941.","title":"Cancer Research (journal)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biological Abstracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Abstracts"},{"link_name":"BIOSIS Previews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOSIS_Previews"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISI-2"},{"link_name":"Chemical Abstracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CASSI-3"},{"link_name":"Current Contents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Contents"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISI-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISI-2"},{"link_name":"Index Medicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Medicus"},{"link_name":"MEDLINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEDLINE"},{"link_name":"PubMed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEDLINE-4"},{"link_name":"Science Citation Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Citation_Index"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISI-2"},{"link_name":"Scopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scopus-5"},{"link_name":"Journal Citation Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports"},{"link_name":"impact factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoS-6"}],"text":"The journal is abstracted and indexed in:Biological Abstracts\nBIOSIS Previews[2]\nChemical Abstracts[3]\nCurrent Contents/Life Sciences[2]\nCurrent Contents/Clinical Medicine[2]\nIndex Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed[4]\nScience Citation Index[2]\nScopus[5]According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 12.701.[6]","title":"Abstracting and indexing"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dang, Chi Van (December 1, 2017). \"Convergence to Cure Cancer through Research: A Message from the New Editor-in-Chief\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukindu | Mukindu | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 3°9′31″S 29°15′27″E / 3.15861°S 29.25750°E / -3.15861; 29.25750Place in Bubanza Province, BurundiMukinduMukinduLocation in BurundiCoordinates: 3°9′31″S 29°15′27″E / 3.15861°S 29.25750°E / -3.15861; 29.25750Country BurundiProvinceBubanza ProvinceCommuneCommune of GihangaTime zoneUTC+2 (Central Africa Time)
Mukindu is a village in the Commune of Gihanga in Bubanza Province in north western Burundi.
References
^ "NGA GeoName Database". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
vte Bubanza ProvinceCapital: BubanzaCommune of Bubanza
Bubanza
Bihembe
Butega
Buvyuko
Cabire
Kabwitika
Karonge
Kuwintaba
Mitakataka
Nyabugoye
Nyarusagare
Commune of Gihanga
Gihanga
Buramata
Gihungwe
Kagwena
Mpanda
Mukindu
Murira
Muyange
Ninga
Nyeshanga
Rushakashaka
Commune of Mpanda
Mpanda
Butanuka
Kigwati
Kivyihusha
Musenyi
Nyunzwe
Rambwe
Commune of Musigati
Musigati
Bamba
Gahinasazi
Gahise
Kabuyekere
Kigandu
Mukugu
Muyebe
Ndava
Ngonyi
Ntamba
Titi
Commune of Rugazi
Gashashara
Gitabi
Karonge
Kinama
Kinyasheshe
Kwirarire
Masama
Miheto
Mubungere
Muzinda
Nyamivo
This Burundi location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commune of Gihanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_of_Gihanga"},{"link_name":"Bubanza Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubanza_Province"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Place in Bubanza Province, BurundiMukindu is a village in the Commune of Gihanga in Bubanza Province in north western Burundi.[1]","title":"Mukindu"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NGA GeoName Database\". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2008-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080608190852/http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmagaz/geonames4.asp","url_text":"\"NGA GeoName Database\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency","url_text":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency"},{"url":"http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmagaz/geonames4.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mukindu¶ms=3_9_31_S_29_15_27_E_region:BI_type:city","external_links_name":"3°9′31″S 29°15′27″E / 3.15861°S 29.25750°E / -3.15861; 29.25750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mukindu¶ms=3_9_31_S_29_15_27_E_region:BI_type:city","external_links_name":"3°9′31″S 29°15′27″E / 3.15861°S 29.25750°E / -3.15861; 29.25750"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080608190852/http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmagaz/geonames4.asp","external_links_name":"\"NGA GeoName Database\""},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmagaz/geonames4.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.maplandia.com/burundi/bubanza/gihanga/mukindu/","external_links_name":"Satellite map at Maplandia.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mukindu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoflavimicrobium_dichotomicum | Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Species of bacterium
Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Bacillales
Family:
Thermoactinomycetaceae
Genus:
Thermoflavimicrobium
Species:
T. dichotomicum
Binomial name
Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum(Krasil'nikov and Agre 1964) Yoon et al. 2005
Type strain
114, Abbott AB2383P-72, ATCC 49854 , CUB 581, DSM 44778, INMI 114, JCM 9688, KCTC 3667, N1595, NCIMB 10211, NRRL B-16978, VKM Ac-1435
Synonyms
Actinobifida dichotomica,Thermomonospora citrina,Thermoactinomyces dichotomicus
Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum is a Gram-positive and thermophilic bacterium from the genus of Thermoflavimicrobium which has been isolated from soil.
References
^ a b Parte, A.C. "Thermoflavimicrobium". LPSN.
^ "Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum Taxon Passport - StrainInfo". www.straininfo.net.
^ a b c "Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum". www.uniprot.org.
^ a b "Details: DSM-44778". www.dsmz.de.
^ Paul, De Vos (2009). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 0-387-68489-1.
External links
Type strain of Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Taxon identifiersThermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum
Wikidata: Q26296411
BacDive: 16783
CoL: 7C95Z
EoL: 975981
GBIF: 3227473
ITIS: 967274
LPSN: thermoflavimicrobium-dichotomicum
NCBI: 46223
Open Tree of Life: 667250
This Bacillota-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gram-positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positive"},{"link_name":"thermophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophilic"},{"link_name":"Thermoflavimicrobium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoflavimicrobium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thermoflavimicrobium-dichotomicum-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UniProt-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSMZ-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum is a Gram-positive and thermophilic bacterium from the genus of Thermoflavimicrobium which has been isolated from soil.[1][3][4][5]","title":"Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Parte, A.C. \"Thermoflavimicrobium\". LPSN.","urls":[{"url":"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/thermoflavimicrobium","url_text":"\"Thermoflavimicrobium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPSN","url_text":"LPSN"}]},{"reference":"\"Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum Taxon Passport - StrainInfo\". www.straininfo.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.straininfo.net/taxa/17190;jsessionid=C3CA6C683F9D0CB7352D483D6FA417B3.straininfo2","url_text":"\"Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum Taxon Passport - StrainInfo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum\". www.uniprot.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/46223","url_text":"\"Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Details: DSM-44778\". www.dsmz.de.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-44778.html","url_text":"\"Details: DSM-44778\""}]},{"reference":"Paul, De Vos (2009). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 0-387-68489-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-68489-1","url_text":"0-387-68489-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/thermoflavimicrobium","external_links_name":"\"Thermoflavimicrobium\""},{"Link":"http://www.straininfo.net/taxa/17190;jsessionid=C3CA6C683F9D0CB7352D483D6FA417B3.straininfo2","external_links_name":"\"Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum Taxon Passport - StrainInfo\""},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/46223","external_links_name":"\"Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum\""},{"Link":"https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-44778.html","external_links_name":"\"Details: DSM-44778\""},{"Link":"http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=16783&submit=Search","external_links_name":"Type strain of Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase"},{"Link":"https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/16783","external_links_name":"16783"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7C95Z","external_links_name":"7C95Z"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/975981","external_links_name":"975981"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3227473","external_links_name":"3227473"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=967274","external_links_name":"967274"},{"Link":"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/thermoflavimicrobium-dichotomicum","external_links_name":"thermoflavimicrobium-dichotomicum"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=46223","external_links_name":"46223"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=667250","external_links_name":"667250"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermoflavimicrobium_dichotomicum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosolids | Biosolids | ["1 Terminology","2 Characteristic","2.1 Quantities","2.2 Nutrients","2.3 Industrial and man-made contaminants","2.4 Pathogens","3 Different types of biosolids","4 Different General & Land Applications of Biosolids","5 Classification systems","5.1 United States","5.2 European Union","5.3 New Zealand","6 History","7 Examples","8 See also","9 References"] | Decontaminated sewage sludge
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Pumpkin seedlings planted out on windrows of composted biosolids
Biosolids are solid organic matter recovered from a sewage treatment process and used as fertilizer. In the past, it was common for farmers to use animal manure to improve their soil fertility. In the 1920s, the farming community began also to use sewage sludge from local wastewater treatment plants. Scientific research over many years has confirmed that these biosolids contain similar nutrients to those in animal manures. Biosolids that are used as fertilizer in farming are usually treated to help to prevent disease-causing pathogens from spreading to the public. Some sewage sludge can not qualify as biosolids due to persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals, radionuclides, and heavy metals at levels sufficient to contaminate soil and water when applied to land.
Terminology
Biosolids may be defined as organic wastewater solids that can be reused after suitable sewage sludge treatment processes leading to sludge stabilization, such as anaerobic digestion and composting.
Alternatively, the definition of biosolids may be restricted by local regulations to wastewater solids only after those solids have completed a specified treatment sequence and have concentrations of pathogens and toxic chemicals below specified levels.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines the two terms – sewage sludge and biosolids – in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, Part 503 as follows: Sewage sludge refers to the solids separated during the treatment of municipal wastewater (including domestic septage). In contrast, biosolids refers to treated sewage sludge that meets the EPA pollutant and pathogen requirements for land application and surface disposal. A similar definition has been used internationally, for example, in Australia.
Use of the term "biosolids" may officially be subject to government regulations. However, informal use describes a broad range of semi-solid organic products from sewage or sewage sludge. This could include any solids, slime solids or liquid slurry residue generated during the treatment of domestic wastewater including, scum and solids removed during primary, secondary or advanced treatment processes. Materials that do not conform to the regulatory definition of "biosolids" can be given alternative terms like "wastewater solids.
Characteristic
Quantities
Testing for human pathogens in cereal crops after the application of biosolidsApproximately 7.1 million dry tons of biosolids were generated in 2004 at approximately 16,500 municipal wastewater treatment facilities in the United States.
In the United States, as of 2013 about 55% of sewage solids are used as fertilizer. Challenges faced when increasing the use of biosolids include the capital needed to build anaerobic digesters and the complexity of complying with health regulations. There are also new concerns about micro-pollutions in sewage (e.g. environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants), which make the process of producing high quality biosolids complex. Some municipalities, states or countries have banned the use of biosolids on farmland.
Nutrients
Encouraging agricultural use of biosolids is intended to prevent filling landfills with nutrient-rich organic materials from the treatment of domestic sewage that might be recycled and applied as fertilizer to improve and maintain productive soils and stimulate plant growth. Biosolids can be an ideal agricultural conditioner and fertilizer which can help promote crop growth to feed the increasing population. Biosolids may contain macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur with micronutrients copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, boron, molybdenum and manganese.
Industrial and man-made contaminants
Biosolids contains synthetic organic compounds, radionuclides and heavy metals. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set numeric limits for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc but has not regulated dioxin levels.
Contaminants from pharmaceuticals and personal care products and some steroids and hormones may also be present in biosolids. Substantial levels of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) polybrominated diphenyl ethers were detected in biosolids in 2001.
The United States Geological Survey analyzed in 2014 nine different consumer products containing biosolids as a main ingredient for 87 organic chemicals found in cleaners, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and other products. These analysis detected 55 of the 87 organic chemicals measured in at least one of the nine biosolid samples, with as many as 45 chemicals found in a single sample.
In 2014, the City of Charlotte, North Carolina, discovered extreme levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in their biosolids after being alerted by that illegal PCB dumping was taking place at regional waste water treatment plants across the state.
Biosolids land application in South Carolina was halted in 2013 after an emergency regulation was enacted by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) that outlawed any PCB contaminated biosolids from being land applied regardless if Class A or Class B. Very soon thereafter, SCDHEC expanded PCB fish consumption advisories for nearly every waterway bordering biosolids land application fields.
In 2019, the state of Maine found that 95% of sewage sludge produced in the state contained unsafe levels of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) chemicals. Several farms that had spread biosolids as fertilizer were found to have PFAS contaminated soil, groundwater, animals and crops. Hundreds of other farms were potentially similarly contaminated. The state subsequently imposed additional rules restricting biosolids spreading. In 2023, Arturo A. Keller at the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management within the University of California, Santa Barbara began working on solutions to eliminate these PFAS, including creating bio-char fertilizers from the bio-solids.
Biosolids used as a fertilizer have resulted in PFAS contamination of beef raised in Michigan.
In October 2021 EPA announced the PFAS Strategic Roadmap which includes risk assessment for PFAS (PFOA and PFOS) in biosolids.
Pathogens
In the United States the EPA mandates certain treatment processes designed to significantly decrease levels of certain so-called indicator organisms, in biosolids. These include, "...operational standards for fecal coliforms, Salmonella sp. bacteria, enteric viruses, and viable helminth ova."
However, the US-based Water Environment Research Foundation has shown that some pathogens do survive sewage sludge treatment.
EPA regulations allow only biosolids with no detectable pathogens to be widely applied; those with remaining pathogens are restricted in use.
Different types of biosolids
Anaerobic Digestion: Micro-organisms decompose the sludge in the absence of oxygen either at mesophilic (at 35 °C) or thermophilic (between 50° and 57 °C) temperatures.
Aerobic Digestion: Micro-organisms decompose the sludge in the presence of oxygen either at ambient and mesophilic (10 °C to 40 °C) or auto-thermal (40 °C to 80 °C) temperatures.
Composting: A biological process where organic matter decomposes to produce humus after the addition of some dry bulking material such as sawdust, wood chips, or shredded yard waste under controlled aerobic conditions.
Alkaline Treatment: The sludge is mixed with alkaline materials such as lime or cement kiln dust, or incinerator fly ash and maintained at pH above 12 for 24 hours (for Class B) or at temperature 70 °C for 30 minutes (for Class A).
Heat Drying: Either convention or conduction dryers are used to dry the biosolids
Dewatering: The separation of the water from biosolids is done to obtain a semi-solid or solid product by using a dewatering technologies (centrifuges, belt filter presses, plate and frame filter presses, and drying beds and lagoons).
Different General & Land Applications of Biosolids
Agriculture - Biosolids as an alternative to Chemical Fertilizers
Biosolids are similar to animal manure in that they consist of various nutrients and organic materials that support the growth of crops, while also enriching the soil and enhancing its capacity to retain water.
Nutrifor is the brand name of a Biosolid created by Metro Vancouver, Canada, by using biosolids recovered from advanced water treatments. This substance undergoes a process of high-temperature treatment and decomposition by microorganisms to eradicate detrimental bacteria and diminish unpleasant smells. The final outcome is a nutrient-rich, soil-like substance that can be applied directly onto the ground as a fertilizer or incorporated into soil composition.
The Halton Region, in Ontario, Canada, has introduced a Biosolids Recycling Program where Biosolids are extracted from Halton's 7 wastewater treatment facilities and are recycled as an agricultural fertilizer and soil conditioner. They follow The Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP) quality and safety standards for Biosolids processing and re-use. On average, The Halton region has produced over 35,000 tonnes of biosolids per year.
Forestry
Biosolids have been identified to accelerate the growth of timber, which facilitates a faster and more effective growth of a forests. The Regional District of Nanaimo, in BC, Canada, has introduced a award-winning Biosolids management program called Forest Fertilization Program, through which the created biosolids have the potential to enhance the growth of trees in areas with limited nutrients, all the while aligning land utilization practices with forestry activities and recreational pursuits.
Soil Remediation
Biosolids have proven effective in promoting the growth of sustainable vegetation, mitigating the presence of harmful substances in soil, managing soil erosion, and revitalizing soil profiles for compromised areas which in turn is crucial for the rehabilitation of sites lacking adequate topsoil.
The Regional District of Nanaimo in partnership with Nanaimo Forest Products Ltd. have introduced a Soil Fabrication Program to manufacture soil at the Harmac Mill in Duke Point, British Columbia, Canada. This is also a planned contingency site for GNPCC biosolids
Lawns and Home Gardens
The United States Environmental Protection Agency mentions that biosolids that adhere to the most rigorous standards for reducing pollutants, pathogens, and attractiveness to vectors can be bought by individuals from hardware stores, home and garden centers, or directly from their community's wastewater treatment facility.
Biogas as an alternative Power Source
The City of Barrie, in Ontario, Canada has partnered with a Consulting Engineering Firm to convert and optimize Biogas obtained from the Biosolids from their local Wastewater Treatment Facility (WwTF) and to use this Biogas generated from anaerobic digesters as power source for the facility's two cogeneration (cogen) engines and boilers.
The City of Hamilton, in Ontario, Canada also has a similar Master Plan for the Biosolids present in the city's Wastewater treatments. In their master plan for the next 20 years, they aim to reduce Biosolids Management and foster the use of the produced Biogas for energy production through co-generation.
In a publication by the Government of Canada and the Ontario Federation of Agriculture, the author mentions that using the Land Application method of Biosolids is more cost-effective to taxpayers as compared to the alternative methods of management such as disposal in a landfill.
Classification systems
United States
In the United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, Part 503 governs the management of biosolids. Within that federal regulation biosolids are generally classified differently depending upon the quantity of pollutants they contain and the level of treatment they have been subjected to (the latter of which determines both the level of vector attraction reduction and the level of pathogen reduction). These factors also affect how they may be disseminated (bulk or bagged) and the level of monitoring oversight which, in turn determines where and in what quantity they may be applied. The National Organic Program prohibits the use of biosolids in farming certified organic crops.
European Union
The European Union (EU) was the first to issue regulations for biosolids land application; this aimed to put a limit to the pathogen and pollution risk. These risks come from the fact that some metabolites remain intact after waste water treatment processes. Debates over biosolid use vary in severity across the EU.
New Zealand
In 2003, the Ministry for the Environment and the New Zealand Water & Wastes Association produced the document Guidelines for the safe application of biosolids to land in New Zealand. In the document, biosolids were defined as "sewage sludges or sewage sludges mixed with other materials that have been treated and/or stabilised to the extent that they are able to be safely and beneficially applied to land... have significant fertilising and soil conditioning properties as a result of the nutrients and organic materials they contain."
A New Zealand scientist, Jacqui Horswell later led collaborative research by the Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Scion, Landcare Research and the Cawthron Institute into the management of waste, in particular biosolids, and this has informed the development of frameworks for engaging local communities in the process. In 2016 the project developed a Community Engagement Framework for Biowastes to provide guidelines in effective consultation with communities about the discharge of biowastes to land, and in 2017 another collaborative three-year project with councils aimed to develop a collective biosolids strategy and use the programme in the lower North Island. When the project was reviewed in 2020, the conclusion was that it had shown biosolids can be beneficially reused.
A research paper in 2019, reported on the management considerations around using biosolids as a fertilizer, specifically to account for the complexity of the nutrients reducing the availability for plant uptake, and noted that stakeholders need to "factor in the expected plant availability of the nutrients when
assessing the risk and benefits of these biological materials."
History
As public concern arose about the disposal of increased volumes of solids in the United States being removed from sewage during sewage treatment mandated by the Clean Water Act. The Water Environment Federation (WEF) sought a new name to distinguish the clean, agriculturally viable product generated by modern wastewater treatment from earlier forms of sewage sludge widely remembered for causing offensive or dangerous conditions. Of 300 suggestions, biosolids was attributed to Dr. Bruce Logan of the University of Arizona, and recognized by WEF in 1991.
Examples
Milorganite is the trademark of a biosolids fertilizer produced by the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District. The recycled organic nitrogen fertilizer from the Jones Island Water Reclamation Facility in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is sold throughout North America, reduces the need for manufactured nutrients.
Loop is the trademark of a biosolids soil amendment produced by the King County Wastewater Treatment Division. Loop has been blended into GroCo, a commercially available compost product, since 1976. Several local farms and forests also use Loop directly.
TAGRO is short for "Tacoma Grow" and is produced by the City of Tacoma, Washington, since 1991.
Dillo Dirt has been produced by the City of Austin, Texas, since 1989.
Biosolids are applied as fertilizer in the Central Wheatbelt of Australia as a recycling program by the Water Corporation.
See also
Reuse of excreta
References
^ "Definition of BIOSOLID". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
^ "Beneficial Reuse of Municipal Biosolids in Agriculture | UGA Cooperative Extension". extension.uga.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
^ Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse (4th ed.). Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw Hill, USA. 2003. p. 1449. ISBN 0-07-112250-8.
^ a b "Sewage Sludge/Biosolids Program". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
^ a b c "What are biosolids?". Australian Water Association. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
^ Turovskiy, Izrail S. "Biosolids or Sludge? The Semantics of Terminology". Water and Wastes Digest. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
^ a b c d "Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids" (PDF). Water Environment Federation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
^ Cities Turn Sewage Into 'Black Gold' For Local Farms (2013)
^ a b Smith, S. R. (2009). Organic contaminants in sewage sludge (biosolids) and their significance for agricultural recycling. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 367(1904), 4005-4041
^ Frank, R. (1998). The use of biosolids from wastewater treatment plants in agriculture. Environmental Management and Health, 9(4), 165-169.
^ "Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Report". Biosolids. EPA. 2009.
^ "ISCORS Assessment of Radioactivity in Sewage Sludge: Recommendations on Management of Radioactive Materials in Sewage Sludge and Ash at Publicly Owned Treatment Works" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Interagency Steering Committee on Radiation Standards. April 2004.
^ "Final Action Not to Regulate Dioxins in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge". water.epa.gov. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
^ "CWA Analytical Methods: Contaminants of Emerging Concern". epa.gov. 2 September 2015. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
^ Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey EP, Gaylor MO, Mainor TM, Duff WH (2001). "Flame retardants: Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges". Nature. 412 (6843): 140–141. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..140H. doi:10.1038/35084130. PMID 11449259. S2CID 4395266.
^ "Land Application of Municipal Biosolids". Environmental Health - Toxic Substances. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
^ "Task force named to probe chemical dumping". Charlotte Observer. 2014-02-07.
^ "DHEC Issues Emergency Regulation, Expands Investigation into PCBs Found at Water Treatment Plants". News Releases. South Carolina Dept. of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC). 2013-09-25. Archived from the original on 2013-09-26.
^ "Fish Consumption Advisories". Food Safety. SCDHEC. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
^ Perkins, Tom (22 March 2022). "'I don't know how we'll survive': the farmers facing ruin in Maine's 'forever chemicals' crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
^ "NextGen Water Solutions". UCSB Bren School of Environmental Science & Management. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
^ "Toxic 'forever chemicals' found in Michigan farm's beef". abcNEWS. ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
^ "PFAS Strategic Roadmap: EPA's Commitments to Action 2021-2024". EPA. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
^ "Toxic 'Risk Assessment of Pollutants in Biosolids". EPA. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
^ Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices. National Academy of Sciences. 2002. p. 22. ISBN 0-309-08486-5.
^ "Assessing the Fate of Emerging Pathogens in Biosolids". Water Environment Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 2015-06-14. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
^ "Biosolids FAQ, Questions 17-18". water.epa.gov. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 2015-06-21.
^ Hydromantis, Inc. (2010). "Emerging substances of concern in biosolids: concentrations and effects of treatment processes" (PDF). Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
^ "Biosolids Management". City of Toronto. 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ Vancouver, Metro. "Nutrifor 101 | Metro Vancouver". metrovancouver.org. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ "Halton - Halton's Biosolids Management Program". www.halton.ca. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ "Biosolids Management | RDN". www.rdn.bc.ca. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ US EPA, OW (2016-07-13). "Basic Information about Biosolids". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ "Biosolids Management | RDN". www.rdn.bc.ca. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ US EPA, OW (2016-07-13). "Basic Information about Biosolids". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ "Biogas Utilization Study | City of Barrie". www.barrie.ca. 2024-03-28. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ "Biosolids Master Plan | City of Hamilton". www.hamilton.ca. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ "Application of Municipal Sewage Biosolids to Cropland – Best Management Practices". Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ "A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule, Chapter 2 "Land Application of Biosolids"" (PDF). water.epa.gov. 23 April 2014. p. 31. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
^ Barclay, Eliza (21 January 2014). "Whole Foods Bans Produce Grown With Sludge. But Who Wins?". NPR - The Salt. NPR. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
^ a b Iranpour, R., Cox, H. H. J., Kearney, R. J., Clark, J. H., Pincince, A. B., & Daigger, G. T. (2004). Regulations for biosolids land application in US and European Union. Journal of Residuals Science & Technology, 1(4), 209-22.
^ Clarke, R. M., & Cummins, E. (2015). Evaluation of "classic" and emerging contaminants resulting from the application of biosolids to agricultural lands: A review. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 21(2), 492-513.
^ Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Alessandro Abbà, Andrea Frattarola, Marco Carnevale Miino, Sergio Padovani, Ioannis Katsoyiannis and Vincenzo Torretta. Legislation for the Reuse of Biosolids on Agricultural Land in Europe: Overview. Sustainability 2019, 11(21), 6015. DOI 10.3390/su11216015 - www.mdpi.com
^ Gibbs, Tim (Project coordinator - Management Steering Group) (August 2003). Guidelines for the safe application of biosolids to land in New Zealand (PDF). Water NZ. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
^ Baker, Virginia; et al. (February 2016). "The CIBR/LEI Community Engagement Framework for Biowastes". CIBR Publication Number: 16-02.
^ Horswell, Jacqui; et al. (2017). "Small Community Collective Biosolids Strategy - Lower North Island" (PDF). Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ Lowe Environmental Impact Limited (2020). Part A: A strategy for the collective management of biosolids. Regional Biosolids Strategy: Lower North Island, New Zealand
^ Ellwood, Brian; Paton, Brittany; Loweh, Hamish; Cass, Sian (2019). "Incorporating Biosolids and Wastewater as a Soil Amendment Into Nutrient Budgets and the Associated Environmental Management Considerations" (PDF). Farmed Landscapes Research Centre Massey University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-20.
^ "Biosolids: A Short Explanation and Discussion" (PDF). WEF/U.S. EPA Biosolids Fact Sheet Project. Water Environment Federation. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
^ "About us". Milorganite/Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
^ "What is Loop?". King County Wastewater Treatment Division. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
^ Wesseler, Sarah (2019-11-20). "In King County, Washington, human waste is a climate solution". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
^ "About TAGRO". City of Tacoma. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
^ "TAGRO". City of Tacoma. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
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Category: Sewerage
vteBiosolids, waste, and waste managementMajor types
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Organizations | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biosolid.pumpkin.row.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sewage sludge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_sludge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sewage sludge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_sludge"},{"link_name":"persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent,_bioaccumulative_and_toxic_substances"}],"text":"Pumpkin seedlings planted out on windrows of composted biosolidsBiosolids are solid organic matter recovered from a sewage treatment process and used as fertilizer.[1] In the past, it was common for farmers to use animal manure to improve their soil fertility. In the 1920s, the farming community began also to use sewage sludge from local wastewater treatment plants. Scientific research over many years has confirmed that these biosolids contain similar nutrients to those in animal manures. Biosolids that are used as fertilizer in farming are usually treated to help to prevent disease-causing pathogens from spreading to the public.[2] Some sewage sludge can not qualify as biosolids due to persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals, radionuclides, and heavy metals at levels sufficient to contaminate soil and water when applied to land.","title":"Biosolids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sewage sludge treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment"},{"link_name":"anaerobic digestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion"},{"link_name":"composting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epa-4"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Code of Federal Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations"},{"link_name":"septage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epa-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awa-5"},{"link_name":"sewage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage"},{"link_name":"secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_treatment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwd-6"}],"text":"Biosolids may be defined as organic wastewater solids that can be reused after suitable sewage sludge treatment processes leading to sludge stabilization, such as anaerobic digestion and composting.[3]Alternatively, the definition of biosolids may be restricted by local regulations to wastewater solids only after those solids have completed a specified treatment sequence and have concentrations of pathogens and toxic chemicals below specified levels.[4]The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines the two terms – sewage sludge and biosolids – in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, Part 503 as follows: Sewage sludge refers to the solids separated during the treatment of municipal wastewater (including domestic septage). In contrast, biosolids refers to treated sewage sludge that meets the EPA pollutant and pathogen requirements for land application and surface disposal.[4] A similar definition has been used internationally, for example, in Australia.[5]Use of the term \"biosolids\" may officially be subject to government regulations. However, informal use describes a broad range of semi-solid organic products from sewage or sewage sludge. This could include any solids, slime solids or liquid slurry residue generated during the treatment of domestic wastewater including, scum and solids removed during primary, secondary or advanced treatment processes.[6] Materials that do not conform to the regulatory definition of \"biosolids\" can be given alternative terms like \"wastewater solids.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characteristic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_4522_Testing_for_pathogens_in_agricultural_soil_containing_biosolids.jpg"},{"link_name":"municipal wastewater treatment facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wef-7"},{"link_name":"fertilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-black_gold-8"},{"link_name":"anaerobic digesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion"},{"link_name":"environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_persistent_pharmaceutical_pollutant"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith,_S._R._2009-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith,_S._R._2009-9"}],"sub_title":"Quantities","text":"Testing for human pathogens in cereal crops after the application of biosolidsApproximately 7.1 million dry tons of biosolids were generated in 2004 at approximately 16,500 municipal wastewater treatment facilities in the United States.[7]In the United States, as of 2013 about 55% of sewage solids are used as fertilizer.[8] Challenges faced when increasing the use of biosolids include the capital needed to build anaerobic digesters and the complexity of complying with health regulations. There are also new concerns about micro-pollutions in sewage (e.g. environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants), which make the process of producing high quality biosolids complex.[9] Some municipalities, states or countries have banned the use of biosolids on farmland.[9]","title":"Characteristic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wef-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"sulphur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"boron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron"},{"link_name":"molybdenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum"},{"link_name":"manganese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awa-5"}],"sub_title":"Nutrients","text":"Encouraging agricultural use of biosolids is intended to prevent filling landfills with nutrient-rich organic materials from the treatment of domestic sewage that might be recycled and applied as fertilizer to improve and maintain productive soils and stimulate plant growth.[7] Biosolids can be an ideal agricultural conditioner and fertilizer[10] which can help promote crop growth to feed the increasing population. Biosolids may contain macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur with micronutrients copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, boron, molybdenum and manganese.[5]","title":"Characteristic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synthetic organic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound#Synthetic_compounds"},{"link_name":"radionuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide"},{"link_name":"heavy metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awa-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"arsenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"},{"link_name":"cadmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"selenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wef-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Contaminants from pharmaceuticals and personal care products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent,_bioaccumulative_and_toxic_substances"},{"link_name":"polybrominated diphenyl ethers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ether"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgs-16"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"polychlorinated biphenyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Arturo A. Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_A._Keller"},{"link_name":"Bren School of Environmental Science & Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bren_School_of_Environmental_Science_%26_Management"},{"link_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abcnews-22"},{"link_name":"PFOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFOA"},{"link_name":"PFOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFOS"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Industrial and man-made contaminants","text":"Biosolids contains synthetic organic compounds, radionuclides and heavy metals.[5][11][12] The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set numeric limits for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc but has not regulated dioxin levels.[7][13]Contaminants from pharmaceuticals and personal care products and some steroids and hormones may also be present in biosolids.[14] Substantial levels of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) polybrominated diphenyl ethers were detected in biosolids in 2001.[15]The United States Geological Survey analyzed in 2014 nine different consumer products containing biosolids as a main ingredient for 87 organic chemicals found in cleaners, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and other products. These analysis detected 55 of the 87 organic chemicals measured in at least one of the nine biosolid samples, with as many as 45 chemicals found in a single sample.[16]In 2014, the City of Charlotte, North Carolina, discovered extreme levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in their biosolids after being alerted by that illegal PCB dumping was taking place at regional waste water treatment plants across the state.[17]Biosolids land application in South Carolina was halted in 2013 after an emergency regulation was enacted by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) that outlawed any PCB contaminated biosolids from being land applied regardless if Class A or Class B.[18] Very soon thereafter, SCDHEC expanded PCB fish consumption advisories for nearly every waterway bordering biosolids land application fields.[19]In 2019, the state of Maine found that 95% of sewage sludge produced in the state contained unsafe levels of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) chemicals. Several farms that had spread biosolids as fertilizer were found to have PFAS contaminated soil, groundwater, animals and crops. Hundreds of other farms were potentially similarly contaminated. The state subsequently imposed additional rules restricting biosolids spreading.[20] In 2023, Arturo A. Keller at the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management within the University of California, Santa Barbara began working on solutions to eliminate these PFAS, including creating bio-char fertilizers from the bio-solids.[21]Biosolids used as a fertilizer have resulted in PFAS contamination of beef raised in Michigan.[22]In October 2021 EPA announced the PFAS Strategic Roadmap which includes risk assessment for PFAS (PFOA and PFOS) in biosolids.[23][24]","title":"Characteristic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indicator organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_organism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wef-7"},{"link_name":"helminth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminth"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"sewage sludge treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Pathogens","text":"In the United States the EPA mandates certain treatment processes designed to significantly decrease levels of certain so-called indicator organisms, in biosolids.[7] These include, \"...operational standards for fecal coliforms, Salmonella sp. bacteria, enteric viruses, and viable helminth ova.\"[25]However, the US-based Water Environment Research Foundation has shown that some pathogens do survive sewage sludge treatment.[26]EPA regulations allow only biosolids with no detectable pathogens to be widely applied; those with remaining pathogens are restricted in use.[27]","title":"Characteristic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Anaerobic Digestion: Micro-organisms decompose the sludge in the absence of oxygen either at mesophilic (at 35 °C) or thermophilic (between 50° and 57 °C) temperatures.\nAerobic Digestion: Micro-organisms decompose the sludge in the presence of oxygen either at ambient and mesophilic (10 °C to 40 °C) or auto-thermal (40 °C to 80 °C) temperatures.\nComposting: A biological process where organic matter decomposes to produce humus after the addition of some dry bulking material such as sawdust, wood chips, or shredded yard waste under controlled aerobic conditions.\nAlkaline Treatment: The sludge is mixed with alkaline materials such as lime or cement kiln dust, or incinerator fly ash and maintained at pH above 12 for 24 hours (for Class B) or at temperature 70 °C for 30 minutes (for Class A).\nHeat Drying: Either convention or conduction dryers are used to dry the biosolids\nDewatering: The separation of the water from biosolids is done to obtain a semi-solid or solid product by using a dewatering technologies (centrifuges, belt filter presses, plate and frame filter presses, and drying beds and lagoons).[28]","title":"Different types of biosolids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Metro Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Regional_District"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Halton Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Halton"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The Regional District of Nanaimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_District_of_Nanaimo"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Regional District of Nanaimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_District_of_Nanaimo"},{"link_name":"Duke Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Point,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Biogas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas"},{"link_name":"City of Barrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Ontario Federation of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Federation_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Agriculture - Biosolids as an alternative to Chemical Fertilizers\nBiosolids are similar to animal manure in that they consist of various nutrients and organic materials that support the growth of crops, while also enriching the soil and enhancing its capacity to retain water.[29]\nNutrifor is the brand name of a Biosolid created by Metro Vancouver, Canada, by using biosolids recovered from advanced water treatments. This substance undergoes a process of high-temperature treatment and decomposition by microorganisms to eradicate detrimental bacteria and diminish unpleasant smells. The final outcome is a nutrient-rich, soil-like substance that can be applied directly onto the ground as a fertilizer or incorporated into soil composition.[30]\nThe Halton Region, in Ontario, Canada, has introduced a Biosolids Recycling Program where Biosolids are extracted from Halton's 7 wastewater treatment facilities and are recycled as an agricultural fertilizer and soil conditioner. They follow The Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP) quality and safety standards for Biosolids processing and re-use. On average, The Halton region has produced over 35,000 tonnes of biosolids per year.[31]\nForestry\nBiosolids have been identified to accelerate the growth of timber, which facilitates a faster and more effective growth of a forests. The Regional District of Nanaimo, in BC, Canada, has introduced a award-winning Biosolids management program called Forest Fertilization Program, through which the created biosolids have the potential to enhance the growth of trees in areas with limited nutrients, all the while aligning land utilization practices with forestry activities and recreational pursuits.[32]\nSoil Remediation\nBiosolids have proven effective in promoting the growth of sustainable vegetation, mitigating the presence of harmful substances in soil, managing soil erosion, and revitalizing soil profiles for compromised areas which in turn is crucial for the rehabilitation of sites lacking adequate topsoil.[33]\nThe Regional District of Nanaimo in partnership with Nanaimo Forest Products Ltd. have introduced a Soil Fabrication Program to manufacture soil at the Harmac Mill in Duke Point, British Columbia, Canada. This is also a planned contingency site for GNPCC biosolids[34]\nLawns and Home Gardens\nThe United States Environmental Protection Agency mentions that biosolids that adhere to the most rigorous standards for reducing pollutants, pathogens, and attractiveness to vectors can be bought by individuals from hardware stores, home and garden centers, or directly from their community's wastewater treatment facility.[35]\nBiogas as an alternative Power Source\nThe City of Barrie, in Ontario, Canada has partnered with a Consulting Engineering Firm to convert and optimize Biogas obtained from the Biosolids from their local Wastewater Treatment Facility (WwTF) and to use this Biogas generated from anaerobic digesters as power source for the facility's two cogeneration (cogen) engines and boilers.[36]\nThe City of Hamilton, in Ontario, Canada also has a similar Master Plan for the Biosolids present in the city's Wastewater treatments. In their master plan for the next 20 years, they aim to reduce Biosolids Management and foster the use of the produced Biogas for energy production through co-generation.[37]In a publication by the Government of Canada and the Ontario Federation of Agriculture, the author mentions that using the Land Application method of Biosolids is more cost-effective to taxpayers as compared to the alternative methods of management such as disposal in a landfill.[38]","title":"Different General & Land Applications of Biosolids"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Code of Federal Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"National Organic Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organic_Program"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In the United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, Part 503 governs the management of biosolids. Within that federal regulation biosolids are generally classified differently depending upon the quantity of pollutants they contain and the level of treatment they have been subjected to (the latter of which determines both the level of vector attraction reduction and the level of pathogen reduction). These factors also affect how they may be disseminated (bulk or bagged) and the level of monitoring oversight which, in turn determines where and in what quantity they may be applied.[39] The National Organic Program prohibits the use of biosolids in farming certified organic crops.[40]","title":"Classification systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranpour2004-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranpour2004-41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"European Union","text":"The European Union (EU) was the first to issue regulations for biosolids land application; this aimed to put a limit to the pathogen and pollution risk.[41] These risks come from the fact that some metabolites remain intact after waste water treatment processes.[42] Debates over biosolid use vary in severity across the EU.[41][43]","title":"Classification systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry for the Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2003_Guidelines-44"},{"link_name":"Jacqui Horswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqui_Horswell"},{"link_name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Environmental_Science_and_Research"},{"link_name":"Scion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scion_(Crown_Research_Institute)"},{"link_name":"Landcare Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landcare_Research"},{"link_name":"Cawthron Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawthron_Institute"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Engagement_Framework_for_Biowastes-45"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biosolids_strategy-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regional_strategy_review-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Management_considerations-48"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"In 2003, the Ministry for the Environment and the New Zealand Water & Wastes Association produced the document Guidelines for the safe application of biosolids to land in New Zealand. In the document, biosolids were defined as \"sewage sludges or sewage sludges mixed with other materials that have been treated and/or stabilised to the extent that they are able to be safely and beneficially applied to land... [and noted that they] have significant fertilising and soil conditioning properties as a result of the nutrients and organic materials they contain.\"[44]A New Zealand scientist, Jacqui Horswell later led collaborative research by the Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Scion, Landcare Research and the Cawthron Institute into the management of waste, in particular biosolids, and this has informed the development of frameworks for engaging local communities in the process. In 2016 the project developed a Community Engagement Framework for Biowastes to provide guidelines in effective consultation with communities about the discharge of biowastes to land,[45] and in 2017 another collaborative three-year project with councils aimed to develop a collective biosolids strategy and use the programme in the lower North Island.[46] When the project was reviewed in 2020, the conclusion was that it had shown biosolids can be beneficially reused.[47]A research paper in 2019, reported on the management considerations around using biosolids as a fertilizer, specifically to account for the complexity of the nutrients reducing the availability for plant uptake, and noted that stakeholders need to \"factor in the expected plant availability of the nutrients when\nassessing the risk and benefits of these biological materials.\"[48]","title":"Classification systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sewage treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment"},{"link_name":"Clean Water Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Act"},{"link_name":"Water Environment Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Environment_Federation"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"As public concern arose about the disposal of increased volumes of solids in the United States being removed from sewage during sewage treatment mandated by the Clean Water Act. The Water Environment Federation (WEF) sought a new name to distinguish the clean, agriculturally viable product generated by modern wastewater treatment from earlier forms of sewage sludge widely remembered for causing offensive or dangerous conditions. Of 300 suggestions, biosolids was attributed to Dr. Bruce Logan of the University of Arizona, and recognized by WEF in 1991.[49]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milorganite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milorganite"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"fertilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Metropolitan_Sewerage_District"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-50"},{"link_name":"recycled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling"},{"link_name":"fertilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"},{"link_name":"Jones Island Water Reclamation Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Island_Water_Reclamation_Facility"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"King County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loop-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Tacoma, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tagro-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Dillo Dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo_Dirt"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Central Wheatbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)"}],"text":"Milorganite is the trademark of a biosolids fertilizer produced by the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District.[50] The recycled organic nitrogen fertilizer from the Jones Island Water Reclamation Facility in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is sold throughout North America, reduces the need for manufactured nutrients.\nLoop is the trademark of a biosolids soil amendment produced by the King County Wastewater Treatment Division.[51] Loop has been blended into GroCo, a commercially available compost product, since 1976. Several local farms and forests also use Loop directly.[52]\nTAGRO is short for \"Tacoma Grow\" and is produced by the City of Tacoma, Washington, since 1991.[53][54]\nDillo Dirt has been produced by the City of Austin, Texas, since 1989.\nBiosolids are applied as fertilizer in the Central Wheatbelt of Australia as a recycling program by the Water Corporation.","title":"Examples"}] | [{"image_text":"Pumpkin seedlings planted out on windrows of composted biosolids","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Biosolid.pumpkin.row.jpg/300px-Biosolid.pumpkin.row.jpg"},{"image_text":"Testing for human pathogens in cereal crops after the application of biosolids","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CSIRO_ScienceImage_4522_Testing_for_pathogens_in_agricultural_soil_containing_biosolids.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_4522_Testing_for_pathogens_in_agricultural_soil_containing_biosolids.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Reuse of excreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuse_of_excreta"}] | [{"reference":"\"Definition of BIOSOLID\". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biosolid","url_text":"\"Definition of BIOSOLID\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beneficial Reuse of Municipal Biosolids in Agriculture | UGA Cooperative Extension\". extension.uga.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=SB27&title=Beneficial%20Reuse%20of%20Municipal%20Biosolids%20in%20Agriculture","url_text":"\"Beneficial Reuse of Municipal Biosolids in Agriculture | UGA Cooperative Extension\""}]},{"reference":"Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse (4th ed.). Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw Hill, USA. 2003. p. 1449. ISBN 0-07-112250-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-112250-8","url_text":"0-07-112250-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Sewage Sludge/Biosolids Program\". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epa.gov/region9/water/npdes/sludge.html","url_text":"\"Sewage Sludge/Biosolids Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"What are biosolids?\". Australian Water Association. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150423124151/http://www.biosolids.com.au/what-are-biosolids.php","url_text":"\"What are biosolids?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Water_Association","url_text":"Australian Water Association"},{"url":"http://www.biosolids.com.au/what-are-biosolids.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Turovskiy, Izrail S. \"Biosolids or Sludge? The Semantics of Terminology\". Water and Wastes Digest. Retrieved 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwdmag.com/biosolids-or-sludge-semantics-terminology","url_text":"\"Biosolids or Sludge? The Semantics of Terminology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids\" (PDF). Water Environment Federation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404072822/http://www.nviro.com/files/Biosolids_Facts.pdf","url_text":"\"Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids\""},{"url":"http://www.nviro.com/files/Biosolids_Facts.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Report\". Biosolids. EPA. 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/sewage-sludge-surveys","url_text":"\"Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISCORS Assessment of Radioactivity in Sewage Sludge: Recommendations on Management of Radioactive Materials in Sewage Sludge and Ash at Publicly Owned Treatment Works\" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Interagency Steering Committee on Radiation Standards. April 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/docs/tenorm/832-r-03-002b.pdf","url_text":"\"ISCORS Assessment of Radioactivity in Sewage Sludge: Recommendations on Management of Radioactive Materials in Sewage Sludge and Ash at Publicly Owned Treatment Works\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final Action Not to Regulate Dioxins in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge\". water.epa.gov. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 2015-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/biosolids/dioxinfs.cfm","url_text":"\"Final Action Not to Regulate Dioxins in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge\""}]},{"reference":"\"CWA Analytical Methods: Contaminants of Emerging Concern\". epa.gov. 2 September 2015. 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Retrieved 2015-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/biosolids/upload/2002_06_28_mtb_biosolids_503pe_503pe_2.pdf","url_text":"\"A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule, Chapter 2 \"Land Application of Biosolids\"\""}]},{"reference":"Barclay, Eliza (21 January 2014). \"Whole Foods Bans Produce Grown With Sludge. But Who Wins?\". NPR - The Salt. NPR. Retrieved 26 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/17/263370333/whole-foods-bans-produce-grown-with-sludge-but-who-wins","url_text":"\"Whole Foods Bans Produce Grown With Sludge. But Who Wins?\""}]},{"reference":"Gibbs, Tim (Project coordinator - Management Steering Group) (August 2003). Guidelines for the safe application of biosolids to land in New Zealand (PDF). Water NZ. 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Retrieved 27 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milorganite.com/About","url_text":"\"About us\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Metropolitan_Sewerage_District","url_text":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District"}]},{"reference":"\"What is Loop?\". King County Wastewater Treatment Division. Retrieved 20 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.loopforyoursoil.com/what-is-loop/","url_text":"\"What is Loop?\""}]},{"reference":"Wesseler, Sarah (2019-11-20). \"In King County, Washington, human waste is a climate solution\". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved 2019-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/11/in-king-county-washington-human-waste-is-a-climate-solution/","url_text":"\"In King County, Washington, human waste is a climate solution\""}]},{"reference":"\"About TAGRO\". City of Tacoma. Retrieved 20 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cityoftacoma.org/cms/one.aspx?objectId=16884","url_text":"\"About TAGRO\""}]},{"reference":"\"TAGRO\". City of Tacoma. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_English_High_School | St. Paul's English High School | ["1 History","2 Principals","3 Notable alumni","4 References"] | Coordinates: 24°51′37″N 67°02′10″E / 24.860273°N 67.036171°E / 24.860273; 67.036171
Private primary and secondary school in PakistanSaint Paul's English High SchoolThe school's wingLocationIqbal Shaheed Road, Karachi, SindhPakistanCoordinates24°51′37″N 67°02′10″E / 24.860273°N 67.036171°E / 24.860273; 67.036171InformationOther nameSt. Paul's High SchoolSt. Paul'sTypePrivate primary and secondary schoolMottoLatin: Ad Destinatum Persequor(With zeal and perseverance I strive towards the goal)Religious affiliation(s)CatholicismEstablished1941; 83 years ago (1941)FoundersFranciscan MissionariesRev. Fr. Fulgence KagerGabriel IndriasSylvia PintoLocal authorityCatholic Board of EducationOversightCatholic Board of EducationPrincipalLeonard DiasGenderBoys (Campus A morning)Coed (Campus B morning and afternoon)Age4 to 17Houses4NicknamePaul'sWebsitewww.stpauls.edu.pk
Saint Paul's English High School, often abbreviated as St. Paul's or just Paul's, is a private Catholic primary and secondary school in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The school is divided into two campuses: Campus A and Campus B. The students are divided into the morning and the afternoon shifts, the latter of which is of shorter hours. From 2017, Leonard Dias is the principal.
The two campuses provides kindergarten, elementary, and secondary education, with Sindh Board and O-Levels. The school houses various student facilities, such as a physics, chemistry, biology, and computer studies laboratory, two fully established libraries, a formerly operational mini-zoo, a large playground, a cricket pitch, a basketball court, three canteens and stationery shops, an auditorium, and specific rooms for various arts like traditional art, singing, music etc. The school was established in 1941 in the rooms of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Karachi, then it shifted to opposite of PNS Dilawar, on the site of a former graveyard.
St Paul's English School Campus B is situated on the same grounds as Campus A. Both the Campuses, as of 2017, have their medium of spoken and written language as British English.
History
St. Paul's English High School was first established as an elementary school in 1940 at Kala Pul, Karachi, by the Franciscan Missionaries. It was then shifted to the Braganza Building in Saddar with only 4 grades. A fifth grade was initiated in 1942. Subsequently, the American Military Police took hold of Braganza Building, the school was then shifted to Younis Building on Freré Street. Classes were increased followed by a relocation to the library in St. Patrick's Cathedral. The school saw another relocation to Don Bosco's Orphanage, where it continued to remain partially established up till 1951. The hierarchy at the Catholic Church wanted to dedicate a proper parameter for the school, and with permission from the Pakistani government, they transformed the Churchyard, a former British graveyard, into new grounds for the school's establishment. The entire responsibility of the school was left with Fr. Fulgence Kager, assisted by Fr. James deSouza.
The school saw complete establishment and supposed evolution as the years went by. In 1952, the first batch of students appeared from the school for the annual Secondary School Certificate examinations.
Fr. Kager was shifted to the Archdiocese of Hyderabad, and Fr. Victor Kristen took his place. He remained in charge till 1956, when Fr. Lawry Pereira took his place. The title was later handed over to Fr. Armando Trindade, who augmented a second floor into the school building, along with a Kindergarten and Cambridge Section. After him, Fr. Varkey was appointed as head in 1969, where he was succeeded by Fr. Leslie Colaco in 1973. The responsibility was then handed to Fr. Joseph Paul in 1974, from where it was bestowed upon Fr. Max Rodrigues in 1984. The school celebrated its 50th anniversary, or Golden Jubilee, in 1991. Later the St Paul's Urdu High School and St. Thomas's School were denationalized by the Sindh Government and the responsibility was handed over to the Catholic Board. Fr. Max initiated an afternoon shift in the school premises to house the students of St. Thomas's, headed by Sr. Zita D'Cunha. Fr. Max's supervision saw an end when in the year 2000, Fr. Anthony Martis took his place. Fr. Martis headed the construction of a new wing on school premises, housing the Cambridge section and a well-established library, along with the construction of a second computer science laboratory, a choir room, and an arts and crafts room. The Reverend then continued to inaugurate yet another building opposite to the Cambridge Section, housing most of the upper elementary classes. Mr. Leonard Dias succeeded Fr. Anthony Martis.
In 2013, the school established St. Paul's Model United Nations, an MUN conference headed by the staff and students. A Photographic Society was also established in 2015. The school celebrated its 75th anniversary, or Platinum Jubilee, in the year 2016. The English Literary Society is one of the school's oldest societies and it organizes elocution and declamation events for the students. The school's English Literary Society also conducted the first edition of the school's annual inter-school declamation in November 2017. The school also has an Urdu "Tehzeeb" Society that organizes declamations in the Urdu language.
Ms. Sylvia Pinto and Ms. Safia Hassan are the only Golden Jubilarians of the school to date.
Principals
Fr. Fulgence Kager OFM 1951-58
Fr. Lawrence Pereira 1958-64
Fr. Armando Trindade 1964-73
Fr. Leslie Colaco 1973-74
Fr. Joseph Paul 1974-84
Fr. Max Rodrigues 1984-2000
Fr. Anthony Martis 2000-2014
Mr. Leonard Dias 2014 – present
Notable alumni
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (April 2021)
Bilal U. Haq – marine geoscientist and laureate of France's Prestwich Prize in geology
S. B. John – ghazal singer
Michael Nazir-Ali – Church of England bishop
Qasim Umar – former Pakistani cricketer
Shallum Asher Xavier – Pakistani musician; lead guitarist Fuzön
Faisal Qureshi – Journalist and TV presenter
References
^ "no title". Daily Times. 12 August 2008. p. 12. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
^ a b Ali, G.; Ali, M. (2018). St. Patrick's: A journey of 175 years. Archdiocese of Karachi.
^ "The master vocalist | Political Economy | thenews.com.pk". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ Brown, Andrew (12 January 2002). "Blessed with ambition: Michael Nazir-ali". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
vteSchools in KarachiSchool systems
The City School
The Citizens Foundation Schools
Public
Aisha Bawany Academy
Church Mission School
Jufelhurst School
NJV Government Higher Secondary School
Private
B. V. S. Parsi High School
British Overseas School
The C.A.S. School
Convent of Jesus and Mary
Dawood Public School
Foundation Public School
Habib Public School
Haque Academy
Karachi American School
Karachi Grammar School
KN Academy International Campus
The International School
The Lyceum School
Mama Parsi Girls Secondary School
Quaid-e-Azam Public School
St Joseph's Convent School, Karachi
St. Lawrence's Boys' School
St Lawrence's Convent Girls' School
St. Patrick's High School, Karachi
St Paul's English High School
Washington International School, Karachi
Defunct
Cantonment Public School, Karachi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_school"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_(education)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_education"},{"link_name":"secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"O-Levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCE_Ordinary_Level"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"computer studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_studies"},{"link_name":"laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory"},{"link_name":"libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"cricket pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_pitch"},{"link_name":"basketball court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_court"},{"link_name":"auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium"},{"link_name":"traditional art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_art"},{"link_name":"singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Karachi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sps-2"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"}],"text":"Private primary and secondary school in PakistanSaint Paul's English High School, often abbreviated as St. Paul's or just Paul's, is a private Catholic primary and secondary school in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_(Iggy_Pop_album) | Party (Iggy Pop album) | ["1 Recording","2 Release","3 Critical reception","4 Tour","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","7 Charts","8 Use in media","9 References","10 External links"] | 1981 studio album by Iggy PopPartyStudio album by Iggy PopReleasedJune 1981 (1981-06)RecordedAugust 1980StudioRecord Plant, New York CityGenreDance-rockLength35:23LabelAristaProducer
Thom Panunzio
Tommy Boyce
Iggy Pop chronology
Soldier(1980)
Party(1981)
Zombie Birdhouse(1982)
Singles from Party
"Bang Bang / Sea of Love"Released: May 1981
"Pumpin' for Jill / Time Won't Let Me"Released: 1981
Party is the fifth solo studio album by American rock singer Iggy Pop. It was released in June 1981 by record label Arista. For this record, Pop collaborated with Ivan Kral, who is best known as the guitar and bass player for Patti Smith in the 1970s.
Recording
When Arista heard the album, they brought in former Monkees producer Tommy Boyce to remix "Bang Bang". According to Iggy Pop's autobiography I Need More, he wrote "Bang Bang" because Arista Records wanted a single and he promised them a commercial album. He originally wanted Phil Spector or Mike Chapman to produce the song. Iggy claimed he got the idea for the song from reading The Right Stuff at a local bookstore. "Eggs On Plate" was originally known as "Don't Put the Brakes On Tonight" and was originally written for Mick Ronson.
Release
Party was released in June 1981. The album peaked at number 166 in the Billboard Top 200. "Bang Bang was released as a single the same month, charting at number 35 on the Billboard Club Play Singles Chart.
Party is the last of Pop's three albums with Arista Records, following New Values and Soldier. Buddha reissued the album in 2000 with two bonus tracks: "Speak to Me" and a cool jazz rendition of the standard "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)".
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRobert ChristgauC+The Encyclopedia of Popular Music(The New) Rolling Stone Album GuideSpin Alternative Record Guide4/10
Party has been poorly received by critics.
Charlotte Robinson of PopMatters called it "a bizarre train wreck of an album". Mark Deming of AllMusic wrote: "Part of Iggy Pop's unique sort of integrity is that the man doesn't seem to know how to sell out, even when he tries, and Party, one of the strangest albums of his career, is living proof."
Tour
The Party tour was documented on the Live in San Fran 1981 CD (released in 1983) and DVD (released in 2005). This performance was filmed on November 25, 1981 at the Warfield Theatre on Market Street in San Francisco.
Tour personnel
Iggy Pop – vocals
Carlos Alomar – guitar
Gary Valentine – guitar
Rob Duprey – guitar
Michael Page – bass guitar
Clem Burke – drums
Absent from the tour was the album's guitarist and song co-writer Ivan Král.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Iggy Pop and Ivan Král, except where notedSide 1No.TitleLength1."Pleasure"3:102."Rock and Roll Party"4:113."Eggs on Plate"3:414."Sincerity"2:385."Houston Is Hot Tonight"3:30
Side 2No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Pumpin' for Jill" 4:302."Happy Man" 2:193."Bang Bang" 4:084."Sea of Love"George Khoury, Phil Phillips3:495."Time Won't Let Me"Tom King, Chet Kelly3:22
CD reissue bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Length11."Speak to Me" 2:3912."One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)"Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer4:05
Personnel
Iggy Pop – vocals
Ivan Kral – guitar, keyboards
Rob Duprey – guitar
Michael Page – bass guitar
Dougie Bowne – drums
Jimmy Whizner – arrangements on "Sea of Love", "Bang Bang" and "Time Won't Let Me"
Uptown Horns – brass on "Pleasure", "Sincerity", "Houston Is Hot Tonight" and "Happy Man"
Charts
Chart performance for Party
Chart (1981)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
93
US Billboard 200
166
Use in media
The song "Pumpin' for Jill" was featured in the second-season episode Chuck Versus the Ex of Chuck.
References
^ a b c Deming, Mark. "Party – Iggy Pop". AllMusic. Archived from the original on July 14, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
^ "Iggy Pop singles- Bang Bang". Archived from the original on 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
^ "Iggy Pop singles- Pumpin' for Jill". Retrieved 2021-08-28.
^ Larkin, Colin (2011). "Iggy Pop". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.
^ Christgau, Robert. "Robert Christgau: CG: Iggy Pop". robertchristgau.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
^ Coleman, Mark; Kemp, Rob (2004). "Iggy Pop". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). (The New) Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York City: Simon & Schuster. pp. 645–46. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
^ Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. 1995. p. 378.
^ Robinson, Charlotte (February 5, 2003). "The Weird Trilogy: Iggy Pop's Arista Recordings | PopMatters". PopMatters. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
^ "allmusic - Live in San Fran 1981 - 1983 CD;,Target Records (4438) US". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 2016-03-13. Retrieved 2015-07-13.
^ "Discogs - Live in San Fran 1981 - 2007 CD, MVD Audio (MVDA4679) US". Discogs. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2015-07-13.
^ "allmusic - Live in San Fran 1981 - 2007-December-11th CD, MVD Audio / Thousand Miles (MVDA 4679) US". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2015-07-13.
^ "IMDb - Live in San Fran 1981 - 2005-04-19th DVD, Target Video (DR-4438) US". IMDb. Archived from the original on 2017-02-10. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 236. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ "Iggy Pop Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
^ "Chuck: "Chuck Vs. The Ex"". The A.V. Club. 10 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
External links
Party at Discogs (list of releases)
vteIggy PopStudio albumsSolo
The Idiot
Lust for Life
New Values
Soldier
Party
Zombie Birdhouse
Blah-Blah-Blah
Instinct
Brick by Brick
American Caesar
Naughty Little Doggie
Avenue B
Beat 'Em Up
Skull Ring
Préliminaires
Après
Post Pop Depression
Free
Every Loser
with James WilliamsonKill CityLive albums
TV Eye Live 1977
Roadkill Rising: The Bootleg Collection 1977–2009
Compilation albums
Nude & Rude: The Best of Iggy Pop
A Million in Prizes: The Anthology
Singles
"China Girl"
"Lust for Life"
"The Passenger"
"Bang Bang"
"Real Wild Child (Wild One)"
"Candy"
"Well, Did You Evah!"
"Kick It"
"Gardenia"
"I Wanna Be Your Slave"
Other songs
"Funtime"
"Nightclubbing"
"Tonight"
Related articles
Discography
The Iguanas
The Prime Movers
The Stooges
David Bowie
Sable Starr
The Trolls
Post Pop Depression Tour
Teatime Dub Encounters
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"Arista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Records"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kral"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"}],"text":"Party is the fifth solo studio album by American rock singer Iggy Pop. It was released in June 1981 by record label Arista. 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Retrieved 2015-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/release/3630592","url_text":"\"Discogs - Live in San Fran 1981 - 2007 CD, MVD Audio (MVDA4679) US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310182723/https://www.discogs.com/release/3630592","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"allmusic - Live in San Fran 1981 - 2007-December-11th CD, MVD Audio / Thousand Miles (MVDA 4679) US\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2015-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/live-in-san-fran-1981-mr0000612325","url_text":"\"allmusic - Live in San Fran 1981 - 2007-December-11th CD, MVD Audio / Thousand Miles (MVDA 4679) US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210910170539/https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/live-in-san-fran-1981-mr0000612325","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IMDb - Live in San Fran 1981 - 2005-04-19th DVD, Target Video (DR-4438) US\". IMDb. Archived from the original on 2017-02-10. Retrieved 2018-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1169988/","url_text":"\"IMDb - Live in San Fran 1981 - 2005-04-19th DVD, Target Video (DR-4438) US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170210083348/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1169988/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 236. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck: \"Chuck Vs. The Ex\"\". The A.V. Club. 10 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/chuck-vs-the-ex,13341","url_text":"\"Chuck: \"Chuck Vs. The Ex\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. 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The Ex\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121010182508/http://www.avclub.com/articles/chuck-vs-the-ex,13341/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/38157","external_links_name":"Party"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/8fa11a60-f7ab-3e34-b816-7f64086ce8c4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Wistar_Hodge_Sr. | Caspar Wistar Hodge Sr. | ["1 References"] | Caspar Wistar Hodge Sr. (February 21, 1830 – September 27, 1891) was an American theologian. Like his father Charles Hodge, he taught at Princeton Theological Seminary, serving as Professor of New Testament.
Hodge studied at the College of New Jersey and Princeton Seminary. He taught at the seminary from 1861 until his death.
Hodge published very little work. James H. Moorhead suggests that "his father's commanding reputation may have set the bar of achievement so high that Wistar was reluctant to put his thoughts into print." Moorhead also notes that although his theological convictions "represented the rock-ribbed orthodoxy for which his father had contended," the younger Hodge "did not see himself as a controversialist".
Hodge's son, Caspar Wistar Hodge Jr., also taught at Princeton Seminary.
References
^ Moorhead, James H. (2012). Princeton Seminary in American Religion and Culture. Eerdmans. p. 225. ISBN 9780802867520. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
vtePrinceton Theological SeminaryPrincipals
Archibald Alexander
Charles Hodge
Archibald Alexander Hodge
B. B. Warfield
Presidents
Francis Landey Patton
J. Ross Stevenson
John A. Mackay
James I. McCord
Thomas W. Gillespie
Iain R. Torrance
M. Craig Barnes
FacultyFounding
Samuel Miller
Former
Charles Augustus Aiken
James Waddel Alexander
Joseph Addison Alexander
Diogenes Allen
Oswald Thompson Allis
Lyman Hotchkiss Atwater
Charles Louis Bartow
Henry Augustus Boardman
Sally A. Brown
Emil Brunner
Donald Eric Capps
James H. Charlesworth
Ellen Tabitha Charry
Darrell J. Doughty
Jane Dempsey Douglass
Nancy J. Duff
Elizabeth Gordon Edwards
Charles R. Erdman, Sr.
Abigail Rian Evans
Cain Hope Felder
Richard Kimball Fenn
Karlfried Froehlich
Freda Gardner
Bertil Gärtner
Beverly Roberts Gaventa
L. Gordon Graham
Darrell Guder
Scott Hampton Hendrix
John Hick
Caspar Wistar Hodge Jr.
Caspar Wistar Hodge Sr.
Dean Hoge
Elmer George Homrighausen
Deborah van Deusen Hunsinger
Robert Jenson
William Stacy Johnson
Donald Juel
James Franklin Kay
James Norvell Lapsley, Jr.
Sang Hyun Lee
J. Gresham Machen
Conrad Harry Massa
Bruce Metzger
Bruce McCormack
Daniel V. McLean
Elsie McKee
Kathleen Elizabeth McVey
Daniel Migliore
Patrick D. Miller
James Howell Moorhead
Markus Mühling
John Murray
Hughes Oliphant Old
Richard Robert Osmer
Peter Junior Paris
Luis N. Rivera-Pagán
J. J. M. Roberts
Paul Edward Rorem
Katharine Doob Sakenfeld
Choon-Leong Seow
Richard Shaull
James H. Smylie
Max Lynn Stackhouse
John William Stewart
Loren Stuckenbruck
Georges Tavard
Wentzel van Huyssteen
Cornelius Van Til
Geerhardus Vos
Robert Dick Wilson
Present
Afeosemine Adogame
Dale Allison Jr.
Kenneth Glenn Appold
Eric D. Barreto
Raimundo César Barreto, Jr.
Carl Clifton Black II
Lisa Marie Bowens
John Rennell Bowlin
Michael Allen Brothers
Heath W. Carter
Ki Joo Choi
Keri L. Day
Kenda Creasy Dean
James Clifford Deming
F. W. Dobbs-Allsopp
Robert Craig Dykstra
Mary K. Farag
Nancy Lammers Gross
Thomas John Hastings
Jay-Paul Hinds
George Hunsinger
Elaine T. James
Amelia Kennedy
Jacqueline Evangeline Lapsley
Cleophus James LaRue, Jr.
Bo Karen Lee
Gerald C. Liu
Gordon Stanley Mikoski
Margarita A. Mooney Suarez
Dennis Thorald Olson
George Lewis Parsenios
Hanna Reichel
Dirk Jacobus Smit
Mark S. Smith
Nathan Stucky
Mark Lewis Taylor
Martin Tel
Kimberly Wagner
Richard Fox Young
Publications
The Princeton Theological Review
RelatedDenominations
Presbyterian Church (USA)
Seminaries
Westminster Theological Seminary
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This article about a theologian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Caspar Wistar Hodge Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Wistar_Hodge_Jr."}],"text":"Hodge studied at the College of New Jersey and Princeton Seminary. He taught at the seminary from 1861 until his death.Hodge published very little work. James H. Moorhead suggests that \"his father's commanding reputation may have set the bar of achievement so high that Wistar was reluctant to put his thoughts into print.\" Moorhead also notes that although his theological convictions \"represented the rock-ribbed orthodoxy for which his father had contended,\" the younger Hodge \"did not see himself as a controversialist\".[1]Hodge's son, Caspar Wistar Hodge Jr., also taught at Princeton Seminary.","title":"Caspar Wistar Hodge Sr."}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Moorhead, James H. (2012). Princeton Seminary in American Religion and Culture. Eerdmans. p. 225. ISBN 9780802867520. Retrieved 22 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NCaC0eOyHAgC&pg=PA225","url_text":"Princeton Seminary in American Religion and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdmans","url_text":"Eerdmans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802867520","url_text":"9780802867520"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NCaC0eOyHAgC&pg=PA225","external_links_name":"Princeton Seminary in American Religion and Culture"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/347658/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1707498","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyMj9rQpyxKgVMYJryGHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94108959","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspar_Wistar_Hodge_Sr.&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/85th_and_Manchester_%22Three_Trails%22_Trail_Segment | 85th and Manchester "Three Trails" Trail Segment | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 38°58′13″N 94°29′55″W / 38.97028°N 94.49861°W / 38.97028; -94.49861Historic trail segment in Missouri, US
United States historic place85th and Manchester "Three Trails" Trail SegmentU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Show map of MissouriShow map of the United StatesLocationNorthwestern corner of the junction of 85th and Manchester, Kansas City, MissouriCoordinates38°58′13″N 94°29′55″W / 38.97028°N 94.49861°W / 38.97028; -94.49861Area1.22 acres (0.49 ha)MPSSanta Fe Trail MPSNRHP reference No.12000525Added to NRHPAugust 22, 2012
85th and Manchester "Three Trails" Trail Segment is a historic Santa Fe Trail segment located at Kansas City, Jackson County, Missouri. The segment is a deep and wide swale that diverges around a natural rock outcrop and measures approximately 390 feet (120 m) long. The segment may have been on the route of the original Santa Fe trading expedition led by William Becknell in 1821.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.
References
^ a b "Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 8/27/12 through 8/31/12". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. September 7, 2012.
^ Patterson, Tiffany (December 2011). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: 85th and Manchester 'Three Trails' Trail Segment" (PDF). Missouri Department of Natural Resources. pp. 5–6. Retrieved March 1, 2017. (includes 4 photographs from 2011)
This article about a property in Kansas City, Missouri on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Fe Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"William Becknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Becknell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNR-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-1"}],"text":"Historic trail segment in Missouri, USUnited States historic place85th and Manchester \"Three Trails\" Trail Segment is a historic Santa Fe Trail segment located at Kansas City, Jackson County, Missouri. The segment is a deep and wide swale that diverges around a natural rock outcrop and measures approximately 390 feet (120 m) long. The segment may have been on the route of the original Santa Fe trading expedition led by William Becknell in 1821.[2]It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.[1]","title":"85th and Manchester \"Three Trails\" Trail Segment"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 8/27/12 through 8/31/12\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. September 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20120907.htm","url_text":"\"Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 8/27/12 through 8/31/12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Tiffany (December 2011). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: 85th and Manchester 'Three Trails' Trail Segment\" (PDF). Missouri Department of Natural Resources. pp. 5–6. Retrieved March 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/12000525.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: 85th and Manchester 'Three Trails' Trail Segment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Department_of_Natural_Resources","url_text":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=85th_and_Manchester_%22Three_Trails%22_Trail_Segment¶ms=38_58_13_N_94_29_55_W_type:landmark_region:US-MO","external_links_name":"38°58′13″N 94°29′55″W / 38.97028°N 94.49861°W / 38.97028; -94.49861"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=85th_and_Manchester_%22Three_Trails%22_Trail_Segment¶ms=38_58_13_N_94_29_55_W_type:landmark_region:US-MO","external_links_name":"38°58′13″N 94°29′55″W / 38.97028°N 94.49861°W / 38.97028; -94.49861"},{"Link":"http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/64500224.pdf","external_links_name":"Santa Fe Trail MPS"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/12000525","external_links_name":"12000525"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20120907.htm","external_links_name":"\"Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 8/27/12 through 8/31/12\""},{"Link":"http://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/12000525.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: 85th and Manchester 'Three Trails' Trail Segment\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=85th_and_Manchester_%22Three_Trails%22_Trail_Segment&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_(card_game) | Emperor (card game) | ["1 History","2 Rules","3 See also","4 Footnotes","5 References","6 Bibliography"] | EmperorA Patience gameOriginEnglandAlternative namesThe Emperor, Emperor PatienceTypeSimple packerFamilyNapoleon at St HelenaDeckDouble 52-cardRelated gamesDeauville, Dress Parade, Rank and File
Emperor is an English patience or solitaire card game which is played using two packs of playing cards. Although similar to other members of the large Napoleon at St Helena family, Emperor introduced the unique and distinguishing feature of worrying back as well as the novel term "sealed packet".
Emperor is not to be confused with another patience sometimes called the Emperor of Germany.
History
Rules for Emperor Patience appear in the 1890 edition of Mary Whitmore Jones' series of Games of Patience, the game featuring a new procedure known as 'worrying back' as well as the novel term "sealed packet". However these early rules were vague on the use of the rubbish heap and whether sequences could be moved between tableau piles. These issues are clarified in Tarbart's account of Emperor in 1901: only single cards, not sequences, could be moved, and the top card of the rubbish heap was available for play. This early form of Emperor appears to have survived until the 1960s.
From the 1930s, accounts appear that allow entire sequences to be moved and this rule has become the norm. The accounts also vary in the use of the rubbish heap or wastepile; in some cases, once the stock is used up, a reserve of three cards is allowed, which may be replenished from the talon as cards are played from it.
Emperor is sometimes equated in the literature to two other members of the Napoleon at St Helena family – Rank and File or Dress Parade and Deauville – probably because they are the only ones that share the same tableau layout. However, neither has the worrying back feature. The first appeared during the First World War as Rank and File, but, in later accounts, also as Dress Parade, perhaps to distinguish it from an earlier unrelated game also called Rank and File. Like modern Emperor, but unlike most games of the family, sequences could be moved from pile to pile. In 1939, rules for the second relative, Deauville, were published in which only single cards could be moved.
Rules
The goal is to put the aces in the foundations as soon as they are available and build each foundation up in suit sequence to the king.
Forty cards are set up into ten columns of four cards each. Each column should have its bottom three cards face down (collectively known as a 'sealed packet') and its top card face up.
All the exposed (face-up) cards are available for play, to be built on the foundations or on other exposed cards on the tableau. When the top card of a column is played, it 'opens the sealed packet' i.e. the downcard beneath it is turned face-up and becomes exposed (i.e. it is now available to be played). Building in the tableau happens in descending order and by alternating color. Modern rule sets allow moving of packed sequences as a single unit, while the earlier rule sets do not permit this.
When all possible moves are made, the talon or stock is dealt one at a time. A card that cannot be played yet onto tableau or on the foundations is placed on the waste pile, the top card of which is available for play.
The game ends soon after the stock has run out. The game is won when all cards are built onto the foundations.
See also
List of patiences and solitaires
Glossary of patience and solitaire terms
Footnotes
^ Dalton records it in 1967.
^ An early example is Coops (1939), but she is followed by Moyse (1950), Hervey (1977), and Magna (1993).
^ For example, Moyse (1950) and Hervey (1977).
^ See, for example, Hervey (1977).
References
^ Whitmore Jones (1890), pp. 72–74.
^ "Tarbart" (1901), PP. 93–95.
^ Dalton (1948), pp. 84–87.
^ Coops (1939), p. 14.
^ Moyse (1950), p. 96.
^ Hervey (1977), pp. 92–94.
^ Magna (1993), p. 67.
^ Bergholt (1917), pp. 38–43.
^ Phillips & Westall (1939), pp. 233–234.
Bibliography
Dalton, Basil (1948, 1964, 1967). The Complete Patience Book. John Baker. 234 pp.
Hervey, George F. (1977). The Illustrated Book of Card Games for One. London & NY: Hamlyn.
Kansil, Joli Quentin (1999), ed. "Emperor" (p.311) in Bicycle Official Rules of Card Games. ISBN 1-889752-06-1
Moyse, Alphonse (1950). 150 Ways to Play Solitaire. Cincinnati: USPCC.
Parlett, David (1979). The Penguin Book of Patience, London: Penguin. ISBN 0-7139-1193-X
Phillips, Hubert and Westall B.C. (1939,43,44,45). The Complete Book of Card Games. London: Witherby.
"Tarbart" (1901). Games of Patience. De La Rue.
Whitmore Jones, Mary (1890). Games of Patience for One or More Players. 2nd Series. London: L. Upcott Gill. NY: Scribner’s.
vtePatience or Solitaire by type - (list, glossary)Closed gamesSimple builders
Amazons
Auld Lang Syne
Birthday
The Clock
Clock
Cotillion (Contradance)
Leoni's Own
Musical (Betsy Ross, Fairest, Four Kings, Plus Belle, Quadruple Alliance)
Precedence
Quadrille (La Française; Captive Queens)
Reserved builders
Carpet
Eagle Wing
Golf
Duchess of Luynes (Grand Duchess)
Queen's/King's Audience
Matrimony
Monte Carlo
Moojub
Odd and Even
Patriarchs
Pyramid
Royal Cotillion
Royal Rendezvous
Sultan (Emperor of Germany)
Tri Peaks
Windmill
Simple packers
Batsford
Big Ben
British Constitution
British Square
Congress
Corona
Deauville
Deuces
Diplomat
Emperor
Following
Fortune's Favor
Four Seasons
Gargantua
Herring-Bone
Klondike
Napoleon at St Helena (Forty Thieves)
Napoleon's Square
Red and Black
Westcliff
Reserved packers
Acme
Alhambra
American Toad
Backbone
Canfield
Casket
Crazy Quilt
Duchess
Gate
The Plot
Queen of Italy (Terrace)
Seven Devils
Closed non-builders
Accordion
Aces Up
Baroness (Five Piles, Thirteens)
Decade
Eight Cards
Elevens
Frustration
Good Thirteen
Herz zu Herz
Hit or Miss
Hope Deferred
Nidgi Novgorod
Perpetual Motion (Narcotic)
Royal Flush
Royal Marriage
Travellers (Four of a Kind, Hidden Cards, Hide & Seek, Spoilt, Wandering Card)
Half-open gamesBuilders
Interregnum
Royal Parade
Tournament
Virginia Reel
Blockades
Babette
British Blockade
Labyrinth
Planners
Calculation
Colorado
Colours
Cribbage Squares
Frog
Imaginary Thirteen
Jubilee
Poker Squares
Puss in the Corner
Rosamund's Bower
Sir Tommy
Packers
Agnes
Algerian
Blockade
Box Kite
Bristol
Four Corners
Heads and Tails
Intelligence
Martha
Miss Milligan
Mount Olympus
Pyramide
Russian Solitaire
St. Helena
Stonewall
Yukon
Zodiac
Spiders
German Patience
Rouge et Noir
Scorpion
Simple Simon
Spider
Open gamesOpen builders
Archway
Black Hole
Crescent
Intrigue
Salic Law
Stalactites
Open packers
Baker's Dozen
Baker's Game
Beleaguered Castle
Bisley
Capricieuse
Eight Off
Flower Garden (Bouquet)
Fortress
FreeCell
Grandfather's Clock
House in the Woods
King Albert
La Belle Lucie
Mrs. Mop
Päckchen
Penguin
Persian
Russian Patience
Seahaven Towers
Shamrocks
Open non-builders
Fourteen Out
Gaps (Montana)
Gay Gordons (Exit)
Maze
Nestor
Competitive games
Australian Patience
Double Klondike (Double Solitaire)
Kings in the Corner
Nerts (Pounce, Racing Demon)
Russian Bank (Crapette)
Speed
Spite and Malice
Spit | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patience_(game)"},{"link_name":"solitaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitaire_(game)"},{"link_name":"card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game"},{"link_name":"playing cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_card"},{"link_name":"Napoleon at St Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_at_St_Helena"},{"link_name":"worrying back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worrying_back"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_(solitaire)"}],"text":"Emperor is an English patience or solitaire card game which is played using two packs of playing cards. Although similar to other members of the large Napoleon at St Helena family, Emperor introduced the unique and distinguishing feature of worrying back as well as the novel term \"sealed packet\".Emperor is not to be confused with another patience sometimes called the Emperor of Germany.","title":"Emperor (card game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Whitmore Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Whitmore_Jones"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-1"},{"link_name":"rubbish heap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubbish_heap"},{"link_name":"tableau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableau_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"available","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Available_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tarbart-2"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergholt-11"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips-13"}],"text":"Rules for Emperor Patience appear in the 1890 edition of Mary Whitmore Jones' series of Games of Patience,[1] the game featuring a new procedure known as 'worrying back' as well as the novel term \"sealed packet\". However these early rules were vague on the use of the rubbish heap and whether sequences could be moved between tableau piles. These issues are clarified in Tarbart's account of Emperor in 1901: only single cards, not sequences, could be moved, and the top card of the rubbish heap was available for play.[2] This early form of Emperor appears to have survived until the 1960s.[a]\nFrom the 1930s, accounts appear that allow entire sequences to be moved and this rule has become the norm.[b] The accounts also vary in the use of the rubbish heap or wastepile; in some cases, once the stock is used up, a reserve of three cards is allowed, which may be replenished from the talon as cards are played from it.[c]Emperor is sometimes equated in the literature to two other members of the Napoleon at St Helena family – Rank and File or Dress Parade and Deauville – probably because they are the only ones that share the same tableau layout. However, neither has the worrying back feature. The first appeared during the First World War as Rank and File,[8] but, in later accounts, also as Dress Parade, perhaps to distinguish it from an earlier unrelated game also called Rank and File. Like modern Emperor, but unlike most games of the family, sequences could be moved from pile to pile.[d] In 1939, rules for the second relative, Deauville, were published in which only single cards could be moved.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"available","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Available_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"suit sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suit_sequence"},{"link_name":"columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columns_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"top card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_card"},{"link_name":"exposed (face-up) cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposed_card"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"tableau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableau_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"downcard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downcard_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"beneath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneath_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"alternating color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_color"},{"link_name":"packed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packed_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"talon or stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_(patience_term)"},{"link_name":"waste pile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_pile_(patience_term)"}],"text":"The goal is to put the aces in the foundations as soon as they are available and build each foundation up in suit sequence to the king.Forty cards are set up into ten columns of four cards each. Each column should have its bottom three cards face down (collectively known as a 'sealed packet') and its top card face up.All the exposed (face-up) cards are available for play, to be built on the foundations or on other exposed cards on the tableau. When the top card of a column is played, it 'opens the sealed packet' i.e. the downcard beneath it is turned face-up and becomes exposed (i.e. it is now available to be played). Building in the tableau happens in descending order and by alternating color. Modern rule sets allow moving of packed sequences as a single unit, while the earlier rule sets do not permit this.When all possible moves are made, the talon or stock is dealt one at a time. A card that cannot be played yet onto tableau or on the foundations is placed on the waste pile, the top card of which is available for play.The game ends soon after the stock has run out. The game is won when all cards are built onto the foundations.","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dalton-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coops-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyse-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hervey-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magna-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ Dalton records it in 1967.[3]\n\n^ An early example is Coops (1939),[4] but she is followed by Moyse (1950),[5] Hervey (1977),[6] and Magna (1993).[7]\n\n^ For example, Moyse (1950) and Hervey (1977).\n\n^ See, for example, Hervey (1977).","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-889752-06-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-889752-06-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7139-1193-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-1193-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Patience"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Patience"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patience"},{"link_name":"Patience or Solitaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patience_(game)"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_patience_games"},{"link_name":"glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_patience_terms"},{"link_name":"Amazons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazons_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Auld Lang Syne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazons_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_(patience)"},{"link_name":"The Clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clock_(patience)"},{"link_name":"Clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Cotillion (Contradance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contradance_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Leoni's Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoni%27s_Own"},{"link_name":"Musical (Betsy Ross, Fairest, Four Kings, Plus Belle, Quadruple Alliance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedence_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Quadrille (La Française; Captive Queens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrille_(patience)"},{"link_name":"Carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Eagle Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Wing"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_(patience)"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Luynes (Grand Duchess)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Luynes"},{"link_name":"Queen's/King's Audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Audience"},{"link_name":"Matrimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimony_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Moojub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moojub"},{"link_name":"Odd and Even","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_and_Even"},{"link_name":"Patriarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchs_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Royal Cotillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Cotillion"},{"link_name":"Royal Rendezvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Rendezvous"},{"link_name":"Sultan (Emperor of Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Tri Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_Peaks_(game)"},{"link_name":"Windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Batsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsford_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Big Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"British Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Constitution_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"British Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Square"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Deauville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deauville_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Deuces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuces_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Following_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Fortune's Favor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune%27s_Favor"},{"link_name":"Four Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Seasons_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Gargantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargantua_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Herring-Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring-Bone_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Klondike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Napoleon at St Helena (Forty Thieves)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_at_St_Helena"},{"link_name":"Napoleon's Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_Square"},{"link_name":"Red and Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_and_Black_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Westcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcliff_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Acme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acme_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"American Toad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Toad_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Backbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Canfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canfield_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Casket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casket_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Crazy Quilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Quilt_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Duchess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"The Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plot"},{"link_name":"Queen of Italy (Terrace)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Seven Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Devils"},{"link_name":"Accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Aces Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aces_Up"},{"link_name":"Baroness (Five Piles, Thirteens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroness_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Eight Cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Cards"},{"link_name":"Elevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevens"},{"link_name":"Frustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustration_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Good Thirteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Thirteen"},{"link_name":"Herz zu Herz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Deferred"},{"link_name":"Hit or Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_or_Miss_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Hope Deferred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Deferred"},{"link_name":"Nidgi Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Perpetual Motion (Narcotic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_Motion_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Royal Flush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flush_(game)"},{"link_name":"Royal Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marriage"},{"link_name":"Travellers (Four of a Kind, Hidden Cards, Hide & Seek, Spoilt, Wandering Card)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travellers_(card_game)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_Cardgame-3.svg"},{"link_name":"Interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Royal Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Parade_(patience)"},{"link_name":"Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Virginia Reel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Reel_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Babette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babette_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"British Blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Blockade"},{"link_name":"Labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Calculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculation_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_(game)"},{"link_name":"Colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colours_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Cribbage Squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cribbage_Squares"},{"link_name":"Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_(patience)"},{"link_name":"Imaginary Thirteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_Thirteen"},{"link_name":"Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Poker Squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Squares"},{"link_name":"Puss in the Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puss_in_the_Corner"},{"link_name":"Rosamund's Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund%27s_Bower"},{"link_name":"Sir Tommy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Tommy"},{"link_name":"Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Algerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Box Kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Kite_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners_(patience)"},{"link_name":"Heads and Tails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_and_Tails_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Martha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Miss Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Milligan"},{"link_name":"Mount Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Pyramide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramide_(patience)"},{"link_name":"Russian Solitaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"St. Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Zodiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"German Patience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Patience"},{"link_name":"Rouge et Noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_et_Noir_(patience)"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Simple Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Simon_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Archway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archway_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Black Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hole_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Intrigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrigue_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Salic Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_Law_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Stalactites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalactites_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Baker's Dozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%27s_Dozen_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Baker's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%27s_Game"},{"link_name":"Beleaguered Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleaguered_Castle"},{"link_name":"Bisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisley_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Capricieuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricieuse"},{"link_name":"Eight Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Off"},{"link_name":"Flower Garden (Bouquet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_Garden_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"FreeCell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeCell"},{"link_name":"Grandfather's Clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfather%27s_Clock"},{"link_name":"House in the Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_in_the_Woods"},{"link_name":"King Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Albert_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"La Belle Lucie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Belle_Lucie"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Mop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Mop"},{"link_name":"Päckchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4ckchen"},{"link_name":"Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Patience"},{"link_name":"Russian Patience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricieuse"},{"link_name":"Seahaven Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahaven_Towers"},{"link_name":"Shamrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrocks"},{"link_name":"Fourteen Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Out"},{"link_name":"Gaps (Montana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaps"},{"link_name":"Gay Gordons (Exit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Gordons_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Maze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Nestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"Australian Patience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Patience"},{"link_name":"Double Klondike (Double Solitaire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Klondike"},{"link_name":"Kings in the Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_in_the_Corner"},{"link_name":"Nerts (Pounce, Racing Demon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerts"},{"link_name":"Russian Bank (Crapette)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Bank"},{"link_name":"Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Spite and Malice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spite_and_Malice"},{"link_name":"Spit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spit_(card_game)"}],"text":"Dalton, Basil (1948, 1964, 1967). The Complete Patience Book. John Baker. 234 pp.\nHervey, George F. (1977). The Illustrated Book of Card Games for One. London & NY: Hamlyn.\nKansil, Joli Quentin (1999), ed. \"Emperor\" (p.311) in Bicycle Official Rules of Card Games. ISBN 1-889752-06-1\nMoyse, Alphonse (1950). 150 Ways to Play Solitaire. Cincinnati: USPCC.\nParlett, David (1979). The Penguin Book of Patience, London: Penguin. ISBN 0-7139-1193-X\nPhillips, Hubert and Westall B.C. (1939,43,44,45). The Complete Book of Card Games. London: Witherby.\n\"Tarbart\" (1901). Games of Patience. De La Rue.\nWhitmore Jones, Mary (1890). Games of Patience for One or More Players. 2nd Series. London: L. Upcott Gill. NY: Scribner’s.vtePatience or Solitaire by type - (list, glossary)Closed gamesSimple builders\nAmazons\nAuld Lang Syne\nBirthday\nThe Clock\nClock\nCotillion (Contradance)\nLeoni's Own\nMusical (Betsy Ross, Fairest, Four Kings, Plus Belle, Quadruple Alliance)\nPrecedence\nQuadrille (La Française; Captive Queens)\nReserved builders\nCarpet\nEagle Wing\nGolf\nDuchess of Luynes (Grand Duchess)\nQueen's/King's Audience\nMatrimony\nMonte Carlo\nMoojub\nOdd and Even\nPatriarchs\nPyramid\nRoyal Cotillion\nRoyal Rendezvous\nSultan (Emperor of Germany)\nTri Peaks\nWindmill\nSimple packers\nBatsford\nBig Ben\nBritish Constitution\nBritish Square\nCongress\nCorona\nDeauville\nDeuces\nDiplomat\nEmperor\nFollowing\nFortune's Favor\nFour Seasons\nGargantua\nHerring-Bone\nKlondike\nNapoleon at St Helena (Forty Thieves)\nNapoleon's Square\nRed and Black\nWestcliff\nReserved packers\nAcme\nAlhambra\nAmerican Toad\nBackbone\nCanfield\nCasket\nCrazy Quilt\nDuchess\nGate\nThe Plot\n Queen of Italy (Terrace)\nSeven Devils\nClosed non-builders\nAccordion\nAces Up\nBaroness (Five Piles, Thirteens)\nDecade\nEight Cards\nElevens\nFrustration\nGood Thirteen\nHerz zu Herz\nHit or Miss\nHope Deferred\nNidgi Novgorod\nPerpetual Motion (Narcotic)\nRoyal Flush\nRoyal Marriage\nTravellers (Four of a Kind, Hidden Cards, Hide & Seek, Spoilt, Wandering Card)\nHalf-open gamesBuilders\nInterregnum\nRoyal Parade\nTournament\nVirginia Reel\nBlockades\nBabette\nBritish Blockade\nLabyrinth\nPlanners\nCalculation\nColorado\nColours\nCribbage Squares\nFrog\nImaginary Thirteen\nJubilee\nPoker Squares\nPuss in the Corner\nRosamund's Bower\nSir Tommy\nPackers\nAgnes\nAlgerian\nBlockade\nBox Kite\nBristol\nFour Corners\nHeads and Tails\nIntelligence\nMartha\nMiss Milligan\nMount Olympus\nPyramide\nRussian Solitaire\nSt. Helena\nStonewall\nYukon\nZodiac\nSpiders\nGerman Patience\nRouge et Noir\nScorpion\nSimple Simon\nSpider\nOpen gamesOpen builders\nArchway\nBlack Hole\nCrescent\nIntrigue\nSalic Law\nStalactites\nOpen packers\nBaker's Dozen\nBaker's Game\nBeleaguered Castle\nBisley\nCapricieuse\nEight Off\nFlower Garden (Bouquet)\nFortress\nFreeCell\nGrandfather's Clock\nHouse in the Woods\nKing Albert\nLa Belle Lucie\nMrs. Mop\nPäckchen\nPenguin\nPersian\nRussian Patience\nSeahaven Towers\nShamrocks\nOpen non-builders\nFourteen Out\n Gaps (Montana)\nGay Gordons (Exit)\nMaze\nNestor\nCompetitive games\nAustralian Patience\nDouble Klondike (Double Solitaire)\nKings in the Corner\nNerts (Pounce, Racing Demon)\nRussian Bank (Crapette)\nSpeed\nSpite and Malice\nSpit","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of patiences and solitaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_patiences_and_solitaires"},{"title":"Glossary of patience and solitaire terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_patience_and_solitaire_terms"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuil | Shuil | ["1 Demographics","1.1 Population","2 Overview","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"] | Coordinates: 36°47′37″N 50°13′37″E / 36.79361°N 50.22694°E / 36.79361; 50.22694Village in Gilan province, Iran
For the administrative division, see Shuil Rural District.
Village in Gilan, IranShuil
Persian: شوئيلVillageShuilCoordinates: 36°47′37″N 50°13′37″E / 36.79361°N 50.22694°E / 36.79361; 50.22694CountryIranProvinceGilanCountyRudsarDistrictRahimabadRural DistrictShuilPopulation (2016) • Total179Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Shuil (Persian: شوئيل) is a village in, and the capital of, Shuil Rural District of Rahimabad District, Rudsar County, Gilan province, Iran.
Demographics
Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 85 in 138 households. The following census in 2011 counted 138 people in 56 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 179 people in 66 households.
Overview
The main agricultural products including nuts and herbal plants are raised naturally without regular irrigation. The village is well-equipped with a large library, Health Department for adjoining villages, playground, school and previously enjoyed a local market.
See also
Iran portal
Notes
^ Also romanized as Shū’īl
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (8 October 2023). "Shuil, Rudsar County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 8 October 2023.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Shuil can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3085219" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ Mousavi, Mirhossein (18 May 1366). "Creation and formation of 10 rural districts including villages, farms and places in Rudsar County under Gilan province". Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library of Mobile Users (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
vte Gilan ProvinceCapital
Rasht
Counties and citiesAmlash County
Amlash
Rankuh
Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh County
Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh
Kiashahr
Astara County
Astara
Lavandevil
Bandar-e Anzali County
Bandar-e Anzali
Fuman County
Fuman
Masuleh , Maklavan
Lahijan County
Lahijan
Roudboneh
Langarud County
Langarud
Chaf and Chamkhaleh
Kumeleh
Otaqvar
Shalman
Masal County
Masal
Bazar Jomeh
Rasht County
Rasht
Khomam
Khoshk-e Bijar
Kuchesfahan
Lasht-e Nesha
Sangar
Rezvanshahr County
Rezvanshahr
Pareh Sar
Rudbar County
Rudbar
Barehsar
Jirandeh
Lowshan
Manjil
Rostamabad
Tutkabon
Roudsar County
Roudsar
Chaboksar
Kelachay
Rahimabad
Vajargah
Shaft County
Shaft
Ahmadsargurab
Siahkal County
Siahkal
Deilaman
Sowme'eh Sara County
Sowme'eh Sara
Gurab Zarmikh
Marjaghal
Talesh County
Hashtpar
Asalem
Chubar
Haviq
Lisar
Sights
Alshaytan Mountain
Anzali Lagoon
Astarachay
Anzali Maritime Museum
Laton Waterfall
Astara Cactus museum
Emarat-i Kulah Farangi Rasht
Estil Lagoon
Ghaziayan bridge
Heyran road
Heyran Gondola lift
Rasht Municipality (city hall)
Roudkhan Castle
Sajiran waterfall
Lunak waterfall
Marlik royal cemetery
Masouleh
Moin Mausoleum
Muhtasham garden
Kull ancient castle
Rasht museum
Sheitankoh
Tea Museum of Lahijan
Zahed Gilani's Shrine
Tea museum
Populated places
List of cities, towns and villages in Gilan Province
vte Rudsar CountyCapital
Rudsar
DistrictsCentralCities
Rudsar
Rural Districts and villagesChini Jan
Ahmadabad
Aliabad
Allah Rud
Bala Gava Sara
Chafjir
Chini Jan
Div Darreh
Gava Sara-ye Olya
Hoseynabad
Khalifeh Mahalleh
Kishakajan
Kolka Sara
Lehdarbon
Mazandaran Mahalleh
Mian Poshteh
Naser Sara
Pain Gava Sara
Sahneh Sara
Tamijan
Valiseh
Reza Mahalleh
Afermejan-e Olya
Afermejan-e Sofla
Ali Kalayeh
Arus Mahalleh
Bahador Mahalleh
Balalam
Bazargan Mahalleh
Bazokol
Chalak Sara
Chavar Kalayeh
Chavar Kalayeh
Darugar Mahalleh
Davi Sara
Dustkuh
Ganjarud
Garmejan
Gilakajan
Gol Mahalleh
Hasan Sara
Jow Poshtan
Kaldarreh-ye Olya
Kaldarreh-ye Sofla
Keyvan Poshteh
Khomeyr Mahalleh
Khvor Gardan
Kurcheh Posht
Kuyeh-ye Olya
Kuyeh-ye Sofla
Lakalayeh
Lasbu Mahalleh
Lashkajan-e Olya
Lashkajan-e Sofla
Mahsayeh
Mirag Mahalleh
Mordab Bon
Mordab Sar
Pas Chavar
Pijan
Pir Mahalleh
Reza Mahalleh
Rowshanabsar-e Bala
Rowshanabsar-e Pain
Salu Mahalleh
Saraydasht
Sarmastan
Selakjan
Shirayeh
Siavan Mahalleh
Surchan Mahalleh
Torshayeh
Tut Kaleh-ye Olya
Tut Kaleh-ye Sofla
Zarkolam
Ziaz Mahalleh
ChaboksarCities
Chaboksar
Rural Districts and villagesOwshiyan
Bala Mahalleh-ye Qasemabad
Bandbon-e Qasemabad
Do Gol Sar
Fekejur
Halu Kaleh
Harat Bar
Jong Sara
Kabutar Abkesh
Kand Sar
Khaneh Sar
Lih Kolam
Limeh Sara
Mazikaleh Poshteh
Miandeh
Molk-e Mian
Owshiyan
Pain Mahalleh-ye Qasemabad
Qasemabad-e Sofla
Sarvelat
Shemshad Poshteh
Sheykh Zahed Mahalleh
Sorkhani
Tuska Mahalleh-ye Qasemabad
Siahkalrud
Baji Gavaber
Chayjan
Chaykhansar
Gol Mahalleh
Javaher Dasht
Jowr Mahalleh
Khanollah
Khayyat Mahalleh
Khoshk Lat
Merseh
Nahar-e Khurlat
Pelt-e Kalleh Sar
Sajidan
Sara Gavabar
Shad Morad Mahalleh
Siah Kesh
Siahkalrud
Taleh Mian
KelachayCities
Kelachay
Vajargah
Rural Districts and villagesBibalan
Aliabad
Asgarabad
Baghdasht
Bala Gazaf Rud
Bala Lamin Jub
Bala Now Deh
Bandbon-e Ujargah
Bibalan
Bijar Poshteh
Boz Kuyeh
Chomaqestan
Dehkadeh Qods
Dugol-e Sara
Fashkol Poshteh
Gav Mast
Gilamolk
Jowr Sara
Kandsar-e Bibalan
Khana Poshtan
Lateh
Marim Dasht
Mazukaleh Poshteh
Nemat Sara
Pain Lamin Jub
Reza Mahalleh
Salim Sara
Sarsar
Selakjan
Siah Koleh
Tazehabad
Machian
Ali Owsat Mahalleh
Arbeh Langeh
Bijargah-e Olya
Bijargah-e Sofla
Bozastan
Chenar Bon
Dada Mahalleh
Darzi Mahalleh
Hadi Gavaber
Hadi Kiashar
Hajjiabad
Janbaz Mahalleh
Kalan Kalayeh
Kaljar
Kand-e Bon
Kandsar
Kaveh Langeh
Khasadan-e Olya
Khasadan-e Sofla
Khomeyr Mahalleh
Kia Sara
Kiasaj Mahalleh
Kudakan
Kugah
Kureh Tasheh
Machian
Miran Mahalleh
Mirza Hasan Lengeh
Narenj Kola-ye Olya
Narenj Kola-ye Sofla
Pain Kola Mahalleh
Qazi Mahalleh
Rud Mianeh
Sar Sar
Sayyad Mahalleh
Sejubsar
Shad Morad Mahalleh
Shahi Sara
Shir Ali Beyk Mahalleh
Shir Mahalleh
Siah Lat
Soltan Sara
Zangulbareh
RahimabadCities
Rahimabad
Rural Districts and villagesEshkevar-e Sofla
Abdu Chal
Aghuzbon Kand Sar
Asiab Darreh
Bala Lam Beshkest
Chalman Rud
Chamtu Kesh
Choshan
Div Rud
Ezzatabad
Ezzatabad-e Sharm Dasht
Faksh
Garmab Dasht
Gereh Govabar
Halu Bon Darreh
Jir Kal
Kakerud
Kalayeh Pahlu
Khorasan Poshteh
Kiaramesh
Lam Beshkest-e Pain
Lima
Lima Chal
Lima Gavabar
Mazi Bon
Mian Lengeh
Milash
Narki
Nilu Pardeh Sar
Nilu
Parch Kuh
Peram Kuh
Razeh Gardan
Riab
Rudbarak
Sajiran
Sang Bonag
Seljeh
Shuk
Siah Keshan
Soleyman Chapar
Tarpu
Tavasankesh
Tulay-e Bala
Tulay-e Pain
Ziaz
Zurzemeh
Rahimabad
Akhund Melk
Amir Gavabor
Arbu Sara
Azar Key
Baldeh Sara
Balengah
Bandbon-e Beneksar
Bazneshin-e Olya
Bazneshin-e Sofla
Benek Sar
Deraz Lat-e Bala
Dezli
Dimabon
Dula Gavabar
Fabil Sara
Gugah
Gusfand Guyeh
Guzalbon
Guzeh Lengeh
Harat Bar
Kaj-e Mohammad Gavabor
Karbas Saray-e Olya
Karbas Saray-e Sofla
Kashkuh
Khan Kasaray-e Olya
Khompateh Arbu Sara
Khurtab Sara
Kushkuh
Latak
Lat-e Parshu
Lerdarabon
Lerudbon
Lu Sara
Mazi Gavabar
Narmash
Pain Derazlat
Palam
Palatdasht
Parshu
Qaleh Gardan
Rejah Sara
Shemshad Sara
Si Sara
Siah Chal
Siah Gol Chal
Su Gavabor
Tabtus
Torshkuh
Tul Lat
Vapar Sar
Shuil
Akbarabad
Ayzdin
Balkut
Bargam
Berm Kuh
Chamtu
Dashtak
Datvarsar
Do Ab
Gilayeh
Hasni Kuh
Ini
Ir Mahalleh
Kalkamus
Khaneh Sarek
Khorasan Sar
Khursand Kalayeh
Kiaseh
Kuji
Lardeh
Lasbu
Lat Rud
Lilaki
Mazgah
Mazu Darreh
Mowmen Zamin
Piaghuzbon
Risan
Rum Dasht
Samadabad
Saravarsu
Shafiabad
Sheram Dasht
Shuil
Soluk Bon-e Olya
Soluk Bon-e Sofla
Soluk Bon-e Vosta
Sorkh Taleh
Sukhteh Kosh
Talabonak
Taleh Sar
Talikan
Talisin
Tazehabad
Tukas
Tuseh Chaleh
Vagalkhani
Varbon
Zaraki
Siyarastaq Yeylaq
Aghuz Kalleh
Areh Chak
Bal Tark
Bazar Mahalleh
Chakal
Chakanak
Chakrud
Dargah
Darsanak
Delijan
Dowgal
Giri
Gugah
Jir Deh
Jur Deh
Kalayeh
Kalrud
Keshayeh
Lashkan
Lat Mahalleh
Liasi
Mayestan-e Bala
Mayestan-e Pain
Mianrud
Niasan
Orkom
Parandan
Parviz Khani
Patanak
Pudeh
Qazi Chak
Sangsarud
Sardeh
Sarem
Sezarud
Shadraj-e Olya
Siarastaq
Talabon
Tukamjan
Valani
Vishki
Yasur
Zeydi
This Rudsar County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shuil Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuil_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Shuil Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuil_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Rahimabad District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahimabad_District"},{"link_name":"Rudsar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudsar_County"},{"link_name":"Gilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudsar_County_RDs-5"}],"text":"Village in Gilan province, IranFor the administrative division, see Shuil Rural District.Village in Gilan, IranShuil (Persian: شوئيل)[a] is a village in, and the capital of, Shuil Rural District of Rahimabad District, Rudsar County, Gilan province, Iran.[4]","title":"Shuil"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 85 in 138 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 138 people in 56 households.[6] The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 179 people in 66 households.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The main agricultural products including nuts and herbal plants are raised naturally without regular irrigation. The village is well-equipped with a large library, Health Department for adjoining villages, playground, school and previously enjoyed a local market.[citation needed]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Also romanized as Shū’īl[3]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}] | [{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (8 October 2023). \"Shuil, Rudsar County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). 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Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231008063316/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gilan.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gilan.xls","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shuil¶ms=36_47_37_N_50_13_37_E_dim:1km_type:city(179)_region:IR-01","external_links_name":"36°47′37″N 50°13′37″E / 36.79361°N 50.22694°E / 36.79361; 50.22694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shuil¶ms=36_47_37_N_50_13_37_E_dim:1km_type:city(179)_region:IR-01","external_links_name":"36°47′37″N 50°13′37″E / 36.79361°N 50.22694°E / 36.79361; 50.22694"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=36.793611&mlon=50.226944&zoom=15#map=15/36.7936/50.2269","external_links_name":"\"Shuil, Rudsar County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201204200858/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_01.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_01.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140306133630/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110344","external_links_name":"\"Creation and formation of 10 rural districts including villages, farms and places in Rudsar County under Gilan province\""},{"Link":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110344","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083905/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231008063316/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gilan.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gilan.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuil&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Heaven:_A_Tribute_to_Iron_Maiden | List of Iron Maiden tribute albums | ["1 The Maiden Years Volume 1 – Tribute to Iron Maiden","2 Made in Tribute: A Tribute to the Best Band in a Whole Goddamn World!","3 A Call to Irons","4 Transilvania 666","5 A Call to Irons Vol. 2","6 The Maiden Years Volume 2 – Tribute to Iron Maiden","7 Numbers from the Beast","8 Slave to the Power","8.1 Notes","9 A Tribute to the Beast","10 A Tribute to the Beast, Vol. 2","11 Food for Thought","12 The Piano Tribute to Iron Maiden","13 Maiden Heaven","13.1 Volume 2","14 The Golden Beast","15 See also","16 References"] | This is a list of albums recorded in tribute to the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden.
The Maiden Years Volume 1 – Tribute to Iron Maiden
The Maiden Years Volume 1 – Tribute to Iron MaidenCompilation album by various artistsReleased1996GenreHeavy metalLength49:29LabelSum Records
No.TitleArtistLength1."Can I Play with Madness"Steve Overland3:252."2 Minutes to Midnight"Steve Grimmett5:523."Wrathchild"Paul Di'Anno2:554."Hallowed Be Thy Name"Doogie White6:545."Running Free"Paul Di'Anno3:106."The Evil That Men Do"Doogie White4:247."Phantom of the Opera"Paul Di'Anno6:518."The Number of the Beast"Steve Grimmett4:319."Iron Maiden"Paul Di'Anno3:4710."Run to the Hills"Steve Overland3:3411."The Trooper"Gary John Barden4:06
Made in Tribute: A Tribute to the Best Band in a Whole Goddamn World!
Made in Tribute: A Tribute to the Best Band in a Whole Goddamn World!Compilation album by various artistsReleased1998GenreHeavy metalLength71:53LabelAdrenaline Records
Made in Tribute: A Tribute to the Best Band in a Whole Goddamn World! is the first tribute compilation to Iron Maiden and features covers from established bands such as Arch Enemy, Therion and In Flames.
No.TitleArtistLength1."Aces High"Arch Enemy4:242."2 Minutes to Midnight"Decameron6:233."Children of the Damned"Therion4:294."Die With Your Boots On"Armageddon5:325."Wasted Years"Nocturnal Rites4:586."Wrathchild"Sadist2:297."The Trooper"Lord Belial3:428."The Evil That Men Do"Naglfar4:439."22 Acacia Avenue"Dark Tranquility6:0410."Murders in the Rue Morgue"In Flames3:09
A Call to Irons
A Call to IronsCompilation album by various artistsReleased5 May 1998GenreDeath metal, black metal, doom metal, heavy metal, blackened death metalLength71:53LabelDwell Ministries
A Call to Irons is one of the earlier tribute albums released to honour the heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It includes a diverse collection of bands ranging from power metal bands like Steel Prophet to extreme progressive metal bands like Opeth.
No.TitleArtistLength1."Ides of March/Purgatory"Steel Prophet5:272."Powerslave"Ancient Wisdom5:543."The Trooper"Vital Remains4:064."Genghis Khan"Angel Corpse3:275."Hallowed Be Thy Name"Solitude Aeturnus7:346."Phantom of the Opera"New Eden6:357."Remember Tomorrow"Opeth5:018."To Tame a Land"Morgion10:069."Strange World"Evoken7:0010."Rime of the Ancient Mariner"Opera IX13:0311."Transylvania"Absu3:42
Transilvania 666
Transilvania 666Compilation album by various artistsReleased16 November 1999GenreHeavy metalLabelLocomotive Music
Transilvania 666 is a tribute album to the heavy metal band Iron Maiden by various Spanish bands, released in 1999.
Disc 1:
"Run to the Hills" (Avalanch)
"Flight of Icarus" (Tierra Santa)
"Charlotte the Harlot" (Lujuria)
"The Evil That Men Do" (Azrael)
"Wasted Years" (Skunk D.F)
"Wrathchild" (Grass)
"Fear of the Dark" (Demonios)
"Revelations" (Twilight)
Disc 2:
"Strange World" (Mägo de Oz)
"The Trooper" (Easy Rider)
"Phantom of the Opera" (Ankhara)
"Powerslave" (Piramid)
"Running Free" (Tea)
"Holy Smoke" (Aerobitch)
"Moonchild" (Sentinel)
"Children of the Damned" (Dracon)
A Call to Irons Vol. 2
A Call to Irons Vol. 2: A Tribute to Iron MaidenCompilation album by various artistsReleased26 January 1999GenreHeavy metalLength58:45LabelDwell
For the second Call to Irons tribute album, Dwell used an all American line up with mainly progressive/heavy/power bands. A lot of the bands featured on this album are now defunct and had few if any original releases.
No.TitleArtistLength1."Invaders"Engrave3:152."Gangland"Steel Prophet3:523."Iron Maiden"From The Depths3:374."Total Eclipse"Terror4:195."Wrathchild"Acheron2:516."Revelations"Possessions6:067."Killers"Ion Vein5:188."Where Eagles Dare"Mystic Force6:129."2 Minutes to Midnight"Deceased5:4510."Public Enema Number One"31 October3:5111."Sea of Madness"Prototype5:5212."Children of the Damned"Diesel MacHine4:3813."Sanctuary"Abattoir3:10
The Maiden Years Volume 2 – Tribute to Iron Maiden
The Maiden Years Volume 2 – Tribute to Iron MaidenCompilation album by various artistsReleased2001GenreHeavy metalLabelSum Records
No.TitleArtistLength1."Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter"Doogie White 2."Murders in the Rue Morgue"Paul Di'Anno 3."Aces High"Steve Grimmett 4."Flight of Icarus"Steve Overland 5."Wasted Years"Steve Grimmett 6."Remember Tomorrow"Paul Di'Anno 7."The Clairvoyant"Doogie White 8."The Prisoner"Steve Overland 9."Sanctuary"Paul Di'Anno 10."Powerslave"Steve Grimmett 11."Killers"Paul Di'Anno 12."Fear of the Dark"Bernie Shaw
Numbers from the Beast
Numbers from the BeastCompilation album by various artistsReleased11 October 2005GenreHeavy metalLabelRykodiscProducerBob KulickBrett Chassen
Numbers from the Beast is a tribute album to Iron Maiden that was released in 2005. It celebrated the band's 25th anniversary of the release of their debut album. The songs are performed by some of the leading names in heavy metal. The album is produced by Bob Kulick and Brett Chassen. The cover-art was made by Derek Riggs, creator of Maiden's mascot Eddie. Track three features former Iron Maiden lead vocalist Paul Di'Anno, who sang on the original version of the song. It used the "All-Star" Formation after the release of Roadrunner Records's "Roadrunner United", with the same premise.
No.TitlePersonnelLength1."Run to the Hills"
Personnel:
Robin McAuley (McAuley Schenker Group, Survivor) – lead vocals
Michael Schenker (Scorpions, UFO, M.S.G) – lead guitar
Pete Fletcher – rhythm guitar
Tony Franklin (The Firm, Blue Murder, Whitesnake) – bass
Brian Tichy (Billy Idol, Foreigner, Whitesnake) – drums
4:052."Wasted Years"
Personnel:
Dee Snider (Twisted Sister) – lead vocals
George Lynch (Dokken, Lynch Mob) – lead guitar
Bob Kulick (Balance, Blackthorne) – rhythm guitar
Jeff Pilson (Dokken, Dio, Foreigner) – bass
Jason Bonham (Bonham, Foreigner, UFO, Black Country Communion) – drums
5:323."Wrathchild"
Personnel:
Paul Di'Anno (Iron Maiden) – lead vocals
Alex Skolnick (Testament) – lead guitar
Chris Traynor (Orange 9mm, Helmet) – rhythm guitar
Frank Bello (Anthrax) – bass
John Tempesta (Exodus, Testament, The Cult, White Zombie, Rob Zombie) – drums
3:174."Flight of Icarus"
Personnel:
Tim "Ripper" Owens (Judas Priest, Iced Earth) – lead vocals
Doug Aldrich (Lion, Burning Rain, Dio, Whitesnake) – guitar
Jimmy Bain (Rainbow, Wild Horses, Dio) – bass
Simon Wright (AC/DC, Dio) – drums
4:105."Fear of the Dark"
Personnel:
Chuck Billy (Testament) – lead vocals
Craig Goldy (Rough Cutt, Giuffria, Dio) – guitar
Ricky Phillips (The Babys, Angel, Bad English, Styx) – bass
Mikkey Dee (King Diamond, Motörhead) – drums
8:306."The Trooper"
Personnel:
Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister (Motörhead) – lead vocals
Phil Campbell (Persian Risk, Motörhead) – guitar
Rocky George (Suicidal Tendencies, Cro-Mags) – guitar
Chuck Wright (Quiet Riot, Giuffria, House of Lords, Impellitteri) – bass
Chris Slade (The Firm, AC/DC, Asia, Tom Jones) – drums
4:067."Aces High"
Personnel:
Jeff Scott Soto (Yngwie Malmsteen, Talisman, Journey) – lead vocals
Nuno Bettencourt (Extreme) – guitar
Billy Sheehan (David Lee Roth, Mr. Big, Niacin) – bass
Vinny Appice (Black Sabbath, Dio) – drums
4:588."2 Minutes to Midnight"
Personnel:
Joe Lynn Turner (Rainbow, Yngwie Malmsteen, Deep Purple) – lead vocals
Richie Kotzen (Poison, Mr. Big)– guitar
Bob Kulick – rhythm guitar
Tony Franklin – bass
Chris Slade – drums
6:229."Can I Play with Madness"
Personnel:
Mark Slaughter (Vinnie Vincent Invasion, Slaughter) – lead vocals
Bruce Kulick (Blackjack, KISS) – guitar
Marco Mendoza (Blue Murder, Whitesnake, Thin Lizzy) – bass
Aynsley Dunbar (The Jeff Beck Group, Frank Zappa, Journey, Whitesnake) – drums
4:1610."The Evil That Men Do"
Personnel:
Chris Jericho (Fozzy) – lead vocals
Paul Gilbert (Racer X, Mr. Big) – guitar
Bob Kulick – rhythm guitar
Mike Inez (Alice in Chains, Slash's Snakepit, Heart) – bass
Brent Fitz (Union, Slash) – drums
5:2711."The Wicker Man"
Personnel:
John Bush (Armored Saint, Anthrax) – lead vocals
Jeff Duncan (Armored Saint) – lead guitar
Scott Ian (Anthrax) – guitar
Rob "Blasko" Nicholson (Ozzy Osbourne, Rob Zombie) – bass
Ben Graves (Murderdolls) - drums
Jason C. Miller (Godhead) – backing vocals
5:10
Slave to the Power
Slave to the Power: The Iron Maiden TributeCompilation album by various artistsReleased7 March 2000Recorded22 May 1998 – September 2, 1999Length130:11LabelMeteor City
Slave to the Power is a tribute album to Iron Maiden.
Disc 1No.TitleArtistLength1."Another Life"Solace4:342."Children of the Damned"Sebastian Bach4:363."Remember Tomorrow"Crowbar7:004."Wrathchild"Archie Bunker & John Perez3:285."Powerslave"Dofka7:226."Moonchild"Shallow4:387."Total Eclipse"Warhorse6:088."Flight of Icarus"Ian Parry & Kamelot4:109."The Trooper"Holy Mother4:1310."Aces High"Electric Frankenstein4:4311."Purgatory"Wardog3:2112."The Evil That Men Do"Conquest6:0713."Alexander the Great"Eleventh Hour8:21
Disc 2No.TitleArtistLength1."Running Free"Iron Savior3:122."The Number of the Beast"Tchort5:333."Stranger in a Strange Land"Error Seven5:314."Invaders"Rotors to Rust3:475."Murders in the Rue Morgue"Cosmosquad with Ray Alder4:326."The Trooper"Höyry-Kone3:557."Wasted Years"Fates Prophecy5:048."Innocent Exile"Eternal Elysium4:499."Revelations"Pharoah6:5010."The Prisoner"Las Cruces6:1311."Where Eagles Dare"The Quill6:2112."The Prophecy"Solstice5:3413."Run to the Hills"John West with Chris Caffery3:56
Notes
Slave to the Power was also released as a single disc version in Japan (JVC/Victor, 2000) and South Korea (Sail Productions/Pony Canyon Korea, 2000) omitting various songs. 8 songs were licensed by Nuclear Blast for a bonus CD included with the European version of A Tribute to the Beast, Vol. 2 (2003). A 2-CD/gatefold double vinyl version containing a total of 20 was released by Century Media subsidiary People Like You Records in 2003. Russian label CD Maximum issued a 2-disc version in 2003 with all 26 songs that appeared on the original Meteor City release.
A Tribute to the Beast
A Tribute to the BeastCompilation album by various artistsReleased2002Recorded2002GenreHeavy metalThrash metalDeath metalPower metalBlack metalLabelNuclear Blast
A Tribute to the Beast is a tribute album to the heavy metal band Iron Maiden that was released in 2002.
"The Ides of March / Purgatory" (Steel Prophet)
"Aces High" (Children of Bodom)
"The Trooper" (Rage) (Onmyo-Za in Japanese version).
"Hallowed Be Thy Name" (Cradle of Filth)
"Running Free" (Grave Digger)
"Prowler" (Burden of Grief)
"Die With Your Boots On" (Sonata Arctica)
"Children of the Damned" (Therion)
"Transylvania" (Iced Earth)
"Remember Tomorrow" (Opeth)
"The Number of the Beast" (Sinergy)
"Stranger in a Strange Land" (Disbelief)
"Flight of Icarus" (Tierra Santa)
"22 Acacia Avenue" (Dark Tranquillity)
"Wrathchild" (Six Feet Under)
"Powerslave" (Darkane)
A Tribute to the Beast, Vol. 2
A Tribute to the Beast Vol.2Compilation album by various artistsReleased2003Recorded2003GenreHeavy metalThrash metalDeath metalPower metalBlack metalLabelNuclear Blast
A Tribute to the Beast, Vol. 2 is a tribute album to the heavy metal band Iron Maiden that was released in 2003.
"Killers" (Destruction)
"The Trooper" (Sentenced)
"2 Minutes to Midnight" (Primal Fear)
"Wasted Years" (Thunderstone)
"Wrathchild" (Stuck Mojo & Devin Townsend)
"Remember Tomorrow" (Anthrax)
"Iron Maiden" (Tankard)
"Moonchild" (Necrophobic)
"Strange World" (Mägo De Oz)
"Déjà Vu" (Wolf)
"Sanctuary" (Mystic Prophecy)
"Fear of the Dark" (Graveworm)
"Revelations" (live) (Therion)
"Hallowed Be Thy Name" (Iced Earth)
"Children of the Damned" (Sebastian Bach)
"Run to the Hills" (John West & Chris Caffery)
"Murders in the Rue Morgue" (Cosmosquad & Ray Alder)
"Flight of Icarus" (Ian Perry & Kamelot)
"Another Life" (Solace)
"Alexander The Great" (Eleventh Hour)
"Purgatory" (Wardog)
"Running Free" (Iron Savior)
Food for Thought
Food for Thought: Now That's What I Call 'Kin' MusicCompilation album by various artistsReleasedJuly 2005Recorded2003–2005GenreHeavy metal, thrash metal, alternative rock, punk rock, jazz, disco, countryLength71:03LabelBook of Hours AntitainmentProducerHenrik Johansson & Mattias Reinholdsson
Food for Thought is an Iron Maiden tribute album with a slightly different take on the band's music. It was released in July 2005 after having been worked on for two years by Swedes Henrik Johansson and Mattias Reinholdsson. It features mainly Johansson and Reinholdsson doing different genre versions of Iron Maiden songs with contributions from musician friends and acquaintances. The intention with the tribute was to make it sound like the covers were done by a bunch of very different bands which might explain the album's left field take on some of the songs.
"Be Quick or Be Dead"
"Twilight Zone"
"22 Acacia Avenue" (feat. Gabriela Kulka)
"The Angel and the Gambler"
"The Mercenary"
"The Trooper" (feat. LG Petrov of Entombed)
"Fortunes of War"
"Blood on the World's Hands"
"Stranger in a Strange Land"
"Flash of the Blade"
"Wildest Dreams"
"Futureal"
"The Nomad"
"Sanctuary" (feat. Björn Flodkvist, Enter the Hunt, ex. Candlemass)
"Innocent Exile"
"Public Enema Number One"
"Heaven Can Wait"
"Burning Ambition" (feat. Bo Lindberg of Hoven Droven)
"Seventh Son of a Seventh Son"
The Piano Tribute to Iron Maiden
The Piano Tribute to Iron MaidenStudio album by Scott LavenderReleased2 August 2005Recorded2005Genrepianoinstrumental musicLength61:39LabelVitamin Records
The Piano Tribute to Iron Maiden is a tribute album to the heavy metal band Iron Maiden that was released on 2 August 2005, from Vitamin Records, a label located in Los Angeles California. It is described as "a symphony that sounds perfect on every track when played on piano"
Recorded in early 2005 by the pianist and conductor Scott Lavender.
"2 Minutes to Midnight" – 6:33
"Wasted Years" – 5:11
"Can I Play with Madness" – 3:46
"The Trooper" – 4:54
"Brave New World" – 5:04
"Run to the Hills" – 3:49
"Caught Somewhere in Time" – 5:55
"Aces High" – 4:46
"Hallowed Be Thy Name" – 6:55
"Flight of Icarus" – 3:55
"Number of the Beast" – 6:02
"Eddie's Lament" (Original track) – 4:49
Maiden Heaven
Maiden HeavenCompilation album by various artistsReleased16 July 2008Recorded2008GenreHeavy metalThrash metalAlternative rockPunk rockLength74:03ProducerKerrang!
Maiden Heaven: A Tribute to Iron Maiden is a tribute album to the heavy metal band Iron Maiden that was released on 16 July 2008, as a free gift with Kerrang! Issue 1219. It is described as "our tribute to Iron Maiden, which features exclusive covers by Metallica, Avenged Sevenfold, Coheed & Cambria, Trivium, Machine Head and Dream Theater" on the Kerrang! website.
Between 14 and 26 May, Kerrang! ran a competition to determine the CD's cover. The entrants were told to interpret the concept in any way they wanted, and using any tools they could. The winner would receive a year's subscription to Kerrang! and their art would feature on the cover.
On 18 June, Felipe Franco from Bogotá, Colombia was announced as the winner, and his entry (Eddie as an angel who has burst into flame, in a landscape of ash) was displayed on the Kerrang! website.
"Prowler" (Black Tide) – 3:53
"Remember Tomorrow" (Metallica) – 5:46
"Flash of the Blade" (Avenged Sevenfold) – 4:00
"2 Minutes to Midnight" (Glamour of the Kill) – 5:38
"The Trooper" (Coheed and Cambria) – 4:22
"Wasted Years" (DevilDriver) – 5:00
"Run to the Hills" (Sign) – 5:07
"To Tame a Land" (Dream Theater) – 7:16
"Caught Somewhere in Time" (Madina Lake) – 4:02
"Wrathchild" (Gallows) – 2:40
"Fear of the Dark" (Fightstar) – 7:13
"Hallowed Be Thy Name" (Machine Head) – 7:26
"Iron Maiden" (Trivium) – 3:42
"Running Free" (Year Long Disaster) – 3:14
"Brave New World" (Ghostlines) – 4:35
Volume 2
A new edition of Maiden Heaven titled Maiden Heaven Volume 2: An All-Star Tribute to Iron Maiden was released in June 2016, accompanying issue 1623 of the magazine.
"Running Free" (Stone Sour)
"Speed of Light" (Reigning Days)
"Hallowed Be Thy Name" (Escape the Fate)
"Fear of The Dark" (Lonely the Brave)
"For The Greater Good of God" (Trivium)
"The Red and The Black" (Steven Battelle)
"The Evil That Men Do" (Creeper)
"The Number of The Beast" (Lower Than Atlantis)
"Powerslave" (Anaal Nathrakh)
"Aces High" (Cry Venom)
"Sun and Steel" (Fozzy)
"The Wicker Man" (Muncie Girls)
"The Trooper" (Heck)
"Remember Tomorrow" (Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats)
"Wasted Years" (Anathema)
The Golden Beast
The Golden Beast: A Tribute from Colombia to Iron MaidenCompilation album by various artistsReleased2008Recorded2008GenreHeavy metalLabelEMI MusicProducerDeltaRecords - Julio Monroy
The Golden Beast is a tribute album to Iron Maiden by various Colombian bands, released in 2008. The album was recorded by Julio Monroy at DeltaRecords studios in Bogota, Colombia. Juan Arbelaez from Evenpro was the commercial producer.
"Wasted Years" (Sigma)
"Infinite Dreams" (Entropia)
"The Evil That Men Do" (Legend Maker)
"The Wicker Man" (Perpetual)
"Aces High" (Noiszart)
"Be Quick or Be Dead" (Introspeccion)
"Can I Play With Madness" (Terra Sur)
"Flight of Icarus" (Akash)
See also
Tribute album
The Iron Maidens
Maiden uniteD
References
^ "Food for Thought". Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
^ a b "The Piano Tribute to Iron Maiden". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
^ Kerrang! Hear Maiden Heaven first! Archived 6 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Kerrang! Maiden Heaven artwork unveiled! Archived 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Kerrang! Design K!'s Iron Maiden CD artwork Archived 29 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "NEW ISSUE: K!1623: IRON MAIDEN PRESENT THE ULTIMATE DOWNLOAD PREVIEW". Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
vteIron Maiden
Steve Harris
Dave Murray
Adrian Smith
Bruce Dickinson
Nicko McBrain
Janick Gers
Paul Day
Thunderstick
Tony Moore
Doug Sampson
Paul Di'Anno
Dennis Stratton
Clive Burr
Blaze Bayley
Studio albums
Iron Maiden
Killers
The Number of the Beast
Piece of Mind
Powerslave
Somewhere in Time
Seventh Son of a Seventh Son
No Prayer for the Dying
Fear of the Dark
The X Factor
Virtual XI
Brave New World
Dance of Death
A Matter of Life and Death
The Final Frontier
The Book of Souls
Senjutsu
Live albums
Live After Death
A Real Live One
A Real Dead One
Live at Donington
Maiden England
A Real Live Dead One
Rock in Rio
BBC Archives
Beast over Hammersmith
Death on the Road
Flight 666
En Vivo!
The Book of Souls: Live Chapter
Nights of the Dead: Live in Mexico City
Compilations
Best of the Beast
A Real Live Dead One
Ed Hunter
Best of the 'B' Sides
Edward the Great
The Essential Iron Maiden
Somewhere Back in Time
From Fear to Eternity
Box sets
The First Ten Years
Eddie's Head
Eddie's Archive
Extended plays
The Soundhouse Tapes
Live!! +one
Maiden Japan
No More Lies
Singles
"Running Free"
"Sanctuary"
"Women in Uniform"
"Twilight Zone"
"Purgatory"
"Run to the Hills"
"The Number of the Beast"
"Flight of Icarus"
"The Trooper"
"2 Minutes to Midnight"
"Aces High"
"Wasted Years"
"Stranger in a Strange Land"
"Can I Play with Madness"
"The Evil That Men Do"
"The Clairvoyant"
"Infinite Dreams"
"Holy Smoke"
"Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter"
"Be Quick or Be Dead"
"From Here to Eternity"
"Wasting Love"
"Fear of the Dark"
"Hallowed Be Thy Name"
"Man on the Edge"
"Lord of the Flies"
"Virus"
"The Angel and the Gambler"
"Futureal"
"The Wicker Man"
"Out of the Silent Planet"
"Wildest Dreams"
"Rainmaker"
"The Reincarnation of Benjamin Breeg"
"Different World"
"El Dorado"
"Satellite 15... The Final Frontier"
"Speed of Light"
"Empire of the Clouds"
"The Writing on the Wall"
Video albums
Live at the Rainbow
Video Pieces
Behind the Iron Curtain
Live After Death
12 Wasted Years
Maiden England
The First Ten Years (From There to Eternity)
Donington Live 1992
Raising Hell
Classic Albums: Iron Maiden – The Number of the Beast
Rock in Rio
Visions of the Beast
The History of Iron Maiden – Part 1: The Early Days
Death on the Road
Flight 666
En Vivo!
The Book of Souls: Live Chapter
Tours
Metal for Muthas Tour
Iron Maiden Tour
Killer World Tour
World Slavery Tour
Somewhere on Tour
Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour
Fear of the Dark Tour
Real Live Tour
Virtual XI World Tour
Brave New World Tour
Dance of Death World Tour
Eddie Rips Up the World Tour
A Matter of Life and Death Tour
Somewhere Back in Time World Tour
The Final Frontier World Tour
Maiden England World Tour
The Book of Souls World Tour
Legacy of the Beast World Tour
The Future Past World Tour
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Awards and nominations
Band members
Eddie
Metal for Muthas
Tribute albums
Urchin
Gogmagog
Psycho Motel
Samson
The Entire Population of Hackney
The Iron Maidens
Maiden uniteD
Derek Riggs
Rod Smallwood
Andy Taylor
Melvyn Grant
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"}],"text":"This is a list of albums recorded in tribute to the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden.","title":"List of Iron Maiden tribute albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Overland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Overland"},{"link_name":"Steve Grimmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Grimmett"},{"link_name":"Paul Di'Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Di%27Anno"},{"link_name":"Doogie White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doogie_White"},{"link_name":"Paul Di'Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Di%27Anno"},{"link_name":"Doogie White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doogie_White"},{"link_name":"Paul Di'Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Di%27Anno"},{"link_name":"Steve Grimmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Grimmett"},{"link_name":"Paul Di'Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Di%27Anno"},{"link_name":"Steve Overland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Overland"}],"text":"No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Can I Play with Madness\"Steve Overland3:252.\"2 Minutes to Midnight\"Steve Grimmett5:523.\"Wrathchild\"Paul Di'Anno2:554.\"Hallowed Be Thy Name\"Doogie White6:545.\"Running Free\"Paul Di'Anno3:106.\"The Evil That Men Do\"Doogie White4:247.\"Phantom of the Opera\"Paul Di'Anno6:518.\"The Number of the Beast\"Steve Grimmett4:319.\"Iron Maiden\"Paul Di'Anno3:4710.\"Run to the Hills\"Steve Overland3:3411.\"The Trooper\"Gary John Barden4:06","title":"The Maiden Years Volume 1 – Tribute to Iron Maiden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arch Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Enemy"},{"link_name":"Therion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therion_(band)"},{"link_name":"In Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flames"},{"link_name":"Arch Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Enemy"},{"link_name":"Therion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therion_(band)"},{"link_name":"Armageddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon_(Swedish_band)"},{"link_name":"Nocturnal Rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_Rites"},{"link_name":"Sadist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadist_(band)"},{"link_name":"Lord Belial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Belial"},{"link_name":"Naglfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naglfar_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dark Tranquility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Tranquility"},{"link_name":"In Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flames"}],"text":"Made in Tribute: A Tribute to the Best Band in a Whole Goddamn World! is the first tribute compilation to Iron Maiden and features covers from established bands such as Arch Enemy, Therion and In Flames.No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Aces High\"Arch Enemy4:242.\"2 Minutes to Midnight\"Decameron6:233.\"Children of the Damned\"Therion4:294.\"Die With Your Boots On\"Armageddon5:325.\"Wasted Years\"Nocturnal Rites4:586.\"Wrathchild\"Sadist2:297.\"The Trooper\"Lord Belial3:428.\"The Evil That Men Do\"Naglfar4:439.\"22 Acacia Avenue\"Dark Tranquility6:0410.\"Murders in the Rue Morgue\"In Flames3:09","title":"Made in Tribute: A Tribute to the Best Band in a Whole Goddamn World!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steel Prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Prophet"},{"link_name":"Opeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeth"},{"link_name":"Steel Prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Prophet"},{"link_name":"Vital Remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_Remains"},{"link_name":"Angel Corpse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Corpse"},{"link_name":"Solitude Aeturnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitude_Aeturnus"},{"link_name":"Opeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeth"},{"link_name":"Morgion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgion_(band)"},{"link_name":"Evoken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoken"},{"link_name":"Opera IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_IX"},{"link_name":"Absu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absu_(band)"}],"text":"A Call to Irons is one of the earlier tribute albums released to honour the heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It includes a diverse collection of bands ranging from power metal bands like Steel Prophet to extreme progressive metal bands like Opeth.No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Ides of March/Purgatory\"Steel Prophet5:272.\"Powerslave\"Ancient Wisdom5:543.\"The Trooper\"Vital Remains4:064.\"Genghis Khan\"Angel Corpse3:275.\"Hallowed Be Thy Name\"Solitude Aeturnus7:346.\"Phantom of the Opera\"New Eden6:357.\"Remember Tomorrow\"Opeth5:018.\"To Tame a Land\"Morgion10:069.\"Strange World\"Evoken7:0010.\"Rime of the Ancient Mariner\"Opera IX13:0311.\"Transylvania\"Absu3:42","title":"A Call to Irons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Run to the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_to_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"Avalanch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanch"},{"link_name":"Flight of Icarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_Icarus"},{"link_name":"Tierra Santa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Santa_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Evil That Men Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_That_Men_Do_(song)"},{"link_name":"Wasted Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasted_Years"},{"link_name":"Fear of the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_the_Dark_(song)"},{"link_name":"Mägo de Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4go_de_Oz"},{"link_name":"The Trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trooper"},{"link_name":"Phantom of the Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden_(album)#Track_listing"},{"link_name":"Running Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Free"},{"link_name":"Holy Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Smoke_(song)"}],"text":"Transilvania 666 is a tribute album to the heavy metal band Iron Maiden by various Spanish bands, released in 1999.Disc 1:\"Run to the Hills\" (Avalanch)\n\"Flight of Icarus\" (Tierra Santa)\n\"Charlotte the Harlot\" (Lujuria)\n\"The Evil That Men Do\" (Azrael)\n\"Wasted Years\" (Skunk D.F)\n\"Wrathchild\" (Grass)\n\"Fear of the Dark\" (Demonios)\n\"Revelations\" (Twilight)Disc 2:\"Strange World\" (Mägo de Oz)\n\"The Trooper\" (Easy Rider)\n\"Phantom of the Opera\" (Ankhara)\n\"Powerslave\" (Piramid)\n\"Running Free\" (Tea)\n\"Holy Smoke\" (Aerobitch)\n\"Moonchild\" (Sentinel)\n\"Children of the Damned\" (Dracon)","title":"Transilvania 666"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ion Vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Vein"},{"link_name":"Prototype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype_(band)"}],"text":"For the second Call to Irons tribute album, Dwell used an all American line up with mainly progressive/heavy/power bands. A lot of the bands featured on this album are now defunct and had few if any original releases.No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Invaders\"Engrave3:152.\"Gangland\"Steel Prophet3:523.\"Iron Maiden\"From The Depths3:374.\"Total Eclipse\"Terror4:195.\"Wrathchild\"Acheron2:516.\"Revelations\"Possessions6:067.\"Killers\"Ion Vein5:188.\"Where Eagles Dare\"Mystic Force6:129.\"2 Minutes to Midnight\"Deceased5:4510.\"Public Enema Number One\"31 October3:5111.\"Sea of Madness\"Prototype5:5212.\"Children of the Damned\"Diesel MacHine4:3813.\"Sanctuary\"Abattoir3:10","title":"A Call to Irons Vol. 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doogie White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doogie_White"},{"link_name":"Paul Di'Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Di%27Anno"},{"link_name":"Steve Grimmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Grimmett"},{"link_name":"Steve Overland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Overland"},{"link_name":"Steve Grimmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Grimmett"},{"link_name":"Paul Di'Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Di%27Anno"},{"link_name":"Doogie White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doogie_White"},{"link_name":"Steve Overland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Overland"},{"link_name":"Paul Di'Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Di%27Anno"},{"link_name":"Steve Grimmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Grimmett"},{"link_name":"Paul Di'Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Di%27Anno"},{"link_name":"Bernie Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Shaw"}],"text":"No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter\"Doogie White 2.\"Murders in the Rue Morgue\"Paul Di'Anno 3.\"Aces High\"Steve Grimmett 4.\"Flight of Icarus\"Steve Overland 5.\"Wasted Years\"Steve Grimmett 6.\"Remember Tomorrow\"Paul Di'Anno 7.\"The Clairvoyant\"Doogie White 8.\"The Prisoner\"Steve Overland 9.\"Sanctuary\"Paul Di'Anno 10.\"Powerslave\"Steve Grimmett 11.\"Killers\"Paul Di'Anno 12.\"Fear of the Dark\"Bernie Shaw","title":"The Maiden Years Volume 2 – Tribute to Iron Maiden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden_(album)"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Bob Kulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kulick"},{"link_name":"Derek Riggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Riggs"},{"link_name":"Eddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_the_Head"},{"link_name":"Paul Di'Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Di%27Anno"},{"link_name":"Roadrunner Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadrunner_Records"},{"link_name":"Roadrunner United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadrunner_United"},{"link_name":"Run to the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_to_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"Robin McAuley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_McAuley"},{"link_name":"McAuley Schenker Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAuley_Schenker_Group"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(band)"},{"link_name":"Michael Schenker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schenker"},{"link_name":"Scorpions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpions_(band)"},{"link_name":"UFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_(band)"},{"link_name":"M.S.G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schenker_Group"},{"link_name":"Tony Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Franklin_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firm_(rock_band)"},{"link_name":"Blue Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Murder_(band)"},{"link_name":"Whitesnake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesnake"},{"link_name":"Brian Tichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Tichy"},{"link_name":"Billy Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Idol"},{"link_name":"Foreigner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreigner_(band)"},{"link_name":"Wasted Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasted_Years"},{"link_name":"Dee Snider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Snider"},{"link_name":"Twisted Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Sister"},{"link_name":"George Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lynch_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dokken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokken"},{"link_name":"Lynch Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynch_Mob_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bob Kulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kulick"},{"link_name":"Balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_(band)"},{"link_name":"Blackthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackthorne_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Pilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Pilson"},{"link_name":"Dokken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokken"},{"link_name":"Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jason Bonham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bonham"},{"link_name":"Bonham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonham_(band)"},{"link_name":"Black Country Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Country_Communion"},{"link_name":"Paul Di'Anno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Di%27Anno"},{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Alex Skolnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Skolnick"},{"link_name":"Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chris Traynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Traynor"},{"link_name":"Orange 9mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_9mm"},{"link_name":"Helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet_(band)"},{"link_name":"Frank Bello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bello"},{"link_name":"Anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"John Tempesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tempesta"},{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cult_(band)"},{"link_name":"White Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Zombie_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rob Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Zombie"},{"link_name":"Flight of Icarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_Icarus"},{"link_name":"Tim \"Ripper\" Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_%22Ripper%22_Owens"},{"link_name":"Judas Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Priest"},{"link_name":"Iced Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iced_Earth"},{"link_name":"Doug Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_(band)"},{"link_name":"Burning Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Rain"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Bain"},{"link_name":"Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_(English_band)"},{"link_name":"Wild Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Horses_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"Simon Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wright_(musician)"},{"link_name":"AC/DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC"},{"link_name":"Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_(band)"},{"link_name":"Fear of the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_the_Dark_(song)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Billy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Billy_(vocalist)"},{"link_name":"Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_(band)"},{"link_name":"Craig Goldy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Goldy"},{"link_name":"Rough Cutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Cutt"},{"link_name":"Giuffria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuffria"},{"link_name":"Ricky Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Phillips"},{"link_name":"The Babys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Babys"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Bad English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_English"},{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mikkey Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikkey_Dee"},{"link_name":"King Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Diamond_(band)"},{"link_name":"Motörhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead"},{"link_name":"The Trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trooper"},{"link_name":"Ian \"Lemmy\" Kilmister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmy"},{"link_name":"Motörhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead"},{"link_name":"Phil Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Campbell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Persian Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Risk"},{"link_name":"Motörhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead"},{"link_name":"Rocky George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_George"},{"link_name":"Suicidal Tendencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies"},{"link_name":"Cro-Mags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Mags"},{"link_name":"Chuck Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Wright"},{"link_name":"Quiet Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_Riot"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_(band)"},{"link_name":"Impellitteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impellitteri"},{"link_name":"Chris Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Slade"},{"link_name":"AC/DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_(band)"},{"link_name":"Tom Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Aces High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aces_High_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Scott Soto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Scott_Soto"},{"link_name":"Yngwie Malmsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngwie_Malmsteen"},{"link_name":"Talisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talisman_(band)"},{"link_name":"Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_(band)"},{"link_name":"Nuno Bettencourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_Bettencourt"},{"link_name":"Extreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_(band)"},{"link_name":"Billy Sheehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Sheehan"},{"link_name":"David Lee Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_Roth"},{"link_name":"Mr. Big","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Big_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Niacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin_(band)"},{"link_name":"Vinny Appice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinny_Appice"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"2 Minutes to Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Minutes_to_Midnight"},{"link_name":"Joe Lynn Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lynn_Turner"},{"link_name":"Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_(English_band)"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Richie Kotzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Kotzen"},{"link_name":"Poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Can I Play with Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_I_Play_with_Madness"},{"link_name":"Mark Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Slaughter"},{"link_name":"Vinnie Vincent Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnie_Vincent_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Kulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Kulick"},{"link_name":"Blackjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackjack_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Marco Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Thin Lizzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Lizzy"},{"link_name":"Aynsley Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynsley_Dunbar"},{"link_name":"The Jeff Beck Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jeff_Beck_Group"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Evil That Men Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_That_Men_Do_(song)"},{"link_name":"Chris Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho"},{"link_name":"Fozzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fozzy"},{"link_name":"Paul Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Racer X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racer_X_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mr. Big","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Big_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Mike Inez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Inez"},{"link_name":"Alice in Chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Chains"},{"link_name":"Slash's Snakepit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash%27s_Snakepit"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"Brent Fitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Fitz"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(band)"},{"link_name":"Slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Wicker Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wicker_Man_(song)"},{"link_name":"John Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bush_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Armored Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Saint"},{"link_name":"Anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Duncan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Armored Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Saint"},{"link_name":"Scott Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Ian"},{"link_name":"Rob \"Blasko\" Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Nicholson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ozzy Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne"},{"link_name":"Rob Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Zombie"},{"link_name":"Murderdolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderdolls"},{"link_name":"Jason C. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Miller"}],"text":"Numbers from the Beast is a tribute album to Iron Maiden that was released in 2005. It celebrated the band's 25th anniversary of the release of their debut album. The songs are performed by some of the leading names in heavy metal. The album is produced by Bob Kulick and Brett Chassen. The cover-art was made by Derek Riggs, creator of Maiden's mascot Eddie. Track three features former Iron Maiden lead vocalist Paul Di'Anno, who sang on the original version of the song. It used the \"All-Star\" Formation after the release of Roadrunner Records's \"Roadrunner United\", with the same premise.No.TitlePersonnelLength1.\"Run to the Hills\"\nPersonnel:\n\nRobin McAuley (McAuley Schenker Group, Survivor) – lead vocals\nMichael Schenker (Scorpions, UFO, M.S.G) – lead guitar\nPete Fletcher – rhythm guitar\nTony Franklin (The Firm, Blue Murder, Whitesnake) – bass\nBrian Tichy (Billy Idol, Foreigner, Whitesnake) – drums\n4:052.\"Wasted Years\"\nPersonnel:\n\nDee Snider (Twisted Sister) – lead vocals\nGeorge Lynch (Dokken, Lynch Mob) – lead guitar\nBob Kulick (Balance, Blackthorne) – rhythm guitar\nJeff Pilson (Dokken, Dio, Foreigner) – bass\nJason Bonham (Bonham, Foreigner, UFO, Black Country Communion) – drums\n5:323.\"Wrathchild\"\nPersonnel:\n\nPaul Di'Anno (Iron Maiden) – lead vocals\nAlex Skolnick (Testament) – lead guitar\nChris Traynor (Orange 9mm, Helmet) – rhythm guitar\nFrank Bello (Anthrax) – bass\nJohn Tempesta (Exodus, Testament, The Cult, White Zombie, Rob Zombie) – drums\n3:174.\"Flight of Icarus\"\nPersonnel:\n\nTim \"Ripper\" Owens (Judas Priest, Iced Earth) – lead vocals\nDoug Aldrich (Lion, Burning Rain, Dio, Whitesnake) – guitar\nJimmy Bain (Rainbow, Wild Horses, Dio) – bass\nSimon Wright (AC/DC, Dio) – drums\n4:105.\"Fear of the Dark\"\nPersonnel:\n\nChuck Billy (Testament) – lead vocals\nCraig Goldy (Rough Cutt, Giuffria, Dio) – guitar\nRicky Phillips (The Babys, Angel, Bad English, Styx) – bass\nMikkey Dee (King Diamond, Motörhead) – drums\n8:306.\"The Trooper\"\nPersonnel:\n\nIan \"Lemmy\" Kilmister (Motörhead) – lead vocals\nPhil Campbell (Persian Risk, Motörhead) – guitar\nRocky George (Suicidal Tendencies, Cro-Mags) – guitar\nChuck Wright (Quiet Riot, Giuffria, House of Lords, Impellitteri) – bass\nChris Slade (The Firm, AC/DC, Asia, Tom Jones) – drums\n4:067.\"Aces High\"\nPersonnel:\n\nJeff Scott Soto (Yngwie Malmsteen, Talisman, Journey) – lead vocals\nNuno Bettencourt (Extreme) – guitar\nBilly Sheehan (David Lee Roth, Mr. Big, Niacin) – bass\nVinny Appice (Black Sabbath, Dio) – drums\n4:588.\"2 Minutes to Midnight\"\nPersonnel:\n\nJoe Lynn Turner (Rainbow, Yngwie Malmsteen, Deep Purple) – lead vocals\nRichie Kotzen (Poison, Mr. Big)– guitar\nBob Kulick – rhythm guitar\nTony Franklin – bass\nChris Slade – drums\n6:229.\"Can I Play with Madness\"\nPersonnel:\n\nMark Slaughter (Vinnie Vincent Invasion, Slaughter) – lead vocals\nBruce Kulick (Blackjack, KISS) – guitar\nMarco Mendoza (Blue Murder, Whitesnake, Thin Lizzy) – bass\nAynsley Dunbar (The Jeff Beck Group, Frank Zappa, Journey, Whitesnake) – drums\n4:1610.\"The Evil That Men Do\"\nPersonnel:\n\nChris Jericho (Fozzy) – lead vocals\nPaul Gilbert (Racer X, Mr. Big) – guitar\nBob Kulick – rhythm guitar\nMike Inez (Alice in Chains, Slash's Snakepit, Heart) – bass\nBrent Fitz (Union, Slash) – drums\n5:2711.\"The Wicker Man\"\nPersonnel:\n\nJohn Bush (Armored Saint, Anthrax) – lead vocals\nJeff Duncan (Armored Saint) – lead guitar\nScott Ian (Anthrax) – guitar\nRob \"Blasko\" Nicholson (Ozzy Osbourne, Rob Zombie) – bass\nBen Graves (Murderdolls) - drums\nJason C. Miller (Godhead) – backing vocals\n5:10","title":"Numbers from the Beast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Solace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solace_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Crowbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowbar_(U.S._band)"},{"link_name":"Warhorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhorse_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Flight of Icarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_Icarus"},{"link_name":"Kamelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelot"},{"link_name":"The Trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trooper"},{"link_name":"Aces High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aces_High_(song)"},{"link_name":"Electric Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"The Evil That Men Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_That_Men_Do_(song)"},{"link_name":"Iron Savior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Savior"},{"link_name":"The Number of the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Number_of_the_Beast_(song)"},{"link_name":"Tchort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchort"},{"link_name":"Stranger in a Strange Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land_(Iron_Maiden_song)"},{"link_name":"Ray Alder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Alder"},{"link_name":"The Trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trooper"},{"link_name":"Wasted Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasted_Years"},{"link_name":"Eternal Elysium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_Elysium"},{"link_name":"Las Cruces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Cruces_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Quill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quill_(band)"},{"link_name":"Solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice_(doom_metal_band)"},{"link_name":"Run to the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_to_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"John West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_West_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chris Caffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Caffery"}],"text":"Slave to the Power is a tribute album to Iron Maiden.Disc 1No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Another Life\"Solace4:342.\"Children of the Damned\"Sebastian Bach4:363.\"Remember Tomorrow\"Crowbar7:004.\"Wrathchild\"Archie Bunker & John Perez3:285.\"Powerslave\"Dofka7:226.\"Moonchild\"Shallow4:387.\"Total Eclipse\"Warhorse6:088.\"Flight of Icarus\"Ian Parry & Kamelot4:109.\"The Trooper\"Holy Mother4:1310.\"Aces High\"Electric Frankenstein4:4311.\"Purgatory\"Wardog3:2112.\"The Evil That Men Do\"Conquest6:0713.\"Alexander the Great\"Eleventh Hour8:21Disc 2No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Running Free\"Iron Savior3:122.\"The Number of the Beast\"Tchort5:333.\"Stranger in a Strange Land\"Error Seven5:314.\"Invaders\"Rotors to Rust3:475.\"Murders in the Rue Morgue\"Cosmosquad with Ray Alder4:326.\"The Trooper\"Höyry-Kone3:557.\"Wasted Years\"Fates Prophecy5:048.\"Innocent Exile\"Eternal Elysium4:499.\"Revelations\"Pharoah6:5010.\"The Prisoner\"Las Cruces6:1311.\"Where Eagles Dare\"The Quill6:2112.\"The Prophecy\"Solstice5:3413.\"Run to the Hills\"John West with Chris Caffery3:56","title":"Slave to the Power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuclear Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast"},{"link_name":"Century Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Media"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"Slave to the Power was also released as a single disc version in Japan (JVC/Victor, 2000) and South Korea (Sail Productions/Pony Canyon Korea, 2000) omitting various songs. 8 songs were licensed by Nuclear Blast for a bonus CD included with the European version of A Tribute to the Beast, Vol. 2 (2003). A 2-CD/gatefold double vinyl version containing a total of 20 was released by Century Media subsidiary People Like You Records in 2003. Russian label CD Maximum issued a 2-disc version in 2003 with all 26 songs that appeared on the original Meteor City release.","title":"Slave to the Power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Purgatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory_(song)"},{"link_name":"Steel Prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Prophet"},{"link_name":"Aces High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aces_High_(song)"},{"link_name":"Children of Bodom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Bodom"},{"link_name":"The Trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trooper"},{"link_name":"Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_(German_band)"},{"link_name":"Onmyo-Za","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onmyo-Za"},{"link_name":"Hallowed Be Thy Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallowed_Be_Thy_Name_(song)"},{"link_name":"Cradle of Filth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_Filth"},{"link_name":"Running Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Free"},{"link_name":"Grave Digger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_Digger_(band)"},{"link_name":"Burden of Grief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_Grief"},{"link_name":"Sonata Arctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_Arctica"},{"link_name":"Therion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therion_(band)"},{"link_name":"Iced Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iced_Earth"},{"link_name":"Opeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeth"},{"link_name":"The Number of the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Number_of_the_Beast_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sinergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergy"},{"link_name":"Stranger in a Strange Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land_(Iron_Maiden_song)"},{"link_name":"Disbelief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disbelief"},{"link_name":"Flight of Icarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_Icarus"},{"link_name":"Tierra Santa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Santa_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dark Tranquillity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Tranquillity"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(band)"},{"link_name":"Darkane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkane"}],"text":"A Tribute to the Beast is a tribute album to the heavy metal band Iron Maiden that was released in 2002.\"The Ides of March / Purgatory\" (Steel Prophet)\n\"Aces High\" (Children of Bodom)\n\"The Trooper\" (Rage) (Onmyo-Za in Japanese version).\n\"Hallowed Be Thy Name\" (Cradle of Filth)\n\"Running Free\" (Grave Digger)\n\"Prowler\" (Burden of Grief)\n\"Die With Your Boots On\" (Sonata Arctica)\n\"Children of the Damned\" (Therion)\n\"Transylvania\" (Iced Earth)\n\"Remember Tomorrow\" (Opeth)\n\"The Number of the Beast\" (Sinergy)\n\"Stranger in a Strange Land\" (Disbelief)\n\"Flight of Icarus\" (Tierra Santa)\n\"22 Acacia Avenue\" (Dark Tranquillity)\n\"Wrathchild\" (Six Feet Under)\n\"Powerslave\" (Darkane)","title":"A Tribute to the Beast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trooper"},{"link_name":"Sentenced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenced"},{"link_name":"2 Minutes to Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Minutes_to_Midnight"},{"link_name":"Primal Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primal_Fear_(band)"},{"link_name":"Wasted Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasted_Years"},{"link_name":"Thunderstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstone_(band)"},{"link_name":"Stuck Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck_Mojo"},{"link_name":"Devin Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Townsend"},{"link_name":"Anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Tankard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankard_(band)"},{"link_name":"Necrophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophobic"},{"link_name":"Mägo De Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4go_De_Oz"},{"link_name":"Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_(Iron_Maiden_song)"},{"link_name":"Mystic Prophecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_Prophecy"},{"link_name":"Fear of the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_the_Dark_(song)"},{"link_name":"Graveworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveworm"},{"link_name":"Therion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therion_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hallowed Be Thy Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallowed_Be_Thy_Name_(song)"},{"link_name":"Iced Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iced_Earth"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Run to the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_to_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"John West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_West_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chris Caffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Caffery"},{"link_name":"Ray Alder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Alder"},{"link_name":"Flight of Icarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_Icarus"},{"link_name":"Kamelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelot"},{"link_name":"Solace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solace_(band)"},{"link_name":"Purgatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory_(song)"},{"link_name":"Iron Savior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Savior"}],"text":"A Tribute to the Beast, Vol. 2 is a tribute album to the heavy metal band Iron Maiden that was released in 2003.\"Killers\" (Destruction)\n\"The Trooper\" (Sentenced)\n\"2 Minutes to Midnight\" (Primal Fear)\n\"Wasted Years\" (Thunderstone)\n\"Wrathchild\" (Stuck Mojo & Devin Townsend)\n\"Remember Tomorrow\" (Anthrax)\n\"Iron Maiden\" (Tankard)\n\"Moonchild\" (Necrophobic)\n\"Strange World\" (Mägo De Oz)\n\"Déjà Vu\" (Wolf)\n\"Sanctuary\" (Mystic Prophecy)\n\"Fear of the Dark\" (Graveworm)\n\"Revelations\" (live) (Therion)\n\"Hallowed Be Thy Name\" (Iced Earth)\n\"Children of the Damned\" (Sebastian Bach)\n\"Run to the Hills\" (John West & Chris Caffery)\n\"Murders in the Rue Morgue\" (Cosmosquad & Ray Alder)\n\"Flight of Icarus\" (Ian Perry & Kamelot)\n\"Another Life\" (Solace)\n\"Alexander The Great\" (Eleventh Hour)\n\"Purgatory\" (Wardog)\n\"Running Free\" (Iron Savior)","title":"A Tribute to the Beast, Vol. 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Be Quick or Be Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Quick_or_Be_Dead"},{"link_name":"Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_Zone_(Iron_Maiden_song)"},{"link_name":"Gabriela Kulka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Kulka"},{"link_name":"The Angel and the Gambler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Angel_and_the_Gambler"},{"link_name":"The Trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trooper"},{"link_name":"LG Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars-G%C3%B6ran_Petrov"},{"link_name":"Entombed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entombed_(band)"},{"link_name":"Stranger in a Strange Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land_(Iron_Maiden_song)"},{"link_name":"Wildest Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildest_Dreams_(Iron_Maiden_song)"},{"link_name":"Futureal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futureal"},{"link_name":"Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_(Iron_Maiden_song)"},{"link_name":"Candlemass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlemass_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hoven Droven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoven_Droven"}],"text":"Food for Thought is an Iron Maiden tribute album with a slightly different take on the band's music. It was released in July 2005[1] after having been worked on for two years by Swedes Henrik Johansson and Mattias Reinholdsson. It features mainly Johansson and Reinholdsson doing different genre versions of Iron Maiden songs with contributions from musician friends and acquaintances. The intention with the tribute was to make it sound like the covers were done by a bunch of very different bands which might explain the album's left field take on some of the songs.\"Be Quick or Be Dead\"\n\"Twilight Zone\"\n\"22 Acacia Avenue\" (feat. Gabriela Kulka)\n\"The Angel and the Gambler\"\n\"The Mercenary\"\n\"The Trooper\" (feat. LG Petrov of Entombed)\n\"Fortunes of War\"\n\"Blood on the World's Hands\"\n\"Stranger in a Strange Land\"\n\"Flash of the Blade\"\n\"Wildest Dreams\"\n\"Futureal\"\n\"The Nomad\"\n\"Sanctuary\" (feat. Björn Flodkvist, Enter the Hunt, ex. Candlemass)\n\"Innocent Exile\"\n\"Public Enema Number One\"\n\"Heaven Can Wait\"\n\"Burning Ambition\" (feat. Bo Lindberg of Hoven Droven)\n\"Seventh Son of a Seventh Son\"","title":"Food for Thought"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maiden-world.com-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maiden-world.com-2"}],"text":"The Piano Tribute to Iron Maiden is a tribute album to the heavy metal band Iron Maiden that was released on 2 August 2005,[2] from Vitamin Records, a label located in Los Angeles California. It is described as \"a symphony that sounds perfect on every track when played on piano\"[2]Recorded in early 2005 by the pianist and conductor Scott Lavender.\"2 Minutes to Midnight\" – 6:33\n\"Wasted Years\" – 5:11\n\"Can I Play with Madness\" – 3:46\n\"The Trooper\" – 4:54\n\"Brave New World\" – 5:04\n\"Run to the Hills\" – 3:49\n\"Caught Somewhere in Time\" – 5:55\n\"Aces High\" – 4:46\n\"Hallowed Be Thy Name\" – 6:55\n\"Flight of Icarus\" – 3:55\n\"Number of the Beast\" – 6:02\n\"Eddie's Lament\" (Original track) – 4:49","title":"The Piano Tribute to Iron Maiden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Avenged Sevenfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenged_Sevenfold"},{"link_name":"Coheed & Cambria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coheed_%26_Cambria"},{"link_name":"Trivium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivium_(band)"},{"link_name":"Machine Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Head_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www2.kerrang.com-4"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Eddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_the_Head"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www2.kerrang.com-4"},{"link_name":"Black Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Tide"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Avenged Sevenfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenged_Sevenfold"},{"link_name":"2 Minutes to Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Minutes_to_Midnight"},{"link_name":"Glamour of the Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_of_the_Kill"},{"link_name":"The Trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trooper"},{"link_name":"Coheed and Cambria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coheed_and_Cambria"},{"link_name":"Wasted Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasted_Years"},{"link_name":"DevilDriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevilDriver"},{"link_name":"Run to the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_to_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"Sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"Madina Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madina_Lake"},{"link_name":"Gallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallows_(band)"},{"link_name":"Fear of the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_the_Dark_(song)"},{"link_name":"Fightstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fightstar"},{"link_name":"Hallowed Be Thy Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallowed_Be_Thy_Name_(song)"},{"link_name":"Machine Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Head_(band)"},{"link_name":"Trivium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivium_(band)"},{"link_name":"Running Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Free"},{"link_name":"Year Long Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Long_Disaster"}],"text":"Maiden Heaven: A Tribute to Iron Maiden is a tribute album to the heavy metal band Iron Maiden that was released on 16 July 2008,[3] as a free gift with Kerrang! Issue 1219. It is described as \"our tribute to Iron Maiden, which features exclusive covers by Metallica, Avenged Sevenfold, Coheed & Cambria, Trivium, Machine Head and Dream Theater\" on the Kerrang! website.[4]Between 14 and 26 May, Kerrang! ran a competition to determine the CD's cover.[5] The entrants were told to interpret the concept in any way they wanted, and using any tools they could. The winner would receive a year's subscription to Kerrang! and their art would feature on the cover.On 18 June, Felipe Franco from Bogotá, Colombia was announced as the winner, and his entry (Eddie as an angel who has burst into flame, in a landscape of ash) was displayed on the Kerrang! website.[4]\"Prowler\" (Black Tide) – 3:53\n\"Remember Tomorrow\" (Metallica) – 5:46\n\"Flash of the Blade\" (Avenged Sevenfold) – 4:00\n\"2 Minutes to Midnight\" (Glamour of the Kill) – 5:38\n\"The Trooper\" (Coheed and Cambria) – 4:22\n\"Wasted Years\" (DevilDriver) – 5:00\n\"Run to the Hills\" (Sign) – 5:07\n\"To Tame a Land\" (Dream Theater) – 7:16\n\"Caught Somewhere in Time\" (Madina Lake) – 4:02\n\"Wrathchild\" (Gallows) – 2:40\n\"Fear of the Dark\" (Fightstar) – 7:13\n\"Hallowed Be Thy Name\" (Machine Head) – 7:26\n\"Iron Maiden\" (Trivium) – 3:42\n\"Running Free\" (Year Long Disaster) – 3:14\n\"Brave New World\" (Ghostlines) – 4:35","title":"Maiden Heaven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Stone Sour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Sour"},{"link_name":"Speed of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_Light_(Iron_Maiden_song)"},{"link_name":"Escape the Fate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_the_Fate"},{"link_name":"Lonely the Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_the_Brave"},{"link_name":"Trivium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivium_(band)"},{"link_name":"Steven Battelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LostAlone"},{"link_name":"Creeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creeper_(band)"},{"link_name":"Lower Than Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Than_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Anaal Nathrakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaal_Nathrakh"},{"link_name":"Aces High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aces_High_(song)"},{"link_name":"Cry Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_Venom"},{"link_name":"Fozzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fozzy_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Wicker Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wicker_Man_(song)"},{"link_name":"Muncie Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muncie_Girls"},{"link_name":"Heck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heck_(band)"},{"link_name":"Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Acid_%26_the_Deadbeats"},{"link_name":"Anathema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anathema_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Volume 2","text":"A new edition of Maiden Heaven titled Maiden Heaven Volume 2: An All-Star Tribute to Iron Maiden was released in June 2016, accompanying issue 1623 of the magazine.[6]\"Running Free\" (Stone Sour)\n\"Speed of Light\" (Reigning Days)\n\"Hallowed Be Thy Name\" (Escape the Fate)\n\"Fear of The Dark\" (Lonely the Brave)\n\"For The Greater Good of God\" (Trivium)\n\"The Red and The Black\" (Steven Battelle)\n\"The Evil That Men Do\" (Creeper)\n\"The Number of The Beast\" (Lower Than Atlantis)\n\"Powerslave\" (Anaal Nathrakh)\n\"Aces High\" (Cry Venom)\n\"Sun and Steel\" (Fozzy)\n\"The Wicker Man\" (Muncie Girls)\n\"The Trooper\" (Heck)\n\"Remember Tomorrow\" (Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats)\n\"Wasted Years\" (Anathema)","title":"Maiden Heaven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wasted Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasted_Years"},{"link_name":"Infinite Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Dreams"},{"link_name":"The Evil That Men Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_That_Men_Do_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Wicker Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wicker_Man_(song)"},{"link_name":"Aces High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aces_High_(song)"},{"link_name":"Be Quick or Be Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Quick_or_Be_Dead"},{"link_name":"Can I Play With Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_I_Play_With_Madness"},{"link_name":"Flight of Icarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_Icarus"}],"text":"The Golden Beast is a tribute album to Iron Maiden by various Colombian bands, released in 2008. The album was recorded by Julio Monroy at DeltaRecords studios in Bogota, Colombia. Juan Arbelaez from Evenpro was the commercial producer.\"Wasted Years\" (Sigma)\n\"Infinite Dreams\" (Entropia)\n\"The Evil That Men Do\" (Legend Maker)\n\"The Wicker Man\" (Perpetual)\n\"Aces High\" (Noiszart)\n\"Be Quick or Be Dead\" (Introspeccion)\n\"Can I Play With Madness\" (Terra Sur)\n\"Flight of Icarus\" (Akash)","title":"The Golden Beast"}] | [] | [{"title":"Tribute album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_album"},{"title":"The Iron Maidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Maidens"},{"title":"Maiden uniteD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_uniteD"}] | [{"reference":"\"Food for Thought\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bookofhours.net/fft/","url_text":"\"Food for Thought\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234458/http://www.bookofhours.net/fft/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Piano Tribute to Iron Maiden\". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://maiden-world.com/tribute-albums/the_piano_tribute_to_iron_maiden.html","url_text":"\"The Piano Tribute to Iron Maiden\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054216/http://maiden-world.com/tribute-albums/the_piano_tribute_to_iron_maiden.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NEW ISSUE: K!1623: IRON MAIDEN PRESENT THE ULTIMATE DOWNLOAD PREVIEW\". Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kerrang.com/43614/k1623-iron-maiden-present-the-ultimate-preview/","url_text":"\"NEW ISSUE: K!1623: IRON MAIDEN PRESENT THE ULTIMATE DOWNLOAD PREVIEW\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160608131655/http://www.kerrang.com/43614/k1623-iron-maiden-present-the-ultimate-preview/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bookofhours.net/fft/","external_links_name":"\"Food for Thought\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234458/http://www.bookofhours.net/fft/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://maiden-world.com/tribute-albums/the_piano_tribute_to_iron_maiden.html","external_links_name":"\"The Piano Tribute to Iron Maiden\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054216/http://maiden-world.com/tribute-albums/the_piano_tribute_to_iron_maiden.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www2.kerrang.com/2008/07/hear_maiden_heaven_first.html","external_links_name":"Kerrang! Hear Maiden Heaven first!"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206144031/http://www2.kerrang.com/2008/07/hear_maiden_heaven_first.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www2.kerrang.com/2008/06/maiden_heaven_artwork_unveiled.html","external_links_name":"Kerrang! Maiden Heaven artwork unveiled!"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081014183216/http://www2.kerrang.com/2008/06/maiden_heaven_artwork_unveiled.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www2.kerrang.com/2008/05/design_ks_iron_maiden_cd_artwo.html","external_links_name":"Kerrang! Design K!'s Iron Maiden CD artwork"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081029055037/http://www2.kerrang.com/2008/05/design_ks_iron_maiden_cd_artwo.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kerrang.com/43614/k1623-iron-maiden-present-the-ultimate-preview/","external_links_name":"\"NEW ISSUE: K!1623: IRON MAIDEN PRESENT THE ULTIMATE DOWNLOAD PREVIEW\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160608131655/http://www.kerrang.com/43614/k1623-iron-maiden-present-the-ultimate-preview/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipocortin | Annexin | ["1 Introduction","2 Structure","3 Cellular localization","3.1 Membrane","3.2 Nuclei","3.3 Bone","4 Role in vesicle transport","4.1 Exocytosis","4.2 Endocytosis","5 Membrane scaffolding","5.1 Membrane organization and trafficking","6 Clinical significance","6.1 Apoptosis and inflammation","6.2 Coagulation","6.3 Fibrinolysis","7 Types/subfamilies","8 Human proteins containing this domain","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | Protein family
AnnexinStructure of human annexin III.IdentifiersSymbolAnnexinPfamPF00191InterProIPR001464PROSITEPDOC00195SCOP22ran / SCOPe / SUPFAMTCDB1.A.31OPM superfamily41OPM protein1w3wAvailable protein structures:Pfam
structures / ECOD
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summary
Annexin is a common name for a group of cellular proteins. They are mostly found in eukaryotic organisms (animal, plant and fungi).
In humans, the annexins are found inside the cell. However some annexins (Annexin A1, Annexin A2, and Annexin A5) can be secreted from the cytoplasm to outside cellular environments, such as blood.
Annexin is also known as lipocortin. Lipocortins suppress phospholipase A2. Increased expression of the gene coding for annexin-1 is one of the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) inhibit inflammation.
Introduction
The protein family of annexins has continued to grow since their association with intracellular membranes was first reported in 1977. The recognition that these proteins were members of a broad family first came from protein sequence comparisons and their cross-reactivity with antibodies. One of these workers (Geisow) coined the name Annexin shortly after.
As of 2002 160 annexin proteins have been identified in 65 different species. The criteria that a protein has to meet to be classified as an annexin are: it has to be capable of binding negatively charged phospholipids in a calcium dependent manner and must contain a 70 amino acid repeat sequence called an annexin repeat. Several proteins consist of annexin with other domains like gelsolin.
The basic structure of an annexin is composed of two major domains. The first is located at the COOH terminal and is called the “core” region. The second is located at the NH2 terminal and is called the “head” region. The core region consists of an alpha helical disk. The convex side of this disk has type 2 calcium-binding sites. They are important for allowing interaction with the phospholipids at the plasma membrane. The N terminal region is located on the concave side of the core region and is important for providing a binding site for cytoplasmic proteins. In some annexins it can become phosphorylated and can cause affinity changes for calcium in the core region or alter cytoplasmic protein interaction.
Annexins are important in various cellular and physiological processes such as providing a membrane scaffold, which is relevant to changes in the cell's shape. Also, annexins have been shown to be involved in trafficking and organization of vesicles, exocytosis, endocytosis and also calcium ion channel formation. Annexins have also been found outside the cell in the extracellular space and have been linked to fibrinolysis, coagulation, inflammation and apoptosis.
The first study to identify annexins was published by Creutz et al. (1978). These authors used bovine adrenal glands and identified a calcium dependent protein that was responsible for aggregation of granules amongst each other and the plasma membrane. This protein was given the name synexin, which comes from the Greek word “synexis” meaning “meeting”.
Structure
Several subfamilies of annexins have been identified based on structural and functional differences. However, all annexins share a common organizational theme that involves two distinct regions, an annexin core and an amino (N)-terminus. The annexin core is highly conserved across the annexin family and the N-terminus varies greatly. The variability of the N-terminus is a physical construct for variation between subfamilies of annexins.
The 310 amino acid annexin core has four annexin repeats, each composed of 5 alpha-helices. The exception is annexin A-VI that has two annexin core domains connected by a flexible linker. A-VI was produced via duplication and fusion of the genes for A-V and A-X and therefore will not be discussed in length. The four annexin repeats produce a curved protein and allow functional differences based on the structure of the curve. The concave side of the annexin core interacts with the N-terminus and cytosolic second messengers, while the convex side of the annexin contains calcium binding sites. Each annexin core contains one type II, also known as an annexin type, calcium binding site; these binding sites are the typical location of ionic membrane interactions. However, other methods of membrane connections are possible. For example, A-V exposes a tryptophan residue, upon calcium binding, which can interact with the hydrocarbon chains of the lipid bilayer.
The diverse structure of the N-terminus confers specificity to annexin intracellular signaling. In all annexins the N-terminus is thought to sit inside the concave side of the annexin core and folds separately from the rest of the protein. The structure of this region can be divided into two broad categories, short and long N-termini. A short N-terminus, as seen in A-III, can consist of 16 or less amino acids and travels along the concave protein core interacting via hydrogen bonds. Short N-termini are thought to stabilize the annexin complex in order to increase calcium binding and can be the sites for post-translational modifications. Long N-termini can contain up to 40 residues and have a more complex role in annexin signaling. For example, in A-I the N-terminus folds into an amphipathic alpha-helix and inserts into the protein core, displacing helix D of annexin repeat III. However, when calcium binds, the N-terminus is pushed from the annexin core by conformational changes within the protein. Therefore, the N-terminus can interact with other proteins, notably the S-100 protein family, and includes phosphorylation sites which allow for further signaling. A-II can also use its long N-terminal to form a heterotrimer between a S100 protein and two peripheral annexins. The structural diversity of annexins is the grounds for the functional range of these complex, intracellular messengers.
Cellular localization
Membrane
Annexins are characterized by their calcium dependent ability to bind to negatively charged phospholipids (i.e. membrane walls). They are located in some but not all of the membranous surfaces within a cell, which would be evidence of a heterogeneous distribution of Ca2+ within the cell.
Nuclei
Annexin species (II,V,XI) have been found within the membranes. Tyrosine kinase activity has been shown to increase the concentrations of Annexins II,V within the nucleus. Annexin XI is predominantly located within the nucleus, and absent from the nucleoli. During prophase, annexin XI will translocate to the nuclear envelope.
Bone
Annexins are abundant in bone matrix vesicles, and are speculated to play a role in Ca2+ entry into vesicles during hydroxyapatite formation. The subject area has not been thoroughly studied, however it has been speculated that annexins may be involved in closing the neck of the matrix vesicle as it is endocytosed.
Role in vesicle transport
Exocytosis
Annexins have been observed to play a role along the exocytotic pathway, specifically in the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Evidence of annexins or annexin-like proteins are involved in exocytosis has been found in lower organisms, such as the Paramecium. Through antibody recognition, there is evidence of the annexin like proteins being involved in the positioning and attachment of secretory organelles in the organism Paramecium.
Annexin VII was the first annexin to be discovered while searching for proteins that promote the contact and fusion of chromaffin granules. In Vitro studies however have shown that annexin VII does not promote the fusion of membranes, only the close attachment to one another.
Endocytosis
Annexins have been found to be involved in the transport and also sorting of endocytotic events. Annexin one is a substrate of the EGF (epidermal growth factor) tyrosine kinase which becomes phosphorylated on its N terminus when the receptor is internalized. Unique endosome targeting sequences have been found in the N terminus of annexins I and II, which would be useful in sorting of endocytotic vesicles. Annexins are present in several different endocytotic processes. Annexin VI is thought to be involved in clathrin coated budding events, while annexin II participates in both cholesteryl ester internalization and the biogenesis of multi-vesicular endosomes.
Membrane scaffolding
Annexins can function as scaffolding proteins to anchor other proteins to the cell membrane. Annexins assemble as trimers, where this trimer formation is facilitated by calcium influx and efficient membrane binding. This trimer assembly is often stabilized by other membrane-bound annexin cores in the vicinity. Eventually, enough annexin trimers will assemble and bind the cell membrane. This will induce the formation of membrane-bound annexin networks. These networks can induce the indentation and vesicle budding during an exocytosis event.
While different types of annexins can function as membrane scaffolds, annexin A-V is the most abundant membrane-bound annexin scaffold. Annexin A-V can form 2-dimensional networks when bound to the phosphatidylserine unit of the membrane. Annexin A-V is effective in stabilizing changes in cell shape during endocytosis and exocytosis, as well as other cell membrane processes. Alternatively, annexins A-I and A-II bind phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine units in the cell membrane, and are often found forming monolayered clusters that lack a definite shape.
In addition, annexins A-I and A-II have been shown to bind PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate) in the cell membrane and facilitate actin assembly near the membrane.
More recently, annexin scaffolding functions have been linked to medical applications. These medical implications have been uncovered with in vivo studies where the path of a fertilized egg is tracked to the uterus. After fertilization, the egg must enter a canal for which the opening is up to five times smaller than the diameter of the egg. Once the fertilized egg has passed through the opening, annexins are believed to promote membrane folding in an accordion-like fashion to return the stretched membrane back to its original form. Though this was discovered in the nematode annexin NEX-1, it is believed that a similar mechanism takes place in humans and other mammals.
Membrane organization and trafficking
Several annexins have been shown to have active roles in the organization of the membrane. Annexin A-II has been extensively studied in this aspect of annexin function and is noted to be heavily involved in the organization of lipids in the bilayer near sites of actin cytoskeleton assembly. Annexin A-II can bind PIP2 in the cell membrane in vivo with a relatively high binding affinity.
In addition, Annexin A-II can bind other membrane lipids such as cholesterol, where this binding is made possible by the influx of calcium ions. The binding of Annexin A-II to lipids in the bilayer orchestrates the organization of lipid rafts in the bilayer at sites of actin assembly. In fact, annexin A-II is itself an actin-binding protein and therefore it can form a region of interaction with actin by means of its filamentous actin properties. In turn, this allows for further cell-cell interactions between monolayers of cells like epithelial and endothelial cells. In addition to annexin A-II, annexin A-XI has also been shown to organize cell membrane properties. Annexin A-XI is believed to be highly involved in the last stage of mitosis: cytokinesis. It is in this stage that daughter cells separate from one another because annexin A-XI inserts a new membrane that is believed to be required for abscission. Without annexin A-XI, it is believed that the daughter cells with not fully separate and may undergo apoptosis.
Clinical significance
Apoptosis and inflammation
Annexin A-I seems to be one of the most heavily involved annexins in anti-inflammatory responses. Upon infection or damage to tissues, annexin A-I is believed to reduce inflammation of tissues by interacting with annexin A-I receptors on leukocytes. In turn, the activation of these receptors functions to send the leukocytes to the site of infection and target the source of inflammation directly. As a result, this inhibits leukocyte (specifically neutrophils) extravasation and down regulates the magnitude of the inflammatory response. Without annexin A-I in mediating this response, neutrophil extravasation is highly active and worsens the inflammatory response in damaged or infected tissues.
Annexin A-I has also been implicated in apoptotic mechanisms in the cell. When expressed on the surface of neutrophils, annexin A-I promotes pro-apoptotic mechanisms. Alternatively, when expressed on the cell surface, annexin A-I promotes the removal of cells that have undergone apoptosis.
Moreover, annexin A-I has further medical implications in the treatment of cancer. Annexin A-I can be used as a cell surface protein to mark some forms of tumors that can be targeted by various immunotherapies with antibodies against annexin A-I.
Coagulation
Annexin A-V is the major player when it comes to mechanisms of coagulation. Like other annexin types, annexin A-V can also be expressed on the cell surface and can function to form 2-dimensional crystals to protect the lipids of the cell membrane from involvement in coagulation mechanisms. Medically speaking, phospholipids can often be recruited in autoimmune responses, most commonly observed in cases of fetal loss during pregnancy. In such cases, antibodies against annexin A-V destroy its 2-dimensional crystal structure and uncover the phospholipids in the membrane, making them available for contribution to various coagulation mechanisms.
Fibrinolysis
While several annexins may be involved in mechanisms of fibrinolysis, annexin A-II is the most prominent in mediating these responses. The expression of annexin A-II on the cell surface is believed to serve as a receptor for plasminogen, which functions to produce plasmin. Plasmin initiates fibrinolysis by degrading fibrin. The destruction of fibrin is a natural preventative measure because it prevents the formation of blood clots by fibrin networks.
Annexin A-II has medical implications because it can be utilized in treatments for various cardiovascular diseases that thrive on blood clotting through fibrin networks.
Types/subfamilies
Annexin, type I InterPro: IPR002388
Annexin, type II InterPro: IPR002389
Annexin, type III InterPro: IPR002390
Annexin, type IV InterPro: IPR002391
Annexin, type V InterPro: IPR002392
Annexin, type VI InterPro: IPR002393
Alpha giardin InterPro: IPR008088
Annexin, type X InterPro: IPR008156
Annexin, type VIII InterPro: IPR009115
Annexin, type XXXI InterPro: IPR009116
Annexin, type fungal XIV InterPro: IPR009117
Annexin, type plant InterPro: IPR009118
Annexin, type XIII InterPro: IPR009166
Annexin, type VII InterPro: IPR013286
Annexin like protein InterPro: IPR015472
Annexin XI InterPro: IPR015475
Human proteins containing this domain
ANXA1; ANXA10; ANXA11; ANXA13; ANXA2; ANXA3; ANXA4; ANXA5;
ANXA6; ANXA7; ANXA8; ANXA8L1; ANXA8L2; ANXA9;
References
^ Annexins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ "lipocortin definition". Archived from the original on 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
^ Donnelly SR, Moss SE (June 1997). "Annexins in the secretory pathway". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 53 (6): 533–8. doi:10.1007/s000180050068. PMC 11147375. PMID 9230932. S2CID 36108081.
^ Geisow MJ, Fritsche U, Hexham JM, Dash B, Johnson T (April 1986). "A consensus sequence repeat in Torpedo and mammalian calcium-dependent membrane binding proteins". Nature. 320 (6063): 636–38. doi:10.1038/320636a0. PMID 2422556. S2CID 4361070.
^ Geisow MJ, Walker JH, Boustead C, Taylor W (April 1987). "Annexins – a new family of Ca2+ -regulated phospholipid-binding protein". Biosci. Rep. 7 (4): 289–98. doi:10.1007/BF01121450. PMID 2960386. S2CID 20709760.
^ a b c d e f g h Gerke V, Moss S (2002). "Annexins: form structure to function". Physiol. Rev. 82 (2): 331–71. doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2001. PMID 11917092.
^ Ghoshdastider, U; Popp, D; Burtnick, L. D.; Robinson, R. C. (2013). "The expanding superfamily of gelsolin homology domain proteins". Cytoskeleton. 70 (11): 775–95. doi:10.1002/cm.21149. PMID 24155256. S2CID 205643538.
^ a b Oling F, Santos JS, Govorukhina N, Mazères-Dubut C, Bergsma-Schutter W, Oostergetel G, Keegstra W, Lambert O, Lewit-Bentley A, Brisson A (December 2000). "Structure of membrane-bound annexin A5 trimers: a hybrid cryo-EM – X-ray crystallography study". J. Mol. Biol. 304 (4): 561–73. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4183. PMID 11099380.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Gerke V, Creutz CE, Moss SE (June 2005). "Annexins: linking Ca2+ signalling to membrane dynamics". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6 (6): 449–61. doi:10.1038/nrm1661. PMID 15928709. S2CID 37526262.
^ van Genderen HO, Kenis H, Hofstra L, Narula J, Reutelingsperger CP (June 2008). "Extracellular annexin A5: functions of phosphatidylserine-binding and two-dimensional crystallization". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1783 (6): 953–63. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.030. PMID 18334229.
^ a b Creutz Carl E.; Pazoles Christopher J.; Pollard Harvey B. (April 1978). "Identification and purification of an adrenal medullary protein (synexin) that causes calcium-dependent aggregation of isolated chromaffin granules". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 253 (8): 2858–66. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40901-X. PMID 632306.
^ a b Concha NO, Head JF, Kaetzel MA, Dedman JR, Seaton BA (September 1993). "Rat annexin V crystal structure: Ca(2+)-induced conformational changes". Science. 261 (5126): 1321–4. Bibcode:1993Sci...261.1321C. doi:10.1126/science.8362244. PMID 8362244.
^ a b c d e Gerke V, Moss SE (June 1997). "Annexins and membrane dynamics". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1357 (2): 129–54. doi:10.1016/S0167-4889(97)00038-4. PMID 9223619.
^ a b Tomas A, Moss S (2003). "Calcium- and Cell Cycle-dependent Association of Annexin 11 with the Nuclear Envelope". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (22): 20210–20216. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212669200. hdl:10044/1/42329. PMID 12601007.
^ Genge BR, Wu LN, Wuthier RE (March 1990). "Differential fractionation of matrix vesicle proteins. Further characterization of the acidic phospholipid-dependent Ca2+–binding proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (8): 4703–10. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39619-X. PMID 2155235.
^ Kenis H, van Genderen H, Bennaghmouch A, Rinia HA, Frederik P, Narula J, Hofstra L, Reutelingsperger CP (December 2004). "Cell surface-expressed phosphatidylserine and annexin A5 open a novel portal of cell entry". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (50): 52623–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M409009200. PMID 15381697.
^ Pigault C, Follenius-Wund A, Schmutz M, Freyssinet JM, Brisson A (February 1994). "Formation of two-dimensional arrays of annexin V on phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes". J. Mol. Biol. 236 (1): 199–208. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1994.1129. PMID 8107105.
^ Janshoff A, Ross M, Gerke V, Steinem C (August 2001). "Visualization of annexin I binding to calcium-induced phosphatidylserine domains". ChemBioChem. 2 (7–8): 587–90. doi:10.1002/1439-7633(20010803)2:7/8<587::AID-CBIC587>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 11828493. S2CID 23310803.
^ Creutz CE, Snyder SL, Daigle SN, Redick J (March 1996). "Identification, localization, and functional implications of an abundant nematode annexin". J. Cell Biol. 132 (6): 1079–92. doi:10.1083/jcb.132.6.1079. PMC 2120750. PMID 8601586.
^ Rescher U, Ruhe D, Ludwig C, Zobiack N, Gerke V (July 2004). "Annexin 2 is a phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate binding protein recruited to actin assembly sites at cellular membranes". J. Cell Sci. 117 (Pt 16): 3473–80. doi:10.1242/jcs.01208. PMID 15226372.
^ Rescher U, Gerke V (June 2004). "Annexins--unique membrane binding proteins with diverse functions". J. Cell Sci. 117 (Pt 13): 2631–9. doi:10.1242/jcs.01245. PMID 15169834.
^ Hayes MJ, Rescher U, Gerke V, Moss SE (August 2004). "Annexin-actin interactions". Traffic. 5 (8): 571–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2004.00210.x. PMID 15260827. S2CID 11551148.
^ Tomas A, Futter C, Moss SE (2004). "Annexin 11 is required for midbody formation and completion of the terminal phase of cytokinesis". J. Cell Biol. 165 (6): 813–822. doi:10.1083/jcb.200311054. PMC 2172404. PMID 15197175.
^ Prossnitz ER, Ye RD (1997). "The N-formyl peptide receptor: a model for the study of chemoattractant receptor structure and function". Pharmacol. Ther. 74 (1): 73–102. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(96)00203-3. PMID 9336017.
^ Hannon R, Croxtall JD, Getting SJ, Roviezzo F, Yona S, Paul-Clark MJ, Gavins FN, Perretti M, Morris JF, Buckingham JC, Flower RJ (February 2003). "Aberrant inflammation and resistance to glucocorticoids in annexin 1-/- mouse". FASEB J. 17 (2): 253–5. doi:10.1096/fj.02-0239fje. PMID 12475898. S2CID 18895764.
^ Arur S, Uche UE, Rezaul K, Fong M, Scranton V, Cowan AE, Mohler W, Han DK (April 2003). "Annexin I is an endogenous ligand that mediates apoptotic cell engulfment". Dev. Cell. 4 (4): 587–98. doi:10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00090-X. PMID 12689596.
^ Arur, S.; et al. (2003). "Annexin I is an endogenous ligand that mediates apoptotic cell engulfment". Dev. Cell. 4 (4): 587–598. doi:10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00090-X. PMID 12689596.
^ Oh P, Li Y, Yu J, Durr E, Krasinska KM, Carver LA, Testa JE, Schnitzer JE (June 2004). "Subtractive proteomic mapping of the endothelial surface in lung and solid tumours for tissue-specific therapy". Nature. 429 (6992): 629–35. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..629O. doi:10.1038/nature02580. PMID 15190345. S2CID 4386303.
^ Rand JH (September 2000). "Antiphospholipid antibody-mediated disruption of the annexin-V antithrombotic shield: a thrombogenic mechanism for the antiphospholipid syndrome". J. Autoimmun. 15 (2): 107–11. doi:10.1006/jaut.2000.0410. PMID 10968894.
^ Ling Q, Jacovina AT, Deora A, Febbraio M, Simantov R, Silverstein RL, Hempstead B, Mark WH, Hajjar KA (January 2004). "Annexin II regulates fibrin homeostasis and neoangiogenesis in vivo". J. Clin. Invest. 113 (1): 38–48. doi:10.1172/JCI19684. PMC 300771. PMID 14702107.
Further reading
Bauer B, Engelbrecht S, Bakker-Grunwald T, Scholze H (April 1999). "Functional identification of alpha 1-giardin as an annexin of Giardia lamblia". FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 173 (1): 147–53. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13496.x. PMID 10220891.
Moss SE, Morgan RO (2004). "The annexins". Genome Biol. 5 (4): 219. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-4-219. PMC 395778. PMID 15059252.
External links
European Annexin Homepage, acquired on 20 August 2005
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-43 - Calculated spatial positions of annexins in membranes (the initially bound state)
Annexins repeated domain in PROSITE
vteCell signaling: calcium signaling and calcium metabolismCell membraneAdhesion molecules
Cadherins
CDH1
CDH2
CDH3
CDH4
CDH5
CDH6
CDH7
CDH8
CDH9
CDH10
CDH11
CDH12
CDH13
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CDH15
CDH16
CDH17
Calcium channels
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5-HT3 receptor
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L
N
P
R
T
TRP channels
TRPA
TRPC
TRPV
Calcium pumps
Sodium-calcium exchangers
SLC3A2
SLC8A1
GPCRs
Calcium-sensing receptor
Annexins
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A8-L2
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
Intracellular signalingSecond messengers
IP3
NAADP
cADPR
Intracellular channels
IP3 receptor
Ryanodine receptor
Calcium-induced calcium release
Intracellular pumps
SERCA
ATP2A1
ATP2A2
ATP2A3
Sodium-calcium exchangers
SLC8B1
SLC24A5
Sensors and chelators
Calbindin
Calmodulin
CALM1
CALM2
CALM3
CALML3
CALML5
Calsequestrin
Calretinin
Gelsolin
Neuronal calcium sensors
Calsenilin
Frequenin
GUCA
1A
1B
Hippocalcin
Neurocalcin
Recoverin
Visinin
Parvalbumin
Phospholamban
Sarcalumenin
Synaptotagmins
SYT1
SYT2
SYT3
SYT4
SYT5
SYT6
SYT7
SYT9
SYT11
SYT13
SYT14
S100
S100P
Troponin C
TNNC1
TNNC2
Calcium-dependent chaperones
Calreticulin
Calnexin
HSPA5
HSP90B1
Calcium-dependent kinases
CaM kinases
CAMK1
CAMK2
A
B
D
G
CAMK3
CAMK4
Protein kinase C
Calcium-dependent proteases
Calpains
CAPN1
CAPN2
CAPN3
CAPN4
CAPN5
CAPN6
CAPN7
CAPN8
CAPN9
CAPN10
Indirect regulators
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Extracellular chelatorsExtracellular matrix proteins
Fibulins
FBLN1
FBLN2
FBLN3
FBLN4
FBLN5
Hemicentin 1
Matrix gla protein
Osteonectin
SIBLINGs
Bone sialoprotein
Dentin matrix phosphoprotein
Dentin sialophosphoprotein
Osteopontin
Secreted hormones
Osteocalcin
Calcium-binding domains
C2 domain
Cadherin
C-type lectin
EF hand
EGF-like domain
Gla domain | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"secreted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretion"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"phospholipase A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_A2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid"},{"link_name":"cortisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"}],"text":"Annexin is a common name for a group of cellular proteins. They are mostly found in eukaryotic organisms (animal, plant and fungi).In humans, the annexins are found inside the cell. However some annexins (Annexin A1, Annexin A2, and Annexin A5) can be secreted from the cytoplasm to outside cellular environments, such as blood.Annexin is also known as lipocortin.[1] Lipocortins suppress phospholipase A2.[2] Increased expression of the gene coding for annexin-1 is one of the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) inhibit inflammation.","title":"Annexin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9230932-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2422556-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2960386-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentythree-6"},{"link_name":"phospholipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipids"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentythree-6"},{"link_name":"plasma membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-8"},{"link_name":"vesicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)"},{"link_name":"exocytosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocytosis"},{"link_name":"endocytosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocytosis"},{"link_name":"ion channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"fibrinolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinolysis"},{"link_name":"coagulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18334229-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentyone-11"},{"link_name":"adrenal glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glands"},{"link_name":"synexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synexin&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The protein family of annexins has continued to grow since their association with intracellular membranes was first reported in 1977.[3] The recognition that these proteins were members of a broad family first came from protein sequence comparisons and their cross-reactivity with antibodies.[4] One of these workers (Geisow) coined the name Annexin shortly after.[5]As of 2002 160 annexin proteins have been identified in 65 different species.[6] The criteria that a protein has to meet to be classified as an annexin are: it has to be capable of binding negatively charged phospholipids in a calcium dependent manner and must contain a 70 amino acid repeat sequence called an annexin repeat. Several proteins consist of annexin with other domains like gelsolin.[7]The basic structure of an annexin is composed of two major domains. The first is located at the COOH terminal and is called the “core” region. The second is located at the NH2 terminal and is called the “head” region.[6] The core region consists of an alpha helical disk. The convex side of this disk has type 2 calcium-binding sites. They are important for allowing interaction with the phospholipids at the plasma membrane.[8] The N terminal region is located on the concave side of the core region and is important for providing a binding site for cytoplasmic proteins. In some annexins it can become phosphorylated and can cause affinity changes for calcium in the core region or alter cytoplasmic protein interaction.Annexins are important in various cellular and physiological processes such as providing a membrane scaffold, which is relevant to changes in the cell's shape. Also, annexins have been shown to be involved in trafficking and organization of vesicles, exocytosis, endocytosis and also calcium ion channel formation.[9] Annexins have also been found outside the cell in the extracellular space and have been linked to fibrinolysis, coagulation, inflammation and apoptosis.[10]The first study to identify annexins was published by Creutz et al. (1978).[11] These authors used bovine adrenal glands and identified a calcium dependent protein that was responsible for aggregation of granules amongst each other and the plasma membrane. This protein was given the name synexin, which comes from the Greek word “synexis” meaning “meeting”.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentythree-6"},{"link_name":"N-terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-terminus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentythree-6"},{"link_name":"second messengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_messengers"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentytwo-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentythree-6"},{"link_name":"tryptophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"lipid bilayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentytwo-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentythree-6"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bonds"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentythree-6"},{"link_name":"amphipathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipathic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentythree-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"S-100 protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-100_protein"},{"link_name":"phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"}],"text":"Several subfamilies of annexins have been identified based on structural and functional differences. However, all annexins share a common organizational theme that involves two distinct regions, an annexin core and an amino (N)-terminus.[9] The annexin core is highly conserved across the annexin family and the N-terminus varies greatly.[6] The variability of the N-terminus is a physical construct for variation between subfamilies of annexins.The 310 amino acid annexin core has four annexin repeats, each composed of 5 alpha-helices.[9] The exception is annexin A-VI that has two annexin core domains connected by a flexible linker.[9] A-VI was produced via duplication and fusion of the genes for A-V and A-X and therefore will not be discussed in length. The four annexin repeats produce a curved protein and allow functional differences based on the structure of the curve.[6] The concave side of the annexin core interacts with the N-terminus and cytosolic second messengers, while the convex side of the annexin contains calcium binding sites.[12] Each annexin core contains one type II, also known as an annexin type, calcium binding site; these binding sites are the typical location of ionic membrane interactions.[6] However, other methods of membrane connections are possible. For example, A-V exposes a tryptophan residue, upon calcium binding, which can interact with the hydrocarbon chains of the lipid bilayer.[12]The diverse structure of the N-terminus confers specificity to annexin intracellular signaling. In all annexins the N-terminus is thought to sit inside the concave side of the annexin core and folds separately from the rest of the protein.[6] The structure of this region can be divided into two broad categories, short and long N-termini. A short N-terminus, as seen in A-III, can consist of 16 or less amino acids and travels along the concave protein core interacting via hydrogen bonds.[9] Short N-termini are thought to stabilize the annexin complex in order to increase calcium binding and can be the sites for post-translational modifications.[9] Long N-termini can contain up to 40 residues and have a more complex role in annexin signaling.[6] For example, in A-I the N-terminus folds into an amphipathic alpha-helix and inserts into the protein core, displacing helix D of annexin repeat III.[6] However, when calcium binds, the N-terminus is pushed from the annexin core by conformational changes within the protein.[9] Therefore, the N-terminus can interact with other proteins, notably the S-100 protein family, and includes phosphorylation sites which allow for further signaling.[9] A-II can also use its long N-terminal to form a heterotrimer between a S100 protein and two peripheral annexins.[9] The structural diversity of annexins is the grounds for the functional range of these complex, intracellular messengers.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cellular localization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eightteen-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"}],"sub_title":"Membrane","text":"Annexins are characterized by their calcium dependent ability to bind to negatively charged phospholipids (i.e. membrane walls).[13] They are located in some but not all of the membranous surfaces within a cell, which would be evidence of a heterogeneous distribution of Ca2+ within the cell.[9]","title":"Cellular localization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"Tyrosine kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nineteen-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nineteen-14"}],"sub_title":"Nuclei","text":"Annexin species (II,V,XI) have been found within the membranes.[9] Tyrosine kinase activity has been shown to increase the concentrations of Annexins II,V within the nucleus.[9] Annexin XI is predominantly located within the nucleus, and absent from the nucleoli.[14] During prophase, annexin XI will translocate to the nuclear envelope.[14]","title":"Cellular localization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydroxyapatite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyapatite"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2155235-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"}],"sub_title":"Bone","text":"Annexins are abundant in bone matrix vesicles, and are speculated to play a role in Ca2+ entry into vesicles during hydroxyapatite formation.[15] The subject area has not been thoroughly studied, however it has been speculated that annexins may be involved in closing the neck of the matrix vesicle as it is endocytosed.[9]","title":"Cellular localization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Role in vesicle transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exocytotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocytosis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eightteen-13"},{"link_name":"Paramecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eightteen-13"},{"link_name":"organelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eightteen-13"},{"link_name":"chromaffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaffin_cells"},{"link_name":"granules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentyone-11"}],"sub_title":"Exocytosis","text":"Annexins have been observed to play a role along the exocytotic pathway, specifically in the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane.[13] Evidence of annexins or annexin-like proteins are involved in exocytosis has been found in lower organisms, such as the Paramecium.[13] Through antibody recognition, there is evidence of the annexin like proteins being involved in the positioning and attachment of secretory organelles in the organism Paramecium.[13]Annexin VII was the first annexin to be discovered while searching for proteins that promote the contact and fusion of chromaffin granules.[9] In Vitro studies however have shown that annexin VII does not promote the fusion of membranes, only the close attachment to one another.[11]","title":"Role in vesicle transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epidermal growth factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor"},{"link_name":"tyrosine kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eightteen-13"},{"link_name":"endosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosome"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"clathrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin"},{"link_name":"cholesteryl ester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesteryl_ester"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"}],"sub_title":"Endocytosis","text":"Annexins have been found to be involved in the transport and also sorting of endocytotic events. Annexin one is a substrate of the EGF (epidermal growth factor) tyrosine kinase which becomes phosphorylated on its N terminus when the receptor is internalized.[13] Unique endosome targeting sequences have been found in the N terminus of annexins I and II, which would be useful in sorting of endocytotic vesicles.[9] Annexins are present in several different endocytotic processes. Annexin VI is thought to be involved in clathrin coated budding events, while annexin II participates in both cholesteryl ester internalization and the biogenesis of multi-vesicular endosomes.[9]","title":"Role in vesicle transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15381697-16"},{"link_name":"phosphatidylserine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylserine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8107105-17"},{"link_name":"phosphatidylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11828493-18"},{"link_name":"PIP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIP2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"nematode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8601586-19"}],"text":"Annexins can function as scaffolding proteins to anchor other proteins to the cell membrane. Annexins assemble as trimers,[8] where this trimer formation is facilitated by calcium influx and efficient membrane binding. This trimer assembly is often stabilized by other membrane-bound annexin cores in the vicinity. Eventually, enough annexin trimers will assemble and bind the cell membrane. This will induce the formation of membrane-bound annexin networks. These networks can induce the indentation and vesicle budding during an exocytosis event.[16]While different types of annexins can function as membrane scaffolds, annexin A-V is the most abundant membrane-bound annexin scaffold. Annexin A-V can form 2-dimensional networks when bound to the phosphatidylserine unit of the membrane.[17] Annexin A-V is effective in stabilizing changes in cell shape during endocytosis and exocytosis, as well as other cell membrane processes. Alternatively, annexins A-I and A-II bind phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine units in the cell membrane, and are often found forming monolayered clusters that lack a definite shape.[18]In addition, annexins A-I and A-II have been shown to bind PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate) in the cell membrane and facilitate actin assembly near the membrane.[9]\nMore recently, annexin scaffolding functions have been linked to medical applications. These medical implications have been uncovered with in vivo studies where the path of a fertilized egg is tracked to the uterus. After fertilization, the egg must enter a canal for which the opening is up to five times smaller than the diameter of the egg. Once the fertilized egg has passed through the opening, annexins are believed to promote membrane folding in an accordion-like fashion to return the stretched membrane back to its original form. Though this was discovered in the nematode annexin NEX-1, it is believed that a similar mechanism takes place in humans and other mammals.[19]","title":"Membrane scaffolding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipids"},{"link_name":"cytoskeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton"},{"link_name":"PIP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIP2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15226372-20"},{"link_name":"cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15169834-21"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"epithelial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial"},{"link_name":"endothelial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_cells"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15260827-22"},{"link_name":"mitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"cytokinesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinesis"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Membrane organization and trafficking","text":"Several annexins have been shown to have active roles in the organization of the membrane. Annexin A-II has been extensively studied in this aspect of annexin function and is noted to be heavily involved in the organization of lipids in the bilayer near sites of actin cytoskeleton assembly. Annexin A-II can bind PIP2 in the cell membrane in vivo with a relatively high binding affinity.[20]In addition, Annexin A-II can bind other membrane lipids such as cholesterol, where this binding is made possible by the influx of calcium ions.[21] The binding of Annexin A-II to lipids in the bilayer orchestrates the organization of lipid rafts in the bilayer at sites of actin assembly. In fact, annexin A-II is itself an actin-binding protein and therefore it can form a region of interaction with actin by means of its filamentous actin properties. In turn, this allows for further cell-cell interactions between monolayers of cells like epithelial and endothelial cells.[22] In addition to annexin A-II, annexin A-XI has also been shown to organize cell membrane properties. Annexin A-XI is believed to be highly involved in the last stage of mitosis: cytokinesis. It is in this stage that daughter cells separate from one another because annexin A-XI inserts a new membrane that is believed to be required for abscission. Without annexin A-XI, it is believed that the daughter cells with not fully separate and may undergo apoptosis.[23]","title":"Membrane scaffolding"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-inflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory"},{"link_name":"infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"leukocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytes"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9336017-24"},{"link_name":"neutrophils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophils"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12475898-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12689596-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumors"},{"link_name":"immunotherapies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapy"},{"link_name":"antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodies"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15190345-28"}],"sub_title":"Apoptosis and inflammation","text":"Annexin A-I seems to be one of the most heavily involved annexins in anti-inflammatory responses. Upon infection or damage to tissues, annexin A-I is believed to reduce inflammation of tissues by interacting with annexin A-I receptors on leukocytes. In turn, the activation of these receptors functions to send the leukocytes to the site of infection and target the source of inflammation directly.[24] As a result, this inhibits leukocyte (specifically neutrophils) extravasation and down regulates the magnitude of the inflammatory response. Without annexin A-I in mediating this response, neutrophil extravasation is highly active and worsens the inflammatory response in damaged or infected tissues.[25]Annexin A-I has also been implicated in apoptotic mechanisms in the cell. When expressed on the surface of neutrophils, annexin A-I promotes pro-apoptotic mechanisms. Alternatively, when expressed on the cell surface, annexin A-I promotes the removal of cells that have undergone apoptosis.[26]\n[27]Moreover, annexin A-I has further medical implications in the treatment of cancer. Annexin A-I can be used as a cell surface protein to mark some forms of tumors that can be targeted by various immunotherapies with antibodies against annexin A-I.[28]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coagulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-9"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10968894-29"}],"sub_title":"Coagulation","text":"Annexin A-V is the major player when it comes to mechanisms of coagulation. Like other annexin types, annexin A-V can also be expressed on the cell surface and can function to form 2-dimensional crystals to protect the lipids of the cell membrane from involvement in coagulation mechanisms.[9] Medically speaking, phospholipids can often be recruited in autoimmune responses, most commonly observed in cases of fetal loss during pregnancy. In such cases, antibodies against annexin A-V destroy its 2-dimensional crystal structure and uncover the phospholipids in the membrane, making them available for contribution to various coagulation mechanisms.[29]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fibrinolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinolysis"},{"link_name":"plasminogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasminogen"},{"link_name":"plasmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmin"},{"link_name":"fibrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrin"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14702107-30"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases"}],"sub_title":"Fibrinolysis","text":"While several annexins may be involved in mechanisms of fibrinolysis, annexin A-II is the most prominent in mediating these responses. The expression of annexin A-II on the cell surface is believed to serve as a receptor for plasminogen, which functions to produce plasmin. Plasmin initiates fibrinolysis by degrading fibrin. The destruction of fibrin is a natural preventative measure because it prevents the formation of blood clots by fibrin networks.[30]Annexin A-II has medical implications because it can be utilized in treatments for various cardiovascular diseases that thrive on blood clotting through fibrin networks.","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annexin, type I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexin_A1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR002388","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR002388"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexin_A2"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR002389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR002389"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin,_type_III&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR002390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR002390"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin,_type_IV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR002391","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR002391"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexin_A5"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR002392","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR002392"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin,_type_VI&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR002393","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR002393"},{"link_name":"Alpha giardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpha_giardin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR008088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR008088"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin,_type_X&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR008156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR008156"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin,_type_VIII&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR009115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR009115"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type XXXI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin,_type_XXXI&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR009116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR009116"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type fungal XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin,_type_fungal_XIV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR009117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR009117"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin,_type_plant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR009118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR009118"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin,_type_XIII&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR009166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR009166"},{"link_name":"Annexin, type VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin,_type_VII&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR013286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR013286"},{"link_name":"Annexin like protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin_like_protein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR015472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR015472"},{"link_name":"Annexin XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annexin_XI&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR015475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR015475"}],"text":"Annexin, type I InterPro: IPR002388\nAnnexin, type II InterPro: IPR002389\nAnnexin, type III InterPro: IPR002390\nAnnexin, type IV InterPro: IPR002391\nAnnexin, type V InterPro: IPR002392\nAnnexin, type VI InterPro: IPR002393\nAlpha giardin InterPro: IPR008088\nAnnexin, type X InterPro: IPR008156\nAnnexin, type VIII InterPro: IPR009115\nAnnexin, type XXXI InterPro: IPR009116\nAnnexin, type fungal XIV InterPro: IPR009117\nAnnexin, type plant InterPro: IPR009118\nAnnexin, type XIII InterPro: IPR009166\nAnnexin, type VII InterPro: IPR013286\nAnnexin like protein InterPro: IPR015472\nAnnexin XI InterPro: IPR015475","title":"Types/subfamilies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ANXA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA1"},{"link_name":"ANXA10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ANXA10&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ANXA11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA11"},{"link_name":"ANXA13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA13"},{"link_name":"ANXA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA2"},{"link_name":"ANXA3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA3"},{"link_name":"ANXA4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA4"},{"link_name":"ANXA5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA5"},{"link_name":"ANXA6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA6"},{"link_name":"ANXA7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA7"},{"link_name":"ANXA8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ANXA8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ANXA8L1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ANXA8L1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ANXA8L2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA8L2"},{"link_name":"ANXA9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA9"}],"text":"ANXA1; ANXA10; ANXA11; ANXA13; ANXA2; ANXA3; ANXA4; ANXA5;\nANXA6; ANXA7; ANXA8; ANXA8L1; ANXA8L2; ANXA9;","title":"Human proteins containing this domain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13496.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.1999.tb13496.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10220891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10220891"},{"link_name":"\"The annexins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395778"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1186/gb-2004-5-4-219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2004-5-4-219"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"395778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395778"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15059252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15059252"}],"text":"Bauer B, Engelbrecht S, Bakker-Grunwald T, Scholze H (April 1999). \"Functional identification of alpha 1-giardin as an annexin of Giardia lamblia\". FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 173 (1): 147–53. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13496.x. PMID 10220891.\nMoss SE, Morgan RO (2004). \"The annexins\". Genome Biol. 5 (4): 219. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-4-219. PMC 395778. PMID 15059252.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"lipocortin definition\". Archived from the original on 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2007-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070614001300/http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-L/lipocortin.html","url_text":"\"lipocortin definition\""},{"url":"http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-L/lipocortin.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Donnelly SR, Moss SE (June 1997). \"Annexins in the secretory pathway\". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 53 (6): 533–8. doi:10.1007/s000180050068. PMC 11147375. PMID 9230932. S2CID 36108081.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s000180050068","url_text":"\"Annexins in the secretory pathway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs000180050068","url_text":"10.1007/s000180050068"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11147375","url_text":"11147375"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9230932","url_text":"9230932"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36108081","url_text":"36108081"}]},{"reference":"Geisow MJ, Fritsche U, Hexham JM, Dash B, Johnson T (April 1986). \"A consensus sequence repeat in Torpedo and mammalian calcium-dependent membrane binding proteins\". Nature. 320 (6063): 636–38. doi:10.1038/320636a0. PMID 2422556. S2CID 4361070.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F320636a0","url_text":"10.1038/320636a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2422556","url_text":"2422556"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4361070","url_text":"4361070"}]},{"reference":"Geisow MJ, Walker JH, Boustead C, Taylor W (April 1987). \"Annexins – a new family of Ca2+ -regulated phospholipid-binding protein\". Biosci. Rep. 7 (4): 289–98. doi:10.1007/BF01121450. PMID 2960386. S2CID 20709760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01121450","url_text":"10.1007/BF01121450"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2960386","url_text":"2960386"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20709760","url_text":"20709760"}]},{"reference":"Gerke V, Moss S (2002). \"Annexins: form structure to function\". Physiol. Rev. 82 (2): 331–71. doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2001. PMID 11917092.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00030.2001","url_text":"10.1152/physrev.00030.2001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917092","url_text":"11917092"}]},{"reference":"Ghoshdastider, U; Popp, D; Burtnick, L. D.; Robinson, R. C. (2013). \"The expanding superfamily of gelsolin homology domain proteins\". Cytoskeleton. 70 (11): 775–95. doi:10.1002/cm.21149. PMID 24155256. S2CID 205643538.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcm.21149","url_text":"10.1002/cm.21149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24155256","url_text":"24155256"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205643538","url_text":"205643538"}]},{"reference":"Oling F, Santos JS, Govorukhina N, Mazères-Dubut C, Bergsma-Schutter W, Oostergetel G, Keegstra W, Lambert O, Lewit-Bentley A, Brisson A (December 2000). \"Structure of membrane-bound annexin A5 trimers: a hybrid cryo-EM – X-ray crystallography study\". J. Mol. Biol. 304 (4): 561–73. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4183. PMID 11099380.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.2000.4183","url_text":"10.1006/jmbi.2000.4183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11099380","url_text":"11099380"}]},{"reference":"Gerke V, Creutz CE, Moss SE (June 2005). \"Annexins: linking Ca2+ signalling to membrane dynamics\". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6 (6): 449–61. doi:10.1038/nrm1661. PMID 15928709. S2CID 37526262.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm1661","url_text":"10.1038/nrm1661"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15928709","url_text":"15928709"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37526262","url_text":"37526262"}]},{"reference":"van Genderen HO, Kenis H, Hofstra L, Narula J, Reutelingsperger CP (June 2008). \"Extracellular annexin A5: functions of phosphatidylserine-binding and two-dimensional crystallization\". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1783 (6): 953–63. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.030. PMID 18334229.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbamcr.2008.01.030","url_text":"\"Extracellular annexin A5: functions of phosphatidylserine-binding and two-dimensional crystallization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbamcr.2008.01.030","url_text":"10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18334229","url_text":"18334229"}]},{"reference":"Creutz Carl E.; Pazoles Christopher J.; Pollard Harvey B. (April 1978). \"Identification and purification of an adrenal medullary protein (synexin) that causes calcium-dependent aggregation of isolated chromaffin granules\". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 253 (8): 2858–66. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40901-X. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tearce_attack | Tearce attack | ["1 Background","2 Attack","3 Aftermath","4 References"] | Tearce attackPart of 2001 insurgency in MacedoniaDate22 January 2001LocationTearce, MacedoniaResult
NLA victoryBelligerents
National Liberation Army
MacedoniaCommanders and leaders
unknown
UnknownUnits involved
112th Brigade
Macedonian PoliceCasualties and losses
None
1 policeman killed 3 injuredvteInsurgencies inNorth Macedonia2001 insurgency
Tearce
Tanuševci 1
Brest
Tanuševci 2
Tanuševci 3
Tetovo
MH
MH-1
MH-2
Matejče
Slupčane
Vejce
Lisec
Vaksince
Gajre
Skopje
Karpalak
Aračinovo
Nikuštak
Raduša
Ljuboten
Essential Harvest
Ohrid Agreement
Treboš
2004 - 2005
Kondovo crisis Vratnica Attack
2007
Mountain Storm
2010
Blace bunker raid
Raduša shootout
2012
Smilkovci
2014
Skopje
2015
Gošince
Kumanovo
The Tearce attack was an attack carried out by the National Liberation Army on a Macedonian police station in Tearce, North Macedonia. This attack marked the beginning of the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia. As a result of the attack, one police officer was killed and three others were injured and the NLA captured Tearce.
Background
North Macedonia, located between Kosovo and Serbia, had largely evaded the prolonged conflicts that characterized Bosnia and Kosovo during the 1990s. Despite occasional tensions, relations between the ethnic Macedonian majority and Albanian minority had remained largely peaceful and the Macedonian government and parliament had been characterized by the inclusion of ethnic Albanian political parties. However, in early 2001, the National Liberation Army (NLA), an ethnic Albanian separatist militia, increased attacks on Macedonian security forces.
Attack
The attack took place on January 22, 2001, on a Monday at 2:00 AM in the village of Tearce, which is inhabited largely by ethnic Albanians. During the attack, three or four NLA militants armed with a Chinese rocket launcher and two Kalashnikovs attacked a Macedonian police station. The militants killed the police officer Momir Stojanovski in the attack, who was killed by the RPG grenade, while three other policemen were seriously injured. The injuries were believed to have been sustained from the two grenades fired at the station.
Aftermath
The NLA claimed responsibility for the attack. After the attack in Tearce, the village was held by the NLA. However, Macedonian police reported that the militants operated independently. Police spokesman Stevo Pendarovski reported, "These extreme radical individuals are not part of an organised group."
The attack in Tearce was the first attack in the conflict. The clashes directly led to the nine-month-long armed insurgency in Macedonia. Several days later, Albanians in the conflict areas were arrested and the NLA and Macedonian police engaged in an hour-long Battle in Tanuševci on the Kosovar-Macedonian border.
References
^ https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/en/angelov-na-20-godishninata-od-napadot-vrz-ps-vo-tearcze-da-ne-se-zaboravi-za-da-ne-ni-se-povtori/
^ https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/22/20-years-on-armed-conflicts-legacy-endures-in-north-macedonia/
^ "CER | Macedonia: Destabilisation?".
^ Daskalovski, zidas. THE MACEDONIAN CONFLICT OF 2001: BETWEEN SUCCESSFUL DIPLOMACY, RHETORIC AND TERROR. p. 7.
^ a b "That's the police station, that was". The Economist. 2001-10-25.
^ "Macedonia: Country Background and Recent Conflict". www.everycrsreport.com. 2001-11-07. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ Димовски, Сашко (2021-01-22). "Angelov on the 20th anniversary of the attack on PS in Tearce: Not to be forgotten so that it does not happen again". Слободен печат. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ Димовски, Зоран (2023-01-21). "22 years ago, the first victim of the military conflict fell in Tearce, marking the anniversary of the death of police officer Momir Stojanovski - Free Press". Слободен печат. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ Naegele, Jolyon (2008-04-09). "2001 In Review: NATO 'Dodges A Bullet' In Macedonia, Southern Serbia". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ a b Latifi, Veton (2001-02-14). "Skopje Dismisses KLA Bombing Link". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ Pritchard, Eleanor (2001-01-26). "News from Macedonia". Central Europe Review. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ Phillips, John (2004). Macedonia : warlords and rebels in the Balkans. Internet Archive. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press. 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shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu%C5%A1a_shootout"},{"link_name":"Smilkovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilkovci_lake_killings"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Macedonian_government_building_attack"},{"link_name":"Gošince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%A1ince_attack"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Kumanovo_clashes"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Macedonia)"},{"link_name":"Tearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tearce"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"2001 insurgency in Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Tearce attackPart of 2001 insurgency in MacedoniaDate22 January 2001LocationTearce, MacedoniaResult\nNLA victoryBelligerents\n National Liberation Army\n MacedoniaCommanders and leaders\n unknown\n UnknownUnits involved\n 112th Brigade\n Macedonian PoliceCasualties and losses\n None\n 1 policeman killed[1][2] 3 injured[3]vteInsurgencies inNorth Macedonia2001 insurgency\nTearce\nTanuševci 1\nBrest\nTanuševci 2\nTanuševci 3\nTetovo\nMH\nMH-1\nMH-2\nMatejče\nSlupčane\nVejce\nLisec\nVaksince\nGajre\nSkopje\nKarpalak\nAračinovo\nNikuštak\nRaduša\nLjuboten\nEssential Harvest\nOhrid Agreement\nTreboš\n2004 - 2005\n\nKondovo crisis Vratnica Attack\n2007\n\nMountain Storm\n2010\n\nBlace bunker raid\nRaduša shootout\n2012\n\nSmilkovci\n2014\n\nSkopje\n2015\n\nGošince\nKumanovoThe Tearce attack was an attack carried out by the National Liberation Army on a Macedonian police station in Tearce, North Macedonia. This attack marked the beginning of the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia.[4] As a result of the attack, one police officer was killed and three others were injured and the NLA captured Tearce.[5]","title":"Tearce attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Albanian minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Army (NLA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Macedonia)"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"North Macedonia, located between Kosovo and Serbia, had largely evaded the prolonged conflicts that characterized Bosnia and Kosovo during the 1990s. Despite occasional tensions, relations between the ethnic Macedonian majority and Albanian minority had remained largely peaceful and the Macedonian government and parliament had been characterized by the inclusion of ethnic Albanian political parties. However, in early 2001, the National Liberation Army (NLA), an ethnic Albanian separatist militia, increased attacks on Macedonian security forces.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tearce"},{"link_name":"ethnic Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kalashnikovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47"},{"link_name":"Macedonian police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The attack took place on January 22, 2001, on a Monday at 2:00 AM in the village of Tearce, which is inhabited largely by ethnic Albanians.[7] During the attack, three or four NLA militants armed with a Chinese rocket launcher and two Kalashnikovs attacked a Macedonian police station. The militants killed the police officer Momir Stojanovski in the attack, who was killed by the RPG grenade, while three other policemen were seriously injured.[8][9][10] The injuries were believed to have been sustained from the two grenades fired at the station.[11]","title":"Attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stevo Pendarovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevo_Pendarovski"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Battle in Tanuševci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tanu%C5%A1evci"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The NLA claimed responsibility for the attack. After the attack in Tearce, the village was held by the NLA.[12] However, Macedonian police reported that the militants operated independently. Police spokesman Stevo Pendarovski reported, \"These extreme radical individuals are not part of an organised group.\"[10]The attack in Tearce was the first attack in the conflict.[5] The clashes directly led to the nine-month-long armed insurgency in Macedonia. Several days later, Albanians in the conflict areas were arrested and the NLA and Macedonian police engaged in an hour-long Battle in Tanuševci on the Kosovar-Macedonian border.[citation needed]","title":"Aftermath"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"CER | Macedonia: Destabilisation?\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pecina.cz/files/www.ce-review.org/01/4/macedonianews4.html","url_text":"\"CER | Macedonia: Destabilisation?\""}]},{"reference":"Daskalovski, zidas. THE MACEDONIAN CONFLICT OF 2001: BETWEEN SUCCESSFUL DIPLOMACY, RHETORIC AND TERROR. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"That's the police station, that was\". The Economist. 2001-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/europe/2001/10/25/thats-the-police-station-that-was","url_text":"\"That's the police station, that was\""}]},{"reference":"\"Macedonia: Country Background and Recent Conflict\". www.everycrsreport.com. 2001-11-07. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30900.html","url_text":"\"Macedonia: Country Background and Recent Conflict\""}]},{"reference":"Димовски, Сашко (2021-01-22). \"Angelov on the 20th anniversary of the attack on PS in Tearce: Not to be forgotten so that it does not happen again\". Слободен печат. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/en/angelov-na-20-godishninata-od-napadot-vrz-ps-vo-tearcze-da-ne-se-zaboravi-za-da-ne-ni-se-povtori/","url_text":"\"Angelov on the 20th anniversary of the attack on PS in Tearce: Not to be forgotten so that it does not happen again\""}]},{"reference":"Димовски, Зоран (2023-01-21). \"22 years ago, the first victim of the military conflict fell in Tearce, marking the anniversary of the death of police officer Momir Stojanovski - Free Press\". Слободен печат. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/en/pred-22-godini-vo-tearce-padna-prvata-zhrtva-od-voeniot-konflikt-odbelezhana-godishninata-od-zaginuvanjeto-na-policaecot-momir-stojanovski/","url_text":"\"22 years ago, the first victim of the military conflict fell in Tearce, marking the anniversary of the death of police officer Momir Stojanovski - Free Press\""}]},{"reference":"Naegele, Jolyon (2008-04-09). \"2001 In Review: NATO 'Dodges A Bullet' In Macedonia, Southern Serbia\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/1098266.html","url_text":"\"2001 In Review: NATO 'Dodges A Bullet' In Macedonia, Southern Serbia\""}]},{"reference":"Latifi, Veton (2001-02-14). \"Skopje Dismisses KLA Bombing Link\". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://iwpr.net/global-voices/skopje-dismisses-kla-bombing-link","url_text":"\"Skopje Dismisses KLA Bombing Link\""}]},{"reference":"Pritchard, Eleanor (2001-01-26). \"News from Macedonia\". Central Europe Review. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pecina.cz/files/www.ce-review.org/01/4/macedonianews4.html","url_text":"\"News from Macedonia\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, John (2004). Macedonia : warlords and rebels in the Balkans. Internet Archive. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10268-0.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/macedonia00john","url_text":"Macedonia : warlords and rebels in the Balkans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10268-0","url_text":"978-0-300-10268-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/en/angelov-na-20-godishninata-od-napadot-vrz-ps-vo-tearcze-da-ne-se-zaboravi-za-da-ne-ni-se-povtori/","external_links_name":"https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/en/angelov-na-20-godishninata-od-napadot-vrz-ps-vo-tearcze-da-ne-se-zaboravi-za-da-ne-ni-se-povtori/"},{"Link":"https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/22/20-years-on-armed-conflicts-legacy-endures-in-north-macedonia/","external_links_name":"https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/22/20-years-on-armed-conflicts-legacy-endures-in-north-macedonia/"},{"Link":"https://www.pecina.cz/files/www.ce-review.org/01/4/macedonianews4.html","external_links_name":"\"CER | Macedonia: Destabilisation?\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/europe/2001/10/25/thats-the-police-station-that-was","external_links_name":"\"That's the police station, that was\""},{"Link":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30900.html","external_links_name":"\"Macedonia: Country Background and Recent Conflict\""},{"Link":"https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/en/angelov-na-20-godishninata-od-napadot-vrz-ps-vo-tearcze-da-ne-se-zaboravi-za-da-ne-ni-se-povtori/","external_links_name":"\"Angelov on the 20th anniversary of the attack on PS in Tearce: Not to be forgotten so that it does not happen again\""},{"Link":"https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/en/pred-22-godini-vo-tearce-padna-prvata-zhrtva-od-voeniot-konflikt-odbelezhana-godishninata-od-zaginuvanjeto-na-policaecot-momir-stojanovski/","external_links_name":"\"22 years ago, the first victim of the military conflict fell in Tearce, marking the anniversary of the death of police officer Momir Stojanovski - Free Press\""},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/1098266.html","external_links_name":"\"2001 In Review: NATO 'Dodges A Bullet' In Macedonia, Southern Serbia\""},{"Link":"https://iwpr.net/global-voices/skopje-dismisses-kla-bombing-link","external_links_name":"\"Skopje Dismisses KLA Bombing Link\""},{"Link":"https://www.pecina.cz/files/www.ce-review.org/01/4/macedonianews4.html","external_links_name":"\"News from Macedonia\""},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/macedonia00john","external_links_name":"Macedonia : warlords and rebels in the Balkans"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Relations_Officer | Public relations officer | ["1 Role","2 Qualifications","3 Related articles","4 References","5 Further reading"] | Head of communications in an organization
The public relations officer (PRO) or chief communications officer (CCO) or corporate communications officer is a C-suite level officer responsible for communications, public relations, and/or public affairs in an organization. Typically, the CCO of a corporation reports to the chief executive officer (CEO). The CCO may hold an academic degree in communications. A Public Relations Officer has a positive public opinion of an organization and increased brand knowledge as their first concern. They access and monitor their client's online presence to prepare the right message to convey. They can also coach clients on the importance of self-image and how to communicate with the media. A Public Relations Officer aims to positively handle and communicate information internally and externally.
Role
The CCO of a company is the corporate officer primarily responsible for managing the communications risks and opportunities of a business, both internally and externally. This executive is typically responsible for communications to a wide range of stakeholders, including employees, shareholders, media, bloggers, influential members of the business community, the press, the community and the public. Typically, the CCO may partner with others in the organization to communicate with investors, analysts, customers and company Board members. Most organizations will rely on the CCO to advise and participate in decisions that may impact the ongoing reputation of the firm.
The Chief Communications Officer role is further defined by the Arthur Page Society. This study indicates the importance in the role especially as a key advisor to the CEO. In addition to the Chief Communications Officer title, comparable titles include Vice President of Corporate Communications, Vice President of Public Affairs or Public Information Officer in governmental organizations.
Qualifications
Qualifications for a CCO typically include communications experience with multiple stakeholder groups. Early experience may include journalism, work in a public relations agency or an MBA-type background in strategy or business development. In many cases, the CCO will need to assume responsibility for plans and outcomes that are the result of actions by persons throughout the organization. Korn/Ferry’s Corporate Affairs Center of Expertise conducted a study of CCOs at 67 Fortune 200 companies in order to develop a current profile of the individuals who run the communications function at major global organizations. The survey reviewed how these executives are compensated, the size and scope of their responsibility and where they reside organizationally.
Related articles
Communications manager
Master of Corporate Communication
Organizational communication
References
^ Bika, Nikoletta (2017-03-15). "Public Relations (PR) Officer job description". Recruiting Resources: How to Recruit and Hire Better. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
^ "The New CCO: Transforming Enterprises in a Changing World" Archived August 23, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Arthur W. Page Society
^ "The Chief Communications Officer: A Survey of Fortune 200 Companies" Korn/Ferry Institute, April 2009
Further reading
Korn/Ferry Study (2009)
vteCorporate titlesChief officers
Accessibility
Administrative
Analytics
Audit
Brand
Business
Channel
Commercial
Communications
Compliance
Content
Creative
Data
Design
Digital
Diversity
Executive
Experience
Financial
Gaming
Human resources
Information
Information security
Innovation
Investment
Knowledge
Learning
Legal
Marketing
Medical
Merchandising
Networking
Operating
Privacy
Procurement
Product
Research
Restructuring
Revenue
Risk
Science
Security
Solutions
Strategy
Sustainability
Technology
Visionary
Web
Senior executives
Chairperson
Creative director
Development director
General counsel
Executive director
Non-executive director
President
Representative director
Vice president
Mid-level executives
Manager
General manager
Account manager
Supervisor
Product manager
Foreman
Related topics
Board of directors
Corporate governance
Executive compensation
List of business and finance abbreviations
Senior management
Supervisory board
Talent management | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C-suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-suite"},{"link_name":"communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication"},{"link_name":"public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"},{"link_name":"public affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_affairs_(military)"},{"link_name":"corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The public relations officer (PRO) or chief communications officer (CCO) or corporate communications officer is a C-suite level officer responsible for communications, public relations, and/or public affairs in an organization. Typically, the CCO of a corporation reports to the chief executive officer (CEO). The CCO may hold an academic degree in communications. A Public Relations Officer has a positive public opinion of an organization and increased brand knowledge as their first concern. They access and monitor their client's online presence to prepare the right message to convey. They can also coach clients on the importance of self-image and how to communicate with the media. A Public Relations Officer aims to positively handle and communicate information internally and externally.[1]","title":"Public relations officer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stakeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)"},{"link_name":"reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The CCO of a company is the corporate officer primarily responsible for managing the communications risks and opportunities of a business, both internally and externally. This executive is typically responsible for communications to a wide range of stakeholders, including employees, shareholders, media, bloggers, influential members of the business community, the press, the community and the public. Typically, the CCO may partner with others in the organization to communicate with investors, analysts, customers and company Board members. Most organizations will rely on the CCO to advise and participate in decisions that may impact the ongoing reputation of the firm.The Chief Communications Officer role is further defined by the Arthur Page Society. This study indicates the importance in the role especially as a key advisor to the CEO. In addition to the Chief Communications Officer title, comparable titles include Vice President of Corporate Communications, Vice President of Public Affairs or Public Information Officer in governmental organizations.[2]","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Qualifications for a CCO typically include communications experience with multiple stakeholder groups. Early experience may include journalism, work in a public relations agency or an MBA-type background in strategy or business development. In many cases, the CCO will need to assume responsibility for plans and outcomes that are the result of actions by persons throughout the organization. Korn/Ferry’s Corporate Affairs Center of Expertise[3] conducted a study of CCOs at 67 Fortune 200 companies in order to develop a current profile of the individuals who run the communications function at major global organizations. The survey reviewed how these executives are compensated, the size and scope of their responsibility and where they reside organizationally.","title":"Qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communications manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_manager"},{"link_name":"Master of Corporate Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Corporate_Communication"},{"link_name":"Organizational communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_communication"}],"text":"Communications manager\nMaster of Corporate Communication\nOrganizational communication","title":"Related articles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Corporate_titles"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate_titles"},{"link_name":"Corporate 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manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Account_manager"},{"link_name":"Supervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor"},{"link_name":"Product manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_manager"},{"link_name":"Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor"},{"link_name":"Board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"Corporate governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance"},{"link_name":"Executive compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_compensation"},{"link_name":"List of business and finance abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_business_and_finance_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"Senior management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_management"},{"link_name":"Supervisory board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisory_board"},{"link_name":"Talent management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_management"}],"text":"Korn/Ferry Study (2009)vteCorporate titlesChief officers\nAccessibility\nAdministrative\nAnalytics\nAudit\nBrand\nBusiness\nChannel\nCommercial\nCommunications\nCompliance\nContent\nCreative\nData\nDesign\nDigital\nDiversity\nExecutive\nExperience\nFinancial\nGaming\nHuman resources\nInformation\nInformation security\nInnovation\nInvestment\nKnowledge\nLearning\nLegal\nMarketing\nMedical\nMerchandising\nNetworking\nOperating\nPrivacy\nProcurement\nProduct\nResearch\nRestructuring\nRevenue\nRisk\nScience\nSecurity\nSolutions\nStrategy\nSustainability\nTechnology\nVisionary\nWeb\nSenior executives\nChairperson\nCreative director\nDevelopment director\nGeneral counsel\nExecutive director\nNon-executive director\nPresident\nRepresentative director\nVice president\nMid-level executives\nManager\nGeneral manager\nAccount manager\nSupervisor\nProduct manager\nForeman\nRelated topics\nBoard of directors\nCorporate governance\nExecutive compensation\nList of business and finance abbreviations\nSenior management\nSupervisory board\nTalent management","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bika, Nikoletta (2017-03-15). \"Public Relations (PR) Officer job description\". Recruiting Resources: How to Recruit and Hire Better. Retrieved 2022-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://resources.workable.com/public-relations-officer-job-description","url_text":"\"Public Relations (PR) Officer job description\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://resources.workable.com/public-relations-officer-job-description","external_links_name":"\"Public Relations (PR) Officer job description\""},{"Link":"https://knowledge.page.org/report/the-new-cco-transforming-enterprises-in-a-changing-world/","external_links_name":"\"The New CCO: Transforming Enterprises in a Changing World\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220823030513/https://knowledge.page.org/report/the-new-cco-transforming-enterprises-in-a-changing-world/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130916105346/http://kornferryinstitute.com/sites/all/files//documents/briefings-magazine-download/Chief%20Communications%20Officers-%20A%20Survey%20of%20Fortune%20200%20Companies%20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Chief Communications Officer: A Survey of Fortune 200 Companies\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivi | Liivi | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 58°51′N 23°58′E / 58.850°N 23.967°E / 58.850; 23.967Village in Estonia
This article is about the village in Estonia. For the river in Estonia, see Liivi (river).
Village in Lääne County, EstoniaLiiviVillageCountry EstoniaCountyLääne CountyParishLääne-Nigula ParishTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Liivi is a village in Lääne-Nigula Parish, Lääne County, in western Estonia.
References
^ Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014 (retrieved 28 July 2021)
vteSettlements in Lääne-Nigula ParishSmall boroughs
Palivere
Risti
Taebla
Villages
Allikmaa
Allikotsa
Auaste
Aulepa / Dirslätt
Dirhami / Derhamn
Ehmja
Einbi / Enby
Elbiku / Ölbäck
Enivere
Hara / Harga
Hindaste
Hosby
Höbringi / Höbring
Ingküla
Jaakna
Jalukse
Jõesse
Jõgisoo
Kaare
Kaasiku
Kabeli
Kadarpiku
Kalju
Kasari
Kastja
Kedre
Keedika
Keravere
Keskküla
Keskvere
Kesu
Kirimäe
Kirna
Koela
Kokre
Koluvere
Kudani / Gutanäs
Kuijõe
Kuke
Kullamaa
Kullametsa
Kuluse
Kurevere
Kärbla
Laiküla
Leediküla
Leila
Lemmikküla
Liivaküla
Liivi
Linnamäe
Luigu
Martna
Mõisaküla
Mõrdu
Männiku
Nigula
Nihka
Niibi
Niinja
Nõmme
Nõmmemaa
Nõva
Ohtla
Oonga
Oru
Osmussaare / Odensholm
Österby
Paslepa / Pasklep
Peraküla
Piirsalu
Putkaste
Pälli
Päri
Pürksi / Birkas
Rannajõe
Rannaküla
Rehemäe
Riguldi / Rickul
Rooslepa / Roslep
Rõude
Rõuma
Saare / Lyckholm
Salajõe
Saunja
Seljaküla
Silla
Soolu
Soo-otsa
Spithami / Spithamn
Sutlepa / Sutlep
Suure-Lähtru
Suur-Nõmmküla / Klottorp
Tagavere
Tahu / Skåtanäs
Tammiku
Telise / Tällnäs
Tuka
Tuksi / Bergsby
Turvalepa
Tusari
Ubasalu
Üdruma
Uugla
Uusküla
Väänla
Väike-Lähtru
Väike-Nõmmküla / Persåker
Vaisi
Vanaküla
Vanaküla / Gambyn
Variku
Vedra
Vidruka
Võntküla
58°51′N 23°58′E / 58.850°N 23.967°E / 58.850; 23.967
This Lääne County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liivi (river)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivi_(river)"},{"link_name":"Lääne-Nigula Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Nigula_Parish"},{"link_name":"Lääne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne_County"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in EstoniaThis article is about the village in Estonia. For the river in Estonia, see Liivi (river).Village in Lääne County, EstoniaLiivi is a village in Lääne-Nigula Parish, Lääne County, in western Estonia.[1]","title":"Liivi"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Liivi¶ms=58_51_N_23_58_E_region:EE_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"58°51′N 23°58′E / 58.850°N 23.967°E / 58.850; 23.967"},{"Link":"http://metaweb.stat.ee/view_xml.htm?id=3787961&searchText=4361","external_links_name":"Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Liivi¶ms=58_51_N_23_58_E_region:EE_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"58°51′N 23°58′E / 58.850°N 23.967°E / 58.850; 23.967"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liivi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Quinn_(Gaelic_footballer) | Martin Quinn (Gaelic footballer) | ["1 Career","2 Death","3 Honours","4 References"] | Irish Gaelic footballer (1938–2021)
Martin QuinnPersonal informationIrish name
Máirtín Ó CoinnSport
Gaelic footballPosition
Right corner-forwardBorn
1938Kilbride, County Meath, IrelandDied
12 December 2021 (aged 83)Kilbride, County Meath, IrelandClub(s)Years
Club
KilbrideClub titlesMeath titles
5Inter-county(ies)Years
County
MeathInter-county titlesLeinster titles
2All-Irelands
1NFL
0
Martin Quinn (1938 – 12 December 2021) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played at club level with Kilbride and at inter-county level with the Meath senior football team. He usually lined out at full back.
Career
Quinn was full-back on the Kilbride team that earned promotion from junior to senior in the space of five seasons. After winning the respective Meath JFC and Meath IFC titles in 1960 and 1962, he won his first Meath SFC title in 1964. He won a second title in 1967 and then completed a three-in-a-row between 1969 and 1971. Having represented the Meath minor football team for two years, Quinn made his senior debut in a tournament game against Kerry in 1958. He was one of the key figures on the team that won the Leinster Championship in 1964. A suspension ruled him out of Meath's Leinster Championship success in 1966, but was introduced as a late substitute in the All-Ireland final against Galway. Quinn was a member of the panel, alongside his brothers Jack and Gerry, when Meath beat Cork in the 1967 All-Ireland final.
Death
Quinn died on 12 December 2021.
Honours
Kilbride
Meath Senior Football Championship: 1964, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971
Meath Intermediate Football Championship: 1962
Meath Junior Football Championship: 1960
Meath
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship: 1967
Leinster Senior Football Championship: 1964, 1967
References
^ "Gaels throughout Meath have been greatly saddened by the news of the passing of Kilbride's Martin Quinn". Meath GAA website. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Meath GAA mourns Martin Quinn". Irish Examiner. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "A Mighty Meath Man. R.I.P. Martin Quinn". Hogan Stand. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "The death has occurred of Martin Quinn". rip.ie. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
Martin Quinn navigation boxes
Sporting positions
Preceded byDinny Donnelly
Meath senior football team captain 1965
Succeeded byDave Carty
vteMeath – 1966 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship runners-up
1 S. McCormack
2 D. Donnelly
3 J. Quinn
4 P. Darby
5 P. Collier
6 B. Cunningham
7 P. Reynolds
8 P. Moore
9 T. Browne
10 T. Brennan
11 M. Sullivan
12 D. Carty (c)
13 G. Quinn
14 N. Curran
15 O. Shanley
Subs used
17 M. White for D. Donnelly
18 J. Fagan for D. Carty
21 M. Quinn for J. Fagan
Subs not used
16 P. Cromwell
19 M. Carolan
20 P. Mulvany
22 V. Foley
23 L. Kierans
24 M. Mellett
25 J. Walsh
26 M. Lynch
27 M. O'Brien
vteMeath – 1967 All-Ireland Senior Football Champions (3rd title)
1 S. McCormack
2 M. White
3 J. Quinn
4 P. Darby (c)
5 P. Collier
6 B. Cunningham
7 P. Reynolds
8 P. Moore
9 T. Kearns
10 T. Brennan
11 M. Kerrigan
12 M. Mellett
13 P. Mulvany
14 N. Curran
15 O. Shanley
Subs
16 P. Cromwell
17 M. Quinn
18 O. Geraghty
19 P. Black
20 M. O'Brien
21 A. Lyons
22 D. Carty
23 J. Walsh
24 P. Rooney
25 P. Bruton
26 M. Sullivan
27 G. Quinn
Trainers
Fr P. Tully
P. McDermott | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaelic footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_football"},{"link_name":"Kilbride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilbride_GAA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meath senior football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_senior_football_team"}],"text":"Martin Quinn (1938 – 12 December 2021) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played at club level with Kilbride and at inter-county level with the Meath senior football team. He usually lined out at full back.","title":"Martin Quinn (Gaelic footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kilbride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilbride_GAA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meath JFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_Junior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Meath IFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_Intermediate_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Meath SFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Meath minor football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_GAA"},{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_GAA"},{"link_name":"Leinster Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"All-Ireland final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_GAA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Quinn_(Gaelic_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Gerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Quinn_(Gaelic_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_GAA"},{"link_name":"1967 All-Ireland final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Quinn was full-back on the Kilbride team that earned promotion from junior to senior in the space of five seasons. After winning the respective Meath JFC and Meath IFC titles in 1960 and 1962, he won his first Meath SFC title in 1964. He won a second title in 1967 and then completed a three-in-a-row between 1969 and 1971.[1] Having represented the Meath minor football team for two years, Quinn made his senior debut in a tournament game against Kerry in 1958. He was one of the key figures on the team that won the Leinster Championship in 1964. A suspension ruled him out of Meath's Leinster Championship success in 1966, but was introduced as a late substitute in the All-Ireland final against Galway.[2] Quinn was a member of the panel, alongside his brothers Jack and Gerry, when Meath beat Cork in the 1967 All-Ireland final.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Quinn died on 12 December 2021.[4]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meath Senior Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Meath_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Meath_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Meath_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Meath Intermediate Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_Intermediate_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Meath Junior Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_Junior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"All-Ireland Senior Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Leinster Senior Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship#Leinster_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship#Leinster_Senior_Football_Championship"}],"text":"KilbrideMeath Senior Football Championship: 1964, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971\nMeath Intermediate Football Championship: 1962\nMeath Junior Football Championship: 1960MeathAll-Ireland Senior Football Championship: 1967\nLeinster Senior Football Championship: 1964, 1967","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Gaels throughout Meath have been greatly saddened by the news of the passing of Kilbride's Martin Quinn\". Meath GAA website. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://meath.gaa.ie/martin-quinn-rip/","url_text":"\"Gaels throughout Meath have been greatly saddened by the news of the passing of Kilbride's Martin Quinn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meath GAA mourns Martin Quinn\". Irish Examiner. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/arid-40765410.html","url_text":"\"Meath GAA mourns Martin Quinn\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Mighty Meath Man. R.I.P. Martin Quinn\". Hogan Stand. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hoganstand.com/Article/Index/321502","url_text":"\"A Mighty Meath Man. R.I.P. Martin Quinn\""}]},{"reference":"\"The death has occurred of Martin Quinn\". rip.ie. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rip.ie/death-notice/martin-quinn-kilbride-meath/479256","url_text":"\"The death has occurred of Martin Quinn\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://meath.gaa.ie/martin-quinn-rip/","external_links_name":"\"Gaels throughout Meath have been greatly saddened by the news of the passing of Kilbride's Martin Quinn\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/arid-40765410.html","external_links_name":"\"Meath GAA mourns Martin Quinn\""},{"Link":"https://hoganstand.com/Article/Index/321502","external_links_name":"\"A Mighty Meath Man. R.I.P. Martin Quinn\""},{"Link":"https://rip.ie/death-notice/martin-quinn-kilbride-meath/479256","external_links_name":"\"The death has occurred of Martin Quinn\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-disulfide_reductase_(glutathione) | Protein-disulfide reductase (glutathione) | ["1 Structural studies","2 References"] | protein-disulfide reductase (glutathione)IdentifiersEC no.1.8.4.2CAS no.9082-53-5 DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins
In enzymology, a protein-disulfide reductase (glutathione) (EC 1.8.4.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
2 glutathione + protein-disulfide
⇌
{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
glutathione disulfide + protein-dithiol
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are glutathione and protein disulfide, whereas its two products are glutathione disulfide and protein dithiol.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on a sulfur group of donors with a disulfide as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is glutathione:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase, insulin reductase, reductase, protein disulfide (glutathione), protein disulfide transhydrogenase, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase, protein disulfide reductase (glutathione), GSH-insulin transhydrogenase, protein-disulfide interchange enzyme, protein-disulfide isomerase/oxidoreductase, thiol:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase, and thiol-protein disulphide oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in glutathione metabolism.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code 2IJY.
References
KATZEN HM, TIETZE F, STETTEN D (1963). "Further studies on the properties of hepatic glutathione-insulin transhydro-genase". J. Biol. Chem. 238: 1006–11. PMID 14031343.
Kohnert KD, Hahn HJ, Zuhlke H, Schmidt S, Fiedler H (1974). "Breakdown of exogenous insulin by Langerhans islets of the pancreas in vitro". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 338: 68–77. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(74)90336-5.
vteOxidoreductases: sulfur oxidoreductases (EC 1.8)1.8.1: NAD or NADP
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
Glutathione reductase
Thioredoxin reductase
1.8.2: cytochrome
Sulfite dehydrogenase
Thiosulfate dehydrogenase
Flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase
1.8.3: oxygen
Sulfite oxidase
1.8.4: disulfide
Glutathione—homocystine transhydrogenase
1.8.5: quinone
Glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate)
1.8.98: Other, known
CoB—CoM heterodisulfide reductase
1.8.99: Other
Sulfite reductase
vteEnzymesActivity
Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
Oxyanion hole
Enzyme promiscuity
Diffusion-limited enzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme activator
Classification
EC number
Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
EC7 Translocases (list)
Portal: Biology
This EC 1.8 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymology"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"1.8.4.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.8.4.2"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"catalyzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"chemical reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"substrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"glutathione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione"},{"link_name":"protein disulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_disulfide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"glutathione disulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_disulfide"},{"link_name":"protein dithiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_dithiol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"oxidoreductases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidoreductase"},{"link_name":"systematic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes"},{"link_name":"glutathione metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_metabolism"}],"text":"In enzymology, a protein-disulfide reductase (glutathione) (EC 1.8.4.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction2 glutathione + protein-disulfide \n \n \n \n ⇌\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rightleftharpoons }\n \n glutathione disulfide + protein-dithiolThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are glutathione and protein disulfide, whereas its two products are glutathione disulfide and protein dithiol.This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on a sulfur group of donors with a disulfide as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is glutathione:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase, insulin reductase, reductase, protein disulfide (glutathione), protein disulfide transhydrogenase, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase, protein disulfide reductase (glutathione), GSH-insulin transhydrogenase, protein-disulfide interchange enzyme, protein-disulfide isomerase/oxidoreductase, thiol:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase, and thiol-protein disulphide oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in glutathione metabolism.","title":"Protein-disulfide reductase (glutathione)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_structure"},{"link_name":"PDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank"},{"link_name":"2IJY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=2IJY"}],"text":"As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code 2IJY.","title":"Structural studies"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"KATZEN HM, TIETZE F, STETTEN D (1963). \"Further studies on the properties of hepatic glutathione-insulin transhydro-genase\". J. Biol. Chem. 238: 1006–11. PMID 14031343.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14031343","url_text":"14031343"}]},{"reference":"Kohnert KD, Hahn HJ, Zuhlke H, Schmidt S, Fiedler H (1974). \"Breakdown of exogenous insulin by Langerhans islets of the pancreas in vitro\". Biochim. Biophys. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Old_Classmate | My Old Classmate | ["1 Cast","2 Reception","3 Awards and nominations","4 References"] | 2014 Chinese filmMy Old ClassmateDirected byFrant GwoProduced byGao XiaosongStarringZhou Dongyu Lin GengxinProductioncompaniesSkywheel Entertainment Beijing Enlight PicturesRelease date
April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25)
Running time98 minutesCountryChinaLanguageMandarinBox officeUS$73 Mil
My Old Classmate (Chinese: 同桌的妳) is a 2014 Chinese coming-of-age drama film directed by Frant Gwo and starring Zhou Dongyu and Lin Gengxin. It tells of the romance between two deskmates spanning across 20 years. The film was released on April 25, 2014.
Cast
Zhou Dongyu
Lin Gengxin
Mike Sui
John Bueno
Wang Xiaokun
Gong Geer
Li Mincheng
Zhao Siyuan
Cao Yang
Michael Gralapp
Zhang Zifeng
Reception
The sleeper hit grossed $51.2 million in 10 days. It earned a total of US$73 million internationally. Variety praised the film for its lack of artistic pretension and its clever use of truisms, which makes it stand out among other films of the same genre.
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
2014
21st Beijing College Student Film Festival
Committee Special Award
My Old Classmate
Won
11th Guangzhou Student Film Festival
Most Popular Film
Won
Most Popular Actor
Lin Gengxin
Won
References
^ "Teaser Trailer of 'My Old Classmate' Released". China Radio International. 2014-03-21. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
^ "Weekly box office 19/05/2014 - 25/05/2014". english.entgroup.cn. Archived from the original on 2014-06-17. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
^ "Iceman frozen by Classmate at China B.O." Film Business Asia. Archived from the original on 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
^ 《同桌的妳》首映 林更新周冬雨喝"交瓶酒". Tencent QQ (in Chinese). 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
^ "Chinese love story tops weekly box office". Sina. April 29, 2014.
^ 同桌的妳》发"问候版"预告 4月25日上映. NetEase (in Chinese). 2014-04-09. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
^ "Movie "My Old Classmate" to be released". Xinhua News Agency. 2014-04-10. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
^ 《同桌的妳》首映 周冬雨曝林更新双脚奇臭. Phoenix Television (in Chinese). 2014-04-22. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
^ Nancy Tartaglione and David Bloom (January 10, 2015). "'Transformers 4′ Tops 2014's 100 Highest-Grossing International Films – Chart". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
^ "Film Review: 'My Old Classmate'". Variety.
This article related to a Chinese film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"coming-of-age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming-of-age"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Frant Gwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frant_Gwo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Zhou Dongyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dongyu"},{"link_name":"Lin Gengxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Gengxin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"My Old Classmate (Chinese: 同桌的妳) is a 2014 Chinese coming-of-age drama film directed by Frant Gwo[3] and starring Zhou Dongyu and Lin Gengxin.[4] It tells of the romance between two deskmates spanning across 20 years.[5] The film was released on April 25, 2014.[6][7][8]","title":"My Old Classmate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhou Dongyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dongyu"},{"link_name":"Lin Gengxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Gengxin"},{"link_name":"Mike Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Sui"},{"link_name":"Zhang Zifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zifeng"}],"text":"Zhou Dongyu\nLin Gengxin\nMike Sui\nJohn Bueno\nWang Xiaokun\nGong Geer\nLi Mincheng\nZhao Siyuan\nCao Yang\nMichael Gralapp\nZhang Zifeng","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sleeper hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_hit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The sleeper hit grossed $51.2 million in 10 days. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sherman_(minister) | James Sherman (minister) | ["1 Early life","2 Association with the London Missionary Society","3 Founding of Abney Park Cemetery","4 Published books","5 Work towards slavery abolition","6 Later life","7 Death and memorial","8 Books","9 Notes"] | English Congregationalist minister
James ShermanRev James Sherman, engraved for The Evangelical Magazine & Missionary ChronicleBornFebruary 21, 1796DiedFebruary 15, 1862(1862-02-15) (aged 65)NationalityEnglishOccupationCongregationalist minister
James Sherman (21 February 1796 – 15 February 1862), was an English Congregationalist minister. He was an abolitionist, and a popular preacher at The Castle Street Chapel in Reading from 1821 to 1836. He and his second wife Martha Sherman made a success of Surrey Chapel, Blackfriars, London from 1836−54. Martha died in 1848.
Sherman was successor at the Surrey Chapel to Rowland Hill. Although he subsequently became known as a Congregationalist, Sherman was originally ordained to the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion.
Early life
The son of an officer in the East India Company, he was born in Banner Street, St. Luke's, London, on 21 February 1796. After some education from dissenting ministers, he spent three years and a half as apprentice to an ivory-turner.
Sherman entered, on 6 November 1815, the Countess of Huntingdon's Cheshunt College. He preached his first sermon in London in Hare Court chapel, Aldersgate Street, in 1817, and on 26 Nov. 1818 he was ordained to the ministry in Sion Chapel, Whitechapel. After preaching for some time in the Countess of Huntingdon's chapel at Bath, Somerset, he was appointed permanent minister of her chapel at Bristol, where he made the acquaintance of Hannah More and of Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck. In April 1821 he moved to Castle Street chapel, Reading, Berkshire.
Association with the London Missionary Society
James Sherman was a prominent supporter of missionary work, principally the work of the non-denominational London Missionary Society. The missionary Rev. Samuel Oughton was sent to Jamaica from Sherman's Surrey Chapel in 1836; an arrangement on behalf of the Baptist Missionary Society, a body that worked closely with the LMS, and practiced congregational principles of church governance.
Founding of Abney Park Cemetery
Shortly before 1840, James Sherman became a founding trustee and director of the Congregationalist's new non-denominational enterprise - Abney Park Cemetery.
All parts of the grounds were to be open for burial to everyone, regardless of denomination, without invidious dividing lines. It became the first garden cemetery in Europe to be wholly non-denominational in this respect whilst also having just one chapel, to be shared by everyone.
Published books
Martha Sherman
James Sherman's earliest works were devotional, but in the 1840s he developed his writing skills as a biographer. In 1848 James Sherman wrote The Pastor's Wife, a biography of Mrs Sherman in memory of her death that year from consumption on 18 May. He later completed a biography of Rowland Hill and the Quaker philanthropist and abolitionist William Allen.
Work towards slavery abolition
Further information: Uncle Tom's Cabin
Of political significance in the 1850s was a semi-fictional book written on one side of the Atlantic, to which James Sherman contributed an introduction written on the other. This was Uncle Tom's Cabin, by the American Congregationalist Harriet Beecher Stowe, with Sherman's introduction from London. The number of copies of the work sold was unprecedented in American literature. It was written in serial form for The National Era, an abolitionist newspaper, in 1851. When it appeared as a two volume work by March 1852, with Sherman's introduction, it quickly became a historic work. For the book's promotional tour in London in the early summer of 1852, Stowe, her husband, and her brother Charles Beecher, stayed at Sherman's house. At the same time he invited the African-American escaped slave and Congregational minister Samuel Ringgold Ward, and assisted his stay in Britain for nearly a year, helping him raise funds for the Canadian Anti-slavery Society at a time when many escaped slaves from the USA were trying to reach freedom in British Canada.
Later life
The modern marker stone to Rev James Sherman, Abney Park Cemetery, London
Sherman became minister at Blackheath Congregational Church 1854-62 and was succeeded at Surrey Chapel by Christopher Newman Hall. Hall continued Sherman's abolitionist cause by visiting America during the Civil War, and publishing books and making speeches to enlist British support on the side of the north: England should side with the North, he wrote, particularly because emancipation of the slaves is just.
Death and memorial
Memorial to Rev. James Sherman and Martha Sherman at Abney Park Cemetery, London
James Sherman died at his home in The Paragon, Blackheath, and was buried in a plain stone chest tomb at Abney Park Cemetery in Stoke Newington, London - the Congregationalist's novel non-denominational garden cemetery of which he was a founder director and trustee. His memorial stone is visible amongst the undergrowth from the westmost path. A modern marker stone has been placed in front of the original in order to distinguish the grave as seen from the path.
Books
Sherman, James (1851) Memoir of William Allen, London: Charles Gilpin
Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1852) Uncle Tom's Cabin; or life among the lowly...with introductory remarks by J. Sherman, London:H.G.Bohn
Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1875 edn.) Uncle Tom's Cabin; or life among the lowly...with introductory remarks by J. Sherman, London:George Bell & Sons
Dearing, John (1993), The Church that would not die, Baron Birch
Dearing, John (2021), "Sent from Reading", JBDearing
Sherman, James (1829 edn.) A Guide to Acquaintance with God, Boston: James Loring
Sherman, James (1850 edn.) The Pastor's Wife: a memoir of Mrs Martha Sherman, New York: American Tract Society
Notes
^ Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 683.
^ a b "Sherman, James" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ a b c Kaye, Elaine (2004). "Sherman, James (1796–1862), Congregational minister". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25385. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Sherman, James". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Religious titles
Preceded byRev. Rowland Hill
Minister of Surrey Chapel 1833 – 1854
Succeeded byRev. Newman Hall
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Poland
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Congregationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Surrey Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Chapel,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars,_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Rowland Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Hill_(preacher)"},{"link_name":"Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_of_Huntingdon%27s_Connexion"}],"text":"James Sherman (21 February 1796 – 15 February 1862[1]), was an English Congregationalist minister. He was an abolitionist, and a popular preacher at The Castle Street Chapel in Reading from 1821 to 1836. 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After some education from dissenting ministers, he spent three years and a half as apprentice to an ivory-turner.[2]Sherman entered, on 6 November 1815, the Countess of Huntingdon's Cheshunt College. He preached his first sermon in London in Hare Court chapel, Aldersgate Street, in 1817, and on 26 Nov. 1818 he was ordained to the ministry in Sion Chapel, Whitechapel. After preaching for some time in the Countess of Huntingdon's chapel at Bath, Somerset, he was appointed permanent minister of her chapel at Bristol, where he made the acquaintance of Hannah More and of Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck. In April 1821 he moved to Castle Street chapel, Reading, Berkshire.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Missionary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Missionary_Society"},{"link_name":"Rev. Samuel Oughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Oughton"},{"link_name":"Surrey Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Baptist Missionary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Missionary_Society"}],"text":"James Sherman was a prominent supporter of missionary work, principally the work of the non-denominational London Missionary Society. The missionary Rev. Samuel Oughton was sent to Jamaica from Sherman's Surrey Chapel in 1836; an arrangement on behalf of the Baptist Missionary Society, a body that worked closely with the LMS, and practiced congregational principles of church governance.","title":"Association with the London Missionary Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abney Park Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_Park_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Shortly before 1840, James Sherman became a founding trustee and director of the Congregationalist's new non-denominational enterprise - Abney Park Cemetery.All parts of the grounds were to be open for burial to everyone, regardless of denomination, without invidious dividing lines. It became the first garden cemetery in Europe to be wholly non-denominational in this respect whilst also having just one chapel, to be shared by everyone.[3]","title":"Founding of Abney Park Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martha_Sherman.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Rowland Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Hill"},{"link_name":"William Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_(English_Quaker)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Martha ShermanJames Sherman's earliest works were devotional, but in the 1840s he developed his writing skills as a biographer. In 1848 James Sherman wrote The Pastor's Wife, a biography of Mrs Sherman in memory of her death that year from consumption on 18 May.[3] He later completed a biography of Rowland Hill and the Quaker philanthropist and abolitionist William Allen.[3]","title":"Published books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uncle Tom's Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin"},{"link_name":"Uncle Tom's Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin"},{"link_name":"Harriet Beecher Stowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe"},{"link_name":"The National Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Era"},{"link_name":"Charles Beecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Beecher"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ringgold Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ringgold_Ward"},{"link_name":"Canadian Anti-slavery Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Anti-slavery_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Further information: Uncle Tom's CabinOf political significance in the 1850s was a semi-fictional book written on one side of the Atlantic, to which James Sherman contributed an introduction written on the other. This was Uncle Tom's Cabin, by the American Congregationalist Harriet Beecher Stowe, with Sherman's introduction from London. The number of copies of the work sold was unprecedented in American literature. It was written in serial form for The National Era, an abolitionist newspaper, in 1851. When it appeared as a two volume work by March 1852, with Sherman's introduction, it quickly became a historic work. For the book's promotional tour in London in the early summer of 1852, Stowe, her husband, and her brother Charles Beecher, stayed at Sherman's house. At the same time he invited the African-American escaped slave and Congregational minister Samuel Ringgold Ward, and assisted his stay in Britain for nearly a year, helping him raise funds for the Canadian Anti-slavery Society at a time when many escaped slaves from the USA were trying to reach freedom in British Canada.","title":"Work towards slavery abolition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_modern_marker_stone_to_Rev_James_Sherman,_Abney_Park_Cemetery,_London.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blackheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_London"},{"link_name":"Surrey Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Christopher Newman Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Newman_Hall"}],"text":"The modern marker stone to Rev James Sherman, Abney Park Cemetery, LondonSherman became minister at Blackheath Congregational Church 1854-62 and was succeeded at Surrey Chapel by Christopher Newman Hall. Hall continued Sherman's abolitionist cause by visiting America during the Civil War, and publishing books and making speeches to enlist British support on the side of the north: England should side with the North, he wrote, particularly because emancipation of the slaves is just.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rev_James_Sherman_memorial_at_Abney_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abney Park Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_Park_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Abney Park Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_Park_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Stoke Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Newington"}],"text":"Memorial to Rev. James Sherman and Martha Sherman at Abney Park Cemetery, LondonJames Sherman died at his home in The Paragon, Blackheath, and was buried in a plain stone chest tomb at Abney Park Cemetery in Stoke Newington, London - the Congregationalist's novel non-denominational garden cemetery of which he was a founder director and trustee. His memorial stone is visible amongst the undergrowth from the westmost path. A modern marker stone has been placed in front of the original in order to distinguish the grave as seen from the path.","title":"Death and memorial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Gilpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gilpin_(politician)"}],"text":"Sherman, James (1851) Memoir of William Allen, London: Charles Gilpin\nStowe, Harriet Beecher (1852) Uncle Tom's Cabin; or life among the lowly...with introductory remarks by J. Sherman, London:H.G.Bohn\nStowe, Harriet Beecher (1875 edn.) Uncle Tom's Cabin; or life among the lowly...with introductory remarks by J. Sherman, London:George Bell & Sons\nDearing, John (1993), The Church that would not die, Baron Birch\nDearing, John (2021), \"Sent from Reading\", JBDearing\nSherman, James (1829 edn.) A Guide to Acquaintance with God, Boston: James Loring\nSherman, James (1850 edn.) The Pastor's Wife: a memoir of Mrs Martha Sherman, New York: American Tract Society","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n691/mode/1upp"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Sherman, James\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Sherman,_James"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-2"},{"link_name":"\"Sherman, James (1796–1862), Congregational minister\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-25385"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/25385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25385"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-861412-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Sherman, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Sherman,_James"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6143105#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/235110/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/000000011999359X"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/77605562"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCDJpKFxXFPymGxtvyh3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n88058265"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810617664105606"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rb77ck"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/17057301X"}],"text":"^ Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 683.\n\n^ a b \"Sherman, James\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. \n\n^ a b c Kaye, Elaine (2004). \"Sherman, James (1796–1862), Congregational minister\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25385. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)AttributionThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Sherman, James\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nPoland\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Martha Sherman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Martha_Sherman.jpg/220px-Martha_Sherman.jpg"},{"image_text":"The modern marker stone to Rev James Sherman, Abney Park Cemetery, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_modern_marker_stone_to_Rev_James_Sherman%2C_Abney_Park_Cemetery%2C_London.jpg/220px-The_modern_marker_stone_to_Rev_James_Sherman%2C_Abney_Park_Cemetery%2C_London.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial to Rev. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnananda_Agamavagisha | Krishnananda Agamavagisha | ["1 Contributions","2 Death","3 Dakshina Kali","4 Popular culture","5 See also","6 References"] | Bengali pandit and Tantrik c.1575 CE.
Krishnananda Agamavagish (a.k.a. Mahamahopadhyaya Krishnananda Bhattacharya) was a noted Kulin Bengali Brahmin of Nabadwip, Nadia district origin and a renowned Pandita (Scholar) and Sadhaka of Tantra tradition who lived around 1575 CE or 1575 Saka era (1653 CE). He is the author of the Tantrasara.
He (being the introducer of Navya Tantric-scripture, Tantrasara) is considered to be one among the four pillars of Shreehatta origin scholars in Nabadwip worked for Sanatana philosophy, alongside Raghunatha (introducer of Navya Nyaya), Raghunandana (introducer of Navya Smriti), and Vishvambhara: Chaitanya (introducer of Navya Vaishnava).
Agamavagish was born from Acharya Mahesh Bhattacharya in the year 1533 at Nabadwip. He had four sons - Kashinatha, Mathuranatha, Harinatha and Vishvanath. He had a brother Sahasraksha who was a staunch Vaishnava and a worshipper of Lord Krishna. Krishnananda was ascent from Ramatoshana Vidyalankara, the author of Pranatoshani.
Krishnananda was best known for making the festivities of Kali Puja extremely popular.
Contributions
He is considered one of the greatest exponents of Tantric activism in Bengal. He authored Brihat Tantrasara, one of the most exhaustive worship and sadhana text for Tantra. Aagameshwari Kali puja, the oldest Kali Puja of Nabadwip was started by him.
To his credit he popularized Kali Puja, in Bengal and turned it into a household practice, which was later carried on by Sadhak Ramprasad Sen. Before that, Kali Puja was considered a complicated form of worshipping not suitable for common people, which required high degree of expertise in Tantric sadhana. Krishnananda took it upon himself to reform the Tantra practice by removing the terrifying parts and establish it as a benevolent, tender and devotional practice for commoners.
Death
It is believed that he underwent death in meditative trance at Mallarpur, Birbhum.
Dakshina Kali
The development of worship of the form of Goddess Kali as Dakshinakali, is also often attributed to Krishnananda Agamavagish.
It is said that during this time, there was no idol of goddess Kali, known to anyone. Kali Puja used to take place using Tantric substances. One day Krishnananda, had a dream where goddess Kali said that whoever Krishnananda will first see in the morning, should be used as an inspiration to create her idol.
Krishnananda, went out in the early morning and saw a village woman, applying cow dung patties on a wall. She was supported by her right foot on a rock in front of her and was dark skinned with long untied hair touching her knee. Suddenly becoming conscious about presence of another male around her she stuck her tongue out in shame, as was the practice in the society of that era.
Krishnananda was deeply moved by this posture and took it as an inspiration to create an idol of Maa Kaali. It is said that since then, Maa Kali is being worshipped in Bengal in this form as all forgiving, tender and divine mother.
Popular culture
Rajorshi Dey's 2019 Bengali thriller film, Purba Paschim Dakshin was based on the Tantra cult of Krishnananda Agamavagisha. The film is an adaptation of the book Ebong Inquisition, by Avik Sarkar. Paran Bandopadhyay played the role of Agamavagisha.
See also
Kali
Ramprasad Sen
Dakshina Kali
Shakti
References
^ Tarkalankar, Chandrakumar (1932). Brihat Tantrasar.
^ Agamvagish, Krishnananda. "Krishnananda Agamavagisha". brahminpedia.com.
^ Mitra, Sudhirkumar (1958). Deb-debir Katha O Kahini. Kolkata: D M Library. p. 235.
^ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, দেবাশিস. "কৃষ্ণানন্দকে সামনে দেখে জিভ কাটলেন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গী বধূ". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
^ Agamvagish, Krishnananda. "maa-kali-came-to-bengali-household-with-the-help-of-krishnananda-agamavagish". anandabazar.com.
^ "Poila Baishak Celebration with "Purbo Pashchim Dakkhin Uttor Asbei" Team. - The Times Of Bengal English". Dailyhunt. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
^ Sarkar, Roushni. "Rajorshi Dey announces next film Purba, Pashchim, Dakshin (Uttor Asbei)". Cinestaan. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved 2019-09-11. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulin_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Nabadwip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabadwip"},{"link_name":"Nadia district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_district"},{"link_name":"Pandita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit"},{"link_name":"Sadhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhaka"},{"link_name":"Tantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra"},{"link_name":"Tantrasara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihat_Tantrasara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nabadwip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabadwip"},{"link_name":"Sanatana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatana"},{"link_name":"Raghunatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani"},{"link_name":"Navya Nyaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navya_Nyaya"},{"link_name":"Raghunandana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunandana"},{"link_name":"Vishvambhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauranga"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Navya Vaishnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Krishnananda Agamavagish (a.k.a. Mahamahopadhyaya Krishnananda Bhattacharya) was a noted Kulin Bengali Brahmin of Nabadwip, Nadia district origin and a renowned Pandita (Scholar) and Sadhaka of Tantra tradition who lived around 1575 CE or 1575 Saka era (1653 CE). He is the author of the Tantrasara.[1]He (being the introducer of Navya Tantric-scripture, Tantrasara) is considered to be one among the four pillars of Shreehatta origin scholars in Nabadwip worked for Sanatana philosophy, alongside Raghunatha (introducer of Navya Nyaya), Raghunandana (introducer of Navya Smriti), and Vishvambhara: Chaitanya (introducer of Navya Vaishnava).Agamavagish was born from Acharya Mahesh Bhattacharya in the year 1533 at Nabadwip.[2] He had four sons - Kashinatha, Mathuranatha, Harinatha and Vishvanath. He had a brother Sahasraksha who was a staunch Vaishnava and a worshipper of Lord Krishna. 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Aagameshwari Kali puja, the oldest Kali Puja of Nabadwip was started by him.[3]To his credit he popularized Kali Puja, in Bengal and turned it into a household practice, which was later carried on by Sadhak Ramprasad Sen. Before that, Kali Puja was considered a complicated form of worshipping not suitable for common people, which required high degree of expertise in Tantric sadhana. 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Kali Puja used to take place using Tantric substances. One day Krishnananda, had a dream where goddess Kali said that whoever Krishnananda will first see in the morning, should be used as an inspiration to create her idol.Krishnananda, went out in the early morning and saw a village woman, applying cow dung patties on a wall. She was supported by her right foot on a rock in front of her and was dark skinned with long untied hair touching her knee. Suddenly becoming conscious about presence of another male around her she stuck her tongue out in shame, as was the practice in the society of that era.Krishnananda was deeply moved by this posture and took it as an inspiration to create an idol of Maa Kaali. 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Paran Bandopadhyay played the role of Agamavagisha.[7]","title":"Popular culture"}] | [] | [{"title":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"title":"Ramprasad Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen"},{"title":"Dakshina Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kali"},{"title":"Shakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti"}] | [{"reference":"Tarkalankar, Chandrakumar (1932). Brihat Tantrasar.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.338822","url_text":"Brihat Tantrasar"}]},{"reference":"Agamvagish, Krishnananda. \"Krishnananda Agamavagisha\". brahminpedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brahminpedia.com/2016/04/krishnananada-agamavagisha.html","url_text":"\"Krishnananda Agamavagisha\""}]},{"reference":"Mitra, Sudhirkumar (1958). Deb-debir Katha O Kahini. Kolkata: D M Library. p. 235.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.455627","url_text":"Deb-debir Katha O Kahini"}]},{"reference":"বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, দেবাশিস. \"কৃষ্ণানন্দকে সামনে দেখে জিভ কাটলেন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গী বধূ\". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 2021-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AD-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%99-%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A7-1.236085","url_text":"\"কৃষ্ণানন্দকে সামনে দেখে জিভ কাটলেন কৃষ্ণাঙ্গী বধূ\""}]},{"reference":"Agamvagish, Krishnananda. \"maa-kali-came-to-bengali-household-with-the-help-of-krishnananda-agamavagish\". anandabazar.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/maa-kali-came-to-bengali-household-with-the-help-of-krishnananda-agamavagisha-1.689891","url_text":"\"maa-kali-came-to-bengali-household-with-the-help-of-krishnananda-agamavagish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poila Baishak Celebration with \"Purbo Pashchim Dakkhin Uttor Asbei\" Team. - The Times Of Bengal English\". Dailyhunt. Retrieved 2019-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/the+times+of+bengal+english-epaper-timbanen/poila+baishak+celebration+with+purbo+pashchim+dakkhin+uttor+asbei+team-newsid-113890563","url_text":"\"Poila Baishak Celebration with \"Purbo Pashchim Dakkhin Uttor Asbei\" Team. - The Times Of Bengal English\""}]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Roushni. \"Rajorshi Dey announces next film Purba, Pashchim, Dakshin (Uttor Asbei)\". Cinestaan. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadav_Payeng | Jadav Payeng | ["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Honours","4 In popular culture","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Indian environmentalist, nature scientist (born 1959)
Jadav PayengPayeng in 2014BornPayeng (1959-10-31) 31 October 1959 (age 64)Jorhat, Assam, IndiaOther namesMolaiOccupationForesterYears active1959SpouseBinitaChildren3AwardsPadma Shri (2015)
Jadav "Molai" Payeng (born 31 October 1959) is an environmental activist and forestry worker from Majuli, popularly known as the Forest Man of India. Over the course of several decades, he has planted and tended trees on a sandbar of the river Brahmaputra turning it into a forest reserve. The forest, called Molai forest after him, is located near Kokilamukh of Jorhat, Assam, India and encompasses an area of about 1,360 acres / 550 hectares. In 2015, he was honoured with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India. He was born in the indigenous Mising tribe of Assam.
Career
In 1979, Payeng, then 16, encountered a large number of snakes that had died due to excessive heat after floods washed them onto the tree-less sandbar. That is when he planted around 20 bamboo seedlings on the sandbar. He not only looked after the plants, but continued to plant more trees on his own, in an effort to transform the area into a forest.
The forest, which came to be known as Molai forest, now houses Bengal tigers, Indian rhinoceros, and over 100 deer and rabbits. Molai forest is also home to monkeys and several varieties of birds, including a large number of vultures. There are several thousand trees, including valcol, arjun (Terminalia arjuna), ejar (Lagerstroemia speciosa), goldmohur (Delonix regia), koroi (Albizia procera), moj (Archidendron bigeminum) and himolu (Bombax ceiba). Bamboo covers an area of over 300 hectares.
A herd of around 100 elephants regularly visits the forest every year and generally stays for around six months. They have given birth to 10 calves in the forest in recent years.
His efforts became known to the authorities in 2008, when forest department officials went to the area in search of 115 elephants that had retreated into the forest after damaging property in the village of Aruna Chapori, which is about 1.5 km from the forest. The officials were surprised to see such a large and dense forest and since then the department has regularly visited the site.
In 2013, poachers tried to kill the rhinos staying in the forest but failed in their attempt due to Molai who alerted department officials. Officials promptly seized various articles used by the poachers to trap the animals.
Molai is ready to manage the forest in a better way and to go to other places of the state to start a similar venture. Now his aim is to spread his forest to another sand bar inside of Brahmaputra.
Personal life
He is belongs to the Mising people tribe in Assam, India. He, along with wife and 3 children (1 daughter and 2 sons), used to live at the house which he had built inside his Forest. In 2012, Jadav built a house at No. 1 Mishing Gaon near Kokilmukh Ghat and shifted to this house with his family. Since then, they have been living in this house. Jadav, however, travels everyday to his Forest to tend and look after the plants and trees. He has cattle and buffalo on his farm and sells the milk for his livelihood, which is his only source of income. In an interview from 2012, he revealed that he has lost around 100 of his cows and buffaloes to the tigers in the forest, but blames the people who carry out large scale encroachment and destruction of forests as the root cause of the plight of wild animals.
Honours
Jadav Payeng receiving Padma Shri award from President Pranab Mukherjee
Jadav Payeng was honoured at a public function arranged by the School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University on 22 April 2012 for his achievement. He shared his experience of creating a forest in an interactive session, where Magsaysay Award winner Rajendra Singh and JNU vice-chancellor Sudhir Kumar Sopory were present. Sopory named Jadav Payeng as the "Forest Man of India". In the month of October 2013, he was honoured at the Indian Institute of Forest Management during their annual event Coalescence. In 2015, he was honoured with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India. He received honorary doctorate degree from Assam Agricultural University and Kaziranga University for his contributions.
In popular culture
Payeng has been the subject of a number of documentaries in the recent years. His character was the basis for a fictional film made by a Tamil director Prabhu solaman casting Rana Daggubati released in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi as Kaadan, Aranya and Haathi Mere Saathi (2018 film). A locally made documentary film, produced by Jitu Kalita in 2012, The Molai Forest, was screened at the Jawaharlal Nehru University. Jitu Kalita, who lives near Payeng's house, has also been featured and given recognition for good reporting by projecting the life of Payeng through his documentary.
The 2013 film documentary Foresting life, directed by the Indian documentary filmmaker Aarti Shrivastava, celebrates the life and work of Jadav Payeng in the Molai forest. These are also the focus of William Douglas McMaster's 2013 film documentary Forest Man. With US$8,327 pledged on its Kickstarter campaign, the film was brought to completion and taken to a number of film festivals. It was awarded the Best Documentary prize at the Emerging Filmmaker Showcase in the American Pavilion at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.
Payeng is the subject of the 2016 children's book Jadav and the Tree-Place, written and illustrated by Vinayak Varma. The book was published by the open-source children's publishing platform StoryWeaver, and its production was funded by a grant from the Oracle Giving Initiative. Jadav and the Tree-Place has been translated into 39 languages, published in print by Pratham Books in 8 Indian languages, and has won the Digital Book of the Year prize at the Publishing Next Industry Awards, 2016, and the Best of Indian Children's Writing: Contemporary Awards, 2019.
Payeng is also the subject of the 2019 children's book The Boy Who Grew A Forest: The True Story of Jadav Payeng, written by Sophia Gholz and illustrated by Kayla Harren. Published by Sleeping Bear Press, the book won the Crystal Kite Award, the Sigurd F. Olson Nature Writing Award (SONWA) from Northland College, and the Florida State Book Award. It has been translated into German and French, and adapted for stage.
An illustration of Jadav Payeng, from the biographical children's book Jadav and the Tree-Place by Vinayak Varma
See also
Reforestation
Tahir Qureshi
Njattyela Sreedharan
References
^ "Jadav Molai Payeng – the 'Forest Man of India', Current Science, 25 February 2014" (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2014.
^ "Meet Jadav Payeng, India's Forest Man, who created 550 hectares of forest single-handedly". The Hindu.
^ "The man who made a forest". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
^ "Strombo – This Guy's A One-Man Forest-Planting Machine". CBC News.
^ "Jadav "Molai" Payeng". greenjacketmoments.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
^ a b c Mosbergen, Dominique (3 April 2012). "Indian Man, Jadav "Molai" Payeng, Single-Handedly Plants A 1,360 Acre Forest in Assam". HuffPost. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ a b c "30-year journey from tribal boy to Forest Man". The Times of India. 3 August 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
^ "Padma Bhushan for Jahnu Barua, Padma Shri for Dr LN Bora, Jadav Payeng". Archived from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
^ "The Strange Obsession of Jadav Payeng". Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
^ "Incredible story of Persistence and Devotion: Jadav Payeng Single-handedly Converts a Sandbar into a Prosperous 1,360-acre Forest". Success Stories. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
^ a b c d "Man creates forest single-handedly on Brahmaputra sand bar". The Asian Age. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ a b "One of the Greatest Achievements of the Human Race – Jadav Payeng". Ajith Kumar. CC. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
^ "Real Eco Heroes | ecotourismsocietyofnortheast". Ecotourismsociety.in. Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
^ Kr. Deka, Dr. Arun. "Green Crusader". The Assam Tribune. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
^ Manimugdha S Sharma (24 April 2012). "JNU honours 'forest man' on Earth Day". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
^ The Molai forest 2012 at IMDb
^ "Foresting life". Humanity Watchdog. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ Foresting life 2013 at IMDb
^ Forest Man 2013 at IMDb
^ "Forest Man post production". 14 February 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ "Payeng film gets Cannes award". The Telegraph, Calcutta, India. 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
^ "The American Pavilion 2014 Finalists Emerging Filmmaker Showcase". Retrieved 17 July 2014.
^ a b "'Jadav and the Tree-Place' by Vinayak Varma on StoryWeaver". storyweaver.org.in. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
^ "Mixtape". Mixtape. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
^ "Download, print, read 800 children's stories for free". Deccan Herald. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
^ "StoryWeaver". storyweaver.org.in. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
^ "StoryWeaver". storyweaver.org.in. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
^ "StoryWeaver". storyweaver.org.in. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
^ "Jadav and the Tree-Place". storyweaver.org.in/. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
^ "Jadav And The Tree Place :". store.prathambooks.org. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
^ "Publishing Next Industry Awards". Publishing Next. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
^ a b "Book Themed On Forest Man Of India Jadav Payeng Shortlisted For North Carolina Children's Book Award". North East Today. 3 June 2022.
^ "The True Story of Jadav Payeng: An insightful story of environmental success". North East Now. 5 June 2022.
^ Sleeping Bear Press Sophia Gholz: Author of The Boy Who Grew a Forest. Sleeping Bear Press, Cheery Lake Publishing Group.
^ "Crystal Kite Winners 2020". Society of Children's Book Writer's and Illustrators. 2022.
^ "SONWA Winners 1991-Present Nature Books for Adults and Children". Northland College. 31 March 2021.
^ "Florida Book Awards announces 2019 winning writers". 10 March 2020.
^ "Little Heroes and Heroines". Picture Book Cinema. Humboldt Forum.
^ "THE BOY WHO SAW A FOREST Based on the children's book by Sophia Gholz". staatstheater-meiningen.de. Staatstheater Meiningen.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jadav Payeng.
Sen, Arijit (12 April 2013). "Assam: Green warrior Jadab Payeng plants trees at isolated sand bar". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013.
Man creates forest on Brahmaputra sand bar
McMaster, William Douglas (2013). Forest Man (full film).
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jadav_Molai_Payeng_%E2%80%93_the_'Forest_Man_of_India',_Current_Science,_25_February_2014-1"},{"link_name":"Majuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuli"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sandbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbar"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra"},{"link_name":"Molai forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molai_forest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greenjacketmoments.com-5"},{"link_name":"Jorhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorhat"},{"link_name":"hectares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectares"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost2012-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi14-7"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mising tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishing_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Jadav \"Molai\" Payeng (born 31 October 1959) is an environmental activist[1] and forestry worker from Majuli,[2] popularly known as the Forest Man of India.[3][4] Over the course of several decades, he has planted and tended trees on a sandbar of the river Brahmaputra turning it into a forest reserve. The forest, called Molai forest after him,[5] is located near Kokilamukh of Jorhat, Assam, India and encompasses an area of about 1,360 acres / 550 hectares.[6][7] In 2015, he was honoured with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India.[8] He was born in the indigenous Mising tribe[9] of Assam.","title":"Jadav Payeng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi14-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Success_Stories-10"},{"link_name":"Bengal tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tiger"},{"link_name":"Indian rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost2012-6"},{"link_name":"Terminalia arjuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_arjuna"},{"link_name":"Lagerstroemia speciosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerstroemia_speciosa"},{"link_name":"Delonix regia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delonix_regia"},{"link_name":"Albizia procera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albizia_procera"},{"link_name":"Archidendron bigeminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidendron_bigeminum"},{"link_name":"Bombax ceiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombax_ceiba"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asianagearchive-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asianagearchive-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asianagearchive-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asianagearchive-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajithkumar.cc-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1979, Payeng, then 16, encountered a large number of snakes that had died due to excessive heat after floods washed them onto the tree-less sandbar. That is when he planted around 20 bamboo seedlings on the sandbar.[7][10] He not only looked after the plants, but continued to plant more trees on his own, in an effort to transform the area into a forest.The forest, which came to be known as Molai forest, now houses Bengal tigers, Indian rhinoceros, and over 100 deer and rabbits. Molai forest is also home to monkeys and several varieties of birds, including a large number of vultures.[6] There are several thousand trees, including valcol, arjun (Terminalia arjuna), ejar (Lagerstroemia speciosa), goldmohur (Delonix regia), koroi (Albizia procera), moj (Archidendron bigeminum) and himolu (Bombax ceiba). Bamboo covers an area of over 300 hectares.[11]A herd of around 100 elephants regularly visits the forest every year and generally stays for around six months. They have given birth to 10 calves in the forest in recent years.[11]His efforts became known to the authorities in 2008, when forest department officials went to the area in search of 115 elephants that had retreated into the forest after damaging property in the village of Aruna Chapori, which is about 1.5 km from the forest. The officials were surprised to see such a large and dense forest and since then the department has regularly visited the site.[11]In 2013, poachers tried to kill the rhinos staying in the forest but failed in their attempt due to Molai who alerted department officials. Officials promptly seized various articles used by the poachers to trap the animals.[11]Molai is ready to manage the forest in a better way and to go to other places of the state to start a similar venture. Now his aim is to spread his forest to another sand bar inside of Brahmaputra.[12][13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mising people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mising_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost2012-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajithkumar.cc-12"}],"text":"He is belongs to the Mising people tribe in Assam, India. He, along with wife and 3 children (1 daughter and 2 sons), used to live at the house which he had built inside his Forest. In 2012, Jadav built a house at No. 1 Mishing Gaon near Kokilmukh Ghat and shifted to this house with his family. Since then, they have been living in this house. Jadav, however, travels everyday to his Forest to tend and look after the plants and trees. He has cattle and buffalo on his farm and sells the milk for his livelihood, which is his only source of income.[6] In an interview from 2012, he revealed that he has lost around 100 of his cows and buffaloes to the tigers in the forest, but blames the people who carry out large scale encroachment and destruction of forests as the root cause of the plight of wild animals.[12]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_President,_Shri_Pranab_Mukherjee_presenting_the_Padma_Shri_Award_to_Shri_Jadav_Payeng,_at_a_Civil_Investiture_Ceremony,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_April_08,_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Pranab Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"22 April 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day"},{"link_name":"Magsaysay Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magsaysay_Award"},{"link_name":"Rajendra Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Singh_(environmentalist)"},{"link_name":"Sudhir Kumar Sopory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhir_Kumar_Sopory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi14-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Forest Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Forest_Management"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Assam Agricultural University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Agricultural_University"},{"link_name":"Kaziranga University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaziranga_University"}],"text":"Jadav Payeng receiving Padma Shri award from President Pranab MukherjeeJadav Payeng was honoured at a public function arranged by the School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University[14] on 22 April 2012 for his achievement. He shared his experience of creating a forest in an interactive session, where Magsaysay Award winner Rajendra Singh and JNU vice-chancellor Sudhir Kumar Sopory were present. Sopory named Jadav Payeng as the \"Forest Man of India\".[7][15] In the month of October 2013, he was honoured at the Indian Institute of Forest Management during their annual event Coalescence. In 2015, he was honoured with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India. He received honorary doctorate degree from Assam Agricultural University and Kaziranga University for his contributions.","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaadan"},{"link_name":"Haathi Mere Saathi (2018 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haathi_Mere_Saathi_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"The Molai Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Molai_Forest_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University"},{"link_name":"Foresting life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foresting_life&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Aarti Shrivastava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarti_Shrivastava"},{"link_name":"William Douglas McMaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Douglas_McMaster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest_Man_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2014 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-storyweaver.org.in-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-North_East_Today-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Sophia Gholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Gholz"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Crystal Kite Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Kite_Award"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Sigurd F. Olson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_F._Olson"},{"link_name":"Northland College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland_College_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-North_East_Today-32"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jadav_and_the_Tree_Place.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-storyweaver.org.in-23"}],"text":"Payeng has been the subject of a number of documentaries in the recent years. His character was the basis for a fictional film made by a Tamil director Prabhu solaman casting Rana Daggubati released in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi as Kaadan, Aranya and Haathi Mere Saathi (2018 film). A locally made documentary film, produced by Jitu Kalita in 2012, The Molai Forest,[16] was screened at the Jawaharlal Nehru University. Jitu Kalita, who lives near Payeng's house, has also been featured and given recognition for good reporting by projecting the life of Payeng through his documentary.The 2013 film documentary Foresting life,[17][18] directed by the Indian documentary filmmaker Aarti Shrivastava, celebrates the life and work of Jadav Payeng in the Molai forest. These are also the focus of William Douglas McMaster's 2013 film documentary Forest Man.[19] With US$8,327 pledged on its Kickstarter campaign, the film was brought to completion and taken to a number of film festivals.[20] It was awarded the Best Documentary prize at the Emerging Filmmaker Showcase in the American Pavilion at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.[21][22]Payeng is the subject of the 2016 children's book Jadav and the Tree-Place,[23] written and illustrated by Vinayak Varma.[24] The book was published by the open-source children's publishing platform StoryWeaver,[25][26] and its production was funded by a grant from the Oracle Giving Initiative.[27][28] Jadav and the Tree-Place has been translated into 39 languages,[29] published in print by Pratham Books in 8 Indian languages,[30] and has won the Digital Book of the Year prize at the Publishing Next Industry Awards, 2016,[31] and the Best of Indian Children's Writing: Contemporary Awards, 2019.Payeng is also the subject of the 2019 children's book The Boy Who Grew A Forest: The True Story of Jadav Payeng,[32][33] written by Sophia Gholz and illustrated by Kayla Harren.[34] Published by Sleeping Bear Press, the book won the Crystal Kite Award,[35] the Sigurd F. Olson Nature Writing Award (SONWA) from Northland College,[36] and the Florida State Book Award.[37] It has been translated into German and French,[32] and adapted for stage.[38][39]An illustration of Jadav Payeng, from the biographical children's book Jadav and the Tree-Place[23] by Vinayak Varma","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"Jadav Payeng receiving Padma Shri award from President Pranab Mukherjee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_President%2C_Shri_Pranab_Mukherjee_presenting_the_Padma_Shri_Award_to_Shri_Jadav_Payeng%2C_at_a_Civil_Investiture_Ceremony%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_April_08%2C_2015.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"An illustration of Jadav Payeng, from the biographical children's book Jadav and the Tree-Place[23] by Vinayak Varma","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Jadav_and_the_Tree_Place.jpg/170px-Jadav_and_the_Tree_Place.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Reforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforestation"},{"title":"Tahir Qureshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_Qureshi"},{"title":"Njattyela Sreedharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njattyela_Sreedharan"}] | [{"reference":"\"Jadav Molai Payeng – the 'Forest Man of India', Current Science, 25 February 2014\" (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/106/04/0499.pdf","url_text":"\"Jadav Molai Payeng – the 'Forest Man of India', Current Science, 25 February 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Jadav Payeng, India's Forest Man, who created 550 hectares of forest single-handedly\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/meet-jadav-payeng-a-man-who-created-550-hectares-of-forest-single-handedly/article26589168.ece","url_text":"\"Meet Jadav Payeng, India's Forest Man, who created 550 hectares of forest single-handedly\""}]},{"reference":"\"The man who made a forest\". The Times of India. 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Northland College. 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northland.edu/news/soei-news/your-earth-day-reading-list-23-years-of-sonwa-winners/","url_text":"\"SONWA Winners 1991-Present Nature Books for Adults and Children\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florida Book Awards announces 2019 winning writers\". 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/2020/03/10/florida-book-awards-announces-2019-winners/4974630002/","url_text":"\"Florida Book Awards announces 2019 winning writers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Heroes and Heroines\". Picture Book Cinema. Humboldt Forum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humboldtforum.org/en/programm/termin/literature/reading/little-heroes-and-heroines-32433/","url_text":"\"Little Heroes and Heroines\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE BOY WHO SAW A FOREST Based on the children's book by Sophia Gholz\". staatstheater-meiningen.de. Staatstheater Meiningen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.staatstheater-meiningen.de/produktionen/der-junge-der-einen-wald-pflanzte.html?ID_Vorstellung=9323&m=594","url_text":"\"THE BOY WHO SAW A FOREST Based on the children's book by Sophia Gholz\""}]},{"reference":"Sen, Arijit (12 April 2013). \"Assam: Green warrior Jadab Payeng plants trees at isolated sand bar\". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131208001611/http://ibnlive.in.com/news//assam-green-warrior-jadab-payeng-plants-trees-at-isolated-sand-bar/384807-3.html","url_text":"\"Assam: Green warrior Jadab Payeng plants trees at isolated sand bar\""},{"url":"http://ibnlive.in.com/news//assam-green-warrior-jadab-payeng-plants-trees-at-isolated-sand-bar/384807-3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McMaster, William Douglas (2013). Forest Man (full film).","urls":[{"url":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=HkZDSqyE1do","url_text":"Forest Man"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/106/04/0499.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Jadav Molai Payeng – the 'Forest Man of India', Current Science, 25 February 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/meet-jadav-payeng-a-man-who-created-550-hectares-of-forest-single-handedly/article26589168.ece","external_links_name":"\"Meet Jadav Payeng, India's Forest Man, who created 550 hectares of forest single-handedly\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406001621/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-01/special-report/31269649_1_forest-wild-elephants-red-ants","external_links_name":"\"The man who made a forest\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-01/special-report/31269649_1_forest-wild-elephants-red-ants","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip-n-Slide_Records | Slip-n-Slide Records | ["1 History","2 Artists","2.1 Former artists","3 References","4 External links"] | Slip-n-Slide RecordsParent company
Warner Music Group (1994–present)
Universal Music Group (2006–present)
EMI (2007–2012)
Founded1994FounderTed LucasDistributor(s)Universal Music Group
EMPIREGenreVariousCountry of originUnited StatesLocationMiami, FloridaOfficial websiteSlipNSlideRecords.net
Slip-N-Slide Records is an American record label, founded in 1994 by Ted Lucas.
History
Ted Lucas founded the label in 1994. Slip-n-Slide signed local rapper Trick Daddy Dollars in its early years; he debuted in 1997 with the locally popular album Based on a True Story and broke into mainstream success the next year with his second album www.thug.com, having dropped "Dollars" from his stage name. The album included hit single "Nann Nigga", featuring the new rapper Trina. He released some more albums under Slip-n-Slide and scored another top hit in 2004 with "Let's Go" featuring Twista and Lil Jon. His last Slip-n-Slide album was Back By Thug Demand in 2006. In 2008, Trick Daddy left Slip-n-Slide for his own label Dunk Ryders Records. Other rappers signed to Slip-n-Slide include Trina, Rick Ross, and Plies.
Rick Ross signed to Slip-n-Slide in the early 2000s. During his early years under the label, he did guest performances on some releases; he released two albums under the label, Port of Miami in 2006 and Trilla in 2008. Ross left Slip-n-Slide in 2009.
On June 26, 2001, Renee Perkins of District Heights, Maryland sued Slip-n-Slide for failing to edit the expletive "dick" from Trick Daddy's Thugs Are Us album. Perkins bought the edited version of the album for her 11-year-old son to play at a party. Years later, TVT Records was ordered in court to pay Slip-n-Slide $2.3 million in compensatory damages and $6.8 million in punitive damages for blocking the release of Welcome to the 305, an unreleased album that rapper Pitbull recorded with Slip-n-Slide before he signed to TVT. This would be a major factor in the subsequent collapse of TVT.
Lucas started a division of Slip-n-Slide devoted to rock music and signed pop singer Qwote and R&B singer Shonie in 2008. In 2009, Slip-n-Slide signed Jagged Edge, an R&B group that had been previously signed to Def Jam. Previously, Slip-n-Slide focused on developing new artists from the South Florida area.
Slip-n-Slide records is closely affiliated with fellow Miami based label Poe Boy Music Group.
Artists
F$O Dinero
Mike Smiff
Mya Phillmore
Plies
Dmarc Huntz
Sebastian Mikael
Swazy
Teenear
Gee Street Boyz (Harizon Kazikrab/Def Jam)
Birthday Cake Shortcakaz
Former artists
Drew Sidora
Iconz
J-Shin
Jagged Edge
Pitbull
Qwote
Rick Ross
Shonie
Trick Daddy
Trina
References
^ "About Us". Slip-n-Slide Records. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
^ "Slip-N-Slide Records, Inc". BusinessWeek.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
^ Birchmeier, Jason (2006). "Trick Daddy > Biography". allmusic. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
^ Burgess, Omar (2008-06-02). "DX-clusive: Trick Daddy Plans New Album And New Label". HipHopDX. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
^ Cordor, Cyril (2009). "Rick Ross > Biography". allmusic. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
^ Reid, Shaheem (January 14, 2009). "Rick Ross Promises 'A Lot Of Problems' From 'Scathing' Dis Track". MTV News. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
^ Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric (June 26, 2001). "Trick Daddy Accused By Maryland Mom Of Having Dirty 'Clean' LP". MTV News. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
^ "For The Record: Quick News On Kanye, 'High School Musical,' Angels & Airwaves, Gwen, Diddy, Public Enemy & More". MTV News. March 19, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
^ a b Reid, Shaheem (September 19, 2008). "Plies Readies His Second LP Of 2008; Rick Ross Works On Mixtape, Two New Albums, In Mixtape Monday". Mixtape Monday. MTV News. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
^ a b Castillo, Arielle (May 22, 2009). "Slip N Slide Signs Jagged Edge; Ted Lucas Says It Marks a New Direction for the Label". Miami New Times. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
^ "Artists". Slip-n-Slide Records. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
External links
Slip-N-Slide official website
Slip-N-Slide World
vteDef Jam Recordings
Discography
Founders
Russell Simmons
Rick Rubin
Subsidiaries
ARTium Records
Def Jam South
Def Soul
Disturbing tha Peace
GOOD Music
Radio Killa Records
Roc-A-Fella Records
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Other
MusicBrainz label | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Slip-N-Slide Records is an American record label, founded in 1994 by Ted Lucas.","title":"Slip-n-Slide Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Us-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessWeek-2"},{"link_name":"Trick Daddy Dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_Daddy"},{"link_name":"Based on a True Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Based_on_a_True_Story_(Trick_Daddy_album)"},{"link_name":"www.thug.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Www.thug.com"},{"link_name":"Nann Nigga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nann_Nigga"},{"link_name":"Trina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trina"},{"link_name":"Let's Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Go_(Trick_Daddy_song)"},{"link_name":"Twista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twista"},{"link_name":"Lil Jon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Jon"},{"link_name":"Back By Thug Demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_By_Thug_Demand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trick_Daddy_allmusic-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finally_Famous-4"},{"link_name":"Trina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trina"},{"link_name":"Rick Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Ross_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Plies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plies_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Port of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Miami_(album)"},{"link_name":"Trilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilla"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"District Heights, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Heights,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Thugs Are Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thugs_Are_Us"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"TVT Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVT_Records"},{"link_name":"Welcome to the 305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_the_305"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Qwote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwote"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mixtape_Monday_91908-9"},{"link_name":"Jagged Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Edge_(American_group)"},{"link_name":"Def Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Signs_Jagged_Edge-10"},{"link_name":"Poe Boy Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poe_Boy_Music_Group"}],"text":"Ted Lucas founded the label in 1994.[1][2] Slip-n-Slide signed local rapper Trick Daddy Dollars in its early years; he debuted in 1997 with the locally popular album Based on a True Story and broke into mainstream success the next year with his second album www.thug.com, having dropped \"Dollars\" from his stage name. The album included hit single \"Nann Nigga\", featuring the new rapper Trina. He released some more albums under Slip-n-Slide and scored another top hit in 2004 with \"Let's Go\" featuring Twista and Lil Jon. His last Slip-n-Slide album was Back By Thug Demand in 2006.[3] In 2008, Trick Daddy left Slip-n-Slide for his own label Dunk Ryders Records.[4] Other rappers signed to Slip-n-Slide include Trina, Rick Ross, and Plies.Rick Ross signed to Slip-n-Slide in the early 2000s. During his early years under the label, he did guest performances on some releases; he released two albums under the label, Port of Miami in 2006 and Trilla in 2008.[5] Ross left Slip-n-Slide in 2009.[6]On June 26, 2001, Renee Perkins of District Heights, Maryland sued Slip-n-Slide for failing to edit the expletive \"dick\" from Trick Daddy's Thugs Are Us album. Perkins bought the edited version of the album for her 11-year-old son to play at a party.[7] Years later, TVT Records was ordered in court to pay Slip-n-Slide $2.3 million in compensatory damages and $6.8 million in punitive damages for blocking the release of Welcome to the 305, an unreleased album that rapper Pitbull recorded with Slip-n-Slide before he signed to TVT. This would be a major factor in the subsequent collapse of TVT.[8]Lucas started a division of Slip-n-Slide devoted to rock music and signed pop singer Qwote and R&B singer Shonie in 2008.[9] In 2009, Slip-n-Slide signed Jagged Edge, an R&B group that had been previously signed to Def Jam. Previously, Slip-n-Slide focused on developing new artists from the South Florida area.[10]Slip-n-Slide records is closely affiliated with fellow Miami based label Poe Boy Music Group.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plies_(rapper)"}],"text":"F$O Dinero\nMike Smiff\nMya Phillmore\nPlies\nDmarc Huntz\nSebastian Mikael\nSwazy\nTeenear\nGee Street Boyz (Harizon Kazikrab/Def Jam)\nBirthday Cake Shortcakaz","title":"Artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drew Sidora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Sidora"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artists-11"},{"link_name":"J-Shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Shin"},{"link_name":"Jagged Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Edge_(American_group)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Signs_Jagged_Edge-10"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Qwote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwote"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mixtape_Monday_91908-9"},{"link_name":"Rick Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Ross"},{"link_name":"Shonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shonie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trick Daddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_Daddy"},{"link_name":"Trina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trina"}],"sub_title":"Former artists","text":"Drew Sidora[11]\nIconz\nJ-Shin\nJagged Edge[10]\nPitbull\nQwote[9]\nRick Ross\nShonie\nTrick Daddy\nTrina","title":"Artists"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"About Us\". Slip-n-Slide Records. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100612181405/http://slipnsliderecords.net/about.html","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.slipnsliderecords.net/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Slip-N-Slide Records, Inc\". BusinessWeek.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002081343/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=41354436","url_text":"\"Slip-N-Slide Records, Inc\""},{"url":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=41354436","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Birchmeier, Jason (2006). \"Trick Daddy > Biography\". allmusic. Retrieved December 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p413655","url_text":"\"Trick Daddy > Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Burgess, Omar (2008-06-02). \"DX-clusive: Trick Daddy Plans New Album And New Label\". HipHopDX. Retrieved 2008-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.7040/title.dx-clusive-trick-daddy-plans-new-album-and-new-label","url_text":"\"DX-clusive: Trick Daddy Plans New Album And New Label\""}]},{"reference":"Cordor, Cyril (2009). \"Rick Ross > Biography\". allmusic. Retrieved December 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p736150","url_text":"\"Rick Ross > Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Reid, Shaheem (January 14, 2009). \"Rick Ross Promises 'A Lot Of Problems' From 'Scathing' Dis Track\". MTV News. Retrieved December 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1602731/20090114/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml","url_text":"\"Rick Ross Promises 'A Lot Of Problems' From 'Scathing' Dis Track\""}]},{"reference":"Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric (June 26, 2001). \"Trick Daddy Accused By Maryland Mom Of Having Dirty 'Clean' LP\". MTV News. Retrieved December 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1444786/20010626/trick_daddy.jhtml","url_text":"\"Trick Daddy Accused By Maryland Mom Of Having Dirty 'Clean' LP\""}]},{"reference":"\"For The Record: Quick News On Kanye, 'High School Musical,' Angels & Airwaves, Gwen, Diddy, Public Enemy & More\". MTV News. March 19, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1554956/20070319/west_kanye.jhtml","url_text":"\"For The Record: Quick News On Kanye, 'High School Musical,' Angels & Airwaves, Gwen, Diddy, Public Enemy & More\""}]},{"reference":"Reid, Shaheem (September 19, 2008). \"Plies Readies His Second LP Of 2008; Rick Ross Works On Mixtape, Two New Albums, In Mixtape Monday\". Mixtape Monday. MTV News. Retrieved December 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1595253/20080919/plies.jhtml","url_text":"\"Plies Readies His Second LP Of 2008; Rick Ross Works On Mixtape, Two New Albums, In Mixtape Monday\""}]},{"reference":"Castillo, Arielle (May 22, 2009). \"Slip N Slide Signs Jagged Edge; Ted Lucas Says It Marks a New Direction for the Label\". Miami New Times. Retrieved December 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com/crossfade/2009/05/slip_n_slide_signs_jagged_edge.php","url_text":"\"Slip N Slide Signs Jagged Edge; Ted Lucas Says It Marks a New Direction for the Label\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artists\". Slip-n-Slide Records. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Cook | Brady Cook | ["1 High school career","2 College career","2.1 2023","2.2 Statistics","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"] | American football player (born 2001)
Brady CookCook in 2023Missouri Tigers – No. 12PositionQuarterbackClassRedshirt JuniorMajorBusinessPersonal informationBorn: (2001-10-12) October 12, 2001 (age 22)St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.Height6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight205 lb (93 kg)Career historyCollege
Missouri (2020–present)
Bowl games
2021 Armed Forces Bowl
2022 Gasparilla Bowl
2023 Cotton Bowl Classic (Off. MVP)
High schoolChaminade (Creve Coeur, Missouri)Stats at ESPN.com
Brady Cook (born October 12, 2001) is an American football quarterback for the Missouri Tigers.
High school career
Cook attended Chaminade College Preparatory School in Creve Coeur, Missouri. As a senior, Cook threw for 33 touchdowns and 3,194 yards. Cook was rated as a three-star recruit and the number one quarterback in Missouri, and committed to play college football at University of Missouri.
College career
In 2020, Cook redshirted and appeared in three games. Cook recorded 72 yards passing and one touchdown. Cook entered the 2021 season as the backup to Connor Bazelak. After Bazelak struggled and eventually got injured, Cook received his first major playing time against Georgia, in which Cook threw for 78 yards in a 43–6 loss. Cook made his first career start against Army in the 2021 Armed Forces Bowl, in which Cook tallied 238 passing yards and a touchdown while rushing for 53 yards and a touchdown. Entering the 2022 season, Cook was named the starting quarterback. Cook led Missouri to a 2–2 start including a three touchdown performance against Abilene Christian. Cook then led Missouri to a 22–12 lead over No. 1 Georgia in the fourth quarter. Despite this, Georgia scored 14 unanswered points to win 26–22. Cook finished the game with 192 yards and a touchdown. Cook finished the season throwing for 2,739 yards, 14 touchdowns, and seven interceptions, while also rushing for 585 yards and six touchdowns, leading Missouri to the 2022 Gasparilla Bowl.
2023
Entering the 2023 season, Cook competed with Jake Garcia and Sam Horn for Missouri's starting quarterback job, with Cook eventually being named the starter. In week three against No. 15 Kansas State, he threw for 356 yards and contributed three total touchdowns in a 30–27 upset victory. Against Vanderbilt, Cook threw for a then career-high, 395 yards and four touchdowns, in a 38-21 rout. During the game, he set an SEC record for most consecutive passes without an interception, overtaking the previous record from former Kentucky quarterback Andre' Woodson. Cook led Missouri to a 5–0 record before a matchup with No. 23 LSU, where he recorded a career-high 411 passing yards and threw for two touchdowns. Despite his efforts, LSU was victorious 49–39. The following week, Cook helped Missouri bounce back with a 38–21 victory over No. 24 Kentucky, contributing two total touchdowns. Against South Carolina, he threw for 198 yards and totaled two touchdowns, leading Missouri to a 7–1 record, the team's best record through eight games since 2013.
During the 2023 regular season, Cook led Missouri to a 10–2 record and an appearance in the 2023 Cotton Bowl Classic, finishing the year with 20 passing touchdowns, 3,189 passing yards, and eight rushing touchdowns. In the Cotton Bowl Classic, Cook threw for 128 yards and a touchdown, leading Missouri to a 14–3 victory over Ohio State. As a result of his performance, he was named the game's offensive MVP. Following the game, he announced that he would return to Missouri the following season after finishing the 2023 season throwing for 3,317 yards, rushing for 319 yards, and totaling 29 total touchdowns.
Statistics
Missouri Tigers
Season
Games
Passing
Rushing
GP
GS
Record
Comp
Att
Pct
Yards
Avg
TD
Int
Rate
Att
Yards
Avg
TD
2020
2
0
0–0
6
7
85.7
72
10.3
1
0
219.3
1
-10
-10.0
0
2021
5
1
0–1
46
58
79.3
345
5.9
2
0
140.7
22
92
4.2
1
2022
13
13
6–7
248
383
64.8
2,739
7.2
14
7
133.2
139
585
4.2
6
2023
13
13
11–2
244
369
66.1
3,317
9.0
21
6
157.2
113
319
2.8
8
Career
33
27
17−10
544
817
66.6
6,473
7.2
38
13
145.3
275
986
3.6
15
Personal life
Cook is the son of Jim and Amy Cook and he grew up a fan of the Missouri Tigers. Cook was named to the 2021 SEC Academic Honor Roll.
In 2023, Cook was named the SEC Scholar Athlete of the Year.
References
^ Matter, Dave. "Chaminade's Brady Cook driven to prove to St. Louis that he belongs at Mizzou". STLtoday.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ Mayes, Warren. "Chaminade's Cook leaves high school to enroll early at Mizzou". WestNewsMagazine.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ "Eliah Drinkwitz Tabs Brady Cook Early in Fall Camp to be Missouri's Starting Quarterback". www.bcsnn.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ Charles Odum (November 6, 2021). "QB Daniels returns as No. 1 Georgia dominates Missouri, 43-6". WJXT. Associated Press. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ Blum, Eric. "Mizzou's Brady Cook dazzles in Armed Forces Bowl, sets up possible 2022 preview". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ "Drinkwitz names Chaminade's Brady Cook as Missouri's starting quarterback". ksdk.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ Greenwald, Dan. "Chaminade grad Brady Cook named Mizzou's starting QB". kmov.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ "Brady Cook propels Missouri past Abilene Christian". Reuters. September 17, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ Weiszer, Marc. "Show Me State Scare: No. 1 Georgia survives Missouri upset bid, 26-22. Here are 5 takeaways". Online Athens. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ "Is Brady Cook leading Mizzou's quarterback battle? Here's what Eli Drinkwitz said". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
^ "Mizzou football names Brady Cook starting quarterback". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ Hoff, Eli (September 5, 2023). "Brady Cook named Missouri's starting quarterback by Eli Drinkwitz". STLtoday.com. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ Hudnell, Bryan (September 17, 2023). "Brady Cook puts up career performance in upset over Kansas State". KRCG. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ "Missouri quarterback Brady Cook endures the home boos and keeps the Tigers on an unbeaten roll". AP News. September 17, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ "Cook throws for career-high 395 yards, No. 23 Mizzou beats Vandy 38-21". FOX 2. October 1, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ Jr, Wendell Shepherd (September 30, 2023). "Cook makes SEC history, defense makes improvements in 38-21 win over Vandy". Columbia Missourian. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ Hoff, Eli (October 8, 2023). "Question marks stack up, down as No. 21 Missouri loses at home to No. 23 LSU". STLtoday.com. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ "Brady Cook throws for a TD and scores on a run as Missouri takes down No. 24 Kentucky 38-21". AP News. October 15, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ "Cody Schrader runs for 159 yards, 2 TD to help No. 20 Missouri beat South Carolina 34-12". Live5News. October 22, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ "Mizzou's resolve started with unflappable QB1. Here's how Brady Cook earned full-circle bowl moment". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ Hochman, Benjamin (December 30, 2023). "Hochman: Can Mizzou's Brady Cook be the next Chase Daniel? After Cotton Bowl win, he's on his way". STLtoday.com. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ "Schrader and Cook star in Missouri's Cotton Bowl win over Ohio State". FOX 4 Kansas City. December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ "Missouri's Brady Cook Named 88th Classic J. Curtis Sanford Offensive MVP". Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ "Missouri quarterback Brady Cook will return in 2024". College Sports Wire. December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ Stahl, Matt. "Building Brady: How Brady Cook rose from young Mizzou fan to starting quarterback". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ "2021 Fall SEC Academic Honor Roll". www.secsports.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ Lambson, Steve (December 6, 2023). "Drinkwitz named SEC Coach of the Year; Cook honored as top scholar-athlete". KOMU 8. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
^ Haynes, Brandon (November 30, 2023). "Cook named SEC Scholar Athlete of the Year". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
External links
Missouri Tigers bio
vteMissouri Tigers starting quarterbacks
Saunders (1909)
Stuber (1924–1926)
Flamank (1927)
Waldorf (1929)
Christman (1938–1940)
Pitts (1941–1942)
Collins (1944)
Dellastatious (1945)
Entsminger (1947–1948)
Klein (1949–1950)
Scardino (1951–1952)
Eaton (1953–1954)
Doane (1955)
Hunter (1956)
Snowden (1957–1959)
Taylor (1960–1961)
J. Johnson (1962)
Lane (1963–1965)
Kombrink (1966–1967)
McMillan (1968–1969)
Roper (1970–1971)
Cherry (1972–1973)
Pisarkiewicz (1974–1976)
Woods (1976–1977)
Bradley (1977–1980)
Hyde (1981)
Adler (1982–1985)
Cameron (1986)
Stollenwerck (1987)
Welch (1988)
Kiefer (1989–1990)
Johnson (1991)
Handy (1992–1994)
Corso (1995)
Skornia (1995–1996)
Jones (1995–1998)
Dougherty (1999)
Farmer (1999–2001)
Outlaw (2000–2001)
Smith (2002–2005)
Daniel (2006–2008)
Gabbert (2009–2010)
Franklin (2011–2013)
Berkstresser (2012)
Mauk (2013–2015)
Lock (2015–2018)
Bryant (2019)
Powell (2019)
Bazelak (2019–2021)
Robinson (2020)
Macon (2021)
Cook (2021–2023)
vteList of starting quarterbacks in the Southeastern Conference
Jalen Milroe (Alabama)
KJ Jefferson (Arkansas)
Payton Thorne (Auburn)
Max Brown (Florida)
Carson Beck (Georgia)
Devin Leary (Kentucky)
Garrett Nussmeier (LSU)
Will Rogers (Mississippi State)
Brady Cook (Missouri)
Jaxson Dart (Ole Miss)
Spencer Rattler (South Carolina)
Nico Iamaleava (Tennessee)
Jaylen Henderson (Texas A&M)
AJ Swann (Vanderbilt) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"Missouri Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_football"}],"text":"Brady Cook (born October 12, 2001) is an American football quarterback for the Missouri Tigers.","title":"Brady Cook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaminade College Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaminade_College_Preparatory_School_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Creve Coeur, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creve_Coeur,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Cook attended Chaminade College Preparatory School in Creve Coeur, Missouri. As a senior, Cook threw for 33 touchdowns and 3,194 yards.[1] Cook was rated as a three-star recruit and the number one quarterback in Missouri, and committed to play college football at University of Missouri.[2]","title":"High school career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2021 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Missouri_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Connor Bazelak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connor_Bazelak"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_football"},{"link_name":"2021 Armed Forces Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Armed_Forces_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2022 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Missouri_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Abilene Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Christian_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2022 Gasparilla Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Gasparilla_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2020, Cook redshirted and appeared in three games. Cook recorded 72 yards passing and one touchdown.[3] Cook entered the 2021 season as the backup to Connor Bazelak. After Bazelak struggled and eventually got injured, Cook received his first major playing time against Georgia, in which Cook threw for 78 yards in a 43–6 loss.[4] Cook made his first career start against Army in the 2021 Armed Forces Bowl, in which Cook tallied 238 passing yards and a touchdown while rushing for 53 yards and a touchdown.[5] Entering the 2022 season, Cook was named the starting quarterback.[6][7] Cook led Missouri to a 2–2 start including a three touchdown performance against Abilene Christian.[8] Cook then led Missouri to a 22–12 lead over No. 1 Georgia in the fourth quarter. Despite this, Georgia scored 14 unanswered points to win 26–22. Cook finished the game with 192 yards and a touchdown.[9] Cook finished the season throwing for 2,739 yards, 14 touchdowns, and seven interceptions, while also rushing for 585 yards and six touchdowns, leading Missouri to the 2022 Gasparilla Bowl.[10]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Missouri_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kansas State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Andre' Woodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre%27_Woodson"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Missouri_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2023 Cotton Bowl Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Cotton_Bowl_Classic_(December)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"Entering the 2023 season, Cook competed with Jake Garcia and Sam Horn for Missouri's starting quarterback job, with Cook eventually being named the starter.[11][12] In week three against No. 15 Kansas State, he threw for 356 yards and contributed three total touchdowns in a 30–27 upset victory.[13][14] Against Vanderbilt, Cook threw for a then career-high, 395 yards and four touchdowns, in a 38-21 rout.[15] During the game, he set an SEC record for most consecutive passes without an interception, overtaking the previous record from former Kentucky quarterback Andre' Woodson.[16] Cook led Missouri to a 5–0 record before a matchup with No. 23 LSU, where he recorded a career-high 411 passing yards and threw for two touchdowns.[17] Despite his efforts, LSU was victorious 49–39. The following week, Cook helped Missouri bounce back with a 38–21 victory over No. 24 Kentucky, contributing two total touchdowns.[18] Against South Carolina, he threw for 198 yards and totaled two touchdowns, leading Missouri to a 7–1 record, the team's best record through eight games since 2013.[19]During the 2023 regular season, Cook led Missouri to a 10–2 record and an appearance in the 2023 Cotton Bowl Classic, finishing the year with 20 passing touchdowns, 3,189 passing yards, and eight rushing touchdowns.[20] In the Cotton Bowl Classic, Cook threw for 128 yards and a touchdown, leading Missouri to a 14–3 victory over Ohio State.[21][22] As a result of his performance, he was named the game's offensive MVP.[23] Following the game, he announced that he would return to Missouri the following season after finishing the 2023 season throwing for 3,317 yards, rushing for 319 yards, and totaling 29 total touchdowns.[24]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Statistics","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Cook is the son of Jim and Amy Cook and he grew up a fan of the Missouri Tigers.[25] Cook was named to the 2021 SEC Academic Honor Roll.[26]In 2023, Cook was named the SEC Scholar Athlete of the Year.[27][28]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"Redshirt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Redshirt.svg/14px-Redshirt.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Matter, Dave. \"Chaminade's Brady Cook driven to prove to St. Louis that he belongs at Mizzou\". STLtoday.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stltoday.com/sports/college/mizzou/chaminades-brady-cook-driven-to-prove-to-st-louis-that-he-belongs-at-mizzou/article_5cbfb08d-ad11-5638-921c-ce87a244efb8.html","url_text":"\"Chaminade's Brady Cook driven to prove to St. Louis that he belongs at Mizzou\""}]},{"reference":"Mayes, Warren. \"Chaminade's Cook leaves high school to enroll early at Mizzou\". WestNewsMagazine.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westnewsmagazine.com/sports/chaminade-s-cook-leaves-high-school-to-enroll-early-at-mizzou/article_33ffd2e8-1bd4-56af-b8ac-f69e407aedda.html","url_text":"\"Chaminade's Cook leaves high school to enroll early at Mizzou\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eliah Drinkwitz Tabs Brady Cook Early in Fall Camp to be Missouri's Starting Quarterback\". www.bcsnn.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bcsnn.com/football/1842-eliah-drinkwitz-tabs-brady-cook-early-in-fall-camp-to-be-missouri-s-starting-quarterback","url_text":"\"Eliah Drinkwitz Tabs Brady Cook Early in Fall Camp to be Missouri's Starting Quarterback\""}]},{"reference":"Charles Odum (November 6, 2021). \"QB Daniels returns as No. 1 Georgia dominates Missouri, 43-6\". WJXT. Associated Press. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news4jax.com/sports/2021/11/06/qb-daniels-returns-as-no-1-georgia-dominates-missouri-43-6/","url_text":"\"QB Daniels returns as No. 1 Georgia dominates Missouri, 43-6\""}]},{"reference":"Blum, Eric. \"Mizzou's Brady Cook dazzles in Armed Forces Bowl, sets up possible 2022 preview\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2021/12/23/mizzou-football-army-armed-forces-bowl-score-2021-college-football-bowl-games-brady-cook-drinkwitz/8928055002/","url_text":"\"Mizzou's Brady Cook dazzles in Armed Forces Bowl, sets up possible 2022 preview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drinkwitz names Chaminade's Brady Cook as Missouri's starting quarterback\". ksdk.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksdk.com/article/sports/college/mizzou/mizzou-football-brady-cook-starting-quarterback/63-46f0f396-7162-4f36-b5ab-598af5fc9363","url_text":"\"Drinkwitz names Chaminade's Brady Cook as Missouri's starting quarterback\""}]},{"reference":"Greenwald, Dan. \"Chaminade grad Brady Cook named Mizzou's starting QB\". kmov.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kmov.com/2022/08/10/brady-cook-named-mizzou-starting-qb/","url_text":"\"Chaminade grad Brady Cook named Mizzou's starting QB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brady Cook propels Missouri past Abilene Christian\". Reuters. September 17, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/football-ncaa-mio-abl-idUSMTZXEI9HDDQ5X7","url_text":"\"Brady Cook propels Missouri past Abilene Christian\""}]},{"reference":"Weiszer, Marc. \"Show Me State Scare: No. 1 Georgia survives Missouri upset bid, 26-22. Here are 5 takeaways\". Online Athens. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onlineathens.com/story/sports/college/bulldogs-extra/2022/10/01/no-1-georgia-football-missouri-football-stetson-bennett-kirby-smart-brock-bowers-georgia-bulldogs/10438172002/","url_text":"\"Show Me State Scare: No. 1 Georgia survives Missouri upset bid, 26-22. Here are 5 takeaways\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is Brady Cook leading Mizzou's quarterback battle? Here's what Eli Drinkwitz said\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved May 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2023/04/26/what-eli-drinkwitz-said-about-brady-cook-in-mizzous-quarterback-battle/70152858007/","url_text":"\"Is Brady Cook leading Mizzou's quarterback battle? Here's what Eli Drinkwitz said\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mizzou football names Brady Cook starting quarterback\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2023/09/05/mizzou-football-names-brady-cook-starting-quarterback/70767484007/","url_text":"\"Mizzou football names Brady Cook starting quarterback\""}]},{"reference":"Hoff, Eli (September 5, 2023). \"Brady Cook named Missouri's starting quarterback by Eli Drinkwitz\". STLtoday.com. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stltoday.com/sports/college/mizzou/brady-cook-mizzou-football-starting-quarterback/article_4a3e9d42-4c1a-11ee-bb27-a3c432f85017.html","url_text":"\"Brady Cook named Missouri's starting quarterback by Eli Drinkwitz\""}]},{"reference":"Hudnell, Bryan (September 17, 2023). \"Brady Cook puts up career performance in upset over Kansas State\". KRCG. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://krcgtv.com/sports/college/brady-cook-puts-up-career-performance-in-upset-over-kansas-state-mizzou-missouri-football-sec-big-12-tigers-ncaa-quarterback-luther-burden-mookie-cooper-eli-drinkwitz-2023","url_text":"\"Brady Cook puts up career performance in upset over Kansas State\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missouri quarterback Brady Cook endures the home boos and keeps the Tigers on an unbeaten roll\". AP News. September 17, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/missouri-tigers-e85d9da2877a316f7c3a81f458fadc26","url_text":"\"Missouri quarterback Brady Cook endures the home boos and keeps the Tigers on an unbeaten roll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cook throws for career-high 395 yards, No. 23 Mizzou beats Vandy 38-21\". FOX 2. October 1, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox2now.com/sports/college/cook-throws-for-career-high-395-yards-no-23-mizzou-beats-vandy-38-21/","url_text":"\"Cook throws for career-high 395 yards, No. 23 Mizzou beats Vandy 38-21\""}]},{"reference":"Jr, Wendell Shepherd (September 30, 2023). \"Cook makes SEC history, defense makes improvements in 38-21 win over Vandy\". Columbia Missourian. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbiamissourian.com/sports/mizzou_football/cook-makes-sec-history-defense-makes-improvements-in-38-21-win-over-vandy/article_671b271c-5fe0-11ee-ba37-5f72c89e34c1.html","url_text":"\"Cook makes SEC history, defense makes improvements in 38-21 win over Vandy\""}]},{"reference":"Hoff, Eli (October 8, 2023). \"Question marks stack up, down as No. 21 Missouri loses at home to No. 23 LSU\". STLtoday.com. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stltoday.com/sports/college/mizzou/question-marks-stack-up-down-as-no-21-missouri-loses-at-home-to-no-23/article_f9bb24aa-644f-11ee-ac4e-4314f287c63d.html","url_text":"\"Question marks stack up, down as No. 21 Missouri loses at home to No. 23 LSU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brady Cook throws for a TD and scores on a run as Missouri takes down No. 24 Kentucky 38-21\". AP News. October 15, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/kentucky-wildcats-missouri-tigers-de976c1b31a89bd050cfd3060a663f44","url_text":"\"Brady Cook throws for a TD and scores on a run as Missouri takes down No. 24 Kentucky 38-21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cody Schrader runs for 159 yards, 2 TD to help No. 20 Missouri beat South Carolina 34-12\". Live5News. October 22, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.live5news.com/2023/10/22/cody-schrader-runs-159-yards-2-td-help-no-20-missouri-beat-south-carolina-34-12/","url_text":"\"Cody Schrader runs for 159 yards, 2 TD to help No. 20 Missouri beat South Carolina 34-12\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mizzou's resolve started with unflappable QB1. Here's how Brady Cook earned full-circle bowl moment\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2023/12/27/mus-resolve-started-with-qb1-heres-how-brady-cook-earned-full-circle-bowl-moment/72044002007/","url_text":"\"Mizzou's resolve started with unflappable QB1. Here's how Brady Cook earned full-circle bowl moment\""}]},{"reference":"Hochman, Benjamin (December 30, 2023). \"Hochman: Can Mizzou's Brady Cook be the next Chase Daniel? After Cotton Bowl win, he's on his way\". STLtoday.com. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stltoday.com/sports/column/benjamin-hochman/hochman-can-mizzou-s-brady-cook-be-the-next-chase-daniel-after-cotton-bowl-win/article_18450f38-a5ca-11ee-8a3e-43985b01d077.html","url_text":"\"Hochman: Can Mizzou's Brady Cook be the next Chase Daniel? After Cotton Bowl win, he's on his way\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schrader and Cook star in Missouri's Cotton Bowl win over Ohio State\". FOX 4 Kansas City. December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox4kc.com/sports/college/mizzou/schrader-and-cook-star-in-missouris-cotton-bowl-win-over-ohio-state/","url_text":"\"Schrader and Cook star in Missouri's Cotton Bowl win over Ohio State\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missouri's Brady Cook Named 88th Classic J. Curtis Sanford Offensive MVP\". Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cottonbowl.com/news/2023/12/30/football-missouris-brady-cook-named-88th-classic-j-curtis-sanford-offensive-mvp.aspx","url_text":"\"Missouri's Brady Cook Named 88th Classic J. Curtis Sanford Offensive MVP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missouri quarterback Brady Cook will return in 2024\". College Sports Wire. December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://collegesportswire.usatoday.com/2023/12/30/missouri-tigers-brady-cook-quarterback-return-2024/","url_text":"\"Missouri quarterback Brady Cook will return in 2024\""}]},{"reference":"Stahl, Matt. \"Building Brady: How Brady Cook rose from young Mizzou fan to starting quarterback\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2022/08/21/mizzou-football-how-brady-cook-became-starting-quarterback-2022/7836300001/","url_text":"\"Building Brady: How Brady Cook rose from young Mizzou fan to starting quarterback\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Fall SEC Academic Honor Roll\". www.secsports.com. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.secsports.com/article/33244871/2021-fall-sec-academic-honor-roll","url_text":"\"2021 Fall SEC Academic Honor Roll\""}]},{"reference":"Lambson, Steve (December 6, 2023). \"Drinkwitz named SEC Coach of the Year; Cook honored as top scholar-athlete\". KOMU 8. Retrieved December 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.komu.com/sports/mizzouxtra/drinkwitz-named-sec-coach-of-the-year-cook-honored-as-top-scholar-athlete/article_ed083f60-947c-11ee-ae0e-cfe84a55e7e0.html","url_text":"\"Drinkwitz named SEC Coach of the Year; Cook honored as top scholar-athlete\""}]},{"reference":"Haynes, Brandon (November 30, 2023). \"Cook named SEC Scholar Athlete of the Year\". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/cook-named-sec-scholar-athlete-of-the-year/article_1f7fb69d-718c-519c-99fe-79c6c8eefc5b.html","url_text":"\"Cook named SEC Scholar Athlete of the Year\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/college-football/player/_/id/4429435","external_links_name":"ESPN.com"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/college-football/player/stats/_/id/4429435/brady-cook","external_links_name":"Career"},{"Link":"https://www.stltoday.com/sports/college/mizzou/chaminades-brady-cook-driven-to-prove-to-st-louis-that-he-belongs-at-mizzou/article_5cbfb08d-ad11-5638-921c-ce87a244efb8.html","external_links_name":"\"Chaminade's Brady Cook driven to prove to St. Louis that he belongs at Mizzou\""},{"Link":"https://www.westnewsmagazine.com/sports/chaminade-s-cook-leaves-high-school-to-enroll-early-at-mizzou/article_33ffd2e8-1bd4-56af-b8ac-f69e407aedda.html","external_links_name":"\"Chaminade's Cook leaves high school to enroll early at Mizzou\""},{"Link":"https://www.bcsnn.com/football/1842-eliah-drinkwitz-tabs-brady-cook-early-in-fall-camp-to-be-missouri-s-starting-quarterback","external_links_name":"\"Eliah Drinkwitz Tabs Brady Cook Early in Fall Camp to be Missouri's Starting Quarterback\""},{"Link":"https://www.news4jax.com/sports/2021/11/06/qb-daniels-returns-as-no-1-georgia-dominates-missouri-43-6/","external_links_name":"\"QB Daniels returns as No. 1 Georgia dominates Missouri, 43-6\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2021/12/23/mizzou-football-army-armed-forces-bowl-score-2021-college-football-bowl-games-brady-cook-drinkwitz/8928055002/","external_links_name":"\"Mizzou's Brady Cook dazzles in Armed Forces Bowl, sets up possible 2022 preview\""},{"Link":"https://www.ksdk.com/article/sports/college/mizzou/mizzou-football-brady-cook-starting-quarterback/63-46f0f396-7162-4f36-b5ab-598af5fc9363","external_links_name":"\"Drinkwitz names Chaminade's Brady Cook as Missouri's starting quarterback\""},{"Link":"https://www.kmov.com/2022/08/10/brady-cook-named-mizzou-starting-qb/","external_links_name":"\"Chaminade grad Brady Cook named Mizzou's starting QB\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/football-ncaa-mio-abl-idUSMTZXEI9HDDQ5X7","external_links_name":"\"Brady Cook propels Missouri past Abilene Christian\""},{"Link":"https://www.onlineathens.com/story/sports/college/bulldogs-extra/2022/10/01/no-1-georgia-football-missouri-football-stetson-bennett-kirby-smart-brock-bowers-georgia-bulldogs/10438172002/","external_links_name":"\"Show Me State Scare: No. 1 Georgia survives Missouri upset bid, 26-22. Here are 5 takeaways\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2023/04/26/what-eli-drinkwitz-said-about-brady-cook-in-mizzous-quarterback-battle/70152858007/","external_links_name":"\"Is Brady Cook leading Mizzou's quarterback battle? Here's what Eli Drinkwitz said\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2023/09/05/mizzou-football-names-brady-cook-starting-quarterback/70767484007/","external_links_name":"\"Mizzou football names Brady Cook starting quarterback\""},{"Link":"https://www.stltoday.com/sports/college/mizzou/brady-cook-mizzou-football-starting-quarterback/article_4a3e9d42-4c1a-11ee-bb27-a3c432f85017.html","external_links_name":"\"Brady Cook named Missouri's starting quarterback by Eli Drinkwitz\""},{"Link":"https://krcgtv.com/sports/college/brady-cook-puts-up-career-performance-in-upset-over-kansas-state-mizzou-missouri-football-sec-big-12-tigers-ncaa-quarterback-luther-burden-mookie-cooper-eli-drinkwitz-2023","external_links_name":"\"Brady Cook puts up career performance in upset over Kansas State\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/missouri-tigers-e85d9da2877a316f7c3a81f458fadc26","external_links_name":"\"Missouri quarterback Brady Cook endures the home boos and keeps the Tigers on an unbeaten roll\""},{"Link":"https://fox2now.com/sports/college/cook-throws-for-career-high-395-yards-no-23-mizzou-beats-vandy-38-21/","external_links_name":"\"Cook throws for career-high 395 yards, No. 23 Mizzou beats Vandy 38-21\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbiamissourian.com/sports/mizzou_football/cook-makes-sec-history-defense-makes-improvements-in-38-21-win-over-vandy/article_671b271c-5fe0-11ee-ba37-5f72c89e34c1.html","external_links_name":"\"Cook makes SEC history, defense makes improvements in 38-21 win over Vandy\""},{"Link":"https://www.stltoday.com/sports/college/mizzou/question-marks-stack-up-down-as-no-21-missouri-loses-at-home-to-no-23/article_f9bb24aa-644f-11ee-ac4e-4314f287c63d.html","external_links_name":"\"Question marks stack up, down as No. 21 Missouri loses at home to No. 23 LSU\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/kentucky-wildcats-missouri-tigers-de976c1b31a89bd050cfd3060a663f44","external_links_name":"\"Brady Cook throws for a TD and scores on a run as Missouri takes down No. 24 Kentucky 38-21\""},{"Link":"https://www.live5news.com/2023/10/22/cody-schrader-runs-159-yards-2-td-help-no-20-missouri-beat-south-carolina-34-12/","external_links_name":"\"Cody Schrader runs for 159 yards, 2 TD to help No. 20 Missouri beat South Carolina 34-12\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2023/12/27/mus-resolve-started-with-qb1-heres-how-brady-cook-earned-full-circle-bowl-moment/72044002007/","external_links_name":"\"Mizzou's resolve started with unflappable QB1. Here's how Brady Cook earned full-circle bowl moment\""},{"Link":"https://www.stltoday.com/sports/column/benjamin-hochman/hochman-can-mizzou-s-brady-cook-be-the-next-chase-daniel-after-cotton-bowl-win/article_18450f38-a5ca-11ee-8a3e-43985b01d077.html","external_links_name":"\"Hochman: Can Mizzou's Brady Cook be the next Chase Daniel? After Cotton Bowl win, he's on his way\""},{"Link":"https://fox4kc.com/sports/college/mizzou/schrader-and-cook-star-in-missouris-cotton-bowl-win-over-ohio-state/","external_links_name":"\"Schrader and Cook star in Missouri's Cotton Bowl win over Ohio State\""},{"Link":"https://www.cottonbowl.com/news/2023/12/30/football-missouris-brady-cook-named-88th-classic-j-curtis-sanford-offensive-mvp.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Missouri's Brady Cook Named 88th Classic J. Curtis Sanford Offensive MVP\""},{"Link":"https://collegesportswire.usatoday.com/2023/12/30/missouri-tigers-brady-cook-quarterback-return-2024/","external_links_name":"\"Missouri quarterback Brady Cook will return in 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2022/08/21/mizzou-football-how-brady-cook-became-starting-quarterback-2022/7836300001/","external_links_name":"\"Building Brady: How Brady Cook rose from young Mizzou fan to starting quarterback\""},{"Link":"https://www.secsports.com/article/33244871/2021-fall-sec-academic-honor-roll","external_links_name":"\"2021 Fall SEC Academic Honor Roll\""},{"Link":"https://www.komu.com/sports/mizzouxtra/drinkwitz-named-sec-coach-of-the-year-cook-honored-as-top-scholar-athlete/article_ed083f60-947c-11ee-ae0e-cfe84a55e7e0.html","external_links_name":"\"Drinkwitz named SEC Coach of the Year; Cook honored as top scholar-athlete\""},{"Link":"https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/cook-named-sec-scholar-athlete-of-the-year/article_1f7fb69d-718c-519c-99fe-79c6c8eefc5b.html","external_links_name":"\"Cook named SEC Scholar Athlete of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://mutigers.com/sports/football/roster/brady-cook/13411","external_links_name":"Missouri Tigers bio"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_Champ | Aeronca Champion | ["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","3.1 7AC Champion","3.2 7ACA","3.3 7BCM, L-16A","3.4 7B-X","3.5 7CCM, L-16B","3.6 7DC","3.7 7EC Traveler","3.8 7FC Tri-Traveler","3.9 7GC Sky Trac","3.10 7GCA Sky Trac","3.11 7GCB Challenger?","3.12 7HC DX'er","3.13 7JC Tri-Con","3.14 7KC Olympia","4 Specifications (7AC)","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | American single-engine light plane
Model 7 Champion
Aeronca 7AC Champion over Kemble, Gloucestershire, England
Role
Light utility aircraft / trainerType of aircraft
Manufacturer
AeroncaChampion AircraftBellancaAmerican Champion Aircraft
Designer
Ray Hermes
First flight
April 29, 1944
Introduction
November 1945
Status
Production completed
Primary users
private ownersflight schools, aircraft rental services, United States Air Force, Air National GuardU.S. ArmyCivil Air Patrol
Produced
1946–19512007–2018
Number built
more than 10,000, all manufacturers and variants(over 7,200 Aeronca 7AC Champion, 1945–1948)
Developed from
Aeronca L-3, Aeronca T, Aeronca Defender, Aeronca 50 Chief
Variants
Aeronca L-16
Developed into
Citabria, Champion Lancer
Aeronca 7AC Champion on skis
Champion 7FC Tri-Traveller at the Canadian Museum of Flight
The Aeronca Model 7 Champion, commonly known as the "Champ", or "Airknocker", is a single-engine light airplane with a high wing, generally configured with fixed conventional landing gear and tandem seating for two occupants.
Designed for flight training
and personal use—and specifically developed to compete with the popular Piper Cub. It entered production in the United States in 1945, spawning one of the most popular, and longest-produced, light airplane models in the world.
In addition to the Champ's large-volume production by Aeronca Aircraft, it was revived in variations by the Champion Aircraft Company in the 1950s and 1960s, and then again in further variants by Bellanca in the 1960s and 1970s, and by American Champion Aircraft in the early 2000s.
To take advantage of the new light-sport aircraft (LSA) category, the Champion was returned to production in 2007, but was discontinued by mid-2019.
Design and development
The Aeronca 7 Champion line—developed in the mid-1940s as a post-World War II response to the popular Piper J-3 Cub—uses similar design features (already featured in Aeronca's wartime designs, the Aeronca Model T, Aeronca Defender, and Aeronca L-3), but also incorporates aspects of traditional Aeronca designs, including the internal main trusswork of the fuselage frame. Like its predecessors and initial rivals, the high-wing, two-seat plane has tandem seating, conventional landing gear (tailwheel-equipped), and a small piston engine.
As with many light aircraft of the time, the Champ's fuselage and tail surfaces are constructed of welded metal tubing. The outer shape of the fuselage is created by a combination of wooden formers and longerons, covered with fabric. The cross-section of the metal fuselage truss is triangular, a design feature which can be traced all the way back to the earliest Aeronca C-2 design of the late 1920s.
The strut-braced wings of the Champ are, like the fuselage and tail surfaces, fabric-covered, and use aluminum ribs. Most Champs were built with wooden spars. American Champion has been using aluminum spars in the aircraft it has produced, and has also made the aluminum-spar wings available for retrofit installation on older aircraft.
Like the Piper Cub with which it competed, the Champ features tandem seating. However, while the J-3 model of the Cub is flown solo from the rear seat, the Champ can be soloed from the front, giving improved forward visibility, particularly on the ground and during takeoffs, landings, and climbs. The Champ offers far better visibility than the Cub, allowing 300 degrees of visibility to a front-seated pilot, and has a wider cabin than the Cub. Additionally, an uncommon Champ variant—the 7HC—was produced with an enlarged rear seat allowing two passengers to be carried.
The landing gear of most Champs is in a conventional arrangement, though two variants with tricycle gear were produced, and a model with reversed tricycle gear was tried. Conventional-gear Champs feature a steerable tailwheel and most have steel tube main gear which use an oleo strut for shock absorption. One variant utilized sprung-steel main gear, and American Champion uses aluminum gear legs in its production model of the Champ. Tricycle-gear Champs use the steel tube and oleo strut main gear, mating these with an oleo strut nose gear.
Models 7AC, 7CCM, 7DC, and 7EC were approved as floatplanes, with the addition of floats and vertical stabilizer fins; the floatplane versions were designated the S7AC, S7CCM, S7DC, and S7EC, respectively. The 7GC and 7HC may also be operated with floats but are not given a special designation in this configuration. All floatplane versions have increased gross weights over the corresponding landplanes.
Operational history
Built by Aeronca Aircraft Corporation, the Champ first flew in 1944, and entered production in 1945. As an economical postwar rival to the Piper Cub (which it largely improved upon), the Champ was popular with training schools who were training veterans returning from World War II, by the thousands, with government funding through the G.I. Bill.
The original model 7AC Champion initially sold by the thousands, peaking in 1946, as Aeronca developed the highest-volume production line in general aviation. Between 1946 and 1947, Aeronca was producing an average 30 light aircraft per day (peaking at 50 per day at one point). But 1946 was a momentary explosion in lightplane production, industry-wide. The postwar boom-and-bust of the late 1940s and early 1950s brought an abrupt end to the massive sales, and—like the rest of the U.S. lightplane industry—Aeronca production dropped to a small fraction of 1946–1947 sales.
Engine upgrades in 1947, 1948 and 1949 resulted in the Models 7BCM, 7DC and the electric-system-equipped 7EC, all distinguished from the 7AC by a larger vertical tail than predecessors, to compensate for the greater torque and p-factor of the larger engines.
Some of these Champ variants were acquired by the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) and its successor, the U.S. Air Force (USAF), particularly for use by the U.S. Army Ground Forces and the National Guard, as replacements for the Piper L-4 variant of the Piper Cub, used as an observation and liaison aircraft. The Aeronca Champ military variants were labeled L-16, L-16A and L-16B.
Main article: Aeronca L-16
By the time production ended in 1951, the company had sold more than 8,000 Champions, mostly 7AC Champs (approx. 7,200).
Aeronca ceased all production of light aircraft in 1951, and the Champ design was sold in 1954 to Champion Aircraft, who continued production of some of the more advanced variants of the Champ, from the 1950s into the early 1960s—gradually modifying them into the aerobatic Champion Citabria.
Main article: Citabria
Champion Aircraft was acquired in 1970 by Bellanca Aircraft which continued production of their Champ-derived Citabria and Decathlon designs.
In 1971, Bellanca introduced the 7ACA version of the Champ as a more basic complement to their other designs, as the least expensive, and lowest-performance, commercially produced light plane on the market at the time.
Only a handful of 7ACAs were built between 1971 and 1972. Bellanca ceased all production in the early 1980s.
Jabiru powered prototype
American Champion Aircraft Corporation acquired the Champ and related designs in 1989. In 2001, they were rumored to be considering a reintroduction of the Champ design as a 7EC powered by a Jabiru Aircraft engine. While a test version was flown, this combination was not put into production. With the creation of the light-sport aircraft (LSA) category of aircraft in the United States by the FAA, American Champion in late 2007 began producing a revised version of the 7EC powered by the 100 hp (75 kW) Continental O-200-A. The new production aircraft are type certified, but also qualify to be flown by sport pilots in the United States. Although the fuselage and cowling contours are similar to the original-production models, the new aircraft used the windows, interior, door, and windscreen of the modern Citabria. Fuel capacity was reduced to 18 US gal (68 L; 15 imp gal) to conserve weight; despite this measure and various others, such as the use of aluminum landing gear legs and bare birch floorboards rather than carpet, the aircraft's payload is inadequate to carry two adults and full fuel simultaneously. The manufacturer was considering various further weight-reduction measures including the use of the lightened Continental O-200D engine previously offered in the Cessna 162 Skycatcher. However, the revived 7EC was dropped from production by mid-2019.
Standard-production 7AC, 7BCM (L-16A), 7CCM (L-16B), 7DC, and 7ACA models qualify as U.S. Light Sport Aircraft. Only those specific original-production 7EC airplanes certificated at a 1,300 lb (590 kg) gross weight qualify for the LSA category; a standard original-production 7EC is certificated at a gross weight of 1,450 lb (660 kg) and does not qualify.
Variants
Various versions of the Champ have been tested and produced since 1944, including military, aerobatic, cropduster, tricycle-gear and (as the 402 Lancer) a twin-engined variant.
The derivative Citabria designs — models 7ECA, 7GCAA, 7GCBC, and 7KCAB — are discussed in a separate article, as is the twin-engined 402 Lancer. Floatplane variants are designated by an "S" prefix and are discussed together with the standard respective land variant.
7AC Champion
Aeronca 7AC Champion
Introduced in 1945, the 7AC Champion ("Champ") was the first (and, by far, the most popular) version of the design.
It used the Continental A-65-8 engine of 65 horsepower (48 kW).
(Other 65-hp engines by Lycoming and Franklin were also fitted.) A supplemental type certificate allows the installation of a Lycoming O-235. The Champ featured a conventional landing gear configuration, with shock absorption in the main gear provided by oleo struts. The aircraft had no electrical system. It is distinguishable from nearly all other variants by the absence of a dorsal fin at the leading edge of the vertical tail (most later models had the enlarged tail). Approximately 7,200 were built between 1945 and 1948—far outnumbering all other subsequent variants combined, and far outnumbering most rival designs of the period. Some were acquired by the U.S. military and designated L-16—not to be confused with the L-16A and L-16B derived from later Champ variants.
Gross weight is 1,220 lb (550 kg) for the standard 7AC and 1,320 lb (600 kg) when configured as an S7AC floatplane; fuel capacity for either version is 13 US gal (49 L; 11 imp gal) in a single tank.
7ACA
1971 reintroduction by Bellanca, a modernized version of the design which made it a variant of the Citabria line. The 7ACA is powered by the two-cylinder Franklin 2A engine of 60 horsepower (45 kW); Gross weight is 1,220 lb (550 kg). 71 were produced.
7BCM, L-16A
Main article: Aeronca L-16
7BCM Champion
Upgraded version introduced in 1947 with an 85 horsepower (63 kW) Continental C85 and "no-bounce" version of the main landing gear. All of the 7BCM production went to the military as model L-16A. Gross weight and fuel capacity are unchanged from the 7AC. 509 were built.
Aeronca L-16
7B-X
Prototype, 1 produced, serial number 7-BX-1, FAA aircraft registration number was N4084E but registration was canceled on 4 October 1951, no other details known.
7CCM, L-16B
Main article: Aeronca L-16
An improved version of the L-16, the L-16B/7CCM featured a 90 hp (67 kW) Continental C90-8 engine, an enlarged vertical tail, hydraulic brakes, and a gross weight increase to 1,300 lb (590 kg); an additional gross weight increase to 1,350 lb (610 kg) is allowed when "Long Stroke Oleo Landing Gear" is installed and placard, "Intentional spinning prohibited when baggage carried", is installed on the instrument panel. An additional 5.5 US gal (21 L; 4.6 imp gal) fuel tank is used, increasing total fuel capacity to 18.5 US gal (70 L; 15.4 imp gal). Gross weight increases to 1,400 lb (640 kg) when configured as an S7CCM floatplane. 100 L-16B/7CCM aircraft were built.
Aeronca 7DC
7DC
Similar to 7CCM but with Continental C85 engine of 85 hp (63 kW); the derived S7DC floatplane had a gross weight increase to 1,400 lb (640 kg). 100 7DC aircraft were produced.
7EC Traveler
1950 brought the introduction of the Aeronca 7EC, which features a Continental C90-12F engine of 90 horsepower (67 kW), standard long-throw oleo strut main gear, thicker seat cushions, additional interior insulation for noise reduction, an improved heater and electrical system, the addition of a parking brake, and a change in center of gravity for enhanced speed. Advertised empty weight is 890 lb (400 kg). Standard gross weight is 1,450 lb (660 kg), or 1,300 lb (590 kg) with "Lower End Landing Gear Oleo Strut Assembly." Standard fuel capacity is unchanged from the 7DC; an optional 26 US gal (98 L; 22 imp gal) system was offered, increasing the manufacturer's empty weight by 30 lb (14 kg). The optional S7EC floatplane configuration has a gross weight of 1,474 lb (669 kg).
The last Champ produced at Aeronca was a 7EC, and when Champion reintroduced the Champ in 1955, it was with their version of the 7EC, very little changed from Aeronca's. An enhanced version called the Champion DeLuxe Traveler offered a metal propeller with spinner, wheel pants, a steerable tailwheel, and navigation lights.
773 7EC aircraft were produced during the original production run.
In late 2007, American Champion introduced a revised version of the 7EC, featuring the Continental O-200-A engine of 100 horsepower (75 kW). Differing in a number of ways from earlier 7ECs, this new version in particular replaced the wood-spar wings of the earlier versions with a metal-spar wing and used aluminum gear legs. To fit within the Light Sport requirements, the maximum weight was reduced to 1,320 pounds (599 kilograms). The aircraft was discontinued by mid-2019.
7FC Tri-Traveler
Champion 7FC Tri-Traveller
In 1957, Champion brought out the 7FC, which is similar to the 7EC but with tricycle landing gear instead of conventional (tailwheel) gear, oleo struts on all 3 wheels, and extra frame bracing for the nosewheel. Factory standard equipment was comparable to the 7EC DeLuxe Traveler. The 7FC is 3 mph (4.8 km/h) slower and 90 lb (41 kg) heavier than an equivalent 7EC, with a standard useful load of 540 lb (245 kg), compared with 630 lb (286 kg) for the 7EC; both use the 90 hp (67 kW) Continental C90-12F engine. Standard gross weight of the 7FC is 1,450 lb (660 kg) with an increase to 1,500 lb (680 kg) allowed with the installation of "Wide Track Main Gear."
1957 7FC
472 7FC aircraft were built.
7GC Sky Trac
Generally similar to 7EC but with a 140 hp (104 kW) Lycoming O-290-D2B engine and modified fuselage structure for increased gross weight. Gross weight is 1,650 lb (750 kg) in standard configuration, 1,732 lb (786 kg) in seaplane configuration. 171 were produced.
7GCA Sky Trac
Agricultural variant of the 7GC with identical gross weight but with a 150 hp (112 kW) Lycoming O-320-A2B engine. 396 were made.
7GCB Challenger?
7HC DX'er
Similar to 7GC with identical gross weights for landplane and floatplane versions, but with a front seat control yoke instead of a control stick, modified fuselage structure, tricycle landing gear, and an enlarged rear seat for two occupants. 39 were produced.
7JC Tri-Con
Similar to 7EC but with reverse tricycle undercarriage; however, the aircraft may be converted to a standard tailwheel undercarriage and operated at a 1,500 lb (680 kg) gross weight. 25 were built.
7KC Olympia
7GCA with smaller wings, redesigned empennage, other aerodynamic refinements, deletion of rear-seat flight controls, and minor detail changes. 4 were built.
Specifications (7AC)
Aeronca 7AC Champion on floats
Data from FAA Type Certification Data Sheet, Plane & Pilot and MontgomeryGeneral characteristics
Crew: one
Capacity: one passenger
Length: 21 ft 6 in (6.55 m)
Wingspan: 35 ft 0 in (10.67 m)
Empty weight: 740 lb (336 kg)
Gross weight: 1,220 lb (553 kg)
Fuel capacity: 13 U.S. gallons (49 L; 11 imp gal)
Powerplant: 1 × Continental A65-8 four cylinder, horizontally opposed piston aircraft engine, 65 hp (48 kW)
Propellers: 2-bladed fixed pitch, wooden
Performance
Maximum speed: 95 mph (153 km/h, 83 kn)
Cruise speed: 85 mph (137 km/h, 74 kn)
Stall speed: 38 mph (61 km/h, 33 kn)
Never exceed speed: 129 mph (208 km/h, 112 kn)
Range: 270 mi (430 km, 230 nmi)
Service ceiling: 12,500 ft (3,800 m)
Rate of climb: 370 ft/min (1.9 m/s)
See also
Related development
Aeronca Chief family
Aeronca Chief
Bellanca Citabria
Champion Lancer
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Interstate Cadet
Luscombe T-8F
Piper J-3 Cub
Porterfield 65 Collegiate
Taylorcraft L-2
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Harris, Richard, "Aeronca: Birth of the Personal Plane Archived 2010-07-22 at the Wayback Machine," AAHS Journal, Summer 2007, vol.52, #2, American Aviation Historical Society
^ a b c d e f g h i j Harris, Richard, "Aeronca/Champion History: Beyond the Bathtub – Chiefs, Champs & Citabrias," from articles first appearing in In Flight USA, 2003–2004, condensed on author's website.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Aerofiles.com, "Aeronca" page, Aircraft section, retrieved Feb. 22, 2016
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Davisson, Budd. "Comparing the Classics: The Aeronca Champ," EAA/Sport Aviation, June, 1997, Experimental Aircraft Association, as reproduced on the author's website, retrieved 2016-02-01
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ethell, Jeffrey, Used Aircraft Guide, 1979, Charles Scribner's Sons, NY
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Simpson 1991, p. 13.
^ a b c d e Flying staff, "Pilot Report: Bellanca Champ]," Flying Annual & Pilots' Guide, 1971 ed. , NY
^ a b c Bellanca Aircraft Corp, "," Flying Annual & Pilots' Guide, 1971 ed., pp.36–37 , NY
^ Flying Dec. 1946, as quoted in Flying Annual & Pilots' Guide,' 1971 ed. , NY'
^ a b "," (planes in production longest) sidebar, Air & Space Smithsonian Feb. 1996, vol.10#6, p.48.
^ a b c d Wilkinson, Stephan, "First Flight: The Champ," Flying, February 1971: , NY, as retrieved 2016-01-30 from Google Books, and as reproduced in print edition of Flying Annual & Pilots' Guide, 1971 ed., Ziff Davis, NY.
^ a b c Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al: World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011–12, page 24. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X
^ a b c Experimental Aircraft Association (2012). "American Champion Aircraft 7EC". Retrieved April 30, 2012.
^ Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al: World Directory of Light Aviation 2015–16, page 28. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015. ISSN 1368-485X
^ a b c "American Champion Aircraft Corporation: Champ". americanchampionaircraft.com. American Champion Aircraft Corporation. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019. Discontinued: was a great run!
^ a b c d e f Sargent, Sparky Barnes, "A Honey of a Champion! The Baker family's award-winning Aeronca," Vintage Airplane, Dec., 2007, vol.35, #12, Experimental Aircraft Association
^ "Retrofit Metal Spar Wings". americanchampionaircraft.com. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
^ Davisson, Budd. "Flight Reports: The Aeronca Champ". Experimental Aircraft Association. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
^ Karant, Max, "Flying Check Pilot: The Aeronca Chief Archived 2009-10-27 at the Wayback Machine," Flying Magazine, Dec., 1946.
^ a b c Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 8.
^ a b c d Whitman, Ray (February 1958). "Cockpit Test Report On a Plane You Can Afford... The Champion Traveler". Science and Mechanics: 90–92.
^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, pp. 3–7.
^ a b Smith, Frank Kingston, "The Turbulent Decade," (history of U.S. aviation from the mid-1940s to the mid-1950s), Flying Magazine 50th Anniversary Edition, September 1977, pp.200–208; as photocopied at Google Books, retrieved Feb. 2016.
^ a b "The Champ Still Slugging Away". Flying Magazine: 65. April 1973.
^ Air Training Department, The Artillery School, U.S. Army, "The New Grasshopper—L-16 Archived September 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine," (semi-official U.S. Army tutorial written to guide pilots transitioning from the Piper L-4 to the Aeronca L-16) The Field Artillery Journal, Nov–Dec 1947, United States Army,
^ ,"1971 Aircraft Directory," Flying Annual & Pilots' Guide, 1971 ed., special section , NY
^ a b "Let's Go Flying! CHAMP 7EC LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT". Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
^ a b "Standard Category Aircraft Listing". Experimental Aircraft Association. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
^ "SP/LSA Movement At The Crossroads: Assessing The Impact of The EAA/AOPA Joint Petition For 3rd Class Medical Certificate Exemption". MidwestFlyer.com. February 17, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
^ a b c Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 1.
^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 1 and p. 23.
^ a b c Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 2.
^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 16.
^ Federal Aviation Administration (November 21, 2018). "N Number Inquiry Inquiry Results, N4084E". Retrieved November 21, 2018.
^ a b Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 3.
^ a b c d Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 5.
^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, pp. 3–4.
^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 6 and p. 23.
^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 6.
^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 37.
^ Champion Operating and Service Manual (1957 ed.). Oscaola Wisconsin USA: Champion Aircraft Corporation. 1957. pp. 2, 56.
^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, pp. 6–7.
^ a b Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 7.
^ Flying Magazine: 71. January 1959.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 9 and p. 35.
^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 10.
^ Plane and Pilot: 1978 Aircraft Directory, page 12. Werner & Werner Corp, Santa Monica CA, 1977. ISBN 0-918312-00-0
^ Montgomery, M.R. and Gerald Foster: A Field Guide to Airplanes, Second Edition, pages 64–65. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1992. ISBN 0-395-62888-1
References
Aircraft Specification No. A-759, Revision 73 (PDF) (Report). Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. February 9, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
"American airplanes: Aeronca". Aerofiles: A Century of American Aviation. Retrieved August 12, 2006.
"Bellanca". Aerofiles: A Century of American Aviation. Archived from the original on July 20, 2006. Retrieved August 12, 2006.
Hollenbaugh, Bob; John Houser (1993). Aeronca: A photo history. Destin, FL: Aviation Heritage Books. ISBN 0-943691-10-9.
Simpson, R.W. (1991). Airlife's General Aviation. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-194-X.
Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 28
airliners.net
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aeronca Champion.
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vteAeronca Aircraft Chief familyModels
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ECA/GCAA/GCBC/KCAB
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Names
Citabria
Champion
Chief (I)
Chief (II)
Decathlon
Defender
DX'er
Lancer
Olympia
Scout (I)
Scout (II)
Sky Trac
Super Chief
Super Decathlon
Tandem
Traveler
Tri-Con
Tri-Traveler
Xtreme
Military designationsUSAAF/USAF
L-3
L-16
O-58
TG-5
TG-33
USN
JR
LNR
Foreign variantsHAL (India)
HUL-26 Pushpak
vteAeronca aircraftCivilian
11 Chief
50 Chief
C-1
C-2
C-3
Champion
Defender
K
L
Sedan
T
Military
L-3
L-16
LNR
O-58
TG-5
Experimental
Arrow
Chum
Eagle
Built under licence
PT-19
PT-23
vteChampion AircraftAircraft
Champion
Lancer
Citabria
Decathlon
Companies
Aeronca Aircraft Corporation
Champion Aircraft Corporation
Bellanca Aircraft Corporation
American Champion Aircraft Corporation
vteBellanca/AviaBellanca aircraftAircraftLetter/letter-number designation
CD
CE
CF
WB-1
WB-2
CH-200
CH-300
CH-400
Numerical designation
14-7
14-9
14-10
14-12
14-13
14-14
14-19
17-30
17-20
19-25
28-70
28-90
28-92
28-110
31-40
31-42
31-50
31-55
66-70
66-75
77-140
77-320
Name
Airbus
Aircruiser
Aries
Bomber
Champion
Citabria
Cruisair
Cruisemaster
Decathlon
Junior
Pacemaker
Scout
Senior Pacemaker
Senior Skyrocket
Skyrocket
Skyrocket II
Standard
Tandem Experimental Sesquiplane (TES)
Viking
Military Designation
C-27
X-855e
XSE
XSOE
YO-50
Companies
Bellanca
Northern Aircraft
Downer Aircraft
Bellanca Sales
Inter-Air
Champion Aircraft
AviaBellanca Aircraft
People
Giuseppe Mario Bellanca
August Bellanca
vteAmerican Champion aircraftAircraft
Champion
Citabria
Decathlon
Scout
Companies
Aeronca
Champion
Bellanca/AviaBellanca
American Champion | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeronca7ACChampC-GDZO.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AeroncaTriChamp01A.JPG"},{"link_name":"Canadian Museum of Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Flight"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aerofiles-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-used-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flying_annual-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad_annual-8"},{"link_name":"airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane"},{"link_name":"high wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_wing"},{"link_name":"conventional landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"tandem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-used-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1946_12_flying-9"},{"link_name":"Piper Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Cub"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifusa_harris-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-used-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flying_annual-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-big_ten-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellanca_magz-11"},{"link_name":"Aeronca Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Champion Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Bellanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AviaBellanca_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"American Champion Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-used-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flying_annual-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad_annual-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-big_ten-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellanca_magz-11"},{"link_name":"light-sport aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Sport_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDLA11-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLSA-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDLA15-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACA-June2019-15"}],"text":"Aeronca 7AC Champion on skisChampion 7FC Tri-Traveller at the Canadian Museum of FlightThe Aeronca Model 7 Champion, commonly known as the \"Champ\", or \"Airknocker\",[3][5][7][8] is a single-engine light airplane with a high wing, generally configured with fixed conventional landing gear and tandem seating for two occupants.Designed for flight training[5][9]\nand personal use—and specifically developed to compete with the popular Piper Cub. It entered production in the United States in 1945, spawning one of the most popular, and longest-produced, light airplane models in the world.[1][2][5][7][10][11]In addition to the Champ's large-volume production by Aeronca Aircraft, it was revived in variations by the Champion Aircraft Company in the 1950s and 1960s, and then again in further variants by Bellanca in the 1960s and 1970s, and by American Champion Aircraft in the early 2000s.[5][7][8][10][11]To take advantage of the new light-sport aircraft (LSA) category, the Champion was returned to production in 2007,[12][13][14] but was discontinued by mid-2019.[15]","title":"Aeronca Champion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Piper J-3 Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_J-3_Cub"},{"link_name":"Aeronca Model T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeronca_Model_T&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aeronca Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_Defender"},{"link_name":"Aeronca L-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_L-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifusa_harris-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davisson-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honey-16"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"formers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former"},{"link_name":"longerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longeron"},{"link_name":"Aeronca C-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_C-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davisson-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honey-16"},{"link_name":"wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing#Artificial_wings"},{"link_name":"ribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"spars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_spar"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Piper Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_J-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davisson-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honey-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davisson-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chief_pirep-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p8-20"},{"link_name":"tricycle gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"},{"link_name":"oleo strut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleo_strut"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honey-16"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAM_Feb_58-21"},{"link_name":"floatplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The Aeronca 7 Champion line—developed in the mid-1940s as a post-World War II response to the popular Piper J-3 Cub—uses similar design features (already featured in Aeronca's wartime designs, the Aeronca Model T, Aeronca Defender, and Aeronca L-3), but also incorporates aspects of traditional Aeronca designs, including the internal main trusswork of the fuselage frame. Like its predecessors and initial rivals, the high-wing, two-seat plane has tandem seating, conventional landing gear (tailwheel-equipped), and a small piston engine.[1][2][4][16]As with many light aircraft of the time, the Champ's fuselage and tail surfaces are constructed of welded metal tubing. The outer shape of the fuselage is created by a combination of wooden formers and longerons, covered with fabric. The cross-section of the metal fuselage truss is triangular, a design feature which can be traced all the way back to the earliest Aeronca C-2 design of the late 1920s.[1][4][16]The strut-braced wings of the Champ are, like the fuselage and tail surfaces, fabric-covered, and use aluminum ribs. Most Champs were built with wooden spars. American Champion has been using aluminum spars in the aircraft it has produced, and has also made the aluminum-spar wings available for retrofit installation on older aircraft.[17]Like the Piper Cub with which it competed, the Champ features tandem seating. However, while the J-3 model of the Cub is flown solo from the rear seat, the Champ can be soloed from the front, giving improved forward visibility, particularly on the ground and during takeoffs, landings, and climbs. The Champ offers far better visibility than the Cub, allowing 300 degrees of visibility to a front-seated pilot, and has a wider cabin than the Cub.[4][16][18][19] Additionally, an uncommon[6] Champ variant—the 7HC—was produced with an enlarged rear seat allowing two passengers to be carried.[20]The landing gear of most Champs is in a conventional arrangement, though two variants with tricycle gear were produced, and a model with reversed tricycle gear was tried.[6] Conventional-gear Champs feature a steerable tailwheel and most have steel tube main gear which use an oleo strut for shock absorption.[16] One variant utilized sprung-steel main gear, and American Champion uses aluminum gear legs in its production model of the Champ. Tricycle-gear Champs use the steel tube and oleo strut main gear, mating these with an oleo strut nose gear.[21]Models 7AC, 7CCM, 7DC, and 7EC were approved as floatplanes, with the addition of floats and vertical stabilizer fins; the floatplane versions were designated the S7AC, S7CCM, S7DC, and S7EC, respectively. The 7GC and 7HC may also be operated with floats but are not given a special designation in this configuration. All floatplane versions have increased gross weights over the corresponding landplanes.[22]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aeronca Aircraft Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"G.I. Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-used-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flying_annual-7"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decade-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decade-23"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"p-factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-factor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifusa_harris-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aerofiles-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davisson-4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slug-24"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Piper L-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_L-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aerofiles-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davisson-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_grass-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifusa_harris-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aerofiles-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-used-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honey-16"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slug-24"},{"link_name":"Champion Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"aerobatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatic"},{"link_name":"Citabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citabria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifusa_harris-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-used-5"},{"link_name":"Bellanca Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AviaBellanca_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Citabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Citabria"},{"link_name":"Decathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Decathlon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad_annual-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellanca_magz-11"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-directory_1971-26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifusa_harris-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JabiruChamp.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Champion Aircraft Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion"},{"link_name":"Jabiru Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabiru_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"light-sport aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-sport_aircraft"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"Continental O-200-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-200-A"},{"link_name":"type certified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_certificate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDLA11-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLSA-13"},{"link_name":"Citabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Citabria"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aopa_lgf-27"},{"link_name":"birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"Continental O-200D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-200"},{"link_name":"Cessna 162 Skycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_162_Skycatcher"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aopa_lgf-27"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACA-June2019-15"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAA_LSA_List-28"},{"link_name":"certificated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_certificate"},{"link_name":"gross weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_gross_weight"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAA_LSA_List-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP/LSA_Crossroads-29"}],"text":"Built by Aeronca Aircraft Corporation, the Champ first flew in 1944, and entered production in 1945. As an economical postwar rival to the Piper Cub (which it largely improved upon), the Champ was popular with training schools who were training veterans returning from World War II, by the thousands, with government funding through the G.I. Bill.[5][7][23]The original model 7AC Champion initially sold by the thousands, peaking in 1946, as Aeronca developed the highest-volume production line in general aviation. Between 1946 and 1947, Aeronca was producing an average 30 light aircraft per day (peaking at 50 per day at one point). But 1946 was a momentary explosion in lightplane production, industry-wide. The postwar boom-and-bust of the late 1940s and early 1950s brought an abrupt end to the massive sales, and—like the rest of the U.S. lightplane industry—Aeronca production dropped to a small fraction of 1946–1947 sales.[1][23]Engine upgrades in 1947, 1948 and 1949 resulted in the Models 7BCM, 7DC and the electric-system-equipped 7EC, all distinguished from the 7AC by a larger vertical tail than predecessors, to compensate for the greater torque and p-factor of the larger engines.[1][2][3][4][24]Some of these Champ variants were acquired by the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) and its successor, the U.S. Air Force (USAF), particularly for use by the U.S. Army Ground Forces and the National Guard, as replacements for the Piper L-4 variant of the Piper Cub, used as an observation and liaison aircraft. The Aeronca Champ military variants were labeled L-16, L-16A and L-16B.[3][4][25]By the time production ended in 1951, the company had sold more than 8,000 Champions, mostly 7AC Champs (approx. 7,200).[1][2][3][5][16][24]Aeronca ceased all production of light aircraft in 1951, and the Champ design was sold in 1954 to Champion Aircraft, who continued production of some of the more advanced variants of the Champ, from the 1950s into the early 1960s—gradually modifying them into the aerobatic Champion Citabria.[1][2][5]Champion Aircraft was acquired in 1970 by Bellanca Aircraft which continued production of their Champ-derived Citabria and Decathlon designs.In 1971, Bellanca introduced the 7ACA version of the Champ as a more basic complement to their other designs, as the least expensive, and lowest-performance, commercially produced light plane on the market at the time.[8][11][26]Only a handful of 7ACAs were built between 1971 and 1972. Bellanca ceased all production in the early 1980s.[1][2]Jabiru powered prototypeAmerican Champion Aircraft Corporation acquired the Champ and related designs in 1989. In 2001, they were rumored to be considering a reintroduction of the Champ design as a 7EC powered by a Jabiru Aircraft engine. While a test version was flown, this combination was not put into production. With the creation of the light-sport aircraft (LSA) category of aircraft in the United States by the FAA, American Champion in late 2007 began producing a revised version of the 7EC powered by the 100 hp (75 kW) Continental O-200-A. The new production aircraft are type certified, but also qualify to be flown by sport pilots in the United States.[12][13] Although the fuselage and cowling contours are similar to the original-production models, the new aircraft used the windows, interior, door, and windscreen of the modern Citabria.[27] Fuel capacity was reduced to 18 US gal (68 L; 15 imp gal) to conserve weight; despite this measure and various others, such as the use of aluminum landing gear legs and bare birch floorboards rather than carpet, the aircraft's payload is inadequate to carry two adults and full fuel simultaneously. The manufacturer was considering various further weight-reduction measures including the use of the lightened Continental O-200D engine previously offered in the Cessna 162 Skycatcher.[27] However, the revived 7EC was dropped from production by mid-2019.[15]Standard-production 7AC, 7BCM (L-16A), 7CCM (L-16B), 7DC, and 7ACA models qualify as U.S. Light Sport Aircraft.[28] Only those specific original-production 7EC airplanes certificated at a 1,300 lb (590 kg) gross weight qualify for the LSA category;[28] a standard original-production 7EC is certificated at a gross weight of 1,450 lb (660 kg) and does not qualify.[29]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifusa_harris-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davisson-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-used-5"},{"link_name":"Citabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Citabria"},{"link_name":"402 Lancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Lancer"}],"text":"Various versions of the Champ have been tested and produced since 1944, including military, aerobatic, cropduster, tricycle-gear and (as the 402 Lancer) a twin-engined variant.[2][4][5]The derivative Citabria designs — models 7ECA, 7GCAA, 7GCBC, and 7KCAB — are discussed in a separate article, as is the twin-engined 402 Lancer. Floatplane variants are designated by an \"S\" prefix and are discussed together with the standard respective land variant.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeronca_7ac_champion_g-bpfm_1946_arp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Continental A-65-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-170"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p1-30"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"supplemental type certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_type_certificate"},{"link_name":"Lycoming O-235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_O-235"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"L-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_L-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aerofiles-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-used-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellanca_magz-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honey-16"},{"link_name":"Gross weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_gross_weight"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p1-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p2-32"}],"sub_title":"7AC Champion","text":"Aeronca 7AC ChampionIntroduced in 1945, the 7AC Champion (\"Champ\") was the first (and, by far, the most popular) version of the design.\nIt used the Continental A-65-8 engine of 65 horsepower (48 kW). \n[30] (Other 65-hp engines by Lycoming and Franklin were also fitted.)[citation needed] A supplemental type certificate allows the installation of a Lycoming O-235.[31] The Champ featured a conventional landing gear configuration, with shock absorption in the main gear provided by oleo struts. The aircraft had no electrical system. It is distinguishable from nearly all other variants by the absence of a dorsal fin at the leading edge of the vertical tail (most later models had the enlarged tail). Approximately 7,200 were built between 1945 and 1948—far outnumbering all other subsequent variants combined, and far outnumbering most rival designs of the period. Some were acquired by the U.S. military and designated L-16—not to be confused with the L-16A and L-16B derived from later Champ variants.[1][3][5][11][16]\nGross weight is 1,220 lb (550 kg) for the standard 7AC and 1,320 lb (600 kg) when configured as an S7AC floatplane; fuel capacity for either version is 13 US gal (49 L; 11 imp gal) in a single tank.[30][32]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin 2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_2A"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p16-33"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"}],"sub_title":"7ACA","text":"1971 reintroduction by Bellanca, a modernized version of the design which made it a variant of the Citabria line. The 7ACA is powered by the two-cylinder Franklin 2A engine of 60 horsepower (45 kW); Gross weight is 1,220 lb (550 kg).[33] 71 were produced.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeronca_7bcm_champion_g-timp_1946_arp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Continental C85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-190"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p2-32"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Aeronca_Champion#Dubious"},{"link_name":"L-16A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_L-16"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p2-32"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeronca_L-16_7BCM_140719a.jpg"}],"sub_title":"7BCM, L-16A","text":"7BCM ChampionUpgraded version introduced in 1947 with an 85 horsepower (63 kW) Continental C85[32] and \"no-bounce\" version of the main landing gear.[dubious – discuss] All of the 7BCM production went to the military as model L-16A. Gross weight and fuel capacity are unchanged from the 7AC.[32] 509 were built.[6]Aeronca L-16","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aircraft registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA_registry_N4084E-34"}],"sub_title":"7B-X","text":"Prototype, 1 produced, serial number 7-BX-1, FAA aircraft registration number was N4084E but registration was canceled on 4 October 1951, no other details known.[6][34]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p3-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p3-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p5-36"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeronca_7DC_(N42344).jpg"}],"sub_title":"7CCM, L-16B","text":"An improved version of the L-16, the L-16B/7CCM featured a 90 hp (67 kW) Continental C90-8 engine, an enlarged vertical tail, hydraulic brakes, and a gross weight increase to 1,300 lb (590 kg); an additional gross weight increase to 1,350 lb (610 kg) is allowed when \"Long Stroke Oleo Landing Gear\" is installed and placard, \"Intentional spinning prohibited when baggage carried\", is installed on the instrument panel.[35] An additional 5.5 US gal (21 L; 4.6 imp gal) fuel tank is used, increasing total fuel capacity to 18.5 US gal (70 L; 15.4 imp gal).[35] Gross weight increases to 1,400 lb (640 kg) when configured as an S7CCM floatplane.[36] 100 L-16B/7CCM aircraft were built.[6]Aeronca 7DC","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Continental C85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_C85"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"}],"sub_title":"7DC","text":"Similar to 7CCM but with Continental C85 engine of 85 hp (63 kW); the derived S7DC floatplane had a gross weight increase to 1,400 lb (640 kg).[37] 100 7DC aircraft were produced.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Continental C90-12F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-200"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p5-36"},{"link_name":"oleo strut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleo_strut"},{"link_name":"center of gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_gravity_of_an_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAM_Feb_58-21"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p5-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p5-36"},{"link_name":"manufacturer's empty weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturer%27s_empty_weight"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"wheel pants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_fairing"},{"link_name":"navigation lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light#Aviation_navigation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAM_Feb_58-21"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"},{"link_name":"Continental O-200-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-200"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDLA11-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLSA-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACA-June2019-15"}],"sub_title":"7EC Traveler","text":"1950 brought the introduction of the Aeronca 7EC, which features a Continental C90-12F engine of 90 horsepower (67 kW),[36] standard long-throw oleo strut main gear, thicker seat cushions, additional interior insulation for noise reduction, an improved heater and electrical system, the addition of a parking brake, and a change in center of gravity for enhanced speed. Advertised empty weight is 890 lb (400 kg).[21] Standard gross weight is 1,450 lb (660 kg), or 1,300 lb (590 kg) with \"Lower End Landing Gear Oleo Strut Assembly.\"[36] Standard fuel capacity is unchanged from the 7DC;[36] an optional 26 US gal (98 L; 22 imp gal) system was offered, increasing the manufacturer's empty weight by 30 lb (14 kg).[38] The optional S7EC floatplane configuration has a gross weight of 1,474 lb (669 kg).[39]The last Champ produced at Aeronca was a 7EC, and when Champion reintroduced the Champ in 1955, it was with their version of the 7EC, very little changed from Aeronca's. An enhanced version called the Champion DeLuxe Traveler offered a metal propeller with spinner, wheel pants, a steerable tailwheel, and navigation lights.[21]773 7EC aircraft were produced during the original production run.[6]In late 2007, American Champion introduced a revised version of the 7EC, featuring the Continental O-200-A engine of 100 horsepower (75 kW).[40] Differing in a number of ways from earlier 7ECs, this new version in particular replaced the wood-spar wings of the earlier versions with a metal-spar wing and used aluminum gear legs. To fit within the Light Sport requirements, the maximum weight was reduced to 1,320 pounds (599 kilograms).[12][13] The aircraft was discontinued by mid-2019.[15]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AeroncaChampion7-FCTri-ChampC-FNMB.JPG"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAM_Feb_58-21"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p6-7-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeronca7FC.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"}],"sub_title":"7FC Tri-Traveler","text":"Champion 7FC Tri-TravellerIn 1957, Champion brought out the 7FC, which is similar to the 7EC but with tricycle landing gear instead of conventional (tailwheel) gear, oleo struts on all 3 wheels, and extra frame bracing for the nosewheel. Factory standard equipment was comparable to the 7EC DeLuxe Traveler. The 7FC is 3 mph (4.8 km/h) slower and 90 lb (41 kg) heavier than an equivalent 7EC,[21] with a standard useful load of 540 lb (245 kg), compared with 630 lb (286 kg) for the 7EC; both use the 90 hp (67 kW) Continental C90-12F engine.[41] Standard gross weight of the 7FC is 1,450 lb (660 kg) with an increase to 1,500 lb (680 kg) allowed with the installation of \"Wide Track Main Gear.\"[42]1957 7FC472 7FC aircraft were built.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lycoming O-290-D2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_O-290"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p7-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p7-43"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"}],"sub_title":"7GC Sky Trac","text":"Generally similar to 7EC but with a 140 hp (104 kW) Lycoming O-290-D2B engine and modified fuselage structure for increased gross weight.[43][44] Gross weight is 1,650 lb (750 kg) in standard configuration, 1,732 lb (786 kg) in seaplane configuration.[43] 171 were produced.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lycoming O-320-A2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_O-320"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p8-20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"}],"sub_title":"7GCA Sky Trac","text":"Agricultural variant of the 7GC with identical gross weight but with a 150 hp (112 kW) Lycoming O-320-A2B engine.[20] 396 were made.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"7GCB Challenger?","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"control yoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p8-20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"}],"sub_title":"7HC DX'er","text":"Similar to 7GC with identical gross weights for landplane and floatplane versions, but with a front seat control yoke instead of a control stick, modified fuselage structure, tricycle landing gear, and an enlarged rear seat for two occupants.[20] 39 were produced.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"}],"sub_title":"7JC Tri-Con","text":"Similar to 7EC but with reverse tricycle undercarriage; however, the aircraft may be converted to a standard tailwheel undercarriage and operated at a 1,500 lb (680 kg) gross weight.[45] 25 were built.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"empennage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empennage"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_13-6"}],"sub_title":"7KC Olympia","text":"7GCA with smaller wings, redesigned empennage, other aerodynamic refinements, deletion of rear-seat flight controls, and minor detail changes.[46] 4 were built.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeronca_7AC_Champion_AN1179954.jpg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-759_p1-30"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plane_and_Pilot-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster-48"},{"link_name":"Continental A65-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_A65-8"},{"link_name":"horizontally opposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontally_opposed"},{"link_name":"aircraft engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"Never exceed speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VNE"}],"text":"Aeronca 7AC Champion on floatsData from FAA Type Certification Data Sheet, Plane & Pilot and Montgomery[30][47][48]General characteristicsCrew: one\nCapacity: one passenger\nLength: 21 ft 6 in (6.55 m)\nWingspan: 35 ft 0 in (10.67 m)\nEmpty weight: 740 lb (336 kg)\nGross weight: 1,220 lb (553 kg)\nFuel capacity: 13 U.S. gallons (49 L; 11 imp gal)\nPowerplant: 1 × Continental A65-8 four cylinder, horizontally opposed piston aircraft engine, 65 hp (48 kW)\nPropellers: 2-bladed fixed pitch, woodenPerformanceMaximum speed: 95 mph (153 km/h, 83 kn)\nCruise speed: 85 mph (137 km/h, 74 kn)\nStall speed: 38 mph (61 km/h, 33 kn)\nNever exceed speed: 129 mph (208 km/h, 112 kn)\nRange: 270 mi (430 km, 230 nmi)\nService ceiling: 12,500 ft (3,800 m)\nRate of climb: 370 ft/min (1.9 m/s)","title":"Specifications (7AC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-15"},{"link_name":"Aeronca: Birth of the Personal Plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aahs-online.org/BackIssues/v52n2.htm#Article%202"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100722002027/http://www.aahs-online.org/BackIssues/v52n2.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"American Aviation Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Aviation_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ifusa_harris_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ifusa_harris_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ifusa_harris_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ifusa_harris_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ifusa_harris_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ifusa_harris_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ifusa_harris_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ifusa_harris_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ifusa_harris_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ifusa_harris_2-9"},{"link_name":"Aeronca/Champion History: Beyond the Bathtub – Chiefs, Champs & Citabrias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//harris1.net/hold/av/avhist/anc/aeronca.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aerofiles_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aerofiles_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aerofiles_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aerofiles_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aerofiles_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aerofiles_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aerofiles_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aerofiles_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aerofiles_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aerofiles_3-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aerofiles_3-10"},{"link_name":"\"Aeronca\" page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aerofiles.com/_aeron.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-davisson_4-12"},{"link_name":"\"Comparing the Classics: The Aeronca Champ,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.airbum.com/pireps/ClassicCompChamp.html"},{"link_name":"Experimental Aircraft Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Aircraft_Association"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-used_5-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simpson_13_6-14"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-flying_annual_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-flying_annual_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-flying_annual_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-flying_annual_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-flying_annual_7-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ad_annual_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ad_annual_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ad_annual_8-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1946_12_flying_9-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-big_ten_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-big_ten_10-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bellanca_magz_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bellanca_magz_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bellanca_magz_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bellanca_magz_11-3"},{"link_name":"First Flight: The Champ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kJm-NQgrbnQC&pg=PA41"},{"link_name":"Flying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WDLA11_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WDLA11_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WDLA11_12-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SLSA_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SLSA_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SLSA_13-2"},{"link_name":"Experimental Aircraft Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Aircraft_Association"},{"link_name":"\"American Champion Aircraft 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N4084E\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=4084E"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A-759_p3_35-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A-759_p3_35-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A-759_p5_36-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A-759_p5_36-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A-759_p5_36-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A-759_p5_36-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A-759_p6-7_42-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A-759_p7_43-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A-759_p7_43-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Plane_and_Pilot_47-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-918312-00-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918312-00-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Foster_48-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-395-62888-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-62888-1"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Harris, Richard, \"Aeronca: Birth of the Personal Plane Archived 2010-07-22 at the Wayback Machine,\" AAHS Journal, Summer 2007, vol.52, #2, American Aviation Historical Society\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Harris, Richard, \"Aeronca/Champion History: Beyond the Bathtub – Chiefs, Champs & Citabrias,\" from articles first appearing in In Flight USA, 2003–2004, condensed on author's website.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Aerofiles.com, \"Aeronca\" page, Aircraft section, retrieved Feb. 22, 2016\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Davisson, Budd. \"Comparing the Classics: The Aeronca Champ,\" EAA/Sport Aviation, June, 1997, Experimental Aircraft Association, as reproduced on the author's website, retrieved 2016-02-01\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ethell, Jeffrey, Used Aircraft Guide, 1979, Charles Scribner's Sons, NY\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Simpson 1991, p. 13.\n\n^ a b c d e Flying staff, \"Pilot Report: Bellanca Champ],\" Flying Annual & Pilots' Guide, 1971 ed. [Ziff-Davis], NY\n\n^ a b c Bellanca Aircraft Corp, \"[ad: \"The Champ only $4,995\"],\" Flying Annual & Pilots' Guide, 1971 ed., pp.36–37 [Ziff-Davis], NY\n\n^ Flying Dec. 1946, as quoted in Flying Annual & Pilots' Guide,' 1971 ed. [Ziff-Davis], NY'\n\n^ a b \"[The Big 10],\" (planes in production longest) sidebar, Air & Space Smithsonian Feb. 1996, vol.10#6, p.48.\n\n^ a b c d Wilkinson, Stephan, \"First Flight: The Champ,\" Flying, February 1971: [Ziff-Davis], NY, as retrieved 2016-01-30 from Google Books, and as reproduced in print edition of Flying Annual & Pilots' Guide, 1971 ed., Ziff Davis, NY.\n\n^ a b c Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al: World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011–12, page 24. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X\n\n^ a b c Experimental Aircraft Association (2012). \"American Champion Aircraft 7EC\". Retrieved April 30, 2012.\n\n^ Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al: World Directory of Light Aviation 2015–16, page 28. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015. ISSN 1368-485X\n\n^ a b c \"American Champion Aircraft Corporation: Champ\". americanchampionaircraft.com. American Champion Aircraft Corporation. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019. Discontinued: was a great run!\n\n^ a b c d e f Sargent, Sparky Barnes, \"A Honey of a Champion! The Baker family's award-winning Aeronca,\" Vintage Airplane, Dec., 2007, vol.35, #12, Experimental Aircraft Association\n\n^ \"Retrofit Metal Spar Wings\". americanchampionaircraft.com. Retrieved March 30, 2017.\n\n^ Davisson, Budd. \"Flight Reports: The Aeronca Champ\". Experimental Aircraft Association. Retrieved January 7, 2008.\n\n^ Karant, Max, \"Flying Check Pilot: The Aeronca Chief Archived 2009-10-27 at the Wayback Machine,\" Flying Magazine, Dec., 1946.\n\n^ a b c Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 8.\n\n^ a b c d Whitman, Ray (February 1958). \"Cockpit Test Report On a Plane You Can Afford... The Champion Traveler\". Science and Mechanics: 90–92.\n\n^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, pp. 3–7.\n\n^ a b Smith, Frank Kingston, \"The Turbulent Decade,\" (history of U.S. aviation from the mid-1940s to the mid-1950s), Flying Magazine 50th Anniversary Edition, September 1977, pp.200–208; as photocopied at Google Books, retrieved Feb. 2016.\n\n^ a b \"The Champ Still Slugging Away\". Flying Magazine: 65. April 1973.\n\n^ Air Training Department, The Artillery School, U.S. Army, \"The New Grasshopper—L-16 Archived September 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine,\" (semi-official U.S. Army tutorial written to guide pilots transitioning from the Piper L-4 to the Aeronca L-16) The Field Artillery Journal, Nov–Dec 1947, United States Army,\n\n^ ,\"1971 Aircraft Directory,\" Flying Annual & Pilots' Guide, 1971 ed., special section [Ziff-Davis], NY\n\n^ a b \"Let's Go Flying! CHAMP 7EC LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT\". Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. Retrieved October 9, 2014.\n\n^ a b \"Standard Category Aircraft Listing\". Experimental Aircraft Association. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.\n\n^ \"SP/LSA Movement At The Crossroads: Assessing The Impact of The EAA/AOPA Joint Petition For 3rd Class Medical Certificate Exemption\". MidwestFlyer.com. February 17, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2014.\n\n^ a b c Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 1.\n\n^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 1 and p. 23.\n\n^ a b c Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 2.\n\n^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 16.\n\n^ Federal Aviation Administration (November 21, 2018). \"N Number Inquiry Inquiry Results, N4084E\". Retrieved November 21, 2018.\n\n^ a b Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 3.\n\n^ a b c d Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 5.\n\n^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, pp. 3–4.\n\n^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 6 and p. 23.\n\n^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 6.\n\n^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 37.\n\n^ Champion Operating and Service Manual (1957 ed.). Oscaola Wisconsin USA: Champion Aircraft Corporation. 1957. pp. 2, 56.\n\n^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, pp. 6–7.\n\n^ a b Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 7.\n\n^ Flying Magazine: 71. January 1959.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)\n\n^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 9 and p. 35.\n\n^ Aircraft Specification A-759 2011, p. 10.\n\n^ Plane and Pilot: 1978 Aircraft Directory, page 12. Werner & Werner Corp, Santa Monica CA, 1977. ISBN 0-918312-00-0\n\n^ Montgomery, M.R. and Gerald Foster: A Field Guide to Airplanes, Second Edition, pages 64–65. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1992. ISBN 0-395-62888-1","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Aeronca 7AC Champion on skis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aeronca7ACChampC-GDZO.JPG/220px-Aeronca7ACChampC-GDZO.JPG"},{"image_text":"Champion 7FC Tri-Traveller at the Canadian Museum of Flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AeroncaTriChamp01A.JPG/220px-AeroncaTriChamp01A.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jabiru powered prototype","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/JabiruChamp.jpg/220px-JabiruChamp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aeronca 7AC Champion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aeronca_7ac_champion_g-bpfm_1946_arp.jpg/220px-Aeronca_7ac_champion_g-bpfm_1946_arp.jpg"},{"image_text":"7BCM Champion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aeronca_7bcm_champion_g-timp_1946_arp.jpg/220px-Aeronca_7bcm_champion_g-timp_1946_arp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aeronca L-16","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Aeronca_L-16_7BCM_140719a.jpg/220px-Aeronca_L-16_7BCM_140719a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aeronca 7DC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Aeronca_7DC_%28N42344%29.jpg/220px-Aeronca_7DC_%28N42344%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Champion 7FC Tri-Traveller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/AeroncaChampion7-FCTri-ChampC-FNMB.JPG/220px-AeroncaChampion7-FCTri-ChampC-FNMB.JPG"},{"image_text":"1957 7FC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aeronca7FC.jpg/220px-Aeronca7FC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aeronca 7AC Champion on floats","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aeronca_7AC_Champion_AN1179954.jpg/220px-Aeronca_7AC_Champion_AN1179954.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Aeronca Chief family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_Chief_family"},{"title":"Aeronca Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_11_Chief"},{"title":"Bellanca Citabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellanca_Citabria"},{"title":"Champion Lancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Lancer"},{"title":"Interstate Cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Cadet"},{"title":"Luscombe T-8F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luscombe_T-8F"},{"title":"Piper J-3 Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_J-3"},{"title":"Porterfield 65 Collegiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterfield_65_Collegiate"},{"title":"Taylorcraft L-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylorcraft_L-2"}] | [{"reference":"Experimental Aircraft Association (2012). \"American Champion Aircraft 7EC\". 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Retrieved October 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141017021847/http://www.eaa.org/en/eaa/aviation-communities-and-interests/light-sport-aircraft/getting-started-in-light-sport-aircraft-flying/learn-about-lsa-aircraft/standard_category_aircraft_listing","url_text":"\"Standard Category Aircraft Listing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Aircraft_Association","url_text":"Experimental Aircraft Association"},{"url":"http://www.eaa.org/en/eaa/aviation-communities-and-interests/light-sport-aircraft/getting-started-in-light-sport-aircraft-flying/learn-about-lsa-aircraft/standard_category_aircraft_listing","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SP/LSA Movement At The Crossroads: Assessing The Impact of The EAA/AOPA Joint Petition For 3rd Class Medical Certificate Exemption\". MidwestFlyer.com. February 17, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.midwestflyer.com/?p=4354","url_text":"\"SP/LSA Movement At The Crossroads: Assessing The Impact of The EAA/AOPA Joint Petition For 3rd Class Medical Certificate Exemption\""}]},{"reference":"Federal Aviation Administration (November 21, 2018). \"N Number Inquiry Inquiry Results, N4084E\". Retrieved November 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration","url_text":"Federal Aviation Administration"},{"url":"https://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=4084E","url_text":"\"N Number Inquiry Inquiry Results, N4084E\""}]},{"reference":"Champion Operating and Service Manual (1957 ed.). Oscaola Wisconsin USA: Champion Aircraft Corporation. 1957. pp. 2, 56.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Flying Magazine: 71. January 1959.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Aircraft Specification No. A-759, Revision 73 (PDF) (Report). Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. February 9, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/2b3fa1c355e95f9a862578380053d423/$FILE/A-759%20Rev%2073.pdf","url_text":"Aircraft Specification No. A-759, Revision 73"}]},{"reference":"\"American airplanes: Aeronca\". Aerofiles: A Century of American Aviation. Retrieved August 12, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://aerofiles.com/_aeron.html","url_text":"\"American airplanes: Aeronca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bellanca\". Aerofiles: A Century of American Aviation. Archived from the original on July 20, 2006. Retrieved August 12, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://aerofiles.com/_bella.html","url_text":"\"Bellanca\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060720235706/http://www.aerofiles.com/_bella.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hollenbaugh, Bob; John Houser (1993). Aeronca: A photo history. Destin, FL: Aviation Heritage Books. ISBN 0-943691-10-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943691-10-9","url_text":"0-943691-10-9"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, R.W. (1991). Airlife's General Aviation. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publishing. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help_groups | List of self-help organizations | ["1 Twelve-step programs","2 Non-Twelve-Step recovery programs","3 Other programs (not recovery oriented)","4 See also"] | This is a list of self-help organizations.
Twelve-step programs
Recovery programs using Alcoholics Anonymous' twelve steps and twelve traditions either in their original form or by changing only the alcohol-specific references:
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
Emotions Anonymous (EA)
Marijuana Anonymous
Sexaholics Anonymous (SA)
Overeaters Anonymous (OA)
Food Addicts in Recovery Anonymous (FA)
GROW
Non-Twelve-Step recovery programs
LifeRing Secular Recovery
Rational Recovery
Narconon
Recovery International (formerly Recovery, Inc.)
Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance - DBSA
Parents Anonymous
SMART Recovery
Refuge Recovery
Other programs (not recovery oriented)
Toastmasters International
Self-help (law)
Self-help group (finance)
See also
Self-help
Support group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self-help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help"}],"text":"This is a list of self-help organizations.","title":"List of self-help organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alcoholics Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"Emotions Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"Marijuana Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"Sexaholics Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexaholics_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"Overeaters Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overeaters_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"Food Addicts in Recovery Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Addicts_in_Recovery_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"GROW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GROW_(support_group)"}],"text":"Recovery programs using Alcoholics Anonymous' twelve steps and twelve traditions either in their original form or by changing only the alcohol-specific references:Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)\nEmotions Anonymous (EA)\nMarijuana Anonymous\nSexaholics Anonymous (SA)\nOvereaters Anonymous (OA)\nFood Addicts in Recovery Anonymous (FA)\nGROW","title":"Twelve-step programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LifeRing Secular Recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LifeRing_Secular_Recovery"},{"link_name":"Rational Recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_Recovery"},{"link_name":"Narconon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narconon"},{"link_name":"Recovery International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_International"},{"link_name":"Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_and_Bipolar_Support_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Parents Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"SMART Recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART_Recovery"},{"link_name":"Refuge Recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuge_Recovery"}],"text":"LifeRing Secular Recovery\nRational Recovery\nNarconon\nRecovery International (formerly Recovery, Inc.)\nDepression and Bipolar Support Alliance - DBSA\nParents Anonymous\nSMART Recovery\nRefuge Recovery","title":"Non-Twelve-Step recovery programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toastmasters International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toastmasters_International"},{"link_name":"Self-help (law)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help_(law)"},{"link_name":"Self-help group (finance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help_group_(finance)"}],"text":"Toastmasters International\nSelf-help (law)\nSelf-help group (finance)","title":"Other programs (not recovery oriented)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Self-help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help"},{"title":"Support group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_group"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Manzanedo_de_Qui%C3%B1ones | Alfonso Manzanedo de Quiñones | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links and additional sources"] | Roman Catholic prelate
Most ReverendAlfonso Manzanedo de QuiñonesTitular Patriarch of JerusalemChurchCatholic ChurchIn office1622–1627PredecessorDiofebo FarneseSuccessorDomenico de' Marini (patriarch)OrdersConsecration8 December 1622by Ludovico LudovisiPersonal detailsBorn1552Died13 November 1627 (age 75)
Alfonso Manzanedo de Quiñones (1552 – 13 November 1627) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem (1622–1627).
Biography
Alfonso Manzanedo de Quiñones was born in 1552.
On 26 October 1622, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XV as Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem.
On 8 December 1622, he was consecrated bishop by Ludovico Ludovisi, Archbishop of Bologna with Luigi Caetani, Coadjutor Archbishop of Capua, and Ulpiano Volpi, Bishop of Novara, serving as co-consecrators.
He served as Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem until his death on 13 November 1627.
While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Giovanni Battista Pamphilj, Titular Patriarch of Antioch (1626).
References
^ a b Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice). HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol IV. p. 203. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
^ a b c d e Cheney, David M. "Patriarch Alfonso Manzanedo de Quiñones". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
External links and additional sources
Cheney, David M. "Patriarchate of Jerusalem {Gerusalemme}". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)
Chow, Gabriel. "Patriarchal See of Jerusalem (Israel)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byDiofebo Farnese
Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem 1622–1627
Succeeded byDomenico de' Marini (patriarch)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
IdRef
This article about a Catholic bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-1"}],"text":"Alfonso Manzanedo de Quiñones (1552 – 13 November 1627) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem (1622–1627).[1]","title":"Alfonso Manzanedo de Quiñones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAlfManzQuin-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAlfManzQuin-2"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Luigi Caetani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Caetani"},{"link_name":"Coadjutor Archbishop of Capua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Capua"},{"link_name":"Ulpiano Volpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulpiano_Volpi"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Novara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Novara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAlfManzQuin-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAlfManzQuin-2"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Pamphilj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pamphilj"},{"link_name":"Titular Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Patriarch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAlfManzQuin-2"}],"text":"Alfonso Manzanedo de Quiñones was born in 1552.[2]\nOn 26 October 1622, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XV as Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem.[1][2]\nOn 8 December 1622, he was consecrated bishop by Ludovico Ludovisi, Archbishop of Bologna with Luigi Caetani, Coadjutor Archbishop of Capua, and Ulpiano Volpi, Bishop of Novara, serving as co-consecrators.[2] \nHe served as Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem until his death on 13 November 1627.[2] \nWhile bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Giovanni Battista Pamphilj, Titular Patriarch of Antioch (1626).[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Patriarchate of Jerusalem {Gerusalemme}\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgeru.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"\"Patriarchal See of Jerusalem (Israel)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jeru0.htm"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28062450#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000062887314"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/89284762"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJht3DWf4XKv6J7cwr8KVC"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003075751"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/241404312"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Ornaments_of_a_Bishop.svg"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Manzanedo_de_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RC-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:RC-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RC-bishop-stub"}],"text":"Cheney, David M. \"Patriarchate of Jerusalem {Gerusalemme}\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Patriarchal See of Jerusalem (Israel)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nOther\nIdRefThis article about a Catholic bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"External links and additional sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice). HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol IV. p. 203. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. 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